The World Almanac And Book Of Facts 1991 Some Days Usually Observed Arbor Day (Apr. 26 in 1991). Tree-planting day. First observed April 10, 1872, in Nebraska. Now observed in most states, usually on the last Friday in Apr. Armed Forces Day (May 18 in 1991). Alw ys third Saturday of May, by presidential proclamation. Replaces Army, Navy, and Air Force Days. Bill of Rights Day, Dec. 15. By Act of Congress. Bill of Rights took effect Dec. 15, 1791. Bird Day. Often observed with Arbor Day. Child Health Day (Oct. 7 in 1991). Always first Monday in Oct., by presidential proclamation. Citizenship Day, Sept. 17. President Truman, Feb. 29, 1952, signed bill designating Sept. 17 as annual Citizenship Day. It replaced I Am An American Day, formerly 3d Sunday in May, and Constitution Day, formerly Sept. 17. Easter Sunday (Mar. 31 in 1991). Easter Monday (Apr. 1 in 1991). A statutory day in Canada. Elizabeth Cady Stanton Day, Nov. 12. Birthday of pioneer leader for equal rights for women. Father's Day (June 16 in 1991). Always third Sunday in June. Flag Day, June 14. Forefathers' Day, Dec. 21. Landing on Plymouth Rock, in 1620. Is celebrated with dinners by New England societies, especially "Down East." Gen. Pulaski Memorial Day, Oct. 11. Native of Poland and Revolutionary War hero; died (Oct. 11, 1779) from wounds received at the siege of Savannah, Ga. Grandparents' Day (Sept. 8 in 1991). Always first Sunday after Labor Day. Legislated in 1979. Groundhog Day, Feb. 2. A popular belief is that if the groundhog sees his shadow on this day, he returns to his burrow and winter continues 6 weeks longer. Halloween, Oct. 31. The evening before All Saints or All-Hallows Day. Informally observed in the U.S. with masquerading and pumpkin decorating. Traditionally an occasion for children to play pranks. May Day. Name popularly given to May 1st. Celebrated as Labor Day in most of the world, and by some groups in the U.S. Observed in many schools as a Spring Festival. Mother's Day (May 12 in 1991). Always second Sunday in that month. First celebrated in Philadelphia in 1908, Mother's Day has become an international holiday. National Day of Prayer. By act of Congress, the first Thursday in May. National Freedom Day, Feb. 1. To commemorate the signing of the Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery, Feb. 1, 1865. By presidential proclamation. National Maritime Day, May 22. First proclaimed 1935 in commemoration of the departure of the SS Savannah, from Savannah, Georgia, on May 22, 1819, on the first successful transatlantic voyage under steam propulsion. By presidential proclamation. Pan American Day, Apr. 14. In 1890 the First Intl. Conference of American States, meeting in Washington, was held on that date. A resolution was adopted which resulted in the creation of the organization known today as the Pan American Union. By presidential proclamation. Primary Election Day. Observed usually only when presidential or general elections are held. Reformation Day, Oct. 31. Observed by Protestant groups. Sadie Hawkins Day (Nov. 2 in 1991). First Saturday in November (the day may vary in some places). St. Patrick's Day, Mar. 17. Observed by Irish societies, especially with parades. St. Valentine's Day, Feb. 14. Festival of a martyr beheaded at Rome under Emperor Claudius. Association of this day with lovers has no connection with the saint and probably had its origin in an old belief that on this day birds begin to choose their mates. Susan B. Anthony Day, Feb. 15. Birthday of a pioneer crusader for equal rights for women. United Nations Day, Oct. 24. By presidential proclamation, to commemorate founding of United Nations. Verrazano Day, Apr. 7. Observed by New York State, to commemorate the probable discovery of New York harbor by Giovanni da Verrazano in April, 1524. Victoria Day (May 20 in 1991). Birthday of Queen Victoria, a statutory day in Canada, celebrated the first Monday before May 25. World Poetry Day, Oct. 15. Wright Brothers Day, Dec. 17. By presidential designation, to commemorate first successful flight by Orville and Wilbur Wright, Dec. 17, 1903. Addenda, Late News, Changes Aerospace The space shuttle Discovery had a successful 4-day mission, Oct. 6-10. Awards Broadcasting and Theater Emmy Awards, by Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, for nighttime programs, 1989-90: Dramatic series: L.A. Law, NBC; actress: Patricia Wettig, Thirtysomething, ABC; actor: Peter Falk, Columbo, ABC; supporting actress: Marg Helgenberger, China Beach, ABC; actor: Jimmy Smits, L.A. Law. Comedy series: Murphy Brown, CBS; actress: Candice Bergen, Murphy Brown; actor: Ted Danson, Cheers, NBC; supporting actress: Bebe Neuwirth, Cheers; supporting actor: Alex Rocco, The Famous Teddy Z, CBS. Mini-series: Drug Wars: The Camarena Story, NBC; actress: Barbara Hershey, A Killing in a Small Town, CBS; actor: Hume Cronyn, Age Old Friends, HBO. Music-variety: In Living Color, Fox; performer: Tracey Ullman, The Tracey Ullman Show, Fox. Special recognition: Jim Henson. Miscellaneous Country Music Awards, Entertainer: George Strait; single: "When I Call Your Name," Vince Gill; album: "Pickin' on Nashville," The Kentucky Headhunters; song (songwriters): "Where've You Been," Jon Vezner/Don Henry; female vocalist: Kathy Mattea; male vocalist: Clint Black; vocal group: The Kentucky Headhunters; Vocal duo: The Judds; vocal event: Keith Whitley and Lorrie Morgan; musician: Johnny Gimble, fiddle; horizon award: Garth Brooks; music video: "The Dance," Garth Brooks; Hall of Fame: Tennessee Ernie Ford. Nobel Prizes (Each 1990 Nobel Prize included a cash award of around $710,000.) Physiology or Medicine: Joseph E. Murray, a surgeon at the Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, who performed the first kidney transplants, and E. Donnall Thomas, of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, who transplanted bone marrow from one person to another, shared the award. Physics: Richard E. Taylor, a Canadian professor at Stanford Univ., and Jerome I. Friedman and Henry W. Kendall, both of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, shared the award for their "breakthrough in our understanding of matter" achieved by a series of experiments that confirmed the reality of quarks. Chemistry: Elias James Corey, a Harvard Univ. professor, received the chemistry prize for developing new ways to synthesize complex molecules ordinarily found only in nature. Peace: Pres. Mikhail S. Gorbachev of the Soviet Union won, in recognition of his initiatives in promoting international peace, including championing political change in Eastern Europe and helping to end the Cold War. Literature: Octavio Paz became the first Mexican to win the Nobel Prize in Literature, for his poetry and essays, "impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity." Memorial Prize in Economics: Three Americans, Harry M. Markowitz, of Baruch College, The City Univ. of New York; William F. Sharpe, Stanford Univ., and Merton H. Miller, The Univ. of Chicago, shared the prize for their pioneering theoretical insights into the economics of finance. Miss America Marjorie Judith Vincent, Miss Illinois, was named Miss America 1991. Boxing Evander Holyfield knocked out James (Buster) Douglas in the 3rd round to win the world heavyweight championship in Las Vegas, Oct. 25. Census, 1990 Early spot-checks by Census Bureau workers have found that some cities, including New York and Boston, have made the same kinds of mistakes (putting houses where they do not exist) that the bureau has been accused of making. The bureau said it would recanvass nearly 150,000 blocks containing more than 5.4 million housing units in response to local governments' challenges. International Organizations The Arab League voted to move its headquarters from Tunis back to Cairo. Portugal is no longer a member of the European Free Trade Association. Liechtenstein is a member of the European Free Trade Association. Nations of the World China: The newest census established that the nation's population is a bit more than 1.13 billion. Germany: As of the closing date for this section, reunification had not yet taken place. India: The post WWI history was mistakenly dropped; for details see Index. Lebanon: Some 750 people were killed in a Syrian-lead offensive that toppled Michel Aoun, the Christian militia chief. Liberia: Pres. Samuel K. Doe was killed by rebel forces, Sept. 10. New Zealand: Prime Minister Geoffrey Palmer resigned, Sept. 4. Pakistan: Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto was ousted, Aug. 6. U.S. Government Elizabeth Dole resigned as Sec. of Labor, Oct. 24. U.S. Population The correct figures for Greece, N.Y. are 75,136 (1970) and 81,367 (1980). Census and Areas of Counties and States: The 1980 census was conducted on Apr. 1, 1980, not 1990. Zip Codes The correct zip code for Green River, Wyoming is 82935. Heroes of Young America: The Eleventh Annual Poll Paula Abdul, the dancer, singer, and choreographer of pop music, was named the "Top Heroine" of Young America in The World Almanac's eleventh annual poll of high school students. The students in grades 8 through 12 were asked to select those individuals in public life they admired most. The schools chosen to participate represented a geographic cross-section of the United States. In addition to choosing a top hero/heroine, the teenagers were asked to make selections in 8 other categories as well as answering 10 general questions on entertainment and current events and leaders. The Top Heroine/Hero The selection of the 27-year-old Paula Abdul marks the first time in the history of the poll that a woman was named as the person most admired. Ms. Abdul grew up in California's San Fernando Valley, where she was an A-student at Van Nuys High School. While attending California State Univ. at Northridge, Abdul became a cheerleader for the Los Angeles Lakers and quickly became their choreographer. She went on to become a choreographer and dance teacher for such notables as Janet Jackson, Aretha Franklin, and George Michael. Her debut album produced four number one singles--"Straight Up," "Forever Your Girl," "Cold Hearted," and "Opposites Attract." Ms. Abdul has received many entertainment awards and has also produced many hit videos. The second place finisher was the write-in vote for "Mom," while the write-in for "Dad" finished in fourth place. The third place winner was last year's top hero, Michael Jordan, the basketball star of the Chicago Bulls. In a tie for fifth place were first lady Barbara Bush and television talk show host Oprah Winfrey. For the first time, a political leader of a nation other than the U.S. finished in the top ten as South African Nelson Mandela placed sixth in the poll. Headline-grabbing real estate tycoon Donald Trump, who was the leading vote getter in the newsmaker category, placed seventh, and President George Bush was the eighth-place winner. Former top hero Tom Cruise finished ninth, followed by Janet Jackson in tenth place. Others who received support for top hero/heroine included Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, Mother Theresa, and 13-year-old tennis player Jennifer Capriati. Issues and Influential Individuals According to the poll, the "most important public issue" facing 8th-12th graders is drug abuse, which received more than double the number of votes as the second and third choices of AIDSand environmental issues. The quality of education, racism, and teen pregnancy also received substantial consideration. When asked to name the "foreign political leader you most admire," the teens narrowly chose Nelson Mandela over Mikhail Gorbachev. Others receiving support included Margaret Thatcher, Corazon Aquino, and Lech Walesa. Best Friends and teachers were named as the "person most directly influential in your life" (other than parents). Books, Sports, Songs, and TV Shows The students chose S.E. Hinton's The Outsiders as their "all-time favorite book," followed by Stephen King's Pet Semetary, Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, and J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye. The overwhelming choice for "favorite participation sport" was basketball, followed by volleyball, football, softball, baseball, and tennis. When it came to "viewing sports events," the students' clear favorites were football and basketball, with baseball finishing a distant third. The "favorite song of 1990" was M.C. Hammer's "U Can't Touch This." A close second was "Nothing Compares 2 U" by Sinead O'Connor. The "least favorite song of 1990 was "Hangin' Tough" by New Kids on the Block. The runaway winner in the "favorite TV show of 1990" was "The Simpsons," which received 4-times as many votes as the second place finisher, "The Wonder Years." Finishing in third place was "The Cosby Show." The "least favorite TV show of 1990" was "Roseanne" with "Married With Children" coming in a close second. Listed below are the top male and female vote-getters in each category. The winner is listed first. Top Hero Paula Abdul, singer, dancer, choreographer Michael Jordan, basketball player, Chicago Bulls Politicians and Newsmakers Donald Trump, businessman Sandra Day O'Connor, Supreme Court Justice Artists, Writers, Filmmakers Matt Groenig, "The Simpsons" Judy Blume, Tiger Eyes News and Sports Media Barbara Walters, "20/20" Tom Brokaw, NBC News Sports Michael Jordan, Chicago Bulls Jennifer Capriati, tennis player Music and Dance Paula Abdul, singer/dancer M.C. Hammer, rap singer Comedy Eddie Murphy, Harlem Nights Roseanne Barr, "Roseanne" Television Performers/Non-Comedy Johnny Depp, "21 Jump Street" Oprah Winfrey, "The Oprah Winfrey Show" Movie Performers/Non-Comedy Mel Gibson, "Lethal Weapon" series Whoopi Goldberg, Ghost Public Opinion Poll of Older Americans A phone survey conducted for The World Almanac and Maturity News Service between Oct. 17-28, 1990 polled nearly 1,000 respondents aged 50 years and older concerning various public issues, individuals and historic events. A summary of the results follows: 1. Who do you consider to be the most influential political figure of your lifetime?--While John F. Kennedy received 25.8 percent of the total, Franklin D. Roosevelt was a close second with 21.4 percent. FDR received 30.3 percent of the vote from those aged 65 and over, and JFK totalled 41.8 percent from those between age 50-55. 2. What would you consider to be the most important political event of your lifetime?--JFK's assassination (13.3%) edged out the end of World War II (11.8%), and the tearing down of the Berlin Wall received a surprisingly low 3.5 percent. 3. What do you feel would be the most effective resolution to the current Middle East crisis?--Over 30 percent of the respondents said that the U.S. should continue to pressure allies for tougher sanctions against Iraq, while 22.2 percent said the U.S. should use military power to force Iraq out of Kuwait. Over 23 percent of the women polled said the U.S. should gradually withdraw its troops and hope Iraq has learned its lesson. 4. Which living ex-president has conducted himself most appropriately and effectively since leaving office?--The overwhelming winner was Jimmy Carter (45.1%). Ronald Reagan (18.5%), Gerald Ford (14.5%), and Richard Nixon (9.0%) trailed Carter, whose approval rating is much higher since leaving office. 5. Which living ex-first lady has conducted herself most graciously and effectively since leaving office?--Like their husbands, Rosalynn Carter received the most votes (26.0%), with Nancy Reagan and Betty Ford placing second and third. 6. What is the best way to combat the growing problem of drug abuse and crime?--Almost half of the respondents (44.3%) said that the U.S. should offer more education and job training programs for youth; 22.6 percent said the military should be used to wipe out international drug supplies. A small percentage of those polled said the U.S. should offer more rehabilitation programs and build more and better prisons and hire more police. 1990 Census: Preliminary Results The preliminary count for the nation's 1990 population, released in late August 1990, was about 245.8 million, based on the mail return of census forms and follow-up door-to-door head counts. The Census Bureau said that efforts to count people missed in those initial surveys would add at least 3 million people, bringing the total closer to the 250 million it had estimated earlier in the year. The data showed that at least 55 percent of Americans now live in the South and West, up from 52 percent in 1980, and that 20 percent live in the Northeast, a 1.7 percent decrease from 1980. The Midwest also showed a decrease by approximately 2 percent with 24 percent of Americans now residing there. The growth in the 1980s centered around metropolitan areas, with nearly 80 percent of the U.S. population now residing in or near a large city. While metropolitan areas were growing in population, rural areas lost more than 1 million people during the past decade. Reasons for the rural decline included the agricultural crises and general economic recession, particularly in the early 80s, which had a prolonged impact in states such as Iowa, North Dakota, Wyoming, and Louisiana. Immigration Almost 40 percent of the nation's population increase (23 million) was due to immigration, both legal and illegal, with 7-9 million immigrants (largely from Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean) arriving between 1980-1990. This marked the largest impact on U.S. population by immigration since World War I. In California, as much as 30 percent of the state's growth was due to immigration. In New York, the estimated 1 million immigrants offset the out-migration and were responsible for its limited growth. States The preliminary 1990 census results showed that Nevada (49.1), Alaska (35.8), Arizona (33.1), and Florida (31.1) had the largest percentage increases in population since 1980. California, with an increase of 23.7 percent from 1980, and a population of 29,279,000, is the largest state with almost 12 percent of the total U.S. population. The state's growth of 5.6 million people nearly equaled the entire population of Massachusetts, as California now has more people than Canada or Australia. The second largest state remains New York with 17,627,000 (0.4% increase since 1980), while Texas with a 1980-1990 increase of 18.3 percent is the third largest state with a population of 16,625,000. Almost 40 percent of the nation's population now resides in these three states. The states that showed the largest percentage decreases in population from 1980 to 1990 were West Virginia (-8.6), Iowa (-5.1), and Wyoming (-4.3), while Washington D.C. showed a drop of 9.9 percent, losing 63,000 residents. Cities Among the 12 largest cities in 1990, New York (-0.5) Chicago (-9.3), Philadelphia (-8.6), and Detroit (-19.4) showed percentage decreases in 1980-1990 population. Los Angeles (15.3), Houston (0.9), San Diego (25.0), Dallas (9.6), Phoenix (23.0), San Antonio (17.9), San Jose (21.6), and Indianapolis (5.1) grew in population in the 1980s. During the decade, Los Angeles passed Chicago and became the country's second-largest city, and San Diego moved past Detroit and Dallas to become the sixth-largest. New York City is still the nation's largest city with 7,033,000 people, more than twice as many as Los Angeles (3,420,000). Challenges to Preliminary Results In mid-September 1990, New York City officials challenged the Census Bureau's counts, claiming that they had found 254,534 housing units that were not counted. They said that this finding solidified their claim that almost 1 million New York City residents had not been counted. In a formal challenge to the 1990 count, the city officials, using city records, aerial photographs, and data from utility companies, said the Census Bureau had missed five or more residences on nearly 12,000 of the more than 28,000 residential blocks in the city. All of the 51 largest cities, plus one-seventh of the towns, counties, and cities in the U.S., challenged the Census Bureau's counts of their housing units. As many as 500,000 housing units, half of them in New York City, may have been overlooked, according to figures provided by the 15 largest cities. Census Bureau officials stated that they expect the preliminary results to rise as a result of some of the challenges. Census Bureau director, Barbara Everitt Bryant, appearing before a congressional committee in Sept. 1990, said that dwellings in 500,000 census blocks might be rechecked. The Bureau also stated that it had set aside money to recheck up to 2.1 million individual housing units. 1990 Census: Preliminary State Totals U.S. Bureau of the Census 露컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Rank State 1990 % change 1980-90 Rank State 1990 % change 1980-90 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1 Cal. 29,279,000 23.7 2 N.Y. 17,627,000 0.4 3 Tex. 16,825,000 18.3 4 Fla. 12,775,000 31.1 5 Pa. 11,764,000 -0.8 6 Ill. 11,325,000 -0.9 7 Oh. 10,778,000 -0.2 8 Mich. 9,179,000 -0.9 9 N.J. 7,617,000 3.4 10 N.C. 6,553,000 11.4 11 Ga. 6,387,000 16.9 12 Va. 6,128,000 14.6 13 Mass. 5,928,000 3.3 14 Ind. 5,499,000 0.2 15 Mo. 5,079,000 3.3 16 Wis. 4,870,000 3.5 17 Wash. 4,827,000 16.8 18 Tenn. 4,822,000 5.0 19 Md. 4,733,000 12.2 Rank State 1990 % change 1980-90 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 19 Md. 4,733,000 12.2 20 Minn. 4,359,000 6.9 21 La. 4,181,000 -0.6 22 Ala. 3,984,000 2.3 23 Ky. 3,665,000 0.1 24 Az. 3,619,000 33.1 25 P.R. 3,599,000 12.6 26 S.C. 3,407,000 9.1 27 Col. 3,272,000 13.2 28 Conn. 3,227,000 3.8 29 Okla. 3,124,000 3.3 30 Ore. 2,828,000 7.4 31 Ia. 2,767,000 -5.1 32 Miss. 2,535,000 0.6 33 Kan. 2,467,000 4.4 34 Ark. 2,337,000 2.2 35 W.V. 1,783,000 -8.6 36 Ut. 1,711,000 17.1 37 Neb. 1,573,000 0.2 Rank State 1990 % change 1980-90 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 37 Neb. 1,573,000 0.2 38 N.M. 1,490,000 14.4 39 Me. 1,218,000 8.3 40 Nev. 1,193,000 49.1 41 N.H. 1,103,000 19.8 42 Ha. 1,095,000 13.5 43 Id. 1,004,000 6.4 44 R.I. 989,000 4.4 45 Mont. 794,000 0.9 46 S.D. 693,000 0.3 47 Del. 658,000 10.8 48 N.D. 634,000 -2.9 49 D.C. 575,000 -9.9 50 Vt. 560,000 9.6 51 Alas. 546,000 35.8 52 Wy. 450,000 -4.3 Projected Changes in Congressional Apportionment Based on the Census Bureau's preliminary figures for 1990, these states will have changes in their congressional representation: Calif. (+7); Fla. (+4); Tex. (+3); Wash., Ariz., Ga., N.C., and Va. (+1 each); N.Y. (-3); Mich., Pa., Oh., and Ill. (-2 each); and W. Va., Ky., La., Kan., Ia., and Mon. (-1 each). The World Almanac and Book of Facts for 1991 123rd ANNIVERSARY EDITION The Top 10 News Stories After a 45-year division into Communist and non-Communist states, the reunification of Germany was formalized on Oct. 3; 1990 also brought dramatic movements towards democratization in other Warsaw Pact nations. Leaving Kuwait in ruins, Saddam Hussein's forces overran and annexed the oil-rich nation, which led to UN-backed economic sanctions against Iraq and U.S. military intervention to protect Saudi Arabia and American interests in the Persian Gulf. Economic hardships, calls for independence among Soviet republics, and political dissent marked a year of domestic conflict; Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev, winner of the 1990 Nobel Peace Prize, attempted to move the USSR from a long history of Communist authoritarian rule to democracy and capitalism. Xhosa, Zulu, and other South African tribes continued to clash in the wake of Nelson Mandela's release from prison and Pres. de Klerk's attempts to unify the nation and eliminate apartheid. As economists predicted another recession and oil prices rose, the U.S. Congress worked out a budget that tried to deal with the growing deficit, taxation changes, unemployment, health care, and other domestic problems including the huge costs of the S&L crisis. Navy, Army, Air Force, and Marine troops invaded Panama in Dec. 1989, as the U.S. overthrew the government of Manuel Noriega and arrested him on drug-trafficking charges. Drug abuse, crime, racial tensions, and financial difficulties plagued large U.S. cities, while the 1990 Census reported an increase in homelessness and a decline in cities' population. Exhibitions of Robert Mapplethorpe's photographs, 2 Live Crew's obscenity trial, NEA grants, and the new NC-17 movie rating were some of the particulars that exemplified the continuing debate over censorship and defining obscenity in the U.S. Retiring after almost 34 years on the bench, Supreme Court Justice William Brennan was replaced by David Souter; abortion and civil rights issues were the focus of the Senate confirmation hearings. HIV-2, a second strain of the AIDS virus originally found in West Africa, was found to be spreading; a report by the Centers for Disease Control estimated that 179,000-208,000 new cases of AIDS would be reported through the end of 1992. The Decline of Communism From the time of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 19th century, advocates of communism had written many books on the techniques that revolutionaries could utilize to overthrow capitalism and install a socialist economic system. In fact, a rather detailed blueprint was offered by the founders of communism and by Vladimir Lenin and others that included such evolutionary stages as the dictatorship of the proletariat, the withering away of the state, and so forth. In 1990, the American writer George Will pointed out, however, that no one had ever written a book on the transfer of power in society from Communist authoritarian rule to a democracy. Nor had anyone ever offered a guide to the transition from a centrally planned economy to one driven by the demands of the marketplace. The leaders of the nations of Eastern Europe and of the Soviet Union itself--still the putative mecca of world communism--could have benefitted from such a textbook in 1990, a year of surprise and shock in the shrinking Communist sphere, from Germany to Mongolia. In its absence, the leaders and street demonstrators in many countries proceeded to write the history of their times in a somewhat haphazard way. In Eastern Europe, only the elderly had much recollection of the meaning and implementation of democracy and a free-market economy. In the Soviet Union, with no relevant history at all, these concepts had no meaning. Therefore, despite some individual demonstrations of real statesmanship, the whole process of change seemed to some degree to be an exercise in which the blind were leading the blind. In the now-discredited world of communist ideology, a comparative liberal was one so bold as to suggest that there was more than one road to socialism. It became apparent in 1990 that there were also several roads away from it, including a few cluttered with rough rocks and with branching byways that threatened to lead to dead ends. The Soviet Union The first Communist government had been established in Russia in 1917. Since then, leaders or would-be leaders of Marxist-Leninist states around the world had looked to the Soviet Union for guidance, and indeed the USSR, from Joseph Stalin to Nikita Khrushchev to Leonid Brezhnev, had exercised a form of command and control over governments in Eastern Europe, Asia, Latin America, and Africa that exceeded even the reach of the colonial empires of the 19th century. Even the schism with China in the 1960s had not jeopardized the Soviet Union's paramount role as the fountainhead of Communist thought and practice, backed up with nuclear muscle. Hence, the inability of the Soviet system by 1990 to so much as put enough bread and meat on the tables of its citizens or cigarettes in their pockets exposed the ultimate bankruptcy of applied communism in the starkest way possible. But the travails of the Soviet Union went beyond the paralysis of industrial production and of agricultural planting and harvesting. The country, a jigsaw puzzle of 100 ethnic pieces, was at the point of falling apart. Almost all of the USSR's 15 constituent republics were demanding full independence or some degree of autonomy. Whatever their grievances, the long-suffering people of the Soviet Union were prepared to make use of tools of resistance as diverse as rifles and the ballot box. A student of the Kremlin had once observed, "Nothing ever happens by accident in the Soviet Union." But in 1990, the process of "reform," whatever that meant, appeared to be out of anyone's control. Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev, lionized in the West for allowing former Soviet satellites to choose their future course and for closing the books on the 40-year-old Cold War, lost popularity at home when he demonstrated a less sure hand in his efforts to create a better life for his people. A brilliant tactician in the arcane world of Kremlin politics, he survived many predictions that he would be overthrown, and it was instead many of his adversaries who disappeared from the upper echelons of the government and the Communist Party. But in the larger processes of governing, he was swept along by events, yielding to pressure when he had to, somehow conveying the impression that the crowd of citizens to his rear were following him, not chasing him. Measured by his offical status in the party and the government, Gorbachev seemed firmly in control. As general secretary of the Communist Party, he held the post always recognized as the source of ultimate authority in the Soviet Union, and being president and chairman of the Defense Council made him perhaps less vulnerable to swift overthrow. Apparently confident that his grip on the reins of power was secure, and equally confident that the country would not reject the party that had led it for 73 years, Gorbachev supported repeal of the provision in the Soviet Constitution granting the Communist Party a monopoly of political power. The party's Central Committee agreed to this change in February, and the Soviet Congress of People's Deputies followed suit in March. Yegor Ligachev, leader of the conservatives within the ruling party Politburo who resisted this and other Gorbachev reforms, protested in vain against the party being reduced to what he called a "shapeless organization, a political club." No other political group seemed remotely ready to contest the Communist Party in nationwide elections, but it quickly became apparent that the party itself might break into factions. Liberals, working within the party, constantly pressing Gorbachev for more radical reform, had formed the Democratic Platform. They mobilized street demonstrations, and in March they scored some stunning upset victories in local elections, winning control of city councils in Moscow, Leningrad, and Kiev. May began with an embarrassing (to the leadership) demonstration by thousands of marchers in Moscow's May Day Parade, who jeered those on the reviewing stand and called for radical reform. The month ended with the election of Boris Yeltsin as president of the Russian Republic, by far the largest of the 15 republics. Yeltsin, a radical gadfly whose career Gorbachev had sought to suppress, thus reemerged as a formidable threat to Gorbachev's leadership. The president's attacks on him had helped make Yeltsin a hero, a role he exploited. Neither an intellectual nor an ideologue, Yeltsin was a man of action who attacked Gorbachev as being timid and a lover of the perks of office. As a delegate from Moscow to the national legislature, Yeltsin had become an idol of the masses, and the presidency of Russia provided the platform to put his ideas into action. He favored a loose confederation for the USSR. Yeltsin spoiled an otherwise successful--for Gorbachev--Congress of the Communist Party in July. Ligachev had denounced the draft platform for the 28th Congress with its references to the rights of the individual and the right to earned private property. Gorbachev was reelected general secretary and Ligachev was defeated for the second position in the party. A new Politburo was approved with the exclusion of most of its previous members--Gorbachev a notable exception-- and the thrust of these changes was to strengthen the government at the expense of the party. But then Yeltsin renounced the party and walked out of the congress, and was joined by the mayors of Moscow and Leningrad. In a curious footnote to the May summit meeting in the United States between Gorbachev and Pres. George Bush, White House Chief of Staff John Sununu agreed to go to Moscow to instruct the Soviets on the operation of a presidential office. Sununu, during his trip, dealt with such matters as scheduling, the flow of documents through the bureaucracy, and the techniques of decision-making and implementation of policy. Unrest in the Republics Paradoxically, as Gorbachev tightened his control at the top, the nation he governed began to crumble. Movements arose in almost all of the republics for some form of autonomy or even outright independence. During World War II, the formerly independent Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania had been absorbed by the Soviet Union and these, the youngest "republics" of the USSR, were the most aggressive in seeking to exploit the loosening of the Communist Party's grip on the country. Citizens of the Baltics generally seemed more optimistic than the citizens elsewhere in the USSR that their agriculture and industry would revive once the burden of central planning imposed on them 50 years earlier was removed. Gorbachev's trip in January to Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, in an attempt to dissuade the Lithuania Communist Party from breaking with the mother party, was not a success. Candidates favoring independence for Lithuania ran strongly in elections to the Lithuanian parliament, and in March parliament voted unanimously for independence and then formed a noncommunist government. After Lithuania ignored a deadline to rescind the declaration, Gorbachev banned the sale or possession of firearms there, and a Soviet military convoy entered the capital. No shots were fired, but Soviet troops seized the headquarters of the Lithuanian Communist Party and Gorbachev stepped up the economic pressure, cutting off the flow of crude oil into Lithuania and shutting down 3 of 4 natural gas pipelines into the republic. Lithuania suspended enforcement of its declaration of independence in May, and talks with Moscow began. In June, the Lithuanian parliament agreed to suspend the declaration, and Moscow lifted the oil imbargo. Estonia and Latvia proceeded more cautiously, principally because their populations had been diluted by a substantial settlement of ethnic Russians who opposed secession. Estonia's parliament abolished the drafting of Estonians into the Soviet army and in May declared the birth of the Estonian Republic (dropping "Soviet Socialist" from the title). Latvia's parliament voted for secession in May, but it set no timetable for attaining that goal and avoided the brunt of Moscow's wrath. Elsewhere, the Moldavian Republic, populated mostly by persons of Romanian descent, seemed eager to break away and join Romania. The Ukraine, the so-called breadbasket of the Soviet Union, and crucial to the economic well-being of the USSR, was divided on its future course, and was also split between adherents of the Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches. Unrest in other republics was punctuated by bursts of violence. Georgia, where a number of citizens demonstrating for independence were killed by soldiers in 1989, was quieter in 1990. But two neighboring republics, Armenia and Azerbaijan, fought each other openly. At issue was the region of Nagorno-Karabakh, and enclave populated by Armenians within Azerbaijan. In January, the Armenian parliament sought to integrate the economy of Nagorno-Karabakh into its own economy. Armenias are mostly Christian, the Azerbaijanis mostly Islamic. After Azerbaijanis attacked Armenians in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, and with guerrillas fighting each other in other locations, the Soviet government sent troops into Baku in January. The Azerbaijanis responded with a blockade, and 93 were reported killed in the ensuing fighting. The army prevailed, but at a price of profound hostility for Azerbaijan. Blood was spilled in two other Central Asian republics. Party and government leaders resigned in Tadzhikistan after 18 people were killed in riots in February. In Kirghizia, 148 were reportedly killed in June in clashes between Uzbeks and Kirghiz citizens. Again, Soviet troops intervened. The Red Army itself was wounded by the regional upheaval. Recruits from ethnic minorities had long been subjected to brutal hazing, and many soldiers had no stomach for firing on other Soviet citizens. Desertions and resistance to the draft became commonplace in some republics throughout the country. Soviet Economy Ironically, even as nationalist ties threatened to pull the Soviet Union apart, its diverse citizenry seemed united only in the common frustration at the system's failure to provide basic goods and services. Gorbachev had studied law, but had no training in economics. In the economic sphere as elsewhere, he had proved to be a rather cautious revolutionary, taking half steps that disappointed some of his advisers. His objective was to reform the economic system, not scrap it. Five years into his era of perestroika, or the restructuring of Soviet institutions, the system of central planning was still in place. By early 1990, however, reforms were being drafted that would privatize most Soviet industry, sell small businesses to entrepreneurs, and lease large companies to their workers. By late summer, shortages in stores were getting worse. Bread riots had played a part in bringing the Bolsheviks to power in 1917. In 1990, long bread lines were forming throughout Moscow, and the price of bread, when available, rose sharply. Elsewhere, crowds rioted and stormed through stores looking for scarce foodstuffs. Meanwhile, tons of grain were rotting in the fields because collective farms lacked equipment, fuel, and means of transportation. Gorbachev said farmers were withholding grain and ordered local officials to take it from them by force. Medicine, coal, and soap were also scarce. The Russian Republic, under Yeltsin's leadership, responded to these circumstances with a 500-day plan that would see private property legalized, government subsidies abolished, price controls lifted, and the institution of private banks and a stock market. Meanwhile, Soviet Prime Minister Nikolai Ryzhkov had drawn up a more cautious plan that would preserve much of the central planning apparatus. But Gorbachev, in a candid statement to the Supreme Soviet in September, said, "The system is no longer there; it's gone." He supported an economic plan that would be a compromise between the Ryzkhov concept and the 500-day plan. Late in September, the Supreme Soviet agreed to work out the compromise, and at Gorbachev's request, it also granted the president emergency powers to put into effect new policies on wages, prices, finances, and the budget. Reunification of Germany The reunification of Germany, after a 45-year division of the German people into Communist and non-Communist states, was 1990's biggest headline from Eastern Europe. Political union came far more swiftly than most had expected, but full economic integration would clearly take longer. In October 1989, Erich Honecker stepped down as leader of the Socialist Unity (Communist) Party in East Germany. His successor, Egon Krenz, who had declared, "Without the Communist Party, there is no German Democratic Republic," was unable to head off massive public demands for reform or removal of the regime. After East Germany opened its border with Czechoslovakia, thousands of East Germans sought permission to leave, and on Nov. 9 the East German government agreed to issue exit visas to those who asked for them. This was the day the Berlin Wall symbolically "came down," with young citizens of both east and west sitting atop it in celebration. Throngs of East Berliners flocked into the western sectors of the city to taste freedom and enjoy such Western pleasures as fast food and shopping. The East German government collapsed, and the new premier, Hans Modrow, surpassed Krenz in popularity by calling for free elections and a multiparty system. The party was shaken up again, with Krenz departing, and parliament revoking the constitutional clause assuring the Communists a "leading role" in society. West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl called for confederation of the two Germanys. Public sentiment in East Germany soon rallied to this possibility, though a minority opposed any union with West Germany, preferring the security of the status quo and job guarantees available under communism. The obstacles to reunion seemed massive, but with the cooperation of the U.S., England, France and the USSR, negotiations moved swiftly and agreement on the future of one German state became a shocking reality. Strong impetus for reunion came in March when Conservatives supported by Kohl won the East German parliamentary election. Modrow had favored a united nation that would be neutral militarily, but the West German government insisted that the new Germany be a part of NATO--as West Germany already was. In April, a noncommunist government was installed under Lothar de Maiziere, leader of the Christian Democratic Union. At a July meeting with Kohl, Gorbachev dropped his objection to a united Germany in NATO. At the same time, Kohl agreed to the continued presence of Soviet troops in East Germany for up to four years, and the promised limitations on Germany weaponry. West Germany and the USSR later signed a pact of "friendship and cooperation," and Bonn promised Moscow $10 billion in economic aid. In still another breakthrough in July, the two Germanys and the four major allied powers of World War II guaranteed Poland's border with a united Germany. Thus, Poland would keep the former German territory awarded to it after World War II. The details of economic union were troublesome but not insurmountable. In a treaty signed in May, the two Germanys established a unified monetary system using the West German mark as the sole official currency. The treaty, ratified by both parliaments, took effect July 1. East German marks were exchanged with the Deutsche Mark at rates of 1-1 or 2-1. The West German Bundesbank took control over East German monetary policy. East Germany was plugged into West Germany's tax, pension, and unemployment-compensation systems. For all the euphoria and fireworks that accompanied formal reunification on Oct. 3, the two parts of the new Germany remained quite different. East Germans had no experience with free democratic and economic institutions, and their economy, once perceived as the strongest in East Europe, was, in fact, in bad shape. Manufactured goods were generally of poor quality, and East Germans, given a choice, spent their money on Western products. Unemployment in the East soared from almost nothing to 350,000 during the first eight months of 1990. Factories in the East were in disrepair and too few people had competent business skills. Eastern Europe In the other Warsaw Pact countries of Eastern Europe, new leaders were thrust to the fore and had to work out their destiny with far less outside assistance. Romania's path to the future was the only one stained with bloodshed, and its route by late 1990 led only a short distance from standard Marxism-Leninism. Pres. Nicolae Ceausescu, in power for 24 years, was unanimously reelected Communist Party secretary in November 1989, but his days were numbered. The self-styled "Genius of the Carpathians" and "Danube of Thought" had squandered Romania's resources on grandiose public buildings and had sold off basic neccessities of life, including textiles and chickens, to pay foreign debts. Ceausescu exercised ruthless control through the Securitate, 60,000 well-armed police who had better weapons than the army and who were fiercely loyal to the president. In a country where it was said that half of the people were spying on the other half, even typewriters were illegal. News of the ferment in neighboring countries could not be kept out of Romania, and in December an incident occurred that quickly brought Romania into the maelstrom. A crowd in Timisoara, in Transylvania, protested the deportation of a Protestant minister who had supported the rights of ethnic Hungarians in the area. A demonstration for democracy emerged from this, and the army and Securitate moved in. A large number of civilians, later put at 95, were killed, and the spark fired up the whole country. Within days, Ceausescu was shouted down when he attempted to speak at a rally in Bucharest. He and his wife, Elena, also a powerful figure in the government, fled by helicopter and car, but were captured, tried in an unidentified location, and executed on Christmas day on charges of genocide, abuse of power, and theft. A mixed bag of former Communists, military officers, and students sought to form a government, the National Salvation Front, and Ion Iliescu, a former party official, was made interim president. The Securitate fought on for days, but eventually was subdued. Amid the ensuing chaos, some reforms were introduced. Typewriters were back, food appeared on shelves, political prisoners were freed, and birth control was permitted again. Many citizens became convinced, however, that little had really changed, and some contended that the events of December had been nothing more than a coup by the Communist establishment against Ceausescu and his immediate circle, some of whom were later convicted of various charges. Large street protests were not matched by votes at the ballot box, however, and in the May election, the National Salvation Front turned back the challenge of a large number of parties, retaining about two thirds of the seats in parliament. Iliescu won about 85 percent of the vote for president. In a scene reminiscent of the old regime, riot police attacked demonstrators in June, the protestors fought back, and four were killed and 200 injured. Then, 10,000 miners poured into Burcharest on Iliescu's appeal to save Romania from a "fascist rebellion," and sacked the headquarters of opposition parties. Czechoslovakia's transition was accomplished virtually without violence, and its rejection of the past was more clear-cut. Here, a genuine popular hero emerged in Vaclav Havel, a dissident playwright who had been imprisoned by the Communists despite an international reputation based on plays that depicted misery under totalitarian rule. Havel organized an opposition group, Civic Forum, that began talks with the government in November 1989. Public protests in Prague grew swiftly, involving hundreds of thousands of people. Police brutality stirred the opposition. Confronted with the option of widespread repression, the party and the government backed down. Milos Jakes, the party leader, and 12 other members of the ruling Politburo resigned. General strikes and the power of Havel's moral leadership brought down the government as well, and by early December, Pres. Gustav Husak was out and the cabinet had a noncommunist majority. Another popular figure, Alexander Dubcek, who had led the 1968 reform movement known as the Prague Spring, also came to the fore. His attempt to introduce "socialism with a human face" had been crushed by Soviet tanks. Both he and Havel aspired to lead the new Czechoslovakia, but Dubcek was, after all, still a Communist, and the majority of the population appeared to want a more thorough break with the past. Dubcek agreed to serve as chairman of parliament, and on December 29, Havel was elected president. Havel had said, "We want democracy, we want to rejoin the European Community, we want social justice and a free-market economy. We may be socialists, but without these things there can be no socialism." Havel moved slowly in dealing with the entrenched bureaucracy, calling for forgiveness and saying he did not want a witch hunt. As the government explored options in moving to a market economy, and as the economy failed to respond to the desires of the people, Havel joined in blaming the Communists. In deference to the wishes of 5 million Slovaks, the country was formally renamed the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. In June, Havel's party, Civic Forum, and its allied party easily won national parliamentary elections. Poland had led the way to a new day in Eastern Europe with ten years of ferment created by the Solidarity labor movement, and a noncommunist government was in place by mid-1989. Poland also made bold moves in the economic sphere. In a country where food shortages had become the norm, the new government adopted a free-market economy in one leap. Price controls were lifted, and costs of basic commodities skyrocketed. The cost of gasoline doubled, and coal was up 600 percent. The government announced a timetable for "privatizing" state enterprises. This demonstration of commitment to radical reform produced an outpouring of economic aid from the United States and West Germany. As prices of food found their proper market level and the economy stabilized, a poll put the popularity of the government at 85 percent. The pace was not fast enough, however, for Lech Walesa, the hero of the Solidarity movement, who announced in September that he would run for president. Tadeusz Mazowiecki, whom he had helped install as prime minister, also declared his candidacy for president. Pres. Wojciech Jarulzelski, a Communist who had run Poland until 1989, said he would not seek reelection. In Hungary, another country in which Communist control had collapsed during 1989, elections to a national parliament were completed in April 1990. The center-right Democratic Forum and its allied parties captured almost 60 percent of the seats, while the Socialist (formerly Communist) party won only 8.5 percent of the seats. Bulgaria also broke with its Stalinist past, but found both its government and economy in a state of uncertain transition. Pres. Todor Zhivkov, who as head of the Communist Party had run Bulgaria since 1954, resigned his presidency and party post in November 1989. In April, parliament approved free multiparty elections, which the Socialist (formerly Communist) Party won, but its margin over the opposition coalition was not overwhelming. Zhivkov's successor as president, Petar Mladenov, resigned in July after a videotape revealed that he had called for tanks to put down a pro-democracy demonstration the previous December. Parliament, in August, chose Zhelyu Zhelov, the opposition leader, who had been expelled from the Communist Party for questioning Lenin's theories, as president. Bulgaria's economy suffered a setback when Iraq and the Soviet Union cut oil supplies. The economy was in decline in late 1990, with the rationing of electricity, gasoline, and some food. Bread was short in some areas, industrial production fell sharply, and drought reduced the grain harvets. Albania, the smallest and by far most isolated of the East European countries, had long remained aloof even from its neighboring Communist "comrades," and yet it also made at least a cosmetic gesture toward reform in May. The courts were reogranized, the number of capital offenses reduced, restrictions on worship were relaxed (in the only nation in the world that had banned religion outright), and citizens were granted the right to obtain passports. In July, police battled thousands of demonstrators in the capital, and, in apparent reaction, the regime removed hard-liners from the Workers' (Communist) Party Politburo. Albanians demanding the right to leave the country were granted their wish, and several thousand left for Italy and elsewhere. Yugoslavia had broken away from Moscow's domination shortly after World War II, but had remained both Communist and authoritarian. In 1990, too, Yugoslavia began exploring the path toward democracy, but was plagued by the polyglot nature of its citizenry. A "nation" containing a number of ethnic groups, languages, and religions, Yugoslavia was in danger of fragmenting. To complicate matters, the 1974 constitution gave each of Yugoslavia's 6 republics virtual veto power over the Federal decision-making process. In Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia, parliaments were drafting new constitutions, and the weakening of central authority made any forecast of the future difficult. The turmoil in Eastern Europe contained several common features and trends. Despite the show of force in Lithuania, the days of Red Army tanks rolling through the streets of Budapest and Prague were over, and the change of commands occurred without Soviet intervention. Indeed, Gorbachev repeatedly made it explicitly clear that hard-liners who had previously enjoyed Moscow's support could not count on a rescue from Big Brother. The Soviet News Agency called Romania's Ceausescu "one of the most odious dictators of the 20th century." When forced to leave Czechoslovakia on an early timetable, the soldiers of the Red Army were also obliged to take with them soil that they had contaminated with toxic chemicals and oil spills. In the Soviet Union, the soldiers faced a homecoming literally without homes, given the extent of the housing shortage. The East German army nearly fell apart, losing motivation and shrinking from 173,000 to 90,000 between November 1989 and March 1990, in large part through desertion. Some soldiers were assigned to civilian duty to replace refugees. Communism Elsewhere China was quiet in 1990, at least on the surface, with public protests a thing of the past after the tanks of the People's Army crushed the student-led demonstrations in Beijing in June 1989. China's elderly leaders did not relax their iron grip on the country, and no reforms were introduced. Martial law was lifted in January, but the adoption of other laws kept a lid on the population. The Mongolian People's Republic, a vast and nearly empty land lying between the Soviet Union and China, stirred a bit in 1990. Jambyn Batmunh, general secretary of the Communist Party, announced in March that the party would work with others to seek political reform, and the party voted to drop its constitutional monopoly on power. Largely ignored by the world press, Mongolia pursued modest change in a communications vacuum. Cuba was not swept up in the winds of change, after 31 years of tight Communist control under Fidel Castro. The economy was a shambles, and the regime was forced to tighten food rations, but the availability of subsidized medical care, housing, and education apparently was enough to satisfy a large portion of the population. An annual $5 billion subsidy from the Soviet Union was put at risk by Castro's resistance to Gorbachev-style reform and by his patron's own economic woes. Under the leadership of the Sandinistas since 1979, Nicaragua had taken on many characteristics of a Marxist state, but Pres. Daniel Ortega was defeated by Violeta Barrios de Chamorro in an election in February. The Soviet Union had indicated to Ortega's government that it was no longer going to prop up Nicaragua's revolution. Nonetheless, the Sandinistas retained a large following, and Chamorro, faced with rehabilitating Nicaragua after many years of civil war, reappointed Ortega's brother, Humberto, as chief of the armed forces and developed a close working relationship with him. Present and Future Problems The new governments of Eastern Europe faced the task of recovery under arduous circumstances. Addressing the situation in Romania, the dissident writer Norman Manea observed, "The dictator destroyed the entire political, economic and moral structure and it will be very difficult to reconstruct." From country to country, decay and deterioration of equipment and infrastructure were visible everywhere. Some bridges and roads had not been repaired since the Communists took over. Machines broke down and stood idle. In some cases, the workers who had operated them had disappeared in the night, across an international border. Businesspeople faced a new world of risk. They were unaccustomed to dealing with consumer demand. Almost no one had had the opportunity to acquire entrepreneurial skills. Unemployment grew. In several countries, the bureaucracies still groaned under the weight of Communist functionaries. The environment was in bad shape. The land was scarred for miles by deep holes dug to extract coal, and dirt was piled high. Towns were ringed by smokestacks, their citizens under an umbrella of brown air. Incidence of cancer and respiratory disease was high. Factories were often too obsolete to be upgraded to meet any environmental requirements. A Soviet offical said, "Crime is like a thermometer of social disintegration," and crime was up in the Soviet Union and elsewhere. So, too, was antisemitism. In the Soviet Union, where public antisemitism was one of the first results of new-found freedom of speech, Jews took advantage of relaxed emigration policies, as thousands left the country to resettle in Israel. The skinheads in East Germany, the newly jobless elsewhere, and others frustrated with an era of change all too often found familiar scapegoats. The Jews, only a few hundred in East Germany, and those in Poland, only a few thousand--compared with 3.3 million in 1939, at times were blamed for having introduced communism in the first place, and then, improbably, as planning to force capitalism on the East. Although political unrest and divisions within society were still a fact of life in Eastern Europe, none of this conflict made communism appear any better. In January 1990, in his New Year's Day address to the people of Czechoslovakia, Pres. Vaclav Havel looked back: "Notions such as love, friendship, compassion, humility and forgiveness have lost their depth and dimension . . . The previous regime, armed with its arrogant and intolerant ideology, denigrated man into a production force and nature into a production tool . . . It made talented people who were capable of managing their own affairs . . . into cogs in some kind of monstrous, ramshackle, smelly machine whose purpose no one can understand." (See Oct. 90 Chronology for additional details.) Democrats Score Small Gains in 1990 Elections Democrats added to their majorities in both houses of Congress in elections held on Nov. 6, and in races for governor they also maintained their control of a majority of the nation's statehouses. Public-opinion polls had shown that voters were unhappy, and often angry, because of the decline of the economy, and because of a prolonged fight over the adoption of a federal budget that had ended just 10 days before the election. However, only one incumbent senator was defeated and about 96 percent of the incumbents seeking reelection to the House won. In the contests for governor, the Democrats, who held a 29-21 advantage before the voting, emerged with about the same margin. Displeasure with high state taxes seemed to be a common thread in gubernatorial elections in which the statehouse shifted from one party to the other. The results of these races was especially important because governors would play an influential role in the redistricting of Congressional and state legislative seats that would take place as a result of the 1990 census. Democrats captured statehouses in Florida and Texas, where several Congressional districts will be added. In Florida, former Sen. Lawton Chiles ousted Bob Martinez, whose popularity had plunged in 1989 after he sought unsuccessfully to get the legislature to approve curbs on abortion. In Texas, State Treasurer Ann Richards defeated a wealthy rancher and oil man, Clayton Williams, who spent $8 million of his own money in pursuit of the governorship. In California, though, Sen. Pete Wilson held the governorship for the Republicans, as he turned back former San Francisco Mayor Dianne Feinstein. Wilson opposed, and Feinstein supported, a ballot proposition known as "Big Green," which would have imposed a number of strict environmental controls. The proposition was defeated. Gov. Mario Cuomo, a Democrat, easily won a third term in New York against Pierre Rinfret. The surprise here was Herbert London, the Conservative Party candidate, who got about 20 percent of the vote. However, Republicans kept the governorships in Illinois and captured the statehouses in Ohio and (apparently) Michigan. In Massachusetts, the governorship went to William Weld, a former assistant U.S. attorney general. He defeated John Silber, the outspoken president of Boston University. In Minnesota, the Republican candidate for governor, Jon Grunseth, withdrew from the race 2 weeks before the election following sexual misconduct charges. His replacement, Arne Carlson, defeated the incumbent, Rudy Perpich, in a very close race. Two independents, Lowell Weicker in Connecticut and Walter Hickel in Alaska, won governorships--both in political comebacks. Minnesota was also the only state to see a change in a U.S. Senate seat. Rudy Boschwitz, a Republican, lost narrowly to Paul Wellstone, a college professor with strong liberal views. This gave the Democrats a 56-44 advantage in the new Senate. Sen. Jesse Helms of North Carolina swept to victory over Harvey Gantt, the former mayor of Charlotte, who was seeking to become the first black senator from the South since the Reconstruction era. Helms, the most conservative member of the Senate, took a strong stand against quotas in hiring. Abortion was the key issue in Iowa, where Sen. Tom Harkin, a Democrat, who was "pro-choice," turned back an opponent of abortion, Rep. Tom Tauke. Sen. Bill Bradley of New Jersey, a Democrat and strong vote-getter in the past, narrowly squeaked through to reelection, apparently because voters were angered by a package of state tax increases pushed through by Gov. Jim Florio, a Democrat. In the House of Representatives, the Democrats had held a 257-176 advantage before the election, with 2 vacancies. Late returns showed that they would control the new House by about 267-167. One Socialist, Bernie Sanders, the former mayor of Burlington, who ran as an independent, won in Vermont. Newt Gingrich of Georgia, the assistant Republican leader in the House, barely survived by a thousand votes. Gary Franks of Connecticut became the first black Republican elected to the House in more than 50 years. Sharon Pratt Dixon was elected mayor of Washington, D.C., succeeding Marion Barry, who did not seek reelection. She became the first black woman mayor of a major city. Barry sought election at-large to the City Council but was defeated. The Rev. Jesse Jackson won elective office for the first time, becoming the "shadow senator" from the District of Columbia, which gave him a voice in Congress but not a vote. CHRONOLOGY OF THE YEAR'S EVENTS Reported Month by Month in 3 Categories: National, International, and General Oct. 15, 1989 to Oct. 31, 1990 OCTOBER National Severe Quake Hits Northern California -- One of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded in California struck along the San Andreas fault in the northern part of the state, Oct. 17. More than 60 people were killed and several thousand injured. Some 100,000 houses were reported damaged. The worst damage was in San Francisco and Oakland, 75 miles north of the epicenter of the quake. Most of the deaths, more than 40, occurred when the upper level of the double-decker Nimitz Freeway (Interstate Highway 880) in Oakland collapsed. The freeway was packed with rush-hour traffic at 5:04 p.m., when the 15-second quake hit. In San Francisco, several fires broke out with the worst being in the Marina district, where a number of buildings were destroyed. Other cities that suffered heavily included Santa Cruz, where much of the downtown shopping district was leveled; San Jose; and Los Gatos. The tragedy struck just minutes before the start of the 3d game of baseball's World series between the Oakland Athletics and the San Fransisco Giants at San Francisco's Candlestick Park. The game was canceled and the crowd of 58,000 evacuated safely. The last survivor to be found, Buck Helm, a longshoreman, was pulled from the wreckage of the Nimitz Freeway, Oct. 21. The U.S. Geological Survey said, Oct. 24, that its estimate of the quake's intensity had been put at 7.1 on the Richter Scale, the 5th strongest of the century, though well below the impact of San Fransisco's great earthquake of 1906. Congress, Oct. 25, approved an aid package totaling $4.15 billion. The World Series resumed, Oct. 27, at Candlestick Park, and Oakland completed a 4-game sweep of the Giants, Oct. 28. Trade Gap Widens Again -- The Commerce Dept. reported, Oct. 17, that the U.S. merchandise trade deficit had risen to $10.77 billion in August. The gap, the largest in 8 months, was attributed to the stronger U.S. dollar, which had made imports cheaper and exports more expensive. The Census Bureau said, Oct. 18, that the median U.S. family income stood at $32,191 in 1988, a slight decline from the $32,251 in 1987. The figures were adjusted for inflation. The Labor Dept. said, Oct. 19, that consumer prices rose 0.2 percent in September. The Commerce Dept. reported, Oct. 26, that the gross national product had grown at a 2.5 percent annual rate in the third quarter. The department said, Oct. 31, that its leading economic indicators had risen 0.2 percent in September. Flag Amendment Fails in Senate -- On Oct. 19, a week after Congress had completed action on a bill to outlaw desecration of the American flag, the Senate failed to approve an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that had the same purpose. The vote was 51-48, well below the two-thirds required for approval of amendments. Pres. George Bush, who feared that the law could be declared unconstitutional, had supported the amendment. Senate Removes Federal Judge -- U.S. District Judge Alcee Hastings of Florida was convicted of 8 articles of impeachment, Oct. 20, by the U.S. Senate. The convictions had the effect of removing him from the bench. Hastings, the 6th federal judge to be so removed, had been acquitted in 1983 of accepting a bribe in a case before him. However, a federal judicial panel found "clear and convincing evidence" in 1987 that Hastings had conspired to accept the bribe. Congressman Convicted in Wedtech Scandal -- In the last major trial to grow out of the Wedtech investigation, Rep. Robert Garcia (D, N.Y.) and his wife, Jane Lee, were found guilty of extortion and conspiracy, Oct. 20. Prosecutors charged that Garcia, who represented the Bronx district in which the company had been located, had demanded payoffs from Wedtech. Mrs. Garcia had been accused of receiving payoffs from the company totalling more than $75,000.00. More than 20 prominent persons had been convicted in the scandal. Federal Judge Leonard Sand Jan. 19 sentenced the Garcias to 3 years in prison. On June 29, 1990 a federal appeals court overturned the convictions of the Garcias. Funding for Abortion Vetoed -- The Senate and House approved a spending bill for the departments of Education, Labor, and Health and Human Services that reinstated funding for Medicaid abortions in instances of rape or incest. Pres. George Bush vetoed the bill, Oct. 21. The House, Oct. 25, voted 231-191 to override the veto, but this fell far short of the two-thirds vote needed, and the veto was sustained. Bush had supported federal funding only if the mother's life was in danger. Those who had supported the bill said the burden of the veto would fall most heavily on poor women who could not afford to pay for an abortion. International German Communists Remove Honecker -- The 18 year rule of Erich Honecker in East Germany came to an end, Oct. 18, when he stepped down as head of the Socialist Unity (Communist) Party, chairman of the National Defense Council, and head of state. The Central Committee of the Party had clearly forced him out, though a statement said he had retired because of ill health. Honecker was succeeded by Egon Krenz, a member of the ruling Politburo. On Oct. 23 and 30, 300,000 persons in Leipzig demonstrated on behalf of political reform. Hungary Proclaimed a Free Republic -- The Hungarian National Assembly amended the constitution, Oct. 18, to prepare for multiparty free elections in 1990 when a new constitution would be drafted. The Assembly ended the ruling party's monopoly on power, removed references to the "leading role" for the Communists, and renamed the country the Republic of Hungary, without reference to a "People's Republic." Acting Pres. Matyas Szuros, Oct. 23, proclaimed Hungary a free republic. The Assembly voted Oct. 31, to conduct a national referendum on how to choose a president. Soviets Admit Afghanistan Invasion was Illegal -- Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze, in a speech to the Soviet legislature, Oct. 23, said his country's invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 was illegal. Saying that the intervention "violated the norms of proper behavior," he blamed it on then-Pres. Leonid Brezhnev and some others in the inner circle. He also acknowledged that the Soviet radar complex at Krasnoyarsk violated the 1972 ABM treaty. The foreign minister said that historic changes in Poland and Hungary were acceptable to the Kremlin, and that the Soviet Union looked toward the eventual dissolution of the Warsaw Pact and NATO. Pres. George Bush said, Oct. 31, that he and Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev would hold an informal summit on ships in the Mediterranean Sea, Dec. 2-3. Police Break Up Prague Demonstration -- On Oct. 25, with political unrest in Czechoslovakia on the rise, Premier Ladislav Adamec rejected any dialogue between the government and those "who act for the liquidation of the socialist system . . . and the Communist Party." On Oct. 27, several prominent dissidents were placed under detention. On Oct. 28, some 10,000 persons gathered in Wenceslas Square in Prague to observe the 71st anniversary of the founding of the republic. The demonstration was broken up by club-swinging police. Ortega Announces End to Truce -- On Oct. 27, on the first day of a 2-day summit meeting of heads of state of Western Hemisphere countries in San Jose, Costa Rica, Pres. Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua said he would end his regime's unilateral cease-fire against contra rebels. He claimed the contras had repeatedly violated the truce, leaving more than 3,000 Nicaraguans dead, wounded, or missing. Pres George Bush, who attended the summit, Oct. 28, attacked Ortega as a "little man" and as "an animal at a garden party." Ortega announced, Nov. 1, that the cease-fire had ended, and the contras reported that the army had resumed operations. General Spacecraft Begins Journey to Jupiter -- The space shuttle Atlantis was launched with a crew of 5 from Cape Canaveral, Fla., on Oct. 18, It carried the spacecraft Galileo, which separated from the shuttle on its 5th orbit and began a 6-year journey to the plant Jupiter. After arrival in the vicinity of Jupiter in 1995, the craft would explore the planet's atmosphere and moons. The shuttle landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California on Oct. 23. Evangelist Jim Bakker Sentenced -- Television evangelist Jim Bakker, who had been convicted of fraud and conspiracy, was sentenced, Oct. 24, to 45 years in prison and fined $500,000.00. He would be eligible for parole in 10 years. Disasters -- The crash into the Caspian Sea, Oct. 18, of a Soviet military transport plane carrying paratroopers resulted in the death of all 57 aboard. . . . The crash, Oct. 21, of a Honduran jetliner into the side of a mountain in Honduras took the lives of 131 of the 146 persons aboard. . . . More than 50 people burned to death, Oct. 21, in the Sudan after 2 buses collided. . . . A China Airlines Boeing 737 crashed into a mountain after taking off from Hualien, in eastern Taiwan, Oct. 26, killing all 54 people aboard. NOVEMBER National Minimum Wage Compromise Approved -- Congress approved a compromise worked out with the White House on the minimum wage. The agreement provided that the current minimum of $3.35 an hour be increased to $4.25 an hour by 1991. A training wage of $3.35 would be permitted for workers 16 to 19 years old during their first 3 months on a job. The House approved the bill, Nov. 1, and the Senate followed on Nov. 8. Flurry of Activity as Congress Adjourns -- With concern shifting toward the economies of Eastern Europe, the Senate and House, Nov. 20, approved a foreign aid bill that contained $532.8 million for Poland and Hungary. The House voted, Nov. 21, 352-63, to repeal the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988. Many elderly Americans had complained that they had to finance it even though it duplicated other coverage. Also on Nov. 21, the House approved a deficit-reduction bill aimed at producing $14.6 billion in savings and new revenues. By voice vote, Nov. 22, the Senate gave its assent to the insurance repeal and the deficit-reduction bill. Congress adjourned, Nov. 22. Cut in Capital Gains Dropped -- Pres. George Bush and Republican leaders in Congress, Nov. 2, shelved their effort, for the time being, to win approval for a reduction in the capital gains tax. The House, in September, had attached a reduction to a deficit-reduction bill, but the Senate had not included the capital gains issue in its version of the bill. Jobless Rate Steady -- The nation's unemployment rate held at 5.2 percent in October, the Labor Dept. said, Nov. 3. The department reported, Nov. 9, that producer prices had risen 0.4 percent in October. The Commerce Dept., Nov. 16, put the merchandise trade deficit in September at $7.94 billion, the lowest since 1984. The Labor Dept. said, Nov. 21, that consumer prices had risen 0.5 percent in October. Another Judge Removed by Senate -- On Nov. 3, for the second time in 2 weeks, the U.S. Senate convicted a federal judge on impeachment charges and removed him from the bench. The charges involving U.S. District Judge Walter Nixon Jr. of Biloxi, Miss. related to his conviction in 1986 for lying to a grand jury about intervening in a drug case on behalf of the son of a contractor with whom Nixon had had financial dealings. Nixon asserted that he had been "unjustly and wrongfully convicted." Quake Damage Put at $5.6 Billion -- As Californians continued to repair the damage from the October earthquake, Gov. George Deukmejian, Nov. 7, signed a bill raising the sales tax temporarily by one-quarter percent as a means of obtaining money for earthquake relief. State officials estimated property damage, Nov. 11, at $5.6 billion. The insurance industry estimated that only $2 billion was covered by insurance. Repair work was completed, Nov. 16, on the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. Buck Helm, a longshoreman who had been trapped in the wreckage of a freeway for 89 hours before being rescued, died, Nov. 19. California officials placed the death toll at 62 on Nov. 19. Democrats Strong in Off-Year Voting -- Democrats won most of the top offices at stake in off-year elections, Nov. 7. Black candidates also scored some major breakthroughs. In a very close race for governor of Virginia, Lt. Gov. L. Douglas Wilder, a black, appeared to be the winner by a few thousand votes over J. Marshall Coleman, the Republican nominee. No state had had a black governor since the Reconstruction era after the Civil War. Wilder appeared to have benefitted from his support of abortion rights for women. Abortion was also a major issue in the New Jersey gubernatorial campaign. U.S. Rep. James Florio, the Democratic candidate, who favored the right of a woman to choose an abortion, won in a landslide over the Republican, U.S. Rep. Jim Courter. Manhattan Borough Pres. David Dinkins, a Democrat, became the first black to be elected mayor of New York City. He defeated former U.S. Attorney Rudolph Giuliani, stressing the themes of unity and harmony. Seattle, New Haven., Conn., and Durham, N.C. all elected their first black mayors. Coleman Young of Detroit and Kathy Whitmire of Houston, both Democrats, were among the mayors who were re-elected. On Nov. 27, the Virginia Board of Elections certified Wilder as the winner of the governorship. Guilt Admitted in Arms Scandal -- Air Force Maj. Gen. Richard Secord (ret.) pleaded guilty, Nov. 8, to making a false statement to Congress regarding the Iran-contra scandal. He admitted that he lied in June 1987 when he said he did not know that Lt. Col. Oliver North had benefitted financially from the sale of arms to Iran or from the diversion of profits to contra rebels in Nicaragua. Eleven other charges against Secord were dropped as part of a plea bargain agreement. He was sentenced, Jan. 24, 1990, to 2 years' probation. Pennsylvania Acts on Abortion -- The Pennsylvania legislature approved a bill restricting abortions, and Gov. Robert Casey signed it into law, Nov. 18. Pennsylvania became the first state to restrict abortions after the U.S. Supreme Court gave states the right to do so in July. Most abortions at public hospitals were banned, as were almost all abortions after 24 weeks of gestation. For abortions that were permitted, prior notification of the spouse and a 24-hour waiting period were required. Congress Votes Itself a Raise -- Congress approved increases in salaries for its own members and for federal judges and top officials in the executive branch. At present, members of both the Senate and House received $89,500. Under the bill, House salaries would go to $124,400 by 1991, and members would be barred from accepting speaking fees. Senators' pay would rise to $98,400 in 1990, with limits on speaking fees reduced by a like amount. The House and Senate gave their approval on Nov. 16 and 17, respectively. Apparently mindful of the storm of criticism that had averted approval of a pay increase earlier in the year, Congressional leaders unveiled the new plan only a day before the House voted. Pres. George Bush signed the bill, Nov. 30. International East Germany Opens Berlin Wall -- A year of dramatic upheaval in Eastern Europe reached a climax in November when the East German Communist regime lifted its restrictions on travel and emigration to the West. On Nov. 1, East Germany opened its border with Czechoslovakia, prompting a sharp increase in East German emigration to West Germany through Czech territory. In 9 days, some 50,000 joined 150,000 who had previously gone west in 1989. On Nov. 3, 5 Politburo members resigned, and East German leader Egon Krenz promised economic and political reforms. More than 500,000 joined a peaceful pro-democracy rally in East Berlin, Nov. 4. Premier Willi Stoph and the entire Council of Ministers resigned, Nov. 7, and were joined by more Politburo members, Nov. 8. The Party's Central Committee, Nov. 8, nominated Hans Modrow, a reformist, for premier. A spokesman for the Soviet foreign ministry said, Nov. 9, that the changes were welcome. The government lifted travel and emigration restrictions, Nov. 9, and exit visas were issued to those who asked for them. Within hours, thousands of Germans from East and West massed at the Berlin wall, many of them sitting atop the barrier that had separated the 2 Germanys since 1961. On Nov. 10, East Germany opened more crossing points and East Germans by the hundreds of thousands poured into the West to shop, look around, and be reunited with family and friends. The migration was repeated in subsequent days. Although some East Germans remained in the West, most returned home. By Nov. 15, the East German government had issued 7.7 million travel visas. On Nov. 28, West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl proposed a plan for the confederation of the 2 Germanys. Salvadoran Rebels Open Offensive -- The Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN) began a major offensive against the government of El Salvador in November. The leftist rebels pulled out of peace talks, Nov. 2, after 10 were killed in the bombing of a labor federation headquarters. The FMLN began its attack in San Salvador, the capital, and in other cities, Nov. 11 and 12. Hundreds of combatants and civilians died in the worst urban fighting of the 10-year civil war, and the government, Nov. 12, declared a state of siege. By Nov. 15, the rebels had been driven from some of their strongholds in the capital. Six Jesuit priests as well as a cook and her daughter were shot to death by uniformed gunmen at Jose Simeon Canas University of Central America in San Salvador, Nov. 16. Democrats in the U.S. Congress warned, Nov. 17, that aid to El Salvador would be halted if the government failed to bring the killers to justice and end human rights abuses by the army and security forces. Rebels seized a hotel in San Salvador, Nov. 21, trapping 12 members of the U.S. Special Forces, or Green Berets. After being threatened with death, the soldiers were allowed to leave, Nov. 22. The rebels resumed their offensive in the capital, Nov. 27, and the homes of several U.S. diplomats were seized. On Nov. 30, the United States flew 282 embassy officials and dependents out of the country. New Lebanese President Killed -- Rene Moawad, a moderate Christian who enjoyed the support of Syria, was elected president of Lebanon, Nov. 5, but he was assassinated 17 days later. When electing Moawad, the Lebanese parliament also approved a plan supported by the Arab League to end Lebanon's civil war. The plan called for a balancing of political offices among the religious factions and would require militias to disband and Syrian troops to withdraw within 2 years. Gen. Michel Aoun, the Christian army commander, rejected the plan because Syrian troops would not leave at once. Moawad was assassinated, Nov. 22, when a bomb exploded along the route of his motorcade. It killed 23 other people. Parliament, Nov. 24, elected as president Elias Hrawi, like Moawad a moderate Maronite Catholic friendly to Syria. U.S. to Return Iranian Assets -- It was announced, Nov. 6, that the U.S. would unfreeze $567 million in Iranian assets that had been held since 1979. Pres. Bush said, Nov. 7, that he hoped Iran would use its influence to help free U.S. hostages in the Middle East. An Iranian newspaper said, Nov. 9, that the unfreezing of assets was an insufficient gesture of U.S. good will. Bulgarian Communist Leader Resigns -- Todor Zhivkov, who had been president of Bulgaria since 1971 and leader of the ruling Communist Party since 1954, resigned both posts, Nov. 10. The resignations came amid the first stirrings of the pro-democracy movement that was flourishing elsewhere in Eastern Europe. Zhivkov, 78, had ruled Bulgaria for a longer time than any other Eastern European leader. He was regarded as a hard-line Communist and loyal supporter of the Soviet Union. Zhivkov resigned at a meeting of the party's Central Committee, which named Foreign Minister Petar Mladenov to succeed him as the party's general secretary. Czech Communist Leadership Replaced -- The tide of political reform sweeping Eastern Europe engulfed Czechoslovakia in November. Unrest began to build, Nov. 17, when police used clubs, tear gas, and dogs to break up a demonstration by university students in Prague. More than 200,000 people marched in Prague, Nov. 20, calling for free elections. Czech Premier Ladislav Adamec met, Nov. 21, with playwright Vaclav Havel and other dissidents who had just formed a new opposition group, Civic Forum. Havel, addressing 150,000 afterward, said the regime had promised some reforms, but Communist Party leader Milos Jakes said on television that evening, "There are boundaries that should not be crossed." Alexander Dubcek, leader of the short-lived reform movement of 1968 that was crushed by Soviet tanks, spoke to pro-democracy crowds in Bratislava, Nov. 23, and Prague, Nov. 24. On Nov. 24, at an emergency meeting of the Communist Party Central Committee, Jakes and the other 12 members of the policy-making Presidium (politburo) resigned. Jakes, an opponent of reform, had been in power since 1987. A new Presidium, including 6 holdovers, was named, with Karel Urbanek as general secretary of the party. Havel, addressing 800,000 people in Prague, Nov. 25, dismissed the personnel shifts as a trick. Millions of workers joined a 2-hour general strike, Nov. 27. Adamec opened power-sharing talks with Civic Forum, Nov. 28. Parliament, Nov. 29, deleted from the Constitution a provision guaranteeing the Communist Party the "leading role" in society. Communist Leader of Romania Re-Elected -- Seemingly unaffected by turmoil elsewhere in Eastern Europe, the Romanian Communist Party opened its 14th Congress in Bucharest, Nov. 20. In a 5-hour keynote address, Pres. Nicolae Ceausescu proclaimed the party to be the "vital center" of life in Romania. Ceausescu, who had been in power since 1965, was unanimously re-elected party secretary, Nov. 24. Prime Minister Gandhi Resigns -- Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi of India resigned after his Congress (I) Party did poorly in parliamentary elections. His popularity had been declining for some time amid accusations that his government was corrupt and inefficient. In elections to parliament, Nov. 22-26, his party lost more than half its seats. Opposition parties won more than half the seats. Gandhi announced his resignation, Nov. 29, subject to the selection of a new prime minister. Hungarians Vote on President -- In a national referendum, Nov. 26, Hungarians voted in favor of letting their next parliament choose the president of the country. Opposition groups had favored this approach, rather than the direct election of the president. Parliamentary elections would take place in 1990. General Conference Acts on Global Warming -- Representatives of 68 countries met in the Netherlands to consider the threat posed by the warming of the atmosphere--the so-called greenhouse effect. This was the first ministerial-level meeting held on the problem. A compromise resolution, adopted unanimously, Nov. 7, committed the signers to stabilizing levels of carbon dioxide emissions by 2000. A stronger resolution that would have set specific goals did not get a consensus, meeting resistance from the United States and Japan. Tornadoes Take 29 Lives -- Violent weather, including tornadoes, struck the eastern United States in mid-November and claimed 29 lives. A tornado cut through downtown Huntsville, Ala., Nov. 15, killing 18 people and injuring 500. Outside Newburgh, N.Y. on Nov. 16, a tornado struck the East Coldenham Elementary School and knocked down a wall in the cafeteria. Nine students were killed and 16 injured. Vitamin Pills Reduce Birth Defects -- The Journal of the American Medical Association reported, Nov. 24, that women who take nonprescription multivitamin pills early in pregnancy reduce the risk of having a baby with certain neurological defects. These neural tube defects include anencephaly, or the absence of nearly all the brain, and spina bifida, in which part of the spinal cord protrudes from the spinal column. These defects may cause death or paralysis, and affect 1 to 2 babies in every 1,000 born. Mothers who took multivitamin pills containing folic acid during the first 6 weeks of pregnancy had only one fourth as many babies with these defects as women who did not take such pills. Some 23,000 women participated in the study. Disasters -- A typhoon that stuck Thailand in the first week of November took at least 365 lives. . . . A Colombian jetliner exploded in midair, Nov. 27, shortly after it took off from Bogota, killing all 107 aboard. DECEMBER National Stocks Score Big Gains in 1989 -- The value of stocks on the major exchanges increased in 1989, even though economic data issued by the government continued to show no consistent pattern. The Commerce Dept. said, Dec. 1, that its leading economic indicators declined 0.4 percent in October. The Labor Dept. reported, Dec. 8, that the unemployment rate had edged upward to 5.3 percent in November. The department said, Dec. 15, that producer prices fell 0.1 percent in November. On Dec. 15, the Commerce Dept. reported that the U.S. merchandise trade deficit had jumped to $10.20 billion in October. Consumer prices rose 0.4 percent in November, the Labor Dept. reported, Dec. 19. The leading economic indicators edged upward 0.1 percent in November, the Commerce Dept. said, Dec. 29. When the stock exchanges closed on Dec. 29, their last trading day of 1989, the Dow Jones industrial average stood at 2753.20, up 27 percent for the year. Standard & Poor's index of 500 stocks was also up 27 percent for the year. The American Stock Exchange index was up 23 percent, and the Nasdaq over-the-counter market composite index posted a 19 percent gain for 1989. U.S. Official Resigns S&L Position -- M. Danny Wall, head of the federal Office of Thrift Supervision, resigned, Dec. 4. As the official in charge of overseeing the thrift industry, Wall had been criticized by members of Congress and other regulators for having overlooked signs that the Lincoln Savings and Loan Association of Irvine, Calif. was in financial trouble. The collapse of Lincoln and many other S&Ls was about to cost taxpayers many billions of dollars. Wall said he was being made a "scapegoat for the entire thrift crisis." Bombs Kill Judge, Lawyer -- Judge Robert Vance of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit was killed, Dec. 16, in his home in a suburb of Birmingham, Ala., when he opened a package that contained a bomb. The explosion of the pipe bomb killed him instantly. Recent rulings by the court had angered white supremacists. In Savannah, Ga., Dec. 18, Robert Robinson, a lawyer and alderman, was killed by a similar bomb, sent to his office. Robinson, a black, had performed legal work for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Two more bombs were seized at the federal court building in Atlanta, Dec. 18, and at the Jacksonville, Fla., office of the NAACP, Dec. 19, before they exploded. Federal investigators said, Dec. 19, that "hard forensic evidence" linked the 4 bombs. International Bush, Gorbachev Hold First Summit -- Pres. George Bush and Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev held their first summit meeting in December. The shipboard summit took place in Marsaxlokk Bay at the Mediterranean island republic of Malta. Bush arrived in Valletta, the capital of Malta, Dec. 1, and met with Maltese leaders before boarding the U.S.S. Belknap in the bay. A heavy storm, Dec. 2, forced the 2 leaders to hold their talks aboard the large Soviet cruise ship Maxim Gorky, rather than on a smaller cruiser. Bush proposed that bilateral treaties on strategic arms and conventional arms in Europe be completed during 1990. He offered to waive trade restrictions if the Soviets liberalized their emigration laws. The Soviet leader made no major proposals then or on the second day of their talks on the same ship, Dec. 3. After their second meeting, the 2 leaders held a joint press conference, another first for a superpower summit. They both seemed to agree that the Cold War was virtually a thing of the past and that the world, in Bush's words, was on the "threshold of a brand new era of U.S.-Soviet relations." Meeting with NATO leaders in Brussels, Dec. 4, Bush reported on the summit, pledged a continued U.S. military presence in Europe, and discussed the question of German reunification. East German Party Shaken Up Again -- December was another month of turmoil for the ruling Socialist Unity (Communist) Party in East Germany. On Dec. 1, parliament revoked a clause in the constitution guaranteeing the Communists a "leading role" in society. On Dec. 2, a committee reported to parliament that former party leader Erich Honecker and his associates had lived in luxury while they ran the country, and the committee said it had evidence that they had hidden $54 billion in Swiss bank accounts. These revelations led, Dec. 3, to the resignation of the entire leadership of the party, including General Secretary Egon Krenz, Premier Hans Modrow, the rest of the Politburo, and the entire Central Committee. Krenz remained head of state and Modrow head of government. Honecker and some former aides were put under house arrest, Dec. 5. Krenz resigned as head of state, Dec. 6, and was replaced by Manfred Gerlach, head of the small Liberal Democratic Party. Honecker and former Premier Willi Stoph were among 6 former officials charged, Dec. 8, with corruption and abuse of power. The party, Dec. 9, elected Gregor Gysi, a lawyer, to succeed Krenz. In Leipzig, Dec. 11, 200,000 persons demonstrated for German reunification. U.S. Sec. of State James Baker 3d delivered a speech in East Berlin, Dec. 12, and then met in Potsdam with Modrow. West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl met with Modrow, Dec. 19. Another Coup Fails in Philippines -- Rebel elements within the Philippines army launched another coup attempt, the 6th during the presidency of Corazon Aquino. Like its predecessors, the coup failed. Rebels attacked military positions in suburban Manilla, Dec. 1, and planes dropped a few bombs. One struck the presidential palace, but Aquino was unhurt. Responding to a request from Aquino, Pres. George Bush authorized 2 U.S. F-4 jet fighters from Clark Air Force Base to provide air support for the government. There were no reports that the U.S. planes fired any shots. Vice Pres. Salvador Laurel, Dec. 3, backed the coup attempt and urged Aquino to resign. Within a few days, most rebels had surrendered to regular army troops, and the fall of a key airport, Dec. 9, ended the uprising. The official casualty toll for both sides was reported as 119 killed and 418 wounded. Pope and Gorbachev Meet -- In an historic first, Dec. 1, the leader of the Soviet Union, Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev, met with the head of the Roman Catholic Church at the Vatican. Pope John Paul II endorsed Gorbachev's reforms in the Soviet Union, and the 2 agreed to work toward establishing diplomatic relations. In a statement, Gorbachev called the meeting "extraordinary" and promised a law that would guarantee to Soviet citizens the right to "satisfy their spiritual needs." New Indian Prime Minister Named -- Vishwanath Pratap Singh, a former minister in the cabinet of outgoing Pres. Rajiv Gandhi, was chosen as leader of the National Front coalition on Dec. 1, and on Dec. 2 he was sworn in as prime minister of India. Gandhi had announced that he would step down after his Congress (I) Party did badly in the November elections. Singh's coalition would include both right- and left-wing groups. Communists Lose Grip on Czechoslovakia -- Communist domination of Czechoslovakia ended in December. In the wake of November's massive demonstrations, Premier Ladislav Adamec unveiled a new cabinet, Dec. 3, but the opposition Civic Forum rejected it because 16 of the 21 positions were still to be filled by Communists. Adamec resigned, Dec. 7, and Pres. Gustav Husak named Marian Calfa to replace him. The new cabinet, announced Dec. 7, had only 10 (of 21) Communists. In conversations with Civic Forum, Dec. 8, the Communists agreed to relinquish power. Husak, who had run the country for more than 20 years as Communist leader and president, resigned as president, Dec. 10. A hard-liner, he had come to power after Russian tanks crushed a reform movement in 1968. Vaclav Havel, a dissident playwright, and Alexander Dubcek, who had headed the 1968 reform movement, both declared their candidacies for president. The Communist Party, Dec. 20, replaced Karel Urbanek as its leader with Adamec. Parliament, Dec. 28, elected Dubcek as its speaker and on Dec. 29, it elected Havel president without opposition. Bombings Linked to Drug Cartel -- The government of Colombia said, Dec. 5, that it believed that the destruction of an Avianca Airlines jetliner, Nov. 27, was caused by the explosion of a bomb. The death toll, possibly including several persons on the ground struck by the falling wreckage, was put at 110. More than 60 people were killed and more than 1,000 wounded when a bomb exploded in front of the Dept. of Administrative Security in Bogota, Dec. 6. The bomb contained half a ton of dynamite. Authorities believed both bombings represented acts of terrorism by drug dealers who were defying government efforts to eradicate their operations. On Dec. 15, some 300 commandos and soldiers attacked a ranch near Tolu, where they killed Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha, the number two man in the Medellin drug cartel. His son and 15 bodyguards were also killed. Rodriguez Gacha was one of those believed responsible for acts of terrorism and the killing of several prominent Colombians. Lithuania Looks Toward Independence -- The Baltic republic of Lithuania gave strong signals of its eagerness to break free from the Soviet Union. The Lithuanian parliament voted overwhelmingly, Dec. 7, to adopt a multiparty political system, the first time any republic in the USSR had taken such a step. The vote was to remove Article 6 of the republic's constitution guaranteeing the Communist Party a monopoly on power. At the federal level, at the opening of the Congress of People's Deputies, Dec. 12, in Moscow, Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev averted a similar effort to debate the leading role of the party in the Soviet Union. Among those opposing Gorbachev and calling for a debate was Andrei Sakharov, the nuclear physicist and political dissident. Sakharov, an admired figure around the world for his efforts in behalf of human rights and a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, died, Dec. 14. In another unprecedented move, the Lithuanian Communist Party declared itself independent of the national party, Dec. 20. The party further asserted that its goal was creation of an "independent democratic Lithuanian state." Gorbachev, Dec. 26, called this action "illegitimate" and ruled out secession by any of the nation's 15 republics. Bush Envoys Meet Chinese Leaders -- Two top Bush administration officials, National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft and Deputy Sec. of State Lawrence Eagleburger, met with Chinese party and government leaders in Beijing, Dec. 9 and 10. Although it was announced that the purpose of the meeting was for the U.S. representatives to brief the Chinese on the Malta summit, it was widely assumed that an attempt to improve relations between China and the United States was the principal focus. The administration announced, Dec. 18, that Scowcroft and Eagleburger had also made a secret trip to China in July, a month after the Chinese regime had brutally crushed a pro-democracy demonstration in the capital. Central American Leaders Sign Accord -- The presidents of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatamala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, meeting in San Jose, Costa Rica, Dec. 12, signed a new peace agreement for the Central American region. The agreement declared that all support for the 10,000 rebels fighting against the Nicaraguan regime should be channeled through an international commission set up to disband the rebels. The accord included a strong endorsement of the government of Pres. Alfredo Cristiani of El Salvador, which was also under attack from a rebel force. Pinochet Era Ending in Chile -- On Dec. 14, Chile held its first presidential election since 1970. The result was a victory for opposition leader Patricio Aylwin, who received 55 percent of the vote. A more conservative candidate, Hernan Buchi, got 29 percent of the vote. Buchi, a former finance minister under Gen. Augusto Pinochet, was handicapped by his identification with Pinochet's authoritarian rule. Pinochet had come to power in a bloody coup in 1973, and the election results appeared to signal the end of his domination of the country, although he would remain chief of the armed forces. U.S. Invades Panama, Pursues Noriega -- Pres. George Bush sent U.S. military forces into Panama, and they engaged in a brief but bloody conflict with troops supporting the Panamanian dictator, Gen. Manuel Noriega. Panama's National Assembly of Representatives formally named Noriega head of government on Dec. 15, and also proclaimed that Panama "is declared to be in a state of war" with the United States. On Dec. 16, 4 off-duty U.S. servicemen were confronted at a roadblock by civilians and troops, and when they attempted to leave one was killed. U.S. troops stationed in Panama were placed on a high alert, Dec. 17. Some 12,000 U.S. military personnel were already in Panama, with the primary duty to safeguard the Panama Canal. On Dec. 20, in the early morning hours, 12,000 more Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine troops landed. U.S. forces were divided into 5 task forces which attacked selected targets. One seized the headquarters of the Panama Defense Forces. Other targets included military and strategic locations in and around Panama City. An alternative government, headed by Guillermo Endara as president, was sworn in by a Panamanian judge at a U.S. military base. Endara claimed he had won a presidential election in May, but Noriega had annulled the vote. To protect shipping, U.S. troops closed the Panama Canal, Dec. 20, but reopened it, Dec. 21. Announcing the invasion, Dec. 20, Bush said he had the obligation to safeguard the lives of American citizens. Sec. of State James Baker 3d said, Dec. 20, that Noriega reportedly had planned to attack U.S. citizens in Panama. Most members of Congress supported the invasion, but the Organization of American States deplored it, Dec. 22. The U.S. Defense Department said, Dec. 23, that the secret radar-evading F-117A Stealth bombers had been used in combat for the first time, and had dropped 2 bombs near a barracks. On Dec. 24, Noriega took refuge in the Vatican's diplomatic mission in Panama City. When this news came, most remaining resistance to the U.S. invasion collapsed. The mission had the right to grant Noriega asylum, and negotiations began among U.S., Vatican, and Panamanian diplomats as to his future. U.S. officials argued that because he had been indicted in the United States for drug trafficking he was not eligible for asylum. Casualty figures issued by U.S. military officials, Dec. 27, were: 23 U.S. soldiers, 3 American civilians, 297 Panamanian soldiers, and at least 400 Panamanian civilians killed; 322 U.S. soldiers, 1 American civilian, 123 Panamanian soldiers, and 2,000 Panamanian civilians wounded or injured. The U.N. Security Council, Dec. 29, voted 75-20, with 39 abstentions, to "strongly deplore" the U.S. invasion. On Mar. 26, U.S. officials confirmed it had lowered its tally of casualties suffered by Panamanians. It said about 50 members of the Panama military had been killed, and that the civilian death toll had been put at 202. Gen. Manuel Noreiga surrendered to U.S. authorities and agreed to give himself up after being assured that he would not face the death penalty. After leaving the mission, Jan. 3, Noriega was taken to a U.S. military base in Panama City and arrested on drug-trafficking indictments by U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration agents. He was flown to Florida and arraigned, Jan. 4, in federal district court in Miami. Noriega's lawyer refused to enter a plea, contending he was a political prisoner, and the court entered a plea of not guilty. Crowds in Panama City celebrated Noriega's capture. The chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen. Colin Powell, said, Jan. 5, that with Noriega in custody U.S. troops could be withdrawn from Panama within a few weeks. Pres. George Bush, Jan. 25, announced his support of a $1 billion package of cash, loans, and other types of aid to help rebuild the devastated economy of Panama. U.S. District Judge William Hoeveler, Jan. 26, ordered Noriega held without bail. U.S. Vice Pres. Dan Quayle visited Panama, Honduras, and Jamaica, Jan. 27-29, to explain administration policy on Latin America. Romanian Leader Overthrown, Executed -- Pres. Nicolae Ceausescu of Romania was overthrown in a popular uprising, and he and his wife Elena were executed. As first secretary of the Communist Party since 1965, Nicolae Ceausescu had ruled Romania for nearly a quarter century. For months, Romania had appeared untouched by the political unrest sweeping other Communist nations in Eastern Europe. Then, on Dec. 15, in Timisoara, in Transylvania, a crowd formed to protest the arrest and deportation of a Protestant minister who had been advocating the rights of ethnic Hungarians who lived in the region. The protest evolved into a pro-democracy demonstration, Dec. 16, and Army and Securitate (internal-security) troops moved in. A large number of citizens were shot to death, Dec. 17, during a demonstration. Protests spread to 2 other cities, Dec. 19. Ceausescu returned from an official visit to Iran, Dec. 20, denounced the demonstrators, and then addressed a rally in Bucharest, Dec. 21. He was jeered by many in the crowd, an unprecedented event considering how tightly he held power. Securitate troops, known for their fierce loyalty to Ceausescu, fired on the crowd, drove them elsewhere, and eventually killed up to 40. On Dec. 22, as up to 150,000 persons massed to defy Securitate forces, it was reported that the defense minister had committed suicide, though it was later determined that he had been shot for refusing to order the army to fire on the demonstrators. Military units joined the rebels. Pres. Ceausescu and Elena, his chief deputy in the government, fled the capital by helicopter. They landed and seized a car, but were in turn captured by insurgents near Tirgoviste. On Dec. 25, after a brief trial by a military tribunal on charges of genocide, abuse of power, and theft, they were both shot at an undisclosed location. Meanwhile, on Dec. 22, a coalition of former Communist officials, military officers, students, and others formed a National Salvation Front to run the country. On Dec. 26, Ion Iliescu, a former party official, was named interim president. By the end of the month, the rebels were in control, but only after bloody fighting. Reports of the number of people killed in the 2 weeks of upheaval varied widely, but ran as high as tens of thousands. General Gunman in Montreal Kills 14 Women -- A man armed with a hunting rifle shot 14 women to death on the campus of the University of Montreal, Dec. 6. He also wounded 13 others, mostly women, before killing himself. Six of the women were killed in one classroom. Police, Dec. 7 identified the gunman as Marc Lepine, and said he had left a note in which he had said that women had ruined his life. The rampage was the worst mass shooting ever in Canada. Driver Who Caused 27 Deaths Convicted -- Larry Mahoney, the driver of a pickup truck that collided with a church bus near Carrollton, Ky. in May 1988 was convicted of 27 counts of manslaughter, Dec. 21. Mahoney's lawyers acknowledged that he had been drunk and driving in the wrong direction on an interstate highway at the time of the crash, but blamed a faulty gas tank on the bus for the fire that took the heavy toll of life, including 24 children and 3 adults. Twelve other persons were burned in the crash. The defendant was found not guilty of 27 counts of murder. On Feb. 23, Mahoney was sentenced to 16 years in prison. JANUARY National Economic Growth Slowed in 1989 -- Figures released in January showed that the U.S. economy slowed down in 1989, compared with 1988. The Dow Jones industrial average closed, Jan. 2, at 2810.15, an all-time high, before beginning a month-long decline. The Labor Dept. said, Jan. 5, that the unemployment rate had held steady in December at 5.3 percent. In the first shift downward in 6 months, major banks, Jan. 8, lowered their prime lending rate by 0.5 percent to 10 percent. The Labor Dept. said, Jan. 12, that for all of 1989 producer prices had risen 4.8 percent, the highest annual increase since a 7.1 jump in 1981. The Commerce Dept. reported, Jan. 17, that the merchandise trade deficit for November was $10.5 billion, the largest for any month in 1989. Consumer prices rose 4.6 percent in 1989, the highest rate since 1981, the Labor Dept. reported, Jan. 18. The Commerce Dept. said, Jan. 26, that the gross national product grew at 2.9 percent (later revised to 3.0 percent) for 1989. Thus, economic growth had slowed considerably from 1988, when it was 4.4 percent. The department said, Jan. 31, that the leading economic indicators had risen 0.8 percent in December. Marketing of Cigarette to Blacks Deplored -- Sec. of Health and Human Services Louis Sullivan, Jan. 18, sharply criticized a plan to market a cigarette to black Americans. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. planned to test-market the new brand, Uptown, to blacks in Philadelphia. Sullivan, speaking to medical students at the University of Pennsylvania, said, "At a time when our people desperately need the message of health promotion, Uptown's message is more disease, more suffering and more death. . . . " Surveys had found that smoking was more common among blacks than whites. Reynolds, Jan. 19, canceled its test of the brand, saying that "the unfair and biased attention the brand had received" would invalidate the results of the test. Washington, D.C. Mayor Arrested -- City police and FBI agents, Jan. 18, arrested Washington, D.C. Mayor Marion Barry on a drug charge. Rumors, which Barry denied, had circulated for years that he used drugs. According to reports, law enforcement officials utilized a former model and friend of Barry's to lure him to the Vista International Hotel in downtown Washington. There, according to the FBI, Barry bought a small amount of crack cocaine from an undercover agent, put it in a pipe, and smoked it. This incident was reportedly videotaped, and Barry was arrested. He was arraigned, Jan. 19, in U.S. District Court on one charge of willfully possessing cocaine, a misdemeanor. Agent Pleads Guilty in HUD Inquiry -- Marilyn Louise Harrell, a private escrow agent, pleaded guilty in federal court in Baltimore, Jan. 29, to embezzling $4.5 million that was to go to the U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development. She also admitted underreporting income on her tax return for 1987. She had previously claimed that she had given much of the money to charities and the poor, and had been nicknamed "Robin HUD." Prosecutors said that Harrell had been "her own biggest charity." On June 22, Harrell was sentenced to 46 months in prison and ordered to pay $600,000 in restitution. Bush Budget Calls for No Tax Increases -- Adhering to his pledge while running for president, George Bush submitted a budget for the 1991 fiscal year to Congress, Jan. 29, that called for no increase in taxes. The $1.23 trillion budget included a small cut in real spending for defense--a 1.9 percent increase in outlays that was below the rate of inflation. Larger cuts were proposed for some domestic programs, but not for environmental programs, the war on drugs, and space projects. Overall, the budget adhered to the deficit limitation of the Gramm-Rudman law, but the Congressional Budget Office and some economists said the deficit projections were based on economic forecasts that were far too optimistic. International Toll High in Sudanese Massacre -- A rebel radio in Sudan reported, Jan. 4, that a pro-government Arab militia had killed 2,000 black villagers at the end of December. Reportedly, 2 members of the Shilok tribe killed their Moslem employer in a dispute, and local militiamen armed with machine guns then destroyed the entire village. Western diplomats and relief officials put the death toll at 300 to 1,500. The Moslem central government was in a sustained war against black Christians and animists. New Romanian Leadership Assailed -- The National Salvation Front, the new leadership group in Romania, became a target of much criticism. By Jan. 5, a deadline set by the government, many parties had declared their intention to run candidates in elections scheduled for April. During a visit to Romania, Jan. 6, Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze said Moscow would support any form of political system that emerged. Thousands of Romanians demonstrated nationwide, Jan. 7, protesting the prominence of ex-Communists in the provisional regime. A large crowd gathered in Bucharest, Jan. 12, to protest the perceived influence of Communists in the leadership. Ion Iliescu, chairman of the front and interim president, managed to calm the crowd somewhat by announcing that the Communist Party had been outlawed. However, the government then lifted the ban on the party, Jan. 17, and canceled a referendum that was to decide its fate. Facing growing public unrest, the government, Jan. 24, outlawed unauthorized demonstrations. Vice Pres. Dumitru Mazilu resigned, Jan. 26, and accused the regime of using "Stalinist practices." A judge investigating the violence in Timisoara in December said, Jan. 29, that only 95 civilian deaths had been verified, against earlier reports that there had been thousands of victims. Soldiers Held in Killing of Priests -- Pres. Alfredo Cristiani of El Salvador said, Jan. 7, that the military had been involved in the murder of 6 Jesuit priests and 2 other people in San Salvador in November. The Jesuits had criticized human rights abuses by the government and had supported a negotiated settlement of the civil war with leftist guerrillas. Cristiani announced, Jan. 13, that a colonel, 2 lieutenants, and 5 other soldiers had been arrested in the killings. The 8 soldiers plus a 9th still being sought were indicted, Jan. 19. The soldiers in custody pleaded not guilty. East Germans Sack Police HQ -- An official of the East German government disclosed, Jan. 8, that 60,000 (of an original 85,000) secret-police personnel were still on the government payroll despite a promise in December that they would be disbanded. A party in the ruling coalition confirmed, Jan. 10, that the government was forming a new secret security agency. Premier Hans Modrow said, Jan. 12, that no new security force would be formed before national elections, and admitted that secret police had continued to spy on the political opposition. On Jan. 15, 100,000 persons gathered outside the East German headquarters of the state security service, and the peaceful rally soon turned violent. Many in the crowd stormed the headquarters, generally tore up the interior and destroyed or threw out thousands of documents. Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union, after meeting with Modrow, Jan. 30, indicated that German reunification was to be expected, adding "No one casts any doubt upon it." Crises in Soviet Republics Continue -- On Jan. 9, the parliament of the republic of Armenia voted to integrate the economy of the region of Nagorno-Karabakh into the economy of Armenia. The region, occupied predominantly by Armenians, lay within Azerbaijan. After the presidium of the national Supreme Soviet declared that step unconstitutional, Armenia's parliament, Jan. 11, asserted Armenia's right to override national laws that affected the republic. Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev arrived in Lithuania, Jan. 11, in an attempt to persuade the Lithuanian Communist Party to rescind its break with the national party. Some 250,000 persons demonstrated, Jan. 11, in Vilnius, the capital of the republic, on behalf of independence. In a walk through the streets of the city, Gorbachev denounced independence as a dead end and said the Soviet Union could not afford to lose its Baltic ports. Before leaving Lithuania, Jan. 13, Gorbachev expressed a willingness to accept a multiparty system in the USSR. In Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, Azerbaijani youths, Jan. 13, went on a rampage through the Armenian section of town, and some 30 people, mostly Armenians, were reported killed. With guerrillas fighting elsewhere in the 2 republics in what had virtually become an ethnic civil war, the Soviet government sent troops into the area, Jan. 15. The Azerbaijanis resisted, destroying or blockading bridges, roads, and rail lines. Some troops were killed. Soviet troops led by tanks forced their way into central Baku, Jan. 20. The Azerbaijani parliament, Jan. 22, threatened to secede from the Soviet Union. By Jan. 23, the death toll in the fighting stood at 93. Martial Law Ended in Beijing -- Premier Li Peng of China announced, Jan. 10, that martial law would be lifted in Beijing. In a televised speech, he said that order had been restored and "a great victory has been won in checking the turmoil and quelling the counterrevolutionary rebellion." The end of martial law, which took effect, Jan. 11, had little practical effect because other laws introduced since the June 1989 protests had curtailed unauthorized political activity. Bulgaria Ends Communist Monopoly -- The Bulgarian National Assembly, though controlled by Communists, voted unanimously, Jan. 15, to repeal paragraphs in the constitution guaranteeing a dominant role for the Communist Party. It was reported, Jan. 18, that Todor Zhivkov, the former Communist Party leader, had been put under house arrest on charges of malfeasance in office and misuse of government property and money. It was announced, Jan. 29, that he had been transferred to a prison. Polish Communists Form New Party -- A congress of the United Workers' (Communist) Party opened in Warsaw, Jan. 27. Some 1,600 delegates attended. On Jan. 29, the party voted overwhelmingly to disband and create at once a new Social Democracy Party. But some former Communist Party members bolted and formed yet another new group, the Social Democratic Union. Bush Proposes Troop Cuts in Europe -- In his State of the Union address, Jan. 31, Pres. George Bush proposed a ceiling of 225,000 on the number of U.S. and Soviet troops that could be deployed in Europe. Under his plan, no more than 195,000 could be deployed by each side in the central zone of Europe. At present, the United States had 300,000 troops in Europe and the Soviet Union 565,000. General Suicide Adds Bizarre Turn to Murder Case -- A murder case in Boston that had gained nationwide attention took an unexpected turn, Jan. 4, when the husband of the murder victim leaped to his death from a bridge in Boston harbor. The man, Charles Stuart, had learned that he had become the prime suspect in the case. In October 1989, Stuart had called from a phone in his car to report that his pregnant wife, Carol, had been shot and that he had been shot. The tapes of his pleas for help had been played on radio and television and had engendered widespread sympathy. Charles Stuart recovered from a serious wound but Carol Stuart died at the hospital. Her baby, delivered prematurely, also died. Stuart said a black man was their assailant. The Stuarts were white. On Jan. 3, Charles Stuart's brother Matthew told investigators that he had driven to the neighborhood where the shooting occurred and that Charles had given him his wife's bag and a gun, which Matthew threw into the Pines River. Matthew said he had decided to come forward after his brother had identified a black man in a police line-up as resembling the gunman. Based on Matthew's information, police divers recovered both the handbag and a .38 caliber revolver from the river. It was reported that Charles Stuart had taken out large insurance policies on his wife. Some black leaders objected to the intensity with which police had conducted investigations in black neighborhoods when it was believed that a black was the culprit. Long Child Abuse Trial Ends -- Peggy McMartin Buckey and her son, Raymond Buckey, were found not guilty on 52 counts of child molestation and conspiracy in Los Angeles, Jan. 18. The jury was deadlocked on one remaining count against Mrs. Buckey and on 13 counts against her son. The trial was the longest and costliest in U.S. history. It lasted 33 months, filled 60,000 pages of transcript, and cost the state of California about $15 million. Based on accounts by young children, 7 people had originally been indicted on child molestation charges--incidents that had allegedly occurred at the McMartin Pre-School in Manhattan Beach. Charges against the other 5 defendants had been dropped for insufficient evidence. Raymond Buckey had spent 5 years in jail and his mother 22 months in jail. Some jurors who were interviewed after the verdict said they had reservations about the technique used to interview children who may have been molested, especially the practice of asking them leading questions. The remaining count against Mrs. Buckey was dismissed. A mistrial was declared on the remaining counts against Raymond Buckey. He was then retried on 8 of the counts, but on July 27, the jury declared that it was deadlocked on all charges. On Aug. 1, Superior Court Judge Stanley Weisberg dismissed all charges against Buckey. Value of Oat Bran Questioned -- Researchers from Harvard University reported in the Jan. 18 New England Journal of Medicine that a study they had conducted failed to show that oat bran had any special ability to lower blood serum cholesterol levels. Based on the study of 20 adults, the researchers concluded that bran or any other starchy carbohydrate was beneficial primarily because people who ate it tended to eat less high-fat food. The oat bran fad had caught on after a previous study had shown that it lowered cholesterol. Manufacturers of oat bran products said the Harvard study was too small to be accepted. Jet Crash on Long Island Kills 73 -- A Colombian jetliner apparently ran out of fuel over Long Island in New York, Jan. 25, and crashed into a wooded area in the community of Cove Neck. Of the 161 persons aboard, 73 were killed and dozens of the rest were injured. The plane, en route from Bogota via Medellin, Colombia, was to have landed at Kennedy International Airport. The landing was delayed more than an hour because of bad weather. The pilot had told controllers about 50 minutes before the crash that he needed a priority landing because of low fuel. Disasters -- A passenger train crashed into a stopped freight train in a station in Sangi, Pakistan, Jan. 4, causing the death of 307 people and injury to 700 others. . . . About 100 people were killed, Jan. 14, when a ferry collided with another vessel in a river near Dhaka, Bangladesh. FEBRUARY National Reagan Testifies in Iran-Contra Trial -- Former Pres. Ronald Reagan provided videotaped testimony for use in the trial of Adm. John Poindexter (ret.), his former national security adviser. Albert Hakim, who had pleaded guilty in November in one of the previous trials in the Iran-Contra case, was sentenced, Feb. 1, to 2-years' probation and fined $5,000. He had illegally supplemented the salary of former National Security Council staff member Oliver North. Poindexter's attorneys had asked Reagan to provide excerpts from his diaries, and Judge Harold Greene had directed Reagan to do so, but the former president declined, Feb. 5, asserting, in the words of his attorneys, a claim "to the constitutionally protected privacy of his diaries." Greene, Feb. 5, ordered Reagan to give videotaped testimony, agreeing with Poindexter that he possessed evidence unavailable from any other source. Reagan, Feb. 9, agreed to comply. In a closed Los Angeles courtroom, Feb. 16 and 17, Reagan provided 8 hours of testimony. A transcript was made public, Feb. 22. Reagan testified that he had authorized, in general, the policies of selling arms to Iran and aiding the Nicaraguan contras. But he said he had repeatedly told subordinates to obey the law, and he said he had not known that North had been coordinating supply missions for the contras and otherwise assisting the contras at a time when Congress had banned U.S. support for them. Reagan often testified that he was unable to remember key meetings or conversations. Special Prosecutor Asked in HUD Case -- U.S. Attorney Gen. Richard Thornburgh recommended, Feb. 1, that a special prosecutor, or independent counsel, be appointed to investigate Samuel Pierce, Jr. and other former high officials in the Dept. of Housing and Urban Development. In compliance with procedures established by law, Thornburgh made his recommendations to a special 3-judge panel. He said the prosecutor would investigate charges that Pierce, a former secretary of HUD, and other officials had awarded grants to developers backed by well-known Republicans. The 3-judge panel, Mar. 2, named Arlin Adams, a retired federal judge from Philadelphia, as special prosecutor. 1989 Trade Gap Lowest in 5 Years -- The Labor Dept. reported, Feb. 2, that the unemployment rate fell to 5.2 percent in January. The department reported, Feb. 9, that producer prices for finished goods had risen 1.8 percent in January, the largest monthly increase since November 1974. The sharp rise was primarily the result of a jump in heating oil prices during very cold weather. The Commerce Dept. said, Feb. 16, that the merchandise trade deficit, which stood at $108.58 billion for all of 1989, was the lowest since 1984. Exports rose 13 percent in 1989, imports only 7.3 percent. ABA Supports Right to Abortion -- At its meeting in Los Angeles, Feb. 13, the American Bar Assn. declared its support for a constitutional right to abortion. The vote by the ABA's house of delegates was 238-106. The resolution opposed legislation or other governmental action "that interferes with the confidential relationship between a pregnant woman and her physician or with the decision to terminate the pregnancy at any time before the fetus is capable of independent life." Washington, D.C. Mayor Indicted -- Mayor Marion Barry Jr. of Washington, D.C., who had been arrested in January, was indicted, Feb. 15, by a federal grand jury on 5 counts of cocaine possession and 3 counts of perjury. The perjury counts related to testimony he had given to a grand jury in January 1989. Barry, meanwhile, had entered an alcohol treatment program in Florida. He had denied having a drug problem, and called the indictments "a continuation of the political lynching and excesses of the Justice Department." International Reunified Germany Is Nearer to Reality -- Addressing a press conference in East Berlin, Feb. 1, East German Premier Hans Modrow outlined a plan for reunifying East and West Germany. He described an approach for integrating economic and governmental institutions into a country that would become militarily neutral. West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl said, Feb. 1, he would not begin any negotiations until after East German elections in March. After meeting with Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow, Feb. 10, Kohl said that the Soviet leaders supported "the right of the German people alone" to choose their form of relationship. Meeting in Bonn, Feb. 13, Kohl and Modrow agreed to talks on uniting their 2 monetary systems under the West German deutsche mark. At a first-ever meeting of foreign ministers of NATO and Warsaw Pact countries, in Ottawa, Feb. 13, a formula for reunification talks was established. The 2 Germanys would discuss internal and domestic issues relating to reunification. External issues, such as "security of the neighboring states," would be expanded to include the "Big 4" allies of World War II: the U.S., USSR, Great Britain, and France. In another tentative breakthrough at Ottawa, the Soviets agreed to limit their troops in Europe to 195,000 and to a larger limit--225,000--for U.S. troops in Europe. Kohl met with Pres. George Bush, Feb. 24 and 25. At a press conference, Feb. 25, they endorsed the concept of a united Germany within NATO. Bush said that the United States formally recognized the current German-Polish border. Some Poles were concerned that a united Germany might want to regain territory ceded to Poland after World War II. Bulgarian Communists Elect New Leader -- Alexander Lilov became chairman of the Communist Party in Bulgaria, and the party, Feb. 1, ratified a manifesto that endorsed democratic ideals but kept its Marxist-Leninist ideology. Premier Georgi Atanasov and his cabinet resigned, Feb. 1. Lilov, elected Feb. 2, to succeed Petar Mladenov, was seen as a compromise candidate, who was not identified with the ousted hard-line regime of Todor Zhivkov, and who could better lead the party in upcoming elections. Parliament, Feb. 3, confirmed Andrei Lukanov as premier. Opposition Gains Ground in Romania -- The National Salvation Front agreed, Feb. 1, to a power-sharing arrangement prior to elections in Romania. It was agreed that the interim legislative body would be increased in size and would include representatives of 30 registered political parties. On Feb. 2, a military court convicted 4 former top aides to the deposed Pres. Nicolae Ceasescu of complicity to commit genocide. The defendants included Emil Bobu, 3d-ranking figure in the government. The men were sentenced to life imprisonment. South Africa Frees Mandela -- South African Pres. F. W. de Klerk announced, Feb. 2, that black nationalist leader Nelson Mandela, who had been in prison for treason for 27 years, would soon be freed. In a surprising speech, de Klerk also said his government was lifting its ban on the African National Congress, the principal black organization opposing white minority rule. He also announced legalization of the South African Communist Party and the Pan-African Congress, and the lifting of restrictions on 33 groups and 374 individuals. He said news censorship would end, executions would be suspended, nonviolent political prisoners would be freed, and power-sharing talks with black leaders were on the horizon. Mandela, 71, was released from prison, Feb. 11. His release was hailed around the world. In his first speech, in Cape Town, Feb. 11, he urged that pressure be kept on the white government until the apartheid system of racial segregation was destroyed. More than 100,000 people welcomed him home to Soweto, Feb. 13. Up to 20,000 conservative whites protested in Pretoria, Feb. 15, against the legalization of ANC and the freeing of Mandela. In his first trip outside of South Africa since being released, Mandela went to Zambia, Feb. 27, to meet with ANC leaders. He was greeted by official delegations from many countries. Meeting with Pres. George Bush in Washington, D.C., Feb. 28, Zulu Chief Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi called on the president to lift economic sanctions against South Africa. Noriega Ordered to Stand Trial -- The U.S. Justice Dept. announced, Feb. 2, that the government would treat ousted Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega and one of his co-defendants as prisoners of war. The department noted, however, that the Geneva Convention provides that "prisoners of war may be prosecuted in the civilian courts of the detaining country." Congress, Feb. 7, approved $42 million in emergency aid to Panama and lifted economic sanctions against Panama. U.S. District Court Judge William Hoeveler ruled, Feb. 8, that Noriega must stand trial in Miami on drug-trafficking charges. Multiparty System in Sight in USSR -- The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union voted to end the party's monopoly on power, as guaranteed in the constitution. In Moscow, Feb. 4, 100,000 persons demonstrated on behalf of democracy. Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev, who favored the constitutional change, told the Central Committee, Feb. 3, that "We should abandon the ideological dogmatism that became ingrained during the past decades." Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov said, Feb. 6, that a multiparty system, in effect, already existed. Conservatives on the committee warned that any moves toward a multiparty system or free enterprise could lead to the disintegration of the Soviet Union. But the Central Committee endorsed Gorbachev's proposal, Feb. 7. Parliament and the standing legislature would still have to act. The KGB said, Feb. 13, that 786,098 persons had been shot to death as enemies of the state during the rule of Joseph Stalin. Tadzhikistan, in central Asia, became the latest Soviet republic to experience ethnic violence. On Feb. 15, after 18 people had been killed in rioting, party and governmental leaders there resigned. In multiparty elections to the Supreme Soviet (parliament) of Lithuania, Feb. 24, candidates favoring independence ran very well. Runoff elections would determine the final outcome. Hundreds of thousands of pro-democracy demonstrators turned out in more than 30 cities in the Soviet Union, Feb. 25. The Supreme Soviet, the standing Parliament, gave its approval, Feb. 27, to Gorbachev's proposal for a popularly elected president having broad executive powers. Bush at Drug Summit in Colombia -- The presidents of Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, and the United States signed an accord in Cartagena, Colombia, Feb. 15, to work together in the fight against illegal drug traffic. Most coca grown for the production of cocaine is found in Bolivia and Peru, and three-fourths of the world's cocaine supply is produced in Colombia. The presidents agreed to the need for encouraging trade and investment in the 3 South American countries. The presidents also recognized that reducing demand (in the U.S.) was as important as reducing supply. The meeting was held under tight security. Pres. George Bush had come under some pressure not to attend because of the danger of violence from the drug traffickers. Japan's Ruling Party Wins Election -- The Liberal Democratic Party won a clear-cut victory, Feb. 18, in elections to the lower house of the Diet, the parliament of Japan. The long rule of the Liberal Democrats had appeared threatened by the Recruit Co. scandal, in which the conglomerate had given millions of dollars in cash and stocks to leading political figures. However, the party lost only a few seats and held a majority in the lower house. The Socialist Party, the principal opposition, gained ground, but mostly at the expense of smaller parties. The results seemed to strengthen the position of Premier Toshiki Kaifu. Czech President Addresses Congress -- Czechoslovak Pres. Vaclav Havel began a trip to North America, Feb. 18, in Ottawa, where he conferred with Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. On his arrival in Washington, D.C., Feb. 20, he became the first head of state of his country to visit the United States. Havel, a leader of the nearly bloodless revolution that had ended Communist rule in Czechoslovakia in 1989, received an enthusiastic reception during an address to Congress, Feb. 21. He said he saw the rise of democracy in the Soviet bloc as a "historically irreversible process" and he foresaw "an era in which all of us, large and small, former slaves and former masters, will be able to create what your great President Lincoln called the 'family of man.'" Sandinistas Lose Nicaraguan Election -- The Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), which had held power for 10 years in Nicaragua, was defeated in national elections, Feb. 25. Pres. Daniel Ortega lost, 55 percent to 41 percent, to Violeta Barrios de Chamorro of the National Opposition Union (UNO), and the UNO also won more seats in the National Assembly. Chamorro belonged to no party, and the UNO was a loose coalition. The assassination of her husband, an editor, in 1978, helped provoke the overthrow of the Somoza dictatorship by the Sandinistas, whom Mrs. Chamorro initially supported and then abandoned with their shift toward Marxist thinking. Dissatisfaction with the economy was regarded as the prime factor in the defeat of the Sandinistas. The election was monitored by some 2,000 foreign observers. Ortega conceded defeat, Feb. 26. However, he said, Feb. 27, that the contra rebels would have to demobilize before the Sandinistas yielded control of the army and the police. Chamorro, Feb. 27, called on the contras to disband to help speed the transfer of power. General Securities Firm Files for Bankruptcy -- Drexel Burnham Lambert Group Inc., which made financial history on Wall Street in the 1980s, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, Feb. 13. The firm had become highly profitable for a time through the utilization of so-called junk bonds, securities that paid high interest rates and had high risk. The use of these bonds facilitated the corporate takeover boom of the 1980s. Michael Milken, the firm's leading junk-bond trader, orchestrated many takeovers. Drexel's slide began after it agreed in 1988 to pay the government $650 million to settle insider-trading charges; Milken was indicted in 1989 on a variety of charges. Drexel was hurt further by the decline in the market value of junk bonds. Company officials said that the bankruptcy filing would lead to the liquidation of Drexel. FDA Approves Fat Substitute -- For the first time, Feb. 22, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a low-calorie substitute for fat. Nutrasweet Company had developed the substance, Simplesse, a blend of proteins from egg white and milk. The FDA said Simplesse was safe for use in frozen dessert products, and the company said it could be used in other foods having a high fat content. Other food manufacturers were reported working on fat substitutes in response to concerns about nutrition. Disasters -- An Indian Airlines passenger jet crashed, Feb. 14, while preparing to land at Bangalore, killing 91 of the 146 persons aboard. MARCH National Economic Indicators Show No Trend -- The Commerce Dept. reported, Mar. 2, that the leading economic indicators were unchanged in January. The Labor Dept. reported, Mar. 9, that unemployment stood at 5.3 percent in February. The department said, Mar. 16, that the index of producer prices for unfinished goods was unchanged in February. The department reported, Mar. 20, that consumer prices had jumped 0.5 percent in February, following an even sharper 1.1 percent runup in January. A record rise in oil imports caused the merchandise trade deficit to grow to $9.25 billion in January, the Commerce Dept. announced, Mar. 20. North, Meese Testify in Poindexter Trial -- The trial of John Poindexter, former national security adviser for Pres. Ronald Reagan, got under way in federal district court in Washington, D.C. Poindexter was charged with obstructing Congress and making false statements to Congress in connection with its investigation of the Iran-contra affair. Oliver North, a former aide to Poindexter who had been convicted on Iran-contra charges, was called as a witness for the prosecution. North sought to resist implicating Poindexter in a coverup, and said, Mar. 9, "No one told me to lie to Congress." He admitted, Mar. 12, that he had seen Poindexter destroy an order signed by Reagan authorizing U.S. participation in arms sales to Iran. Judge Harold Greene ruled, Mar. 21, that Reagan would not be required to provide his presidential diaries to Poindexter's defense. Former Attorney Gen. Edwin Meese 3d, who had led a Justice Dept. investigation of the Iran arms sales, testified for the defense, Mar. 22, that Poindexter had not tried to conceal details of the arms scandal from Congress. Exxon Valdez Captain Guilty of Negligence -- Joseph Hazelwood, who was captain of the oil tanker Exxon Valdez on Mar. 24, 1989, when it dumped nearly 11 million gallons of oil into Prince William Sound in Alaska, was found guilty of negligent discharge of oil in a state court in Anchorage, Mar. 22. He was acquitted of criminal mischief and 2 other charges. The spill contaminated more than 1,000 miles of coastline and claimed a heavy toll of wildlife. Hazelwood, Mar. 23, was sentenced to serve 1,000 hours of community service and ordered to make a "token restitution" of $50,000 over time. Idaho Anti-Abortion Bill Vetoed -- Gov. Cecil Andrus of Idaho vetoed, Mar. 30, a bill that would have banned most abortions. Under its provisions, an abortion in the case of rape would have been allowed only if the rape was reported within 7 days, and abortion in the case of incest would be allowed only if the victim was under 18. Andrus complained that anti-abortion activists had designed the bill for "the sole purpose of getting this issue back before the Supreme Court."Andrus said he had not been influenced by threats by abortion-rights groups to boycott Idaho potatoes. International Unrest Grows in South Africa -- In the month after black nationalist leader Nelson Mandela was freed from prison, unrest among blacks in South Africa increased. On Mar. 2, at a meeting in Zambia, the executive committee of the African National Congress named Mandela the ANC's deputy president. Because Pres. Oliver Tambo was ill, Mandela in effect became the ANC leader. Mandela traveled to Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and Ethiopia, where he received enthusiastic welcomes, then met with Tambo in Sweden, Mar. 12, their first visit in 28 years. Meanwhile, tensions overflowed in several of the black "homelands" created by the minority white government of South Africa. These 10 tribal homelands were to become self-governing, but only 4 had been formally established. Black nationalists believed to be sympathetic to the ANC overthrew the president of one homeland, Ciskei, Mar. 4. After looting and arson became widespread, and 27 people were killed, South Africa sent soldiers and police into Ciskei, Mar. 5. By Mar. 6, protests had spread to 4 other homelands, led by pro-ANC activists, who, in turn, clashed with security forces in the homelands. In Bophuthatswana, Mar. 7, seven people were killed and 450 persons injured when local police opened fire on a crowd of 50,000 that had marched on a government office. On Mar. 26, in the black township of Sebokeng, 11 people were killed and hundreds wounded when police fired on a large crowd of demonstrators. In Natal Province, Mar. 27 and 28, fighting among black factions resulted in 25 fatalities. Mystery Fire Strikes Libyan Plant -- The United States said, Mar. 6 and 7, that poison gas was being produced at a plant at Rabta, Libya, about 50 miles southwest of Tripoli. White House spokesman Marlin Fitzwater said, Mar. 7, that evidence indicated that the plant was producing chemical weapons and called on the "international community" to "step up its efforts to deny Libya the ability to continue operating the plant." Libya claimed the plant was a pharmaceutical factory. A fire broke out at the plant, Mar. 14, and Pres. George Bush denied "absolutely" that the United States was responsible. Libyan and U.S. officials said, Mar. 15, that the plant had been damaged extensively and would be out of operation indefinitely. Libya's official news agency said at least 2 persons had been killed in the fire. Britons Protest New Poll Tax -- A new community charge, or poll tax, stirred protests across Great Britain. The community charge was to replace the previous system of property taxes. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher contended that the new system was fairer, and she blamed local councils for overspending when they set charges at higher levels than the government had estimated. Left-wing groups led the protests. Violence occurred in Bristol, Southampton, and in several boroughs of London, including Hackney, where 29 police officers were hurt and 60 people were arrested, Mar. 8. A riot involving several thousand people occurred in London on Mar. 31, the day before the new rates were to go into effect. More than 400 were injured, including 331 police officers, and 341 arrests were made. Lithuania Declares Independence -- Lithuania, a republic of the Soviet Union, declared its independence, Mar. 11. Lithuania and its Baltic neighbors, Latvia and Estonia, had been annexed by the USSR in 1940. The vote in the Lithuanian Supreme Soviet (parliament) was 124-0, with 6 abstentions. The deputies then elected Vytautas Landsbergis, a professor of music history, as president. The U.S. State Dept., Mar. 12, declined to extend diplomatic recognition. Soviet Politburo member Yegor Ligachev, Mar. 12, called for a peaceful solution, adding, "Tanks will not help in this matter." Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev, Mar. 13, called Lithuania's step "illegitimate and invalid." On Mar. 17, the Lithuanian parliament formed a noncommunist government. Soviet forces began military maneuvers in Lithuania, Mar. 18. The Lithuanian government ignored the Mar. 19 deadline set by Gorbachev for rescinding the declaration. On Mar. 21, Gorbachev banned all sale of firearms in Lithuania and ordered Lithuanians to surrender all their firearms to Soviet officials. A Soviet military convoy entered Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, Mar. 22. The Soviet government, Mar. 23, ordered Western diplomats to leave the republic and restricted entry of foreigners into Lithuania. Soviet paratroopers, Mar. 25, seized the headquarters and other property of the rebellious Communist Party of Lithuania. Ethnic Lithuanians who had deserted the army were rounded up. All foreigners were ordered to leave, Mar. 27. Landsbergis, Mar. 28, called for talks with Moscow. Soviet troops, Mar. 30, seized the state prosecutor's office in the capital and the printing plant of a pro-independence newspaper. Estonia's parliament proclaimed, Mar. 30, that it was occupied and that it was entering a "transitional period" that would lead to independence. Gorbachev warned Lithuania, Mar. 31, of "grave consequences" if it did not annul its declaration of independence. Disbanding of Contras Debated -- Pres.-elect Violeta Barrios de Chamorro met with Pres. Oscar Arias in Costa Rica, Mar. 6, to discuss repatriation of the contras. She said after the meeting that she would solve the contra problem by declaring an amnesty. She called for demilitarization of Central America and said she would reduce Nicaragua's army to a small police force. Meeting with Vice Pres. Dan Quayle in Santiago, Chile, Mar. 12, Pres. Daniel Ortega gave assurances that his government would surrender control of the military and the security police to the new government. Pres. George Bush, Mar. 13, lifted economic sanctions against Nicaragua and asked Congress for $300 million in economic aid. The contras, Mar. 23, agreed to dismantle their camps in Honduras, and those in Nicaragua would gather in U.N.-supervised security zones until absorbed into civilian life. Contra leaders said, Mar. 25, that those gathering in the enclaves would remain there for months, and would keep their arms. The Sandinista government, Mar. 27, signed an agreement recognizing Chamorro's right to have full authority over the army and security forces. Mongolian Communists Relax Grip -- Jambyn Batmunh, general secretary of the Communist Party of Mongolia, said, Mar. 12, that the Communists would work with opposition forces to make needed political changes. The Central Committee of the People's Revolutionary (Communist) Party voted, Mar. 14, to drop its monopoly on power as guaranteed by the constitution. Gombojavyn Ochirbat, a reformist leader who had been living in Czechoslovakia, was selected to replace Batmunh, and an all-new Politburo was chosen. Communist Monopoly in USSR Ended -- The Soviet Congress of People's Deputies voted overwhelmingly (1,771 to 24, with 74 abstentions), Mar. 13, to repeal Article 6 of the Soviet constitution that gave the Communist Party a political monopoly. The historic change had been included in a platform approved by the party's Central Committee in February. Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev, who had pressed for the change, also won a victory with the approval by the deputies, Mar. 13, of a more powerful presidency with broad executive authority. He believed that a strong president could rise above partisan politics in the new multiparty system, but many deputies feared that his plan would lead to a dictatorship. The congress voted, Mar. 14, to begin popular elections for the presidency beginning in 1995. Gorbachev, as expected, was chosen president Mar. 15, but barely got the required two-thirds vote. Gorbachev already held the title of president. In local election results reported Mar. 19, opposition groups scored many victories over the Communists. It was reported that insurgents won 281 of 498 seats on the Moscow City Council, and the Communists also lost control of city councils in Kiev and Leningrad. Nationalist opposition movements continued to gain in Estonia, Latvia, and the Ukraine in voting for various local and republic offices. Conservatives Win East German Election -- Conservatives supported by West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl won big in East German elections held in March. Earlier, onMar. 14, diplomatic representatives from both Germanys, France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the U.S. began talks on German reunification in Bonn. The pace of reunification was apparently the key issue in the voting for the East German parliament, Mar. 18. Three conservative parties, who had joined together as the Alliance for Germany, and who favored rapid reunification, piled up 48 percent of the vote and earned an equivalent percentage of the seats in parliament. The Social Democratic Party ran a distant second with 22 percent of the vote. The Party of Democratic Socialism, the successor to the Communist Party, received 16 percent. Shamir Government Falls in Israel -- Israel's coalition government led by Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir of the Likud Party fell, Mar. 15, when it was defeated in a 60-55 no-confidence vote in the Knesset (parliament). The vote came after Shamir refused to accept a U.S. plan for peace talks between Israel and the Palestinians. Likud's coalition partner, the Labor Party, voted against the government, but the key votes were held by the small religious parties. Five members of the Shas party withheld their support for Shamir after he refused to compromise on the U.S. proposal, and that allowed the no-confidence vote to carry. Namibia Becomes Independent -- Namibia, once known as South-West Africa, became independent, Mar 21. Once a German colony, the country was controlled from World War I by South Africa, which was granted a League of Nations mandate in 1920. The United Nations opposed South Africa's request to annex Namibia, and an armed independence struggle ensued. U.N.-supported negotiations began in 1978, and culminated in an accord on independence. Pres. Sam Nujoma, a former guerrilla leader, took a moderate stance at the independence celebration, saying he welcomed "inflows of capital and know-how from abroad." General AIDS Epidemic Seen at Its Peak -- Two medical researchers concluded, Mar. 16, in an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association that the AIDS epidemic had reached its peak in the U.S. Dennis Bregman of the University of Southern California and Alexander Langmuir, former chief epidemiologist at the Centers for Disease Control, foresaw that new cases of AIDS, which had been increasing each year, would level off within a few years. They cited a theory of epidemiology which says that epidemics fade quickly after the disease spreads from highly susceptible members of the population to less susceptible members. However, other AIDS specialists were less optimistic, noting that hundreds of thousands of persons infected with the AIDS virus were expected to show symptoms of the condition in the future. The number of new AIDS cases in the U.S. rose by 9 percent in 1989, according to the Centers for Disease Control, the lowest rate of increase since the CDC began keeping records. $100 Million in Art Stolen -- Twelve works of art valued at $100 million or more were stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, Mar. 18. The robbery, in terms of value of the works, was the largest in the history of art. Two Rembrandt paintings, including his only seascape, were taken. Several works by Degas and one painting each by Vermeer and Manet were also seized. The museum said, Mar. 19, that the works were not insured because the premiums would have exceeded the museum's annual budget. Aspirin Found Effective Against Strokes -- Researchers reported in the New England Journal of Medicine, Mar. 22, that taking aspirin daily cut the risk of stroke from 50 percent to 80 percent among patients suffering from a common heartbeat irregularity, atrial fibrillation. Warfarin, a prescription drug that like aspirin thinned the blood, had a similar benefit. Some 70,000 Americans suffered a stroke each year connected with atrial fibrillation. Aspirin had previously been found to be effective against heart attacks and another kind of stroke caused by clots in the blood vessels of the brain. 87 Die in Fire at Bronx Club -- Eighty-seven people died in a fire at a social club in the Bronx borough of New York City, Mar. 25. The fire, which police said was deliberately set, spread rapidly through the 2-story structure, and the victims died within minutes from burning or asphyxiation. Only a few persons escaped. The club had been ordered closed in 1988. Officials said it had no sprinklers, fire exits, emergency lights, or exit signs at the time of the tragedy. The club was popular with immigrants from Central America, and the majority of those who died were from Honduras. The police, Mar. 25, arrested Julio Gonzalez and charged him with arson and murder. They said he had had an argument with a former girl friend who worked at the club. APRIL National Consumers Prices Jump Again -- Another sharp increase in consumer prices highlighted statistics on the economy released in April. The Commerce Dept. reported, Apr. 3, that the leading economic indicators had fallen 1 percent in February. The Labor Dept. said, Apr. 6, that unemployment had stood at 5.2 percent in March. The department reported, Apr. 13, that the index of producer prices for finished goods had declined 0.2 percent in March. The department said, Apr. 17, that consumer prices had risen 0.5 percent in March, equaling the advance reported for February. The inflation rate for the first quarter of 1990, 8.5 percent, was the highest annual rate for any quarter since 1982. The Commerce Dept. said, Apr. 18, that the U.S. merchandise trade deficit had fallen to $6.49 billion in February, the smallest monthly gap since 1983. The department said, Apr. 27, that the gross national product had grown at an annual rate of 2.1 percent during the first quarter. Poindexter Convicted on Iran-Contra Charges -- John Poindexter, a former national security adviser for Pres. Ronald Reagan, was convicted, Apr. 7, on all 5 felony counts facing him at his trial in a federal district court in Washington, D.C. These included 2 counts of obstructing Congress, 2 of making false statements to Congress, and one of conspiracy to obstruct Congress. In one case, for example, he was found guilty of reporting falsely that no U.S. officials had known until January 1986 of a November 1985 shipment of Hawk anti-aircraft missiles to Iran by Israel. Poindexter was the highest-ranking official to be convicted in the Iran-contra affair. On June 11, he was sentenced to 6 months in prison, becoming the first defendent in the case to be sentenced to jail. U.S. to Keep Records on "Hate" Crimes -- Under a bill signed into law, Apr. 23, by Pres. George Bush, the federal government would keep records of crimes committed by persons motivated by racial, ethnic, or sexual prejudice. Under the Hate Crimes Statistics Act, data would be kept on incidents of murder, rape, assault, arson, vandalism, and intimidation. Some conservatives in Congress had opposed including "sexual orientation" in the bill along with race and religion. Homosexual-rights leaders said that this was the first federal law to include the classification of sexual orientation. Foes of Abortion Demonstrate in Capital -- Opponents of abortion came to Washington, D.C., Apr. 28, to demonstrate for their cause. The number of participants was officially put at 200,000, but organizers claimed the figure was closer to 700,000. After the Supreme Court in 1989 had granted states wide authority to restrict abortions, supporters of a woman's right to choose an abortion had become more active, and the latest rally was aimed at countering that sentiment. Pres. George Bush, addressing the rally by phone, said that the "widespread prevalence of abortion is a tragedy." Vice Pres. Dan Quayle, who attended the rally, said, "The pro-life movement is the humanitarian movement of our time." HUD Described as 'Political Machine' -- DuBois Gilliam, a deputy assistant secretary at the Dept. of Housing and Urban Development from 1984 to 1987, began testifying before the House Government Operations subcommittee, Apr. 30. Gilliam was serving a prison term for accepting payoffs from developers. Gilliam told the subcommittee, which was investigating other allegations of wrongdoing, that the department "was the best domestic political machine I've ever seen. We dealt strictly in politics." Gilliam admitted he had accepted about $100,000 in payoffs from developers and consultants who wanted to do business with HUD. He disputed testimony by Samuel Pierce, a former HUD secretary, who had asserted that he had played no role in awarding HUD grants. "I know for a fact that the secretary made decisions," Gilliam said. "We were not allowed to spend any discretionary funds without clearing it with him." Gilliam said Pierce transferred an employee who became suspicious about a link between politics and the awarding of grants. An attorney for Pierce denied the allegations against his client, Apr. 30. International USSR Increases Pressure on Lithuania -- Tensions between the Soviet Union and its rebellious Baltic republics remained high in April. The Supreme Soviet, the national standing legislature, passed a law, Apr. 2, establishing the rules for secession. One would require a two-thirds approval in a referendum, and if this majority was not obtained a republic would have to wait 10 years before trying again. The parliament of Estonia declared, Apr. 2, that the law did not apply to Estonia. Pres. Vytautas Landsbergis said, Apr. 2, that the timing of Lithuania's declaration of independence was open to discussion, and he called for talks with the Soviet leadership. The Latvian Communist Party broke into pro- and anti-independence factions, Apr. 7. The Estonian parliament, Apr. 11, abolished the drafting of Estonians into the Soviet military. Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev, Apr. 13, threatened to impose an economic embargo on Lithuania. Pres. George Bush warned, Apr. 17, that if that happened the United States would consider "appropriate responses." On Apr. 18, the Soviet government cut off the flow of crude oil into Lithuania, and on Apr. 19, it shut down 3 or 4 natural gas pipelines serving Lithuania. On Apr. 24, Bush announced an indefinite delay in imposing sanctions on the Soviet Union, saying he did not want to add fuel to "an already volatile situation." Landsbergis, Apr. 24, called this a modern Munich, a reference to the attempt by France and Great Britain to appease Hitler in 1938. Bulgaria Schedules Elections -- The Bulgarian parliament gave its approval, Apr. 3, to free, multiparty national elections that would be held in June. Parliament also amended the constitution to create an executive presidency and delete the words communist and socialist from the document. Also on Apr. 3, parliament elected former Communist Party General Secretary Petar Mladenov as executive president. The Communist Party, Apr. 3, changed its name to the Bulgarian Socialist Party. Chamorro Inaugurated in Nicaragua -- Violeta Barrios de Chamorro began her term as president of Nicaragua in April. Meeting in Montelimar, Nicaragua, Apr. 3, 5 Central American presidents set a deadline 3 weeks hence for the demobilization of the Nicaraguan contras. On Apr. 19, representatives of the contras, the outgoing Sandinista regime, and the new government agreed to a cease-fire, which took effect that day. The contras agreed to move into 5 security zones by inauguration day, Apr. 25. Mrs. Chamorro's inauguration at a baseball stadium was an emotional occasion, with the stands filled with supporters of her and of the Sandinista government that she had defeated in the campaign. She surprised many by announcing that she would retain Gen. Humberto Ortega Saavedra as chief of the armed forces. He was the brother of the outgoing president, Daniel Ortega. A contra leader declared, Apr. 25, that the contras would not demobilize so long as Ortega stayed in power. Mandela Meets With Pres. de Klerk -- Pres. F. W. de Klerk of South Africa and Nelson Mandela, the black nationalist leader whom he had freed, met in Cape Town, Apr. 5. They agreed that formal talks would be held soon between the government and the African National Congress. Speaking to Parliament, Apr. 18, de Klerk rejected the concept of majority rule, which he said would result in black domination, but he endorsed the sharing of power between the races. This would include "the requirement of consensus on controversial matters." He said the ANC would have to renounce violence before participating in negotiations on a new constitution. Conservatives Win Hungarian Election -- The second round, or runoff, elections to the Hungarian parliament were completed, Apr. 8. The center-right Hungarian Democratic Forum captured 43 percent of the seats, and this party, in alliance with 2 smaller conservative parties, would control almost 60 percent of all the seats. The liberal Free Democrats won 24 percent of the seats. The ruling Socialist (formerly Communist) Party captured only 8.5 percent of the seats. East Germany Installs New Government -- Lothar de Maiziere, leader of the Christian Democratic Union, a conservative party, became premier of East Germany, Apr. 12. In coalition with the Social Democratic Party, he headed East Germany's first freely chosen government. The Party of Democratic Socialism, the successor to the Communist Party, was not included in the coalition government. De Maiziere, a lawyer, had formerly been a professional viola player. Meeting under its new leadership, Apr. 12, parliament asked for forgiveness from Jews and the Soviet Union for the policy of genocide practiced by the Nazis in World War II. Parliament also acknowledged that East Germany shared the guilt for invading Czechoslovakia in 1968, and it pledged "unequivocal recognition" of Poland's current border. 2 U.S. Hostages Freed in Lebanon -- Kidnapers in Lebanon freed 2 U.S. hostages in April. The first, Robert Polhill, was freed, Apr. 22, after more than 3 years in captivity. Polhill, a diabetic who had received insulin injections from his captors, said he had never seen the sun during the time that he was held. He had been held with 2 other hostages. President George Bush said, Apr. 22, that if Iran wanted better relations with the United States it would have to use its influence with its Shiite allies in Lebanon to free the remaining hostages. Bush, Apr. 23, thanked Pres. Hafez al-Assad of Syria for his role in the release. A 2d U.S. hostage, Frank Reed, was freed, Apr. 30. He had disappeared in September 1986. Bush thanked the government of Iran for having used its influence to free Reed. Reed said, May 2, he had spent his time in captivity with 4 other Western hostages. Altogether, some 15 westerners were believed being held in Lebanon. 3d Candidate Slain in Colombia -- Another presidential candidate was assassinated in Colombia, Apr. 26. Carlos Pizarro Leongomez, the candidate of the leftist movement known as M-19, was the third presidential aspirant to be killed during the current campaign. He was shot while traveling aboard an Avianca Airlines flight that had just left Bogota. The gunman was immediately killed by Pizarro's bodyguards. An anonymous caller to a radio network claimed that the assassination was carried out by leaders of the drug cartel, but drug leaders, Apr. 27, issued a statement condemning the slaying. General Museum Indicted for Showing Photos -- An exhibit of photographs by the late Robert Mapplethorpe opened at the Contemporary Arts Center in Cincinnati, Apr. 7, and on that day the museum and its director, Dennis Barrie, were indicted by a grand jury on obscenity charges--pandering and illegal use of a minor. Prosecutors had concentrated their charges on 7 (of 175) photographs in the exhibit that depicted naked children or homosexual acts. The Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. had canceled the same exhibit in 1989 after some members of Congress objected to the subject matter and threatened to restrict funding for the arts. On Apr. 8, U.S. District Judge Carl Rubin forbade law enforcement officials from closing the exhibit. The exhibit broke records for attendance at the museum. Fire on Danish Ferry Takes Heavy Toll -- A fire broke out on the Danish ferry Scandinavian Star while it was en route, Apr. 7, from Oslo, Norway to Frederikshavn, Denmark. Up to 176 persons died, mostly from smoke inhalation. About 360 persons escaped in life-boats. Tuna Canners Act to Protect Dolphins -- Three companies announced, Apr. 12, that they would no longer buy tuna that had been caught in nets that also trapped dolphins. H. J. Heinz Company, Van Camp Seafood Company, and Bumble Bee Seafoods Inc., which produced 70 percent of the canned tuna fish sold in the United States, acted in response to protests from enviromentalists. Tuna fisherman often used huge nets to capture tuna, and from 80,000 to 100,000 dolphins also perished each year when caught in the nets. Pete Rose Pleads Guilty on Taxes -- Pete Rose, one of baseball's greatest players, pleaded guilty, Apr. 20, to 2 counts of filing false tax returns. The admission, in U.S. District Court in Cincinnati, followed a long investigation into his gambling habit. Rose had been banned from baseball for life in 1989. In the court settlement, Rose agreed to pay $366,000 in back taxes, penalties, and interest. He remained subject to a possible prison sentence. On July 19, he was sentenced to 5 months in jail, fined $50,000, and ordered to perform 1,000 hours of community service. 200 Million Celebrate Earth Day -- In what was believed to be the biggest grass-roots celebration ever, some 200 million people in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Western Hemisphere participated in Earth Day activities, Apr. 22. Events were planned in some 3,600 cities and towns in 140 countries. The day marked the 20th anniversary of the original Earth Day in 1970. The intent was to focus on growing environmental problems that were threatening the quality of life everywhere. Concerts, street fairs, festivals, marches, and exhibits stressed such issues as recycling, global warming, endangered species of animals, and air and water quality. About 750,000 persons attended a rally and concert in Central Park in New York City. Space Telescope Deployed by Shuttle -- The shuttle Discovery lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Fla., Apr. 24, with a crew of 5. On Apr. 25, it deployed its 12.5-ton cargo, the Hubble Space Telescope. The $1.5-billion telescope, which had a 94.5-inch mirror, was put into orbit 381 miles above earth. It was anticipated that the telescope, which would be far above any atmospheric interference associated with the surface of the planet, would be able to see deeper into space than any other telescope, and with unprecedented clarity. Milken Fined $600 Million in Fraud Case -- Michael Milken, the former "junk bond king" at the securities firm of Drexel Burnham Lambert Inc., pleaded guilty, Apr. 24, to 6 counts relating to securities fraud, and agreed to pay a record total of $600 million in fines and restitution. Under the agreement, in U.S. District Court in New York, more serious charges against Milken were dropped, and a case against his brother, Lowell Milken, was also dropped. Michael Milken had helped spur the corporate takeover boom of the 1980s through the use of high-yield, high-risk junk bonds. Counts to which Milken pleaded guilty included conspiracy, aiding and abetting the filing of a false statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and assisting the filing of a false tax return. Milken still faced the possibility of being sentenced to prison. Disasters -- An explosion caused by a leaking gas cylinder killed at least 80 persons on a commuter train traveling near Kumrahar, Hihar state, India, Apr. 16. . . . An earthquake in central China, in Qinghai province, Apr. 26, killed 115 people. MAY National More Testimony Heard in HUD Inquiry -- DuBois Gilliam, a former deputy assistant secretary at the Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, continued his testimony before a House subcommittee. He said on May 2, that an assistant to then-Vice Pres. George Bush had once intervened on behalf of a Bush supporter, Hector Barreto. A developer in Kansas City, Barreto was granted $500,000 for a trade center project even though it had initially been rejected for HUD funds. Gilliam testified, May 4, that on several occasions former HUD Secretary Samuel Pierce had used discretionary funds to fund projects supported by friends or Republican figures. Pierce's attorney, May 4, said that nothing illegal had occurred. The Justice Dept. said, May 29, that Attorney Gen. Richard Thornburgh had asked that the independent counsel investigating the HUD allegations expand his inquiry to pursue assertions made by Gilliam. Inflation Fears Ease a Bit -- Figures on consumer and producer prices released during May indicated a lessening of inflation pressures. The Commerce Dept. reported, May 2, that leading economic indicators had risen 0.9 percent in March. The Labor Dept. reported, May 4, that the unemployment rate had edged upward to 5.4 percent in April, the highest level in more than a year. The department said, May 11, that producer prices for finished goods had declined 0.3 percent in April. It said, May 16, that consumer prices had risen just 0.2 percent in April, the smallest advance since September 1989. The Commerce Dept. reported, May 17, that the U.S. merchandise trade deficit had risen to $8.45 billion in March, propelled by a 10 percent surge in imports. The department, May 24, revised its estimate of the growth of the gross national product in the first quarter, putting the annual rate at a lower figure of 1.3 percent. It reported, May 30, that the leading economic indicators had fallen 0.2 percent in April. Stock prices advanced throughout May, with the Dow Jones industrial average setting a string of all-time highs. The highest point during the month was reached, May 30, when the Dow closed at 2878.56. Budget 'Summit' Held at White House -- Pres. George Bush, leaders of his administration, and Congressional leaders began a budget "summit" at the White House, May 15, amid concern about the growing national budget deficit. Administration estimates for the 1991 fiscal budget deficit had jumped from $101 billion to at least $123 billion. The administration attributed the growing gap to higher interest rates, a falloff in tax receipts, more spending on commercial bank failures, and, most of all, the size of the savings and loan bailout--although it was not officially a part of administration figures. At a news conference, May 16, Bush said, "when you take a look at the most recent estimates, the problem is of such a magnitude that we have to address it." He said the problem should be addressed now while the economy was reasonably strong. Those attending the summit, May 17, heard a Congressional Budget Office report putting the 1991 deficit projection as high as $159 billion. No agreements on the budget were reported from the talks. S & L Bailout Cost Estimate Rises -- Treasury Secretary Nicholas Brady told the Senate Banking Committee, May 23, that the cost of bailing out the savings and loan industry could run as high as $130 billion, nearly twice previous projections. He said the higher figure could become a reality if real-estate prices continued to fall and if thrifts continued to fail at an accelerating rate. Interest payments, furthermore, could help send the cost over the next 10 years toward $300 billion. Neil Bush, the son of the president, testified before the House Banking Committee, May 23. He was asked about his role as a director of Silverado Banking, an S & L in Colorado, which had been taken over by the government in 1988 at a cost to taxpayers of perhaps $1 billion. Questioned about possible conflicts of interest related to loans Silverado had made to 2 of his business partners, Bush denied any wrong-doing. Navy Reopens Inquiry in Blast Fatal to 47 -- The Navy said, May 24, that it was reopening its investigation into the explosion aboard the battleship Iowa in April 1989 that took the lives of 47 members of its crew. The explosion had occurred in a gun turret during a training exercise. The Navy later issued a report stating that it was "most likely" that the explosion had been caused by a suicidal crewman, Clayton Hartwig, who, according to the theory, had placed some sort of detonating device in the mechanism. Hartwig died in the explosion. Hartwig's family had fought to clear his name. At the request of the General Accounting Office, the Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, N. M. examined 3 battleships and found traces of foreign chemical elements in all, undercutting a conclusion by the Navy that the presence of such materials on the Iowa suggested that an explosive device had been planted. On May 24, the Navy tested Sandia's suggestion that the explosion could have been caused because gunpowder was rammed too fast into the turret's center gun. The bags of gunpowder exploded on the 18th test. International Soviet Referendum on Economy Scheduled -- On May 1, the annual May Day parade in Moscow's Red Square came to a surprising climax. As in years past, official delegations marched along the parade route, displaying their socialist unity. But, for the first time, independent and unofficial organizations were permitted to march, and thousands of persons jeered Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev and other national leaders as they passed the reviewing area atop Lenin's Mausoleum. These marchers, who included ethnic nationalists, human-rights and religious activists, and students and intellectuals, carried banners of protest, with such slogans as "Down with the Cult of Lenin" and "Seventy-two Years on the Road to Nowhere." No May Day celebrations were held at all in the capitals of 5 of the restive republics. On May 24, Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov presented to the Supreme Soviet, the standing national legislature, an economic-reform program that included an easing of price controls. Bread prices would triple, and the cost of some goods and services would go up 30 percent. Government subsidies had kept many prices artificially low. The program also included unemployment benefits and tax-indexing to assist workers. It also would set in motion a transformation of state enterprises into joint stock companies. The program would be subject to approval in a national referendum. Unrest flared anew in Armenia, May 27, and by May 29, the official death toll was put at 24. On May 29, on the third ballot, Boris Yeltsin was elected president of the Russian Republic, the largest and most important of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union. An advocate of radical reforms, Yeltsin had called for economic and political sovereignty for Russia, and said he favored turning the USSR into a loose confederation of republics. Debate Over Baltic Republics Continues -- Pres. Vytautas Landsbergis of Lithuania said, May 2, in a letter to French and West German leaders that Lithuania would consider suspending some pro-independence laws if that would get talks with the Kremlin underway. Premier Kasimiera Prunskiene met with Pres. George Bush in the White House, May 3. This was a private visit inasmuch as the United States did not recognize Lithuania as an independent nation. Bush declined to declare for Lithuanian independence but reiterated his support for the republic's "self-determination." Prunskiene indicated a willingness to suspend full implementation of Lithuania's declaration of independence to get negotiations started. On May 4, the parliament of Latvia voted 138-0 to declare its independence from the USSR, thus joining Lithuania and Estonia in that move. An unspecified period of transition was approved. Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev condemned this move, May 5, and on May 7, a column of Soviet tanks entered the Latvian capital of Riga. On May 8, the Estonian parliament declared the birth of the "Estonian Republic" and dropped the words "Soviet Socialist" from the republic's name. Gorbachev asserted, May 14, that the attempts by Latvia and Estonia to break from the Soviet Union had no legal basis. Demonstrators supporting unity with the Soviet Union, believed to be mostly ethnic Russians, stormed the parliament buildings in Estonia and Latvia, May 15. The Lithuanian government suspended enforcement of its independence laws, May 16, and on May 17, Gorbachev met with Premier Prunskiene in Moscow. She later said that the discussions were a big step forward. Gorbachev told Lithuanian leaders in Moscow, May 24, that the republic could be independent in 2 years if it suspended its declaration of independence. Unified German Monetary System Approved -- A treaty signed in May cleared the way for the unification of the economies of the 2 Germanys. Earlier, on May 5, foreign ministers of the 2 Germanys and of the 4 Allied powers in World War II met in Bonn to discuss reunification. Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze of the Soviet Union reiterated his country's position that a united Germany in NATO was not acceptable. On May 18, the finance ministers of East and West Germany signed a treaty establishing a unified monetary system under the West German mark. The treaty would require approval of parliaments of both countries, and would take effect July 1. Under its terms, East Germans could exchange up to 4,000 East German marks for West German Deutsche marks, one for one. Wages and pensions would also be calculated in Deutsche marks at a one-to-one rate. East Germans would pay West German federal taxes and would be covered by West German laws on pensions and unemployment. Albanian Parliament Approves Reforms -- The parliament of Albania approved a package of legislation, May 8, that appeared to set the isolated Marxist nation on the path toward liberalization. Pres. Ramiz Alia, who was also first secretary of the Albanian Workers' (Communist) Party, provided the impetus for the legislation. Under the new laws, the court system was reorganized, the number of capital offenses was reduced from 34 to 11, restrictions on the right to worship were apparently relaxed, and citizens were guaranteed the right to obtain foreign passports. Ruling Party Wins Romanian Election -- Romania's National Salvation Front retained power in elections held in May. The front had led the country on an interim basis since the December 1989 revolution. Dozens of other parties competed in the election, but the front was better financed and better organized. The campaign was marked by violence, and the 2 major opposition parties complained that the front was responsible for beatings and harassment of hundreds of its supporters. The U.S. ambassador was withdrawn temporarily, May 10, and the State Dept. said it was concerned about "irregularities . . . which raise questions about whether those elections will be free and fair." In the voting, May 20, the front won about two-thirds of the seats in both houses of parliament. Interim Pres. Ion Iliescu also retained office, winning about 85 percent of the presidential vote. 2 U.S. Airmen Killed in Philippines -- Two U.S. airmen were shot to death near Clark Air Force Base, a U.S. base in the Philippines, on May 13. The killings came at a critical time, because negotiations between the U.S. and the Philippines on the future of U.S. bases on the islands began in Manila, May 14. Many Filipinos wanted the U.S. to give up the bases. On May 15, communist rebels claimed responsibility for the deaths of the airmen. Report Issued on Pan Am Bombing -- A U.S. presidential commission issued a report, May 15, on the bombing in December 1988 that destroyed a Pan American airliner. All 259 persons aboard the plane and 11 on the ground at Lockerbie, Scotland died in the disaster. The commission said it was not certain how the bomb was smuggled aboard the plane but cited evidence that it was in an unaccompanied suitcase loaded in Frankfurt, West Germany. The report said that the security system for U.S. civil aviation "is seriously flawed and has failed to provide the proper level of protection to the traveling public." The commission called for greatly increased security at U.S. airports, the creation of the post of assistant secretary of transportation for security and intelligence, and establishment of a national system for warning passengers of credible threats against airlines or flights. Bush, Gorbachev Open Summit Talks -- Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union arrived in Washington, D.C. at the end of May to begin summit discussions with Pres. George Bush. Earlier in the month, Secretary of State James Baker 3d had visited the USSR, and on May 19, he reported progress on several issues. He said all major obstacles had been cleared away on strategic arms, opening the way to a treaty that would reduce nuclear missile arsenals by 30 percent. The agreement included limitations on both air- and sea-launched cruise missiles. The 2 superpowers also agreed to begin eliminating their arsenals of chemical weapons in 1992. However, no break-through was reported on reducing conventional arms in Europe. Bush said, May 24, that he opposed normalizing trade relations with the Soviet Union because of the impasse over Lithuanian independence and because the Soviet leadership had not pushed for more liberal emigration policies. Gorbachev met in Ottawa, May 29 and 30, with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney of Canada. Canadian officials announced they would extend a line of credit to the Soviet Union to facilitate purchase of Canadian goods and services by the USSR. Gorbachev and his entourage, including his wife, Raisa, flew to Washington, May 30, and on May 31, they were welcomed to the White House by President and Mrs. Bush. The 2 leaders and their aides met twice, May 31, focusing on German reunification, but failed to resolve the question of a united Germany's membership in NATO, which Gorbachev opposed. A number of leaders in the arts, entertainment, and politics attended a reception hosted by the Gorbachevs at the Soviet Embassy, May 31, and Mrs. Gorbachev helped open an exhibit of Russian religious texts at the Library of Congress, May 31. Gorbachev met U.S. congressional leaders for breakfast at the Soviet Embassy, June 1, and the Soviet leader also met, June 1, with Vice Pres. Dan Quayle. Bush and Gorbachev signed more than a dozen documents at the White House, June 1. One agreement, spelling out broad goals to be incorporated in a treaty, would reduce long-range nuclear weapons arsenals. As worked out in May during Sec. of State Baker's trip to Moscow, the agreement set a limit of 1,600 strategic delivery vehicles per side, with a total of 6,000 warheads per side for these long-range vehicles. Another agreement called for an immediate end to chemical weapons production by both superpowers. A third agreement was something of a surprise. Bush signed the trade treaty Gorbachev wanted so much, even though the Soviet Union had not met the condition previously stated--liberalizing emigration laws. Apparently, Bush also put aside concerns over Lithuania in signing the treaty. The treaty, requiring approval by Congress, would be a step toward granting the Soviet Union most-favored-nation status. Mrs. Gorbachev and Mrs. Bush addressed the graduating class of Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass., June 1. Mrs. Gorbachev spoke on the role of women in Soviet society, and Mrs. Bush emphasized the importance of family and friends even for career women. The 2 presidents conducted informal talks at Camp David, in Maryland, June 2. At a joint press conference in Washington, June 3, both leaders called the summit a success while acknowledging that agreement on German reunification had not been reached. Gorbachev said the Soviet Union might curb emigration of Soviet Jews to Israel unless Israel gave assurances that they would not settle in the occupied territories. Gorbachev flew to Minnesota, June 3, met with Gov. Rudy Perpich, and visited the headquarters of Control Data Corp., a leading company in computer technology. The Gorbachev party then flew to California, and on June 4, the Gorbachevs visited with former Pres. Ronald Reagan and Mrs. Reagan. Speaking to 1,700 students at Stanford University, Gorbachev said, "The cold war is now behind us. Let us not wrangle over who won it." Gorbachev met, June 4, in San Francisco with South Korean Pres. Roh Tae Woo, and Roh later said the 2 countries would normalize relations. New Israeli-Palestinian Violence Flares -- More acts of violence involving Israelis and Palestinians added to growing tensions in the region in May. On May 20, a former Israeli soldier opened fire on Palestinian workers with an automatic rifle. Seven were killed and at least 10 were wounded. The army said the gunman had a record of disciplinary problems. Israeli leaders condemned the massacre. Riots broke out in the occupied Gaza Strip and the West Bank. The army cracked down, sending in reinforcements and imposing curfews. ByMay 22, 15 Palestinians had been killed by Israeli forces. On May 30, Palestinian guerillas in speedboats sought to attack the coast of Israel. Israeli security forces captured one boat and its 5-man crew, which surrendered. Eleven men landed in a second boat, but 4 were killed and the rest captured. A radical faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization claimed responsibility for the raid, saying it was intended to avenge the 7 Palestinians killed, May 20. PLO Chairman Yasir Arafat denied, May 31, that the PLO had any "official" connection with the raid. Israeli leaders called on the United States to end its diplomatic contacts with the PLO. Foe of Drug Lords Elected in Colombia -- An opponent of the drug cartels, Cesar Gaviria Trujillo, was elected president of Colombia. The campaign had cost the lives of some 2,000 persons, mostly as a result of violent acts by the drug cartels. Three presidential candidates had been killed. Threats of more violence kept the turnout for the May 27 voting to 46 percent. Gaviria, the nominee of the ruling Liberal Party, received 48 percent of the vote. Alone among the 4 main candidates, he had supported extraditing drug traffickers to the U.S. Other candidates had advocated negotiating with the traffickers. Gaviria had served as minister of finance and as minister of government. In his victory speech, May 27, he vowed to put an end to terrorism, and he criticized industrialized countries for not doing enough to reduce consumption of drugs. General AIDS Drug Approved for Children -- The Food and Drug Administration, May 3, approved the drug AZT for treating children 3 months to 12 years who had symptoms of AIDS or who were infected with the AIDS virus. Government officials estimated that up to 20,000 children in the U.S. were infected with the virus. In approving AZT, the FDA waived its rule requiring separate testing of drugs for children Van Gogh Painting Sells for $82.5 Million -- A record price for a painting sold at auction was set, May 15, at Christie's auction house in New York City. Vincent van Gogh's "Portrait of Dr. Gachet" was sold for $82.5 million (including Christie's commission) to a Japanese businessman, Ryoei Saito. OnMay 17, at Sotheby's in New York City, Saito was the successful bidder for Pierre Auguste Renoir's "Au Moulin de la Galette." The total cost of that transaction, $78.1 million, was the second highest for any painting. Scientists Forecast Global Warming -- A U.N. report issued May 25, by scientists from many countries, warned that global temperatures could rise by 2 degrees Fahrenheit within 35 years. They foresaw a 6 degrees F increase by the end of the next century, with serious consequences that could not be forecast now. The report had received nearly unanimous approval from scientists representing 39 countries. The authors concluded that emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and chlorofluorocarbons would have to be reduced by 60 percent in order to just stabilize atmospheric concentrations at current levels. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, May 25, set a target for Great Britain of a 30 percent reduction in projected emissions of carbon dioxide. In doing so, she broke away from the position of the Bush administration, which called for more research on the problem. Disasters -- A cyclone swept through Andhra Pradesh state, in India, May 9-11, killing at least 220 persons and leaving about 3 million homeless . . . At least 101 persons died in an earthquake that struck northern Peru, May 30. JUNE National Jobless Rate Edges Downward -- The Labor Dept. reported, June 1, that unemployment edged downward 0.1 percentage point in May to 5.3 percent. The department said, June 14, that producer prices for finished goods rose 0.3 percent in May, following 3 consecutive monthly drops. It reported, June 15, that consumer prices had edged upward 0.2 percent in May. The Dow Jones industrial average posted another all-time high, June 15, of 2935.89. The Commerce Dept. said, June 15, that the merchandise trade deficit had narrowed to $6.94 billion in April. The department reported, June 21, that the estimate of the growth in the gross national product, on an annual basis, for the first quarter of 1990 had been revised upward from 1.3 percent to 1.9 percent. This was the second lowest growth rate reported in the past 30 months. It reported, June 27, that the leading economic indicators had risen 0.8 percent in May. D.C. Mayor's Drug Trial Opens -- The trial of Marion Barry, the mayor of Washington, D.C., on drug charges got underway, June 4. He faced 11 misdemeanor counts relating to cocaine and 3 felony counts of lying to a grand jury. On June 13, Barry announced that he would not seek a 4th term, saying that his struggle to overcome dependency on drugs and alcohol was more important to him than another campaign. Opening arguments in the trial were presented, June 19. The defense attorney said that FBI agents had sought to entrap Barry when they videotaped him using cocaine in January. On June 28, the prosecution presented its key piece of evidence--the videotape apparently showing Barry smoking crack in a hotel room in the Vista International Hotel in Washington, D.C. The defense contended that the tape supported the entrapment defense. Flag Amendment Fails in Congress -- A proposed Constitutional amendment to permit the federal government or the states to prosecute those who desecrated the American flag failed to win approval in both houses of Congress. The U.S. Supreme Court, June 11, struck down a 1989 federal law barring desecration of the flag. Pres. George Bush renewed his call for an amendment to protect the flag. Many other political leaders, mostly Republicans, joined him. Democrats generally opposed an amendment, arguing that it would represent a compromise of the First Amendment's protection of free speech. On June 21, members of the House voted 254-177 in favor of the amendment, but this was well short of the two-thirds majority needed for the approval of an amendment. The Senate, June 26, voted 58-42 for the amendment, again well below the required majority. Cardinal Issues Warning on Abortion -- Cardinal John J. O'Connor, the Roman Catholic archbishop of New York City, said, June 14, that Catholic political leaders who supported the right of women to have an abortion "must be warned that they are at risk of excommunication." In an article in the archdiocese's newspaper, he said that the warning applied to women who obtained an abortion, to doctors who performed the procedure, and to officeholders who supported abortion or made funds available for it. International Violence Flares in Soviet Kirghizia -- Violent clashes began, June 4, in the city of Osh, in the Soviet republic of Kirghizia, between Uzbeks and Kirghiz citizens. The dispute was over a proposed allocation of a large plot of land for housing for the Kirghiz. Thousands of Uzbeks rioted, and Soviet troops were sent to the area. By June 7, the death toll was reported as 48. On June 8, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, at a joint press conference with Gorbachev during a visit to the Soviet Union, praised the president's reform programs as "the most exciting, the biggest, the most historic in Europe for a very long time." Tass reported, June 13, that the death toll in Kirghizia stood at 148. The Supreme Soviet (standing national legislature), June 14, approved the country's first corporate income tax, setting a basic rate of 45 percent. The Supreme Soviet, June 14, also rejected the government's proposal to triple the price of bread. Although parliament's approval was not required, its opposition appeared likely to force a revision of the price structure. State of Emergency Eased in South Africa -- Pres. F. W. de Klerk announced, June 7, that he would lift the 4-year-old state of emergency in 3 of South Africa's 4 provinces. He made an exception in Natal Province, where more than 3,000 blacks had been killed in 3 years of fighting between conservative and radical Zulu factions. Nelson Mandela, deputy president of the African National Congress, praised the action but urged the West to maintain sanctions against the government. Shamir Forms Cabinet in Israel -- The leadership paralysis in Israel ended, June 8, when Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir announced that he had succeeded in forming a cabinet. This was to be no "national unity" government similar to the one that had fallen, but was composed of Shamir's Likud Party and several small nationalist and religious parties. It appeared likely that the new government would resist any concessions to reach a peace with the Palestinians. Ariel Sharon, an outspoken hardliner, was named housing minister and overseer of the influx of Jews from the Soviet Union. The new government went on record as favoring expansion of Jewish settlements in the occupied territories. The Knesset approved the new government 62-57 on June 11. Testifying before a U.S. House committee June 13, Sec. of State James Baker expressed his irritation with a statement by Israeli officials that the U.S. peace plan was irrelevant. He said, "When you're serious about peace, call us," and gave the White House phone number. Czechoslovak Elections Held -- On June 8 and 9, in the first free voting in Czechoslovakia in more than 4 decades, the Civic Forum and its sister party in Slovakia, Public Against Violence, won 46 percent of the vote for parliament and captured 170 of 300 seats in the bicameral body. Civic Forum was the party of Pres. Vaclav Havel. The Communist Party finished a distant second with 14 percent of the vote and 47 seats in the Federal Assembly. The allied parties also ran well ahead in voting for the legislatures of the Czech and Slovak republics. Havel, June 12, reappointed Marian Calfa as premier and asked him to form a new government. Mandela Gets Big U.S. Welcome -- Nelson Mandela, the black nationalist leader from South Africa, toured Europe and North America and received an enthusiastic welcome, most notably in the United States. Mandela, deputy president of the African National Congress, had been freed in February after 27 years in prison. He sought during his tour to raise money for the ANC and to encourage Western governments to maintain sanctions against the South African government. Between June 9 and June 16, he met with officials and leaders in Switzerland, West Germany, France, Italy, and the Netherlands, including West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and Pope John Paul II. In Canada, Mandela addressed parliament, June 19, and met with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. Mandela and his wife, Winnie, arrived in New York City, June 20, to begin an extended U.S. tour that proved to be especially inspiring to blacks, who acclaimed him as a hero. The Mandelas were given a ticker-tape parade up Broadway to City Hall, the scene of a big rally. On June 21, events included a rally in Harlem and a rock concert and speech by Mandela in Yankee Stadium. On June 22, he met with corporate executives and spoke at the United Nations. In Boston, June 23, Mandela spoke at the John F. Kennedy Memorial Library at the Univ. of Massachusetts and attended a 6-hour pop concert and rally. Mandela met with Pres. George Bush in the White House, June 25. The president urged all parties in South Africa to renounce violence, but Mandela declined to make that commitment at that time. He addressed Congress, June 26, thanking the United States for imposing sanctions against the South African government and urging that they be maintained until "irreversible" reforms were established. Some members stayed away from the speech, objecting, in part, to Mandela's refusal to criticize Yasir Arafat, Fidel Castro, and Muammer el-Qaddafi, all of whom supported his cause. Before ending his tour of the U.S., June 30, Mandela visited Atlanta, Miami, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Oakland. Miners Rout Students in Bucharest -- On June 13, riot police attacked a tent city in downtown Bucharest, the capital that had been set up by anti-government demonstrators, most of them students. The police drove out some 200 persons, including some hunger strikers. Thousands of students then protested, rioting and burning the central police headquarters. Security forces killed 4 people, and more than 200 were injured. Pres.-elect Ion Illiescu appealed to the working class to save the country from a "fascist rebellion." Some 10,000 miners poured into Bucharest, June 14, routed the students, set up barricades, ransacked the headquarters of 2 opposition parties, and wrecked the offices of an independent newspaper. Members of the foreign press were also attacked. The U.S. State Dept. said, June 15, it would withhold U.S. economic aid from Romania. Iliescu was sworn in as president, June 20. Most Nicaraguan Contras Disarm -- Pres. Violeta Barrios de Chamorro of Nicaragua announced, June 15, that more than 14,000 contra rebels had disarmed under an agreement that she had reached with them. Their total force had been put at about 16,000. Chamorro also announced, June 15, that the Sandinista-trained armed forces would be cut to about 41,000 from its estimated strength of 55,000 to 60,000. She also said that an all-volunteer army would be created. Bulgarian Socialists Win Parliament Election -- The Bulgarian Socialist Party won parliamentary elections in the nation's first free election since the tide of change swept Eastern Europe. The first round of voting was held, June 10, and the run-offs were held, June 17. The Socialists were a Marxist party, though much reformed from the hard-line party that had run the country since World War II. The Socialists captured 211 of the 400 seats in the Grand National Assembly, or parliament. The opposition coalition, the Union of Democratic Forces, won 144 seats. Other parties ran far behind, with one representing ethnic Turks picking up 23 seats. Bush Breaks Off PLO Talks -- Pres. George Bush announced, June 20, that he was breaking off the diplomatic dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization. The talks, aimed at enhancing the prospects for a Middle East peace settlement, had begun in December 1988 after PLO chairman Yasir Arafat renounced terrorism. But Arafat and the PLO had failed to condemn an unsuccessful speedboat raid on Israel in May that had apparently been the work of a radical PLO faction. Israel hailed Bush's decision, June 20. But the PLO executive committee complained, June 21, that the U.S. had not responded in a similiar way to "Israeli crimes against Palestinians." Canada Faces Constitutional Crisis -- The failure of 2 provinces to ratify a series of constitutional amendments left the future of Canada in doubt. The deadline for adoption of the amendments, known as the Meech Lake Accord, passed without any approval from the legislatures of Newfoundland and Manitoba. The 2 holdout provinces feared that a clause in the accord designating Quebec as a "distinct society" within Canada would make Quebec too powerful. Prime Minister Brian Mulroney had led the fight for the amendments in the hopes of persuading Quebec to ratify Canada's 1982 constitution. Speaking to the nation, June 23, Mulroney urged Canadians to "mend the divisions and heal the wounds" caused by the failure of the accord. Quebec's premier Robert Bourassa, in a June 23 speech, said he was willing to consider all possible options for Quebec. One plan supported by separatists in Quebec would give Quebec political independence while economic ties to Canada would be maintained. Chinese Allow Dissidents to Leave -- After living for more than a year in the U.S. Embassy in Beijing, a dissident Chinese couple left China, June 25, and flew to London on a U.S. Air Force plane. Fang Lizhi, a physicist, and his wife, Li Shuxian, had entered the embassy in 1989 to avoid being seized by Chinese authorities in the wake of the aborted uprising against the regime. The government accused the couple of helping incite the pro-democracy movement. In a statement issued as they left, they admitted opposing elements of the Chinese constitution and agreed not to participate in "activities whose motive lies in opposing China." Fang was to become affiliated with Cambridge University. Bush Backs Tax Revenue Increases -- Pres. George Bush issued a statement, June 26, in which he listed "tax revenue increases" as one of the necessary components of any plan to reduce the nation's budget deficits. In 1988, Bush had run successfully for president while saying repeatedly, "Read my lips. No new taxes." But he indicated in his statement that a compromise with Congress on the budget was not possible without agreeing to some sort of revenue increase. Democratic congressional leaders praised Bush for reversing his stand, but many Republicans were incensed. One letter, signed by more than half of the Republicans in the House, called a tax increase "unacceptable." Oil Pipeline to Lithuania Reopened -- Tensions between the Soviet Union and its rebellious republic of Lithuania eased in June. On June 29, the Lithuanian parliament agreed to suspend its declaration of independence for 100 days in exchange for an agreement by Moscow to negotiate on the issue and end economic sanctions. On June 30, the Soviet Union reopened the oil pipeline to Lithuania. During the oil embargo, tens of thousands of workers had been laid off and many factories had closed. On July 2, the Soviet government announced a complete lifting of its economic embargo on Lithuania. General 'Suicide Machine' Used by Ill Woman -- A woman from Oregon, assisted by a retired pathologist, committed suicide in Michigan, June 4, triggering a medical and ethical debate. Janet Adkins of Portland, Ore. had come to the Detroit area to meet with Dr. Jack Kevorkian, who had been promoting a suicide machine. Adkins, who was suffering from Alzheimer's Disease, had decided to take her own life. Her husband supported the decision. Kevorkian told police that he drove Mrs. Adkins to a park in his van and inserted an intravenous needle into her arm. She then pushed a button that fed a fatal combination of drugs into her bloodstream. Unlike many states, Michigan had no law prohibiting doctor-assisted suicide, but the American Medical Association's code of ethics prohibited doctors from helping patients to die. 33 Believed Dead in Ohio Flood -- Heavy thunderstorms created a flash flood, June 14, that tore through a valley and into the town of Shadyside, Ohio, on the Ohio River, 10 miles south of Wheeling, W. Va. Almost 200 homes and trailers were destroyed, and part of a tavern was swept away with customers inside. As of June 23, there were 23 confirmed deaths and 10 others were missing. Protestors Disrupt AIDS Conference -- More than 10,000 specialists and public health officials attended the 6th International AIDS Conference in San Francisco, and heard 3,000 reports on the disease. Protests, which began on June 19, the eve of the conference, were organized in large part by the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT-UP). Demonstrators, who numbered about 500 during the week, were primarily concerned about the slow pace of testing of anti-AIDS drugs and by the shortage of money for research and treatment. Luc Montagnier of France, co-discoverer of the virus that caused AIDS, said, June 20, he believed that a second microbe was also responsible, and that patients would not become ill until they had become infected with it as well. It was reported, June 20, that AIDS was continuing to spread in the U.S., especially among teen-agers, women whose sexual partners used intravenous drugs, and users of crack cocaine. According to a report, June 23, some 30 possible vaccines were being tested around the world. Protestors in the audience, June 24, disrupted an address by U.S. Sec. of Health and Human Services Louis Sullivan. Iran Earthquake Kills 40,000 -- An earthquake recorded as high as 7.7 on the Richter scale struck Iran, June 21. The epicenter was in the Caspian Sea a few miles north of the port city of Rasht. More than 100 communities were destroyed or badly damaged. Offers of help came from many countries, including the U.S., whose offer was accepted by Pres. Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani even though the 2 countries had no diplomatic relations. Iran estimated, June 27, that 40,000 people had been killed and 60,000 injured. Flaw Found in Space Telescope -- The Hubble Space Telescope, launched in April, was found to be suffering from a serious design flaw that would spoil many of its experiments. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration said, June 27, that an improper curvature in one or both mirrors in the $1.5 billion instrument prevented rays of light from meeting at a sharp focus at the cameras. The defect appeared to preclude any search for black holes and distant quasars, and might also jeopardize a calculation of the size of the universe. A camera could be sent up in 3 years to correct for the flaw, but the mirrors could not be replaced. The mirrors had not been tested together on the ground for reasons of cost, NASA said. JULY National Governor Vetoes 2 Abortion Bills -- Gov. Buddy Roemer of Louisiana vetoed a strong anti-abortion bill, July 6. The bill banned all abortions except to save the mother's life. Roemer, who described himself as pro-life, objected to the bill because it made no exceptions for victims of rape or incest. Both houses of the legislature, July 8, passed a second bill that made exceptions for incest and for rape--providing that the rape was reported to the police within 7 days. Roemer also vetoed this bill, July 27, saying he found the 7-day requirement too restrictive. Dow Jones Average at 3,000 Level -- The Dow Jones industrial average pushed to an all-time high on Wall Street even though most new economic data were not too encouraging. The Labor Dept. reported, July 6, that the unemployment rate had edged downward to 5.2 percent in May, but added that few new jobs had been created and that the labor force was increasing only slowly. The department said, July 13, that producer prices had risen 0.2 percent in June. On 2 consecutive days, July 16 and 17, the Dow Jones average closed at the identical figure of 2,999.75, an all-time high. On both days, the average was above 3,000 during the course of the day. Thereafter, the average began to decline. The Commerce Dept. reported, July 17, that the U.S. merchandise trade deficit had widened to $7.73 billion in May. The Labor Dept. said, July 18, that consumer prices had jumped 0.5 percent in June. The Commerce Dept. reported, July 27, that the gross national product had slowed to a 1.2 percent annual growth rate during the second quarter of 1990, a signal to some economists that the country was moving toward recession. Law Protects Rights of Disabled -- The House, July 12, and the Senate, July 13, gave overwhelming approval to a bill that would bar discrimination against people with physical or mental disabilities. The Americans with Disabilities Act defined disability as a condition that "substantially limits" an important activity such as walking or seeing. The bill covered people with AIDS as well as alcoholics and drug users undergoing treatment. Under the bill's provisions, all except small businesses were required to hire and promote employees without regard to any disability. Transportation systems were required to purchase new vehicles accessible to the disabled. Pres. George Bush signed the bill, July 26. Congress Rebukes 2 of Its Members -- The Senate Ethics Committee, July 18, recommended that the full Senate denounce Sen. David Durenberger (R, Minn.) for a number of ethical violations. The Committee said Durenberger had knowingly violated Senate rules and had "brought the Senate into dishonor and disrepute." The charges against him included accepting improper reimbursement for travel and housing from the Senate and conspiring to evade limits on speaking fees. The Committee advised the Senate to ask Durenberger to repay $29,050 in reimbursements and ask him to donate $95,000 to charity to compensate for excess fees. The House Ethics Committee, July 19, voted to reprimand Rep. Barney Frank (D, Mass.) for using his office improperly to assist a male prostitute. The committee found that Frank had used his influence to fix parking tickets for the man, Steven Gobie, and that he had attempted to influence parole officers to end Gobie's probation on felony charges. The Senate, July 25, accepting its committee recommendation, voted 96-0 to denounce Durenberger, who apologized for his behavior. The House, July 26, took up Frank's case. It rejected, 390-38, a move, supported largely by Republicans, that Frank be expelled from the House. A more severe penalty, censure, was rejected 287-141. Frank was then reprimanded, 408-18. Frank apologized for his conduct, attributing it in part to his efforts prior to 1987 to conceal his homosexuality. Oliver North's Convictions Suspended -- A 3-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington, D.C. suspended Oliver North's 3 felony convictions in the Iran-contra, July 20. One was overturned outright. North, before being tried, had testified before Congress in 1987 under a grant of immunity from prosecution. The Appeals Court panel held that the trial judge, Gerhard Gesell, had failed to insure that witnesses testifying at North's trial had not used North's Congressional testimony to refresh their memories. In its decision, the panel was split 2-1. The majority held that if the case were to proceed Gesell must demonstrate that North's testimony was not used by witnesses or by the office of the prosecutor, Lawrence Walsh. The panel set aside convictions for deceiving Congress and for receiving an illegal gratuity, and overturned North's conviction for destroying government documents. Brennan Retires From Supreme Court -- Justice William Brennan, Jr. announced, July 20, that he was resigning from the U.S. Supreme Court, effective immediately. Brennan, 84, had served on the court for almost 34 years, and was recognized as the leader of the liberal bloc and as one of the court's most influential members. Major decisions that he had written included the ruling that established the "one person, one vote" principle in reapportionment cases and the ruling protecting the press in libel cases. His belief that the court must interpret the law in the light of present-day circumstances underlay the process by which he reached his conclusions. Brennan, who had suffered a mild stroke earlier in July, had incurred the opposition of conservatives, who believed that his approach represented an intrusion by the judicial branch into lawmaking. With the court closely divided on the legality of abortion and on other key issues, Pres. George Bush's nomination of a successor to Brennan was awaited with great interest. On July 23, he announced his choice, Judge David Souter of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston. Souter, was a graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School. He had served as New Hampshire's attorney general and as a state Supreme Court judge before being named to the circuit court earlier in 1990. More Money Asked for S&L Bailout -- In testimony before a House committee, July 30, Resolution Trust Corp. Chairman William Seidman and Treasury Undersecretary Robert Glauber said that the RTC would need up to $100 billion in fiscal 1991 to continue the savings and loan bailout effort. This was twice the amount of money previously allocated for the rescue operation. A slump in real-estate values and a higher failure rate among thrift institutions were blamed for the need for more money. International Economy of 2 Germanys Unified -- A treaty ratified in June that established a unified economic and monetary system for East and West Germany became effective, July 1. The West German deutsche mark became the sole legal tender for all of Germany. The West German Bundesbank (central bank) was given control over monetary policy for East Germany. East Germany also became wedded to West Germany's market economy, social security and tax systems, and labor and banking laws. East Germans were allowed to exchange from 2,000 to 6,000 East marks for deutsche marks at a 1-to-1 rate and the rest of their holdings at a rate of 2 East marks for one deutsche mark. The East German government, July 2, agreed to all-German elections in December. In mid-July, 2 more bold steps were taken toward German reunification. Meeting in the southern Russian town of Zhelezonovodsk, July 16, Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev and West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl announced that they had reached an agreement that would allow a unified Germany to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Kohl called the agreement, which had not been anticipated so soon, "fantastic," and Gorbachev said it foreshadowed an era of "strong, prolonged peace." Kohl agreed to a limitation on German weaponry and military manpower and to a continuing presence of Soviet troops on East German soil for up to 4 years. Pres. George Bush and other Western leaders hailed the agreement. On July 17, in Paris, the 2 Germanys and the 4 Allied powers of World War II approved a plan to guarantee Poland's border with a united Germany. Poland had sought assurances that Germany would not seek to reclaim onetime German territory awarded to Poland after World War II. Gorbachev Survives Party Congress -- Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev appeared to have strengthened his hand during the tumultuous 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. As the congress opened in Moscow, July 2, conservatives were concerned about a draft platform that did not refer directly to Marxism-Leninism and supported the right to "earned private property" and the "interests and requirements of the individual." Gorbachev, speaking July 2, admitted that the party leadership had made mistakes but that his program of restructuring was the nation's only hope. He reaffirmed the need for a regulated market economy. Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze, July 3, criticized defense spending as too high and warned against military influence in shaping foreign policy. Yegor Ligachev, a conservative, got a positive response from the audience, July 3, when he denounced reform as "thoughtless radicalism" and opposed the draft platform. Gorbachev said, July 4, he would quit in 2 years if restructuring failed to produce positive results. By a 3-1 margin, July 10, the Congress approved Gorbachev's reelection as the party's general secretary. By an even greater margin, July 11, the congress chose Gorbachev's candidate, Vladimir Ivashko, over Ligachev for the number 2 position in the party. In a surprise, Boris Yelstin, the president of the Russian republic who had criticized the pace of reform as too slow, announced, July 12, that he was quitting the party. The mayors of Moscow and Leningrad also left the party, July 13. In accord with a plan approved at the congress, the party's central committee, July 14, approved a new, expanded, 24-member Politburo that included the party leader in each of the 15 republics. Ten of the 12 previous members of the Politburo (all but Gorbachev and Ivashko) were dropped. The changes appeared to have the effect of weakening the party's influence over the government. Mrs. Marcos Not Guilty of Fraud -- Mrs. Imelda Marcos, the widow of former Philippine's Pres. Ferdinand Marcos, was found not guilty of charges of racketeering, fraud, and obstruction of justice, July 2, in Federal Court in New York City. Her codefendant, Saudi Arabian financier Adnan Khashoggi, was found not guilty of mail fraud and obstruction of justice. The prosecution alleged that Mrs. Marcos had stolen $200 million from the Philippines treasury and spent most of it on herself. Khashoggi was said to have helped her buy office buildings in the U.S. The defense argued that Mrs. Marcos was unaware of any illegal activities on the part of her late husband. Jurors were reported to have found this assertion persuasive, and some said they did not understand why the trial was being conducted in the U.S. Bulgaria's Socialist President Resigns -- Although Bulgaria's Socialist (formerly Communist) Party had won parliamentary elections (in June), hundreds of students erected a tent city in Sofia, the capital, and demanded the resignation of Pres. Petar Mladenov and the prosecution of his predecessor, the longtime leader Todor Zhivkov. Mladenov's cause was undercut when a videotape showed that he had called for military tanks to quell a pro-democracy demonstration in December 1989. Mladenov resigned, July 6. After a 3-week impasse, Parliament, Aug. 1, chose Zhelyu Zhelov, leader of the 16-party opposition coalition, as the new president. A philosopher, he had been expelled from the party in 1965 for questioning the theories of Lenin. Albanians Seek Refuge in Embassies -- Thousands of Albanians sought refuge in foreign embassies in Tirana, the capital of Albania, in late June and early July. Their ranks swelled after pro-democracy demonstrators clashed with police several times. OnJuly 6, riot police closed off the embassy district and attacked some 10,000 people who were demonstrating in the capital. The regime of Pres. Ramiz Alia dismissed hard-liners from the Workers' (Communist) Party Politburo, July 7. On July 8, the authorities agreed to permit the refugees to emigrate. The evacuation got under way, July 9, as 51 refugees were flown to Prague. Several thousand arrived in Italy, July 13. NATO Modifies Its Strategy -- Leaders of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, meeting in London, July 5 and 6, approved some shifts in strategy that reflected the easing of tensions in Europe. Pres. George Bush was among the heads of government attending the meeting. The leaders agreed to scale back the number of troops in a front-line position. Essentially renouncing the possibility of using nuclear weapons in response to an attack by conventional forces, NATO's leaders declared that their nuclear arms were "truly weapons of the last resort." The U.S. said it would be willing to withdraw all of its nuclear-tipped artillery shells if the Soviet Union did the same. The leaders invited Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev and other leaders of the dissolving Soviet bloc to address NATO. Leaders of Democracies Meet in Houston -- The heads of government of the 7 major industrial democracies met in Houston, July 9-11, for their 16th annual summit on international economic issues. The leaders commissioned a study of the Soviet economy to determine if economic aid would be useful and what forms it might take. Pres. George Bush opposed direct aid to the Soviet Union until it made further moves toward a free-market economy. West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl had warned other summit leaders before they met that the prospect of global warming was "a threat to all mankind." But the U.S. position was that imposing strict goals for reducing emissions of carbon dioxide and some other gases would hurt the U.S. economy and that scientific evidence of global warming was not conclusive in any case. Any commitment to cut back emissions was postponed until 1992. The leaders did, however, pledge to develop strategies for worldwide reforestation and to help Brazil save its imperiled rain forests. U.S. Shifts Policy on Cambodia -- U.S. Sec. of State James Baker announced in Paris, July 18, that the U.S. would no longer recognize the Cambodian rebel coalition and would instead open talks with Vietnam in an effort to end the civil war in Cambodia. He had met with Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze, whose government was a backer of Vietnam and who endorsed Baker's shift in policy. The U.S. had become concerned because of the growing success on the battlefield of the Khmer Rouge, the brutal rulers of Cambodia from 1975 to 1979 who may have caused the deaths of 2 million Cambodians. Baker said it was "very important" to prevent the return to power of the Khmer Rouge. Vietnam was a supporter of the current Cambodian government. Adviser to Thatcher Killed by Bomb -- Violence attributed to the Provisional Irish Republican Army flared anew in Great Britain when the explosion of a land mine, July 24, apparently detonated from a nearby house, killed 3 Northern Ireland policemen in a car near Armagh in Ulster. A Roman Catholic nun, traveling in another car, was also killed by the blast. On July 30, Ian Gow, a member of Parliament and a close friend and adviser to British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who had been a frequent critic of the IRA, was killed at his home in Hankham, East Sussex, when a bomb blew up his car. Coup Fails in Trinidad & Tobago -- A group of black Moslem rebels, complaining that the government had impoverished the country, launched a coup attempt in Trinidad and Tobago, July 27. The Caribbean island nation, a producer of oil, had suffered a recession in recent years as the price of oil had declined. The rebels seized the parliament building, July 27, and took Prime Minister Arthur Robinson hostage, along with cabinet members and other officials. Other hostages were seized at a television station. Robinson was shot in the leg. Negotiations began, July 28, and Robinson and the other hostages were released. The coup ended, Aug. 1, when 113 rebels surrendered. The government, Aug. 2, put the death toll in the coup attempt at 30. General Stampede Kills 1,426 in Mecca Tunnel -- The government of Saudi Arabia said, July 3, that 1,426 Moslem pilgrims had been killed when a stampede occurred in a tunnel leading from a nearby tent city to the holy sites in Mecca. Some 50,000 people were crowded into the tunnel, which was 500 yards long and 20 yards wide. The crowd panicked after 7 people fell from a bridge at the entrance to the tunnel. The victims, including many from Indonesia, Pakistan, Egypt, and Malaysia, were suffocated or trampled to death. Yankees' Owner Is Disciplined -- Fay Vincent, the commissioner of major league baseball, ordered George Steinbrenner, principal owner of the New York Yankees, on July 30, to give up day-to-day control of the team. In addition to resigning as the team's general partner, Steinbrenner was required to reduce his holdings in the Yankees, then at 55 percent, to less than 50 percent. Vincent said Steinbrenner's relationship with Howard Spira, a "known gambler,"prompted his ruling. Spira said Steinbrenner paid him $40,000 after Spira provided information on Dave Winfield, a former Yankee with whom Steinbrenner was feuding. Stein-brenner said he paid the money to Spira because he was afraid of him and wanted to be rid of him. Vincent also said that he had observed in Steinbrenner "a pattern of behavior that borders on the bizarre." Under Steinbrenner's stormy rule since 1973, the Yankees had won 2 World Series in 1977 and 1978, but had faded in recent years and had the worst record in baseball when Vincent made his decision. Steinbrenner had changed managers 18 times. Disasters -- An earthquake whose epicenter was 55 miles north of Manila struck the Philippines, July 16, killing more than 600 people and leaving 2,600 homeless. AUGUST National Unemployment Rate Up Sharply -- The Labor Dept. reported, Aug. 3, that the unemployment rate had increased in July to 5.5 percent from 5.2 percent. The 0.3 percent monthly increase, largest in more than 4 years, was taken as a sign the country might already be in a recession. The department reported, Aug. 10, that producer prices had declined 0.1 percent in July. It reported, Aug. 16, that consumer prices had jumped 0.4 percent in July, and that prices had risen at an annual rate of 5.8 percent during the first 7 months of the year. The Commerce Dept. said, Aug. 17, that the merchandise trade deficit had fallen to $5.07 billion in June, the lowest level in 7 years. The department reported, Aug. 29, that the index of leading economic indicators had not changed in July. Price of Gasoline Rises in U.S. -- Within a few days of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the price of fuel rose sharply. OnAug. 6, Pan Am Corp. announced that it was raising air fares 10 percent to cover the increase in fuel costs. Other air carriers made similar announcements. Executives of oil companies, testifying before Congress, Aug. 7, said that the cost of fuel had jumped quickly because their companies paid for oil when it was delivered to U.S. refineries, rather than when it was contracted for in the Middle East, so the worldwide rise in the cost of oil per barrel was reflected almost immediately. The American Automobile Association reported, Aug. 9, that the retail price for self-service unleaded gasoline had risen 18 cents per gallon in the week since the Iraqi invasion. As the price of oil fluctuated widely on world markets, the cost of gasoline leveled off. A number of economists expressed concern that the Mideast conflict, including its great cost to the U.S. Treasury, could hasten a slide into a recession. Such fears appeared to be reflected on Wall Street, where the Dow Jones industrial average slumped 14 percent in 3 weeks, closing Aug. 23 at 2483.42. Concern over the status of the U.S. economy also appeared to be a factor in the decline of the dollar against other currencies. On Aug. 23, the dollar was trading at 1.56 German marks, the lowest since the mark was introduced in 1948. D.C. Mayor Convicted on One Count -- The trial of Marion Barry Jr., the mayor of Washington, D.C., on drug charges ended in August with a split verdict. Ten witnesses had testified during the trial that they had seen Barry use illegal drugs, and others had told of delivering drugs to him or obtaining drugs from him. A video tape had shown him inhaling from a crack pipe. The prosecution contended that evidence had been presented of more than 200 separate uses of illegal drugs by Barry. The defense conceded that the mayor had occasionally used drugs, but contended that there was reasonable doubt about each charge of cocaine possession. On Aug. 10, the jury found Barry guilty of one count of possession of crack and acquitted him on a second count. On 12 other misdemeanor and felony charges, the jury was unable to reach a verdict, and Judge Thomas Jackson declared a mistrial on those counts. Barry saw himself as largely vindicated, and on Aug. 14, he said he would seek an at-large seat on the City Council, running as an independent. International Gorbachev, Rival Unite on Economy -- Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Federation, agreed, Aug. 1, to work together to transform the Soviet economy from central planning to a market system. The 2 men, who had frequently quarreled over the pace of reform, with Yeltsin pushing a more radical approach, signed a unity agreement. They set up a commission to draft proposals, and it was reported that a 500-day plan developed by Russia would be the basis for the commission's plan. Under the Russian Republic's 500-day plan, it would legalize private property, abolish government subsidies, lift price controls, and take other as yet unspecified steps to stabilize its economy. In the republic of Armenia, the Communist-dominated government resigned, Aug. 13, under pressure from parliament. On Aug. 23, in a 183-2 vote, the Armenian parliament declared the republic's independence from the Soviet Union. It also claimed control over the disputed area Nagorno-Karabakh, situated within the republic of Azerbaijan. Following the shooting deaths of 5 people, including a member of parliament, the Armenian parliament, Aug. 29, declared a state of emergency and outlawed the republic's largest paramilitary group. U.S. Mariners Land in Liberia -- U.S. Marines flew to Liberia to rescue American citizens endangered by the bloody civil war in the West African country. The war had raged since late 1989 when guerrillas led by Charles Taylor launched an effort to overthrow the government of Pres. Samuel Doe. The rebels reached the capital of Monrovia in July, but they also split into 2 factions, the other led by Prince Johnson, and fought each other as well as the government forces. There were many instances of brutality toward civilians, and at least 200, possibly many more, were killed when government troops stormed a Luthern church in Monrovia, July 30. Johnson said, Aug. 4, that he would begin to round up foreigners. Pres. George Bush authorized a rescue mission, and onAug. 5, 230 Marines were flown to Monrovia from ships off the coast. Without firing a shot or suffering any casualties, the Marines evacuated 125 persons by Aug. 8. The Marines remained at the embassy in Monrovia. Cease-Fire Approved in South Africa -- The African National Congress and government officials began talks in South Africa, Aug. 6, and on Aug. 7, the ANC announced that it was suspending its 30-year armed struggle against the white regime. The cease-fire began immediately. Pres. F.W. deKlerk's government agreed to free political prisoners, allow exiled dissidents to return, and repeal the nation's security laws. Both sides agreed to seek an end to the violence in Natal Province, where some 3,000 persons had been killed in fighting among factions of the Zulu tribe. Fighting had also occurred in Transvaal Province between Zulus and other blacks. 3 Hostages Freed in Mideast -- On Aug. 8 and 14, 2 Swiss Red Cross workers were freed in Damascus after being held in Lebanon for 10 months. On Aug. 24, a group called the Organization of Islamic Dawn turned another hostage, Brian Keenan, over to Syrian military officers and he was freed in Damascus. Keenan, who held both Irish and British citizenship, flew to Dublin, Aug. 25. A teacher, he had been held more than 4 years. It was believed that 13 more Western hostages were being held by Shiite Moslems. Bhutto Removed as Pakistan's Leader -- Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan was dismissed, Aug. 6, by Pres. Ghulam Ishaq Khan. He named Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi as interim prime minister, and declared a state of emergency. The president said that corruption in the Bhutto government had been widespread, and the press had reported a number of allegations. Ishaq Khan also cited a nationwide increase in crime and violence. Bhutto called her removal illegal and unconstitutional. East Germany Sets Unity Date -- The parliament of East Germany voted 294-62 on Aug. 23, to set Oct. 3 as the date for unification with West Germany. Under the West German constitution, any former German territory could declare its wish to unify, and the West German parliament was not required to take any action. The October date would fall about 2 months before the scheduled all-German elections. General 3 Convicted in Attack on Jogger -- Three teen-age boys were convicted in New York City, Aug. 18, of charges related to a crime that had shocked the public because of its brutality. In April 1989, a 28-year-old investment banker, who was jogging in Central Park in Manhattan, was attacked by a gang of young men. She was beaten severely and left unconscious. Alleged members of the gang, which reportedly numbered as many as 30, were seized by police and charged with a variety of crimes involving the attack on the jogger and attacks on others in the park. The first 3 defendants, aged 16, 16, and 15, were convicted of rape, assault, and other charges. Videotaped confessions were key evidence inasmuch as no hard physical evidence placed the accused at the scene of the crime. The jogger, who was not publicly identified by most members of the news media, testified briefly at the trial. More than a year after the attack, she had no memory of it, and she had lost her sense of smell, suffered from double vision, and had difficulty walking. Tornado Kills 27 in Illinois -- Without warning from the National Weather Service, which was taken by surprise, a tornado, Aug. 28, cut a 700-foot-wide swath across towns and cornfields 35 miles southwest of Chicago. Following an 8-mile course through Plainfield, Crest Hill, and Joliet, the tornado killed 27 persons and injured more than 350. Fifty houses and 500 apartments were destroyed. Some victims died when the tornado's vacuum lifted them into the sky and dropped them into nearby fields. Disasters -- An explosion, probably caused by coal dust or methane gas, tore through a coal mine 90 miles west of Belgrade, Yugoslavia, Aug. 26, killing more than 170 miners. SEPTEMBER National Consumer Prices Jump -- Fueled by an increase in energy costs because of the Persian Gulf crisis, consumer prices rose sharply in August. The Labor Dept. reported, Sept. 7, that the unemployment rate continued to edge up in August, to 5.6 percent. The department said, Sept. 14, that producer prices for finished goods jumped 1.3 percent in August. It released its report on consumer prices, Sept. 18, that showed a 0.8 percent increase in August. The Commerce Dept. reported, Sept. 18, that the merchandise trade deficit rose to $9.33 billion in July, 75 percent above the June figure. An increase in oil imports was a major factor. Alan Greenspan, chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, said, Sept. 19, that the Gulf crisis would likely slow economic growth and stimulate inflation. The Commerce Dept. reported, Sept. 25, that it had lowered its estimate of economic growth during the second quarter to just 0.4 percent on an annual basis from 1.2 percent. The department reported, Sept. 28, that the index of leading economic indicators had dropped 1.2 percent in August, the biggest monthly decline since 1987. Negotiators on Budget Agree to Plan -- Pres. George Bush and Congressional negotiators reached a tentative agreement on a controversial plan to reduce the Federal deficit. It was feared that the deficit in the 1991 fiscal year might reach $250 billion, with the bailout of the savings and loan industry being a major factor. Under the Gramm-Rudman deficit reduction law, the deficit would have to be pared to $64 billion or mandatory spending cuts would become automatic. Talks began, Sept. 7, between White House representatives and congressional leaders. Bush supported a cut in the capital-gains tax rate, but Democrats insisted that any such reduction be balanced by an increase in income-tax rates for Americans with high incomes. The talks broke down in disagreement, Sept. 17, and resumed, Sept. 19, with fewer negotiators. The way to a compromise seemed open, Sept. 29, when Bush dropped his position on capital gains. An agreement was announced, Sept. 30. It included big increases in taxes on gasoline, tobacco, and alcohol. Deductions available to Americans earning more than $100,000 a year would be limited, and an excise tax would be imposed on luxury items. Medicare taxes would rise. Spending on Medicare and other domestic programs would be cut. Members of Congress from both parties quickly announced that they would oppose the plan. In a new projection, Sept. 30, the 1991 deficit was put at $293.7 billion. Primary Elections Include Surprises -- Sharon Pratt Dixon, a former treasurer of the Democratic National Committee, who was seeking public office for the first time, was nominated by the Democratic Party for mayor of Washington, D.C. on Sept. 11. Of the 5 candidates, she had been the most outspoken in her criticism of the incumbent mayor, Marion Barry Jr., who had been convicted in August on a drug charge. In Massachusetts, Sept. 18, both gubernatorial primaries were won by candidates who had run poorly in the polls. John Silber, president of Boston University, won on the Democratic side. More conservative than most Democratic leaders in the state, he had criticized the state welfare system as too generous, and had made remarks that ethnic groups found offensive. His victory was believed to reflect a voter backlash against economic problems of the incumbent governor, Michael Dukakis, a liberal Democrat. On the Republican ballot, William Weld, a former U.S. attorney who supported abortion rights, prevailed over a more conservative opponent. Also, on Sept. 18, Oklahoma voters supported a concept that was being considered elsewhere--by approving a limitation of 12 years on service in the state legislature. Hearings Held on Court Nominee -- Judge David Souter appeared before the Senate Judiciary Committee, which was considering his nomination by Pres. George Bush to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court. On Sept. 4, the American Bar Association gave Souter its highest rating of "well qualified" for the Supreme Court. Appearing before the committee, Sept. 13, Souter declined to give his views on abortion, but he said, "I believe that the due process clause of the 14th Amendment does recognize and does protect an unenumerated right of privacy." The right of privacy was the basis for Roe. v. Wade, a 1973 decision by the court establishing a woman's right to an abortion. Asked, Sept. 14, about his views on judges who "invented" rights, Souter said there was a difference between inventing rights and searching the text of the Constitution in order to recognize those that are implicitly stated. Several abortion-rights and women's-rights groups testified, Sept. 18, against the nomination, but other organizations dropped their opposition. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Sept. 21, opposed the nomination, saying Souter had failed to articulate a sufficient level of concern "for fairness, equality, and justice for all citizens." The Senate committee voted, Sept. 27, to endorse Souter, 13-1. Former Owner of S&L Indicted -- Charles Keating, one of the most prominent figures in the investigation of the savings and loan financial crisis, was indicted, Sept. 18, on 42 charges of criminal fraud by a state grand jury in Los Angeles. He formerly owned Lincoln Savings & Loan Association. Three executives of American Continental, Lincoln's parent company, were also indicted. The charges involved an alleged scheme to defraud older persons by enticing them to invest in uninsured high-risk bonds. After American Continental filed for bankruptcy, the money--$250 million--could not be recovered. Keating was unable to pay the $5 million bail, and was put in jail. On Sept. 22, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation sued Neil Bush, the son of the president, and other officials of the defunct Silverado Banking, Savings and Loan Association for "gross negligence" that the FDIC said could cost taxpayers more than $1 billion. International USSR Moves Toward Economic Reform -- The Soviet Union appeared to be well on its way toward embracing radical economic reform. The economic crisis was underscored, Sept. 3, when bread virtually disappeared from the shelves of food stores in Moscow. On Sept. 5, the government newspaper Izvestia published details of a plan on which aides to Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev and Russian Pres. Boris Yeltsin had been working. What had emerged was the "Shatalin plan," named for Stanislav Shatalin, an adviser to Gorbachev, and the plan was based on the 500-day plan already adopted by the Russian Republic. It would dismantle most central economic planning and stress private property and economic freedom. On Sept. 11, Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov addressed the Supreme Soviet, warning that the Shatalin plan, if implemented, would lead to high unemployment and a decline in the standard of living. But then, Gorbachev spoke and endorsed it. On Sept. 14, he submitted a modified version of the plan to the Supreme Soviet that would retain central authority over financial matters. The parliament of Russia, Sept. 19, called on Ryzhkov to resign. Gorbachev, Sept. 21, asked the Supreme Soviet for sweeping new powers to govern during the transition to a market economy. Ryzhkov said, Sept. 23, that the country faced a potato shortage because of a lack of success in collecting the harvest. The Supreme Soviet, Sept. 24, granted Gorbachev emergency economic powers, and agreed to accept a compromise plan for the economy at Gorbachev's request, heading off a showdown between him and the premier. The details of the compromise were yet to be worked out. Rebels Kill President of Liberia -- Pres. Samuel Doe was killed while in the hands of rebels in Liberia. A multinational force from black Africa had entered Liberia in August in an attempt to help restore order between government forces and rebel armies. OnSept. 9, Doe and an entourage of bodyguards arrived at the headquarters of the multinational force. Rebels led by Prince Johnson arrived, gunfire broke out, and 78 were killed, mostly Doe's bodyguards. Doe was wounded and died the next day, under circumstances that were not clear. On Sept. 21, Charles Taylor, leader of another rebel faction, declared a unilateral cease-fire. But the cease-fire soon broke down, and on Sept. 30, Johnson's faction declared a renewal of the war against the Taylor rebels and the remnants of Doe's army. Treaty signed on Germany -- The Allied powers of World War II gave up their responsibilities over Germany, and onSept. 10, West Germany and the Soviet Union agreed in principle on maintenance and repatriation of Soviet forces in East Germany. West Germany agreed to spend $8.2 billion to build 36,000 houses in the Soviet Union, cover continued cost of soldiers still stationed in East Germany, transport the soldiers home, and retrain them. OnSept. 12, in Moscow, West Germany, East Germany, France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States signed the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany. The wartime allies pledged to "terminate their rights and responsibilities relating to Berlin and to Germany as a whole." The united Germany was thus granted full sovereignty over its internal and external affairs. OnSept. 13, with formal reunification still 3 weeks away, the foreign ministers of West Germany and the USSR signed a friendship pact in which the 2 nations pledged not to attack each other and to consult each other in time of crisis. Cambodia Rivals Accept U.N. Plan -- Four factions fighting for control of Cambodia agreed, Sept. 10, to accept a U.N. proposal to end their civil war. Meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia, they appointed a 12-member Supreme National Council that would run Cambodia until free elections could be held under U.N. supervision. The government named 6 to the council, 2 each from the 3 rebel groups. S. Africa Leader Meets With Bush -- Pres. F. W. de Klerk of South Africa met with Pres. George Bush in Washington, Sept. 24. De Klerk, who had freed black nationalist leader Nelson Mandela and taken other steps to ease South Africa's system of racial separation, was cordially received. Bush said that if South Africa continued its efforts to meet certain conditions set by Congress, he would seek to modify or suspend sanctions imposed on South Africa by Congress. De Klerk told members of Congress, Sept. 25, that he supported the principle of one man, one vote in elections, but that its application must include guarantees to protect the white minority in South Africa. U.N. Summit Seeks to Help Children -- Leaders of more than 70 nations, including the largest gathering ever of heads of state at the United Nations, met in New York City, Sept. 30, at the World Summit for Children. The primary goal of the summit was to improve the lives of children everywhere, and especially to reduce the number of children--put at 14 million--who died each year before the age of 5. The leaders also discussed ways to reduce malnutrition among children, reduce the number of mothers dying in childbirth, and provide clean water and education for all. General New Rating Applied to Adult Films -- The Motion Picture Association of America announced, Sept. 26, that it had created a new "NC-17" rating that would be applied to films that had adult themes and perhaps scenes of sex and violence. The rating meant that no children under 17 would be admitted. The purpose was to permit "serious" movies to avoid the X rating that was also applied to pornographic movies. Many theaters refused to show X-rated films, and distributors were complaining that some important films thus failed to reach a large audience. Disasters -- As many as 160 people may have drowned, Sept. 11, when a crowded boat capsized in the Mahava River in Uttar Pradesh state in India . . . . Some 82,000 persons were homeless and more than 77 persons died after heavy rainfall in the vicinity of Seoul, South Korea, Sept. 11, resulted in massive flooding. OCTOBER National Congress Approves Deficit-Reduction Plan -- Congress approved a deficit-reduction bill that Pres. George Bush could accept, after an earlier plan, announced, Sept. 30, by Bush and endorsed by congressional negotiators, ran into trouble. Rep. Newt Gingrich (Ga.), the Republican whip in the House, rejected it, Oct. 1, saying it would "kill jobs, weaken the economy." He and many other conservatives objected to the inclusion of tax increases in the proposal, and many Democrats were concerned that these taxes would fall more heavily on the middle class than on wealthier Americans. An intense lobbying effort by the president and by congressional leaders of both parties failed. The House, Oct. 5, rejected the bill 254-179, with a majority from both parties in opposition. Congress passed a stopgap spending bill, but Bush vetoed it, Oct. 6, and this had the effect of shutting down the government. Congress passed and Bush signed new stopgap legislation, Oct. 9, which extended government's borrowing and spending power for 10 days. Bush said, Oct. 9, that a higher tax rate for the wealthy, perhaps in exchange for a cut in the capital-gains tax, was "on the table." Later that day, after meeting with 17 Republican senators, Bush pulled back any commitment to raising income taxes. In another shift, the White House said, Oct. 10, that it was up to Congress to decide whether to couple an increase in rates with a cut in the capital-gains tax. The House, Oct. 16, approved a new budget compromise that would increase taxes on wealthy Americans. This passed 238-192, with only 10 Republicans supporting it. The Senate passed its budget package, Oct. 19, 54-46. This version had more of an impact on the middle class through a doubling of the gasoline tax and a cut in Medicare benefits. As the House and Senate bills went to conference committee, Bush, Oct. 19, signed another stopgap bill to keep the government going 5 more days. The president signaled a willingness to accept a small increase in the tax rate for the wealthy. On Oct. 27, both the Senate (54-45) and the House (228-200) approved the conference committee report, but with a majority of House and Senate Republicans in opposition. Bush said he would sign the bill, which was designed to reduce deficits by nearly $500 billion over 5 years. Under the law, the top tax rate would rise from 28 percent to 31 percent, and exemptions for upper-income Americans would be phased out. The gasoline tax would jump 5 cents a gallon to 14 cents, and the cigarette tax would rise by 8 cents a pack to 24 cents. The tax on a 6-pack of beer would double to 32 cents. A luxury tax would be imposed on top-of-the-line aircraft, cars, boats, furs, and jewelry. The increase in Medicare premiums was less than elderly Americans had feared. Ex-Klansman Loses Bid for Senate -- David Duke, a former grand wizard in the Ku Klux Klan, made a strong but unsuccessful showing in an election for the U.S. Senate in Louisiana. He was contesting the re-election bid of Sen. J. Bennett Johnston, a Democrat. State Sen. Ben Bagert was the official Republican candidate, but Duke, a Republican member of the State House of Representatives, also entered the race. Duke gained wide support by appealing for "equal rights for whites" and focusing on the state's economic troubles. Fearing they would be embarrassed by a Duke victory, 8 Republican U.S. senators endorsed Johnston, Oct. 2. Bagert dropped out of the race, Oct. 4 On Oct. 6, Johnston defeated Duke by 54 percent to 44 percent. Souter Confirmed for Supreme Court -- The U.S. Senate, Oct. 2, confirmed Judge David Souter for a seat on the U.S. Supreme Court. The vote was 90-9, with all those in opposition being Democrats. Souter was sworn in as the nation's 105th justice on Oct. 8. Unemployment Rises Again -- The Labor Dept. reported, Oct. 5, that unemployment in September had edged upward to 5.7 percent, the third consecutive monthly increase. The jobless rate stood at its highest level since the spring of 1988. The department said, Oct. 18, that in September, for the second straight month, consumer prices had risen by 0.8 percent. Oil prices, affected by the Persian Gulf crisis, accounted for more than half of the increase. The Commerce Dept. reported, Oct. 30, that the gross national product grew at an annual rate of 1.8 percent during the third quarter, a sharp improvement over the 0.4 rate reported during the second quarter. On Oct. 31, General Motors reported its greatest quarterly loss ever, $1.98 billion. It announced that it would close 4 assembly plants permanently and said that 5 other plants might be closed. Bush Vetoes Civil Rights Bill -- Pres. George Bush vetoed a civil rights bill, which sought in effect to reverse 6 recent Supreme Court decisions that civil rights organizations contended had weakened anti-discrimination laws on hiring and promoting. Bush said, Oct. 20, that the bill "will have the effect of coercing businesses to adopt quotas in hiring and promotion." Bush, who opposed the concept of quotas, said businesses would have to adopt quotas to avoid expensive litigation. He vetoed the bill, Oct. 22. The Senate voted 66-34, on Oct. 24, to override the veto, but this was one vote short of the required two-thirds. Mayor Receives Prison Term -- Mayor Marion Barry, Jr. of Washington, D.C. was sentenced, Oct. 20, to 6 months in prison and fined $5,000 and costs on his conviction on a misdemeanor charge of possessing cocaine. Federal District Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson said that an example should be set for other public officials and said that Barry had "given aid, comfort and encouragement to the drug culture at large." Dole Resigns as Labor Secretary -- Elizabeth Dole, the highest-ranking woman in the administration of Pres. George Bush, resigned, Oct. 24, as Secretary of Labor. She was the first member of the Bush cabinet to step down. Dole planned to accept the presidencyof the American Red Cross. Sweeping Clean Air Act Approved -- Congress, Oct. 27, completed action on the 1990 Clean Air Act, a comprehensive updating of the original Clean Air Act adopted in 1970. The bill, which Pres. George Bush said he would sign, set an overall annual level of emissions of sulfer dioxide from power plants at less than one-half of current emissions, with a target date of 2000. In another effort to eliminate acid rain, nitrogen oxide emissions would be cut by one-third. Oil companies would be required to develop new types of gasoline that burn more cleanly, and cities would have to reduce concentration of ozone, a component of smog. The bill would halt production of chemicals that threatened the earth's ozone sheild. International Germany United After 45 Years -- The reunification of Germany was completed at midnight, Oct. 2-3. Since the end of World War II in 1945 there had been 2 Germanys, but the rush to unification had been swift since the collapse of the hard-line Communist regime in East Germany late in 1989. The new nation, having a population of 78 million, would be known formally as the Federal Republic of Germany, previously the official designation of West Germany. Arabs Are Killed Near Holy Shrines -- From 17 to 21 Palestinians were shot fatally by Israeli police in Jerusalem's Old City, Oct. 8, and more than 100 were wounded. The shootings took place at a site sacred to both Islam and Judaism, where the Western Wall, or Wailing Wall, stands near 2 mosques, Al Aksa and Dome of the Rock. A Jewish religious group, the Temple Mount Faithful, had declared their intention to raze the mosques and build a new temple to replace one destroyed by the Romans. Members of this group came to the site, Oct. 8, and thousands of Palestinians came to confront them. Israeli authorities barred the Jewish group, but the Palestinians threw stones at Jews worshipping at the Western Wall. Some 2 dozen policemen and Jewish civilians were reportedly struck. Police fired on the protestors. Apparently motivated in part by a desire to retain Arab support in the Persian Gulf crisis, the U.S., Oct. 9, asked the U.N. Security Council to condemn Israel for the shootings. Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, Oct. 10, appointed a commission to investigate the shootings. The Security Council, Oct. 12, voted 15-0 to condemn Israel and to support sending a U.N. mission to investigate. Shamir said, Oct. 13, that the U.N. delegation would receive no help from Israel, and the Israeli cabinet, Oct. 14, denounced the mission on the basis that the investigation would call into question asserted Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem. The Security Council, Oct. 24, voted unanimously to deplore Israel's refusal to cooperate with the investigation. An aide to Shamir declared, Oct. 25, that the U.S. in supporting the U.N. resolutions, was playing into the hands of Saddam Hussein, the ruler of Iraq. A report published, Oct. 26, by the Israeli commission criticized Israeli commanders for not having prepared for the possibility of trouble. The commission placed the blame for the tragedy on the Palestinians even though it also acknowledged that the Jewish worshippers had long since fled from the scene before the police had opened fire. Bhutto Fails to Regain Power -- Pakistan's deposed prime minister, Benazir Bhutto, failed in an effort to regain power. Her husband, Asif Ali Zandari, was arrested, Oct. 10, and charged with extortion and the kidnapping in 1989 of a British businessman. Bhutto called the investigation a witch hunt. In elections to the lower house of parliament, Oct. 24, Bhutto's party was defeated, losing more than half of its seats. An opposing party, the Islamic Democratic Alliance, won a clear majority of seats. Lebanese Christian Militia Leader Surrenders -- Gen. Michel Aoun, who led a Christian force that fought the government of Lebanon for 11 months, surrendered, Oct. 13, after entering the French embassy to seek refuge from Syrian air and ground attacks. It was reported, Oct. 18, that at least 750 people were killed in the final Syrian-led offensive that brought down Aoun. Soviet Parliament Approves Economic Reforms -- OnOct. 16, Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev revealed the details of his economic reform package and presented the proposal to the Soviet Parliament. The proposal generally reflected the radical views of economists who had presented their plan in broad outline in September. It included the selling of state property to private individuals, the lifting of price controls, and the transferring of many economic decisions to the 15 republics. But some sectors, including transportation, communications, defense industries, energy, banking, and foreign trade would remain under control of the central government. Futhermore, Gorbachev dropped the 500-day timetable for accomplishing the goals of the plan that the economists had originally advocated. Parliament, Oct. 19, gave its approval to the plan, 333 to 12, with 34 abstentions. Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Republic, criticized the plan for not placing more authority in the hands of the republics. General 132 Killed in Plane Hijack Attempt -- An attempt to hijack a plane in China, Oct. 2, ended in tragedy. One or more hijackers demanded that the Boeing 737 be flown to Taiwan or Hong Kong, according to reports. As the plane attempted to land in Guangzhou (Canton), a struggle for control of the plane reportedly occurred, and the plane struck 2 other passenger liners on the ground, one empty and another filled with passengers. Chinese officials reported that 132 people on the 2 planes were killed and that 95 survived, including 50 who were injured. Juries Decide Obscenity Cases -- A jury in Broward County Court in Fort Lauderdale, Fla., Oct. 3, found a record store owner, Charles Freeman, guilty of obscenity charges. At issue was the sale of an album, As Nasty as They Wanna Be, by the rap group 2 Live Crew. The lyrics contained many references to sexual intercourse and oral and anal sex, as well as unflattering references to woman. On Oct. 5, in Cincinnati, a jury found Cincinnati's Contemporary Arts Center and its director, Dennis Barrie, not guilty of obscenity charges. The museum had exhibited 175 photographs by the late Robert Mapplethorpe. Five of these depicted sadomasochistic or homoerotic acts, and 2 others showed children with exposed genitals. The jury agreed that the photos showed serious artistic merit and hence did not meet the Supreme Court's definition of obscenity. Another jury in Fort Lauderdale concluded on Oct. 20, that the music of 2 Live Crew was art and found members of the band not guilty of obscenity charges filed after they performed at a nightclub in June. Iraq Overruns and Annexes Kuwait--United States and Other Nations Send Military Forces Iraq invaded and quickly conquered its small but oil rich neighbor Kuwait in early August. An Iraqi assault on Saudi Arabia, which could bring nearly one half of the world's known oil reserves under its control, appeared possible. The United States sent a strong military force to defend Saudi Arabia, and some other nations sent smaller contingents. A wide spectrum of nations deplored the Iraqi aggression, and Iraq soon found itself virtually isolated from the world community. In a televised speech, July 17, Pres. Saddam Hussein charged that some rulers of Persian Gulf states had been "inspired by America" to keep oil prices low through over-production. In a letter made public July 18, Iraq charged that Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates had participated in an "imperialist-Zionist plan" to depress oil prices. It accused Kuwait of having stolen $2.4 billion worth of oil from an Iraqi oilfield. Iraq had claimed sovereignty over Kuwait in 1961. Pres. Hosni Mubarak of Egypt, July 25, said that Hussein had assured him that he had no intention of invading Kuwait. Oil ministers of the OPEC nations, meeting in Geneva July 27, agreed to an increase in the price of oil per barrel, from $18 to $21, less than what Iraq had demanded. Talks between Iraq and Kuwait over oil and border disputes broke off Aug. 1. Meanwhile, Iraq had massed 100,000 soldiers on its border with Kuwait. Kuwait's entire army contained only 20,000 men, and it was overmatched by Iraq in all categories of weaponry. Iraqi tanks and infantry invaded Kuwait before dawn, Aug. 2, and Iraq announced it was responding to a call from Kuwaiti revolutionaries who had overthrown the monarchy. Despite resistance from the Kuwaitis, Iraqi forces quickly seized key roads and buildings, and soon claimed effective control of the country. The emir of Kuwait escaped from the presidential palace by helicopter. Pres. George Bush, Aug. 2, denounced Iraq's action as "naked aggression," and he signed executive orders banning most trade with Iraq and freezing Iraq's and Kuwait's assets in the U.S. An aircarft carrier battle group was dispatched to the Persian Gulf. Voting 14-0, the U.N. Security Council, Aug. 2,c ondemned the invasion and demanded the withdrawal of Iraqi troops. The Soviet Union, Iraq's biggest arms supplier, Aug. 2, suspended sales of military equipment to Baghdad, and on Aug. 3, Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze and U.S. Sec. of State James Baker issued a joint statement condemning the invasion. Reflecting fears that petroleum supplies from the Mideast would be disrupted, oil prices began to rise worldwide. By Aug. 3, Iraqi forces were massing along the Saudi Arabian border. The Arab League opposed, Aug. 3, the "aggression" against Kuwait, but the resolution was supported by only 14 of the league's 21 members. The 12 nations of the European Community, Aug. 4, banned oil imports from Iraq and Kuwait, embargoed arms, and suspended most trade with Iraq. Most nations in the West, as well as Japan, had already frozen Kuwaiti assets, estimated at $100 billion. Kuwaiti radio, controlled by Iraq, announced, Aug. 4, that Kuwait's "provisional government" had formed a 9-man military cabinet. In a 13-0 vote, the U.N. Security Council, Aug. 6, asked all 159 U.N. members to end all trade, financial and commercial dealings, and transportation links with Iraq and Kuwait. Turkey said it would cut off the flow of Iraqi oil from the pipeline that ran from Iraq through Turkey to the Red Sea. U.S. Defense Secretary Richard Cheney met with King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, Aug. 6. The king gave permission for the U.S. to deploy a military defense force on Saudi soil. Bush ordered such a deployment, and the first U.S. forces left for Saudi Arabia Aug. 7. The elements of the U.S. deployment, in an operation named Desert Shield, included F-15 fighters, 2,300 paratroopers, B-52 bombers, F-111 fighter-bombers, and AWACS radar planes. On the seas, 2 more carrier groups were bound for the gulf. On Aug. 8, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher ordered British air and naval forces to the gulf at King Fahd's request. Bush, addressing the American people, Aug. 8, said he sought the withdrawal of Iraq from Kuwait, restoration of the Kuwaiti government, stability in the Persian Gulf region, and protection of Americans living in the region. Iraq declared, Aug. 8, that it had annexed Kuwait, and the U.N. Security Council declared that action "null and void" in an unanimous 15-0 vote, Aug. 9. Throughout August, the U.S. forces on the ground in Saudi Arabia continued to build toward a projected total of perhaps 100,000 soldiers. On Aug. 9, Iraq sealed its borders and said that only foreign diplomats would be allowed to leave. Concern rose over the status of thousands of foreigners in Iraq and Kuwait. Pres. Hosni Mubarak of Egypt called for an emergency meeting of the Arab League and declared that Egypt would be willing to provide troops for a joint Arab force to oppose Iraq and allow Western forces to withdraw. The league, Aug. 10, voted to send troops to Saudi Arabia. In a 12-3 vote, only Iraq, Libya, and the Palestine Liberation Organization opposed the unprecedented decision. Saddam Hussein, Aug. 10, called on "Moslem masses" to launch a "holy war" against foreign troops and "corrupt" Arab rulers. Troops from Egypt and Morocco began arriving in Saudi Arabia, Aug. 11, and Syrian troops followed, Aug. 14. Hussein, Aug. 12, offered to link an Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait to an Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and other conditions. It was reported, Aug. 12, that Bush had ordered the Navy fleet in the Mideast to be prepared to use force to prevent any ships from breaking the economic embargo of Iraq. In an apparent effort to mend its relations on another border, Iraq, Aug. 15, offered to meet demands made by Iran during the Persian Gulf war of the 1980's. Saddam Hussein offered to accept a 1975 agreement giving each country sovereignty over half of a waterway dividing the 2 countries. He also offered to withdraw Iraqi troops from Iranian territory and to begin an exchange of prisoners. In a speech, Aug. 15, Bush stressed "access to energy resources" and "Our jobs, our way of life" as factors related to the intervention in the gulf. Iraq ordered all foreign embassies in Kuwait to be shut down, and on Aug. 16, it ordered 6,500 Americans and Britons in Kuwait to assemble in 2 hotels. Few of the Westerners responded. OnAug. 17, the speaker of Iran's parliament said that Iraq had decided to "play host" to citizens of "aggressive nations" as long as Iraq remained threatened. He said they would be given"appropriate accommodations" at industrial and military installations--potential targets if a war broke out. Bush, Aug. 18, denounced this plan as "totally unacceptable" and "contrary to all accepted norms of international conduct." France, Aug. 18, warned of "grave consequences" if its 560 citizens in Iraq and Kuwait were harmed. U.S. Navy warships fired warning shots, Aug. 18, past 2 outbound Iraqi oil tankers, which kept moving despite the shots. At the Yemeni port of Aden, Aug. 21, Yemen refused to unload the oil. Bush, Aug. 22, ordered a limited mobilization of U.S. military reserves. Most would fill noncombat support roles. On Aug. 23, a barrel of a benchmark grade of U.S. crude oil stood at almost $32, an increase of $14 since early July. Saddam Hussein met, Aug. 23, with a group of Britons being detained in Iraq and assured them in an encounter that was shown on television that they were "guests" and not hostages. Several young British children seemed frightened, and the British Foreign Office called the broadcast a "repulsive charade." Iraqi troops surrounded some foreign embassies in Kuwait, Aug. 24, after they refused to shut down. Iraq said women and children dependents of U.S. diplomats could leave, but that the men would have to stay. Britain reported that hundreds of its citizens were being held hostage in Kuwait and Iraq. The U.N. Security Council, Aug. 25, authorized the naval armada in the Persian Gulf to use force if necessary to prevent violations of U.N. economic sanctions imposed on Iraq. The support of the Soviet Union had proved crucial in the adoption of the unprecedented resolution--the first time the United Nations had approved the use of military force not under the U.N. flag or command. Saddam Hussein, Aug. 28, ordered the release, as a humanitarian gesture, of all foreign women and children who were being detained. On Aug. 29, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries authorized its members to increase oil production to maintain normal supplies during the crisis. In resolutions adopted Sept. 1, 12 members of the Arab League called on Iraq to leave Kuwait, pay reparations, and free all foreign nationals. Libya opposed the resolutions, and 8 members boycotted the meeting. Beginning Sept. 1, Iraq began freeing hundreds of foreigners from a number of countries, but many more were still held as hostages. Some 2,500 Americans, including many women and children, were believed still stranded in Iraq and Kuwait. By early September, some 600,000 refugees had streamed through Jordan, and 100,000 still remained there, often going hungry in desert camps. Bush announced, Sept. 4, that, subject to congressional approval, he was forgiving Egypt's $7 billion military debt to the U.S. for supporting American policy in the Persian Gulf. Sec. of State James Baker, during a Middle East trip, received large pledges of financial support, Sept. 6, from King Fahd of Saudi Arabia and, Sept. 7, from the exiled emir of Kuwait. Bush and Soviet Pres. Mikhail Gorbachev met at a summit conference in Helsinki, Finland, Sept. 9, to discuss the Gulf crisis. The summit was held to demonstrate superpower unity on the issue, and an outgrowth was a clear U.S. recognition that the Soviet Union had a role to play in the Middle East. At a joint press conference, Bush said that no military options had been discussed. Gorbachev said that Soviet participation in the area would be limited to 2 naval vessels. Baker, at a NATO foreign ministers meeting in Brussels, Sept. 10, called the Soviets reliable partners in the crisis. He said that Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates had made pledges of support totaling $12 billion for the rest of 1990. Half of this would go to cover U.S. military costs, and the rest would assist the economies of Egypt, Jordan, and Turkey, which had been damaged by the trade embargo of Iraq. Bush, addressing a joint session of Congress, Sept. 11, said the U.S. could not allow the oil resource to be controlled by anyone as ruthless as Saddam Hussein. He said that in any future action he would not be deterred by Iraq's policy of using Western hostages as shields. After a meeting of the foreign ministers of Iraq and Iran, during which they agreed to resume diplomatic relations, Iran's supreme religious leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, said, Sept. 12, that a jihad, or holy war, was justified in combatting the U.S. military buildup. After an Iraqi tanker in the Gulf of Oman refused to stop, Sept. 14, U.S. and Australian ships fired warning shots at it. The ship stopped, was inspected by U.S. and Australian sailors, and then allowed to proceed. U.S. forces were boarding several ships a day, mainly in the Red Sea. Iraqi troops raided several Western embassies in Kuwait City, Sept. 14. Four French citizens were seized, then released. French Pres. Francois Mitterrand denounced the incident, Sept. 14, and Britain announced, Sept. 14, it was sending an armored brigade of 8,000 troops and 120 tanks to Saudi Arabia. West Germany, Sept. 15, announced a $2 billion package of aid for the Gulf effort, and Mitterrand ordered 4,000 soldiers, as well as planes, helicopters, and tanks, sent to Saudi Arabia. Iraq, Sept. 15, opened the border between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia and allowed thousands of Kuwaitis to flee into exile. But the refugee flow dwindled when Iraqis began seizing military-age Kuwaiti men. The refugees reported widespread incidences of torture and execution by Iraqi troops. A video tape recorded by Bush was played on Iraqi TV, Sept. 16. Iraq had offered the time after Bush complained that Hussein was getting too much exposure on American television. In the 8-minute tape, Bush warned the Iraqi people that Hussein had brought them to the brink of war and that ultimately Iraq would have to withdraw from Kuwait. Defense Secretary Cheney, Sept. 17, removed Gen. Michael Dugan as Air Force chief of staff after Dugan had discussed details of the gulf operation that were later published. He had also referred to a contingency plan to kill Hussein. Hussein warned, Sept. 23, that Iraq might attack oilfields in Saudi Arabia, other Arab countries, and Israel if economic sanctions "strangled" Iraq. Shevardnadze warned the U.N. General Assembly, Sept. 25, that war was close in the Gulf unless Iraq withdrew from Kuwait. The U.N. Security Council voted 14-1 to impose an embargo on air traffic on Iraq. Bush, addressing the U.N. General Assembly, Oct. 1, said he hoped for a diplomatic solution to the crisis. OnOct. 1, the House adopted a resolution endorsing Bush's actions in the gulf, 380-29. The Senate did the same, Oct. 2, 96-3. Hussein, visiting Kuwait, Oct. 3, said there would be "no compromise" and vowed not to give up "one inch" of what was now called province 19. On Oct. 10, Iraq allowed about 360 people, mostly American men of Arab descent, to leave Kuwait. Secretary of State James Baker said, Oct. 16, that a reported compromise offer from Iraq was unacceptable. It involved Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait if it could retain a strategic island. The Iraqi government announced, Oct. 19, that it would introduce gasoline rationing because of a lack of the chemicals needed to refine oil. Cheney announced, Oct. 25, that the number of American troops in the Persian Gulf area would be increased by up to 100,000, which could bring the total to 340,000 and give the U.S. forces an offensive capability. Hussein, Oct. 28, canceled the rationing of gasoline and fired his oil minister, saying he had made a miscalculation. Some observers thought that the original announcement was a ruse to make it appear that sanctions were working so that a military attack on Iraq would not be necessary. The U.N. Security Council, Oct. 29, passed a resolution, 13-0 with 2 abstentions, warning Iraq that "further measures" might be taken under the U.N. Charter--by implication, including military action. In separate statements, Oct. 29, Bush and Baker warned that in light of barbarous acts by the Iraqis in Kuwait, the use of force remained a possibility. Major Actions of the 101st Congress, 1990 (As of Oct. 28, 1990. For further information, see Congress, Chronology, and Addenda.) The 101st Congress reconvened Jan. 23. Legislation Passed by Congress and Signed or Vetoed by Pres. Bush Chinese Exchange Student Deportation. The Senate voted, Jan. 25, 62-37, to uphold Pres. Bush's veto of a 1989 bill that would have barred the deportation of Chinese exchange students from the U.S. The House had voted, Jan. 24, 390-25, to override the veto. Pres. Bush cited his earlier executive order that would protect Chinese students who feared persecution if forced to return to their homeland when their visas expired. If the bill became law, the pres. said, China would cut off all student exchange programs with the U.S. "Hate Crime" Statistics. Pres. Bush signed into law, Apr. 23, a bill requiring the federal government to keep records of crimes motivated by ethnic, racial, or sexual prejudice. The Hate Crimes Statistics Act had been passed by the House, Apr. 4, 408-18; and by the Senate, Feb. 8, 92-4. The law required the Justice Dept. to compile and publish data for the next five years on crimes including murder, rape, assault, arson, vandalism and intimidation. Several states already required such monitoring, but the new bill marked the first time the federal government would collect data nationwade as to the motivation behind such crimes, in order to monitor their extent, determine law enforcement priorities, and suggest possible legal changes. Supplemental Spending. Congress cleared, and Pres. Bush signed, May 25, a bill providing $4.3 billion in fiscal 1990 supplemental appropriations, including $720 million in economic aid for Panama and Nicaragua. The House had approved the bill, May 24, 308-108; the Senate, May 25, by voice vote. A House-Senate conference committee had approved the legislation, May 22, after deleting controversial amendments on the death penalty and abortion rights, May 17. The final measure was partially financed via $2 billion in defense cuts. Amtrak Fund Authorization. Pres. Bush vetoed a bill, May 24, that would authorize funds for Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, for the next 2 fiscal years. Pres. Bush cited a provision authorizing the Interstate Commerce Commisision to review freight-railroad takeovers by nonrail companies as "an unwarranted regulatory roadblock to financial restructuring of the industry." The bill would have authorized $684 million for Amtrak for fiscal 1991, beginning Oct. 1, and $712 million for fiscal 1992. The measure had been approved by the House, May 9, 322-93; and by a Senate voice vote, May 10. The Senate, June 12, upheld the veto by 2 votes, after the House had voted, June 7, 294-123, to override the veto. Family Emergency "Time Off." Pres. Bush vetoed a bill, June 29, that would have required workers to be allowed unpaid time off for births, adoptions, and major medical emergencies at home. The president cited strong objections to the government's dictating such a policy to employers. The bill would have required businesses with 50 or more employees to grant workers up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave to care for newborn or adopted children or seriously ill family members. The House failed to override the veto, July 25, 232-195. Discrimination Against Disabilities Banned. Pres. Bush signed into law, July 26, The Americans with Disabilities Act, which prohibited discrimination in employment, public accomodations, telecommunications, and transportation against people with a physical or mental condition that "substantially limited" a major life activity, such as seeing or walking. The definition of disabled would include AIDS victims, and drugs addicts and alcoholics undergoing treatment. Some 43 million Americans were expected to be affected. The Senate had approved, 91-6, July 13; the House, July 12, 377-28. Emergency Federal Funds for AIDS. Pres. Bush signed into law, Aug. 18, a bill authorizing emergency federal aid to help cities and states deal with the rising costs of treating and preventing AIDS. The Senate had passed the bill, 95-4, May 16; the House, 408-14, June 13. The measure provided a total of $4 billion over the next five years, mostly toward testing, counseling, and early drug treatment for those found infected with the virus causing AIDS. Civil Rights. Pres. Bush vetoed, Oct. 20, the Civil Rights Act of 1990. The measure would have allowed women and members of minority groups to collect damages if they could prove intentional discrimination. Workers accusing their employers of discrimination would have had to cite the specific practices that excluded women, blacks, or other minorities, however, and could not have won damages if employers could show that the practice was not intended to discriminate. The pres. contended that the legislation would have led to the widespread use of quotas in hiring and promotion. The Senate, Oct. 24, failed by one vote to override the veto. Other Legislation Constitutional Amendment. The Senate rejected, 58-42, a proposed constitutional amendment, June 26, that would have permitted states to prosecute those who destroyed or desecrated the American flag. The House had rejected the amendment, June 21, 254-177. (See Chronology.) Puerto Rico Status Decision. The House passed a bill, Oct. 10, by voice vote, calling for a referendum in 1991 under which the people of Puerto Rico could choose statehood, independence, or continuation of their commonwealth status, the first time either house of Congress had voted to hold such a referendum. Ads on Children's TV Restricted. Pres. Bush allowed a bill that limited TV commercials on children's programming to become law without his signature, Oct. 17. The law imposed a limit of 10 minutes of TV commercials an hour for children's programming on weekends and 12 minutes an hour on weekends. Both House and Senate approved by voice vote, July 23 and July 19, respectively. Budget. Congress approved a budget bill, Oct. 27, The House, 228-200, and the Senate, 54-45. The measure would raise taxes by more than $140 billion over the next five years, the core of a plan to reduce the federal deficit by $40 billion this year and $500 billion over five years. The measure included higher taxes, with the top income tax rate increased to 31 percent from 28 percent, a phaseout of exemptions for upper-income taxpayers, and the top capital gains rate set at 28 percent; an increase in excise taxes on gasoline, gas-guzzling cars, cigarettes, and alcohol; increased passenger airline ticket tax and domestic air cargo tax; and a new "luxury tax" on such items as expensive cars, airplanes, yachts, and furs. The measure also included spending cuts in Medicaid, Medicare, federal pensions, student loans, federal housing, and military spending. Pres. Bush said that he would sign the bill. Immigration. The House approved, 264-118, a major revision of the country's immigration law, Oct. 27. The bill would permit 700,000 people to immigrate each year from 1992 to 1994, compared with 500,000 under current law. The bill also would reduce the severity and scope of restrictions on new citizens and other immigrants. The Senate had approved the measure, Oct. 26. Pres. Bush indicated that he would sign it. As of Oct. 29, 1990, Congress was continuing to work on bills concerning several major issues, including crime, clean air, housing, foreign aid, and the financing of the National Endowment for the Arts. Major Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1989-90 (For further information, see Supreme Court, Chronology, and Addenda.) The Supreme Court began its 1989-90 term on Oct. 2. Summaries of notable actions follow. The Court: Ruled, unanimously, that universities accused of discriminating in faculty tenure decisions had no special status under the First Amendment right of academic freedom that would allow them to withhold peer-review materials from federal investigators. (Jan. 9) Ruled, 5-4, to reaffirm its exclusion of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial, except for the specific purpose of contradicting testimony in court by a defendant. (Jan. 10) Ruled, unanimously, that state taxes on religious materials sold by religious organizations failed to violate the First Amendment's guarantee of religious freedom. (Jan. 17) Ruled, 5-4, that the Sixth Amendment required not a "representative" jury reflecting a cross-section of the community, but an "impartial" jury. (Jan. 22) Ruled, 7-2, that a parent under court supervision for having previously abused a child could not cite his or her Fifth Amendment rights as justification for evading court orders to reveal the child's whereabouts. Declined to review, thus let stand, a federal appeals court prohibition against biographers' or historians' use of quotations from unpublished materials without permission. (Feb. 20) Declined to review, thus let stand, the military's policy of barring homosexuals from service. (Feb. 26) Ruled, 7-2, that police arresting a suspect in his home could make a warrantless search of the premises to make certain that they were not in danger, and that evidence seized at this time could be used against the defendant. (Feb. 28) Ruled, 5-4, that Pennsylvania's death penalty, which required a death sentence if a jury found that a murder was committed with at least one "aggravating" circumstance and no "mitigating" circumstances, was constitutional. The law was similar to those in at least 12 other states. (Feb. 28) Ruled, 5-4, in two cases, that federal judges, in deciding habeas corpus petitions, could not give retroactive application to court decisions that came after the date of an inmate's conviction, even if a later decision indicated that the inmate might have been tried or sentenced unconstitutionally. (Mar. 5) Ruled, 6-3, that a state death penalty law could not require the jury's unanimous consent for the consideration of "mitigating" circumstances. (Mar. 5) Ruled, unanimously, that the First Amendment guarantee of freedom of speech disallowed the prohibition of grand jury witnesses from discussing the "content, gist, or import" of their testimony following the completion of the investigation. (Mar. 21) Ruled, unanimously, that migrant farm workers injured on the job were not restricted to what they could recover under state workers' compensation laws, but were entitled to sue their employers for damages under the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Workers' Protection Act. (Mar. 21) Ruled, 5-4, that state appeals courts were permitted to weigh "aggravating" factors against "mitigating" factors of a crime and decide whether to impose the death penalty, if a jury had considered factors that were improper. (Mar. 28) Declined to review, thus let stand, a ban on school dances allegedly derived from a Christian fundamentalist belief that social dance was sinful. (Apr. 16) Ruled, 9-0, that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, barring employment discrimination on the basis of sex, did not prohibit the filing of such discrimination suits in state as well as federal courts. (Apr. 17) Ruled, 6-3, that a state may ban the use of the drug peyote, containing the hallucinogenic substance mescaline, in Native American religious rituals. The sacramental use of peyote was exempted from criminal penalties by federal law and the laws of 23 states. (Apr. 17) Ruled, 6-3, that states could make unlawful the possession of pornographic photos of children even in private homes, the first time the court banned the private possession of pornography, already prohibited by 19 states. (Apr. 18) Declined to review, thus let stand, a decision permitting a lawsuit for parental rights by a man who had donated sperm for the artificial insemination of a woman to whom he was not married. (Apr. 23) Ruled, 5-4, that the prosecution of a drunk driver for homicide, after he had pleaded guilty to two misdemeanors in a fatal traffic accident, would constitute double jeopardy. (May 29) Ruled, 8-1, that the 1984 Equal Access Act, requiring public high schools to give student religious and political groups the same access to facilities as other student organizations, did not violate the Constitution's requirement of separation between church and state. (June 4) Ruled, 8-1, that police need not have provided the Miranda warning as to rights against self-incrimination in the case of a jailed suspect who confessed to an undercover police officer posing as a fellow inmate, since this involved "strategic deception" and not "coercion." (June 4) Ruled, 5-4, that a 1989 federal law making it a crime to burn or deface the American flag was unconstitutional, since it violated the First Amendment's guarantee of free speech. (June 11) Ruled, 6-3, that an anonymous tip was sufficient grounds for suspicion to permit police legally to stop and question a suspect. (June 11) Ruled, 6-3, that police checkpoints to examine drivers for evidence of intoxication, although resulting in a "seizure," were nevertheless "reasonable" in view of the merely "slight" intrusion on motorists, combined with the state's interest in decreasing drunken driving. (June 14) Ruled, 5-4, that hospitals and nursing homes could sue states for higher Medicaid Reimbursement rates. (June 14) Ruled, 6-2, that an exemption from patent infringement for drugs, to permit testing, also could be applied to medical devices, both of which were regulated under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. (June 16) Ruled, 8-1, that the police could videotape drunk-driving suspects and use evidence of their slurred speech against them at a trial, without having advised the drivers first of their constitutional rights. However, in a separate decision, the court ruled, 5-4, against the use of a defendant's videotaped response to a police request to name the year in which he had turned six years old. (June 18) Ruled, 7-2, that editorial statements of opinion were not automatically exempted by the First Amendment from libel lawsuits. (June 21) Ruled, 5-4, that it was unconstitutional to use partisan political considerations as the basis for hiring, promoting, or transferring public employees in non-policy-making positions. (June 21) Ruled, 5-4, that a person whose wishes were clearly known had a constitutional right to refuse life-sustaining medical treatment. However, in this first ruling on a "right to die" case, the court also ruled that there was no such "clear and convincing evidence" as to the wishes of the individual in question. (June 25) Ruled, 5-4, that states could require a teenage girl to notify both parents before having an abortion, if the law offered the alternative of a court hearing for those who did not want their parents involved. The court also held, 5-4, that a state law requiring notification of both parents was constitutional only because it provided the alternative of a court hearing. Further, the court upheld a provision that the states could require minors to wait 48 hours for an abortion after parental notification. In a separate decision, the court ruled, 6-3, that states could require a minor either to notify one parent or to seek permission from a court because she believed she was mature enough to make her own decision or because notifying a parent would not be in her best interest. (June 25) Ruled, 5-4, that states could permit alleged victims of child abuse to testify on closed-circuit TV or via other indirect methods, in order to avoid confronting the defendant in court, if this was absolutely necessary to prevent emotional trauma to a child and if the defendant's attorney had an opportunity to cross-examine the child. In a separate ruling, 5-4, the court barred a physician's testimony about statements made to him by an alleged child-abuse victim who was considered incapable of testifying in person, unless prosecutors explained why the child could not testify and why the third-party testimony should be considered reliable. (June 27) Ruled, 5-4, that affirmative action policies created to increase the number of broadcast licenses held by minorities and women could be adopted by Congress, the first court approval of an affirmative action program for a reason other than simply correcting the effects of past discrimination. (June 27) The court concluded the 1989 session June 28, having issued 129 signed majority opinions, the smallest number in a decade. Justice William J. Brennan resigned from the Court, July 20, after nearly 34 years of service, citing his age of 84 and a stroke suffered that month. On July 23, Pres. Bush named David H. Souter, 50, of New Hampshire, and on Oct. 3. the Senate voted, 90-9, to confirm him as Justice Brennan's successor. Issues facing the court in the 1990-91 session included school desegregation, sex discrimination, and the authority of federal judges and agencies. Historical Anniversaries 1971--20 Years Ago U.S. Pres. Richard M. Nixon imposes a 90-day wage and price freeze. U.S. planes bomb Vietcong supply routes in Cambodia; fighting in Indochina spreads to Laos and Cambodia; and the U.S. conducts large-scale bombing against North Vietnam; The 26th Amendment to the Constitution, allowing 18-year-olds to vote, is ratified. The Supreme Court upholds the busing of schoolchildren to achieve racial balance. The Court rules federal and state aid to parochial schools unconstitutional. The "Pentagon Papers" are excerpted in the New York Times. The U.S. Postal Service replaces the Post Office Department; rates rise from 6 to 8 cents per ounce. Amtrak (The National Railroad Passenger Corp.) takes over almost all U.S. passenger railroad traffic. Attica Correctional Facility, Attica, N.Y., is the scene of a riot, and Gov. Nelson Rockefeller calls in the state police; 10 guards, 32 inmates are killed, 80 people wounded. Lewis F. Powell, Jr. and William H. Rehnquist are named to the U.S. Supreme Court. The U.S. Senate stops federal funding of the supersonic transport. The U.S. and USSR sign a treaty banning nuclear weapons on the ocean floor. China hosts the U.S. table tennis team, starting a new era of U.S.-China detente. China is admitted to the U.N. Kurt Waldheim becomes U.N. Secretary General. Charles Manson and three co-defendants are found guilty of the Sharon Tate murders. Lt. William Calley Jr. is found guilty of premeditated murder in the Mylai killings. The Republic of Zaire is created from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Maj.-Gen. Idi Amin establishes himself as head of Uganda. Haiti's "Papa Doc" Duvalier dies, and is succeeded by his 19-year-old son Jean-Claude, "Baby Doc," as "President for life." Cigarette ads are banned from U.S. TV The Jesus Movement becomes popular in the U.S. The Fillmore East and Fillmore West are closed. Billie Jean King becomes the first woman athlete to win $100,000 in a single year. The Washington Senators become the Texas Rangers. Books: nonfiction: Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, Dee Brown; fiction: Love Story, Erich Segal; The Book of Daniel, E.L. Doctorow; The Winds of War, Herman Wouk; Rabbit Redux, John Updike; The Tenants, Bernard Malamud; The Bell Jar, Sylvia Plath. Movies: Woody Allen's "Bananas", Stanley Kubrick's "A Clockwork Orange", Mike Nichols's "Carnal Knowledge", Peter Bogdanovich's "The Last Picture Show", William Friedkin's "The French Connection." Theater: "The Prisoner of Second Avenue," Neil Simon; "Butley," Simon Gray; musicals: "Follies," "Godspell," "Jesus Christ Superstar." Music: "Tapestry," Carole King; "Take Me Home, Country Roads," John Denver; "Imagine," John Lennon. 1941--50 Years Ago World War II becomes a worldwide conflict as German troops invade Soviet Russia and Japanese forces attack Pearl Harbor. A Lend-Lease program to aid the Allies is recommended by U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, despite widespread isolationism. German troops lay seige to Leningrad in June, confidently carrying no winter clothing, but in December are still fighting. Pearl Harbor, on the Hawaiian island of Oahu is attacked Dec. 7 (Dec. 8, Tokyo time) from 360-carrier based Japanese planes, which sink the battle ships U.S.S. Arizona, Oklahoma, California, Nevada, and West Virginia; damage 3 others as well as 3 cruisers and 3 destroyers, destroy 200 U.S. planes, and kill 2,344 men. The attack precedes Japan's declaration of war. FDR calls Dec. 7 "a date that will live in infamy," and declares war on Japan. Germany declares war on the U.S., Dec. 11, Italy follows; the U.S. declares war on Germany and Italy; Romania declares war on the U.S., Dec. 12; Bulgaria, Dec. 13. The Japanese invade the Philippines Dec. 22; Wake Island falls Dec. 23, Hong Kong, Dec. 25. In the Soviet Union, German SS units machine-gun some 3,000 Jewish men, women and children, and from 50,000-96,000 Ukrainians, at least 60% Jews. In Estonia, Galicia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Russia, Jews flee from advancing German troops; those caught are forced into labor gangs, ghettos, military brothels, machine-gunned, or shipped in freight cars to detention camps where many are found dead on arrival. Jewish stores, factories, libraries, synagogues, and cemeteries are damaged or destroyed. FDR calls for a world with Four Freedoms protected: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. The U.S. Treasury issues war bonds. U.S. tax rates are increased sharply to raise billions for war-related expenditures. Grand Coulee Dam, the world's largest hydroelectric installation, begins generating power on the Columbia River in Washington. A U.S. Fair Employment Practice Committee is created by FDR, after a march of 50,000 blacks on Washington is threatened by A. Philip Randolph, pres. of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, to protest unfair employment practices in the war industry and the government. The first U.S. diesel freight locomotives go into service for the Atchinson, Topeka and Santa Fe. The Lincoln Continental is introduced by Ford. Mount Rushmore sculptor John Gutzon Borglum dies, his son continues, but leaves the work incomplete. Dacron is introduced. Quality Inns motel company is established. Cheerios cereal is introduced. Casserole Cookery by Marian Tracy is published, and will become the war bride's favorite. Le Pavillon opens in New York. Stan Musial begins playing for the St. Louis Cardinals. The National Gallery of Art opens in Washington, D.C. Books: nonfiction: Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, James Agee and Walker Evans; Escape from Freedom, Erich Fromm; fiction: The Last Tycoon, F. Scott Fitzgerald (posthumously); Mildred Pierce, James M. Cain; The Keys of the Kingdom, A.J. Cronin; What Makes Sammy Run?, Budd Shulberg; juvenile: Curious George, H.A. Rey and Margaret Rey. Movies: Orson Welles's "Citizen Kane," John Huston's "The Maltese Falcon," Chaplin's "The Great Dictator," Alfred Hitchcock's "Rebecca"; "Sergeant York," "How Green Was My Valley," "The Sea Wolf," "The Little Foxes," "Penny Serenade," "Never Give a Sucker an Even Break," "The Lady Eve," Walt Disney's "Dumbo." Theater: "Arsenic and Old Lace," Joseph Kesselring; "Native Son," Richard Wright and Paul Green; "Watch on the Rhine," Lillian Hellman; "Mother Courage," Bertolt Brecht; "Blithe Spirit," Noel Coward; musicals: "Lady in the Dark." Radio: "Duffy's Tavern" begins. Music: "Lili Marlene," "Blues in the Night," "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) the White Cliffs of Dover," "I Don't Want to Walk Without You," "Take the A Train," "I'll Remember April," "Deep in the Heart of Texas," "Jersey Bounce," "Cow-Cow Boogie," "Chattanooga Choo-Choo," "Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy," "Anniversary Waltz." 1891--100 Years Ago U.S. workers strike for higher wages, shorter hours. "Jim Crow" anti-black laws are enacted in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, and Tennessee. Chicago's Provident Hospital, founded by black surgeon Daniel Hale Williams, becomes the first U.S. interracial hospital, and incorporates the first U.S. nursing school for black women. A gasoline engine that will power a road vehicle is designed by Charles Edward Duryea, a bicycle designer, and his brother Franklin, a toolmaker, in Chicopee, Mass. The world's first old age pension plan takes effect in Germany. In Java, a Dutch anthropologist discovers Pithecanthropus erectus, called Java Man. The Young Turk movement, aiming to secure liberal reforms, is founded in Geneva. Gauguin settles in Tahiti. The University of Chicago is founded. The American Express Traveler's Cheque is copyrighted by the 41-year-old American Express Company. The first full-service advertising agency is founded in New York City. W.L. Judson, an American, invests the clothing zipper, but it will not be put to practical use until 1919. The first electric oven for commercial use is introduced in St. Paul, Minn. Basketball is invested in Springfield, Mass. by James Naismith, a Canadian-American physical education director, who sets up fruit baskets on ladders and makes rules that will be used in the first public game in March, 1892. The first football rulebook is written by Walter Camp, who invents the 11-man team, signals, the scrimmage line, and the quarterback position. Books: Tess of the D'Urbervilles, Thomas Hardy; New Grub Street, George Gissing; The Light That Failed, Rudyard Kiping; The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde. Art: "The Bath," Mary Cassatt; "Toilers of the Sea," Albert Pinkham Ryder; "Hail Mary," Paul Gauguin; first music hall posters, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. Theater; "Hedda Gabler," Henrik Ibsen; "The American," Henry James. 1791--200 Years Ago Louis XVI accepts the French constitution, France annexes Avignon and Venaissin, and the National Assembly dissolves. British orator Edmund Burke criticizes the French Revolution; America's Thomas Paine replies with the pamphlet "The Rights of Man." The Society of United Irishmen is founded to agitate for independence from Great Britain. The Canada Act of the British Parliament divides Canada at the Ottawa River into Upper, mainly English, and Lower, mainly French. Odessa is established by Russian pioneers on the Black Sea. Blacks born of free parents in the French West Indies gain the vote and the same privileges of all French citizens, but Saint Domingue's white colonists threaten to cecede; the blacks and mulattoes revolt, and in several months some 2,000 whites, 10,000 blacks and mulattoes are killed. More humane treatment of the insane is proposed by French physician Philippe Pinel. The waltz becomes fashionable in England. Vermont is admitted to the Union as the 14th state. The Bill of Rights becomes law as Virginia ratifies the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution. The first U.S. crop report is prepared by Pres. George Washington. Books: biography: The Life of Samuel Johnson, James Boswell; poetry: "Tam O'Shanter," Robert Burns. Music: opera: "Cosi Fan Tutte," and "The Magic Flute," Mozart. 1691--300 Years Ago The Massachusetts colony extends religious liberty to all but Catholics. 1591--400 Years Ago The systematic use of letters in algebra to represent both coefficients and unknown quantities is introduced by the French mathematician Francois Viete, who will be called "the father of algebra." Dublin's Trinity College is founded by Queen Elizabeth. Shakespeare writes "The Comedy of Errors." Pamplona, in northern Spain, begins the custom of running the bulls through the streets to the local bullring--the local men running in front of them. 1491--500 Years Ago France's Charles VIII annexes Brittany by marrying Anne, Duchess of Brittany; England's Henry VII goes to war to stop the annexation, making peace with Scotland to free his troops for action. Girolamo Savonarola begins denouncing the corruption in Florence, especially by Lorenzo de'Medici. 1391--600 Years Ago Switzerland begins, with the League of the Three Forest Cantons formed by Uri, Schwz, and Unterwalden for mutual defense, but not yet independent from Austria. 1291--700 Years Ago The Crusades end, as the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem settle in Cyprus. 1191--800 Years Ago England's Richard the Lion-Hearted embarks on the Third Crusade with a fleet of 100 ships. He conquers Cyprus and sells it to the Templars. Zen Buddhism is introduced to Japan from China by the priest Aeisai, who also plants tea seeds in Japan. 1091--900 Years Ago The Treaty of Caen ends hostilities between England's William II and Normandy's Robert Curthose. Sicily becomes free of the Moslems who have held the island for 130 years. CONGRESS The One Hundred and Second Congress With 1990 Election Results The Senate Terms are for 6 years and end Jan. 3 of the year preceding name. Annual salary $98,400, with a cost-of-living increase scheduled for Jan. 1, 1991; President Pro Tempore, Majority Leader, and Minority Leader $109,500, with a cost-of-living increase scheduled for Jan. 1, 1991. To be eligible for the U.S. Senate a person must be at least 30 years of age, a citizen of the United States for at least 9 years, and a resident of the state from which he is chosen. The Congress must meet annually on Jan. 3, unless it has, by law, appointed a different day. Senate officials (101st Congress): President Pro Tempore Robert Byrd; Majority Leader George Mitchell; Majority Whip Alan Cranston; Minority Leader Bob Dole; Minority Whip Alan Simpson. 1 Jan. 3, unless otherwise noted. 2 Elected governor; seat tobe filled. (News Election Service) Preliminary Totals Dem., 56; Rep., 44; Total, 100. *Incumbent. Bold face denotes winner. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Term ends Senator (Party)/Service from1 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alabama Alabama Alabama 1997 Howell Heflin* (D)/1979 708,982 Bill Cabaniss (R) 461,421 1993 Richard C. Shelby (D)/1987 Alaska Alaska Alaska 1997 Ted Stevens* (R)/12/24/68 106,465 Michael Beasley (D) 51,966 1993 Frank Murkowski (R)/1981 Arizona Arizona Arizona 1993 John S. McCain (R)/1987 1995 Dennis DeConcini* (D)/1977 Term ends Senator (Party)/Service from1 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1995 Dennis DeConcini* (D)/1977 Arkansas Arkansas Arkansas 1997 David Pryor* (D)/1979 Unopposed 1993 Dale Bumpers (D)/1975 California California California 1993 Alan Cranston (D)/1969 1995 2Pete Wilson* (R)/1983 Colorado Colorado Colorado 1997 Hank Brown (R) 568,095 Josie Heath (D) 425,543 1993 Timothy E. Wirth (D)/1987 Connecticut Connecticut Connecticut 1993 Christopher J. Dodd (D)/1981 1995 Joe Lieberman (D)/1989 Delaware Delaware Delaware 1997 Joseph R. Biden Jr.* (D)/1973 112,128 M. Jane Brady (R) 64,682 1995 William V. Roth Jr.* (R)/1/1/71 Florida Florida Florida Term ends Senator (Party)/Service from1 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Florida Florida Florida 1993 Bob Graham (D)/1987 1995 Connie Mack (R)/1989 Georgia Georgia Georgia 1997 Sam Nunn* (D)/1972 Unopposed 1993 Wyche Fowler Jr. (D)/1987 Hawaii Hawaii Hawaii 1993 Daniel K. Inouye (D)/1963 1995 Daniel K. Akaka* (D)/5/16/90 188,900 Patricia Saiki (R) 155,978 Ken Schoolland (B) 4,787 Idaho Idaho Idaho 1997 Larry E. Craig* (R) 178,653 Ron J. Twilegar (D) 112,752 1993 Steven D. Symms (R)/1981 Illinois Illinois Illinois 1997 Paul Simon* (D)/1985 2,075,493 Lynn Martin (R) 1,120,179 1993 Alan J. Dixon (D)/1981 Term ends Senator (Party)/Service from1 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1993 Alan J. Dixon (D)/1981 Indiana Indiana Indiana 1997 Dan Coats* (R)/1989 799,410 Baron P. Hill (D) 692,246 1995 Richard G. Lugar* (R)/1977 Iowa Iowa Iowa 1997 Tom Harkin* (D)/1985 525,098 Tom Tauke (R) 446,892 1993 Charles E. Grassley (R)/1981 Kansas Kansas Kansas 1997 Nancy L. Kassebaum* (R)/12/23/78 575,231 Dick Williams (D) 206,428 1993 Robert J. Dole (R)/1969 Kentucky Kentucky Kentucky 1997 Mitch McConnell* (R)/1985 476,812 G. Harvey I. Sloane (D) 436,542 1993 Wendell H. Ford (D)/12/28/74 Louisiana Louisiana Louisiana 1997 J. Bennett Johnston* (D)/11/14/72 Term ends Senator (Party)/Service from1 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1997 J. Bennett Johnston* (D)/11/14/72 1993 John B. Breaux (D)/1987 Maine Maine Maine 1997 William S. Cohen* (R)/1979 308,783 Neil Rolde (D) 194,932 1995 George J. Mitchell* (D)/5/17/80 Maryland Maryland Maryland 1993 Barbara A. Mikulski (D)/1987 1995 Paul S. Sarbanes* (D)/1977 Massachusetts Massachusetts Massachusetts 1997 John F. Kerry* (D)/1/2/85 1,180,209 Jim Rappaport (R) 892,624 1995 Edward M. Kennedy* (D)/11/7/62 Michigan Michigan Michigan 1997 Carl Levin* (D)/1979 1,450,319 Bill Schuette (R) 1,036,169 1995 Donald W. Riegle Jr.* (D)/12/30/76 Minnesota Minnesota Minnesota 1997 Paul David Wellstone (D) 862,525 Term ends Senator (Party)/Service from1 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1997 Paul David Wellstone (D) 862,525 Rudy Boschwitz* (R)/12/30/78 802,407 1995 David Durenberger* (R)/11/8/78 Mississippi Mississippi Mississippi 1997 Thad Cochran* (R)/12/27/78 1995 Trent Lott (R)/3/3/89 Missouri Missouri Missouri 1993 Christopher S. Bond (R)/1987 1995 John C. Danforth* (R)/12/27/76 Montana Montana Montana 1997 Max Baucus* (D)/12/15/78 217,451 Allen Kolstad (R) 93,984 1995 Conrad Burns (R)/1989 Nebraska Nebraska Nebraska 1997 J. James Exon* (D)/1979 342,642 Hal Daub (R) 237,244 1995 J. Robert Kerrey (D)/1989 Nevada Nevada Nevada 1993 Harry M. Reid (D)/1987 Term ends Senator (Party)/Service from1 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1993 Harry M. Reid (D)/1987 1995 Richard H. Bryan (D)/1989 New Hampshire New Hampshire New Hampshire 1997 Robert Smith (R) 188,854 John Durkin (D) 91,786 1993 Warren Rudman (R)/12/31/80 New Jersey New Jersey New Jersey 1997 Bill Bradley* (D)/1979 969,363 Christine Todd Whitman (R) 911,247 1995 Frank R. Lautenberg* (D)/12/27/82 New Mexico New Mexico New Mexico 1997 Pete V. Domenici* (R)/1973 294,226 Tom R. Benavides (D) 109,375 1995 Jeff Bingaman* (D)/1983 New York New York New York 1993 Alfonse M. D'Amato (R)/1981 1995 Daniel Patrick Moynihan* (D)/1977 North Carolina North Carolina North Carolina 1997 Jesse Helms* (R)/1973 1,071,332 Term ends Senator (Party)/Service from1 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1997 Jesse Helms* (R)/1973 1,071,332 Harvey Gantt (D) 969,620 1993 Terry Sanford (D) 11/5/86 North Dakota North Dakota North Dakota 1993 Kent Conrad (D)/1987 1995 Quentin N. Burdick* (D)/8/8/60 Ohio Ohio Ohio 1993 John Glenn (D)/12/24/74 1995 Howard M. Metzenbaum* (D)/12/29/76 Oklahoma Oklahoma Oklahoma 1997 David L. Boren (D)/1979 735,644 Stephen Jones (R) 148,814 1993 Don Nickles (R)/1981 Oregon Oregon Oregon 1997 Mark O. Hatfield* (R)/1/10/67 541,035 Harry Lonsdale (D) 463,438 1993 Bob Packwood (R)/1969 Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 1993 Arlen Specter (R)/1981 Term ends Senator (Party)/Service from1 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1993 Arlen Specter (R)/1981 1995 John Heinz* (R)/1977 Rhode Island Rhode Island Rhode Island 1997 Claiborne Pell (D)/1961 216,253 Claudine Schneider (R) 133,552 1995 John H. Chafee* (R)/12/29/76< South Carolina South Carolina South Carolina 1997 Strom Thurmond* (R)/11/7/56 475,510 Bob Cunningham (D) 241,847 1993 Ernest Fritz Hollings* (D)/11/9/66 South Dakota South Dakota South Dakota 1997 Larry Pressler* (R)/1979 135,443 Ted Muenster (D) 116,431 Dean L. Sinclair (I) 6,548 1993 Thomas A. Daschle (D)/1987 Tennessee Tennessee Tennessee 1997 Albert Gore Jr.* (D)/1985 526,869 William R. Hawkins (R) 229,714 1995 James R. Sasser* (D)/1977 Term ends Senator (Party)/Service from1 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1995 James R. Sasser* (D)/1977 Texas Texas Texas 1997 Phil Gramm* (R)/1985 2,293,144 Hugh Parmer (D) 1,425,395 1995 Lloyd Bentsen* (D)/1971 Utah Utah Utah 1993 Jake Garn (R)/12/21/74 1995 Orrin G. Hatch* (R)/1977 Vermont Vermont Vermont 1993 Patrick J. Leahy (D)/1975 1995 James M. Jeffords (R)/1989 Virginia Virginia Virginia 1997 John W. Warner* (R)/1/2/79 872,764 Nancy Spanaus (I) 196,258 1995 Charles S. Robb (D)/1989 Washington Washington Washington 1993 Brock Adams (D)/1987 1995 Slade Gorton (R)/1981 West Virginia West Virginia West Virginia Term ends Senator (Party)/Service from1 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� West Virginia West Virginia West Virginia 1997 John D. Rockefeller IV* (D)/1/15/85 274,614 John Yoder (R) 126,035 1995 Robert C. Byrd* (D)/1959 Wisconsin Wisconsin Wisconsin 1993 Robert W. Kasten Jr. (R)/1981 1995 Herbert H. Kohl (D)/1989 Wyoming Wyoming Wyoming 1997 Alan K. Simpson* (R)/1979 100,800 Kathy Helling (D) 56,692 1995 Malcolm Wallop* (R)/1977 The House of Representatives Members' terms to Jan. 3, 1993. Annual salary $96,600 increasing to at least $120,800 on Jan. 1, 1991; Speaker of the House, $124,000, increasing to $155,000 on Jan. 1, 1991; Majority Leader and Minority Leader $107,300, increasing to $134,100 on Jan. 1, 1991. To be eligible for membership, a person must be at least 25, a U.S. citizen for at least 7 years, and a resident of the state from which he or she is chosen. House Officials (101st Congress): Speaker Thomas S. Foley; Majority Leader Richard A. Gephardt; Majority Whip William H. Gray 3d; Minority Leader Robert H. Michel; Minority Whip Newt Gingrich. D-Democrat; R-Republican; AI-American Independent; ASI-Amer. System Independent; B-Libertarian; C-Conservative; I-Independent; IC-Ind. Conservative; IS-Illinois Solidarity; JW-Jim Wham; L-Liberal; LP-Liberty Party; LU-Liberty Union; NA-New Alliance; PO-Populist; PF-Peace & Freedom; T-Right to Life; TB-Tax Break; TC-Tax Cut. In Louisiana, all candidates of all parties run against each other in an open primary, unless they are unopposed incumbents in which case they are declared elected. All candidates who receive more than 50 percent of the primary vote are also declared elected, and do not appear on the General Election ballot. (News Election Service) Preliminary Totals, write-ins not included. Dem., 267, Rep., 167, Ind., 1. Total 435. *Incumbent.Bold face denotes winner. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Alabama Alabama Alabama 1. H.L."Sonny" Callahan* (R) Unopposed 2. William L. Dickinson* (R) 87,277 Faye Baggiano (D) 82,883 3. Glen Browder* (D) 100,408 Don Sledge (R) 35,857 4. Tom Bevill* (D) Unopposed Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 4. Tom Bevill* (D) Unopposed 5. Bud Cremer (D) 112,065 Albert McDonald (R) 55,081 6. Ben Erdreich* (D) 134,412 David A. Alvarez (I) 8,640 Nathaniel Ivory (NA) 1,745 7. Claude Harris Jr.* (D) 125,549 Michael D. Barker (R) 52,391 Alaska At Large Alaska At Large Alaska At Large Don Young* (R) 82,549 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Don Young* (R) 82,549 John C. Devens (D) 79,086 Arizona Arizona Arizona 1. John J. Rhodes III (R) Unopposed 2. Morris K. Udall* (D) 75,642 Joseph D. Sweeney (R) 38,763 3. Bob Stump* (R) 132,004 Roger Hartstone (D) 101,219 4. John Kyl* (R) 139,569 Mark Ivey Jr. (D) 87,767 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Mark Ivey Jr. (D) 87,767 5. Jim Kolbe* (R) 138,500 Chuck Phillips (D) 75,398 Arkansas Arkansas Arkansas 1. Bill Alexander* (D) 91,393 Terry Hayes (R) 51,774 2. Ray Thornton (D) 102,790 Jim Keet (R) 68,312 3. John Paul Hammerschmidt* 129,285 (R) Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Dan Ivy (D) 54,013 4. Beryl Anthony Jr.* (D) 102,862 Roy Rood (R) 40,079 California California California 1. Frank Riggs (R) 91,891 Douglas H. Bosco* (D) 89,918 Darlene G. Comingore (PF) 31,505 2. Wally Herger* (R) 128,943 Erwin E. "Bill" Rush (D) 63,720 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Ross Crain (B) 10,473 3. Robert T. Matsui* (D) 122,412 Lowell Patrick Landowski 70,075 (R) David M. McCann (B) 10,033 4. Vic Fazio* (D) 108,113 Mark Baughman (R) 77,328 Bryce Bigwood (B) 11,965 5. Nancy Pelosi* (D) 112,738 Alan Nichols (R) 32,460 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Alan Nichols (R) 32,460 6. Barbara Boxer* (D) 128,446 Bill Boerum (R) 59,973 7. George Miller* (D) 114,872 Roger A. Payton (R) 73,588 8. Ronald V. Dellums* (D) 111,526 Barbara Galewski (R) 68,575 9. Fortney H. "Pete" Stark* 89,572 (D) Victor Romero (R) 62,689 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  10. Don Edwards* (D) 77,184 Mark Patrosso (R) 45,228 11. Tom Lantos* (D) 93,992 G.M. "Bill" Quraishi (R) 40,025 June R. Genis (B) 7,962 12. Tom Campbell* (R) 114,238 Robert Palmer (D) 64,474 Chuck Olson (B) 10,412 13. Norman Y. Mineta* (D) 92,255 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  David E. Smith (R) 56,131 John H. Webster (B) 10,025 14. John T. Doolittle (R) 110,808 Patricia Malberg (D) 105,730 15. Gary A. Condit* (D) 82,883 Cliff Burris (R) 42,873 16. Leon E. Panetta* (D) 122,667 Jerry M. Reiss (R) 36,085 Brian H. Tucker (B) 6,276 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  17. Calvin Dooley (D) 77,092 Charles "Chip" Pashayan* 63,894 (R) 18. Richard H. Lehman* (D) Unopposed 19. Robert J. "Bob" 82,053 Lagomarsino* (R) Anita Perez Ferguson (D) 68,655 20. Bill Thomas* (R) 100,046 Michael A. Thomas (D) 58,710 William H. Dilbeck (B) 9,489 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  21. Elton Gallegly* (R) 107,531 Richard D. Freiman (D) 64,043 Peggy Christensen (B) 14,249 22. Carlos J. Moorhead* (R) 97,495 David Bayer (D) 57,012 William H. Wilson (B) 6,139 Jan B. Tucker (PF) 3,643 23. Anthony C. Beilenson* (D) 94,688 Jim Salomon (R) 51,399 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  John Honigsfeld (PF) 6,304 24. Henry A. Waxman* (D) 66,103 John N. Cowles (R) 23,953 Maggie Phair (PF) 5,277 25. Edward R. Roybal* (D) 44,657 Steven J. Renshaw (R) 15,166 Robert H. Scott (B) 3,300 26. Howard L. Berman* (D) 72,529 Roy Dahlson (R) 40,833 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Bernard Zimring (B) 4,920 27. Mel Levine* (D) 84,556 David Barrett Cohen (R) 53,090 Edward E. Ferrer (PF) 6,618 28. Julian C. Dixon* (D) 64,849 George Zandivar Adams (R) 19,339 William R. Williams (PF) 2,539 Bob Weber (B) 1,993 29. Maxine Waters (D) 48,769 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Bill De Witt (R) 11,186 Waheed R. Boctor (B) 1,194 30. Matthew G. Martinez* (D) 42,263 Reuben D. Franco (R) 26,279 G. Curtis Feger (B) 3,437 31. Mervyn M. Dymally* (D) 53,239 Eunice N. Sato (R) 25,488 32. Glenn M. Anderson* (D) 63,536 Sanford W. Kahn (R) 39,093 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  33. David Dreier* (R) 93,094 Georgia Houston Webb (D) 46,619 Gail Lightfoot (B) 7,338 34. Esteban E. Torres* (D) 51,840 John Eastman (R) 33,334 35. Jerry Lewis* (R) 117,302 Barry Norton (D) 64,379 Jerry Johnson (B) 12,606 36. George E. Brown Jr.* (D) 68,956 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Bob Hammock (R) 60,779 37. Al McCandless* (R) 104,407 Ralph Waite (D) 95,226 Gary R. Odom (AI) 5,874 Bonnie Flickinger (B) 5,569 38. Robert K. "Bob" Dornan* (R) 53,745 Barbara Jackson (D) 38,669 39. William E. "Bill" 99,402 Dannemeyer* (R) Francis X. "Frank" Hoffman 47,985 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Francis X. "Frank" Hoffman 47,985 (D) Maxine B. Quirk (PF) 5,947 40. Christopher Cox (R) 121,828 Eugene C. Gratz (D) 59,674 41. Bill Lowery* (R) 93,897 Dan Kripke (D) 85,022 Karen S.R. Works (PF) 14,021 42. Dana Rohrabacher* (R) 99,239 Guy C. Kimbrough (D) 62,206 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Richard Gibb Martin (B) 7,118 43. Ron Packard* (R) 133,424 Doug Hansen (PF) 36,069 Richard L. "Rick" Arnold 27,684 (B) 44. Randy "Duke" Cunningham (R) 46,171 Jim Bates* (D) 45,189 Donna White (PF) 4,796 John Wallner (B) 3,961 45. Duncan Hunter* (R) 111,274 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 45. Duncan Hunter* (R) 111,274 Joe Shea (B) 41,769 Colorado Colorado Colorado 1. Patricia Schroeder* (D) 81,859 Gloria Gonzales Roemer (R) 46,780 2. David E. Skaggs* (D) 105,245 Jason Lewis (R) 68,220 3. Ben Nighthorse Campbell* 127,137 (D) Bob Ellis (R) 49,801 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  4. Wayne Allard (R) 88,911 Richard R. "Dick" Bond (D) 75,720 5. Joel Hefley* (R) 127,736 Cal Johnston (D) 57,771 6. Daniel Schaefer* (R) 104,969 Don Jarrett (D) 57,771 Connecticut Connecticut Connecticut 1. Barbara Bailey Kennelly* 126,343 (D) James P. Garvey (R) 50,644 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  James P. Garvey (R) 50,644 2. Samuel Gejdenson* (D) 103,945 John M. Ragsdale (R) 70,642 3. Rosa L. De Lauro (D) 89,702 Thomas Scott (R) 82,135 4. Christopher Shays* (R) 106,396 Al Smith (D) 32,963 5. Gary A. Franks (R) 93,041 Anthony "Toby" Moffett (D) 84,746 William G. Hare (LP) 1,914 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  William G. Hare (LP) 1,914 6. Nancy L. Johnson* (R) 138,758 Paul Kulas (D) 48,604 Delaware At Large Delaware At Large Delaware At Large Thomas R. Carper* (D) 116,423 Ralph O. Williams (R) 57,552 Florida Florida Florida 1. Earl Hutto* (D) 83,899 Terry Ketchel (R) 76,833 2. Pete Peterson (D) 101,615 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 2. Pete Peterson (D) 101,615 Bill Grant* (R) 76,518 3. Charles E. Bennett* (D) 80,983 Rod Sullivan (R) 30,011 4. Craig T. James* (R) 89,637 Reid Hughes (D) 70,457 5. Bill McCollum* (R) 93,627 Bob Fletcher (D) 62,956 6. Cliff Stearns* (R) 136,675 Art Johnson (D) 94,403 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Art Johnson (D) 94,403 7. Sam M. Gibbons* (D) 96,248 Charles D. Prout (R) 45,426 8. C. W. Bill Young* (R) Unopposed 9. Michael Bilirakis* (R) 140,837 Cheryl Davis Knapp (D) 101,670 10. Andy Ireland* (R) Unopposed 11. Jim Bacchus (D) 121,013 Bill Tolley (R) 111,950 12. Tom Lewis* (R) Unopposed Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 12. Tom Lewis* (R) Unopposed 13. Porter J. Goss* (R) Unopposed 14. Harry A. Johnston* (D) 156,025 Scott Shore (R) 80,182 15. E. Clay Shaw Jr.* (R) Unopposed 16. Larry Smith* (D) Unopposed 17. William Lehman* (D) 73,759 Earl Rodney (R) 21,290 18. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen* (R) 55,780 Bernard "Bernie" Anscher 34,394 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Bernard "Bernie" Anscher 34,394 (D) 19. Dante B. Fascell* (D) 87,221 Bob Allen (R) 53,436 Georgia Georgia Georgia 1. Lindsay Thomas* (D) 82,056 Chris Meredith (R) 32,278 2. Charles Hatcher* (D) 73,546 Jonathan Perry Waters (R) 27,443 3. Richard Ray* (D) 71,752 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Paul Broun (R) 41,702 4. Ben Jones* (D) 96,525 John Linder (R) 87,569 5. John Lewis* (D) 86,037 J. W. Tibbs Jr. (R) 27,781 6. Newt Gingrich* (R) 78,463 Dave Worley (D) 77,480 7. George "Buddy" Darden* (D) 95,767 Al Beverly (R) 63,563 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  8. J. Roy Rowland* (D) 80,428 Robert F. "Bob" Cunningham 36,474 (R) 9. Ed Jenkins* (D) 95,156 Joe Hoffman (R) 75,000 10. Doug Barnard Jr.* (D) 88,829 Sam Jones (R) 63,099 Hawaii Hawaii Hawaii 1. Neil Abercrombie (D) 97,622 Mike Liu (R) 62,982 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Mike Liu (R) 62,982 2. Patsy Takemoto Mink* (D) 118,155 Andy Poepoe (R) 54,625 Idaho Idaho Idaho 1. Larry LaRocco (D) 76,987 C.A. "Skip" Smyser (R) 67,991 2. Richard Stallings* (D) 91,751 Sean McDevitt (R) 53,402 Illinois Illinois Illinois 1. Charles A. Hayes* (D) 93,804 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1. Charles A. Hayes* (D) 93,804 Babette Peyton (R) 6,152 2. Gus Savage* (D) 75,182 William T. Hespel (R) 21,219 3. Martin A. Russo* (D) 106,294 Carl L. Klein (R) 44,109 4. George E. Sangmeister* (D) 76,796 Manny Hoffman (R) 52,824 5. William O. Lipinski* (D) 70,832 David J. Shestokas (R) 33,621 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  David J. Shestokas (R) 33,621 6. Henry J. Hyde* (R) 96,042 Robert J. Cassidy (D) 48,059 7. Cardiss Collins* (D) 77,175 Michael Dooley (R) 19,742 8. Dan Rostenkowski* (D) 66,932 Robert Marshall (B) 17,894 9. Sidney R. Yates* (D) 92,015 Herbert Sohn (R) 37,470 10. John E. Porter* (R) 103,281 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 10. John E. Porter* (R) 103,281 Peg McNamara (D) 47,057 11. Frank Annunzio* (D) 78,838 Walter W. Dudycz (R) 66,223 12. Philip M. Crane* (R) 111,950 Steve Pedersen (IS) 24,273 13. Harris W. Fawell* (R) 115,307 Steven K. Thomas (D) 59,976 14. J. Dennis Hastert* (R) 112,355 Donald J. Westphal (D) 55,580 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Donald J. Westphal (D) 55,580 15. Edward R. Madigan* (R) Unopposed 16. John W. Cox Jr. (D) 83,061 John W. Hallock Jr. (R) 69,105 17. Lane Evans* (D) 102,003 Dan Lee (R) 51,341 18. Robert H. Michel* (R) Unopposed 19. Terry L. Bruce* (D) 113,958 Robert F. Kerans (R) 55,680 Brian James O'Neill II (IS) 2,250 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Brian James O'Neill II (IS) 2,250 20. Richard J. Durbin* (D) 130,023 Paul Jurgens (R) 66,389 21. Jerry F. Costello* (D) 93,536 Robert H. Gaffner (R) 48,365 22. Glenn Poshard* (D) 137,792 Jim Wham (JW) 26,790 Indiana Indiana Indiana 1. Peter J. Visclosky* (D) 68,920 William "Bill" Costas (R) 35,524 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  William "Bill" Costas (R) 35,524 2. Philip R. Sharp* (D) 92,653 Mike Pence (R) 63,408 3. Timothy J. Roemer (D) 80,422 John Hiler* (R) 77,613 4. Jill L. Long* (D) 97,179 Richard Walter Hawks (R) 63,514 5. James Jontz* (D) 81,204 John Johnson (R) 71,632 6. Dan Burton* (R) 114,796 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 6. Dan Burton* (R) 114,796 James Philip Fadely (D) 66,363 7. John T. Myers* (R) 88,589 John William Riley Sr. (D) 65,239 8. Francis X. McCloskey* (D) 97,980 Richard E. Mourdock (R) 80,811 9. Lee H. Hamilton* (D) 107,175 Floyd Coates (R) 48,315 10. Andrew Jacobs Jr.* (D) 66,519 Janos Horvath (R) 33,626 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Janos Horvath (R) 33,626 Iowa Iowa Iowa 1. Jim Leach* (R) Unopposed 2. Jim Nussle (R) 80,829 Eric Tabor (D) 79,349 3. David R. Nagle* (D) Unopposed 4. Neal Smith* (D) Unopposed 5. Jim Ross Lightfoot* (R) 99,534 Rod Powell (D) 47,966 6. Fred Grandy* (R) 111,878 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 6. Fred Grandy* (R) 111,878 Mike D. Earll (D) 43,935 Kansas Kansas Kansas 1. Pat Roberts* (R) 102,224 Duane E. West (D) 61,340 2. Jim Slattery* (D) 98,949 Scott Morgan (R) 58,570 3. Jan Meyers* (R) 88,679 Leroy Jones (D) 58,876 4. Dan Glickman* (D) 109,601 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 4. Dan Glickman* (D) 109,601 Roger M. Grund Sr. (R) 45,512 5. Dick Nichols (R) 90,476 George D. Wingert (D) 62,162 Kentucky Kentucky Kentucky 1. Carroll Hubbard Jr.* (D) 85,323 Marvin Seat (PO) 12,954 2. William H. Natcher* (D) 77,023 Martin A. Tori (R) 39,721 3. Romano L. Mazzoli* (D) 84,205 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 3. Romano L. Mazzoli* (D) 84,205 Al Brown (R) 54,811 4. Jim Bunning* (R) 101,598 Galen Martin (D) 44,866 5. Harold Rogers* (R) Unopposed 6. Larry J. Hopkins* (R) Unopposed 7. Carl C. Perkins* (D) 60,933 William T. "Will" Scott (R) 58,878 Louisiana Louisiana Louisiana 1. Bob Livingston* (R) Declared Elected Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1. Bob Livingston* (R) Declared Elected 2. William J. Jefferson (D) 55,371 Marc H. Morial (D) 50,197 3. Billy Tauzin* (D) Declared Elected 4. Jim McCrery* (R) Declared Elected 5. Jerry Huckaby* (D) Declared Elected 6. Richard Baker* (R) Unopposed 7. James A. "Jimmy" Hayes* (D) Declared Elected 8. Clyde C. Holloway* (R) Declared Elected Maine Maine Maine Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Maine Maine Maine 1. Thomas H. Andrews (D) 162,686 David F. Emery (R) 105,830 2. Olympia J. Snowe* (R) 119,131 Patrick K. McGowan (D) 115,125 Maryland Maryland Maryland 1. Wayne T. Gilchrest (R) 85,576 Roy Dyson* (D) 65,272 2. Helen Delich Bentley* (R) 112,477 Ronald P. Bowers (D) 38,918 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Ronald P. Bowers (D) 38,918 3. Benjamin L. Cardin* (D) 79,915 Harwood Nichols (R) 34,911 4. Thomas McMillen* (D) 83,539 Robert P. Duckworth (R) 58,204 5. Steny H. Hoyer* (D) 83,079 Lee F. Breuer (R) 19,817 6. Beverly B. Byron* (D) 103,497 Christopher P. Fiotes Jr. 54,933 (R) Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  7. Kweisi Mfume* (D) 58,092 Kenneth Kondner (R) 10,341 8. Constance A. Morella (R) 125,626 James Walker Jr. (D) 38,197 Massachusetts Massachusetts Massachusetts 1. Silvio O. Conte* (R) 129,137 John R. Arden (D) 36,857 2. Richard E. Neal* (D) Unopposed 3. Joseph D. Early* (D) Unopposed Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  4. Barney Frank* (D) 137,420 John R. Soto (R) 70,848 5. Chester G. Atkins* (D) 104,369 John F. MacGovern (R) 96,529 6. Nicholas Mavroules* (D) 138,456 Edgar L. Kelley (R) 71,378 7. Edward J. Markey* (D) Unopposed 8. Joseph P. Kennedy II (D) 94,470 Glenn W. Fiscus (R) 31,063 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  9. John Joseph Moakley* (D) 115,598 Robert Horan (I) 48,101 10. Gerry E. Studds* (D) 110,616 Jon L. Bryan (R) 101,794 11. Brian J. Donnelly* (D) Unopposed Michigan Michigan Michigan 1. John Conyers Jr.* (D) 76,510 Ray Shoulders (R) 7,290 2. Carl D. Pursell* (R) 76,831 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Elmer White (D) 43,147 3. Howard Wolpe* (D) 82,409 Brad Haskins (R) 60,060 4. Fred Upton* (R) 75,877 JoAnne McFarland (D) 55,230 5. Paul B. Henry* (R) 126,092 Thomas Trzybinski (D) 41,109 6. Bob Carr* (D) Unopposed 7. Dale E. Kildee* (D) 90,298 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  David J. Morrill (R) 41,749 8. Bob Traxler* (D) 98,369 James White (R) 45,229 9. Guy Vander Jagt* (R) 89,107 Geraldine Greene (D) 73,638 10. Dave Camp (R) 99,605 Joan Louise Dennison (D) 51,022 11. Robert W. Davis* (R) 94,599 Marcia Gould (D) 59,753 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  12. David E. Bonior* (D) 97,990 Jim Dingeman (R) 50,962 13. Barbara-Rose Collins (D) 53,321 Carl R. Edwards Sr. (R) 7,590 14. Dennis M. Hertel* (D) 72,185 Kenneth C. McNealy (R) 36,819 15. William D. Ford* (D) 55,930 Burl C. Adkins (R) 32,589 16. John D. Dingell* (D) 87,599 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Frank Beaumont (R) 42,976 17. Sander Levin* (D) 76,910 Blaine L. Lankford (R) 36,487 18. William S. Broomfield* (R) 126,627 Walter O. Briggs IV (D) 64,189 Minnesota Minnesota Minnesota 1. Timothy J. "Tim" Penny* (D) 137,656 Doug Anderson (R) 38,182 2. Vin Weber* (R) 121,828 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Jim Stone (D) 73,625 3. Jim Ramstad (R) 165,140 Lou Demars (D) 84,429 4. Bruce F. Vento* (D) 142,249 Ian Maitland (R) 76,996 5. Martin Olav Sabo* (D) 137,833 Raymond C. "Buzz" 51,487 Gilbertson (R) 6. Gerry Sikorski* (D) 153,009 Bruce D. Anderson (R) 84,250 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Bruce D. Anderson (R) 84,250 7. Collin C. Peterson (D) 102,275 Arlan Strangeland*(R) 88,811 8. James L. Oberstar* (D) 148,090 Jerry Shuster (R) 55,123 Mississippi Mississippi Mississippi 1. Jamie L. Whitten* (D) 43,567 Bill Bowlin (R) 23,594 2. Mike Espy* (D) 58,352 Dorothy Benford (R) 11,026 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Dorothy Benford (R) 11,026 3. G. V. "Sonny" Montgomery* Unopposed (D) 4. Mike Parker* (D) 56,939 Jerry "Rev" Parks (R) 13,665 5. Gene Taylor* (D) 89,566 Sheila Smith (R) 20,563 Missouri Missouri Missouri 1. William "Bill" Clay* (D) 62,547 Wayne G. Piotrowski (R) 40,157 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  2. Joan Kelly Horn (D) 94,300 Jack Buechner* (R) 94,248 3. Richard A. Gephardt* (D) 88,892 Malcolm L. "Mack" Holekamp 67,656 (R) 4. Ike Skelton* (D) 105,541 David Eyerly (R) 65,093 5. Alan Wheat* (D) 71,957 Robert H. Gardner (R) 43,980 6. E. Thomas Coleman* (R) 79,028 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 6. E. Thomas Coleman* (R) 79,028 Bob McClure (D) 72,937 7. Melton D. "Mel" Hancock* 83,605 (R) Thomas Patrick "Pat" 76,918 Deaton (D) 8. Bill Emerson* (R) 81,020 Russ Carnahan (D) 60,490 9. Harold L. Volkmer* (D) 94,060 Don Curtis (R) 70,187 Montana Montana Montana Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Montana Montana Montana 1. Pat Williams* (D) 100,371 Brad Johnson (R) 63,794 2. Ron Marlenee* (R) 96,451 Don Burris (D) 56,644 Nebraska Nebraska Nebraska 1. Douglas K. Bereuter* (R) 127,330 Larry Hall (D) 69,565 2. Peter Hoagland* (D) 109,955 Ally Milder (R) 79,258 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Ally Milder (R) 79,258 3. Bill Barrett (R) 95,361 Sandra K. Scofield (D) 91,478 Nevada Nevada Nevada 1. James H. Bilbray* (D) 84,519 Bob Dickinson (R) 47,293 2. Barbara F. Vucanovich* (R) 103,133 Jane Wisdom (D) 59,365 New Hampshire New Hampshire New Hampshire 1. "Bill" Zeliff (R) 81,239 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1. "Bill" Zeliff (R) 81,239 Joseph F. Keefe (D) 65,409 2. "Dick" Swett (D) 75,802 Chuck Douglas* (R) 66,764 New Jersey New Jersey New Jersey 1. Robert E. Andrews (D) 72,391 Daniel J. Mangini (R) 57,188 2. William J. Hughes* (D) 97,625 William A. Kanengiser (PO) 13,128 3. Frank Pallone Jr.* (D) 77,866 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 3. Frank Pallone Jr.* (D) 77,866 Paul A. Kapalko (R) 73,696 4. Christopher H. Smith* (R) 100,089 Mark Setaro (D) 55,073 5. Marge Roukema* (R) 118,101 Lawrence Wayne Olsen (D) 35,010 6. Bernard J. Dwyer* (D) 61,383 Paul "Daniels" Danielczyk 56,531 (R) 7. Matthew J. Rinaldo* (R) 98,156 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Bruce H. Bergen (D) 30,856 8. Robert A. Roe* (D) 55,797 Stephen Sibilia (IC) 13,180 Bruce Eden (PO) 3,563 9. Robert G. Torricelli* (D) 82,535 Peter J. Russo (R) 59,658 10. Donald M. Payne* (D) 42,313 Howard E. Berkeley (R) 8,872 11. Dean A. Gallo* (R) 91,786 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Michael Gordon (D) 47,414 12. Dick Zimmer (R) 107,851 Marguerite Chandler (D) 52,256 13. H. James Saxton* (R) 99,688 John H. Adler (D) 67,587 14. Frank J. Guarini* (D) 56,455 Fred J. Theemling Jr. (R) 24,870 New Mexico New Mexico New Mexico 1. Steven H. Schiff* (R) 97,270 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Rebecca Vigil-Giron (D) 41,258 2. Joe Skeen* (R) Unopposed 3. Bill Richardson* (D) 102,194 Phil T. Archuletta (R) 35,054 New York New York New York 1. George J. Hochbrueckner* 73,709 (D,TB) Francis W. Creighton (R) 45,431 Clayton Baldwin Jr. (C) 6,997 Peter J. O'Hara (T) 5,178 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Peter J. O'Hara (T) 5,178 2. Thomas J. Downey* (D) 55,307 John W. Bugler (R,T,TC) 36,820 Dominic A. Curcio (C) 8,186 3. Robert J. Mrazek* (D,L) 71,844 Robert Previdi (R,C) 58,550 Francis A. Dreger (T) 5,083 4. Norman F. Lent* (R,C) 79,015 Francis T. Goban (D) 41,065 John J. Dunkle (T) 6,718 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  John J. Dunkle (T) 6,718 Ben-Zion J. Heyman (L) 2,420 5. Raymond J. McGrath* (R,C) 72,086 Mark S. Edstein (D,L) 53,823 Edward K. Kitt (T) 6,185 6. Floyd H. Flake* (D,L) 43,665 William Sampol (R) 13,788 John Cronin (T) 3,062 7. Gary L. Ackerman* (D,L) Unopposed 8. James H. Scheuer* (D,L) 55,126 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 8. James H. Scheuer* (D,L) 55,126 Gustave Reifenkugel (R,C) 21,202 9. Thomas J. Manton* (D) 34,902 Ann Pfoser Darby (R) 12,974 Thomas V. Ognibene (C) 6,190 10. Charles E. Schumer* (D,L) 59,587 Patrick J. Kinsella (R,C) 14,808 11. Edolphus Towns* (D,L) 35,484 Ernest Johnson (C) 1,629 Lorraine Stevens (NA) 1,002 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Lorraine Stevens (NA) 1,002 12. Major R. Owens* (D,L) 39,494 Joseph N.O. Caesar (C) 1,090 Mamie Moore (NA) 944 13. Stephen J. Solarz* (D,L) 46,983 Edwin Ramos (R,C) 11,874 14. Susan Molinari* (R,C) 56,605 Anthony J. Pocchia (D,L) 33,549 Christine Sacchi (T) 4,457 15. Bill Green* (R,IN) 50,845 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 15. Bill Green* (R,IN) 50,845 Frances L. Reiter (D,L) 32,581 Michael T. Berns (C) 3,879 16. Charles B. Rangel* (D,R,L) 53,896 Alvaader Frazier (NA) 1,514 17. Ted Weiss* (D,L) 76,430 William W. Koeppel Jr. (R) 14,576 Mark Goret (C) 2,947 John Patterson (NA) 1,231 18. Jose Serrano* (D,L) 36,694 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 18. Jose Serrano* (D,L) 36,694 Joseph Chiavaro (R) 1,181 Mary Rivera (NA) 959 Anna Johnson (C) 715 19. Eliot L. Engel* (D,L) 44,249 William J. Gouldman (R) 16,483 Kevin Brawley (C,T) 11,602 20. Nita M. Lowey* (D) 73,740 Glenn D. Bellitto (R) 32,979 John M. Schafer (C,T) 12,524 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  John M. Schafer (C,T) 12,524 21. Hamilton Fish Jr.* (R,C) 89,315 Richard L. Barbuto (D) 30,763 Richard S. Curtin (T) 5,829 22. Benjamin A. Gilman* (R) 91,548 John G. Dow (D) 35,803 Margaret M. Beirne (T) 6,594 23. Michael R. McNulty* (D,C) 114,555 Margaret B. Burhmaster (R) 64,765 24. Gerald B. Solomon* (R,C,T) 118,335 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 24. Gerald B. Solomon* (R,C,T) 118,335 Bob Lawrence (D) 55,603 25. Sherwood L. Boehlert* (R) 83,964 William L. Griffin (L) 16,172 26. David O'B. Martin* (R,C) Unopposed 27. James T. Walsh* (R,C) 95,267 Peggy L. Murray (D,L) 51,992 Stephen K. Hoff (T) 3,152 28. Matthew F. McHugh* (D) 88,147 Seymour Krieger (R) 48,219 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Seymour Krieger (R) 48,219 29. Frank Horton* (R) 85,857 Alton F. Eber (D) 33,750 Peter DeMauro (C) 12,256 Donald M. Peters (T) 4,780 30. Louise M. Slaughter* (D) 95,144 John M. Regan Jr. (R,C,T) 65,877 31. William Paxon* (R,C,T) 88,922 Kevin P. Gaughan (D,L) 68,607 32. John J. LaFalce* (D,L) 67,015 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 32. John J. LaFalce* (D,L) 67,015 Michael T. Waring (R) 39,287 Kenneth J. Kowalski (C,T) 16,731 33. Henry J. Nowak* (D,L) 83,951 Thomas K. Kepfer (R) 18,165 Louis P. Corrigan Jr. (C) 6,563 34. Amory Houghton Jr.* (R,C) 87,591 Joseph P. Leahey (D) 37,492 Nevin K. Eklund (L) 1,764 North Carolina North Carolina North Carolina Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 North Carolina North Carolina North Carolina 1. Walter B. Jones* (D) 106,380 Howard D. Moye (R) 57,349 2. I.T. "Tim" Valentine Jr.* 127,617 (D) Hal C. Sharpe (R) 43,620 3. Martin Lancaster* (D) 83,585 Don Davis (R) 57,105 4. David E. Price* (D) 139,189 John Carrington (R) 100,420 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  5. Stephen Neal* (D) 110,725 Ken Bell (R) 73,633 6. Howard Coble* (R) 125,817 Helen R. Allegrone (D) 62,995 7. Charles G. Rose III* (D) 94,077 Robert C. Anderson (R) 49,644 8. W. G. "Bill" Hefner* (D) 98,264 Ted Blanton (R) 80,752 9. J. Alex McMillan* (R) 131,298 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  David P. McKnight (D) 80,476 10. T. Cass Ballenger* (R) 105,676 Daniel R. Green Jr. (D) 65,278 11. Charles H. Taylor (R) 102,248 James McClure Clarke* (D) 98,923 North Dakota At Large North Dakota At Large North Dakota At Large Byron L. Dorgan* (D) 149,241 Edward T. Schafer (R) 79,623 Ohio Ohio Ohio Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1. Charles Luken (D) 82,992 J. Kenneth Blackwell (R) 79,807 2. Willis D. Gradison Jr.* (R) 103,245 Tyrone K. Yates (D) 56,974 3. Tony P. Hall* (D) Unopposed 4. Michael G. Oxley* (R) 102,510 Thomas E. Burkhart (D) 63,682 5. Paul E. Gillmor* (R) 113,880 P. Scott Mange (D) 41,913 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  6. Bob McEwen* (R) 116,276 Ray Mitchell (D) 47,221 7. David L. Hobson (R) 96,239 Jack Schira (D) 58,746 8. John A. Boehner (R) 99,174 Gregory V. Jolivette (D) 63,044 9. Marcy Kaptur* (D) 116,652 Jerry D. Lammers (R) 33,621 10. Clarence E. Miller* (R) 104,954 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  John M. Buchanan (D) 61,197 11. Dennis E. Eckart* (D) 111,260 Margaret R. Mueller (R) 58,163 12. John R. Kasich* (R) 129,623 Mike Gelpi (D) 50,699 13. Donald J. Pease* (D) 92,349 William D. Nielsen (R) 60,387 14. Thomas C. Sawyer* (D) 97,365 Jean E. Bender (R) 66,103 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  15. Chalmers P. Wylie* (R) 98,331 Thomas V. Erney (D) 68,064 16. Ralph Regula* (R) 100,425 Warner D. Mendenhall (D) 70,081 17. James A. Traficant Jr.* (D) 132,446 Robert R. DeJulio Jr. (R) 37,949 18. Douglas Applegate* (D) 119,694 John A. Hales (R) 41,634 19. Edward F. Feighan* (D) 132,038 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Susan M. Lawko (R) 71,755 20. Mary Rose Oakar* (D) 108,697 Bill Smith (R) 39,609 21. Louis Stokes* (D) 102,076 Franklin H. Roski (R) 25,698 Oklahoma Oklahoma Oklahoma 1. James M. Inhofe* (R) 75,714 Kurt G. Glassco (D) 59,521 2. Mike Synar* (D) 90,820 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Terry M. Gorham (R) 57,337 3. Bill Brewster (D) 107,406 Patrick K. Miller (R) 26,497 4. Dave McCurdy* (D) 100,879 Howard Bell (R) 36,232 5. Mickey Edwards* (R) 114,608 Bryce Baggett (D) 50,086 6. Glenn English* (D) 110,120 Robert Burns (R) 27,540 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Oregon Oregon Oregon 1. Les AuCoin* (D) 135,143 Earl Molander (R) 62,703 Rick Livingston (I) 13,934 2. Bob Smith* (R) 123,351 Jim Smiley (D) 58,339 3. Ron Wyden* (D) 154,779 Phil Mooney (R) 36,038 4. Peter A. DeFazio* (D) 151,839 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Tonie Nathan (B) 24,283 5. Mike Kopetski (D) 110,543 Denny Smith* (R) 89,904 Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 1. Thomas M. Foglietta* (D) 69,385 James Love Jackson (R) 18,491 2. William H. Gray III* (D) 90,977 Donald Bakove (R) 8,266 3. Robert A. Borski* (D) 84,285 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Joseph Marc McColgan (R) 58,106 4. Joseph P. Kolter* (D) 73,992 Gordon R. Johnson (R) 58,429 5. Richard T. Schulze* (R) 74,988 Samuel C. Stretton (D) 50,548 Lewis duPont Smith (ASI) 5,789 6. Gus Yatron* (D) 72,928 John F. Hicks (R) 54,736 7. Curt Weldon* (R) 105,469 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  John Innelli (D) 56,209 8. Peter H. Kostmayer* (D) 84,872 Audrie Zettick Schaller (R) 64,925 9. Bud Shuster* (R, D) Unopposed 10. Joseph M. McDade* (R,D) Unopposed 11. Paul E. Kanjorski* (D) Unopposed 12. John P. Murtha* (D) 80,485 Willeam A. Choby (R) 50,005 13. Lawrence Coughlin* (R) 87,741 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Bernard Tomkin (D) 58,266 14. William J. Coyne* (D) 76,605 Richard E. Caligiuri (R) 30,363 15. Don Ritter* (R) 76,431 Richard J. Orloski (D) 50,497 16. Robert S. Walker* (R) 85,382 Ernest Eric Guyll (D) 43,837 17. George W. Gekas* (R, D) Unopposed 18. Rick Santorum (R) 85,251 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Doug Walgren* (D) 80,764 19. William F. Goodling* (R) Unopposed 20. Joseph M. Gaydos* (D) 82,040 Robert C. Lee (R) 43,034 21. Thomas J. Ridge* (R) Unopposed 22. Austin J. Murphy* (D) 78,234 Suzanne Hayden (R) 45,387 23. William F. Clinger Jr.* (R) 78,130 Daniel J. Shannon (D) 53,352 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Rhode Island Rhode Island Rhode Island 1. Ronald K. Machtley* (R) 86,793 J. Scott Wolf (D) 70,566 2. John F. Reed (D) 103,968 Gertrude M. Coxe (R) 71,537 South Carolina South Carolina South Carolina 1. Arthur Ravenel Jr.* (R) 78,763 Eugene Platt (D) 41,880 2. Floyd D. Spence* (R) 90,970 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Geb Sommer (B) 11,095 3. Butler Derrick* (D) 72,316 Ray Haskett (R) 52,215 4. Liz J. Patterson* (D) 81,129 Terry E. Haskins (R) 51,068 5. John Spratt* (D) Unopposed 6. Robin Tallon* (D) Unopposed South Dakota At Large South Dakota At Large South Dakota At Large Tim Johnson* (D) 173,429 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Donald Frankenfeld (R) 83,474 Tennessee Tennessee Tennessee 1. James H. "Jimmy" Quillen* Unopposed (R) 2. John J. Duncan Jr.* (R) 61,993 Peter Hebert (I) 14,892 3. Marilyn Lloyd* (D) 49,700 Grady L. Rhoden (R) 36,835 4. Jim Cooper* (D) 52,057 Claiborne "Clay" Sanders 22,948 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Claiborne "Clay" Sanders 22,948 (R) 5. Bob Clement* (D) 55,387 Tom Stone (I) 13,539 Al Borgman (I) 5,365 Maurice C. Kuttab (I) 2,182 6. Bart Gordon* (D) 60,381 Gregory Cochran (R) 26,323 7. Don Sundquist* (R) 65,694 Ken Bloodworth (D) 40,587 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  8. John Tanner* (D) Unopposed 9. Harold E. Ford* (D) 48,620 Aaron C. Davis (R) 25,727 Texas Texas Texas 1. Jim Chapman* (D) 88,505 Hamp Hodges (R) 57,709 2. Charles Wilson* (D) 76,463 Donna Peterson (R) 61,365 3. Steve Bartlett* (R) Unopposed Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  4. Ralph M. Hall* (D) Unopposed 5. John Bryant* (D) 65,151 Jerry Rucker (R) 41,205 6. Joe Barton* (R) 126,913 John E. Welch (D) 63,299 7. Bill Archer* (R) Unopposed 8. Jack Fields* (R) Unopposed 9. Jack Brooks* (D) 79,739 Maury Meyers (R) 58,320 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  10. J. J. "Jake" Pickle* (D) 152,642 David Beilharz (R) 73,754 11. Chet Edwards (D) 73,699 Hugh D. Shine (R) 63,329 12. Pete Geren* (D) 98,026 Mike McGinn (R) 39,438 13. Bill Sarpalius* (D) 81,459 Dick Waterfield (R) 62,982 14. Greg Laughlin* (D) 89,211 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Joe Dial (R) 75,151 15. E. "Kika" de la Garza* (D) Unopposed 16. Ronald Coleman* (D) Unopposed 17. Charles W. Stenholm* (D) Unopposed 18. Craig A. Washington* (D) Unopposed 19. Larry Combest* (R) Unopposed 20. Henry B. Gonzalez* (D) Unopposed 21. Lamar Smith* (R) 141,906 Kirby J. Roberts (D) 47,543 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  22. Tom DeLay* (R) 93,130 Bruce Director (D) 37,612 23. Albert G. Bustamente* (D) 71,104 Jerome L. "Jerry" Gonzales 40,833 (R) 24. Martin Frost* (D) Unopposed 25. Mike Andrews* (D) Unopposed 26. Dick Armey* (R) 147,609 John Wayne Caton (D) 62,040 27. Solomon P. Ortiz* (D) Unopposed Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 27. Solomon P. Ortiz* (D) Unopposed Utah Utah Utah 1. James V. Hansen* (R) 82,315 Kenley Brunsdale (D) 69,210 2. Wayne Owens (D) 85,080 Genevieve Atwood (R) 58,830 3. Bill Orton (D) 79,102 Karl Snow (R) 49,369 Vermont At Large Vermont At Large Vermont At Large Bernie Sanders (I) 117,374 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Bernie Sanders (I) 117,374 Peter Smith* (R) 82,774 Dolores Sandoval (D) 6,290 Peter Diamondstone (LU) 1,980 Virginia Virginia Virginia 1. Herbert H. "Herb" Bateman* 71,790 (R) Fox (D) 69,233 2. Owen B. Pickett (D) 54,895 Broskie (I) 15,741 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  3. Thomas J. "Tom" Bliley 77,124 Jr.* (R) Starke (D) 36,254 Simpson (I) 4,317 4. Norman Sisisky* (D) 71,371 McReynolds (I) 12,217 Chandler (I) 7,487 5. L. F. Payne Jr.* (D) Unopposed 6. James R. "Jim" Olin* (D) 91,446 Berg (I) 17,932 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Berg (I) 17,932 7. D. French Slaughter* (R) 81,200 Smith (D) 58,675 8. Moran (D) 88,470 Stan Parris* (R) 76,391 Murphy (I) 5,962 9. Frederick C. "Rick" Unopposed Boucher* (D) 10. Frank R. Wolf* (R) 103,705 Canter (D) 56,970 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Minnich (I) 5,282 LaRouche (I) 2,290 Washington Washington Washington 1. John Miller* (R) 87,998 Cynthia Sullivan (D) 83,358 2. Al Swift* (D) 84,282 Doug Smith (R) 67,642 3. Jolene Unsoeld* (D) 87,062 Bob Williams (R) 74,205 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  4. Sid Morrison* (R) 93,748 Ole H. Hougen (D) 38,494 5. Thomas S. Foley* (D) 102,453 Marlyn Derby (R) 46,114 6. Norman D. Dicks* (D) 64,096 Norbert "Bert" Mueller (R) 38,774 7. Jim McDermott* (D) 96,434 Larry Penberthy (R) 30,807 8. Rod Chandler* (R) 82,705 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  David Giles (D) 65,497 West Virginia West Virginia West Virginia 1. Alan B. Mollohan* (D) 72,562 Howard K. Tuck (R) 35,387 2. Harley O. Staggers Jr.* (D) 62,846 Oliver Luck (R) 50,409 3. Bob Wise* (D) Unopposed 4. Nick J. Rahall II * (D) 39,696 Marianne R. Brewster (R) 36,723 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Wisconsin Wisconsin Wisconsin 1. Les Aspin* (D) Unopposed 2. Scott L. Klug (R) 96,603 Robert W. Kastenmeier* (D) 85,011 3. Steven C. Gunderson* (R) 94,581 James L. Ziegeweid (D) 60,385 4. Gerald D. Kleczka* (D) 95,893 Joseph L. Cook (R) 43,003 5. Jim Moody* (D) 77,552 Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Donalda Arnell Hammersmith 31,245 (R) 6. Thomas E. Petri* (R) Unopposed 7. David R. Obey* (D) 100,093 John L. McEwen (R) 60,893 8. Toby Roth* (R) 96,051 Jerome Van Sistine (D) 83,413 9. F. James Senstenbrenner Unopposed Jr.* (R) Wyoming At Large Wyoming At Large Wyoming At Large Dist. Representative (Party) 1990 Election 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Craig Thomas* (R) 87,010 Pete Maxfield (D) 70,903 Resident Commissioner (Non-Voting) Puerto Rico Jaime B. Fuster* (PDP) Non-Voting Delegates District of Columbia Eleanor Holmes Norton (D) Guam Ben G. Blaz* (R) Virgin Islands Ron de Lugo* (D) American Samoa Eni F.H. Faleomavaega* (D) Political Divisions of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives From 1927 (70th Cong.) to 1993 (102nd Cong.) Clerk of the House of Representatives; Secretary of the Senate 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴� Senate Senate Senate Senate Congress Years Number of Senators Democrats Republicans Other partie 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 70th 1927-29 96 47 48 1 71st 1929-31 96 39 56 1 Senate Senate Senate Senate Congress Years Number of Senators Democrats Republicans Other partie 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  72d 1931-33 96 47 48 1 73d 1933-35 96 59 36 1 74th 1935-37 96 69 25 2 75th 1937-39 96 75 17 4 76th 1939-41 96 69 23 4 77th 1941-43 96 66 28 2 78th 1943-45 96 57 38 1 79th 1945-47 96 57 38 1 Senate Senate Senate Senate Congress Years Number of Senators Democrats Republicans Other partie 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 79th 1945-47 96 57 38 1 80th 1947-49 96 45 51 81st 1949-51 96 54 42 82d 1951-53 96 48 47 1 83d 1953-55 96 46 48 2 84th 1955-57 96 48 47 1 85th 1957-59 96 49 47 86th 1959-61 98 64 34 Senate Senate Senate Senate Congress Years Number of Senators Democrats Republicans Other partie 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  87th 1961-63 100 64 36 88th 1963-65 100 67 33 89th 1965-67 100 68 32 90th 1967-69 100 64 36 91st 1969-71 100 58 42 92d 1971-73 100 54 44 2 93d 1973-75 100 56 42 2 94th 1975-77 100 61 37 2 Senate Senate Senate Senate Congress Years Number of Senators Democrats Republicans Other partie 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 94th 1975-77 100 61 37 2 95th 1977-79 100 61 38 1 96th 1979-81 100 58 41 1 97th 1981-83 100 46 53 1 98th 1983-85 100 46 54 99th 1985-87 100 47 53 100th 1987-89 100 54 46 101st 1989-91 100 57 43 Senate Senate Senate Senate Congress Years Number of Senators Democrats Republicans Other partie 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  102nd 1991-93 100 56 44 2Democrats organized House due to Republican deaths. 3Proclamation declaring Alaska a State issued Jan. 3, 1959.4Proclamation declaring Hawaii a State issued Aug. 21, 1959. Congressional Committees Senate Standing Committees (As of June 12, 1990) Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Chairman: Patrick J. Leahy, Vt. Ranking Rep.: Richard G. Lugar, Ind. Appropriations Chairman: Robert C. Byrd, W.V. Ranking Rep.: Mark O. Hatfield, Ore. Armed Services Chairman: Sam Nunn, Ga. Ranking Rep.: John W. Warner, Va. Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Chairman: Donald W. Riegle Jr., Mich. Ranking Rep.: Jake Garn, Utah Budget Chairman: Jim Sasser, Tenn. Ranking Rep.: Pete V. Dominici, N.M. Commerce, Science, and Transportation Chairman: Ernest F. Hollings, S.C. Ranking Rep.: John C. Danforth, Mo. Energy and Natural Resources Chairman: J. Bennett Johnston, La. Ranking Rep.: James A. McClure, Ida. Environment and Public Works Chairman: Quentin N. Burdick, N.D. Ranking Rep.: John H. Chafee, R.I. Finance Chairman: Lloyd Bentsen, Tex. Ranking Rep.: Bob Packwood, Ore. Foreign Relations Chairman: Claiborne Pell, R.I. Ranking Rep.: Jesse Helms, N.C. Governmental Affairs Chairman: John Glenn, Ohio Ranking Rep.: William V. Roth Jr., Del. Judiciary Chairman: Joseph R. Biden Jr., Del. Ranking Rep.: Strom Thurmond, S.C. Labor and Human Resources Chairman: Edward M. Kennedy, Mass. Ranking Rep.: Orrin G. Hatch, Utah Rules and Administration Chairman: Wendell H. Ford, Ky. Ranking Rep.: Ted Stevens, Alas. Small Business Chairman: Dale Bumpers, Ark. Ranking Rep.: Rudy Boschwitz, Minn. Veterans' Affairs Chairman: Alan Cranston, Cal. Ranking Rep.: Frank H. Murkowski, Alas. Senate Select and Special Committees (As of June 12, 1990) Aging Chairman: David H. Pryor, Ark. Ranking Rep.: John Heinz, Pa. Ethics Chairman: Howell Heflin, Ala. Ranking Rep.: Warren Rudman, N.H. Indian Affairs Chairman: Daniel K. Inouye, Ha. Ranking Rep.: John McCain, Ariz. Intelligence Chairman: David L. Boren, Okla. V. Chairman: William S. Cohen, Me. Joint Committees of Congress Economic Chairman: Rep. Lee H. Hamilton (D), Ind. V. Chairman: Sen. Paul S. Sarbanes (D), Md. Library Chairman: Rep. Frank Annunzio (D), Ill. V. Chairman: Sen. Claiborne Pell (D), R.I. Printing Chairman: Sen. Wendell H. Ford (D), Ky. V. Chairman: Rep. Frank Annunzio (D), Ill. Taxation Chairman: Rep. Dan Rostenkowski (D), III. V. Chairman: Sen. Lloyd Bentsen (D), Tex. House Standing Committees (As of June 14, 1990) Agriculture Chairman: E de la Garza, Tex. Ranking Rep.: Edward R. Madigan, Ill. Appropriations Chairman: Jamie L. Whitten, Miss. Ranking Rep.: Silvio O. Conte, Mass. Armed Services Chairman: Les Aspin, Wis. Ranking Rep.: William L. Dickinson, Ala. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs Chairman: Henry B. Gonzalez, Tex. Ranking Rep.: Chalmers P. Wylie, Ohio Budget Chairman: Leon E. Panetta, Cal. Ranking Rep.: Bill Frenzel, Mich. District of Columbia Chairman: Ronald V. Dellums, Cal. Ranking Rep.: Stan Parris, Va. Education and Labor Chairman: Augustus F. Hawkins, Cal. Ranking Rep.: William F. Goodling, Pa. Energy and Commerce Chairman: John D. Dingell, Mich. Ranking Rep.: Norman F. Lent, N.Y. Foreign Affairs Chairman: Dante B. Fascell, Fla. Ranking Rep.: William S. Broomfield, Mich. Government Operations Chairman: John Conyers Jr., Mich. Ranking Rep.: Frank Horton, N.Y. House Administration Chairman: Frank Annunzio, Ill. Ranking Rep.: William M. Thomas, Cal. Interior and Insular Affairs Chairman: Morris K. Udall, Ariz. Ranking Rep.: Don Young, Alas. Judiciary Chairman: Jack Brooks, Tex. Ranking Rep.: Hamilton Fish Jr., N.Y. Merchant Marine and Fisheries Chairman: Walter B. Jones, N.C. Ranking Rep.: Robert W. Davis, Mich. Post Office and Civil Service Chairman: William D. Ford, Mich. Ranking Rep.: Benjamin A. Gilman, N.Y. Public Works and Transportation Chairman: Glenn M. Anderson, Cal. Ranking Rep.: John Paul Hammerschmidt, Ark. Rules Chairman: John Moakley, Mass. Ranking Rep.: James H. Quillen, Tenn. Science, Space, and Technology Chairman: Robert A. Roe, N.J. Ranking Rep.: Robert S. Walker, Pa. Small Business Chairman: John J. LaFalce, N.Y. Ranking Rep.: Joseph M. McDade, Pa. Standards of Official Conduct Chairman: Julian C. Dixon, Cal. Ranking Rep.: John T. Myers, Ind. Veterans' Affairs Chairman: G.V. Montgomery, Miss. Ranking Rep.: Bob Stump, Ariz. Ways and Means Chairman: Dan Rostenkowski, Ill. Ranking Rep.: Bill Archer, Tex. House Select Committees Aging Chairman: Edward R. Roybal, Cal. Ranking Rep.: Matthew J. Rinaldo, N.J. Children, Youth, and Families Chairman: George Miller, Cal. Ranking Rep.: Thomas J. Bliley Jr., Va. Hunger Chairman: Tony P. Hall, Ohio Ranking Rep.: Bill Emerson, Mo. Intelligence Chairman: Anthony C. Beilenson, Cal. Ranking Rep.: Henry J. Hyde, Ill. Narcotics Abuse and Control Chairman: Charles B. Rangel, N.Y. Ranking Rep.: Lawrence Coughlin, Pa. Congress: Selected Characteristics, 1975-1989 Congressional Quarterly, Congressional Directory (As of beginning of first session of each Congress. Figures for Representatives exclude vacancies.) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴� Age Age Age Age Age Male Female Black Under 40 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Age Age Age Age Age Male Female Black Under 40 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Representatives 94th Cong., 1975 416 19 15 69 138 137 75 14 95th Cong., 1977 417 18 16 81 121 147 71 15 96th Cong., 1979 417 16 16 86 125 145 63 14 97th Cong., 1981 416 19 17 94 142 132 54 12 98th Cong., 1983 413 21 21 86 145 132 57 13 99th Cong., 1985 412 22 20 71 154 131 59 17 100th Cong., 1987 412 23 23 63 153 137 56 24 101st Cong., 1989 410 25 24 41 163 133 74 20 Age Age Age Age Age Male Female Black Under 40 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Senators 94th Cong., 19752 100 - 1 5 21 35 24 15 95th Cong., 1977 100 - 1 6 26 35 21 10 96th Cong., 1979 99 1 - 10 31 33 17 8 97th Cong., 1981 98 2 - 9 35 36 14 6 98th Cong., 1983 98 2 - 7 28 39 20 3 99th Cong., 1985 98 2 - 4 27 38 25 4 100th Cong., 1987 98 2 - 5 30 36 22 5 101st Cong., 1989 98 2 - - 30 40 22 6 Age Age Age Age Age Male Female Black Under 40 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 101st Cong., 1989 98 2 - - 30 40 22 6 -Represents zero. NA=Not available. 1Represents consecutive years of service. 2Includes Senator Durkin. NH., seated Sept. 1975. Congress: Measures Introduced and Enacted, and Time in Session, 1971-1988 Calendars of the U.S. House of Representatives and History of Legislation; Vital Statistics on Congress, 1987-89. (excludes simple and concurrent resolutions) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 92nd Cong., 93rd Cong., 94th Cong., 92nd Cong., 93rd Cong., 94th Cong., 1971-72 1973-74 1975-76 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Measures 22,969 23,396 21,096 introduced Bills 21,363 21,950 19,762 Joint resolutions 1,606 1,446 1,334 Measures enacted 768 774 729 Public 607 651 588 Private 161 123 141 House of Representatives Number of days 298 318 311 92nd Cong., 93rd Cong., 94th Cong., 1971-72 1973-74 1975-76  Number of hours 1,429 1,487 1,788 Number of hours 4.8 4.7 5.7 per day Senate Number of days 348 334 320 Number of hours 2,294 2,028 2,210 Number of hours 6.6 6.1 6.9 per day NA=Not available. Congressional Bills Vetoed, 1789-1990 Senate Library 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴� Regular vetoes Pocket vetoes Total vetoes Vetoes overr 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Washington 2 -- 2 -- John Adams -- -- -- -- Jefferson -- -- -- -- Madison 5 2 7 -- Monroe 1 -- 1 -- John Q. Adams -- -- -- -- Jackson 5 7 12 -- Van Buren -- 1 1 -- William Harrison -- -- -- -- Tyler 6 4 10 1 Polk 2 1 3 -- Regular vetoes Pocket vetoes Total vetoes Vetoes overr 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Polk 2 1 3 -- Taylor -- -- -- -- Fillmore -- -- -- -- Pierce 9 -- 9 5 Buchanan 4 3 7 -- Lincoln 2 5 7 -- Andrew Johnson 21 8 29 15 Grant 45 48 93 4 Hayes 12 1 13 1 Garfield -- -- -- -- Arthur 4 8 12 1 Cleveland 304 110 414 2 Benjamin Harrison 19 25 44 1 Cleveland 42 128 170 5 McKinley 6 36 42 -- Theodore Roosevelt 42 40 82 1 Taft 30 9 39 1 Wilson 33 11 44 6 Harding 5 1 6 -- Regular vetoes Pocket vetoes Total vetoes Vetoes overr 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Harding 5 1 6 -- Coolidge 20 30 50 4 Hoover 21 16 37 3 Franklin Roosevelt 372 263 635 9 Truman 180 70 250 12 Eisenhower 73 108 181 2 Kennedy 12 9 21 -- Lyndon Johnson 16 14 30 -- Nixon 26 17 43 7 Ford 48 18 66 12 Carter 13 18 31 2 Reagan 39 39 78 9 Bush1 14 1 15 0 Total 1,452 1,052 2,485 103 1As of Oct. 11 1990. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT The Bush Administration As of mid-1990 Terms of office of the president and vice president, from Jan. 20, 1989 to Jan. 20, 1993. No person may be elected president of the United States for more than two 4-year terms. President -- George Bush of Texas receives salary of $200,000 a year taxable; in addition an expense allowance of $50,000 to assist in defraying expenses resulting from his official duties. Also there may be expended not exceeding $100,000, nontaxable, a year for travel expenses and $20,000 for official entertainment available for allocation within the Executive Office of the President. Congress has provided lifetime pensions of $69,630 a year, free mailing privileges, free office space, and up to $96,000 a year for office help for former Presidents except for the first 30 month period during which a former President is entitled to staff assistance for which an amount up to $150,000 a year may be paid, and $20,000 annually for their widows. Vice President -- Dan Quayle of Indiana receives salary of $115,000 a year and $10,000 for expenses, all of which is taxable. For succession to presidency, see Succession in Index. The Cabinet (Salary: $99,500 per annum) Secretary of State -- James A. Baker 3d, Tex. Secretary of Treasury -- Nicholas F. Brady, N.J. Secretary of Defense -- Richard B. Cheney, Wyo. Attorney General -- Richard "Dick" Thornburgh, Pa. Secretary of Interior -- Manuel Lujan, N.M. Secretary of Agriculture -- Clayton K. Yeutter, Neb. Secretary of Commerce -- Robert A. Mosbacher, Tex. Secretary of Labor -- Elizabeth Hanford Dole, N.C. Secretary of Health and Human Services -- Louis W. Sullivan, Ga. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development -- Jack F. Kemp, N.Y. Secretary of Transportation -- Samuel K. Skinner, Ill. Secretary of Energy -- James D. Watkins, Cal. Secretary of Education -- Lauro F. Cavazos, Tex. Secretary of Veterans Affairs -- Edward J. Derwinski, Ill. The White House Staff 1600 Pennsylvania Ave. NW 20500 Chief of Staff -- John H. Sununu. Asst. to the President & Deputy to the Chief of Staff -- Andrew Card Jr., James W. Cicconi. Assistants to the President Counsel to the President-- C. Boyden Gray. Presidential Personnel-- Charles G. Untermeyer. Public Events & Initiatives-- Sigmund A. Rogich. Science & Technology-- Allan Bromley. Press Secretary-- Max Marlin Fitzwater. Legislative Affairs-- Frederick D. McClure. Communications-- David Demarest Jr. Economic & Domestic Affairs-- Roger B. Porter. Management & Admin.-- J. Bonnie Newman. Cabinet Secy.-- Edith Holiday. National Security-- Brent Scowcroft. Executive Agencies Council of Economic Advisers -- Michael J. Boskin. Central Intelligence Agency -- William H. Webster, dir. Office of National Drug Control Policy -- William J. Bennett. Office of Management and Budget -- Richard G. Darman. U.S. Trade Representative -- Carla Hills. Council on Environmental Quality -- Michael Deland, chmn. Department of State 2201 C St. NW 20520 Secretary of State -- James A. Baker 3d. Deputy Secretary -- Lawrence S. Eagleburger. Under Sec. for Political Affairs -- Robert M. Kimmitt. Under Sec. for Security Assistance, Science and Technology -- Reginald Bartholomew. Under Sec. for Economic Agricultural Affairs -- Richard T. McCormack. Under Secretary for Management -- Ivan Selin. Legal Advisor -- vacant. Assistant Secretaries for: Administration-- Arthur W. Forte. African Affairs-- Herman J. Cohen. East Asian & Pacific Affairs-- Richard H. Solomon. Consular Affairs-- Elizabeth Tamposi. Diplomatic Security-- Sheldon Krys. Economic & Business Affairs-- Eugene J. McAllister. European & Canadian Affairs-- Richard Seitz. Human Rights & Humanitarian Affairs-- Richard Schifter. Intelligence & Research-- Douglas P. Mulholland. Legislative Affairs-- Janet Mullins. Inter-American Affairs-- Bernard Aronson. International Narcotics Matters-- Melvin Levitsky. International Organizations-- John R. Bolton. Near-Eastern & S. Asian Affairs-- John H. Kelly. Political-Military Affairs-- Richard Clarke. Public Affairs & Spokesman-- Margaret DeB. Tutwiler. Oceans, International Environmental & Scientific Affairs-- Frederick M. Bernthal. Dir. General, Foreign Service & Dir. of Personnel -- Edward J. Perkins. Management Policy -- C. Edward Dillery, dir. Inspector General -- Sherman M. Funk. Policy Planning Staff -- Dennis Rose. Refugee Programs -- Princeton Lyman. Treasury Department 1500 Pennsylvania Ave. NW 20220 Secretary of the Treasury -- Nicholas F. Brady. Deputy Sec. of the Treasury -- John E. Robson. Under Sec. for Finance -- Robert R. Glauber. Under Sec. for International Affairs -- David C. Mulford. General Counsel -- Jeanne Archibald, act. Assistant Secretaries: -- Roger Bolton (Public Affairs & Public Liaison); Charles H. Dallara (Intl. Affairs); Michael Basham, act. (Domestic Finance); Peter Nunez (Enforcement); Gerald Murphy (Fiscal); Kenneth W. Gideon (Tax Policy); Bryce Larry Harlow (Legislative Affairs); Sidney Jones (Economic Policy); Hollis S. McLoughlin (Policy Management). Bureaus: Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms-- Stephen E. Higgins, dir. Comptroller of the Currency-- Robert Clarke. Customs-- Carol Hallett, comm. Engraving & Printing-- Peter H. Daley, dir. Federal Law Enforcement Training Center-- Charles F. Rinkevich, dir. Financial Management Service-- William E. Douglas, comm. Internal Revenue Service-- Fred T. Goldberg, comm. Mint-- Donna Pope, dir. Public Debt-- Richard L. Gregg, comm. Treasurer of the U.S.-- Catalina Villalpando. U.S. Savings Bond Division-- Jerrold B. Speers, dir. U.S. Secret Service-- John R. Simpson, dir. Department of Defense The Pentagon 20301 Secretary of Defense -- Richard B. Cheney. Deputy Secretary -- Donald J. Atwood Jr. Special Assistant -- David S. Addington. Under Secy. for Acquisition -- John A. Betti. Under Secy. for Policy -- Paul Wolfowitz. Asst. Secretaries: Atomic Energy-- Robert B. Barker. Command Control Communications & Intelligence-- Duane P. Andrews. Force Management & Personnel-- Christopher Jehn. Health Affairs-- Enrique Mendez Jr. International Security Affairs-- Henry S. Rowen. International Security Policy-- Stephen J. Hadley. Legislative Affairs-- David Gribbin 3d. Products & Logistics-- Colin R. McMillan. Program Analysis & Evaluation-- David S.C. Chu. Public Affairs-- Pete Williams. Reserve Affairs-- Stephen M. Duncan. Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff -- Gen. Colin L. Powell, USA. General Counsel -- Terrance O'Donnell. Admin. & Management -- David O. Cooke, dir. Operational Test & Evaluation -- Robert C. Duncan, dir. Department of the Army The Pentagon 20310 Secretary of the Army -- Michael P.W. Stone. Under Secretary -- John W. Shannon. Assistant Secretaries for: Civil Works-- Robert W. Page. Installations & Logistics -- Susan Livingstone. Financial Management-- Douglas A. Brook. Research, Development and Acquisition-- Stephen Conver. Manpower & Reserve Affairs-- G. Kim Wincup. Chief of Public Affairs -- Brig. Gen. Charles W. McClain. Chief of Staff -- Gen. Carl E. Vuono. Inspector General -- Lt. Gen. J.H. Corns. Deputy Chiefs of Staff: Logistics-- Lt. Gen. Jimmy D. Ross. Operations & Plans-- Lt. Gen. Dennis J. Reymer. Personnel-- Maj. Gen. William H. Reno. Intelligence-- Lt. Gen. Charles B. Eichelberger. Commanders: U.S. Army Materiel Command-- Gen. William G.T. Tuttle Jr. U.S. Army Forces Command-- Gen. Edwin Burba. U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command-- Gen. John W. Foss. First U.S. Army-- Lt. Gen. James E. Thompson. Second U.S. Army-- Lt. Gen. James W. Crysel. Third U.S. Army-- Lt. Gen. John J. Yeosock. Fourth U.S. Army-- Lt. Gen. James R. Hall. Fifth U.S. Army-- Lt. Gen. George R. Stotser. Sixth U.S. Army-- Lt. Gen. William H. Harrison. Department of the Navy The Pentagon 20350 Secretary of the Navy -- H. Lawrence Garrett 3d. Under Secretary -- J. Daniel Howard. Assistant Secretaries for: Financial Management-- Robert C. McCormack. Installations & Environment-- Jacqueline Schafer. Manpower, Reserve Affairs-- Barbara Spyridon Pope. Research, Development & Acquisition-- Gerald Cann. Judge Advocate General -- RADM E. D. Stumbaugh. Chief of Naval Operations -- ADM Frank B. Kelso 2d. Chief of Information -- RADM Brent Baker. Military Sealift Command -- VADM Francis R. Donovan. Chief of Naval Personnel -- VADM Jeremy M. Boorda. U.S. Marine Corps: (Arlington Annex 20380) Commandant -- Gen. A.M. Gray. Asst. Commandant-- Gen. John R. Dailey. Chief of Staff-- Lt. Gen. L.H. Buehl. Department of the Air Force The Pentagon 20330 Secretary of the Air Force -- Donald B. Rice. Under Secretary -- Anne N. Foreman. Assistant Secretaries for: Financial Management-- Michael B. Donley. Space-- Martin C. Faga. Manpower & Reserve Affairs-- Jerome G. Cooper. Acquisition-- John J. Welch Jr. Public Affairs -- Brig. Gen. Hallie E. Robertson. Office of Space Systems -- Brig. Gen. Donald R. Walker. Chief of Staff -- vacant. Inspector General -- Lt. Gen. Bradley C. Hosmer. Deputy Chiefs of Staff: Logistics & Engineering-- Lt. Gen. Henry Viccellio Jr. Programs & Resources-- Lt. Gen. Robert L. Rutherford. Personnel-- Lt. Gen. Thomas J. Hickey. Plans & Operations-- Lt. Gen. Jimmie V. Adams. Major Air Commands: AF Logistics Command-- Gen. Charles C. McDonald. AF Systems Command-- Gen. Bernard P. Randolph. Strategic Air Command-- Gen. John T. Chain. Tactical Air Command-- Gen. Robert D. Russ. Alaskan Air Command-- Lt. Gen. Thomas G. McInerney. Pacific Air Forces-- Gen. Merrill A. McPeak. USAF Europe-- Gen. Robert C. Oaks. Electronic Security Command-- Maj. Gen. Gary W. O'Shaughnessy. AF Communications Command-- Maj. Robert H. Ludwig. Air Training Command-- Lt. Gen. Joseph W. Ashy. Military Airlift Command-- Gen. Duane H. Cassidy. AF Space Command-- Lt. Gen. Donald J. Kutyna. Department of Justice Constitution Ave. & 10th St. NW 20530 Attorney General -- Richard "Dick" Thornburgh. Deputy Attorney General -- William P. Barr. Solicitor General -- Kenneth W. Starr. Liaison Services --William Lucas. Intelligence Policy & Review -- Mary Lawton. Professional Responsibility --Michael E. Shaheen Jr. Assistants: Antitrust Division-- James F. Rill. Civil Division-- Stuart M. Gerson. Civil Rights Division-- John R. Dunne. Criminal Division-- vacant. Justice Programs--Richard Abell. Justice Management Division-- Harry H. Flickinger. Environment & Natural Resources Division-- Richard B. Stewart. Policy Development-- Thomas M. Boyd. Legal Counsel-- William B. Bark. Legislative Affairs-- Bruce Navarro, act. Tax Division-- Shirley D. Peterson. Fed. Bureau of Investigation -- William S. Sessions, dir. Exec. Off. for Immigration Review -- David L. Milhollan, dir. Bureau of Prisons -- J. Michael Quinlan. Comm. Relations Service -- Grace F. Hughes. Office of Inspector General -- Richard J. Hankinson. Office of Special Counsel for Immigration Related Unfair Employment Practices -- Andrew Strotny, act. Exec. Off. for U.S. Trustees -- John Logan, act. dir. Exec. Off. for U.S. Attorneys -- Laurence S. McWhorter. Public Affairs -- David R. Runkel, dir. Immigration and Naturalization Service -- Gene McNary. Pardon Attorney -- David C. Stephenson. U.S. Parole Commission -- Benjamin F. Baer, chmn. U.S. Marshals Service -- K. Michael Moore, dir. Foreign Claims Settlement Comm. -- Stanley J. Glod. Interpol, U.S. Natl. Central Bureau -- Richard C. Stiener, chief. Department of the Interior C St. between 18th & 19th Sts. NW 20240 Secretary of the Interior -- Manuel Lujan. Under Secretary -- Frank A. Bracken. Assistant Secretaries for: Fish, Wildlife and Parks-- Constance Harriman. Policy, Budget, and Administration-- Lou Gallegos. Indian Affairs-- Eddie Frank Brown. Territorial & Intl. Affairs-- Stella Guerra. Bureau of Land Management -- Cy Jamison, dir. Bureau of Mines -- T.S. Ary, dir. Bureau of Reclamation -- Dennis C. Underwood. Fish & Wildlife Service -- John F. Turner, dir. Geological Survey -- Dallas L. Peck, dir. National Park Service -- James M. Ridenour. Public Affairs -- I. Stephen Goldstein, dir. Office of Congressional and Legislative Affairs -- James F. Spagnole. Solicitor -- Thomas L. Sansonetti. Department of Agriculture The Mall, 12th & 14th Sts. 20250 Secretary of Agriculture -- Clayton Yeutter. Deputy Secretary -- Jack C. Parnell. Administration -- Adis Vila. Internatl. Affairs & Commodity Programs -- Richard T. Crowder. Food & Consumer Services -- Catherine A. Bertini. Marketing & Inspection Services -- Jo Ann Smith. Small Community & Rural Development -- Roland Vautour. Economics -- Bruce L. Gardner. Congressional Relations -- Franklin E. Bailey. Natural Resources & Environment -- Patricia Kearney, act. General Counsel -- Alan Raul. Science & Education -- Charles Hess. Inspector General -- Leon Snead. Public Affairs -- Paul E. Kindinger. Department of Commerce 14th St. between Constitution & E St. NW 20230 Secretary of Commerce -- Robert Mosbacher. Deputy Secretary -- Thomas Murrin. General Counsel -- Wendell Willkie. Assistant Secretaries: Administration-- Thomas Collamore. Economic Development Adm.-- L. Joyce Hampers. Intl. Economic Policy-- Thomas Duesterberg. Import Administration-- Eric I. Garfinkel. Legislative Affairs-- vacant. Natl. Telecommunications Information Adm.-- Janice Obuchowski. Patent & Trademark Office-- Harry F. Manbeck. Trade Development-- Michael Skarzynski. Bureau of the Census -- Dr. Barbara E. Bryant, dir. Bureau of Economic Analysis -- Allan H. Young, dir. Under Secy. for International Trade -- J. Michael Farren. Under Secy. for Econ. Affairs -- Michael Darby. Under Secy. for Technology -- Robert M. White. Natl. Oceanic & Atmospheric Admin. -- John A. Knauss. Natl. Technical Info. Service -- Joseph F. Caponio, dir. Natl. Institute For Standards & Technology -- John W. Lyons. Minority Business Development Agency -- Kenneth Bolton. Public Affairs -- Marion Blakey, dir. Consumer Affairs -- John Gibbons. Department of Labor 200 Constitution Ave. NW 20210 Secretary of Labor -- Elizabeth Dole. Deputy Secretary -- Roderick A. DeArment. Assistant Secretaries for: Administration and Management-- Thomas C. Komarek. Congressional Affairs-- Kathleen M. Harrington. Employment & Training-- Roberts Jones. Employment Standards-- William C. Brooks. Labor-Management Standards-- William C. White. Mine Safety & Health-- William Tattersall. Occupational Safety & Health-- Gerard F. Scannell. Pension & Welfare Benefit Programs-- David Ball. Policy-- Jennifer Lynn Dorn. Public and Intergovernmental Affairs-- Dale Triber Tate. Veterans Employment-- Thomas E. Collins 3d. Solicitor of Labor -- Robert P. Davis. Dep. Under Secy. for International Affairs -- Shellyn Gae McCaffrey. Dep. Under Secy. for Labor-Management Relations & Cooperative Programs -- John R. Stepp. Office of Information & Public Affairs -- Johanna Schneider, dir. Women's Bureau -- Jean Curtis, act. dir. Inspector General -- vacant. Comm. of Labor Statistics -- Janet L. Norwood. Department of Health and Human Services 200 Independence Ave. SW 20201 Secretary of HHS -- Louis W. Sullivan. Under Secretary -- Constance Horner. Assistant Secretaries for: Management and Budget-- Kevin E. Moley. Public Affairs-- Kay C. James. Health-- James Mason. Planning and Evaluation-- Martin Gerry. Human Development Services-- Mary Sheila Gall. Legislation-- vacant. Personnel Administration-- Thomas McFee. General Counsel -- Michael Astrue. Inspector General -- Richard P. Kusserow. Civil Rights -- Edward Mercado. Surgeon General -- Antonia C. Novello. Social Security Adm. -- Gwendolyn S. King. Consumer Affairs -- Bonnie Guiton. Department of Housing and Urban Development 451 7th St. SW 20410 Secretary of Housing & Urban Development -- Jack Kemp. Under Secretary -- Alfred A. DelliBovi. Deputies-- Edwin I. Gardner, Stephen A. Glaude. Assistant Secretaries for: Administration-- vacant. Community Planning & Development-- S. Anna Kondratas. Housing & Federal Housing Commissioner-- C. Austin Fitts. Legislation & Congressional Relations-- Timothy L. Coyle. Policy Development & Research-- John Weicher. Public Affairs-- vacant. Public & Indian Housing-- Joseph G. Schiff. Fair Housing & Equal Opportunity-- Gordon H. Mansfield. President, Govt. Natl. Mortgage Assn. -- Arthur J. Hill. International Affairs -- Theodore Britton Jr. General Counsel -- Francis A. Keating 2d. Inspector General -- Paul A. Adams. Indian & Alaska Native Programs -- Elaine Dudley. Board of Contract Appeals -- David T. Anderson. Chief Administrative Law Judge -- Alan W. Heifetz. Department of Transportation 400 7th St. SW 20590 Secretary of Transportation -- Samuel K. Skinner. Deputy Secretary -- Elaine Chao. Assistant Secretaries -- Jeffrey Shane (Policy and International Affairs); Kate Moore (Budget and Programs); John H. Seymour (Administration); vacant (Public Affairs); Galen Reser (Governmental Affairs). National Highway Traffic Safety Admin. -- Jerry Curry. U. S. Coast Guard Commandant -- Adm. Paul A. Yost Jr. Federal Aviation Admin. -- James Busey. Federal Highway Admin. -- Thomas Larson. Federal Railroad Admin. -- Gilbert Carmichael. Maritime Admin. -- Capt. Warren LeBack. Urban Mass Transportation Admin. -- Brian Clymer. Research & Special Programs Admin. -- Travis Dungan. Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corp. -- James L. Emery. Department of Energy 1000 Independence Ave. SW 20585 Secretary of Energy -- James D. Watkins. Deputy Secy. -- W. Henson Moore. Under Secretary -- John C. Tuck. General Counsel -- Stephen A. Wakefield. Inspector General -- John C. Layton. Assistant Secretaries -- Jacqueline Knox Brown (Congressional, Intergovernmental & Public Affairs); John C. Tuck (Defense Programs); James J. Easton Jr. (International Affairs & Energy Emergencies); William A. Young (Nuclear Energy); Robert H. Gentile (Fossil Energy); J. Michael Davis (Conservation & Renewable Energy); Peter N. Brush (Environment, Safety & Health). Energy Information Adm. -- Helmut A. Merklein. Economic Regulatory Adm. -- C. L. Van Orman, adm. Federal Energy Regulatory Comm. -- Martin L. Allday, chmn. Hearings & Appeals -- George B. Breznay, dir. Energy Research -- James F. Decker. Civilian Radioactive Waste Management -- John W. Bartlett. Minority Economic Impact -- Melva G. Wray, dir. Board of Contract Appeals -- E. Barclay van Doren, chmn. Public Affairs -- M.J. Jameson, dir. Department of Education 400 Maryland Ave. SW 20202 Secretary of Education -- Lauro F. Cavazos. Under Secretary -- John Theodore Sanders. Chief of Staff -- Chino Chapa. Deputy Under Secretaries -- George Pieler, Michelle Easton, Thomas E. Anfinson. General Counsel -- Edward C. Stringer. Assistant Secretaries: Legislation-- Nancy Mohr Kennedy. Elementary and Secondary Education-- John T. MacDonald. Postsecondary Education-- Leonard L. Haynes 3d. Educational Research and Improvement-- Christopher T. Cross. Adult & Vocational Education-- Betsy Brand. Special Education and Rehabilitative Services-- Robert Davila. Civil Rights-- William Smith, act. Bilingual & Minority Languages-- Rita Esquivel. Department of Veterans Affairs 810 Vermont Ave. NW 20420 Secretary of Veterans Affairs -- Edward J. Derwinski. Deputy -- Anthony J. Principi. Inspector General -- Dean Trodden. Veterans Benefits Adm. -- D'Wayne Gray. Veterans Health Services & Research Adm. -- James W. Holsinger Jr. General Counsel -- Raoul L. Carroll. Judiciary of the U.S. Data as of July 23, 1990 Justices of the United States Supreme Court The Supreme Court comprises the chief justice of the United States and 8 associate justices, all appointed by the president with advice and consent of the Senate. Salaries: chief justice $124,000 annually, associate justice $118,600. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name; apptd from Service Service Born Died Chief Justices in italics Term Yrs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 John Jay, N.Y. 1789-1795 5 1745 1829 John Rutledge, S.C. 1789-1791 1 1739 1800 William Cushing, Mass. 1789-1810 20 1732 1810 James Wilson, Pa. 1789-1798 8 1742 1798 John Blair, Va. 1789-1796 6 1732 1800 James Iredell, N.C. 1790-1799 9 1751 1799 Name; apptd from Service Service Born Died Chief Justices in italics Term Yrs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 James Iredell, N.C. 1790-1799 9 1751 1799 Thomas Johnson, Md. 1791-1793 1 1732 1819 William Paterson, N.J. 1793-1806 13 1745 1806 John Rutledge, S.C. 1795a - 1739 1800 Samuel Chase, Md. 1796-1811 15 1741 1811 Oliver Ellsworth, Conn. 1796-1800 4 1745 1807 Bushrod Washington, Va. 1798-1829 31 1762 1829 Alfred Moore, N.C. 1799-1804 4 1755 1810 John Marshall, Va. 1801-1835 34 1755 1835 William Johnson, S.C. 1804-1834 30 1771 1834 Henry B. Livingston, N.Y. 1806-1823 16 1757 1823 Thomas Todd, Ky. 1807-1826 18 1765 1826 Joseph Story, Mass. 1811-1845 33 1779 1845 Gabriel Duval, Md. 1811-1835 22 1752 1844 Smith Thompson, N.Y. 1823-1843 20 1768 1843 Robert Trimble, Ky. 1826-1828 2 1777 1828 John McLean, Oh. 1829-1861 32 1785 1861 Henry Baldwin, Pa. 1830-1844 14 1780 1844 Name; apptd from Service Service Born Died Chief Justices in italics Term Yrs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Henry Baldwin, Pa. 1830-1844 14 1780 1844 James M. Wayne, Ga. 1835-1867 32 1790 1867 Roger B. Taney, Md. 1836-1864 28 1777 1864 Philip P. Barbour, Va. 1836-1841 4 1783 1841 John Catron, Tenn. 1837-1865 28 1786 1865 John McKinley, Ala. 1837-1852 15 1780 1852 Peter V. Daniel, Va. 1841-1860 19 1784 1860 Samuel Nelson, N.Y. 1845-1872 27 1792 1873 Levi Woodbury, N.H. 1845-1851 5 1789 1851 Robert C. Grier, Pa. 1846-1870 23 1794 1870 Benjamin R. Curtis, Mass. 1851-1857 6 1809 1874 John A. Campbell, Ala. 1853-1861 8 1811 1889 Nathan Clifford, Me. 1858-1881 23 1803 1881 Noah H. Swayne, Oh. 1862-1881 18 1804 1884 Samuel F. Miller, Ia. 1862-1890 28 1816 1890 David Davis, Ill. 1862-1877 14 1815 1886 Stephen J. Field, Cal. 1863-1897 34 1816 1899 Salmon P. Chase, Oh. 1864-1873 8 1808 1873 Name; apptd from Service Service Born Died Chief Justices in italics Term Yrs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Salmon P. Chase, Oh. 1864-1873 8 1808 1873 William Strong, Pa. 1870-1880 10 1808 1895 Joseph P. Bradley, N.J. 1870-1892 21 1813 1892 Ward Hunt, N.Y. 1872-1882 9 1810 1886 Morrison R. Waite, Oh. 1874-1888 14 1816 1888 John M. Harlan, Ky. 1877-1911 34 1833 1911 William B. Woods, Ga. 1880-1887 6 1824 1887 Stanley Matthews, Oh. 1881-1889 7 1824 1889 Horace Gray, Mass. 1881-1902 20 1828 1902 Samuel Blatchford, N.Y. 1882-1893 11 1820 1893 Lucius Q.C. Lamar, Miss. 1888-1893 5 1825 1893 Melville W. Fuller, Ill. 1888-1910 21 1833 1910 David J. Brewer, Kan. 1889-1910 20 1837 1910 Henry B. Brown, Mich. 1890-1906 15 1836 1913 George Shiras Jr., Pa. 1892-1903 10 1832 1924 Howell E. Jackson, Tenn. 1893-1895 2 1832 1895 Edward D. White, La. 1894-1910 16 1845 1921 Rufus W. Peckham, N.Y. 1895-1909 13 1838 1909 Name; apptd from Service Service Born Died Chief Justices in italics Term Yrs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Rufus W. Peckham, N.Y. 1895-1909 13 1838 1909 Joseph McKenna, Cal. 1898-1925 26 1843 1926 Oliver W. Holmes, Mass. 1902-1932 29 1841 1935 William R. Day, Oh. 1903-1922 19 1849 1923 William H. Moody, Mass. 1906-1910 3 1853 1917 Horace H. Lurton, Tenn. 1909-1914 4 1844 1914 Charles E. Hughes, N.Y. 1910-1916 5 1862 1948 Willis Van Devanter, Wy. 1910-1937 26 1859 1941 Joseph R. Lamar, Ga. 1910-1916 5 1857 1916 Edward D. White, La. 1910-1921 10 1845 1921 Mahlon Pitney, N.J. 1912-1922 10 1858 1924 James C. McReynolds, Tenn. 1914-1941 26 1862 1946 Louis D. Brandeis, Mass. 1916-1939 22 1856 1941 John H. Clarke, Oh. 1916-1922 5 1857 1945 William H. Taft, Conn. 1921-1930 8 1857 1930 George Sutherland, Ut. 1922-1938 15 1862 1942 Pierce Butler, Minn. 1922-1939 16 1866 1939 Edward T. Sanford, Tenn. 1923-1930 7 1865 1930 Name; apptd from Service Service Born Died Chief Justices in italics Term Yrs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Edward T. Sanford, Tenn. 1923-1930 7 1865 1930 Harlan F. Stone, N.Y. 1925-1941 16 1872 1946 Charles E. Hughes, N.Y. 1930-1941 11 1862 1948 Owen J. Roberts, Pa. 1930-1945 15 1875 1955 Benjamin N. Cardozo, N.Y. 1932-1938 6 1870 1938 Hugo L. Black, Ala. 1937-1971 34 1886 1971 Stanley F. Reed, Ky. 1938-1957 19 1884 1980 Felix Frankfurter, Mass. 1939-1962 23 1882 1965 William O. Douglas, Conn. 1939-1975 36 1898 1980 Frank Murphy, Mich. 1940-1949 9 1890 1949 Harlan F. Stone, N.Y. 1941-1946 5 1872 1946 James F. Byrnes, S.C. 1941-1942 1 1879 1972 Robert H. Jackson, N.Y. 1941-1954 12 1892 1954 Wiley B. Rutledge, Ia. 1943-1949 6 1894 1949 Harold H. Burton, Oh. 1945-1958 13 1888 1964 Fred M. Vinson, Ky. 1946-1953 7 1890 1953 Tom C. Clark, Tex. 1949-1967 18 1899 1977 Sherman Minton, Ind. 1949-1956 7 1890 1965 Name; apptd from Service Service Born Died Chief Justices in italics Term Yrs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Sherman Minton, Ind. 1949-1956 7 1890 1965 Earl Warren, Cal. 1953-1969 16 1891 1974 John Marshall Harlan, N.Y. 1955-1971 16 1899 1971 William J. Brennan Jr., N.J. 1956-1990 33 1906 - Charles E. Whittaker, Mo. 1957-1962 5 1901 1973 Potter Stewart, Oh. 1958-1981 23 1915 1985 Byron R. White, Col. 1962-- - 1917 - Arthur J. Goldberg, Ill. 1962-1965 3 1908 - Abe Fortas, Tenn. 1965-1969 4 1910 1982 Thurgood Marshall, N.Y. 1967-- - 1908 - Warren E. Burger, Va. 1969-1986 17 1907 - Harry A. Blackmun, Minn. 1970-- - 1908 - Lewis F. Powell Jr., Va. 1972-1987 15 1907 - William H. Rehnquist, Ariz. 1972-1986 14 1924 - John Paul Stevens, Ill. 1975-- - 1920 - Sandra Day O'Connor, Ariz. 1981-- - 1930 - William H. Rehnquist, Ariz. 1986-- - 1924 - Antonin Scalia, Va. 1986-- - 1936 - Name; apptd from Service Service Born Died Chief Justices in italics Term Yrs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Antonin Scalia, Va. 1986-- - 1936 - Anthony M. Kennedy, Cal. 1988-- - 1936 - David H. Souter 1990-- - 1939 - aRejected Dec. 15, 1795. U.S. Court of International Trade New York, NY 10007 (Salaries, $96,600) Chief Judge -- Edward D. Re. Judges -- James L. Watson, Gregory W. Carman, Jane A. Restani, Dominick L. DiCarlo, Thomas J. Aquilino Jr., Nicholas Tsoucalas, R. Kenton Musgrave. U.S. Claims Court Washington, D.C. 20005 (Salaries, $96,600) Chief Judge -- Loren A. Smith. Judges -- James F. Merow, John P. Wiese, Robert J. Yock, Reginald W. Gibson, Lawrence S. Margolis, Christine C. Nettesheim, Moody R. Tidwell 3d, Marian Blank Horn, Eric G. Bruggink, Bohdan A. Futey, Wilkes C. Robinson, Roger B. Andewelt, James T. Turner, Randall R. Rader. U.S. Tax Court Washington DC 20217 (Salaries, $96,600) Chief Judge -- Arthur L. Nims 3d. Judges -- Herbert L. Chabot, Edna G. Parker, Jules J. Korner 3d, Meade Whitaker, Mary Ann Cohen, John O. Colvin, Perry Shields, Charles E. Clapp 2d, Lapsley W. Hamblen Jr., Stephen J. Swift, Joel Gerber, Julien I. Jacobs, Lawrence A. Wright, Carolyn Miller Parr, Robert P. Ruwe, Thomas B. Wells, Laurence J. Whalen, B. John Williams Jr. U.S. Courts of Appeals (Salaries, $102,500. CJ means Chief Judge) Federal Circuit -- Howard T. Markey, CJ; Giles S. Rich, Helen W. Nies; Pauline Newman, Glenn L. Archer Jr., H. Robert Mayer, Paul R. Michel, S. Jay Plager; Clerk's Office, Washington, DC 20439. District of Columbia -- Patricia M. Wald, CJ; Abner J. Mikva, Harry T. Edwards, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Laurence H. Silberman; James L. Buckley, Stephen F. Williams, Douglas Ginsburg, David B. Sentelle; Clerk's Office, Washington, DC 20001. First Circuit (Me., Mass., N.H., R.I., Puerto Rico) -- Stephen Breyer, CJ; Levin H. Campbell, Hugh H. Bownes, Juan R. Torruella, Bruce M. Selya, Conrad K. Cyr; Clerk's Office, Boston, MA 02109. Second Circuit (Conn., N.Y., Vt.) -- James L. Oakes, CJ; Wilfred Freiberg, Thomas J. Meskill, Jon O. Newman, Amalya Lyle Kearse, Richard J. Cardamone, Ralph K. Winter Jr., George C. Pratt, Roger J. Miner, Frank X. Altimari, J. Daniel Mahoney, John M. Walker; Clerk's Office, New York, NY 10007. Third Circuit (Del., N.J., Pa., Virgin Is.) -- A. Leon Higginbotham Jr., CJ; Dolores K. Sloviter, Edward R. Becker, Carol Los Mansmann, Walter K. Stapleton, Morton I. Ginsberg, Anthony J. Scirica, William D. Hutchinson, Robert E. Cowen, Richard L. Nygaard; Clerk's Office, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Fourth Circuit (Md., N.C., S.C., Va., W.Va.) -- Sam J. Ervin 3d, CJ; Kenneth K. Hall, Donald Stuart Russell, H. Emory Widener Jr., James D. Phillips Jr., Francis D. Murnaghan Jr., James M. Sprouse, Robert F. Chapman, J. Harvie Wilkinson 3d, William W. Wilkins Jr.; Clerk's Office, Richmond, VA 23219. Fifth Circuit (La., Miss., Tex.) -- Charles Clark, CJ; Thomas G. Gee, Alvin B. Rubin, Thomas M. Reavley, Henry A. Politz, Carolyn D. King, Samuel D. Johnson, Jerre S. Williams, William L. Garwood, E. Grady Jolly, Patrick E. Higginbotham, W. Eugene Davis, Jerry E. Smith, Edith Hollan Jones, John M. Duhe Jr.; Clerk's Office, New Orleans, LA 70130. Sixth Circuit (Ky., Mich., Ohio, Tenn.) -- Gilbert S. Merritt, CJ; Damon J. Keith, Boyce F. Martin Jr., Nathaniel R. Jones, Robert B. Krupansky, Harry W. Wellford, Cornelia G. Kennedy, H. Ted Milburn, Ralph B. Guy Jr., David A. Nelson, James L. Ryan, Danny J. Boggs, Alan E. Norris; Clerk's Office, Cincinnati, OH 45202. Seventh Circuit (Ill., Ind., Wis.) -- William J. Bauer, CJ; Walter J. Cummings, Harlington Wood Jr., Richard D. Cudahy, Richard A. Posner, John L. Coffey, Joel M. Flaum, Frank H. Easterbrook, Kenneth F. Ripple, Daniel A. Manion, Michael S. Kanne; Clerk's Office, Chicago, IL 60604. Eighth Circuit (Ark., Ia., Minn., Mo., Neb., N.D., S.D.) -- Donald P. Lay, CJ; Theodore McMillian, Richard S. Arnold, John R. Gibson, George C. Fagg, Pasco M. Bowman 2d, Roger L. Wollman, Frank J. Magill, C. Arlen Beam; Clerk's Office, St. Louis, MO 63101. Ninth Circuit (Alaska, Ariz., Cal., Ha., Ida., Mont., Nev., Ore., Wash., Guam, N. Mariana Islands) -- Albert T. Goodwin, CJ; James R. Browning, J. Clifford Wallace, Procter Hug Jr., Thomas Tang, Jerome Farris, Betty B. Fletcher, Mary M. Schroeder, Harry Pregerson, Arthur L. Alarcon, Cecil F. Poole, Dorothy W. Nelson, William C. Canby Jr., William A. Norris, Stephen Reinhardt, Robert R. Beezer, Cynthia M. Hall, Charles E. Wiggins, Melvin Brunetti, Alex Kozinski, David R. Thompson, John T. Noonan, Diarmuid F. O'Scannlain, Edward Leavy, Stephen S. Trout, Ferdinand F. Fernandez; Clerk's Office, San Francisco, CA 94101. Tenth Circuit (Col., Kan., N.M., Okla., Ut., Wy.) -- William J. Holloway Jr., CJ; Monroe G. McKay, James K. Logan, Stephanie K. Seymour, John P. Moore, Stephen H. Anderson, Deanell R. Tacha, Bobby R. Baldock, Wade Brorby, David M. Ebel; Clerk's Office, Denver, CO 80294. Eleventh Circuit (Ala. Fla., Ga.) -- Gerald B. Tjoflat, CJ; Peter T. Fay, Robert S. Vance, Phyllis A. Kravitch, Frank M. Johnson Jr., Joseph W. Hatchett, R. Lanier Anderson 3d, Thomas A. Clark, J.L. Edmondson, Emmett R. Cox; Clerk's Office, Atlanta GA 30303. Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals -- Reynaldo G. Garza, CJ; Clerk's Office, Washington, DC 20001 . U.S. District Courts (Salaries, $96,600. CJ means Chief Judge) Alabama -- Northern: Sam C. Pointer Jr., CJ; James Hughes Hancock, Robert B. Propst, E. B. Haltom Jr., U. W. Clemon, William M. Acker Jr., Edwin L. Nelson; Clerk's Office, Birmingham 35203. Middle: Truman M. Hobbs, CJ; Myron H. Thompson, Joel F. Dubina; Clerk's Office, Montgomery 36101. Southern: Alex T. Howard Jr., CJ; Charles R. Butler Jr.; Clerk's Office, Mobile 36602. Alaska -- H. Russel Holland, CJ; Andrew J. Kleinfeld; Clerk's Office, Anchorage 99513. Arizona -- Richard M. Bilby, CJ; Charles L. Hardy, Alfredo C. Marquez, Earl H. Carroll, William D. Browning, Paul G. Rosenblat, Robert C. Bloomfield, Roger G. Strand; Clerk's Office, Phoenix 85025. Arkansas -- Eastern: Garnett Thomas Eisele, CJ; Henry Woods, George Howard Jr., Stephen M. Reasoner; Clerk's Office, Little Rock 72203. Western:H. Franklin Waters, CJ; George Howard Jr., Morris S. Arnold; Clerk's Office, Fort Smith 72902. California -- Northern: William A. Ingram, CJ; William W. Schwarzer, Robert P. Aguilar, Thelton E. Henderson, Marilyn H. Patel, Eugene F. Lynch, John P. Vukasin Jr, Charles A. Legge, D. Lowell Jensen, Fern M. Smith, Vaughn R. Walker; Clerk's Office, San Francisco 94102. Eastern: Robert E. Coyle, CJ; Lawrence K. Karlton, Edward J. Garcia; Clerk's Office, Sacramento 95814. Central: Manuel L. Real, CJ; Wm. Matthew Byrne Jr., Robert M. Takasugi, Mariana R. Pfaelzer, Terry J. Hatter Jr., A. Wallace Tashima, Consuelo Bland Marshall, David V. Kenyon, Richard A. Gadbois, Edward Rafeedie, Harry L. Hupp, Alicemarie H. Stotler, James M. Ideman, William J. Rea, William D. Keller, Stephen V. Wilson, J. Spencer Letts, Dickran M. Tevrizian Jr., John G. Davies, Ronald S.W. Lew, Robert C. Bonner; Clerk's Office, Los Angeles 90012. Southern: Gordon Thompson Jr., CJ; William B. Enright, Judith N. Keep, Earl B. Gilliam, J. Lawrence Irving, Rudi M. Brewster, John S. Rhoades Sr.; Clerk's Office, San Diego 92189. Colorado -- Sherman G. Finesilver, CJ; Richard P. Matsch, Jim R. Carrigan, Zita L. Weinshienk, Lewis T. Babcock, Edward W. Nottingham; Clerk's Office, Denver 80294. Connecticut -- Ellen B. Burns, CJ; T.F. Gilroy Daly, Warren W. Eginton, Jose A. Cabranes, Peter C. Dorsey, Alan H. Nevas; Clerk's Office, New Haven 06510. Delaware -- Joseph J. Longobardi, CJ; Joseph J. Farnan Jr., Jane R. Roth; Clerk's Office, Wilmington 19801. District of Columbia -- Aubrey E. Robinson Jr., CJ; Gerhard A. Gesell, Charles R. Richey, Louis F. Oberdorfer, Harold H. Greene, John Garrett Penn, Joyce Hens Green, Norma H. Johnson, Thomas P. Jackson, Thomas F. Hogan, Stanley S. Harris, George H. Revercomb, Stanley Sporkin, Royce C. Lamberth; Clerk's Office, Washington DC 20001. Florida -- Northern: William H. Stafford Jr. CJ; Maurice M. Paul, C. Roger Vinson; Clerk's Office, Tallahassee 32301. Middle: Susan H. Black, CJ; William Terrell Hodges, Howell W. Melton, William J. Castagna; John H. Moore 2d, Elizabeth A. Kovachevich, George K. Sharp, Patricia C. Fawsett; Clerk's Office, Jacksonville 32201. Southern: James Lawrence King, CJ; Norman C. Roettger Jr.; William M. Hoeveler, Jose A. Gonzalez Jr., James C. Paine, James W. Kehoe, Eugene P. Spellman, Edward B. Davis, Lenore C. Nesbitt, Stanley Marcus, Thomas E. Scott, William J. Zloch, Kenneth L. Ryskamp; Clerk's Office, Miami 33128. Georgia -- Northern: William C. O'Kelley, CJ; Richard C. Freeman, Harold L. Murphy, Marvin H. Shoob, G. Ernest Tidwell, Orinda Dale Evans, Robert L. Vining Jr., Robert H. Hall, Harold T. Ward, J. Owen Forrester, Jack T. Camp; Clerk's Office, Atlanta 30335. Middle: Wilbur D. Owens Jr., CJ; J. Robert Elliott, Duross Fitzpatrick; Clerk's Office, Macon 31202. Southern: B. Avant Edenfield, CJ; Anthony A. Alaimo, Dudley H. Bowen Jr.; Clerk's Office, Savannah 31412. Hawaii -- Harold M. Fong, CJ, Alan C. Kay, David A. Ezra; Clerk's Office, Honolulu 96850. Idaho -- Harold L. Ryan, CJ; Edward J. Lodge; Clerk's Office; Boise, 83724. Illinois -- Northern: John F. Grady, CJ; Nicholas J. Bua, Stanley J. Roszkowski, James B. Moran, Marvin E. Aspen, Milton I. Shadur, Charles P. Kocoras, John A. Nordberg, William T. Hart, Paul E. Plunkett, Ilana Diamond Rovner, Charles R. Norgle Sr., James F. Holderman Jr., Ann C. Williams, Brian Barnett Duff, Harry D. Lienenweber, James B. Zagel, James H. Alesia, Suzanne B. Conlon, George M. Marovich, George W. Lindberg; Clerk's Office, Chicago 60604. Central: Harold Albert Baker, CJ; Michael M. Mihm, Richard Mills; Clerk's Office, Springfield 62705. Southern: James L. Foreman, CJ; William L. Beatty, William D. Stiehl; Clerk's Office, E. St. Louis 62202. Indiana -- Northern: Allen Sharp, CJ; William C. Lee, James T. Moody, Robert L. Miller Jr., Rudy Lozano; Clerk's Office, South Bend 46601. Southern: Gene E. Brooks, CJ; S. Hugh Dillin, Sarah E. Barker, Larry J. McKinney, John D. Tinder; Clerk's Office, Indianapolis 46204. Iowa -- Northern: Donald E. O'Brien, CJ, David R. Hansen; Clerk's Office, Cedar Rapids 52401. Southern: Harold D. Vietor, CJ; Charles R. Wolle; Clerk's Office, Des Moines 50309. Kansas -- Earl E. O'Connor, CJ; Dale E. Saffels, Patrick F. Kelly, Sam A. Crow, C. Thomas Van Bebber; Clerk's Office, Wichita 67202. Kentucky -- Eastern: Eugene E. Siler Jr., CJ; William Bertelsman, Henry R. Wilhoit Jr., Karl S. Forester; Clerk's Office, Lexington 40586. Western: Edward H. Johnstone, CJ; Thomas A. Ballantine, Ronald E. Meredith, Charles R. Simpson 3d; Clerk's Office, Louisville 40202. Louisiana -- Eastern: Frederick J. R. Heebe, CJ; Charles Schwartz Jr., Morley L. Sear, Adrian A. Duplantier, Robert F. Collins, George Arceneaux Jr., Veronica D. Wicker, Patrick E. Carr, Peter Beer, A J. McNamara, Henry A. Mentz Jr., Martin L. C. Feldman, Marcel Livaudais Jr.; Clerk's Office, New Orleans 70130. Middle: John V. Parker, CJ; Frank J. Polozola; Clerk's Office, Baton Rouge 70821. Western: Tom Stagg, CJ; Earl Ernest Veron, John M. Shaw, F. A. Little Jr., Donald E. Walter; Clerk's Office, Shreveport 71101. Maine -- Conrad K. Cyr, CJ; Gene Carter; Clerk's Office, Portland 04112. Maryland -- Alexander Harvey 2d, CJ; Joseph C. Howard, Norman P. Ramsey, William E. Black Jr., John R. Hargrove, J. Frederick Motz, Frederic N. Smalkin, Paul V. Niemeyer, Marvin J. Garbis; Clerk's Office, Baltimore 21201. Massachusetts -- Frank H. Freedman, CJ; Joseph L. Tauro, Walter Jay Skinner, A. David Mazzone, Robert E. Keeton, John J. McNaught, Rya W. Zobel, David S. Nelson, William G. Young, Mark L. Wolf, Douglas P. Woodlock, Edward F. Harrington; Clerk's Office, Boston 02109. Michigan -- Eastern: Julian A. Cook Jr., CJ; Stewart A. Newblatt, Avern Cohn, Anna Diggs Taylor, Horace W. Gilmore, George E. Woods, Richard F. Suhrheinrich, George La Plata, Barbara K. Hackett, Lawrence P. Zatkoff, Patrick J. Duggan, Bernard A. Friedman, Paul V. Gadola; Clerk's Office, Detroit 48226. Western: Douglas W. Hillman, CJ; Benjamin F. Gibson, Richard A. Enslen, Robert H. Bell; Clerk's Office, Grand Rapids 49503. Minnesota -- Donald D. Alsop, CJ; Harry H. MacLaughlin, Robert G. Renner, Diana E. Murphy, Paul A. Magnuson, James M. Rosenbaum, David S. Doty; Clerk's Office, St. Paul 55101. Mississippi -- Northern: L. T. Senter Jr., CJ; Neal Biggers, Glen H. Davidson; Clerk's Office, Oxford 38655. Southern: William H. Barbour Jr., CJ; Harry T. Wingate, Tom S. Lee, Walter J. Gex 3d; Clerk's Office, Jackson 39201. Missouri -- Eastern: John F. Nangle, CJ; Edward D. Filippine, William L. Hungate, Clyde S. Cahill Jr., Stephen N. Limbaugh, George F. Gunn Jr.; Clerk's Office, St. Louis 63101. Western: Scott O. Wright, CJ; Russell G. Clark, Howard F. Sachs, Joseph E. Stevens Jr., D. Brook Bartlett, Dean Whipple; Clerk's Office, Kansas City 64106. Montana -- Paul G. Hatfield, CJ; Charles C. Lovell; Clerk's Office, Billings 59101. Nebraska -- Lyle E. Strom, CJ; Warren K. Urbom, William G. Cambridge; Clerk's Office, Omaha 68101. Nevada -- Edward C. Reed Jr., CJ; Lloyd D. George, Howard D. McKibben, Philip M. Pro; Clerk's Office, Las Vegas 89101. New Hampshire -- Shane Devine, CJ; Martin F. Loughlin; Clerk's Office, Concord 03301. New Jersey -- John F. Gerry, CJ; Stanley S. Brotman, Anne E. Thompson, D. R. Debevoise, H. Lee Sarokin, Harold A. Ackerman, John W. Bissell, Maryanne Trump Barry, Joseph H. Rodriguez, Garrett E. Brown Jr., Alfred J. Lechner Jr., Nicholas H. Politan, Alfred M. Wolin, John C. Lifland; Clerk's Office, Newark 07102. New Mexico -- Juan G. Burciaga, CJ; Santiago E. Campos, John E. Conway, James A. Parker; Clerk's Office, Albuquerque 87103. New York -- Northern: Neal P. McCurn, CJ; Howard G. Munson, Thomas J. McAvoy, Con G. Cholakis; Clerk's Office, Albany 12201. Eastern: Thomas C. Platt Jr., CJ; Jack B. Weinstein, Charles P. Sifton, Eugene H. Nickerson, Joseph M. McLaughlin, Israel Leo Glasser, Raymond J. Dearie, Leonard D. Wexler, Edward R. Korman, Reena Raggi; Clerk's Office, Brooklyn 11201. Southern: Charles L. Brieant, CJ; David N. Edelstein, Thomas P. Griesa, Robert J. Ward, Kevin Thomas Duffy, Leonard B. Sand, Mary Johnson Lowe, Gerard L. Goettel, Charles S. Haight Jr., Pierre N. Leval, Robert W. Sweet, John E. Sprizzo, Shirley Wohl Kram, John F. Keenan, Peter K. Leisure, John M. Walker, Louis L. Stanton, Miriam G. Cedarbaum, Michael B. Mukasey, Kenneth Conboy, Kimba Wood, Robert P. Patterson Jr.; Clerk's Office N. Y. City 10007. Western: Michael A. Telesca, CJ; Richard J. Arcara, David G. Larimer; Clerk's Office, Buffalo 14202. North Carolina -- Eastern: W. Earl Britt, CJ; James C. Fox, Terrence W. Boyle, Malcolm J. Howard; Clerk's Office, Raleigh 27611. Middle: Richard C. Erwin, CJ; Frank W. Bullock, N. Carlton Tilley Jr.; Clerk's Office, Greensboro 27402. Western: Robert D. Potter, CJ; Richard L. Woorhees; Clerk's Office Asheville 28801. North Dakota -- Patrick A. Conmy, CJ, Rodney S. Webb; Clerk's Office, Bismarck 58502. Ohio -- Northern: Thomas D. Lambros, CJ; Frank J. Battisti, John M. Manos, George W. White, Ann Aldrich, Alvin I. Krenzler, John W. Potter, David D. Dowd Jr., Sam H. Bell, Alice M. Batchelder; Clerk's Office, Cleveland 44114. Southern: John D. Holschuh, CJ; Carl B. Rubin, Walter H. Rice, S. Arthur Spiegel, Herman J. Weber, James L. Graham, George C. Smith; Clerk's Office, Columbus 43215. Oklahoma -- Northern: H. Dale Cook, CJ; James O. Ellison, Thomas R. Brett, Clerk's Office, Tulsa 74103. Eastern: Frank H. Shey, CJ; Clerk's Office, Muskogee 74401. Western: Ralph G. Thompson, CJ; Wayne Alley, Lee R. West, Layn R. Phillips; Clerk's Office, Oklahoma City 73102. Oregon -- Owen M. Panner, CJ; James A. Redden, Helen J. Frye, Malcolm F. Marsh; Clerk's Office, Portland 97205. Pennsylvania -- Eastern: Louis Charles Bechtle, CJ; Joseph L. McGlynn Jr., Edward N. Cahn, Louis H. Pollak, Norma L. Shapiro, James T. Giles, James McGirr Kelly, Thomas N. O'Neill Jr., Marvin Katz, Edmund V. Ludwig, Robert F. Kelly, Franklin S. Van Antwerpen, Robert S. Gawthrop, Lowell A. Reed Jr., Jan E. Dubois, Herbert J. Hutton; Clerk's Office, Philadelphia 19106. Middle: Richard P. Conaboy, CJ; Sylvia H. Rambo, William W. Caldwell, Edward M. Kosik; Clerk's Office, Scranton 18501. Western: Maurice B. Cohill Jr., CJ; Paul A. Simmons, Gustave Diamond, Donald E. Ziegler, Alan N. Bloch, Glenn E. Mencer, William L. Standish, D. Brooks Smith, Donald J. Lee; Clerk's Office, Pittsburgh 15230. Rhode Island -- Francis J. Boyle, CJ; Ronald R. Lagueux, Ernest C. Torres; Clerk's Office, Providence 02903. South Carolina -- Solomon Blatt Jr., CJ; C. Weston Houck, Falcon B. Hawkins, Matthew J. Perry Jr., George R. Anderson Jr., Clyde H. Hamilton, Karen L. Henderson, Joseph F. Anderson Jr.; Clerk's Office, Columbia 29202. South Dakota -- Donald J. Porter, CJ; Richard H. Battey, John Bailey Jones; Clerk's Office, Sioux Falls 57102. Tennessee -- Eastern: Thomas G. Hull, CJ; James H. Jarvis, R. Allan Edgar, Leon Jordan; Clerk's Office, Knoxville 37901. Middle: Thomas A. Wiseman Jr, CJ; Thomas A. Higgins, John T. Nixon; Clerk's Office, Nashville 37203. Western: Odell Horton, CJ; Julia S. Gibbons, James D. Todd, Jerome Turner; Clerk's Office, Memphis 38103. Texas -- Northern: Barefoot Sanders, CJ; Robert W. Porter, Mary Lou Robinson, David O. Belew Jr., Jerry Buchmeyer, A. Joe Fish, Robert B. Maloney, Sidney A. Fitzwater, Samuel R. Cummings; Clerk's Office, Dallas 75242. Southern: James De Anda, CJ; Norman W. Black, George P. Kazen, Filemon B. Vela, Hayden W. Head Jr., Ricardo H. Hinojosa, Lynn N. Hughes, David Hittner, Kenneth M. Hoyt, Simeon T. Lake 3d, Melinda Harmon; Clerk's Office, Houston 77208. Eastern: William Wayne Justice, CJ; Robert M. Parker, Howell Cobb, Sam B. Hall Jr., Paul N. Brown, Richard A. Schell; Clerk's Office, Tyler 75702. Western: Lucius D. Bunton 3d, CJ; Harry Lee Hudspeth, Hipolito F. Garcia, James R. Nowlin, Edward C. Prado, Walter S. Smith Jr., Emilio M. Garza; Clerk's Office, San Antonio 78206. Utah -- Bruce S. Jenkins, CJ; J. Thomas Greene, David Sam, David K. Winder; Clerk's Office, Salt Lake City 84101. Vermont -- Franklin S. Billings Jr., CJ; Clerk's Office, Burlington 05402. Virginia -- Eastern: Albert V. Bryan Jr., CJ; J. Calvitt Clarke, Richard L. Williams, James C. Cacheris, Robert G. Doumar, Claude M. Hilton, James R. Spencer, Thomas S. Ellis 3d, Rebecca Beach Smith; Clerk's Office, Alexandria 22320. Western: James C. Turk, CJ; James H. Michael Jr., Jackson L. Kiser; Clerk's Office, Roanoke 24006. Washington -- Eastern: Justin L. Quackenbush, CJ; Robert J. McNichols, Alan A. McDonald; Clerk's Office, Spokane 99210. Western: Barbara J. Rothstein, CJ; Jack E. Tanner, John C. Coughenour, Carolyn R. Dimmick, Robert J. Bryan, William L. Dwyer, Thomas Zilly; Clerk's Office, Seattle 98104. West Virginia -- Northern: Robert Earl Maxwell, CJ; Clerk's Office, Elkins 26241. Southern: Charles H. Haden 2d, CJ; Robert J. Staker, John T. Copenhaver Jr., Elizabeth V. Hallanan; Clerk's Office, Charleston 25329. Wisconsin -- Eastern: Robert W. Warren, CJ; Terence T. Evans, Thomas J. Curran, J.P. Stadtmueller; Clerk's Office, Milwaukee 53202. Western: Barbara B. Crabb, CJ; John C. Shabaz; Clerk's Office, Madison 53701. Wyoming -- Clarence A. Brimmer, CJ; Alan B. Johnson; Clerk's Office, Cheyenne 82001. U.S. Territorial District Courts Guam -- Cristobal C. Duenas; Clerk's Office, Agana 96910. Puerto Rico -- Juan M. Perez-Gimenez, CJ; Gilberto Gierbolini, Carmen Consuelo Cerezo, Jaime Pieras Jr., Raymond L. Acosta, Hector M. Laffitte, Jose Antonio Fuste; Clerk's Office, San Juan 00904. Virgin Islands -- vacancy CJ; Clerk's Office, Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas 00801. U.S. Court of Veterans Appeals (established by Congress in 1989) State Officials, Salaries, Party Membership Governors reflect results of Nov. 6, 1990 elections; other officials are as of mid-1990; | Ind. or other party. Alabama Governor -- Guy Hunt, R., $70,222. Lt. Gov. -- Jim Folsom Jr., D., $40 per legislative day, plus annual salary of $1,900 per month plus $1,500 per month for expenses. Sec. of State -- Perry Hand, R., $36,234. Atty. Gen. -- Don Siegelman, D., $77,420. Treasurer -- George Wallace Jr., D., $49,500. Legislature: meets annually the 3d Tuesday in Apr. (first year of term of office, first Tuesday in Feb. (2d and 3d years), 2d Tuesday in Jan. (4th year) at Montgomery. Members receive $10 a day salary, plus $1,900 per month expenses, plus $40 per day expenses during legislative sessions, and mileage of 10c per mile. Senate -- Dem., 27; Rep., 8. Total, 35. House -- Dem., 83; Rep., 22. Total, 105. Alaska Governor -- Walter Hickel, | $81,648. Lt. Gov. -- Stephen McAlpine, D., $76,188. Atty. General -- Douglas Baily, D., $77,304. Legislature: meets annually in January at Juneau, for 120 days with a 10-day extension possible upon vote. First session in odd years. Members receive $22,140 per year plus $80 a day per diem. Senate -- Dem., 8; Rep., 12. Total, 20. House -- Dem., 24; Rep., 16. Total, 40. Arizona Governor -- Fife Symington, R., $75,000. Sec. of State -- Jim Shumway, $50,000. Atty. Gen. -- Bob Corbin, R., $70,000. Treasurer -- Ray Rottas, R., $50,000. Legislature: meets annually in January at Phoenix. Each member receives an annual salary of $15,000. Senate -- Dem., 13; Rep., 17. Total, 30. House -- Dem., 26; Rep., 34. Total, 60. Arkansas Governor -- Bill Clinton, D., $35,000. Lt. Gov. -- Winston Bryant, D., $14,000. Sec. of State -- W. J. "Bill" McCuen, D., $22,500. Atty. Gen. -- Steve Clark, D., $26,500. Treasurer -- Jimmie Lou Fisher, D., $22,500. General Assembly: meets odd years in January at Little Rock. Members receive $7,500 per year, $74 a day while in regular session, plus 21 cents a mile travel expense. Senate -- Dem., 31; Rep., 4. Total, 35. House -- Dem., 88; Rep. 11; 1 ind. Total, 100. California Governor -- Pete Wilson, R., $102,079. Lt. Gov. -- Leo T. McCarthy, D., $87,068. Sec. of State -- March Fong Eu, D., $87,068. Controller -- Gray Davis, D., $87,068. Atty. Gen. -- John Van de Kamp, D., $93,073. Legislature: meets at Sacramento; regular sessions commence on the first Monday in Dec. of every even-numbered year; each session lasts 2 years. Members receive $44,898 per year plus mileage and $65 per diem. Senate -- Dem., 24; Rep., 14, 1 ind., 1 vac.; Total, 40. Assembly -- Dem., 46; Rep., 33, 1 vac.; Total, 80. Colorado Governor -- Roy Romer, D., $70,000. Lt. Gov. -- Mike Callihan, D., $48,500. Secy. of State -- Natalie Meyer, R., $48,500. Atty. Gen. -- Duane Woodard, D., $60,000. Treasurer -- Gail Schoettler, D., $48,500. General Assembly: meets annually in January at Denver. Members receive $17,500 annually. Senate -- Dem., 11; Rep., 24. Total, 35. House -- Dem., 26; Rep., 39. Total, 65. Connecticut Governor -- Lowell Weicker, | $78,000. Lt. Gov. -- Joseph J. Fauliso, D., $55,000. Sec. of State -- Julia H. Tashjian, D., $50,000. Treasurer -- Francisco Borges, D., $50,000. Comptroller -- J. Edward Caldwell, D., $50,000. Atty. Gen. -- Clarine Nardi Riddle, Act., $60,000. General Assembly: meets annually odd years in January and even years in February at Hartford. Salary $15,200 per year plus $4,500 (senator), $3,500 (representative) per year for expenses, plus travel allowance. Senate -- Dem., 23; Rep., 13. Total, 36. House -- Dem., 86; Rep., 65. Total, 151. Delaware Governor -- Michael N. Castle, R., $80,000. Lt. Gov. -- Dale E. Wolf, R., $35,000. Sec. of State -- Michael Harkins, R., $69,900. Atty. Gen. -- Charles Oberly 3d, D., $81,400. Treasurer -- Janet C. Rzewnicki, R., $63,000. General Assembly: 55 day session beginning the 2d Tuesday in January until June 30. Members receive $23,000 base salary, plus $5,500 expense account. Senate -- Dem., 13; Rep., 8. Total, 21. House -- Dem., 18; Rep., 23. Total, 41. Florida Governor -- Lawton Chiles, D., $100,883. Lt. Gov. -- Bobby Brantley, R., $91,301. Sec. of State -- Jim Smith, R., $91,301. Comptroller -- Gerald Lewis, D., $91,301. Atty. Gen. -- Robert Butterworth, D., $91,301. Treasurer -- Tim Gallagher, R., $81,967. Legislature: meets annually at Tallahassee. Members receive $21,648 per year plus expense allowance while on official business. Senate -- Dem., 23; Rep., 17. Total, 40. House -- Dem., 72; Rep., 48. Total, 120. Georgia Governor -- Zell Miller, D., $88,872. Lt. Gov. -- vacant, $56,293. Sec. of State -- Max Cleland, D., $71,186. Insurance Comm. -- Warren Evans, D., $71,174. Atty. Gen. -- Michael J. Bowers, $72,824. General Assembly: meets annually at Atlanta. Members receive $10,000 per year, $59 per diem, and $4,800 expense reimbursement. During session $59 per day for expenses. Senate -- Dem., 45; Rep., 11. Total, 56. House -- Dem., 144; Rep., 36. Total, 180. Hawaii Governor -- John Waihee, D., $80,000. Lt. Gov. -- Benjamin Cayetano, D., $76,000. Atty. Gen. -- Warren Price, $68,400. Comptroller -- Russel Nagata, $68,400. Dir. of Budget & Finance -- Yukio Takemoto, $68,400. Legislature: meets annually on 3d Wednesday in January at Honolulu. Members receive $27,000 per year plus expenses. Senate -- Dem., 22. Rep., 3. Total, 25. House -- Dem., 45. Rep., 6. Total, 51. Idaho Governor -- Cecil D. Andrus, D., $55,000. Lt. Gov. -- C. L. "Butch" Otter, R., $15,000. Sec. of State -- Pete T. Cenarrusa, R., $45,000. Treasurer -- Lydia Justice Edwards, R., $45,000. Atty. Gen. -- Jim Jones, R., $48,000. Legislature meets annually the Monday on or nearest the 9th of January at Boise. Members receive $30 per day during session, $15 per day when not in session, plus certain travel and living allowances. Senate -- Dem., 19; Rep., 23. Total, 42. House -- Dem., 20; Rep., 64. Total, 84. Illinois Governor -- Jim Edgar, R., $93,266. Lt. Gov. -- George H. Ryan, R., $65,835. Sec. of State -- Jim Edgar, R., $82,294. Comptroller -- Roland W. Burris, D., $71,321. Atty. Gen. -- Neil F. Hartigan, D., $82,294. Treasurer -- Jerry Cosentino, D., $71,321. General Assembly: meets annually in January at Springfield. Members receive $35,661 per annum. Senate -- Dem., 31; Rep., 28. Total, 59. House -- Dem., 67; Rep., 51. Total, 118. Indiana Governor -- Evan Bayh, D., $77,000 plus discretionary expenses. Lt. Gov. -- Frank O'Bannon, D., $64,000 plus discretionary expenses. Sec. of State -- Joseph Hogsett D., $46,000. Atty. Gen. -- Linley E. Pearson, R., $51,000. Treasurer -- Marjorie H. O'Laughlin, R., $46,000. Auditor -- Ann G. Devore, R., $46,000. General Assembly: meets annually in January. Members receive $11,600 per year plus $75 per day while in session, $15 per day while not in session. Senate -- Dem., 24; Rep., 26. Total, 50. House -- Dem., 50; Rep., 50. Total, 100. Iowa Governor -- Terry E. Branstad, R., $72,500. Lt. Gov. -- Jo Ann Zimmerman, D., $25,100. Sec. of State -- Elaine Baxter, D., $55,700. Atty. Gen. -- Tom Miller, D., $69,700. Treasurer -- Michael L. Fitzgerald, D., $55,700. Auditor -- Richard D. Johnson, R., $55,700. Secy. of Agriculture -- Dale M. Cochran, D., $53,000. General Assembly: meets annually in January at Des Moines. Members receive $16,600 annually plus maximum expense allowance of $40 per day for first 110 days of first session, and first 100 days of 2d session; mileage expenses at 21c a mile. Senate -- Dem., 30; Rep., 20. Total, 50. House -- Dem., 61; Rep., 39. Total, 100. Kansas Governor -- Joan Finney, D., $73,138. Lt. Gov. -- Jack Walker, R., $20,688. Sec. of State -- Bill Graves, R., $56,400. Atty. Gen. -- Robert T. Stephan, R., $65,345. Treasurer -- Joan Finney, D., $56,816. Legislature: meets annually in January at Topeka. Members receive $59 a day plus $69 a day expenses while in session, plus $600 per month while not in session. Senate -- Dem., 18; Rep., 22. Total, 40. House -- Dem., 57; Rep., 68. Total, 125. Kentucky Governor -- Wallace G. Wilkinson, D., $69,730. Lt. Gov. -- Brereton Jones, D., $59,262. Sec. of State -- Bremer Ehrler, D., $59,262. Atty. Gen. -- Fred Cowan, D., $59,262. Treasurer -- Robert Meade, D., $59,262. Auditor -- Bob Babbage, D., $59,262. General Assembly: meets even years in January at Frankfort. Members receive $100 per day and $100 per day during session and $950 per month for expenses for interim. Senate -- Dem., 30; Rep., 8. Total, 38. House -- Dem., 71; Rep., 29. Total, 100. Louisiana Governor -- Charles "Buddy" Roemer, D., $73,440. Lt. Gov. -- Paul Hardy, R., $63,367. Sec. of State -- Fox McKeithen, D., $60,169. Atty. Gen. -- William J. Guste Jr., D., $60,169. Treasurer -- Mary Landrieu, D., $60,169. Legislature: meets annually for 60 legislative days commencing on 3d Monday in April. Members receive $75 per day and mileage plus annual salary of $16,800. Senate -- Dem., 33; Rep., 6. Total, 39. House -- Dem., 87; Rep., 18. Total, 105. Maine Governor -- John R. McKernan Jr., R., $70,000. Sec. of State -- G. William Diamond D., $37,523. Atty. Gen. -- James Tierney, D., $58,073. Treasurer -- Samuel Shapiro, D., $50,044. Legislature: meets annually in December at Augusta. Members receive $9,000 for first regular sessions, $6,000 for second regular session plus expenses; presiding officers receive 50% more. Senate -- Dem., 20; Rep., 15. Total, 35. House -- Dem., 97; Rep., 54. Total, 151. Maryland Governor -- William Donald Schaefer, D., $85,000. Lt. Gov. -- Melvin Steinberg, D., $72,500. Comptroller -- Louis L. Goldstein, D., $72,500. Atty. Gen. -- J. Joseph Curran Jr., D., $72,500. Sec. of State -- Winfield M. Kelly Jr., D., $45,000. Treasurer -- Lucille Maurer, D., $72,500. General Assembly: meets 90 consecutive days annually beginning on the 2d Wednesday in January at Annapolis. Members receive $25,000 per year plus expenses. Senate -- Dem., 40; Rep., 7. Total, 47. House -- Dem., 125; Rep., 16. Total, 141. Massachusetts Governor -- William Weld, R., $75,000. Lt. Gov. -- Evelyn Murphy, $60,000. Sec. of State -- Michael Joseph Connolly, D., $60,000. Atty. Gen. -- James M. Shannon, D., $65,000. Treasurer -- Robert Q. Crane, D., $60,000. Auditor -- A. Joseph DeNucci, D., $60,000. General Court (Legislature): meets each January in Boston. Salaries $30,000 per annum. Senate -- Dem., 32; Rep., 8. Total, 40. House -- Dem., 129; Rep., 31. Total, 160. Michigan Governor -- John Engler, R., $100,100. Lt. Gov. -- Martha W. Griffiths, D., $67,400. Sec. of State -- Richard H. Austin, D., $89,000. Atty. Gen. -- Frank J. Kelley, D., $89,000. Treasurer -- Robert A. Bowman, N-P, $80,300. Legislature: meets annually in January at Lansing. Members receive $42,670 per year, plus $8,100 expense allowance. Senate -- Dem., 18; Rep., 20. Total, 38. House -- Dem., 61; Rep., 49. Total, 110. Minnesota Governor -- Arne Carlson, R., $103,860. Lt. Gov. -- Marlene Johnson, DFL, $57,125. Sec. of State -- Joan Anderson Growe, DFL., $57,125. Atty. Gen. -- Hubert H. Humphrey 3d, DFL., $81,138. Treasurer -- Michael McGrath, DFL., $54,042. Auditor -- Arnie Carlson, IR, $62,320. Legislature: meets for a total of 120 days within every 2 years at St. Paul. Members receive $26,395 per year, plus expense allowance during session. Senate -- DFL., 44; IR, 23. Total, 67. House -- DFL., 80; IR, 54. Total, 134. (DFL means Democratic-Farmer-Labor. IR means Independent Republican.) Mississippi Governor -- Ray Mabus, D., $63,000. Lt. Gov. -- Brad Dye, D., $40,800. Sec. of State -- Dick Molpus, D., $54,000. Atty. Gen. -- Mike Moore, D., $61,200. Treasurer -- Marshall Bennett, D., $54,000. Legislature: meets annually in January at Jackson. Members receive $10,100 per regular session plus travel allowance, and $500 per month while not in session. Senate -- Dem., 45; Rep., 7. Total, 52. House -- Dem., 115; Rep., 7. Total, 122. Missouri Governor -- John D. Ashcroft, R., $88,851. Lt. Gov. -- Mel Carnahan, D., $53,277. Sec. of State -- Roy D. Blunt, R., $70,909. Atty. Gen. -- William L. Webster, R., $76,786. Treasurer -- Wendell Bailey, R., $70,909. State Auditor -- Margaret Kelly, R., $70,909. General Assembly: meets annually in Jefferson City on the first Wednesday after first Monday in January. Members receive $22,414 annually. Senate -- Dem., 22; Rep., 12. Total, 34. House -- Dem., 104; Rep., 59. Total, 163. Montana Governor -- Stan Stephens, R., $50,452. Lt. Gov. -- Alan Kolstad, R., $36,141. Sec. of State -- Mike Cooney, D., $33,342. Atty. Gen. -- Marc Racicot, R., $46,016. Legislative Assembly: meets odd years in January at Helena. Members receive $59.12 per legislative day plus $50 per day for expenses while in session. Senate -- Dem., 27; Rep., 23. Total, 50. House -- Dem., 52; Rep., 48. Total, 100. Nebraska Governor -- Ben Nelson, D., $58,000. Lt. Gov. -- William Nichol, R., $40,000. Sec. of State -- Allen J. Beermann, R., $40,000. Atty. Gen. -- Robert Spire, R., $57,500. Treasurer -- Frank Marsh, R., $35,000. Legislature: meets annually in January at Lincoln. Members receive salary of $12,000 annually plus travelling expenses. Unicameral body composed of 49 members who are elected on a nonpartisan ballot and are classed as senators. Nevada Governor -- Robert Miller, D., $77,500. Lt. Gov. -- vacant, $12,500. Sec. of State -- Frankie Sue Del Papa, D., $50,500. Comptroller -- Darrel Daines, R., $49,000. Atty. Gen. -- Brian McKay, R., $62,500. Treasurer -- Ken Santor, R., $49,000. Legislature: meets odd years in January at Carson City. Members receive $130 per day for 60 days (20 days for special sessions). Senate -- Dem., 8; Rep., 13. Total, 21. Assembly -- Rep., 12; Dem., 30. Total, 42. New Hampshire Governor -- Judd Gregg, R., $72,146. Sec. of State -- William M. Gardner, D., $50,675. Atty. Gen. -- Stephen E. Merrill, $58,940. Treasurer -- Georgie A. Thomas, R., $50,675. General Court (Legislature): meets every year in January at Concord. Members receive $200; presiding officers $250. Senate -- Dem., 8; Rep., 16. Total, 24. House -- Rep., 281; Dem., 119. Total, 400. New Jersey Governor -- James J. Florio, D., $85,000. Sec. of State -- Joan Haberle, D., $95,000. Atty. Gen. -- Robert J. Del Tuso, D., $95,000. Treasurer -- Douglas C. Berman, D., $95,000. Legislature: meets throughout the year at Trenton. Members receive $25,000 per year, except president of Senate and speaker of Assembly who receive 1/3 more. Senate -- Dem., 23; Rep., 17. Total, 40. Assembly -- Dem., 43; Rep. 36, 1 vacancy; Total, 80. New Mexico Governor -- Bruce King, D., $90,000. Lt. Gov. -- Jack Stahl, R., $65,000. Sec. of State -- Rebecca Vigil-Giron, D., $65,000. Atty. Gen. -- Hal Stratton, R., $72,500. Treasurer -- James Lewis, D., $65,000. Legislature: meets on the 3d Tuesday in January at Santa Fe; odd years for 60 days, even years for 30 days. Members receive $75 per day while in session. Senate -- Dem., 26; Rep., 16. Total, 42. House -- Dem., 45; Rep., 25. Total, 70. New York Governor -- Mario M. Cuomo, D., $130,000. Lt. Gov. -- Stan Lundine, D., $95,000. Sec. of State -- Gail S. Shaffer, D., $87,338. Comptroller -- Edward V. Regan, R., $110,000. Atty. Gen. -- Robert Abrams, D., $110,000. Legislature: meets annually in January at Albany. Members receive $57,500 per year. Senate -- Dem., 27; Rep., 34. Total, 61. Assembly -- Dem., 93; Rep., 57. Total, 150. North Carolina Governor -- James G. Martin, R., $109,728 plus $11,500 per year expenses. Lt. Gov. -- James C. Gardner, R., $66,972 per year, plus $11,500 per year expense allowance. Sec. of State -- Rufus L. Edmisten, D., $66,972. Atty. Gen. -- Lacy Thornberg, D., $66,972. Treasurer -- Harlan E. Boyles, D., $66,972. General Assembly: meets odd years in January at Raleigh. Members receive $11,124 annual salary and $5,500 annual expense allowance, plus $81 per diem subsistence and travel allowance while in session. Senate -- Dem., 37; Rep., 13. Total, 50. House -- Dem., 74; Rep., 46. Total, 120. North Dakota Governor -- George A. Sinner, D., $65,200. Lt. Gov. -- Lloyd B. Omdahl, D., $53,500. Sec. of State -- Jim Kusler, D., $49,300. Atty. Gen. -- Nicholas Spaeth, D., $55,700. Treasurer -- Robert Hanson, D., $49,300. Legislative Assembly: meets odd years in January at Bismarck. Members receive $90 per day expenses during session and $180 per month when not in session. Senate -- Dem., 32; Rep., 21. Total, 53. House -- Dem., 45; Rep., 61. Total, 106. Ohio Governor -- George Voinovich, R., $65,000. Lt. Gov. -- Paul R. Leonard, $44,903. Sec. of State -- Sherrod Brown, D., $67,005. Atty. Gen. -- Anthony J. Celebrezze Jr., D., $67,005. Treasurer -- Mary Ellen Withrow, D., $67,005. Auditor -- Thomas E. Ferguson, D., $67,005. General Assembly: meets odd years at Columbus on first Monday in January; no limit on session. Members receive $34,905 per annum. Senate -- Dem., 14; Rep., 19. Total, 33. House -- Dem., 59; Rep., 40. Total, 99. Oklahoma Governor -- David Walters, D., $70,000. Lt. Gov. -- Robert S. Kerr 3d, D., $40,000. Sec. of State -- Hannah Diggs Atkins, D., $37,500. Atty. Gen. -- Robert H. Henry, D., $55,000. Treasurer -- Ellis Edwards, D., $50,000. Legislature: meets annually in January at Oklahoma City. Members receive $32,000 annually. Senate -- Dem., 33; Rep., 15. Total, 48. House -- Dem., 69; Rep., 32. Total, 101. Oregon Governor -- Barbara Roberts, D., $80,000, plus $500 monthly expenses. Sec. of State -- Barbara Roberts, D., $61,500. Atty. Gen. -- David B. Frohnmayer, R., $66,000. Treasurer -- Tony Meeker, R., $61,500. Legislative Assembly: meets odd years in January at Salem. Members receive $989 monthly and $66 expenses per day both during & out of session. Senate -- Dem., 19; Rep., 11. Total, 30. House -- Dem., 32; Rep., 28. Total, 60. Pennsylvania Governor -- Robert Casey, D., $85,000. Lt. Gov. -- Mark S. Singel, D., $67,500. Sec. of the Commonwealth -- James J. Haggerty, D., $58,000. Atty. Gen. -- Ernest R. Preate, R., $84,000. Treasurer -- Catherine Baker Knoll, D., $84,000. General Assembly -- convenes annually in January at Harrisburg. Members receive $35,000 per year plus expenses. Senate -- Dem., 23; Rep., 27. Total, 50. House -- Dem., 103; Rep., 99; 1 vacancy. Total, 203. Rhode Island Governor -- Bruce Sundlun, D., $69,000. Lt. Gov. -- Roger N. Begin, D., $52,000. Sec. of State -- Kathleen S. Connell, D., $52,000. Atty. Gen. -- James E. O'Neil, D., $55,000. Treasurer -- Anthony J. Solomon, D., $52,000. General Assembly: meets annually in January at Providence. Members receive $5 per day for 60 days, and travel allowance of 8c per mile. Senate -- Dem., 41; Rep., 9. Total, 50. House -- Dem., 83; Rep., 17. Total, 100. South Carolina Governor -- Carroll A. Campbell Jr., R., $83,232. Lt. Gov. -- Nick Theodore, D., $36,414. Sec. of State -- John T. Campbell, D., $70,447. Comptroller Gen. -- Earle E. Morris Jr., D., $70,447. Atty. Gen. -- T.T. Medlock, D., $70,447. Treasurer -- G.L. Patterson Jr., D., $70,447. General Assembly: meets annually in January at Columbia. Members receive $10,000 per year and expense allowance of $74 per day, plus travel and postage allowance. Senate -- Dem., 35; Rep., 11. Total, 46. House -- Dem. 83; Rep., 40; 1 vacancy. Total, 124. South Dakota Governor -- George S. Mickelson, R., $60,819. Lt. Gov. -- Walter Miller, R., $52,915. Sec. of State -- Joyce Hazeltine, R., $41,308. Treasurer -- David Volk, R., $41,308. Atty. Gen. -- Roger Tellinghuisen, R., $51,625. Auditor -- Vernon Larson, R., $41,308. Legislature: meets annually in January at Pierre. Members receive $4,267 for 40-day session in odd-numbered years, and $3,733 for 35-day session in even-numbered years, plus $75 per legislative day. Senate -- Dem., 15; Rep., 20. Total, 35. House -- Dem., 24. Rep., 46. Total, 70. Tennessee Governor -- Ned Ray McWherter, D., $85,000. Lt. Gov. -- John S. Wilder, D., $49,500. Sec. of State -- Bryant Millsaps, D., $65,500. Comptroller -- William Snodgrass, D., $65,000. Atty. Gen. -- Charles W. Burson, D., $65,650. General Assembly: meets annually in January at Nashville. Members receive $16,500 yearly plus $78.00 per diem plus office expenses. Senate -- Dem., 22; Rep., 11. Total, 33. House -- Dem., 58; Rep., 41. Total, 99. Texas Governor -- Ann Richards, D., $93,342. Lt. Gov. -- Bill Hobby, D., $7,200. Sec. of State -- George S. Bayoud Jr., R., $64,890. Comptroller -- Bob Bullock, D., $74,698. Atty. Gen. -- Jim Mattox, D., $74,698. Treasurer -- Ann W. Richards, D., $74,698. Legislature: meets odd years in January at Austin. Members receive annual salary not exceeding $7,200, per diem while in session, and travel allowance. Senate -- Dem., 23; Rep., 8. Total, 31. House -- Dem., 93; Rep., 57. Total, 150. Utah Governor -- Norman Bangerter, R., $70,000. Lt. Gov. -- W. Val Oveson, R., $52,500. Atty. Gen. -- R. Paul Van Dam, D., $56,000. Treasurer -- Edward T. Alter, D., $53,000. Legislature: convenes for 45 days on 2d Monday in January each year; members receive $25 per day, $15 daily expenses, and mileage. Senate -- Dem., 7; Rep., 22. Total, 29. House -- Dem., 28; Rep., 47. Total, 75. Vermont Governor -- Peter Snelling, R., $75,800. Lt. Gov. -- Howard Dean, D., $31,600. Sec. of State -- James H. Douglas, R., $47,700. Atty. Gen. -- Jeffrey Amestoy, R., $57,300. Treasurer -- Paul W. Ruse Jr., D., $47,700. Auditor of Accounts -- Alexander V. Acebo, R., $47,700. General Assembly: meets odd years in January at Montpelier. Members receive $6,750 plus $90 per day for special session, plus specified expenses. Senate -- Dem., 16; Rep., 14. Total, 30. House -- Dem., 75; Rep., 75. Total, 150. Virginia Governor -- L. Douglas Wilder, D., $85,000. Lt. Gov. -- Donald S. Beyer Jr., $28,000. Atty. Gen. -- Mary Sue Terry, D., $75,000. Sec. of the Commonwealth -- Pamela Womack, D., $53,085. Treasurer -- Eddie N. Moore Jr., $65,000. General Assembly: meets annually in January at Richmond. Members receive $18,000 annually plus expense and mileage allowances. Senate -- Dem., 30; Rep., 10. Total, 40. House -- Dem., 59; Rep., 39; Ind., 2. Total, 100. Washington Governor -- Booth Gardner, D., $96,700. Lt. Gov. -- Joel Pritchard, D., $51,100. Sec. of State -- Ralph Munro, R., $52,600. Atty. Gen. -- Ken Eikenberry, R., $75,700. Treasurer -- Daniel K. Grimm, D., $65,000. Legislature: meets annually in January at Olympia. Members receive $17,900 annually plus per diem of $66 per diem and 24[cent ] per mile while in session, and $66 per diem for attending meetings during interim. Senate -- Dem., 24; Rep., 25. Total, 49. House -- Dem., 63; Rep., 35. Total, 98. West Virginia Governor -- Gaston Caperton, D., $72,000. Sec. of State -- Ken Hechler, D., $43,200. Atty. Gen. -- Roger W. Tompkins, D., $50,400. Treasurer -- Tom Loehr, D., $50,400. Comm. of Agric. -- Cleve Benedict, R., $46,800. Auditor -- Glen B. Gainer Jr., D., $46,800. Legislature: meets annually in January at Charleston. Members receive $6,500. Senate -- Dem., 29; Rep., 5. Total, 34. House -- Dem., 79; Rep., 21. Total, 100. Wisconsin Governor -- Tommy G. Thompson, R., $86,149. Lt. Gov. -- Scott McCallum, R., $46,360. Sec. of State -- Douglas La Follette, D., $42,089. Treasurer -- Charles P. Smith, D., $42,089. Atty. Gen. -- Donald Hanaway, R., $73,930. Superintendent of Public Instruction -- Herbert J. Grover, $66,536. Legislature: meets in January at Madison. Members receive $31,236 annually plus $55 per day expenses. Senate -- Dem., 19; Rep., 14. Total, 33. Assembly -- Dem., 55; Rep., 42.; 2 vacancies. Total, 99. Wyoming Governor -- Mike Sullivan, D., $70,000. Sec. of State -- Kathy Karpan, D., $52,500. Atty. Gen. -- Joseph Meyer, $52,500. Treasurer -- Stan Smith, R., $52,500. Auditor -- Jack Sidi, R., $52,500. Legislature: meets odd years in January, even years in February, at Cheyenne. Members receive $75 per day while in session, plus $60 per day for expenses. Senate -- Dem., 11; Rep., 19. Total, 30. House -- Dem., 23; Rep. 41. Total, 64. Puerto Rico Governor -- Rafael Hernandez-Colon. Secretary of State -- Antonio J. Colorado-Laguna. Secy. of Justice -- Hector Rivera-Cruz. These officials belong to the Popular Democratic Party. Legislature: composed of a Senate of 27 members and a House of Representatives of 53 members. Majority of the members of both chambers belongs to the Popular Democratic Party. They meet annually on the 2d Monday in January at San Juan. U.S. Government Independent Agencies National Archives & Records Administration Address: Washington, DC. Location and ZIP codes of agencies in parentheses; as of mid-1990. ACTION -- Jane A. Kenny, dir. (1100 Vermont Ave., NW, 20525). Administrative Conference of the United States -- Marshall J. Breger, chmn. (2120 L St. NW, 20037). African Development Foundation -- Leonard H. Robinson Jr., pres. (1625 Massachusetts Ave. NW, 20036). American Battle Monuments Commission -- Gen. Andrew J. Goodpaster, chmn. (2020 Massachusetts Ave. NW, 20314). Appalachian Regional Commission -- Winifred A. Pizzano, federal co-chmn.; Gov. Carroll A. Campbell Jr. of South Carolina, states' co-chmn. (1666 Connecticut Ave. NW, 20235). Board for International Broadcasting -- Malcolm S. Forbes Jr., chmn. (1201 Connecticut Ave. NW. 20036). Central Intelligence Agency -- William H. Webster, dir. (Wash., DC 20505). Commission of Fine Arts -- J. Carter Brown, chmn. (708 Jackson Pl. NW, 20006). Commission on Civil Rights -- Arthur A. Fletcher, chmn. (1121 Vermont Ave. NW, 20425). Commodity Futures Trading Commission -- Wendy L. Gramm, chmn. (2033 K St. NW, 20581). Consumer Product Safety Commission -- Jacquline Jones-Smith, chmn. (5401 Westbard Ave., Bethesda, MD 20207). Environmental Protection Agency -- William K. Reilly, adm. (401 M St., SW, 20460). Equal Employment Opportunity Commission -- Evan J. Kemp. Jr., chmn. (1801 L St. NW., 20507). Export-Import Bank of the United States -- John D. Macomber, pres. and chmn. (811 Vermont Ave. NW 20571). Farm Credit Administration -- Harold B. Steele, chmn., Federal Farm Credit Board (1501 Farm Credit Drive, McLean, VA 22102). Federal Communications Commission -- Alfred C. Sikes, chmn. (1919 M St. NW, 20554). Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation -- L. William Seidman, chmn. (550 17th St. NW, 20429). Federal Election Commission -- Lee Ann Elliott, chmn. (999 E. St. NW, 20463). Federal Emergency Management Agency -- Robert H. Morris, act. dir. (500 C St. SW, 20472). Federal Housing Finance Board -- Jack Kemp, act. chmn. (777 F St. NW., 20006). Federal Labor Relations Authority -- Jean McKee, chmn. (500 C St. SW, 20424). Federal Maritime Commission -- James J. Carey, act. chmn. (1100 L St. NW 20573). Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service -- Bernard E. DeLury, dir. (2100 K St. NW, 20427). Federal Reserve System -- Chairman, board of governors: Alan Greenspan. (20th St. & Constitution Ave. NW, 20551). Federal Trade Commission -- Janet D. Steiger, chmn. (Pennsylvania Ave. at 6th St. NW, 20580). General Accounting Office -- Comptroller General of the U.S.; Charles A. Bowsher (441 G St. NW, 20548). General Services Administration -- Richard G. Austin, act. adm. (18th & F Sts. NW, 20405). Government Printing Office -- Public printer: Robert W. Houk. (North Capitol and H Sts. NW, 20401). Inter-American Foundation -- Victor Blanco, chmn. (1515 Wilson Blvd., Rosslyn, VA 22209). Interstate Commerce Commission -- Edward J. Philbin, chmn. (12th St. & Constitution Ave. NW, 20423). Library of Congress -- James H. Billington, librarian (101 Independence Ave. SE, 20540). Merit Systems Protection Board -- Daniel R. Levinson, chmn. (1120 Vermont Ave. NW, 20419). National Aeronautics and Space Administration -- Richard H. Truly, adm. (600 Independence Ave., SW 20546). National Archives & Records Administration -- Don W. Wilson archivist (7th & Pennsylvania Ave. NW, 20408). National Credit Union Administration -- Roger W. Jepsen, chmn. (1776 G St. NW, 20456). National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities -- John E. Frohnmayer, (arts) 1100 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, 20506; Lynne V. Cheney, chmn. (humanities) same address. Institute of Museum Services: Daphne W. Murray, dir., same address. National Labor Relations Board -- James M. Stephens, chmn. (1717 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, 20570). National Mediation Board -- Joshua M. Javits, chmn. (1425 K St. NW, 20572). National Science Foundation -- Mary L. Good, chmn., National Science Board (1800 G St. NW, 20550). National Transportation Safety Board -- James L. Kolstad, chmn. (800 Independence Ave. SW, 20594). Nuclear Regulatory Commission -- Kenneth M. Carr, chmn. (1717 H St. NW, 20555). Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission-- Edwin G. Foulke Jr., chmn. (1825 K St. NW, 20006). Office of Personnel Management -- Constance B. Newman, dir., (1900 E St. NW, 20415). Peace Corps -- Paul D. Coverdell, dir. (1990 K St. NW, 20526). Postal Rate Commission -- George W. Haley, chmn. (1333 H. St. NW, 20268-0001). Railroad Retirement Board -- Glen L. Bower, chmn. (2000 L. St. NW, 20036), Main Office (844 Rush St., Chicago, IL 60611). Securities and Exchange Commission -- Richard C. Breeden, chmn. (450 5th St. NW, 20549). Selective Service System -- Samuel K. Lessey Jr., dir. (1023 31st St. NW, 20435). Small Business Administration -- Susan S. Engeleiter, adm. (1441 L St. NW, 20416). Smithsonian Institution -- Robert McC. Adams, secy. (1000 Jefferson Dr. SW, 20560). Tennessee Valley Authority -- Chairman, board of directors: Marvin Runyon. (400 W. Summit Hill Dr., Knoxville, TN 37902 and Capitol Hill Office Bldg., Room 300, 412 1st St. SE, Washington, DC 20444). United States Arms Control & Disarmament Agency -- Ronald F. Lehman 2d, dir. (320 21st St. NW 20451). United States Information Agency -- Bruce S. Gelb, dir. (301 4th St. SW, 20547). United States International Development Cooperation Agency -- Mark Edelman, act. dir. (320 21st St. NW 20523). United States International Trade Commission -- Anne E. Brunsdale, chmn. (500 E St. NW, 20436). United States Postal Service -- Anthony M. Frank, postmaster general (475 L'Enfant Plaza West SW, 20260). Governors of States and Possessions (Reflecting Preliminary Results of Nov. 6, 1990 Elections) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴� State Capital Governor Party Term years 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alabama Montgomery Guy Hunt Rep. 4 Alaska Juneau Walter Hickel Ind. 4 Arizona Phoenix Fife Symington Rep. 4 Arkansas Little Rock Bill Clinton Dem. 4 California Sacramento Pete Wilson Rep. 4 Colorado Denver Roy Romer Dem. 4 Connecticut Hartford Lowell Weicker Ind. 4 State Capital Governor Party Term years 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Connecticut Hartford Lowell Weicker Ind. 4 Delaware Dover Michael N. Castle Rep. 4 Florida Tallahassee Lawton Chiles Dem. 4 Georgia Atlanta Zell Miller Dem. 4 Hawaii Honolulu John Waihee Dem. 4 Idaho Boise Cecil D. Andrus Dem. 4 Illinois Springfield Jim Edgar Rep. 4 Indiana Indianapolis Evan Bayh Dem. 4 Iowa Des Moines Terry E. Branstad Rep. 4 Kansas Topeka Joan Finney Dem. 4 Kentucky Frankfort Wallace G. Wilkinson Dem. 4 Louisiana Baton Rouge Charles "Buddy" Roemer Dem. 4 Maine Augusta John McKernan Jr. Rep. 4 Maryland Annapolis William Donald Schaefer Dem. 4 Massachusetts Boston William Weld Rep. 4 Michigan Lansing John Engler Rep. 4 Minnesota St. Paul Arne Carlson Rep. 4 Mississippi Jackson Ray Mabus Dem. 4 Missouri Jefferson City John D. Ashcroft Rep. 4 State Capital Governor Party Term years 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Missouri Jefferson City John D. Ashcroft Rep. 4 Montana Helena Stan Stephens Rep. 4 Nebraska Lincoln Ben Nelson Dem. 4 Nevada Carson City Robert Miller Dem. 4 New Hampshire Concord Judd Gregg Rep. 2 New Jersey Trenton James Florio Dem. 4 New Mexico Santa Fe Bruce King Dem. 4 New York Albany Mario M. Cuomo Dem. 4 North Carolina Raleigh James G. Martin Rep. 4 North Dakota Bismarck George A. Sinner Dem. 4 Ohio Columbus George Voinovich Rep. 4 Oklahoma Oklahoma City David Walters Dem. 4 Oregon Salem Barbara Roberts Dem. 4 Pennsylvania Harrisburg Robert Casey Dem. 4 Rhode Island Providence Bruce Sundlun Dem. 2 South Carolina Columbia Carroll A. Campbell Jr. Rep. 4 South Dakota Pierre George S. Mickelson Rep. 4 Tennessee Nashville Ned Ray McWherter Dem. 4 Texas Austin Ann Richards Dem. 4 State Capital Governor Party Term years 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Texas Austin Ann Richards Dem. 4 Utah Salt Lake City Norman Bangerter Rep. 4 Vermont Montpelier Peter Snelling Rep. 2 Virginia Richmond L. Douglas Wilder Dem. 4 Washington Olympia Booth Gardner Dem. 4 West Virginia Charleston Gaston Caperton Dem. 4 Wisconsin Madison Tommy G. Thompson Rep. 4 Wyoming Cheyenne Mike Sullivan Dem. 4 Amer. Samoa Pago Pago Peter T. Coleman Rep. 4 Guam Agana Joseph Ada Dem. 4 Puerto Rico San Juan Rafael Hernandez Colon P.D. 4 Virgin Islands Charlotte Amalie Alexander Farreley Dem. 4 The Race for Governor: 1990 News Election Service (preliminary returns) (bold face denotes winner, write-ins not included.) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� State Republican Vote Democrat 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alabama Guy Hunt* 629,554 Paul R. Hubbert Alaska Arliss Sturgylewski 4,156 Tony Knowles Arizona Fife Symington 519,558 Terry Goddard Arkansas Sheffield Nelson 285,324 Bill Clinton* California Pete Wilson 3,435,145 Dianne Feinstein Colorado John Andrews 362,670 Roy Romer* Connecticut John G. Rowland 426,448 Bruce Morrison Florida Bob Martinez* 1,487,302 Lawton Chiles Georgia Johnny Isakson 638,573 Zell Miller Hawaii Fred Hemmings 131,310 John Waihee* Idaho Roger Fairchild 96,069 Cecil Andrus* Illinois Jim Edgar 1,633,706 Neil Hartigan Iowa Terry Branstad* 583,897< Donald Avenson Kansas Mike Hayden* 332,351 Joan Finney Maine John McKernan Jr.* 235,736 Joseph Brennan State Republican Vote Democrat 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Maine John McKernan Jr.* 235,736 Joseph Brennan Maryland William Shepard 435,361 William Donald Schaefer* Massachusetts William Weld 1,056,971 John Silber Michigan John Engler 1,253,525 James J. Blanchard* Minnesota Arne Carlson 753,265 Rudy Perpich* Nebraska Kay Orr* 281,827 Ben Nelson Nevada Jim Gallaway 95,445 Bob Miller* New Hampshire Judd Gregg* 176,560 J. Joseph Grandmaison New Mexico Frank M. Bond 187,549 Bruce King New York Pierre Rinfret 851,482 Mario Cuomo* Ohio George Voinovich 1,924,198 Anthony Celebrezze Jr. Oklahoma Bill Price 296,588 David Walters Oregon Dave Frohnmayer 402,384 Barbara Roberts Pennsylvania Barbara Hafer 986,010 Bob Casey* Rhode Island Edward DiPrete* 87,961 Bruce Sundlun South Carolina Carroll A. Campbell Jr.* 520,493 Theo Mitchell South Dakota George Mickelson* 150,953 Bob Samuelson Tennessee Dwight Henry 286,668 Ned McWherter* Texas Clayton Williams 1,816,856 Anne Richards State Republican Vote Democrat 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Texas Clayton Williams 1,816,856 Anne Richards Vermont Richard Snelling 108,208 Peter Welch Wisconsin Tommy G. Thompson* 801,426 Thomas Loftus Wyoming Mary Mead 55,426 Mike Sullivan* *Incumbent. Mayors and City Managers of Selected U.S. Cities Reflecting Nov. 6, 1990 elections D, Democrat; R, Republican; N-P, Non-Partisan 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Abilene, Tex. Gary McCaleb, N-P 1993, May. Abington, Pa. *Albert Herrmann 1978, May Akron, Oh. D.L. Plusquellic, D 1991, Nov. Alameda, Cal. Chuck Corica, N-P 1991, Apr. Albany, Ga. *Nicholas M. Meiszer 1985, Sept. Albany, N.Y. Thomas M. Whalen,3d,D 1993, Nov. Albuquerque, N.M. Louis Saavedra, N-P 1993, Nov. Alexandria, La. Edward Randolph Jr., D. 1994, Oct. Alexandria, Va. *Vola Lawson 1985, Sept. Alhambra, Cal. *Kevin J. Murphy. 1983, May Allentown, Pa. Joseph S. Daddona, D 1993, Nov. Altoona, Pa. Alan Mikula, D 1991, Nov. Amarillo, Tex. *John Ward 1983, June Ames, Ia. *Steven L. Schainker 1982, Oct. Anaheim, Cal. *James Roth 1990, May Anchorage, Alas. Tom Fink, N-P 1991, Nov. Anderson, Ind. J. Mark Lawler, D 1991, Nov. Anderson, S.C. *Richard Burnette 1976, Sept. Ann Arbor, Mich. *Del Borgsdorf 1988, Aug. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ann Arbor, Mich. *Del Borgsdorf 1988, Aug. Appleton, Wis. Dorothy Johnson, N-P 1992, Apr. Arcadia, Cal. *George J. Watts 1981, Feb. Arlington, Mass. *Donald R. Marquis 1966, Nov. Arlington, Tex. *William Kirchhoff 1985, Oct. Arlington Hts., Ill. William Maki, N-P 1993, Apr. Arvada, Col. *Neal G. Berlin 1986, Mar. Asheville, N.C. *Douglas Bean 1986, Apr. Athens, Ga. Dwain Chambers, D 1991, Nov. Atlanta, Ga. Maynard Jackson, D 1993, Oct. Atlantic City, N.J. Jim Whelan, N-P 1994, May Auburn, N.Y. *Bruce Clifford 1966, Aug. Augusta, Ga. Charles Devaney, D 1993, Nov. Aurora, Col. *James Griesemer 1984, Jan. Aurora, Ill. David L. Pierce, N-P 1993, Apr. Austin, Tex. *Camille Barnett 1989, Mar. Bakersfield, Cal. *J. Dale Hawley 1988, Jan. Baldwin Park, Cal. *Donald Penman 1990, Jan. Baltimore, Md. Kurt Schmoke, D 1991, Nov. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Baltimore, Md. Kurt Schmoke, D 1991, Nov. Bangor, Me. *John W. Flynn 1977, Feb. Baton Rouge, La. Tom Ed McHugh, D 1992, Oct. Battle Creek, Mich. *Rance L. Leaders 1988, June Bay City, Mich. *David D. Barnes 1979, May Bayonne, N.J. Richard Rutkowski, N-P 1994, May Baytown, Tex. *Bobby Rountree 1989, May Beaumont, Tex. *Ray A. Riley 1989, Feb. Belleville, Ill. Terry Lukens, N-P 1991, Nov. Bellevue, Wash. *Phillip Kushlan 1985, Feb. Bellflower, Cal. *Jack Simpson 1980, July Beloit, Wis. *David Wilcox 1986, Feb. Berkeley, Cal. *Hal Cronkite 1986, Apr. Bessemer, Ala. Quittman Mitchell, N-P 1994, July Bethlehem, Pa. Kenneth Smith, R. 1993, Nov. Beverly Hills, Cal. *Edward Kreins 1979, Oct. Billings, Mont. *Alan Tandy 1985, May Biloxi, Miss. Peter Halat, D 1993, May Binghamton, N.Y. Juanita M. Crabb, D 1993, Nov. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Binghamton, N.Y. Juanita M. Crabb, D 1993, Nov. Birmingham, Ala. Richard Arrington Jr., D 1991, Oct. Bismarck, N.D. Bill Sorensen, N-P 1994, Apr. Bloomfield, N.J. James Gasparini, D 1993, Nov. Bloomington, Ill. Jesse Smart, D 1993, Apr. Bloomington, Ind. Tomilea Allison, D 1991, Nov. Bloomington, Minn. *John Pidgeon 1967, Dec. Boca Raton, Fla. Emil Danciu, N-P 1991, Mar. Boise, Ida. Dirk Kempthorne, N-P 1993, Nov. Boston, Mass. Raymond L. Flynn, D 1991 Nov. Boulder, Col. *Joseph deRaines 1989, Apr. Bowie, Md. *Charles Moore 1976, Mar. Bowling Green, Ky. *Charles W. Coates 1977, Feb. Bridgeport, Conn. Mary Moran, R. 1991, Nov. Bristol, Conn. John Leone, D 1991, Nov. Brockton, Mass. Carl Pitaro, D 1991, Nov. Brooklyn Center, Minn. *Gerald G. Splinter 1977, Oct. Brownsville, Tex. *Steve Fitzgibbons 1987, Jan. Bryan, Tex. *Ernest R. Clark 1979, Feb. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Bryan, Tex. *Ernest R. Clark 1979, Feb. Buena Park, Cal. *Kevin O'Rourke 1985, Nov. Buffalo, N.Y. James D. Griffin, D 1993, Nov. Burbank, Cal. *Bud Ovrom 1984, June Burlington, Vt. Peter Clavelle, N-P 1991, Mar. Calumet City, Ill. Robert C. Stefaniak, D 1993, Apr. Cambridge, Mass. *Robert Healy, 1981, July Camden, N.J. Melvin Primas Jr., D 1993, May Canton, Oh. Sam Purses, D 1991, Nov. Cape Girardeau, Mo. *J. Ronald Fischer 1988, Feb. Carson, Cal. *Jack Smith 1988, Dec. Casper, Wyo. *Thomas Forslund 1988, June Cedar Rapids, Ia. Jon Crews, N-P 1991, Nov. Champaign, Ill. *Steven C. Carter 1985, Feb. Charleston, S.C. Joseph P. Riley Jr., D 1991, Nov. Charleston, W. Va. Charles Gardner, R 1991, Apr. Charlotte, N.C. Sue Myrick, R 1991, Nov. Charlottesville, Va. *Cole Hendrix 1970, Jan. Chattanooga, Tenn. Gene Roberts, R 1991, Apr. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Chattanooga, Tenn. Gene Roberts, R 1991, Apr. Chesapeake, Va. *James W. Rein 1987, Mar. Chester, Pa. Willie Mae James Leake, R 1991, Nov. Cheyenne, Wyo. Gary Schaeffer, R 1992, Nov. Chicago, Ill. Richard M. Daley, D 1993, Apr. Chicago Hts., Ill. Charles Panici, R 1991, Apr. Chicopee, Mass. Joseph Chessey, D 1991, Nov. Chino, Cal. *Richard Rowe 1985, Feb. Chula Vista, Cal. *John Goss 1983, Jan. Cincinnati, Oh. *Gerald Newfarmer 1990, Sept. Clearwater, Fla. *Ronald H. Rabun 1988, Apr. Cleveland, Oh. Michael Wright, N-P. 1993, Nov. Cleveland Hgts., Oh. *Robert Downey 1985, Jan. Col. Spgs., Col. *Roy Pederson 1989, Jan. Columbia, Mo. *Raymond A. Beck 1985, Aug. Columbia, S.C. *Miles Hadley 1989, Dec. Columbus, Ga. Frank Martin, D 1994, Nov. Columbus, Oh. Dana Rinehart, R 1991, Nov. Commerce, Cal. *Robert Hinderliter 1973, Aug. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Commerce, Cal. *Robert Hinderliter 1973, Aug. Compton, Cal. *Howard Caldwell 1989, June Concord, Cal. *Michael Uberuaga 1986, May Coon Rapids., Minn. *Richard Thistle 1979, July Coral Gables, Fla. *H.C. Eads Jr. 1988, May Corpus Christi, Tex. *Juan Garza 1988, Apr. Corvallis, Ore. *Gerald Seals 1988, Feb. Costa Mesa, Cal. *Allan L. Roeder 1985, Oct. Council Bluffs, Ia. Tom Hanafan, N-P 1993, Nov. Covington, Ky. *Arnold Simpson 1986, Nov. Cranston, R.I. Michael Traficante, R 1994, Nov. Crystal, Minn. *John Irving 1963, Jan. Culver City, Cal. *Dale Jones 1967, Sept. Cuyahoga Falls, Oh. Don L. Robart, R 1993, Nov. Dallas, Tex. *Richard Knight 1986, Dec. Daly City, Cal. *David R. Rowe 1969, Sept. Danbury, Conn. Gene Eriquez, N-P 1991, Nov. Danville, Va. *Charles Church 1981, June Davenport, Ia. Thomas W. Hart, R 1991, Nov. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Davenport, Ia. Thomas W. Hart, R 1991, Nov. Dayton, Oh. Richard Clay Dixon, D. 1993, Nov. Daytona Bch., Fla. *Howard D. Tipton 1978, Oct. Dearborn , Mich. Michael Guido, N-P 1993, Nov. Dearborn Hts., Mich. Lyle Van Houton, R 1993, Nov. Decatur, Ill. *James Bacon Jr. 1988, Oct. Denton, Tex. *Larry Harrell 1986, Feb. Denver, Col. Federico Pena, D 1991, May Des Moines, Ia. John Dorrian, D 1991, Nov. Des Plaines, Ill. Michael Albrecht, N-P 1993, Apr. Detroit, Mich. Coleman A. Young, N-P 1993, Nov. Dotham, Ala. *Don J. Marnon 1987, May Dover, Del. *vacant Downers Grove, Ill. *James R. Griesemer 1972, Sept. Downey, Cal. *Gerald Caton 1989, Oct. Dubuque, Ia. *W. Kenneth Gearhart 1979, Aug. Duluth, Minn. John Fedo, N-P 1991, Nov. Durham, N.C. *Orville Powell 1983, Mar. E. Chicago, Ind. Robert A. Pastrick, D 1991, Nov. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� E. Chicago, Ind. Robert A. Pastrick, D 1991, Nov. E. Hartford, Conn. Susan Kniep, R. 1991, Nov. E. Lansing, Mich. Liz Schweitzer, N-P 1991, Nov. E. Orange, N.J. Cardell Cooper, D 1993, Nov. Eau Claire, Wis. *Eric Anderson 1984, Jan. Edina, Minn. *Kenneth Rosland 1977, Nov. Edison, N.J. Thomas Paterniti, D 1993, Nov. El Cajon, Cal. Joan Shoemaker, R. 1994, June El Monte, Cal. Don McMillen, N-P 1994, Apr. El Paso, Tex. Suzie Azar, N-P 1991, May Elgin, Ill. *Larry L. Rice 1989, Oct. Elizabeth, N.J. Thomas G. Dunn, D 1992, Nov. Elkhart, Ind. James Perron, D 1992, Nov. Elmhurst, Ill. Charles Garrigues, N-P 1991, Apr. Elmira, N.Y. *W. Gregg LaMar 1987, July Elyria, Oh. Michael Keys, D 1991, Nov. Enfield, Conn. *Robert J. Mulready. 1983, Feb. Enid, Okla. *Jim Ferree 1990, May Erie, Pa. Joyce Savocchio, D 1994, Nov. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Erie, Pa. Joyce Savocchio, D 1994, Nov. Escondido, Cal. Jerry Harmon, D 1992, June Euclid, Oh. David Lynch, R 1991, Nov. Eugene, Ore. *Michael Gleason 1981, Jan. Evanston, Ill. *Joel Asprooth 1982, May Evansville, Ind. Frank McDonald, D 1991, Nov. Everett, Mass. John McCarthy, D 1991, Nov. Everett, Wash. Pete Kinch, N-P 1993, Nov. Fairborn, Oh. *Michael Hammond 1985, Dec. Fairfield, Cal. *Charles Long 1988, Sept. Fair Lawn, N.J. *Joseph Garger 1979, Oct. Fall River, Mass. Carlton Viveiros, N-P 1991, Nov. Fargo, N.D. Jon Lindgren, D 1994, Apr. Farmington Hills, Mich. *William M. Costick 1981, Jan. Fayetteville, Ark. *Scott Linebaugh 1990, May Fayetteville, N.C. *John P. Smith 1981, Jan. Fitchburg, Mass. Jeffrey Bean, D 1991, Nov. Flagstaff, Ariz. *Frank Abeyta 1981, Jan. Flint, Mich. Matthew Collier, N-P 1991, Nov. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Flint, Mich. Matthew Collier, N-P 1991, Nov. Florissant, Mo. James J. Eagan, N-P 1991, Apr. Fond du Lac, Wis. *Jack Howley 1989, Aug. Ft. Collins, Col. *Steven Burkett 1986, Apr. Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. *George Hanbury 2d 1990, Apr. Ft. Lee, N.J. Nicholas Corbiscello, R 1991, Nov. Ft. Smith, Ark. *William Vines, N-P 1990, Nov. Ft. Wayne, Ind. Paul Helmke, R 1991, Nov. Ft. Worth, Tex. *David Ivory 1989, Sept. Fountain Valley, Cal. *Judy Kelsey 1984, May Fremont, Cal. *Charles Kent McClain 1981, May Fresno, Cal. *vacant Fullerton, Cal. *William C. Winter 1979, Oct. Gadsden, Ala. David Nolen, D 1994, July Gainesville, Fla. *W.D. Higginbotham Jr. 1984, Sept. Galesburg, Ill. *Robert Knabel 1989, Feb. Galveston, Tex. *Douglas W. Matthews 1985, Mar. Gardena, Cal. *Kenneth Landau 1985, Apr. Garden Grove, Cal. *Delbert L. Powers 1980, July City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Garden Grove, Cal. *Delbert L. Powers 1980, July Garfield Hts., Oh. Thomas Longo, D 1993, Nov. Garland, Tex. *James K. Spore 1985, Mar. Gary, Ind. Thomas Barnes, D 1991, Nov. Gastonia, N.C. *Gary Hicks 1973, Dec. Glendale, Ariz. *Martin Vanacour 1985, Mar. Glendale, Cal. *David Ramsay 1988, May Grand Forks, N.D. Michael Polovitz, D 1992, Apr. Grand Island, Neb Ernie Dobesh, N-P 1994, Nov. Gr. Prairie, Tex. *Wendel Hulse 1987, Apr. Gr. Rapids, Mich. *Kurt Kimball 1987, Apr. Great Falls, Mont. *G. Allen Johnson 1981, Jan. Greeley, Col. *Sam Sasaki 1987, Mar. Green Bay, Wis. Samuel Halloin, N-P 1991, Apr. Greensboro, N.C. *W.H. Carstarphen 1984, June Greenville, S.C. *John Dullea 1971, Oct. Greenwich, Conn. John Margenot, D, first selectman 1991, Nov. Groton, Conn. Catherine Kolnaski, D. 1991, May Gulfport, Miss. Ken Combs, R. 1993, June City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Gulfport, Miss. Ken Combs, R. 1993, June Hackensack, N.J. *James Lacava 1990, Feb. Hagerstown, Md. Stephen Sager 1993, May Hamden, Conn. John L. Carusone, D 1991, Nov. Hamilton, Oh. *Hal Shepherd 1989, Apr. Hammond, Ind. Thomas McDermott, R 1991, Nov. Hampton, Va. James Eason, D. 1992, May Harlingen, Tex. *Mike Perez 1989, July Harrisburg, Pa. Stephen Reed, D 1993, Nov. Hartford, Conn. Carrie Saxon Perry, D 1991, Nov. Hattiesburg, Miss. Ed Morgan, D 1993, June Haverhill, Mass. Theodore Pelosi, R 1991, Nov. Hawthorne, Cal. *James Mitsch 1990, Dec. Hayward, Cal. *Louis Garcia 1989, Jan. Hialeah, Fla. Raul Martinez, D 1993, Nov. High Point, N.C. *H. Lewis Price 1983, July Hollywood, Fla. *Irving Rosenbaum 1988, Aug. Holyoke, Mass. Michael Dunn, D 1991, Nov. Honolulu, Ha. Frank Fasi, R 1992, Nov. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Honolulu, Ha. Frank Fasi, R 1992, Nov. Hot Springs, Ark. *Gus Pappas 1989, Mar. Houston, Tex. Kathryn Whitmire, N-P 1991, Nov. Huntington, W. Va. Robert Nelson, D 1993, June Huntington Beach, Cal. *Michael Ubervaga 1990, Feb. Huntsville, Ala. Steve Hettinger, N-P 1992, Aug. Hutchinson, Kan. *Joe Palacioc 1989, Jan. Idaho Falls, Ida. Thomas Campbell, N-P 1993, Nov. Independence, Mo. *L.C. Kaufman 1990, Aug. Indianapolis, Ind. William Hudnut, R 1991, Nov. Inglewood, Cal. *Paul Eckles 1975, Nov. Inkster, Mich. *S. Thomas White 1990, Feb. Iowa City, Ia. *Stephen Atkins 1986, July Irving, Tex. *Jack Huffman 1974, Jan. Irvington, N.J. Michael Steele, D 1994, May Jackson, Mich. *William P. Buchanan 1985, Nov. Jackson, Miss. Kane Ditto, D 1993, May Jackson, Tenn. Charles Farmer, D 1991, May Jacksonville, Fla. Tommy Hazouri, D 1991, May City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jacksonville, Fla. Tommy Hazouri, D 1991, May Janesville, Wis. *Steven Sheiffer 1987, May Jersey City, N.J. Gerald McCann, N-P 1993, May Johnson City, Tenn. *John G. Campbell 1984, June Johnstown, Pa. Herbert Pfuhl Jr., R 1993, Nov. Joliet, Ill. *John M. Mezera 1987, Jan. Joplin, Mo. *Leonard A. Martin 1986, Sept. Kalamazoo, Mich. *James Holgersson 1989, June Kansas City, Kan. *David Isabell 1985, June Kansas City, Mo. Richard Berkley, R 1991, Apr. Kenner, La. Aaron Broussard, N-P 1994, June Kenosha, Wis. Patrick Moran, N-P 1992, Apr. Kettering, Oh. Richard Hartmann, R. 1993, Nov. Key West, Fla. *G. Felix Cooper 1990, May Killeen, Tex. *Daniel Hobbs 1990, Jan. Knoxville, Tenn. Victor Ashe, R 1991, Nov. Kokomo, Ind. Robert Sargent, D 1991, Nov. LaCrosse, Wis. Patrick Zielke, N-P 1993, Apr. La Habra, Cal. *Lee Risner 1970, Nov. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� La Habra, Cal. *Lee Risner 1970, Nov. La Mesa, Cal. *David Wear 1990, Apr. La Mirada, Cal. *Gary K. Sloan 1981, Apr. Lafayette, Ind. James Riehle, D 1991, Nov. Lafayette, La. Dud Lastrapes, R 1992, Mar. Lake Charles, La. James Sudduth, D 1993, Apr. Lakeland, Fla. *E.S. Strickland 1986, Feb. Lakewood, Cal. *Howard L. Chambers 1976, June Lakewood, Col. *Larry Rice 1986, May Lakewood, Oh. Anthony Sinagra, R 1991, Nov. Lancaster, Pa. Janice Stork, D. 1993, Nov. Lansing, Mich. Terry John McKane, N-P 1993, Nov. Laredo, Tex. *Marvin Townsend 1982, June Largo, Fla. George McGough, R 1991, Apr. Las Cruces, N.M. *Dana Miller 1983, Feb. Las Vegas, Nev. Ron Lurie, D 1991, June Lawrence, Kan. *Buford M. Watson Jr. 1970, Jan. Lawrence, Mass. Kevin Sullivan, N-P 1993, Nov. Lawton, Okla. *Robert Hopkins 1990, Jan. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lawton, Okla. *Robert Hopkins 1990, Jan. Lewiston, Me. James Howaniec, D 1991, Nov. Lexington, Ky. Scotty Baesler, N-P 1993, Nov. Lima, Oh. David Berger, N-P 1993, Nov. Lincoln, Neb. Bill Harris, D 1991, May Little Rock, Ark. *Thomas Dalton 1986, June Livermore, Cal. *Leland Horner 1978, Oct. Livonia, Mich. Robert Bennett, N-P 1991, Nov. Lombard, Ill. *William Lichter 1985,Jan. Long Beach, Cal. *James Hankla 1987, Mar. Long Beach, N.Y. *Edwin Eaton 1979, June Longmont,Col. *Geoff Dolan 1987, Jan. Longview, Tex. *C. Ray Jackson 1980, Apr. Lorain, Oh. Alex Olejko, D 1991, Nov. Los Angeles, Cal. Thomas Bradley, N-P 1993, June Louisville, Ky. Jerry Abramson, D 1993, Nov. Lowell, Mass. *James Campbell 1987, Jan. L. Merion, Pa. *Thomas B. Fulweiler 1968, Jan. Lubbock, Tex. *Larry Cunningham 1976, Sept. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lubbock, Tex. *Larry Cunningham 1976, Sept. Lynchburg, Va. *E. Allen Culverhouse 1979, June Lynn, Mass. Albert DiVirgilio, D 1991, Nov. Lynwood, Cal. *Charles Gomez 1982, Mar. Macon, Ga. William L. Robinson, D 1991, Nov. Madison, Wis. Paul Soglin, R 1991, Apr. Malden, Mass. James S. Conway, D 1991, Nov. Manchester, N.H. Ray Wiecvorek, R 1991, Nov. Manitowoc, Wis. Kevin Crawford, N-P 1991, Apr. Mansfield, Oh. Edward Meehan, R 1991, Nov. Marion, Ind. Robert Mitchell, D 1991, Nov. Marion, Oh. Robert S. Brown, R 1991, Nov. McAllen, Tex. Othal Brand, R 1993, Apr. McKeesport, Pa. Lou Washowich, D 1991, Nov. Medford, Mass. Michael McGlynn, N-P 1991, Nov. Melbourne, Fla. *Samuel Halter 1978, July Memphis, Tenn. Richard C. Hackett, N-P 1991, Oct. Mentor, Oh. *Julian Suso 1990, Mar. Meriden, Conn. *Michael Aldi 1988, Mar. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Meriden, Conn. *Michael Aldi 1988, Mar. Meridian, Miss. Jimmy Kemp, R 1993, June Mesa, Ariz. *C.K. Luster 1979, June Mesquite, Tex. *James Prugel 1987, Dec. Miami, Fla. *Cesar H. Odio 1985, Dec. Miami Beach, Fla. *Rob Parkins 1982, Apr. Middletown, Oh. *William Klosterman 1988, July Midland, Tex. Carroll M. Thomas, N-P 1992, May Midwest City, Okla. *Charles Johnson 1984, Nov. Milford, Conn. Frederick Lisman, R. 1991, Nov. Milwaukee, Wis. John Norquist, D 1992, Apr. Minneapolis, Minn. Donald Fraser, D 1993, Nov. Minnetonka, Minn. *James F. Miller 1980, Jan. Minot, N.D. *Robert Schempp, R 1977, Nov. Mobile, Ala. Michael Dow, N-P 1993, Aug. Modesto, Cal. *Garth Lipsky 1974, Jan. Monroe, La. Robert Powell, D 1992, Apr. Montclair, N.J. *Bertrand Kendall 1980, Sept. Montebello, Cal. *Richard Torres 1989, May City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Montebello, Cal. *Richard Torres 1989, May Monterey Park, Cal. *Mark Lewis 1988, July Montgomery, Ala. Emory Folmar, R 1991, Nov. Mt. Lebanon, Pa. *James Cain 1982, Apr. Mt. Prospect, Ill. *John F. Dixon 1987, Mar. Mt. Vernon, N.Y. Roland Blackwood, D 1991, Nov. Mountain View, Cal. *Bruce Liedstrand 1976, June Muncie, Ind. James Carey, D 1991, Nov. Muskegon, Mich. Norman Kruse, R. 1991, Nov. Muskogee, Okla. *Walter Beckham 1984, Feb. Napa, Cal. *Patricia Thompson 1989, Oct. Naperville, Ill. *Ralph DeSantis 1986, June Nashua, N.H. James Donchess, N-P 1991, Nov. Nashville, Tenn. Bill Boner, D 1991, Aug. National City, Cal. *Tom McCabe 1979, Mar. New Bedford, Mass. John Bullard, D 1991, Nov. New Britain, Conn. Donald DeFronzo, D 1991, Nov. New Castle, Pa. Richard Christofer, D 1991, Nov. New Haven, Conn. John Daniels, D 1991, Nov. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� New Haven, Conn. John Daniels, D 1991, Nov. New London, Conn. *C.F. Driscoll 1969, May New Orleans, La. Sidney Barthelemy, D 1994, Mar. New Rochelle, N.Y. *C. Samuel Kissinger 1975, Apr. New York, N.Y. David Dinkins, D 1993, Nov. Newark, N.J. Sharpe James, D 1994, May Newark, Oh. William Moore, R 1991, Nov. Newport, R.I. *Francis Edwards 1987, Jan. Newport Beach, Cal. *Robert L. Wynn 1971, Aug. Newport News, Va. *Ed Maroney 1987, Jan. Newton, Mass. Theodore Mann, R 1993, Nov. Niagara Falls, N.Y. Michael O'Laughlin, D 1991, Nov. Norfolk, Va. *James B. Oliver Jr. 1987, Jan. Norman, Okla. *Ron Wood 1989, May Norristown, Pa. William DeAngelis, D. 1993, Nov. North Charleston, S.C. John Bourne Jr., R 1994, May North Las Vegas *Michael Dyal 1982, May No. Little Rock, Ark. Patrick Hayes, D 1992, Nov. Norwalk, Cal. *Ray Gibbs 1984, Feb. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Norwalk, Cal. *Ray Gibbs 1984, Feb. Norwalk, Conn. Frank Esposito, R 1991, Nov. Norwich, Conn. *Ernert Zmyslinski 1988, July Novato, Cal. *Phillip J. Brown 1975, May Oak Park, Ill. *J.N. Nielsen 1986, July Oak Ridge, Tenn. *Jeffrey J. Broughton 1986, Sept. Oakland, Cal. *Henry L. Gardner 1981, June Oceanside, Cal. *James Turner 1990, Aug. Odessa, Tex. *William Brown Jr. 1987, Nov. Ogden, Ut. Scott Sneddon, N-P 1991, Nov. Oklahoma City, Okla. *Paula Hearn 1989, Oct. Omaha, Neb. P.J. Morgan, D 1993, May Ontario, Cal. *Roger Hughbanks, N-P 1975, July Orange, Cal. *J. William Little 1984, Jan. Orange, N.J. Robert L. Brown, D 1992, May Orlando, Fla. Bill Frederick, N-P 1992, Sept. Oshkosh, Wis. *W. O. Frueh 1976, Aug. Overland Park, Kan. *Donald Pipes 1977, June Owensboro, Ky. *Max Rhoads 1959, Sept. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Owensboro, Ky. *Max Rhoads 1959, Sept. Oxnard, Cal. *Vernon Hazen 1990, Aug. Pacifica, Cal. *Daniel Pincetich 1985, Dec. Palm Springs, Cal. *Dallas Flicek 1990, Aug. Palo Alto, Cal. *William Zaner 1979, Sept. Park Ridge, Ill. *Martin Butler, N-P 1993, Apr. Parkersburg, W. Va. Helen Albright, R 1993, Nov. Parma, Oh. Michael Ries, D 1991, Nov. Pasadena, Cal. Jeff Hughston, N-P 1992, May Pasadena, Tex. John Ray Harrison 1993, May Paterson, N.J. William Pascrell, D 1994, May Pawtucket, R.I. Brian Sarault, D. 1991, Nov. Peabody, Mass. Peter Torigian, D 1991, Nov. Pekin, Ill. Larry Homerin, D 1991, Apr. Pensacola, Fla. *Steve Garman 1986, June Peoria, Ill. *Thomas Mikulecky 1987, July Perth Amboy, N.J. George J. Otlowski, D 1992, May Petersburg, Va. *Richard M. Brown 1984, Oct. Philadelphia, Pa. W. Wilson Goode, D 1991, Nov. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Philadelphia, Pa. W. Wilson Goode, D 1991, Nov. Phoenix, Ariz. Terry Goddard, N-P 1991, Oct. Pico Rivera, Cal. *Dennis Courtemarche 1984, Nov. Pine Bluff, Ark Carolyn Robinson, D 1992, Nov. Pittsburgh, Pa. Sophie Masloff, D 1993, Nov. Pittsfield, Mass. Anne E. Wojtkowski, D. 1991, Nov. Plainfield, N.J. Harold Mitchell, D. 1993, Nov. Plano, Tex. *Thomas Muehlenbeck 1987, Dec. Pocatello, Ida. Peter Angstadt, N-P 1993, Nov. Pomona, Cal. *Julio Fuentes 1989, Dec. Pompano Beach, Fla. *Roy Stype 1989, Oct. Pontiac, Mich. Wallace Holland, N-P 1993, Nov. Port Arthur, Tex. *Cornelius Boganey 1990, Apr. Port Huron, Mich. *Gerald R. Bouchard 1965, June Portland, Me. *Robert Ganley 1986, Sept. Portland, Ore. Bud Clark, N-P 1992, Nov. Portsmouth, Oh. Franklin Gerlach, N-P 1993, Nov. Portsmouth, Va. *George Hanbury 1982, June Poughkeepsie, N.Y. *William J. Theysohn 1982, Mar. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Poughkeepsie, N.Y. *William J. Theysohn 1982, Mar. Prichard, Ala. Margie M. Wilson D. 1992, Aug. Providence, R.I. Undecided 1994, Nov. Provo, Ut. Joseph Jenkins, R 1993, Nov. Pueblo, Col. *Lewis A. Quigley 1987, Jan. Quincy, Ill. Verne Hagstorm, D. 1993, Apr. Quincy, Mass. James Sheets, N-P 1991, Nov. Racine, Wis. N. Owen Davies, N-P 1991, Apr. Raleigh, N.C. *Dempsey Benton 1983, Dec. Rapid City, S.D. Keith Carlyle, N-P 1991, Apr. Reading, Pa. William Haggerty Jr., D. 1991, Nov. Redding, Cal. *Robert Christofferson 1987, Jan. Redlands, Cal. *vacant Redondo Beach, Cal. *R.H. Griest 1990, July Redwood City, Cal. *James M. Smith 1982, Feb. Reno, Nev. *Harold Schilling 1986, Mar. Revere, Mass. George V. Colella, D 1992, Nov. Richardson, Tex. *Bob Hughey 1974, Jan. Richfield, Minn. *James Prosser 1986, Sept. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Richfield, Minn. *James Prosser 1986, Sept. Richmond, Cal. *Larry Moore 1987, Aug. Richmond, Ind. Frank Waltermann, D 1991, Nov. Richmond, Va. *Robert C. Bobb 1986, July Riverside, Cal. *John E. Holmes 1990, Oct. Roanoke, Va. *W.R. Herbert 1985, Nov. Rochester, Minn. *Steven Kvenvold 1979, June Rochester, N.Y. Thomas Ryan Jr., D 1993, Nov. Rock Hill, S.C. *Joe Lanford 1979, July Rock Island, Ill. *John Phillips 1986, Nov. Rockford, Ill. Charles Box, D 1993, Apr. Rockville, Md. *Bruce Romer 1988, Sept. Rome, N.Y. Carl Eilenberg, R 1991, Nov. Roseville, Mich. Jeanne Riesterer, N-P 1993, Nov. Roswell, N.M. *Ralph Fresquez 1986, Jan. Royal Oak, Mich. *William Baldridge 1975, Sept. Sacramento, Cal. *Walter Slipe 1976, Mar. Saginaw, Mich. *Vernon E. Stoner 1987, Feb. St. Clair Shores, Mich. *Mark Wollenweber 1990, Jan. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� St. Clair Shores, Mich. *Mark Wollenweber 1990, Jan. St. Cloud, Minn. Charles Winkleman, N-P 1993, Nov. St. Joseph, Mo. Glenda Kelly, N-P 1994, Apr. St. Louis, Mo. Vincent Schoemehl, D 1993, Apr. St. Louis Park, Minn. *William C. Dixon 1988, Oct. St. Paul, Minn. James Scheibel, N-P 1993, Nov. St. Petersburg, Fla. *Robert Obering 1985, Oct. Salem, Mass. Neil Harrington, N-P 1991, Nov. Salem, Ore. *Gary Eide 1988, Jan. Salina, Kan. *Dennis Kissinger 1988, Jan. Salinas, Cal. *Roy Herte 1988, Sept. Salt Lake City, Ut. Palmer DePaulis, D 1991, Nov. San Angelo, Tex. *Stephen Brown 1982, May San Antonio, Tex. Lila Cockrell, D 1991, Apr. San Bernardino, Cal. Bob Holcomb, D 1993, May San Bruno, Cal. *Lew Pond 1990, May San Diego, Cal. Maureen O'Connor, N-P 1992, Nov. San Francisco, Cal. Art Agnos, D 1991, Nov. San Jose, Cal. *Leslie White 1989, May City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� San Jose, Cal. *Leslie White 1989, May San Leandro, Cal. *Richard H. Randall 1986, July San Mateo, Cal. *Richard Delong 1976, Sept. San Rafael, Cal. *Pamela Nicolai 1985, Dec. Sandusky, Oh. *Frank Link 1972, Jan. Sandy City, Ut. Larry Smith, N-P 1991, Nov. Santa Ana, Cal. *David Ream 1986, July Santa Barbara, Cal. *Richard Thomas 1977, Jan. Santa Clara, Cal. *Jennifer Sparacino 1987, Mar. Santa Cruz, Cal. *Richard Wilson 1981, June Santa Fe, N.M. Sam Pick, D 1994, Mar. Santa Maria, Cal. *Wayne Schwammel 1989, June Santa Monica, Cal. *John Jalili 1984, Dec. Santa Rosa, Cal. *Kenneth Blackman 1970, July Sarasota, Fla. *David Sollenberger 1987, Mar. Savannah, Ga. *Arthur A. Mendonsa 1962, July Schenectady, N.Y. Karen Johnson, D 1991, Nov. Scottsdale, Ariz. *Jorge Carrasco 1988, Oct. Scranton, Pa. James Connors, R 1992, Nov. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Scranton, Pa. James Connors, R 1992, Nov. Seattle, Wash. Norman Rice, N-P 1993, Nov. Shaker Heights, Oh. Stephen Alfred, N-P 1991, Nov. Sheboygan, Wis. Richard Schneider, N-P 1993, Apr. Shreveport, La. *Judy Purgerson 1988, Aug. Simi Valley, Cal. *M.L. Koester 1979, Sept. Sioux City, Ia. Robert Scott, N-P 1991, Nov. Sioux Falls, S.D. Jack White, R 1991, June Skokie, Ill. *Albert Rigoni 1987, Jan. Somerville, Mass. Michael Capuano, D 1991, Nov. South Bend, Ind. Joseph Kernan, D 1991, Nov. South Gate, Cal. *vacant Southfield, Mich. *Robert Block 1985, Jan. Sparks, Nev. *Patricia Thompson 1983, Sept. Spartanburg, S.C. *Wayne Bowers 1984, Sept. Spokane, Wash. *Terry Novak 1978, July Springfield, Ill. Ossie Langfelder, D 1991, Apr. Springfield, Mass Mary Hurley, N-P 1991, Nov. Springfield, Mo. *Thomas Tinnie 1990, Apr. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Springfield, Mo. *Thomas Tinnie 1990, Apr. Springfield, Oh. *Matthew Kridler 1988, Oct. Springfield, Ore. *Michael Kelly 1989, Jan. Stamford, Conn. Thom Serrani, D 1991, Nov. Sterling Hts., Mich. *Steve Duchane 1987, Nov. Stillwater, Okla. *Carl Weinaug 1983, Apr. Stockton, Cal. *Alan N. Harvey 1988, Aug. Stratford, Conn. *Ronald Owens 1984, July Sunnyvale, Cal. *Thomas Lewcock 1980, Apr. Syracuse, N.Y. Thomas G. Young, D 1993, Nov. Tacoma, Wash. *Ray Corpuz Jr. 1990, Jan. Tallahassee, Fla. *Daniel A. Kleman 1974, Aug. Tampa, Fla. Sandra Friedman, N-P 1991, Mar. Taunton, Mass. Richard Johnson, D 1991, Nov. Taylor, Mich. Cameron Priebe, D 1993, Nov. Teaneck, N.J. *Werner H. Schmid 1959, Mar. Tempe, Ariz. Harry E. Mitchell, D 1992, Mar. Temple, Tex. *Jack Parker 1985, Apr. Terre Haute, Ind. P. Pete Chalos, D 1991, Nov. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Terre Haute, Ind. P. Pete Chalos, D 1991, Nov. Thousand Oaks, Cal. *Grant Brimhall 1978, Jan. Titusville, Fla. *Norman Hickey 1974, June Toledo, Oh. *Thomas Hoover 1990, Sept. Topeka, Kan. Butch Felker, N-P 1993, Apr. Torrance, Cal. *Leroy J. Jackson 1983, Jan. Trenton, N.J. Douglas Palmer, N-P 1994, May Troy, Mich. *Frank Gerstenecker 1970, Feb Troy, N.Y. *Steven Dworsky 1986, July Tucson, Ariz. *Thomas Wilson 1990, July Tulsa, Okla. Rodger Randle, D 1994, Apr. Tuscaloosa, Ala. Alvin DuPont, D 1993, Oct. Tyler, Tex. *Gary Gwyn 1982, Nov. Union City, N.J. Robert Menendez, D 1994, May Univ. City, Mo. *Frank Ollendorff 1980, Mar. Upland, Cal. *Ray Silver 1988, Dec. Upper Arlington, Oh. *Richard King 1984, Aug. Utica, N.Y. Louis La Polla, R 1991, Nov. Vallejo, Cal. *Edward Wohlenberg 1989, Apr. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Vallejo, Cal. *Edward Wohlenberg 1989, Apr. Vancouver, Wash. *Paul Grattet 1980, Aug. Ventura, Cal. *John Baker 1986, Nov. Victoria, Tex. *James J. Miller 1980, June Vineland, N.J. Harry Curley, N-P 1992, May Virginia Beach, Va. Meyera Oberndorf, N-P. 1992, May Waco, Tex. *John Harrison 1977, Sept. Walnut Creek, Cal. *Donald Blubaugh 1988, Apr. Waltham, Mass. William Stanley, D 1991, Nov. Warren, Mich. Ronald Bonkowski, N-P 1991, Nov. Warren, Oh. Daniel Sferra, D 1991, Nov. Warwick, R.I. Charles Donovan, N-P 1994, Nov. Wash, D.C. Sharon Dixon, D 1994, Nov. Waterbury, Conn. Joseph Santopietro, R 1991, Nov. Waterloo, Ia. Bernard L. McKinley, N-P 1991, Nov. Waukegan, Ill. Haig Paravonian, R 1993, Apr. Waukesha, Wis. Paul Vrakas, N-P 1994, Apr. Wausau, Wis. John Robinson, D 1992, Apr. Wauwatosa, Wis. James Brundahl, N-P 1992, Apr. City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wauwatosa, Wis. James Brundahl, N-P 1992, Apr. W. Allis, Wis. Fred Cashmore, N-P 1992, Apr. W. Covina, Cal. *Herman Fast 1976, Aug. W. New York, N.J. Anthony DeFino, D 1991, May W. Orange, N.J. Samuel Spina, D 1994, May W. Palm Beach, Fla. *Paul Steinbrenner 1986, Jan. Westland, Mich. Robert Thomas, D 1993, Nov. Westminster, Cal. *Jerry Kenny 1989, Jan. Westminster, Col. *William Christopher 1978, June Wheaton, Ill. *Donald Rose 1980, Nov. Wheeling, W. Va. *Jimmy Curnes 1990, May White Plains, N.Y. Alfred Del Vecchio, R 1993, Nov. Whittier, Cal. Thomas Sawyer, N-P 1992, Apr. Wichita, Kan. *Chris Cherches 1985, Oct. Wichita Falls, Tex. *James Berzina 1983, June Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Lee Namey, D 1991, Nov. Williamsport, Pa. Jessie Bloom, D 1991, Nov. Wilmington, Del. Daniel Frawley, D 1992, Nov. Wilmington, N.C. *William B. Farris 1983, May City Name Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wilmington, N.C. *William B. Farris 1983, May Winston-Salem, N.C. *Bryce A. Stuart 1980, Jan. Woonsocket, R.I. Francis Lanctot, D 1991, Nov. Worcester, Mass. Jordan Levy, D 1991, Nov. Wyandotte, Mich. James R. DeSana, D 1991, Apr. Wyoming, Mich. *James Sheeran 1976, Nov. Yakima, Wash. *Richard Zais Jr. 1979, Jan. Yonkers, N.Y. *Neil De Luca 1988, Jan. York, Pa. William Althaus, R 1993, Nov. Youngstown, Oh. Patrick Ungaro, D 1993, Nov. Yuma, Ariz. *Doug Lowe, R 1984, Jan. Zanesville, Oh. Donald Lewis Mason, R 1991, Nov. *Asterisk before name denotes city manager. All others are mayors. For mayors, dates are those of next election; for city managers, they are dates of appointment. How a Bill Becomes a Law 1. A Senator or Representative introduces a bill by sending it to the clerk of the House, who assigns it a number and title. This procedure is termed the first reading. The clerk then refers the bill to the appropriate Senate or House committee. 2. If the committee opposes the bill, they immediately table, or kill it. Otherwise, the committee holds hearings to listen to opinions and facts offered by members and other interested people. The committee then debates the bill and possibly offers amendments. A vote is taken, and if favorable, the bill is sent back to the clerk of the House. 3. The clerk reads the bill to the House. This is termed the second reading. Members may then debate the bill and suggest amendments. 4. The third reading is simply by title, and the bill is put to a voice or roll call vote. 5. The bill then goes to the other house, where it may be defeated, or passed with or without amendments. If defeated, the bill dies. If passed with amendments, a joint Congressional committee works out the differences and arrives at a compromise. 6. After its final passage by both houses, the bill is sent to the President. If he signs it, the bill becomes a law. However, he may veto the bill by refusing to sign it and sending it back to the house where it originated, with his reasons for the veto. 7. The President's objections are then read and debated, and a roll-call vote taken. If the bill receives less than a two-thirds vote, it is defeated. If it receives at least two-thirds, it is sent to the other house. If that house also passes it by at least two-thirds, the President's veto is overridden, and the bill becomes a law. 8. If the President wishes neither to sign nor to veto the bill, he may retain it for 10 days--not including Sunday--after which it automatically becomes a law even without his signature. However, if Congress has adjourned within those 10 days, the bill is automatically killed; this indirect rejection is termed a pocket veto. ECONOMICS U.S. Budget Receipts and Outlays--1986-1989 U.S. Treasury Department, Financial Management Service (Fiscal years end Sept. 30) (millions of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코� Classification Fiscal 1986 Fiscal 1987 Fis 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Net Receipts Individual income taxes $348,959 $392,557 $40 Corporation income taxes 63,143 83,926 94, Social insurance taxes and contributions: Federal old-age and survivors insurance 182,518 194,541 220 Federal disability insurance 17,711 18,861 21, Federal hospital insurance 51,335 55,992 59, Classification Fiscal 1986 Fiscal 1987 Fis 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Federal hospital insurance 51,335 55,992 59, Railroad retirement fund 2,103 3,634 3,7 Total employment taxes and contributions 255,062 273,028 305 Other insurance and retirement: Unemployment 24,098 25,575 24, Federal employees retirement 4,645 4,613 4,5 Civil service retirement and disability 96 102 122 Total social insurance taxes and contributions 283,901 303,318 334 Excise taxes 32,919 32,457 35, Estate and gift taxes 6,958 7,493 7,5 Customs duties 13,323 15,085 15, Deposits of earnings-Federal Reserve Banks 18,374 16,817 17, All other miscellaneous receipts 1,514 2,490 2,7 Net Budget Receipts $769,091 $854,143 $90 Net Outlays Legislative Branch $1,665 $1,812 $1, The Judiciary 1,069 1,178 1,3 Executive Office of the President: The White House Office 23 25 26 Classification Fiscal 1986 Fiscal 1987 Fis 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� The White House Office 23 25 26 Office of Management and Budget 37 37 41 Total Executive Office 107 109 121 Funds appropriated to the President: International security assistance 10,371 6,820 4,2 Multinational assistance 1,838 1,306 1,4 Agency for International Development 1,220 1,294 1,4 International Development Assistance 3,121 2,673 2,9 Total funds appropriated to the President 11,379 10,406 7,2 Agriculture Department: Food stamp program 12,443 12,405 13, Farmer's Home Admin. 8,001 3,748 7,2 Forest service 2,284 2,221 2,6 Total Agriculture Department 58,666 49,593 44, Commerce Department 2,083 2,156 2,2 Bureau of the Census - 217 333 Defense Department: Military personnel 71,511 72,020 76, Operation and maintenance 75,259 76,178 84, Classification Fiscal 1986 Fiscal 1987 Fis 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Operation and maintenance 75,259 76,178 84, Procurement 76,517 80,744 77, Research, development, test, evaluation 32,283 33,596 34, Military construction 5,067 5,853 5,8 Total Defense Department (military) 265,636 273,938 281 Defense Department (civil) 20,243 20,659 22, Education Department 17,673 16,800 18, Energy Department 11,025 10,688 11, Health and Human Services Department: Food and Drug Administration 417 422 463 National Institutes of Health 5,115 5,222 6,3 Public Health Service 9,504 9,886 11, Health Care Financing Adm. 119,307 130,472 144 Human Development Services 5,412 5,448 5,8 Total Health and Human Services Dept. 143,252 148,893 158 Social Security 190,684 202,422 214 Housing and Urban Development Department 14,139 15,464 18, Interior Department 4,791 5,045 5,1 Justice Department: Classification Fiscal 1986 Fiscal 1987 Fis 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Justice Department: Federal Bureau of Investigation 1,183 1,216 1,3 Total Justice Department 3,768 4,333 5,4 Labor Department: Unemployment Trust Fund 21,819 20,527 18, Total Labor Department 24,141 23,453 21, State Department 2,865 2,788 3,4 Transportation Department 27,365 25,431 26, Federal Aviation Adm 4,673 4,895 5,1 Treasury Department: Internal Revenue Service 7,188 7,513 9,3 Interest on the public debt 190,151 195,390 214 Total Treasury Department 179,189 180,345 201 Veterans Affairs Dept. - - 18, Environmental Protection Agency 4,869 4,903 4,8 General Services Administration 286 74 -28 National Aeronautics and Space Administration 7,403 7,591 9,0 Office of Personnel Management 23,955 26,966 29, Small Business Administration 490 -72 -54 Classification Fiscal 1986 Fiscal 1987 Fis 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Small Business Administration 490 -72 -54 Independent agencies: Action 154 159 153 Board for International Broadcasting 127 156 194 Corporation for Public Broadcasting 160 200 214 District of Columbia 530 560 550 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 159 158 176 Export-Import Bank of the United States -1,167 -2,300 -89 Federal Communications Commission 92 79 52 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 705 -1,438 2,1 Federal Trade Commission 62 66 69 Interstate Commerce Comm. - - 43 Intragovernmental Agencies 218 203 200 Legal Services Corporation 305 309 306 National Archives & Record Adm. 96 96 102 National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities 320 310 322 National Labor Relations Board 132 127 132 National Science Foundation 1,550 1,562 1,6 Nuclear Regulatory Commission 421 393 232 Classification Fiscal 1986 Fiscal 1987 Fis 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nuclear Regulatory Commission 421 393 232 Railroad Retirement Board 3,980 4,196 4,1 Securities and Exchange Commission 104 108 126 Smithsonian Institution 224 242 260 Tennessee Valley Authority 906 1,091 1,0 U.S. Information Agency 780 830 843 Total independent agencies 11,865 14,266 23, Undistributed offsetting receipts -64,914 -72,400 -78 Net Budget Outlays 990,231 1,003,804 1,0 Less net receipts 769,091 854,143 908 Deficit -221,140 -149,661 -15 U.S. Net Receipts and Outlays U.S. Treasury Department; annual statements for year ending June 30 (thousands of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Yearly average Receipts Outlays 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1789-18001 5,717 5,776 1801-18102 13,056 9,086 1811-18202 21,032 23,943 1821-18302 21,928 16,162 1831-18402 30,461 24,495 1841-18502 28,545 34,097 1851-1860 60,237 60,163 1861-1865 160,907 683,785 1866-1870 447,301 377,642 1871-1875 336,830 287,460 1876-1880 288,124 255,598 1881-1885 366,961 257,691 1886-1890 375,448 279,134 1891-1895 352,891 363,599 1896-1900 434,877 457,451 1901-1905 559,481 535,559 Yearly average Receipts Outlays 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1901-1905 559,481 535,559 1906-1910 628,507 639,178 1911-1915 710,227 720,252 1916-1920 3,483,652 8,065,333 1921-1925 4,306,673 3,578,989 1926-1930 4,069,138 3,182,807 1931-19353 2,770,973 5,214,874 1 Average for period March 4, 1789, to Dec. 31, 1800. 2 Years ended Dec. 31, 1801 to 1842; average for 1841-1850 is for the period Jan. 1, 1841, to June 30, 1850. 3 Expenditures for years 1932 through 1935 have been revised to include Government corps. (wholly owned) etc. (net). Summary of Receipts, Outlays, and Surpluses or Deficits (--); 1934-1985 U.S. Treasury Department, Financial Management Service (In millions of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Total Total Total Year Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (-) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1934 2,955 6,541 -3,586 1935 3,609 6,412 -2,803 1936 3,923 8,228 -4,304 1937 5,387 7,580 -2,193 1938 6,751 6,840 -89 1939 6,295 9,141 -2,846 1940 6,548 9,468 -2,920 1941 8,712 13,653 -4,941 1942 14,634 35,137 -20,503 1943 24,001 78,555 -54,554 1944 43,747 91,304 -47,557 1945 45,159 92,712 -47,553 1946 39,296 55,232 -15,936 1947 38,514 34,496 4,018 Total Total Total Year Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (-) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1947 38,514 34,496 4,018 1948 41,560 29,764 11,796 1949 39,415 38,835 580 1950 39,443 42,562 -3,119 1951 51,616 45,514 6,102 1952 66,167 67,686 -1,519 1953 69,608 76,101 -6,493 1954 69,701 70,855 -1,154 1955 65,451 68,444 -2,993 1956 74,587 70,640 3,947 1957 79,990 76,578 3,412 1958 79,636 82,405 -2,769 1959 79,249 92,098 -12,849 1960 92,492 92,191 301 1961 94,388 97,723 -3,335 1962 99,676 106,821 -7,146 1963 106,560 111,316 -4,756 1964 112,613 118,528 -5,915 Total Total Total Year Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (-) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1964 112,613 118,528 -5,915 1965 116,817 118,228 -1,411 1966 130,835 134,532 -3,698 1967 148,822 157,464 -8,643 1968 152,973 178,134 -25,161 1969 186,882 183,640 3,242 1970 192,807 195,649 -2,842 1971 187,139 210,172 -23,033 1972 207,309 230,681 -23,373 1973 230,799 245,707 -14,908 1974 263,224 269,359 -6,135 1975 279,090 332,332 -53,242 1976 298,060 371,779 -73,719 Transition quarter1 81,232 95,973 -14,741 1977 355,559 409,203 -53,644 1978 399,561 458,729 -59,168 1979 463,302 503,464 -40,162 1980 517,112 590,920 -73,808 Total Total Total Year Receipts Outlays Surplus or Deficit (-) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1980 517,112 590,920 -73,808 1981 599,272 678,209 -78,936 1982 617,766 745,706 -127,940 1983 600,562 808,327 -207,764 1984 666,457 851,781 -185,324 1985 734,057 946,316 -212,260 1 Effective fiscal year 1977, fiscal year is reckoned Oct. 1-Sept. 30; Transition Quarter covers July 1, 1976-Sept. 30, 1976. The Federal Budget Process Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Executive budget process Timing Congressional budget process 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Agencies subject to Sept. 1 executive branch review submit initial budget request materials. Fiscal year begins. Oct. 1 Fiscal year begins. President's initial GRH sequester order takes effect (amounts are withheld from obligation pending issuance of final order). Oct. 10 CBO issues revised GRH report to OMB and Congress. Executive budget process Timing Congressional budget process 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  OMB reports on changes Oct. 15 in initial GRH estimates and determinations resulting from legislation enacted and regulations promulgated after its initial report to Congress. President issues final GRH sequester order, which is effective immediately, and transmits message to Congress within 15 days of final order. Agencies not subject to executive branch review submit budget request materials. Executive budget process Timing Congressional budget process 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� budget request materials. Nov. 15 Comptroller General issues GRH compliance report. Legislative branch and Nov.-Dec. the judiciary submit budget request materials. President transmits the 1st Mon. after Jan. 3 Congress receives the budget to Congress. President's budget. OMB sends allowance Jan.-Feb. letters to agencies. Feb. 15 CBO reports to the Budget Committees on the Executive budget process Timing Congressional budget process 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Budget Committees on the President's budget. Feb. 25 Committees submit views and estimates to Budget Committee in their own house. OMB and the President Apr.-June conduct reviews to establish presidential policy to guide agencies in developing the next budget. Apr. 1 Senate Budget Committee reports concurrent resoluion on the budget. Executive budget process Timing Congressional budget process 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  resoluion on the budget. Apr. 15 Congress completes action on concurrent resolution. May 15 House may consider appropriations bills in the absence of a concurrent resolution on the budget. June 10 House Appropriations Committee reports last appropriations bill. June 15 Congress completes action on reconciliation Executive budget process Timing Congressional budget process 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  action on reconciliation legislation. June 30 House completes action on annual appropriations bills. President transmits the July 15 Congress receives mid-session mid-session review of review,updating the the budget. budget estimates. OMB provides agencies July-Aug. with policy guidance for the upcoming budget. Date of "snapshot" of Aug. 15 projected deficits for Executive budget process Timing Congressional budget process 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� projected deficits for the up-coming fiscal year for initial OMB and CBO GRH Aug. 20 CBO issues its initial GRH report to OMB and Congress. OMB issues its initial Aug. 25 GRH report providing estimates and determinations to the President and Congress. President issues initial GRH sequester order and sends message to Congress within 15 days. Executive budget process Timing Congressional budget process 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Congress within 15 days. CBO = Congressional Budget Office; GRH = Gramm-Rudman-Hollings (Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985); OMB = Office of Management and Budget. Public Debt of the U.S. U.S. Treasury Department, Bureau of Public Debt 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Fiscal year Debt (billions) Per. cap. (dollars) Interest paid (billions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Fiscal year Debt (billions) Per. cap. (dollars) Interest paid (billions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1870 $2.4 $61.06 - 1880 2.0 41.60 - 1890 1.1 17.80 - 1900 1.2 16.60 - 1910 1.1 12.41 - 1920 24.2 228 - 1930 16.1 131 - 1940 43.0 325 $1.0 1945 258.7 1,849 3.8 1950 256.1 1,688 5.7 1955 272.8 1,651 6.4 1960 284.1 1,572 9.2 1965 313.8 1,613 11.3 1970 370.1 1,814 19.3 1975 533.2 2,475 32.7 1976 620.4 2,852 37.1 1977 698.8 3,170 41.9 1978 771.5 3,463 48.7 1979 826.5 3,669 59.8 Fiscal year Debt (billions) Per. cap. (dollars) Interest paid (billions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1979 826.5 3,669 59.8 1980 907.7 3,985 74.9 1981 997.9 4,338 95.6 1982 1,142.0 4,913 117.4 1983 1,377.2 5,870 128.8 1984 1,572.3 6,640 153.8 1985 1,823.1 7,598 178.9 1986 2,125.3 8,774 190.2 1987 2,350.3 9,615 195.4 1988 2,602.3 10,534 214.1 1989 2,857.4 11,545 240.8 Note: Through 1976 the fiscal year ended June 30. From 1977 on, fiscal year ends Sept. 30. U.S. International Transactions Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Commerce Department (millions of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴� 1960 1965 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Exports of goods services and income1 30,556 42,722 Merchandise, adjusted, excluding military2 19,650 26,461 Transfers under U.S. military agency sales contracts 2,030 2,465 Travel 919 1,380 Passenger fares 175 271 Other transportation 1,607 2,175 Royalties and license fees3 837 1,534 1960 1965 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Royalties and license fees3 837 1,534 Other private services 570 714 U.S. Government miscellaneous services 153 285 Income receipts on U.S. assets abroad: 4,616 7,437 Direct investment 3,621 5,506 Other private receipts 646 1,421 U.S. Government receipts 349 510 Imports of goods, services and income -23,670 -32,708 Merchandise, adjusted, excluding military2 -14,758 -21,510 Direct defense expenditures -3,087 -2,952 1960 1965 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Direct defense expenditures -3,087 -2,952 Travel -1,750 -2,438 Passenger fares -513 -717 Other transportation -1,402 -1,951 Royalties and license fees3 -74 -135 Other private services -593 -461 U.S. Government miscellaneous services -254 -457 Income payments on foreign assets in the U.S. Direct investment -394 -657 Other private payments -511 -942 1960 1965 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Other private payments -511 -942 U.S. Government payments -332 -489 Unilateral transfers, net -4,062 -4,583 U.S. Government grants -3,367 -3,444 U.S. Government pensions and other transfers -273 -463 Private remittances and other transfers -423 -677 U.S. assets abroad, net (increase/capital outflow (-)) -4,099 -5,716 U.S. official reserve assets, net 2,145 1,225 U.S. Government assets, other than official reserve assets, -1,100 -1,605 net 1960 1965 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  U.S. private assets, net -5,144 -5,336 Foreign assets in U.S., net (increase/capital inflow (+)) 2,294 742 Statistical discrepancy (sum of above items with sign -1,019 -457 reversed) Memoranda: Balance on merchandise trade Balance on services 4,892 4,951 Balance on investment income 3,379 5,350 Balance on goods, services, and income -1,385 -287 Balance on current account 2,824 5,431 1960 1965 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Balance on current account 2,824 5,431 1 Excludes transfers of goods and services under U.S. military grant programs. 2 Excludes exports of goods under U.S. military agency sales contracts identified in Census export documents, excludes imports of goods under direct defense expenditures identified in Census import documents, and reflects various other adjustments. 3 Redefined in 1982. U.S. Direct Investment Abroad in Selected Countries Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Commerce Department(millions of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1987 1988 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 All countries 314,307 333,501 373,436 Africa 5,869 5,468 5,024 Egypt 1,669 1,670 1,802 Libya 310 315 311 Nigeria 894 660 461 S. Africa 1,497 1,269 714 Asia and Pacific (excl. Japan) 17,010 18,515 20,991 Hong Kong 4,389 5,244 5,853 India 439 436 549 Indonesia 3,070 2,925 3,696 Malaysia 952 1,135 1,098 Philippines 1,396 1,511 1,682 Singapore 2,384 2,290 2,213 South Korea 1,178 1,501 1,889 Taiwan 1,372 1,622 1,949 Thailand 1,274 1,132 1,279 Australia 11,363 13,186 14,495 Bermuda 19,215 19,040 17,849 Canada 57,783 62,610 66,856 1987 1988 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Canada 57,783 62,610 66,856 Europe 150,439 156,932 176,736 European Communities 119,428 125,590 143,360 Belgium 7,267 7,448 8,290 Denmark 1,070 1,163 1,246 France 11,868 13,150 14,747 Germany, West 24,388 21,742 23,059 Greece 132 195 265 Ireland 5,425 6,212 6,237 Italy 9,264 9,540 10,634 Luxembourg 660 850 904 Netherlands 14,842 16,047 17,168 Portugal 495 546 612 Spain 4,076 4,979 6,002 United Kingdom 44,512 49,274 60,810 Non E.E.C. 31,010 31,342 33,375 Austria 619 688 688 Finland 389 408 484 Norway 3,843 4,371 3,640 1987 1988 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Norway 3,843 4,371 3,640 Sweden 1,139 1,119 1,102 Switzerland 19,665 18,357 19,952 Turkey 207 246 312 Japan 15,684 17,927 19,341 South America 21,227 21,690 23,557 Argentina 2,744 2,597 2,624 Brazil 10,951 12,460 14,687 Chile 348 691 1,018 Colombia 3,104 2,248 1,900 Ecuador 466 431 395 Peru 1,022 986 912 Venezuela 2,095 1,897 1,537 Central America 12,218 13,119 15,880 Mexico 4,913 5,694 7,079 Panama 6,622 6,632 7,906 Middle East 4,084 3,806 3,886 Israel 635 700 770 Saudi Arabia 2,092 1,782 1,812 1987 1988 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Saudi Arabia 2,092 1,782 1,812 United Arab Emirates 694 672 674 National Income by Industry Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Commerce Department (billions of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴� 1960 1965 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� National income without capital consumption adjustment 428.6 583.6 835.1 Domestic industries 425.1 577.8 827.8 Private industries 371.6 500.8 695.4 Agriculture, forestry, fisheries 17.8 21.0 25.9 1960 1965 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Agriculture, forestry, fisheries 17.8 21.0 25.9 Mining 5.6 6.1 8.4 Construction 22.5 32.3 47.4 Manufacturing 125.3 171.6 215.6 Durable goods 73.4 105.6 127.7 Nondurable goods 52.0 66.1 87.9 Transportation, public utilities 35.8 47.0 64.4 Transportation 18.5 23.7 31.5 Communication 8.2 11.5 17.6 Electric, gas, and sanitary services 9.1 11.7 86.8 Wholesale trade 25.0 32.5 47.5 Retail trade 41.3 55.1 79.9 Finance, insurance, and real estate 51.3 67.4 96.4 Services 46.9 67.9 109.8 Government, government enterprises 53.5 76.9 132.4 Rest of the world 3.5 5.8 7.3 National Income by Type of Income Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Commerce Department (billions of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴� 1960 1965 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� National income1 424.9 585.2 832.6 Compensation of employees 296.7 399.8 618.3 Wages and salaries 272.8 363.7 551.5 Government 49.2 69.9 117.1 Other 223.7 293.8 434.3 Supplements to wages, salary 23.8 36.1 66.8 Employer contrib. for social ins. 12.6 18.3 34.3 Other labor income 11.2 17.8 32.5 Proprietors' income 52.1 65.1 80.2 Farm 11.6 13.0 14.7 Nonfarm 40.5 52.1 65.4 1960 1965 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nonfarm 40.5 52.1 65.4 Rental income of persons with capital consump. adjust. 15.3 18.1 18.2 Corp. prof., with inv. adjust. 49.8 76.2 69.5 Corp. profits before tax 49.9 77.4 76.0 Corp. profits tax liability 22.7 30.9 34.4 Corp. profits after tax 27.2 46.5 41.7 Dividends 12.9 19.1 22.5 Undistributed profits 14.3 27.4 19.2 Inventory valuation adjustment -.2 -1.2 -6.6 Net interest 11.3 20.9 41.2 1 National income is the aggregate of labor and property earnings which arises in the current production of goods and services. It is the sum of employee compensation, proprietors' income, rental income, corporate profits, and net interest. It measures the total factor costs of the goods and services producted by the economy. Income is measured before deduction of taxes on income. Gross National Product, Net National Product, National Income, and Personal Income Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Commerce Department (billions of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴� 1960 1970 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Gross national product1 515.3 1,015.5 1 Less: Capital consumption allowances 46.4 88.8 1 Equals: Net national product 468.9 926.6 1 Less: Indirect business tax and nontax liability 45.3 94.0 1 Business transfer payments 2.0 4.1 7 1960 1970 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Business transfer payments 2.0 4.1 7 Statistical discrepancy -2.8 -1.1 2 Plus: Subsidies less current surplus of government .4 2.9 2 enterprises Equals: National income 424.9 832.6 1 Less: Corporate profits with inventory valuation and 49.5 74.7 1 capital consumption adjustment Net interest 11.3 41.2 8 Contributions for social insurance 21.9 62.2 1 Wage accruals less disbursement .0 .0 . Plus: Government transfer payment to persons 27.5 81.8 1 1960 1970 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Plus: Government transfer payment to persons 27.5 81.8 1 Personal interest income 24.9 69.3 1 Personal dividend income 12.9 22.2 2 Business transfer payments 2.0 4.1 7 Equals: Personal income 409.4 831.8 1 1 Gross National Product is the market value of all goods and services that have been bought for final use during a year. The GNP is considered the most comprehensive measure of a nation's economic activity. Stock Exchanges N.Y. Stock Exchange Transactions 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Yearly volume Yearly volume Year Stock shares Bonds par values 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1900 138,981,000 $579,293,000 1905 260,569,000 1,026,254,000 1910 163,705,000 634,863,000 1915 172,497,000 961,700,000 1920 227,636,000 3,868,422,000 1925 459,717,623 3,427,042,210 1929 1,124,800,410 2,996,398,000 1930 810,632,546 2,720,301,800 1935 381,635,752 3,339,458,000 Yearly volume Yearly volume Year Stock shares Bonds par values 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1935 381,635,752 3,339,458,000 1940 207,599,749 1,669,438,000 1950 524,799,621 1,112,425,170 1960 766,693,818 1,346,419,750 1970 2,937,359,448 4,494,864,600 1975 4,693,427,000 5,178,300,000 1980 11,352,294,000 5,190,304,000 1981 11,853,740,659 5,733,071,000 1982 16,458,036,768 7,155,443,000 1983 21,589,576,997 7,572,315,000 1984 23,071,031,447 6,982,291,000 1985 27,510,706,353 9,046,453,000 1986 35,680,016,341 10,475,399,000 1987 47,801,308,660 9,726,244,000 1988 40,438,346,358 7,594,644,000 1989 41,698,538,270 8,836,374,000 American Stock Exchange Transactions 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Yearly volume Yearly volume Year Stock shares Bonds1 princ. amts. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1929 476,140,375 $513,551,000 1930 222,270,065 863,541,000 1940 42,928,337 303,902,000 1945 143,309,392 167,333,000 1950 107,792,340 47,549,000 1960 286,039,982 32,670,000 1970 843,116,260 641,270,000 1980 1,626,072,625 355,723,000 1981 1,343,400,220 301,226,000 1982 1,485,831,536 325,240,000 1983 2,081,270,000 395,190,000 Yearly volume Yearly volume Year Stock shares Bonds1 princ. amts. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1983 2,081,270,000 395,190,000 1984 1,545,010,000 371,990,000 1985 2,100,860,000 645,182,000 1986 2,978,540,000 810,264,000 1987 3,505,950,000 684,965,000 1988 2,515,210,000 604,950,000 1989 3,125,030,000 708,836,000 1 Corporate Components of Dow Jones Industrial Average Allied-Signal Aluminum Co. of Amer. American Express AT&T Bethlehem Steel Boeing Chevron Coca-Cola DuPont Eastman Kodak Exxon General Electric General Motors Goodyear IBM International Paper McDonald's Merck Minn. Mining & Manuf. Navistar Philip Morris Primerica Procter & Gamble Sears, Roebuck Texaco Union Carbide United Technologies USX Corp. Westinghouse Woolworth Components of Dow Jones Transportation Average AMR Corp. Airborne Freight Alaska Air American President Burlington Northern CSX Carolina Freight Consolidated Freightways Consolidated Rail Delta Air Lines Federal Express Norfolk Southern Pan Am Ryder System Santa Fe Pacific Southwest Air Lines UAL Union Pacific USAir Group XTRA Corp Components of Dow Jones Utility Average American Electric Power Centerior Energy Columbia Gas System Commonwealth Edison Consolidated Edison Consolidated Natural Gas Detroit Edison Houston Industries Niagara Mohawk Power Pacific Gas & Electric Panhandle Eastern Peoples Energy Philadelphia Electric Public Service Enterprises SCE Dow Jones Industrial Average Since 1954 露컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 High High High Year Low Low Low 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dec. 31 404.39 1954 Jan. 11 279.87 Dec. 30 488.40 1955 Jan. 17 388.20 Apr. 6 521.05 1956 Jan. 23 462.35 July 12 520.77 1957 Oct. 22 419.79 Dec. 31 583.65 1958 Feb. 25 436.89 Dec. 31 679.36 1959 Feb. 9 574.46 Jan. 5 685.47 1960 Oct. 25 566.05 Dec. 13 734.91 1961 Jan. 3 610.25 High High High Year Low Low Low 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dec. 13 734.91 1961 Jan. 3 610.25 Jan. 3 726.01 1962 June 26 535.76 Dec. 18 767.21 1963 Jan. 2 646.79 Nov. 18 891.71 1964 Jan. 2 766.08 Dec. 31 969.26 1965 June 28 840.59 Feb. 9 995.15 1966 Oct. 7 744.32 Sept. 25 943.08 1967 Jan. 3 786.41 Dec. 3 985.21 1968 Mar. 21 825.13 May 14 968.85 1969 Dec. 17 769.93 Dec. 29 842.00 1970 May 6 631.16 Apr. 28 950.82 1971 Nov. 23 797.97 Dec. 11 1036.27 1972 Jan. 26 889.15 Jan. 11 1051.70 1973 Dec. 5 788.31 Mar. 13 891.66 1974 Dec. 6 577.60 July 15 881.81 1975 Jan. 2 632.04 Sept. 21 1014.79 1976 Jan. 2 858.71 Jan. 3 999.75 1977 Nov. 2 800.85 Sept. 8 907.74 1978 Feb. 28 742.12 Oct. 5 897.61 1979 Nov. 7 796.67 High High High Year Low Low Low 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Oct. 5 897.61 1979 Nov. 7 796.67 Nov. 20 1000.17 1980 Apr. 21 759.13 Apr. 27 1024.05 1981 Sept. 25 824.01 Dec. 27 1070.55 1982 Aug. 12 776.92 Nov. 29 1287.20 1983 Jan. 3 1027.04 Jan. 6 1286.64 1984 July 24 1086.57 Dec. 16 1553.10 1985 Jan. 4 1184.96 Dec. 2 1955.57 1986 Jan. 22 1502.29 Aug. 25 2722.42 1987 Oct. 19 1738.74 Oct. 21 2183.50 1988 Jan. 20 1879.14 Oct. 9 2791.41 1989 Jan. 3 2144.64 July 16 2999.75 1990* Oct. 11 2365.10 * As of 10/15/90 Most Active Common Stocks in 1989 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 New York Exchange New York Exchange Stock Volume (millions of shares) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 AT&T 462.1 IBM 402.3 General Electric 357.6 Exxon 336.2 Union Carbide 316.9 Texaco 297.3 USX 286.6 Eastman Kodak 281.9 Philip Morris 280.3 Ford Motor 263.9 Warner Comm. 256.1 General Motors 252.3 Citicorp 238.8 American Express 236.7 New York Exchange New York Exchange Stock Volume (millions of shares) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 American Express 236.7 Texas Utilities 230.8 BankAmerica 225.8 Bristol-Myers 224.5 BAT Industries 173.7 Wang Labs "B" 123.6 Texas Air 119.1 Amdahl 99.0 Echo Bay Mines 84.4 Fruit of the Loom 82.3 DWG 64.4 ENSCO 56.9 Diasonics 50.3 Bolar Pharm 43.5 Hasbro 40.0 New York Times 35.9 Home Shopping 35.1 Atari 34.5 New York Exchange New York Exchange Stock Volume (millions of shares) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Atari 34.5 Western Digital 34.1 Magma Copper 33.5 OMI 32.0 Carnival Cruise 31.6 MCI 485.4 Apple Computer 454.6 Intel 384.3 Sun Microsystems 295.8 Seagate Technology 199.2 Jaguar 196.7 Tele-Comm. "A" 184.9 Oracle Systems 182.2 First Executive 168.0 Liz Claiborne 154.2 Microsoft 135.4 Laidlaw Transpt "B" 131.9 Lin Broadcasting 130.0 New York Exchange New York Exchange Stock Volume (millions of shares) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Lin Broadcasting 130.0 Lotus Development 129.8 Reuters Holdings 122.9 Micron Technology 122.4 McCaw Technology 116.9 3 Com 116.6 Top Mutual Funds Lipper Analytical Services Inc. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Ten Years Ten Years 12/31/79 To 12/31/89 12/31/79 To 12/31/89 Ten Years Ten Years 12/31/79 To 12/31/89 12/31/79 To 12/31/89 Percent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Fidelity Magellan 1123.85 Merrill Lynch Pacific A 940.74 Japan Fund 663.90 Loomis-Sayles Capital 624.22 Phoenix: Growth 620.91 Lindner Fund 592.25 New England: Growth 569.91 Janus Fund 558.51 Phoenix: Stock 555.17 Lindner Dividend 553.83 AIM: Weingarten Equity 545.90 20th Century: Select 542.24 GT Global Growth: Pacific 540.00 IDS New Dimensions 536.16 New York Venture 535.48 Amev Capital 526.48 Windsor Fund 524.81 Ten Years Ten Years 12/31/79 To 12/31/89 12/31/79 To 12/31/89 Percent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Windsor Fund 524.81 Amev Growth 524.67 SteinRoe Special 523.27 Fidelity Destiny I 520.47 Vanguard High Yield Stock 515.11 United Vanguard 513.98 SoGen International 513.53 Washington Mutual Inv 512.88 Sequoia Fund 499.46 New England Zenith Cap Growth 497.61 Fidelity Overseas 353.21 Merrill Lynch Pacific A 328.87 Japan Fund 314.44 Trustees Commingled Intl 292.02 Alliance International 285.43 Vanguard World: Intl Growth 285.22 Kleinwort Benson: Intl Eq 282.49 Ten Years Ten Years 12/31/79 To 12/31/89 12/31/79 To 12/31/89 Percent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Kleinwort Benson: Intl Eq 282.49 GAM International 278.01 T Rowe Price Intl Stock 268.97 20th Century: Giftrust 261.33 GT Global Growth: Pacific 258.40 Financial Port: Pacific 256.53 Intl Fd for Institutions 255.00 Oppenheimer Global 250.21 FT International 249.64 PaineWebber Classic: Atlas 246.79 Scudder International 241.92 Bailard, Biehl&Kaiser Intl 240.06 Financial Port: Health 239.20 Putnam Intl Equities 234.70 Kemper International 232.68 First Inv Global 231.79 Oppenheimer Gld & Sp Min 227.01 Ten Years Ten Years 12/31/79 To 12/31/89 12/31/79 To 12/31/89 Percent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Oppenheimer Gld & Sp Min 227.01 Templeton Foreign 224.52 Alger: Small Capital 65.08 United Services Gold Shrs 64.73 Strategic Investments 61.21 GT Global Growth: Japan 60.73 Financial Port: Health 59.72 Fidelity Sel Energy Ser 59.44 Fidelity Sel Medical 58.02 Vista: Growth & Inc 56.85 GT Global Growth: America 54.77 SLH Amer Telecom: Income 52.22 20th Century: Vista Inv 52.20 Eagle Growth Shares 52.09 International Investors 51.27 Fidelity Sel Telecom 50.88 Janus Twenty 50.85 Ten Years Ten Years 12/31/79 To 12/31/89 12/31/79 To 12/31/89 Percent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Janus Twenty 50.85 20th Century: Giftrust 50.21 Delaware: Trend 49.69 Flag Inv Telephone Inc 48.86 One Hundred 48.31 GT Global Growth: Pacific 48.12 Sherman, Dean 47.27 Kaufmann Fund 46.85 Janus Fund 46.32 Medical Research Inv 45.51 Amev Advntge: Capital App 45.02 NASDAQ in 1989 NASDAQ, The National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations reported turnover volume of 33.3 billion shares in 1989. This was an increase of 7.9% over 1988. The number of companies with shares traded in this market was 4,963 at the start of 1990, making NASDAQ the third-largest market in the world, after the New York and Tokyo exchanges. Employee Stock Ownership Plans National Center for Employee Ownership 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Number of plans Employees in ESOPs (millions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1980 5,009 4.048 1981 5,680 4.537 1982 6,082 4.745 1983 6,456 5.397 1984 6,904 6.576 1985 7,402 7.353 1986 8,046 7.860 Year Number of plans Employees in ESOPs (millions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1986 8,046 7.860 1987 8,777 8.860 1988 9,700 9.700 1989 10,0001 10,0002 One of the fastest growing forms of employee compensation is the employee stock ownership plan (ESOP). The following table shows how ESOPs have grown during the 1980s. 1 Estimated. 2 As of May 25, 1989. Foreign Stock Markets 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Index Close 9/28/90 Pct.change year-to-date 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Index Close 9/28/90 Pct.change year-to-date 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sydney (All Ordinaries) 1398.3 -15.20 Toronto (300 comp.) 3159.4 -20.41 Dow Jones industrials 2452.48 -10.92 Amsterdam (CBS-all sh.) 167.6 -17.36 Hong Kong (Hng. Sng.) 2760.8 -2.67 London (FTSE 100) 1990.2 -17.85 Zurich (Swiss index) 894.5 -21.39 Paris (CAC 40) 1491.8 -25.45 Singapore (Str. Times) 1098.7 -25.83 Frankfurt (DAX avg.) 1334.9 -25.44 Tokyo (Nikkei average) 20,983.5 -46.08 Leading U.S. Businesses in 1989 FORTUNE Magazine; World Almanac Research (millions of sales, unless otherwise noted) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Aerospace Aerospace Boeing $20,276 United Technologies 19,766 McDonnell Douglas 14,995 Rockwell International 12,633 Allied-Signal 12,021 General Dynamics 10,053 Lockheed 9,932 Textron 7,440 Martin Marietta 5,814 Northrop 5,200 Apparel Apparel Levi Strauss $3,628 VF 2,540 Claiborne (Liz) 1,411 Fruit of the Loom 1,321 Hartmarx 1,312 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hartmarx 1,312 Crystal Brands 857 Leslie Fay 786 Kellwood 754 Russell 688 Phillips-Van Heusen 642 Beverages Beverages Pepsico $15,420 Anheuser-Busch 9,481 Coca-Cola 9,171 Seagold Vineyards Hldg. 3,005 Coors (Adolph) 1,770 Brown-Forman 1,012 Building Materials Building Materials Owens-Illinois $3,692 American Standard 3,631 Owens-Corning Fiber. 3,021 Corning 2,469 Manville 2,228 USG 2,201 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 USG 2,201 Norton 1,535 Lafarge 1,497 Certainteed 1,365 National Gypsum 1,364 Chemicals Chemicals Du Pont (E.I.) De Nemours $35,209 Dow Chemical 17,730 Union Carbide 8,744 Monsanto 8,681 Grace (W.R.) 6,115 Hoechst Celanese 6,016 Hanson Ind. NA 5,933 PPG Industries 5,825 Bayer USA 5,425 BASF 5,422 Computers (incl. office equip.) Computers (incl. office equip.) IBM $63,438 Digital Equipment 12,866 Hewlett-Packard 11,899 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hewlett-Packard 11,899 Unisys 10,097 NCR 5,956 Apple Computer 5,284 Wang Laboratories 3,078 Pitney Bowes 2,959 Control Data 2,952 Compaq Computer 2,876 Electronics Electronics General Electric $55,264 Westinghouse Electric 12,844 Motorola 9,620 Raytheon 8,796 TRW 7,408 Honeywell 7,242 Emerson Electric 7,071 Texas Instruments 6,592 Whirlpool 6,289 North American Philips 6,203 Food Food 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Food Food Philip Morris $39,069 RJR Nabisco 15,224 Sara Lee 11,738 Conagra 11,340 Archer Daniels 8,057 Borden 7,593 Ralston Purina 6,712 Heinz (H.J.) 5,832 General Mills 5,798 Quaker Oats 5,724 Forest Products Forest Products International Paper $11,378 Georgia-Pacific 10,171 Weyerhaeuser 10,106 James River 5,902 Kimberly-Clark 5,777 Stone Container 5,361 Champion International 5,254 Scott Paper 5,066 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Scott Paper 5,066 Mead 4,647 Boise Cascade 4,338 Furniture Furniture Johnson Controls $3,690 Interco 3,278 Lear Siegler Seating 1,015 Leggett & Platt 992 Miller (Herman) 799 Ohio Mattress Hldg. 706 Hon Industries 608 Kimball International 597 La-Z-Boy Chair 556 Industrial and Farm Equip. Industrial and Farm Equip. Tenneco $14,439 Caterpillar 11,126 Deere 7,221 Dresser Industries 4,023 Cummins Engine 3,511 Ingersoll-Rand 3,447 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ingersoll-Rand 3,447 Black & Decker 3,221 Parker Hannifin 2,520 Baker Hughes 2,328 Dover 2,136 Life Insurance1 Life Insurance1 Prudential of America $129,118 Metropolitan Life 98,740 Equitable Life Assurance 52,512 Aetna Life 52,023 Teachers Insurance & Annuity 44,374 New York Life 37,302 Connecticut General Life 33,991 Travelers 32,088 John Hancock Mutual Life 30.925 Northwestern Mutual Life 28,500 Metal Products Metal Products Gillette $3,850 Masco 3,151 Illinois Tool Works 2,173 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Illinois Tool Works 2,173 McDermott 2,121 Stanley Works 1,981 Crown Cork & Seal 1,910 Harsco 1,351 Ball 1,222 Hillenbrand Ind. 1,144 Newell 1,123 Metals Metals Aluminum Co. of Amer. $11,162 LTV 6,362 Reynolds Metals 6,201 Bethlehem Steel 5,306 Inland Steel Ind. 4,147 Amax 3,915 Phelps Dodge 2,726 National Steel 2,577 Armco 2,494 Maxxam 2,423 Motor Vehicles and Parts Motor Vehicles and Parts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Motor Vehicles and Parts Motor Vehicles and Parts General Motors $126,974 Ford Motor 96,933 Chrysler 36,156 Dana 5,157 Navistar 4,296 Eaton 4,249 Paccar 3,373 Mack Trucks 1,958 Masco Industries 1,687 Fleetwood Enterprises 1,632 Petroleum Refining Petroleum Refining Exxon $86,656 Mobil 50,976 Texaco 32,416 Chevron 29,443 Amoco 24,214 Shell Oil 21,703 USX 17,755 Atlantic Richfield 15,905 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Atlantic Richfield 15,905 Phillips Petroleum 12,492 Unocal 10,417 Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals Johnson & Johnson $9,844 Bristol-Myers Squibb 9,422 American Home Products 6,747 Merck 6,698 Pfizer 5,904 Abbott Laboratories 5,454 Warner-Lambert 4,272 Lilly (Eli) 4,176 Schering-Plough 3,243 Upjohn 2,916 Publishing & Printing Publishing & Printing Time Warner $7,642 Gannett 3,523 Times Mirror 3,517 Donnelly (R.R.) 3,128 Berkshire Hathaway 2,484 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Berkshire Hathaway 2,484 Tribune 2,455 Knight-Ridder 2,343 Reader's Digest 1,871 New York Times 1,807 McGraw-Hill 1,789 Retail2 Retail2 Sears Roebuck $53,913 K Mart 29,557 Wal-Mart Stores 25,922 American Stores 22,004 Kroger 19,088 J.C. Penney 16,405 Safeway Stores 14,325 Dayton Hudson 13,645 May Department Stores 12,043 Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea 10,073 Rubber and Plastics Products Rubber and Plastics Products Goodyear Tire $11,045 Premark 2,601 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Premark 2,601 Uniroyal Goodrich 2,267 Rubbermaid 1,349 Raychem 1,104 Cooper Tire & Rubber 870 Tredegar Ind. 638 Schulman 626 Standard Products 560 Carlisle 558 Scientific and Photographic Equip. Scientific and Photographic Equip. Eastman Kodak $18,398 Xerox 17,635 Minnesota Mining 11,990 Baxter International 7,399 Polaroid 1,942 Becton Dickinson 1,921 EG&G 1,655 Tektronix 1,439 Bausch & Lomb 1,231 Perkin-Elmer 1,105 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Perkin-Elmer 1,105 Soaps, Cosmetics Soaps, Cosmetics Procter & Gamble $21,689 Unilever U.S. 8,114 Colgate-Palmolive 5,110 Avon Products 3,396 Revlon Group 2,739 Clorox 1,471 International Flavors 870 Alberto-Culver 717 Helene Curtis Ind. 629 Chemed 594 Textiles Textiles Wickes $4,802 Armstrong World Ind. 2,864 West Point-Pepperell 2,568 Burlington Holdings 2,198 Springs Industries 1,909 Amoskeag 1,402 DWG 1,185 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 DWG 1,185 Shaw Industries 1,176 JPS Textile Group 821 Cone Mills 715 Tobacco Tobacco American Brands $7,265 Universal 2,920 Lorillard 1,475 Standard Commercial 951 Dibrell Brothers 689 UST 670 Transportation3 Transportation3 United Parcel Service $12,380 AMR 10,590 UAL 9,915 Delta Air Lines 8,090 CSX 7,821 Texas Air 6,769 Union Pacific 6,590 NWA 6,554 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 NWA 6,554 USAir Group 6,257 Federal Express 5,183 Utilities1 Utilities1 GTE $31,987 BellSouth 30,050 Bell Atlantic 26,220 NYNEX 25,909 US West 25,426 Pacific Gas & Electric 21,352 Pacific Telesis Group 21,194 Southwestern Bell 21,161 Southern 20,086 American Information Tech. 19,833 1 Millions of assets as of Dec. 31, 1989; 2 Includes revenues from nonretailing activities; 3 Includes revenues from nontransportation activities. U.S. Industrial Corporations with Largest Sales in 1989 FORTUNE Magazine 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Company (1988 rank) Sales1(billions) Income1(or loss)(millions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 General Motors (1) $127.0 $4,224 Ford Motor (2) 96.9 3,835 Exxon (3) 86.6 3,510 IBM (4) 63.4 3,758 General Electric (5) 55.3 3,939 Mobil (6) 60.0 1,809 Company (1988 rank) Sales1(billions) Income1(or loss)(millions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mobil (6) 60.0 1,809 Philip Morris (10) 39.1 2,946 Chrysler (7) 36.1 359 Du Pont (9) 35.2 2,480 Texaco (8) 32.4 2,413 Chevron (11) 29.4 251 Amoco (12) 24.2 1,610 Shell Oil (13) 21.7 1,405 Procter & Gamble (15) 21.7 1,206 Boeing (19) 20.3 973 Company (1988 rank) Sales1(billions) Income1(or loss)(millions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Boeing (19) 20.3 973 Occidental Petroleum (14) 20.1 285 United Technologies (16) 19.8 702 Eastman Kodak (18) 18.4 529 USX (23) 17.7 965 Dow Chemical (21) 17.7 2,487 Xerox (22) 17.6 704 Atlantic Richfield (17) 15.9 1,953 Pepsico (26) 15.4 901 RJR Nabisco (20) 15.2 (1,149) Company (1988 rank) Sales1(billions) Income1(or loss)(millions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 RJR Nabisco (20) 15.2 (1,149) McDonnell Douglas (25) 15.0 219 Tenneco (24) 14.4 584 Digital Equipment (30) 12.9 1,072 Westinghouse Electric (27) 12.8 922 Rockwell International (28) 12.6 734 Phillips Petroleum (31) 12.5 219 Allied-Signal (29) 12.0 528 Minnesota Mining & 12.0 1,244 Manufacturing (34) Company (1988 rank) Sales1(billions) Income1(or loss)(millions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Hewlett-Packard (39) 11.9 829 Sara Lee (36) 11.7 410 International Paper (42) 11.4 864 ConAgra (44) 11.3 197 ALCOA (40) 11.2 944 Caterpillar (35) 11.1 497 Goodyear (32) 11.0 206 Unocal (47) 10.4 260 Georgia Pacific (43) 10.2 661 Company (1988 rank) Sales1(billions) Income1(or loss)(millions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Weyerhaeuser (37) 10.1 341 Unisys (38) 10.1 (639) General Dynamics (41) 10.0 293 Lockheed (33) 9.9 2 Sun (48) 9.9 98 Johnson & Johnson (45) 9.8 1,082 Motorola (52) 9.6 498 Anheuser-Busch (46) 9.5 767 Bristol-Myers Squibb (73) 9.4 747 Company (1988 rank) Sales1(billions) Income1(or loss)(millions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1 Fiscal year. Largest Corporate Mergers or Acquisitions in U.S. (as of mid-1990) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Company Acquirer Dollars Year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 RJR Nabisco Kohlberg Kravis Roberts 24.9 bln. 1988 Warner Communications Time 13.9 bln. 1989 Gulf Oil Chevron 13.3 bln. 1984 Kraft Philip Morris 11.5 bln. 1988 Company Acquirer Dollars Year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Kraft Philip Morris 11.5 bln. 1988 Squibb Bristol-Myers 11.5 bln. 1989 Getty Oil Texaco 10.1 bln. 1984 Conoco DuPont 8.0 bln. 1981 Standard Oil British Petroleum 7.9 bln.* 1987 Federated Dept. Stores Campeau 7.4 bln. 1988 Marathon Oil U.S. Steel 6.5 bln. 1981 Contel GTE 6.2 bln. 1990 Beatrice Kohlberg Kravis Roberts 6.2 bln. 1986 RCA General Electric 6.2 bln. 1986 Superior Oil Mobil Oil 5.7 bln. 1984 Pillsbury Grand Metropolitan 5.7 bln. 1988 General Foods Philip Morris 5.6 bln. 1986 Safeway Stores Kohlberg Kravis Roberts 5.3 bln. 1986 Farmers Group B.A.T. Industries 5.2 bln. 1988 Southern Pacific Santa Fe Railroad 5.2 bln. 1983 Southland J.T. Acquisition 5.1 bln. 1987 Hughes Aircraft General Motors 5.0 bln. 1985 Nabisco R.J. Reynolds 4.9 bln. 1985 Company Acquirer Dollars Year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Nabisco R.J. Reynolds 4.9 bln. 1985 Signal Cos. Allied Corp. 4.9 bln. 1986 Sperry Burroughs 4.8 bln. 1986 Connecticut General INA 4.3 bln. 1981 Borg-Warner AV Holdings 4.2 bln. 1987 Texasgulf Elf Aquitaine 4.2 bln. 1981 Cities Service Occidental Petroleum 4.0 bln. 1982 Dome Petroleum Amoco 3.8 bln. 1987 R.H. Macy various investors 3.7 bln. 1986 American Hospital Baxter Travenol 3.7 bln. 1986 Owens-Illinois Kohlberg Kravis Roberts 3.6 bln. 1987 Belridge Oil Shell Oil 3.6 bln. 1979 NWA Checchi Group 3.6 bln. 1988 Allied Stores Campeau 3.5 bln. 1986 Fort Howard Paper Morgan Stanley Group 3.5 bln. 1988 ABC Broadcasting Capital Cities Comm. 3.5 bln. 1985 Columbia Pictures Sony 3.4 bln. 1989 Viacom National Amusements 3.4 bln. 1987 McCaw Cellular LIN Broadcasting 3.3 bln. 1989 Company Acquirer Dollars Year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 McCaw Cellular LIN Broadcasting 3.3 bln. 1989 Panhandle Eastern Texas Eastern 3.2 bln. 1989 Chesebrough-Pond's Unilever N.V. 3.1 bln. 1987 MidCon Occidental Petroleum 3.0 bln. 1986 American Medical Intl. IMA Holdings 3.0 bln. 1989 Texas Oil and Gas USX Corp. 3.0 bln. 1986 Emhart Black & Decker 2.8 bln. 1989 Carnation Nestle 2.8 bln. 1984 Celanese American Hoechst 2.7 bln. 1987 Esmark Beatrice Foods 2.7 bln. 1984 G.D. Searle Monsanto 2.7 bln. 1986 Continental Group Kiewit-Murdock 2.7 bln. 1984 St. Joe Minerals Fluor 2.6 bln. 1981 Electronic Data Systems General Motors 2.6 bln. 1984 Firestone Tire Bridgestone 2.6 bln. 1988 Macmillan Maxwell Comm. 2.6 bln. 1988 Associated Dry Goods May Dept. Stores 2.5 bln. 1986 * For the 45% of Standard Oil that British Petroleum did not already own. Highest Paid Business Executives in 1989 Business Week 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Executive, Company 1989 Compensation (in millions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Craig O. McCaw, McCaw Cellular $53.9 Steven J. Ross, Time Warner 34.2 Donald A. Pels, Lin Broadcasting 22.8 Jim P. Manzi, Lotus Development 16.4 Paul Fireman, Reebok International 14.6 Ronald K. Richey, Torchmark 12.7 Martin S. Davis, Paramount 11.6 Roberto C. Goizueta, Coca-Cola 10.7 Michael D. Eisner, Walt Disney 9.6 Executive, Company 1989 Compensation (in millions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Michael D. Eisner, Walt Disney 9.6 August A. Busch III, Anheuser-Busch 8.9 William G. McGowan, MCI 8.7 James R. Moffett, Freeport-McMoRan 7.3 Donald E. Petersen, Ford Motor 7.1 P. Roy Vagelos, Merck 6.8 W. Michael Blumenthal, Unisys 6.5 S. Parker Gilbert, Morgan Stanley 5.5 Harry A. Merlo, Louisiana-Pacific 5.3 Reuben Mark, Colgate-Palmolive 5.0 Robert J. Pfeiffer, Alexander & Baldwin 5.0 William P. Stiritz, Ralston Purina 4.9 The annual compensation survey of Business Week Magazine showed that U.S. chief executive officers make more than 3 times as much as Japanese CEOs and 33 percent more than their European counterparts. Compensation includes stock options and other performance bonuses. Distribution of Total Personal Income Bureau of Economic Analysis; U.S. Commerce Department (in billions) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴� Year Personal income Personal taxes Disposable Personal income Personal o 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1960 $402.3 $50.4 $352.0 $332.3 1965 540.7 64.9 475.8 442.1 1970 811.1 115.8 695.3 639.5 1974 1,168.6 170.2 998.3 913.2 1975 1,265.0 168.9 1,096.1 1,001.8 1976 1,391.2 196.8 1,194.4 1,111.9 1977 1,540.4 226.4 1,314.0 1,236.0 1978 1,732.7 258.7 1,474.0 1,384.6 1979 1,951.2 301.0 1,650.2 1,553.5 Year Personal income Personal taxes Disposable Personal income Personal o 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1979 1,951.2 301.0 1,650.2 1,553.5 1980 2,165.3 336.5 1,828.9 1,718.7 1981 2,429.5 387.7 2,041.7 1,904.3 1982 2,584.6 404.1 2,180.5 2,044.5 1983 2,838.6 410.5 2,428.1 2,297.4 1984 3,108.7 440.2 2,668.6 2,504.5 1985 3,325.3 486.6 2,838.7 2,713.3 1986 3,526.2 512.9 3,013.3 2,888.5 1987 3,776.6 571.7 3,205.9 3,104.1 1988 4,070.8 591.6 3,479.2 3,333.6 1989 4,384.3 658.8 3,725.5 3,553.7 Consumer Price Index The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the average change in prices over time of basic consumer goods and services. From Jan. 1978, the Bureau of Labor Statistics began publishing CPI's for two population groups: (1) a CPI for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) which covers about 80% of the total population; and (2) a CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W) which covers about 32% of the total population. The CPI-U includes, in addition to wage earners and clerical workers, groups such as professional, managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees and others not in the labor force. The CPI is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuels, transportation fares, charges for doctors' and dentists' services, drugs, and the other goods and services bought for day-to-day living. The index had been measuring price changes from a designated reference date--1967--which equaled 100.0. Beginning with the release of data for January 1988, the standard reference base period for the Consumer Price Index is 1982-84. The rebasing is in keeping with the government's policy that index bases should be updated periodically. The 1982-84 period was chosen to coincide with the time period of the updated CPI's expenditure weights, which are based upon the Consumer Expenditure Surveys for 1982, 1983, and 1984. All of the CPI figures in the following tables have been changed to reflect the new reference base. Consumer Price Indexes, 1990 Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴� CPI-U CPI-U CPI-U Unadjusted indexes Unadjusted percent Unadjusted pe change to June 1990 change to Jun from- from- (1982-84=100) June 1990 June 1989 May 1990 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Food, beverages 131.7 5.4 0.5 Housing 128.3 4.4 0.9 Apparel, upkeep 123.3 4.7 -1.8 CPI-U CPI-U CPI-U Unadjusted indexes Unadjusted percent Unadjusted pe change to June 1990 change to Jun from- from- (1982-84=100) June 1990 June 1989 May 1990 Apparel, upkeep 123.3 4.7 -1.8 Transportation 118.2 2.0 0.4 Medical care 161.9 9.0 0.7 Entertainment1 131.9 4.5 0.2 Other goods, 157.8 7.9 0.8 services Services 138.8 5.5 0.9 Special Indexes All items less food 129.4 4.4 0.5 CPI-U CPI-U CPI-U Unadjusted indexes Unadjusted percent Unadjusted pe change to June 1990 change to Jun from- from- (1982-84=100) June 1990 June 1989 May 1990 All items less food 129.4 4.4 0.5 Commodities less 115.8 2.7 -0.1 food Nondurables1 124.6 4.7 0.3 Energy 99.5 0.5 2.9 All items less 134.2 5.1 0.4 energy Consumer Price Indexes for Selected Items and Groups Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Dept. (all urban consumers = CPI-U) (1982-84 = 100. Annual averages of monthly figures) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴� 1970 1975 1980 1985 1986 1987 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� All Items 38.8 53.8 82.4 107.6 109.6 113.6 11 Food and beverages 40.1 60.2 86.7 105.6 109.1 113.5 11 Food 39.2 59.8 86.8 105.6 109.0 113.5 11 Food at home 39.9 61.8 88.4 104.3 107.3 111.9 11 Cereals, bakery prods. 37.1 62.9 83.9 107.9 110.9 114.8 12 Meats, poultry, fish, eggs 44.6 67.0 92.0 100.1 104.5 110.5 11 Dairy prods. 44.7 62.6 90.9 103.2 103.3 105.9 10 Fruits, vegetables 37.8 56.9 82.1 106.4 109.4 119.1 12 Sugar, sweets 30.5 65.3 90.5 105.8 109.0 111.0 11 Fats, oils 39.2 73.5 89.3 106.9 106.5 108.1 11 Nonalcoholic beverages 27.1 41.3 91.4 104.3 110.4 107.5 10 1970 1975 1980 1985 1986 1987 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nonalcoholic beverages 27.1 41.3 91.4 104.3 110.4 107.5 10 Other prepared foods 39.6 58.9 83.6 106.4 109.2 113.8 11 Food away from home 37.5 54.5 83.4 108.3 112.5 117.0 12 Alcoholic beverages 52.1 65.9 86.4 106.4 111.1 114.1 11 Housing 36.4 50.7 81.1 107.7 110.9 114.2 11 Shelter 35.5 48.8 81.0 109.8 115.8 121.3 12 Rent 46.5 58.0 80.9 111.8 118.3 123.1 12 Maintenance, repairs 35.8 54.1 82.4 106.5 107.9 111.8 11 Fuel, other utilities 29.1 45.4 75.4 106.5 104.1 103.0 10 Electricity 31.8 50.0 75.8 106.9 110.4 110.0 11 Household furnishings & operation 46.8 63.4 86.3 103.8 105.2 107.1 10 House furnishings 55.5 69.8 88.5 101.7 102.2 103.6 10 Apparel & upkeep 59.2 72.5 90.9 105.0 105.9 110.6 11 Apparel commodities 63.3 76.7 92.9 104.0 104.2 108.9 11 Men's & boys' 62.2 75.5 89.4 105.0 106.2 109.1 11 Women's & girls' 71.8 85.5 96.0 104.9 104.0 110.4 11 Footwear 56.8 69.6 91.8 102.3 101.9 105.1 10 Transportation 37.5 50.1 83.1 106.4 102.3 105.4 10 Private 37.5 50.6 84.2 106.2 101.2 104.2 10 1970 1975 1980 1985 1986 1987 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Private 37.5 50.6 84.2 106.2 101.2 104.2 10 New cars 53.0 62.9 88.4 106.1 110.6 114.6 11 Used cars 31.2 43.8 62.3 113.7 108.8 113.1 11 Gasoline 27.9 45.1 97.5 98.6 77.0 80.1 80 Auto insurance 42.0 48.4 82.0 119.2 135.0 146.2 15 Public 35.2 43.5 69.0 110.5 117.0 121.1 12 Airline fares 28.3 38.0 68.0 112.5 117.1 122.8 12 Medical care 34.0 47.5 74.9 113.5 122.0 130.1 13 Prescription drugs 47.4 51.2 72.5 120.1 130.4 140.8 15 Physicians' services 34.5 48.1 76.5 113.3 121.5 130.4 13 Dental services 39.2 53.2 78.9 114.2 120.6 128.8 13 Hospital room 23.6 38.3 68.0 115.4 122.3 131.1 14 Entertainment 47.5 62.0 83.6 107.9 111.6 115.3 12 Other goods & services 40.9 53.9 75.2 114.5 121.4 128.5 13 Tobacco products 43.1 54.7 72.0 116.7 124.7 133.6 14 Personal care 43.5 57.9 81.9 106.3 111.9 115.1 11 Toilet goods 42.7 58.0 79.6 107.6 111.3 113.9 11 Personal care services 44.2 57.7 83.7 108.9 112.5 116.2 12 Personal, educational expenses 35.5 48.7 70.9 119.1 128.6 138.5 14 1970 1975 1980 1985 1986 1987 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Personal, educational expenses 35.5 48.7 70.9 119.1 128.6 138.5 14 Consumer Price Indexes Annual Percent Change Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼� 19771 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1985 1986 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� All items 6.5 7.6 11.3 13.5 10.3 6.2 3.2 3.6 1.9 Food 6.3 9.9 11.0 8.6 7.8 4.1 2.1 2.3 3.2 Shelter 6.6 10.2 13.9 17.6 11.7 7.1 2.3 5.6 5.5 Rent, residential 6.1 6.9 7.2 8.9 8.7 7.6 5.8 6.2 5.8 Fuel & other utilities 10.7 6.9 10.8 16.4 14.6 9.8 5.6 1.6 -2.3 Apparel and upkeep 4.5 3.6 4.3 7.1 4.8 2.6 2.5 2.8 0.9 19771 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1985 1986 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Apparel and upkeep 4.5 3.6 4.3 7.1 4.8 2.6 2.5 2.8 0.9 Private transportation 7.4 4.7 14.7 17.4 11.4 3.5 2.3 2.5 -4.7 New cars 5.2 7.7 7.9 8.1 6.0 3.9 2.6 3.2 4.2 Gasoline 5.7 4.2 35.5 38.9 11.3 -5.3 -3.3 .8 -21. Public transportation 4.6 3.0 6.6 25.7 24.1 10.9 4.8 4.5 5.9 Medical care 9.6 8.4 9.2 11.0 10.7 11.6 8.8 6.3 7.5 Entertainment 4.9 5.3 6.7 9.0 7.8 6.5 4.3 3.9 3.4 Commodities 5.8 7.2 11.3 12.3 8.4 4.1 2.9 2.1 -0.9 The Consumer Price Index (CPI-U) measures the average change in prices of goods and services purchased by all urban consumers. 1 Change from 1976. Consumer Price Index by Region and Selected Cities Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴� CPI-U Indexes CPI-U Indexes CPI-U Index Area (1982-84 = 100) Apr. 1990 May 1990 June 1990 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� U.S. city average 128.9 129.2 129.9 Northeast urban 134.5 134.7 134.9 More than 1,200,000 135.4 135.4 135.4 500,000 to 1,200,000 133.5 133.6 134.4 50,000 to 500,000 132.0 132.5 133.4 North Central urban 125.8 126.0 126.9 More than 1,200,000 127.3 127.4 128.6 CPI-U Indexes CPI-U Indexes CPI-U Index Area (1982-84 = 100) Apr. 1990 May 1990 June 1990 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  360,000 to 1,200,000 124.8 125.3 125.6 50,000 to 360,000 125.6 125.9 126.5 Less than 50,000 121.1 121.4 122.3 South urban 126.1 126.5 127.3 More than 1,200,000 126.8 127.1 127.8 450,000 to 1,200,000 127.4 128.0 128.2 50,000 to 450,000 124.6 124.5 125.3 Less than 50,000 125.3 125.8 128.2 CPI-U Indexes CPI-U Indexes CPI-U Index Area (1982-84 = 100) Apr. 1990 May 1990 June 1990 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  West urban 129.6 130.0 130.8 More than 1,250,000 131.5 132.0 132.6 50,000 to 330,000 126.2 126.4 127.7 Selected areas Chicago, Ill.-Gary-Lake County, 130.4 130.4 131.7 Ill., Ind., Wis. L.A.-Anaheim, Riverside, Cal. 134.2 134.6 135.0 New York, N.Y.-Northern N.J., Long 137.3 137.2 137.1 Island, N.Y. CPI-U Indexes CPI-U Indexes CPI-U Index Area (1982-84 = 100) Apr. 1990 May 1990 June 1990 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Philadelphia, Wilmington, Trenton, 134.3 134.6 135.1 Pa., Del., N.J. San Francisco-Oakland, San Jose, 130.7 130.8 131.6 Cal. Baltimore, Md. - 129.0 - Boston, Lawrence, Salem, Mass., - 137.0 - N.H. Cleveland, Akron, Lorain Oh. - 128.1 - Miami, Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. - 126.4 - St. Louis, E. St. Louis, Mo.-Ill. - 126.7 - CPI-U Indexes CPI-U Indexes CPI-U Index Area (1982-84 = 100) Apr. 1990 May 1990 June 1990 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� St. Louis, E. St. Louis, Mo.-Ill. - 126.7 - Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va. - 134.0 - Dallas-Fort Worth, Tex. 122.9 - 123.8 Detroit, Ann Arbor, Mich. 126.9 - 127.7 Houston, Galveston, Brazoria, Tex. 118.3 - 119.7 Pittsburgh, Beaver Valley, Pa. 124.9 - 125.0 Personal Consumption Expenditures in the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Commerce Department (billions of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴� 1985 1986 1987 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Personal consumption expenditures 2,629.0 2,797.4 3,009.4 Food & Tobacco 503.8 533.7 566.4 Food purchased for off-premise consumption 322.7 339.1 353.7 Purchased meals and beverages 139.9 151.6 165.5 Tobacco products 32.2 33.6 35.6 Clothing, accessories, jewelry 193.3 207.5 222.3 1985 1986 1987 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Shoes 22.9 24.3 25.9 Clothing and accessories less shoes 133.4 142.4 152.5 Jewelry and watches 20.5 22.8 24.7 Personal care 38.8 41.4 44.4 Toilet articles, preparations 23.1 24.6 26.3 Barbershops, beauty parlors, baths, health clubs 15.7 16.8 18.2 Housing 403.0 434.2 468.9 Owner-occupied nonfarm dwellings space rent 272.7 293.7 316.9 Tenant-occupied nonfarm dwellings rent 103.8 114.3 123.6 1985 1986 1987 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Tenant-occupied nonfarm dwellings rent 103.8 114.3 123.6 Rental value of farm dwellings 10.9 9.7 10.3 Household operation 334.1 347.5 363.3 Furniture, incl. bedding 28.0 30.4 31.8 Kitchen, other household appliances 23.7 25.5 26.7 China, glassware, tableware, utensils 13.0 14.3 15.3 Other durable house furnishings 28.2 30.6 33.5 Semidurable house furnishings 14.0 15.2 16.0 Cleaning, household supplies, paper products 26.4 27.8 29.1 1985 1986 1987 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Household utilities 124.2 122.4 125.8 Telephone, telegraph 40.4 42.7 44.1 Medical care 327.5 357.6 399.0 Drug preparations, sundries 28.1 30.2 32.3 Physicians 73.5 80.6 94.0 Dentists 21.5 22.8 25.0 Privately controlled hospitals and sanitariums 140.2 152.4 166.3 Health insurance 21.6 22.4 25.3 Personal business 169.9 192.5 215.4 1985 1986 1987 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Personal business 169.9 192.5 215.4 Brokerage charges, investment counseling 14.8 19.7 20.5 Bank service charges, trust services, safe 11.7 13.0 14.6 deposit box rental Legal services 28.0 30.9 35.0 Funeral, burial expenses 6.3 6.6 7.0 Transportation 359.5 366.3 379.7 User-operated transportation 330.1 335.9 346.3 New autos 87.4 101.3 93.5 Used autos 35.1 33.6 38.5 1985 1986 1987 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Used autos 35.1 33.6 38.5 Repair, greasing, washing, parking, storage, 49.1 52.0 55.9 rental Gasoline and oil 90.6 73.5 75.3 Tolls 1.4 1.7 1.9 Insurance premiums less claims paid 9.9 12.6 15.4 Purchased local transportation 7.2 7.8 8.2 Transit systems 3.6 3.8 4.0 Taxicab 3.1 3.3 3.5 Railway (commutation) .5 .6 .7 1985 1986 1987 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Railway (commutation) .5 .6 .7 Purchased intercity transportation 22.2 22.6 25.5 Railway (excl. commutation) .6 .7 .7 Bus 1.2 1.1 1.4 Airline 18.5 18.8 20.8 Recreation 185.7 201.2 223.2 Books, maps 8.1 8.6 9.5 Magazines, newspapers, sheet music 13.2 13.9 15.4 Nondurable toys and sport supplies 21.1 23.1 26.2 1985 1986 1987 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Wheel goods, durable toys, sports equipment, 26.7 29.7 33.2 boats, pleasure aircraft Radio and TV receivers, records, musical 37.0 38.8 41.6 instruments Flowers, seeds, potted plants 5.5 5.8 7.0 Admissions to specified spectator amusements 9.5 10.2 11.3 Motion picture theaters 3.6 3.9 4.2 Legitimate theater, opera 3.0 3.3 4.0 Spectator sports 2.9 2.9 3.0 Clubs, fraternal organizations 4.8 5.0 5.5 1985 1986 1987 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Clubs, fraternal organizations 4.8 5.0 5.5 Commerical amusements 15.1 16.0 17.1 Private education, research 43.3 46.6 50.9 Higher education 15.7 16.9 17.7 Elementary and secondary schools 13.8 14.5 15.5 Religious and welfare activities 57.1 62.9 68.1 Percent Change in Consumer Prices in Selected Countries International Monetary Fund 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴� Country 1970-1975, avg. 1975-1980, avg. 1980-1985, avg. 1986-1987, 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� United States 6.7 8.9 5.5 3.7 Australia 10.2 10.6 8.3 8.5 Austria 7.3 5.3 4.9 1.4 Belgium 8.4 6.4 7.0 1.6 Canada 7.3 8.7 7.4 4.4 France 8.8 10.5 9.6 3.3 Germany, W. 6.1 4.1 3.9 0.3 Greece 12.3 16.3 20.7 16.4 Italy 11.3 16.3 13.7 4.7 Japan 11.5 6.5 2.7 0 Netherlands 8.6 6.0 4.2 -0.5 Norway 8.4 8.4 9.0 8.7 Portugal 15.4 21.8 23.2 9.3 Spain 12.1 18.6 12.2 5.3 Sweden 8.0 10.5 9.0 4.2 Country 1970-1975, avg. 1975-1980, avg. 1980-1985, avg. 1986-1987, 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sweden 8.0 10.5 9.0 4.2 Switzerland 7.7 2.3 4.3 1.4 Turkey 18.6 50.1 37.8 38.8 United Kingdom 13.0 14.4 7.2 4.2 Inflation Bureau of Labor Statistics Inflation started the 1980s in double digits but sank to as low as 1.1 percent in 1986. For the decade, prices rose 64.4 percent from the start of 1980 through December 1989. This was a marked improvement over the 1970s when inflation exploded 103.0 percent, mostly as the result of soaring oil prices. The 1960s saw inflation rise 28.2 percent, and the 1950s 24.6 percent. Index of Leading Economic Indicators Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce The index of leading economic indicators, which is issued to project the economy's performance six months or a year ahead, was unchanged in July 1990. Analysts said that the increase suggests that the economy may be on the verge of a recession. The index is made up of eleven measurements of economic activity that tend to change direction long before the overall economy does. The volatility of the index, caused in part by the fact that many of the statistics covered do not reach the Commerce Department until weeks after the initial report, usually results in at least one revision after the initial reporting. Leading Indicators: Component Analysis 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Components Contribution to change June to July Components Contribution to change June to July 1990 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Average workweek of production -0.07 workers in manufacturing Average weekly claims for state -0.01 unemployment insurance1 New orders for consumer goods and -0.00 materials, adjusted for inflation Vendor performance (companies -0.17 receiving slower deliveries from suppliers) Contracts and orders for plant and +0.21 equipment, adjusted for inflation New building permits issued -0.07 Components Contribution to change June to July 1990 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Change in manufactureres unfilled -0.08 orders, durable goods Change in sensitive materials prices +0.12 Index of stock prices -0.01 Money supply: M-2, adjusted for -0.08 inflation Index of consumer expectations +0.03 Leading indicators index, percent 0.00 change 1 Series is inverted in computing index; that is, a decrease in the series is considered upward movement. State Finances Revenues, Expenditures, Debts, Taxes, and U.S. Aid Census Bureau, U.S. Commerce Dept. (fiscal year 1989) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴� State, bond rating1 Revenue (millions) Expenditures (millions) Debt (milli 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alabama, AA $8,278 $7,401 $4,078 Alaska, AA- 5,112 4,448 5,611 Arizona, NR 7,578 7,157 2,069 Arkansas, AA 4,300 3,840 1,767 California, AAA 81,708 72,583 26,207 Colorado, NR 6,967 5,878 2,171 State, bond rating1 Revenue (millions) Expenditures (millions) Debt (milli 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Colorado, NR 6,967 5,878 2,171 Connecticut, AA+ 9,045 8,972 9,573 Delaware, AA+ 2,257 1,929 2,831 Florida, AA 22,160 19,977 8,967 Georgia, AA+ 11,898 10,835 3,039 Hawaii, AA 4,041 3,184 3,063 Idaho, NR 2,195 1,858 834 Illinois, AA+ 22,243 20,346 14,158 Indiana, NR 10,733 9,668 3,587 Iowa, NR 6,441 5,892 1,618 Kansas, NR 4,630 4,206 344 Kentucky, AA 8,028 7,401 5,136 Louisiana, BBB+ 9,558 8,734 12,160 Maine, AAA 3,164 2,837 2,032 Maryland, AAA 11,501 10,117 5,834 Massachusetts, BBB 16,000 17,320 16,336 Michigan, AA 22,707 20,881 8,198 Minnesota, AA+ 12,390 10,584 3,601 Mississippi, AA- 5,055 4,528 1,346 State, bond rating1 Revenue (millions) Expenditures (millions) Debt (milli 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mississippi, AA- 5,055 4,528 1,346 Missouri, AAA 8,703 7,738 4,893 Montana, AA- 2,087 1,880 1,347 Nebraska, NR 2,864 2,559 1,411 Nevada, AA 2,784 2,532 1,423 New Hampshire, AA+ 1,840 1,851 2,946 New Jersey, AAA 21,869 20,812 17,393 New Mexico, AA 4,596 3,962 1,896 New York, A 60,678 54,073 43,306 North Carolina, AAA 13,533 12,366 2,950 North Dakota, AA- 1,756 1,725 927 Ohio, AA 27,478 22,975 10,513 Oklahoma, AA 7,011 6,212 3,577 Oregon, AA- 6,767 5,686 6,737 Pennsylvania, AA- 25,681 22,987 10,540 Rhode Island, AA 2,960 2,744 3,343 South Carolina, AAA 8,061 6,958 3,775 South Dakota, NR 1,407 1,253 1,860 Tennessee, AA+ 8,325 7,742 2,574 State, bond rating1 Revenue (millions) Expenditures (millions) Debt (milli 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Tennessee, AA+ 8,325 7,742 2,574 Texas, AA 29,389 24,226 6,665 Utah, AAA 3,693 3,513 1,694 Vermont, AA 1,530 1,434 1,108 Virginia, AAA 13,096 11,724 5,510 Washington, AA 13,507 11,650 5,364 West Virginia, AA- 3,985 3,820 2,452 Wisconsin, AA 13,132 10,514 5,931 Wyoming, NR 1,843 1,566 926 United States $586,560 $525,077 $295,618 1 Standard & Poor's long-term bond ratings for the states. The assessments range from AAA to BBB depending on the credit agency's estimate of their ability to pay principal and interest and their susceptibility to adverse economic conditions. Ratings as of Mar. 1990. NR = States that have no outstanding debt or have never applied for a rating. Totals do not add up due to rounding. Federal Aid to State and Local Governments U.S. Office of Management and Budget (million of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴� Type of aid, function, and major program 1970 1975 1980 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Grant-in-aid shared revenue 24,065 49,791 91,451 10 National defense 37 74 93 15 Natural resources & environment 411 2,437 5,363 4, Energy 25 43 499 52 Agriculture 604 404 569 2, Transportation2 4,599 5,864 13,087 17 Airports 83 292 590 78 Highways 4,395 4,702 9,209 12 Railroads - (z) 54 35 Urban mass transit 105 689 3,129 2, Type of aid, function, and major program 1970 1975 1980 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Urban mass transit 105 689 3,129 2, Commerce & housing credit 4 2 3 2 Community & regional development2 1,780 2,842 6,486 5, Education, employment, training, social services2 6,393 12,133 21,862 17 Health2 3,849 8,810 15,758 24 Alcohol, drug abuse, & mental health3 146 590 679 50 Medicaid3 2,727 6,840 13,957 22 Income security2 5,819 9,352 18,495 27 Assistance payment program3 4,142 5,121 6,888 8, Food stamps, administration 559 136 413 88 Child nutrition & special milk programs3 379 1,565 3,388 3, Housing assistance3 436 1,326 3,435 6, Veterans benefits & services 18 33 90 91 Administration of justice 42 725 529 95 General government4 49 101 138 18 Percent Change in Federal Aid to State and Local Governments U.S. Office of Management and Budget 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼� Type of aid, function, and major program 1970-1975 1975-1980 1980 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Grant-in-aid shared revenue 106% 83% 15% National defense 100 25 68 Natural resources & environment 492 120 -24 Energy 72 1,060 6 Agriculture -33 40 325 Transportation2 27 123 30 Commerce & housing credit -50 50 -33 Community & regional development2 59 128 -19 Education, employment, training, social services2 89 80 -18 Health2 128 78 55 Income security2 60 97 46 Veterans benefits & services 83 172 1 Administration of justice 1,626 -27 -82 Type of aid, function, and major program 1970-1975 1975-1980 1980 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Administration of justice 1,626 -27 -82 General government4 106 36 31 1 Estimate. 2 Includes items not shown separately. 3 Incl. grants for payments to individuals. 4 Incl. general purpose fiscal assistance. Foreign Direct Investment in the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis; U.S. Commerce Department (billions of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1970 1975 1980 1985 1987 1988 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� All Countries 13.2 27.6 83.0 184.6 271.7 328.8 401.0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1987 1988 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� All Countries 13.2 27.6 83.0 184.6 271.7 328.8 401.0 Canada 3.1 5.3 12.1 17.1 24.0 27.3 32.0 Netherlands 2.1 5.3 19.1 37.0 49.1 48.9 60.0 Switzerland 1.5 2.1 5.0 10.5 14.6 15.8 - United Kingdom 4.1 6.3 14.1 43.5 79.6 101.9 119.0 W. Germany 0.680 1.4 7.5 14.8 20.3 23.8 28.0 Japan 0.229 0.591 4.7 19.3 35.1 53.3 70.0 Five countries accounted for 77 percent of the $401 billion worth of foreign direct investment in the U.S. at the end of 1989. Consumer Credit Outstanding, 1970 to 1988 Federal Reserve System (billions of dollars) Estimated amounts of credit outstanding as of end of year. Seasonally adjusted. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴� Type of Credit 1970 1975 1980 1982 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Credit outstanding 131.6 204.9 349.4 381.1 43 Ratio to disposable personal income1(percent) 18.3 17.9 18.2 16.9 17 Installment 103.9 167.0 297.6 323.5 36 Automobile paper 36.3 56.9 111.9 124.2 14 Revolving 4.9 14.5 54.8 66.2 78 Mobile home paper 2.4 15.3 18.6 22.8 23 All other loans 60.2 80.1 112.1 110.2 12 Commercial banks 48.6 82.9 145.5 149.1 16 Finance companies 27.2 32.7 61.9 74.9 82 Credit unions 12.8 25.4 43.6 46.8 52 Retailers2 12.9 16.6 26.1 29.4 34 Other3 2.3 9.2 20.3 23.2 28 Noninstallment 27.7 37.9 51.8 57.6 62 Single-payment loans 18.9 26.8 39.6 45.5 48 Charge accounts 8.7 11.0 12.1 12.0 13 Type of Credit 1970 1975 1980 1982 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Charge accounts 8.7 11.0 12.1 12.0 13 1 Based on fourth quarter seasonally adjusted disposable personal income at annual rates as published by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. 2 Excludes 30-day charge credit held by travel and entertainment companies. 3 Comprises savings institutions and gasoline companies. Philanthropy in the U.S. Giving USA, 1989; a publication of the American Association of Fund-Raising Counsel Trust for Philanthropy (billions of dollars) Sources of Contributors 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코� Corporations Corporations Foundations Foundations Bequests Bequests Ind 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1970 .797 1970 1.90 1970 2.13 197 1975 1.202 1975 1.65 1975 2.23 197 1980 2.359 1980 2.81 1980 2.86 198 1985 4.472 1985 4.90 1985 4.77 198 1988 4.800 1988 6.15 1988 6.57 198 1989 5.000 1989 6.70 1989 6.70 198 Uses of Contributions 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Religion Education Health Human service Arts, culture & humanities 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1970 9.34 2.60 3.44 2.92 .663 1975 12.81 2.83 3.61 2.94 1.56 1980 22.23 4.96 5.34 4.91 3.15 1985 37.46 8.17 7.72 8.50 5.08 1988 48.09 10.23 9.58 10.49 6.79 1989 54.32 10.69 10.04 11.39 7.49 Federal Reserve System (as of Aug. 1990) The Federal Reserve System is the central bank for the United States. The system was established on December 23, 1913, originally to give the country an elastic currency, to provide facilities for discounting commercial paper, and to improve the supervision of banking. Since then, the System's responsibilities have been broadened. Over the years, stability and growth of the economy, a high level of employment, stability in the purchasing power of the dollar, and reasonable balance in transactions with foreign countries have come to be recognized as primary objectives of governmental economic policy. The Federal Reserve System consists of the Board of Governors, the 12 District Reserve Banks and their branch offices, and the Federal Open Market Committee. Several advisory councils help the Board meet its varied responsibilities. The hub of the System is the seven member Board of Governors in Washington. The members of the Board are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, to serve 14-year terms. The President also appoints the Chairman and Vice-Chairman of the Board from among the board members for 4-year terms that may be renewed. Currently, the board members are: Alan Greenspan, Chairman; Edward W. Kelley, Jr.; Martha R. Seger; Wayne D. Angell; John P. La Ware. The Board is the policy-making body. In addition to its policy making responsibilities, it supervises the budget and operations of the Reserve Banks, approves the appointments of their presidents and appoints 3 of each District Bank's directors, including the chairman and vice chairman of each Reserve Bank's board. The 12 Reserve Banks and their branch offices serve as the decentralized portion of the System, carrying out day-to-day operations such as circulating currency and coin, providing fiscal agency functions and payments mechanism services. The District Banks are located in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Dallas and San Francisco. The System's principal function is monetary policy, which it controls using three tools: reserve requirements, the discount rate and open market operations. Uniform reserve requirements, set by the Board, are applied to the transaction accounts and nonpersonal time deposits of all depository institutions. Responsibility for setting the discount rate (the interest rate at which depository institutions can borrow money from the Reserve Banks) is shared by the Board of Governors and the Reserve Banks. Changes in the discount rate are recommended by the individual Boards of Directors of the Reserve Banks and are subject to approval by the Board of Governors. The most important tool of monetary policy is open market operations (the purchase and sale of government securities). Responsibility for influencing the cost and availability of money and credit through the purchase and sale of government securities lies with the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). This committee is composed of the 7 members of the Board of Governors, the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and 4 other Federal Reserve Bank presidents, who serve one-year terms on a rotating basis. The committee bases its decisions on current economic and financial developments and outlook, setting yearly growth objectives for key measures of money supply and credit. The decisions of the committee are carried out by the Domestic Trading Desk of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The Federal Reserve Act prescribes a Federal Advisory Council, consisting of one member from each Federal Reserve District, elected annually by the Board of Directors of each of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks. They meet with the Federal Reserve Board four times a year to discuss business and financial conditions and to make advisory recommendations. The Consumer Advisory Council is a statutory body, including both consumer and creditor representatives, which advises the Board of Governors on its implementation of consumer regulations and other consumer-related matters. Following the passage of the Monetary Control Act of 1980, the Board of Governors established the Thrift Institutions Advisory Council to provide information and views on the special needs and problems of thrift institutions. The group is comprised of representatives of mutual savings banks, savings and loan associations, and credit unions. Federal Reserve Board Discount Rate The discount rate is the rate of interest set by the Federal Reserve that member banks are charged when borrowing money through the Federal Reserve System 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Effective Date Effective Date Rate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1980: Feb. 15 13 May 30 12 Effective Date Effective Date Rate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  May 30 12 June 13 11 July 28 10 Sept. 26 11 Nov. 17 12 Dec. 5 13 1981: May 5 14 Nov. 2 13 Dec. 4 12 1982: July 20 11 Aug. 2 11 Aug. 16 10 Aug. 27 10 Oct. 12 9 Nov. 22 9 Dec. 15 8 1984: April 9 9 Nov. 21 8 Dec. 24 8 Effective Date Effective Date Rate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Dec. 24 8 1985: May 20 7 1986: March 7 7 April 21 6 July 11 6 Aug. 21 5 1987: Sept. 4 6 1988: Aug. 9 6 1989: Feb. 24 7 In effect Aug. 30, 1990 In effect Aug. 30, 1990 7 Gold Reserves of Central Banks and Governments IMF, International Financial Statistics (Million fine troy ounces) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼� Year end All countries1 United States Canada Japan Belgium France West 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1973 1,022.24 275.97 21.95 21.11 42.17 100.91 117. 1974 1,020.24 275.97 21.95 21.11 42.17 100.93 117. 1975 1,018.71 274.71 21.95 21.11 42.17 100.93 117. 1976 1,014.23 274.68 21.62 21.11 42.17 101.02 117. 1977 1,029.19 277.55 22.01 21.62 42.45 101.67 118. 1978 1,036.82 276.41 22.13 23.97 42.59 101.99 118. 1979 944.44 264.60 22.18 24.23 34.21 81.92 95.2 1980 952.99 264.32 20.98 24.23 34.18 81.85 95.1 1981 953.72 264.11 20.46 24.23 34.18 81.85 95.1 1982 949.16 264.03 20.26 24.23 34.18 81.85 95.1 1983 947.84 263.39 20.17 24.23 34.18 81.85 95.1 1984 946.79 262.79 20.14 24.23 34.18 81.85 95.1 1985 949.39 262.65 20.11 24.33 34.18 81.85 95.1 1986 949.11 262.04 19.72 24.23 34.18 81.85 95.1 1987 944.49 262.38 18.52 24.23 33.63 81.85 95.1 1988 944.92 261.87 17.14 24.23 33.67 81.85 95.1 1989 938.95 261.93 16.10 24.23 30.23 81.85 95.1 Year end All countries1 United States Canada Japan Belgium France West 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1989 938.95 261.93 16.10 24.23 30.23 81.85 95.1 1 Covers IMF members with reported gold holdings. For countries not listed above, see International Financial Statistics, a monthly publication of the International Monetary Fund. The Savings and Loan Crisis The savings and loan industry had its worst year ever in 1989 as losses soared to $19.2 billion. This exceeded the previous biggest shortfall, which came in 1988, when savings and loans lost $13.4 billion. There is no way to forecast how much the U.S. government will eventually pay to save the troubled industry. The following is the General Accounting Office estimate of the cost of the bailout as of June 1990. (See Chronology for additional information.) In June 1990, The Resolution Trust Corporation, the government organization created in 1989 to handle the savings & loan industry bailout, released its list of real estate for sale. It included 35,908 properties with a book value of $14.9 billion. The properties had been owned by 148 failed savings and loans in liquidation. Type of Property Nearly 84 percent of the property for sale was residential property, mainly in Texas. The remaining 16 percent was commercial property; less than 1 percent was undeveloped land. Properties by State and Type 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Commercial Land Residential 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Commercial Land Residential 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alabama 102 11 314 Alaska 21 0 331 Arizona 349 6 1,576 Arkansas 60 2 303 California 81 4 222 Colorado 444 10 1,384 Connecticut 0 0 7 Delaware 1 0 1 District of Columbia 0 0 3 Florida 276 6 1,174 Georgia 34 5 622 Hawaii 1 0 1 Idaho 2 0 12 Illinois 30 3 334 Indiana 7 1 16 Iowa 20 1 77 Kansas 65 2 410 Kentucky 0 0 35 Louisiana 395 9 2,486 Commercial Land Residential 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Louisiana 395 9 2,486 Maine 1 0 1 Maryland 3 0 14 Massachusetts 0 0 3 Michigan 2 0 9 Minnesota 20 1 131 Mississippi 76 1 263 Missouri 11 1 150 Montana 0 1 1 Nebraska 12 0 67 Nevada 4 0 38 New Jersey 2 0 7 New Mexico 148 6 649 New York 0 0 18 North Carolina 13 0 47 North Dakota 15 0 59 Ohio 10 0 113 Oklahoma 153 3 1,770 Oregon 10 1 156 Commercial Land Residential 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Oregon 10 1 156 Pennsylvania 15 1 263 South Carolina 19 0 113 Tennessee 34 21 298 Texas 3,063 127 15,156 Utah 45 2 440 Virginia 11 0 140 Washington 21 0 65 West Virginia 1 0 3 Wisconsin 23 3 20 Wyoming 13 0 43 State not known 86 4 631 Puerto Rico 0 0 1 Total 5,699 232 29,977 Capital Gains Tax U.S. Chamber of Commerce The following shows how the world's stock market indexes performed for the first 9 months of 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Effective rate (percent) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1960 25.0 1968 26.9 1969 27.5 1970 32.2 1971 34.4 1972 45.5 1976 49.1 1979 28.0 1981 20.0 1987 28.0 Year Effective rate (percent) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1987 28.0 1988 33.0 The following shows how the top effective tax rate on capital gains has changed since 1960. Chapter 11 Chapter 11 refers to the provisions in the Federal Bankruptcy Act for court-supervised reorganization of debtor companies. A company files for Chapter 11 protection when it can no longer pay its creditors or when it expects future liabilities it cannot hope to pay, like product liability damage awards. Process 1. Judge issues automatic stay * Creditors cannot press suits for repayment. * Debts are frozen. * Company's day-to-day operations continue. * Significant spending must have judge's approval. * Secured creditors can ask court for hardship exemption from debt freeze. 2. Unsecured creditors form a committee * Representatives are chosen to deal with the company. * Creditors can ask the court to appoint an examiner to investigate possible fraud or mismanagement. * Court can name a trustee to run the company. 3. The committee and company negotiate a reorganization plan. * Parties hammer out a repayment plan for frozen debts. This step can take months or years. 4. Creditors approve the plan * Must have assent of majority of creditors as well as creditors who are owed two-thirds of the debt. 5. Judge approves the plan Reorganized Company Emerges * It must meet the terms of the agreed repayment plan. * It operates as a normal company. Bankruptcy Petitions, 1905-1988 Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, Annual Report of the Director (In thousands) 露컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Filed Pending 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Year Filed Pending 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1905 17 28 1910 18 28 1915 28 44 1920 14 30 1925 46 60 1930 63 61 1935 69 65 1940 53 55 1945 13 21 1950 33 38 1955 59 56 1960 110 95 1965 180 162 1970 194 191 1975 254 202 1980 278 346 1981 360 362 1982 368 461 1983 375 537 Year Filed Pending 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1983 375 537 1984 344 578 1985 365 609 1986 478 729 1987 561 809 1988 594 815 For fiscal years ending in year shown. Covers all U.S. bankruptcy courts. Bankruptcy petitions "Filed" means the commencement of a proceeding through the presentation of a petition to the clerk of the bankruptcy court; "Pending" is a proceeding in which the administration has not been completed. Notable Bankruptcy Filings 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Company Year Assets (billions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Texaco 1987 $35.89 Financial Corp. of America 1988 33.86 MCorp. 1989 20.23 Baldwin-United 1983 9.38 Southmark 1989 9.16 Allied/Federated 1990 9.13 Penn Central 1970 6.85 Lomas Financial 1989 6.64 LTV Corp. 1986 6.31 American Continental 1989 5.10 Drexel Burnham Lambert 1990 3.60 Manville 1982 2.00 Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel 1985 1.00 All Banks in U.S.--Number, Deposits Federal Reserve System 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴� Number of Number of Number of Number of Number banks banks banks banks banks F.R.S. members F.R.S. members F.R.S. members Nonmemb Year Total all Total Nat'l State Mutual banks 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1925 26,479 9,538 8,066 1,472 621 1930 23,855 8,315 7,247 1,068 604 1935 16,047 6,410 5,425 985 569 1940 14,955 6,398 5,164 1,234 551 Number of Number of Number of Number of Number banks banks banks banks banks F.R.S. members F.R.S. members F.R.S. members Nonmemb Year Total all Total Nat'l State Mutual  1945 14,542 6,840 5,015 1,825 539 1950 14,674 6,885 4,971 1,914 527 1955 14,309 6,611 4,744 1,867 525 1960 14,006 6,217 4,542 1,675 513 1965 14,295 6,235 4,803 1,432 504 1970 14,167 5,805 4,638 1,167 496 1975 15,108 5,787 4,741 1,046 475 1980 15,145 5,422 4,425 997 460 Number of Number of Number of Number of Number banks banks banks banks banks F.R.S. members F.R.S. members F.R.S. members Nonmemb Year Total all Total Nat'l State Mutual 1980 15,145 5,422 4,425 997 460 1985 14,713 6,044 4,964 1,080 344 1987 14,068 5,736 4,630 1,106 371 1988 13,500 5,435 4,363 1,072 376 1989 13,102 5,245 4,198 1,047 375 Comprises all national banks in the United States and all state commercial banks, trust companies, mutual stock savings banks, private and industrial banks, and special types of institutions that are treated as banks by the federal bank supervisory agencies. Data as of June 30 prior to 1975. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) The primary purpose of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is to insure deposits in all banks approved for insurance coverage benefits under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. The major functions of the FDIC are to pay off depositors of insured banks closed without adequate provision having been made to pay depositors' claims, to act as receiver for all national banks placed in receivership and for state banks placed in receivership when appointed receiver by state authorities, and to prevent the continuance or development of unsafe and unsound banking practices. The FDIC's entire income consists of assessments on insured banks and income from investments; it receives no appropriations from Congress. It may borrow from the U.S. Treasury not to exceed $3 billion outstanding, but has made no such borrowings since it was organized in 1933. The FDIC surplus (Deposit Insurance Fund) as of Jan. 1, 1990 was $13.2 billion. Assets and Liabilities of Individuals in the U.S.1 Federal Reserve System (billions of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼� 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total financial assets 1010.1 1501.9 1963.5 2625.6 4680.0 8057 Checkable deposits & currency 91.4 107.0 136.9 186.2 298.8 447. Time & savings deposits 164.8 289.7 427.4 766.3 1276.8 2025 Money market fund shares - - - 3.7 64.9 214. Securities 513.3 763.6 923.2 906.7 1604.8 2817 U.S. savings bonds 45.6 49.7 52.1 67.4 72.5 79.8 Other U.S. Treasury securities 27.3 26.5 33.5 50.6 150.6 409. U.S. Govt. agency securities 1.0 1.1 15.9 8.0 45.4 98.0 Tax-exempt obligations 31.0 36.5 47.1 67.2 78.2 219. Corporate & foreign bonds 10.9 9.0 33.8 68.2 53.2 38.0 Open-market paper 2.0 5.8 13.6 8.0 41.4 85.7 Mutual fund shares 17.0 34.4 44.5 38.7 52.1 203. Other corporate equities 378.4 600.5 682.7 598.6 1111.3 1684 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Other corporate equities 378.4 600.5 682.7 598.6 1111.3 1684 Private life insurance res. 78.8 98.9 123.3 158.5 207.4 246. Private insured pension res. 18.9 27.3 41.0 72.3 172.0 400. Private noninsured pension res. 38.1 74.4 112.0 225.0 469.6 848. Govt. insurance & pension res. 40.2 60.8 95.2 154.7 283.6 563. Miscellaneous financial assets 64.5 80.3 104.4 152.1 302.3 493. Total liabilities 287.1 448.7 650.3 1127.2 2180.0 3642 Mtg. debt on nonfarm homes 139.1 216.3 292.2 473.3 950.3 1485 Other mortgage debt2 34.0 63.3 117.4 223.4 413.8 768. Consumer credit 61.3 97.5 134.0 207.6 355.4 601. Security credit 5.4 9.1 10.4 12.1 28.5 56.8 Policy loans 5.7 8.3 17.0 25.5 42.6 55.5 Other liabilities2 41.7 54.2 79.2 185.3 389.4 675. 1 Combined statement for households, farm business, and nonfarm noncorporate business.2 Includes corporate farms. Largest U.S. Commercial Banks American Banker; based on deposits Dec. 31, 1989. (thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Bank Deposits 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Citibank NA, New York $111,487,000 Bank of America NT&SA, San Francisco 73,295,000 Chase Manhattan Bank NA, New York 61,720,245 Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co., New York 42,736,000 Morgan Guaranty Trust Co., New York 40,953,451 Security Pacific National Bank, Los Angeles 40,597,338 Wells Fargo Bank NA, San Francisco 36,462,605 Bank of New York 34,411,451 Chemical Bank, New York 32,312,000 Bankers Trust Co., New York 27,879,571 First National Bank, Chicago 26,403,340 Bank Deposits 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 First National Bank, Chicago 26,403,340 NCNB Texas National Bank, Dallas 25,623,428 First National Bank, Boston 22,061,157 Continental Bank NA, Chicago 18,178,226 Marine Midland Bank NA, Buffalo, N.Y. 18,021,665 First Interstate Bank of California, Los Angeles 17,849,795 Mellon Bank NA, Pittsburgh 15,022,808 Republic National Bank, New York 14,250,340 National Westminster Bank USA, New York 12,740,471 Southeast Bank NA, Miami 12,715,951 National Bank of Detroit 12,288,133 Union Bank, San Francisco 11,637,088 Wachovia Bank & Trust Co. NA, Winston-Salem, N.C. 11,344,443 NCNB National Bank of North Carolina, Charlotte 10,585,048 First Union National Bank, Charlotte, N.C. 10,507,659 Pittsburgh National Bank 10,263,540 Sovran Bank NA, Richmond 10,193,846 Seattle-First National Bank 9,660,669 NCNB National Bank of Florida, Tampa 9,637,057 Bank Deposits 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 NCNB National Bank of Florida, Tampa 9,637,057 Citizens & Southern National Bank, Atlanta 9,468,585 Bank of New England NA, Boston 9,208,787 First Bank NA, Minneapolis 9,104,370 First Fidelity Bank NA, Newark, N.J. 8,615,504 Banc One, Texas NA, Dallas 8,525,136 Connecticut Bank & Trust Co. NA, Hartford 8,450,053 Meridian Bank, Reading, Pa. 8,394,187 Valley National Bank, Phoenix 8,370,893 Connecticut National Bank, Hartford 8,196,372 Michigan National Bank, Farmington Hills 7,888,735 Midlantic National Bank, Newark, N.J. 7,791,480 Boston Safe Deposit & Trust Co. 7,782,273 Crestar Bank, Richmond 7,631,619 Comerica Bank-Detroit 7,561,148 Philadephia National Bank 7,261,814 First Union National Bank of Florida, Jacksonville 7,090,935 AmeriTrust Co. NA, Cleveland 7,072,134 United States National Bank, Portland, Ore. 6,994,001 Bank Deposits 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 United States National Bank, Portland, Ore. 6,994,001 Manufacturers National Bank, Detroit 6,946,034 Bank of Hawaii, Honolulu 6,940,435 Fidelity Bank NA, Philadelphia 6,919,305 Harris Trust & Savings Bank, Chicago 6,854,159 Maryland National Bank, Baltimore 6,631,568 Huntington National Bank, Columbus, Oh. 6,566,863 Security Pacific Bank Washington, Seattle 6,439,119 Texas Commerce Bank NA, Houston 6,416,672 Society National Bank, Cleveland 6,280,633 First National Bank, Atlanta 6,139,163 State Street Bank & Trust Co., Boston 6,137,917 Fleet National Bank, Providence, R.I. 6,111,457 First Interstate Bank of Arizona NA, Phoenix 6,105,115 Florida National Bank, Jacksonville 6,055,322 First Interstate Bank of Texas NA, Houston 5,881,038 Bank of Tokyo Trust Co., New York 5,805,020 AmSouth Bank NA, Birmingham, Ala. 5,787,896 Riggs National Bank, Washington, D.C. 5,702,593 Bank Deposits 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Riggs National Bank, Washington, D.C. 5,702,593 Provident National Bank, Philadelphia 5,692,972 Norwest Bank Minnesota NA, Minneapolis 5,654,443 Hibernia National Bank, New Orleans 5,604,612 Sanwa Bank California, San Francisco 5,564,162 National City Bank, Cleveland 5,528,397 Largest Foreign Banks American Banker; based on deposits Dec. 31, 1989, or nearest fiscal year-end. (thousands of U.S. dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Bank, country Deposits Bank, country Deposits 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Dai-Ichi Kangyo Bank Ltd., Tokyo, Japan $314,780,128 Sumitomo Bank Ltd., Osaka, Japan 288,242,189 Mitsubishi Bank Ltd., Tokyo, Japan 278,806,753 Fuji Bank, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan 278,642,535 Sanwa Bank Ltd., Osaka, Japan 275,972,496 Industrial Bank of Japan, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan 213,287,599 Banque Nationale de Paris, France 192,525,992 Mitsubishi Trust & Banking Corp., Tokyo, Japan 192,294,268 Deutsche Bank, Frankfurt, Germany 184,378,643 Tokai Bank Ltd., Nagoya, Japan 179,030,994 Norinchukin Bank, Tokyo, Japan 176,329,604 Credit Lyonnais, Paris, France 176,099,988 Sumitomo Trust & Banking Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan 171,664,091 Credit Agricole Mutuel, Paris, France 169,711,546 Barclays Bank Pic, London, U.K. 167,127,661 National Westminster Bank Pic, London, U.K 163,014,110 Mitsui Trust & Banking Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan 159,219,084 Mitsui Bank, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan 157,894,949 Bank of Tokyo, Ltd., Japan 152,933,845 Bank, country Deposits 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bank of Tokyo, Ltd., Japan 152,933,845 Long-Term Credit Bank of Japan Ltd., Tokyo, Japan 148,398,357 Societe Generale, Paris, France 141,977,467 Taiyo Kobe Bank, Ltd., Kobe, Japan 136,538,177 Dresdner Bank, Frankfurt, Germany 135,670,068 Yasuda Trust & Banking Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan 135,105,776 Daiwa Bank, Ltd., Osaka, Japan 131,680,308 Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corp., Hong Kong 118,504,960 Commerzbank, Frankfurt, Germany 106,668,460 Swiss Bank Corp., Basle, Switzerland 100,865,736 Toyo Trust & Banking Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan 100,172,771 Union Bank of Switzerland, Zurich, Switzerland 96,977,909 Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale, Duesseldorf, Germany 96,532,850 Bayerische Vereinsbank, Munich, Germany 95,993,000 Nippon Credit Bank, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan 88,179,792 Midland Bank Plc, London, U.K. 88,034,800 Banca Nazionale del Lavoro, Rome, Italy 84,811,188 Lloyds Bank Plc, London, U.K. 84,355,950 Bayerische Hypotheken-und Wechsel-Bank, Munich, Germany 83,191,003 Bank, country Deposits 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bayerische Hypotheken-und Wechsel-Bank, Munich, Germany 83,191,003 Istituto Bancario San Paolo di Torino, Turin, Italy 79,614,718 Kyowa Bank, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan 78,919,007 Banca Commerciale Italiana, Milan, Italy 77,865,384 Bank Failures Federal Deposit Insurance Corp 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Closed 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1934 61 1935 32 1936 72 Year Closed 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1936 72 1937 84 1938 81 1939 72 1940 48 1955 5 1959 3 1960 2 1961 9 1963 2 1964 8 1965 9 1966 8 1967 4 1969 9 1970 8 1971 6 1972 3 1973 6 Year Closed 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1973 6 1975 14 1976 17 1978 7 1979 10 1980 10 1981 10 1982 42 1983 48 1984 79 1985 120 1986 138 1987 184 1988 200 1989 206 United States Mint United States Mint, U.S. Treasury Department The United States Mint was created by Act of Congress April 2, 1792, which established the U.S. national coinage system. Initially, operations were conducted at Philadelphia, then the nation's capital. Supervision of the Mint was a function of the secretary of state, but in 1799, it became an independent agency reporting directly to the president. The Mint was made a statutory bureau of the Treasury Department in 1873, with a director appointed by the president to oversee its operations from headquarters offices in the Treasury Department in Washington, D.C. The Mint manufactures all U.S. coins and distributes them through the Federal Reserve banks and branches. The Mint also maintains physical custody of the treasury's monetary stocks of gold and silver, moving, storing and releasing from custody as authorized. There are 6 field facilities. Mints are located in Philadelphia and Denver; the San Francisco Mint and San Francisco Old Mint perform coinage operations and numismatic functions; two depositories, one at Fort Knox, Ky., for the storage of gold, and the other at West Point, N.Y., where gold and silver are stored and coinage is produced by congressional authorization. A museum is maintained at the San Francisco Old Mint. The traditional 90% silver coinage was phased out and cupronickel clad coinage introduced when the Coinage Act of 1965 removed all silver from the dime and quarter and reduced the silver content of the half dollar to 40%. In 1970, legislative action removed the remaining silver from the half dollar and in providing for the resumption of dollar coinage, directed that both denominations produced for circulation also be cupronickel clad metal. Changes in the design, weight and size of the standard silver dollar were approved by Congress in 1978, and beginning in 1979, a smaller cupronickel dollar coin bearing the likeness of Susan B. Anthony and the Apollo II moon landing was released. A change in the composition of the cent was effected in 1982, when the current copper-plated zinc cent was introduced to replace the traditional 95% copper cent. The Mint manufactures and sells bronze medals of a national character, produces numismatic coins and coin sets. Special government-sponsored numismatic coinage includes congressionally authorized 90% silver half dollars produced in 1982 to mark the 250th anniversary of George Washington's birth, and 90% gold $10 coins dated 1984 and two 90% silver dollars dated 1983 and 1984, respectively, commemorating the 1984 Olympic games, and a 90% gold $5 coin, a 90% silver dollar coin and a cupronickel half dollar for the Statue of Liberty Centennial in 1986. The Mint issued a 1987 dated 90% gold $5 coin and a 1987 dated 90% silver dollar coin honoring the 200th Anniversary of the U.S. Constitution. Other Congressionally authorized commeroratives include the 1990 Eisenhower silver dollar and the 1991 Mt. Rushmore gold, silver and lead coin series. Congress has also directed the U.S. Mint to commence the production and sale of legal tender gold and silver bullion coins designated as "American Eagle Bullion Coins" by the mint. The coins in the series contain .9167 fine gold, and have a face value of $50 (1 oz.), $25 (1/2 oz.), $10 (1/4 oz.), and $5 (1/10 oz.). The American Eagle silver bullion coin has a face value of $1 and contains 1 troy ounce of .999 fine silver. Information concerning these and other Mint coin programs and coin availability, may be secured from the United States Mint, 10001 Aerospace Road, Lanham, MD 20706. Domestic Coin Production 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴� Cents Nickels Dimes Quarters Halves 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1980 12,554,803,660 1,095,327,448 1,454,524,321 1,154,159,487 77,590,449 1981 12,864,985,677 1,022,305,843 1,388,934,143 1,177,438,833 57,383,533 1982 16,725,504,368 666,081,544 1,062,188,584 980,973,788 23,959,102 1983 14,219,554,428 1,098,341,276 1,377,154,224 1,291,341,446 66,611,244 1984 13,720,317,906 1,264,444,146 1,561,472,976 1,223,028,064 52,291,158 1985 10,935,889,813 1,106,862,408 1,293,180,932 1,295,781,850 38,520,996 1986 8,934,262,191 898,702,633 1,155,976,667 1,055,497,993 28,473,778 1987 9,561,856,445 782,090,085 1,415,912,883 1,238,094,177 99,481 1988 11,346,550,443 1,435,131,652 1,992,935,488 1,158,862,687 25,626,096 1989 12,837,140,268 1,497,523,652 2,240,355,488 1,417,290,422 41,196,188 Portraits on U.S. Treasury Bills, Bonds, Notes and Savings Bonds 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Denomination Savings bonds Treas. bills Treas. bonds Treas.notes 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 50 Washington Washington Jefferson Jefferson 75 Adams Adams Adams Adams 100 Jefferson Jefferson Jackson Jackson 200 Madison Madison Madison Madison 500 Hamilton Hamilton Washington Washington 1,000 Franklin H. McCulloch Lincoln Lincoln 5,000 Revere J.G. Carlisle Monroe Monroe 10,000 Wilson J. Sherman Cleveland Cleveland 50,000 C. Glass C. Glass C. Glass 100,000 A Gallatin Grant Grant 1,000,000 O. Wolcott T. Roosevelt T. Roosevelt 100,000,000 Madison 500,000,000 McKinley Large Denominations of U.S. Currency Discontinued 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Amt. Portrait Embellishment on back 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 $1 Washington Great Seal of U.S. 2 Jefferson Signers of Declaration 5 Lincoln Lincoln Memorial 10 Hamilton U.S. Treasury 20 Jackson White House 50 Grant U.S. Capitol 100 Franklin Independence Hall 500 McKinley Ornate denominational marking 1,000 Cleveland Ornate denominational marking 5,000 Madison Ornate denominational marking 10,000 Chase Ornate denominational marking 100,000* Wilson Ornate denominational marking The largest denomination of United States currency now being issued is the $100 bill. Issuance of currency in denominations larger than $100 was discontinued in 1969. As large denomination bills reach the Federal Reserve Bank they are removed from circulation. Because some of the discontinued currency is expected to be in the hands of holders for many years, the description of the various denominations below is continued: * For use only in transactions between Federal Reserve System and Treasury Department. U.S. Currency and Coin U.S. Treasury Department; Financial Management Service (Mar. 31, 1990) Amounts Outstanding and in Circulation 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴� Less amounts held by: Less Amounts outstanding United States Treasury Feder 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Currency Federal Reserve notes1 $278,708,725,606 $6,901,702 $39,7 United States notes 325,520,966 32,563,039 213 Currency no longer issued 266,409,785 224,029 13,28 Total $279,300,656,357 $39,688,770 $39,7 Coin2 Dollars3 $2,024,703,898 $332,383,689 $105, Fractional coin 17,224,335,000 190,490,530 462,4 Total $19,249,038,898 $512,874,219 $567, Total currency and coin $298,549,695,255 $552,562,989 $40,3 Currency in Circulation by Denominations 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼� Denomination Total currency in circulation Federal Reserve Notes1 U.S. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 Dollar $4,637,138,793 $4,485,760,535 $143 2 Dollars 813,797,428 680,965,674 132, 5 Dollars 5,772,195,480 5,624,058,815 111, 10 Dollars 11,657,610,095 11,633,396,500 5,95 20 Dollars 63,607,774,344 63,587,626,680 3,38 50 Dollars 31,156,036,500 31,144,482,950 - 100 Dollars 121,523,382,100 121,453,055,000 48,2 500 Dollars 149,620,000 149,431,000 - 1,000 Dollars 173,305,000 173,098,000 - 5,000 Dollars 1,790,000 1,745,000 - 10,000 Dollars 3,450,000 3,350,000 - Fractional parts 487 -- -- Partial notes4 115 -- 90 Total currency $239,496,100,342 $238,936,970,154 $292 Denomination Total currency in circulation Federal Reserve Notes1 U.S. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total currency $239,496,100,342 $238,936,970,154 $292 Comparative Totals of Money in Circulation -- Selected 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Date Dollars (in millions) Per capita5 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mar. 31, 1990 257,664.4 1,028.71 June 30, 1989 249,182.7 1,002.54 June 30, 1988 235,415.9 956.57 June 30, 1987 215,158.6 883.45 June 30, 1986 199,309.2 883.45 June 30, 1985 185,890.7 778.58 June 30, 1984 175,059.6 739.64 Date Dollars (in millions) Per capita5 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� June 30, 1984 175,059.6 739.64 June 30, 1980 127,097.2 558.28 June 30, 1975 81,196.4 380.08 June 30, 1970 54,351.0 265.39 June 30, 1965 39,719.8 204.14 June 30, 1960 32,064.6 177.47 June 30, 1955 30,229.3 182.90 June 30, 1950 27,156.3 179.03 June 30, 1945 26,746.4 191.14 June 30, 1940 7,847.5 59.40 June 30, 1935 5,567.1 43.75 June 30, 1930 4,522.0 36.74 June 30, 1925 4,815.2 41.56 June 30, 1920 5,467.6 51.36 June 30, 1915 3,319.6 33.01 June 30, 1910 3,148.7 34.07 1 Issued on and after July 1, 1929.2 Excludes coin sold to collectors at premium prices.3 Includes $481,781,898 in standard silver dollars. 4 Represents value of certain partial denominations not presented for redemption. 5 Based on Bureau of the Census estimates of population. The requirement for a gold reserve against U.S. notes was repealed by Public Law 90-269 approved Mar. 18, 1968. Silver certificates issued on and after July 1, 1929 became redeemable from the general fund on June 24, 1968. The amount of security after those dates has been reduced accordingly. Seigniorage on Coin and Silver Bullion U.S. Treasury Department, Financial Management Service 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Fiscal year Dollars 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Jan. 1, 1935-June 30, 1965, cumulative 2,525,927,763.84 1968 383,141,339.001 1970 274,217,884.01 Fiscal year Dollars 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1970 274,217,884.01 1972 580,586,683.00 1974 320,706,638.49 1975 660,898,070.69 1980 662,814,791.48 1983 477,479,387.58 1984 498,371,724.09 1985 515,906,969.31 1986 392,445,674.57 1987 458,070,694.43 1988 470,409,480.20 Cumulative Jan. 1, 1935-Sept. 30, 1988 13,727,374,271.32 Seigniorage is the profit from coining money; it is the difference between the monetary value of coins and their cost, including the manufacturing expense. 1 Revised to include seigniorage on clad coins. AGRICULTURE U.S. Farms U.S. Department of Agriculture 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Number of Number of State Farms % Change 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Alabama 47,000 -2.1 Alaska 600 -3.2 Arizona 8,100 0.0 Arkansas 49,000 0.0 California 84,000 0.0 Colorado 27,300 0.0 Connecticut 4,000 0.0 Number of Number of State Farms % Change 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Connecticut 4,000 0.0 Delaware 3,000 0.0 Florida 41,000 0.0 Georgia 48,000 -2.0 Hawaii 4,650 0.0 Idaho 22,300 -0.9 Illinois 86,000 -2.3 Indiana 71,000 -4.1 Iowa 105,000 -1.9 Kansas 69,000 0.0 Kentucky 96,000 -1.0 Louisiana 35,000 6.1 Maine 7,300 0.0 Maryland 15,600 -2.5 Mass. 6,900 0.0 Michigan 55,000 -1.8 Minnesota 90,000 -2.2 Mississippi 41,000 -2.4 Number of Number of State Farms % Change 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mississippi 41,000 -2.4 Missouri 108,000 -1.8 Montana 24,700 0.4 Nebraska 57,000 -1.7 Nevada 2,500 -3.8 New Hampshire 3,200 0.0 New Jersey 8,300 0.0 New Mexico 14,000 0.0 New York 39,000 -4.9 N. Carolina 65,000 -4.4 N. Dakota 33,500 0.0 Ohio 87,000 2.4 Oklahoma 69,000 -1.4 Oregon 37,000 1.4 Pennsylvania 54,000 -1.8 Rhode Island 770 0.0 S. Carolina 25,500 -1.9 S. Dakota 35,000 0.0 Number of Number of State Farms % Change 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 S. Dakota 35,000 0.0 Tennessee 91,000 0.0 Texas 186,000 -0.5 Utah 13,000 -2.3 Vermont 7,100 0.0 Virginia 47,000 -2.1 Washington 38,000 0.0 West Virginia 21,000 0.0 Wisconsin 81,000 -1.2 Wyoming 8,900 0.0 Total 2,173,220 -1.1 The Department of Agriculture estimated the number of U.S. farms in June, 1989 at 2.17 million, a drop of 1.1 percent from June, 1988, when there were 2.19 million farms. The decline continued a slide that began in 1982, when there were 2.4 million farms. The size of the average U.S. farm increased in 1989 to 456 acres, from 453 acres in 1988. Overall, about 991 million U.S. acres were devoted to agriculture, as of June 1989. Farm Income--Marketings and Government Payments Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (1,000 dollars) 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1988 Farm marketings 1988 Farm marketings 1988 Farm marketings 19 State Total Crops Livestock and products To 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� AL 2,422,328 727,686 1,694,642 2, AK 30,128 20,198 9,930 28 AZ 1,968,560 1,176,873 791,687 1, AR 3,831,380 1,551,698 2,279,682 4, CA 16,651,568 11,969,628 4,681,940 17 CO 3,699,885 1,034,111 2,665,774 3, CT 397,741 214,465 183,276 40 1988 Farm marketings 1988 Farm marketings 1988 Farm marketings 19 State Total Crops Livestock and products To 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� CT 397,741 214,465 183,276 40 DE 595,191 151,654 443,537 62 FL 5,819,668 4,687,549 1,132,119 6, GA 3,569,538 1,553,763 2,015,775 3, HI 578,897 490,277 88,620 58 ID 2,324,460 1,285,380 1,039,080 2, IL 6,182,225 3,927,100 2,255,125 6, IN 4,036,261 2,320,256 1,716,005 4, IA 8,774,969 3,787,193 4,987,776 9, KS 6,319,703 2,195,389 4,124,314 6, KY 2,509,516 979,590 1,529,926 2, LA 1,876,454 1,294,525 581,929 1, ME 414,176 197,489 216,687 44 MD 1,224,339 456,736 767,603 1, MA 409,928 305,295 104,633 42 MI 2,739,381 1,534,589 1,204,792 2, MN 6,066,701 2,649,046 3,417,655 6, MS 2,304,852 1,132,802 1,172,050 2, 1988 Farm marketings 1988 Farm marketings 1988 Farm marketings 19 State Total Crops Livestock and products To 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� MS 2,304,852 1,132,802 1,172,050 2, MO 3,757,664 1,746,152 2,011,512 3, MT 1,432,966 616,704 816,262 1, NE 7,799,582 2,409,260 5,390,322 8, NV 237,998 78,872 159,126 23 NH 136,120 77,436 58,684 14 NJ 644,581 452,040 192,541 66 NM 1,283,132 374,528 908,604 1, NY 2,668,132 865,499 1,802,633 2, NC 4,037,795 1,850,167 2,187,628 4, ND 2,358,232 1,507,398 850,834 2, OH 3,563,523 1,979,660 1,583,863 3, OK 3,354,415 1,111,886 2,242,529 3, OR 2,181,559 1,508,477 673,082 2, PA 3,295,551 963,662 2,331,889 3, RI 79,072 65,732 13,340 79 SC 1,106,007 615,714 490,293 1, SD 2,944,782 895,056 2,049,726 2, 1988 Farm marketings 1988 Farm marketings 1988 Farm marketings 19 State Total Crops Livestock and products To 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� SD 2,944,782 895,056 2,049,726 2, TN 1,932,702 876,954 1,055,748 1, TX 10,251,368 3,689,338 6,562,030 10 UT 701,250 173,025 528,225 74 VT 401,222 50,603 350,619 42 VA 1,913,993 614,333 1,299,660 2, WA 3,336,153 2,196,242 1,139,911 3, WV 285,930 68,179 217,751 31 WI 4,979,643 764,405 4,215,238 5, WY 761,204 176,995 584,209 85 U.S. 150,192,425 71,371,609 78,820,816 15 Farms--Number and Acreage by State, 1980 and 1990 Natl. Agricultural Statistics Service: U.S. Agriculture Department 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴� Farms (1,000) Farms (1,000) Acreage (mil.) Acreage (mil.) State 1980 1990 1980 1990 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� U.S. 2,437 2,143 1,039 988 Alabama 59 47 12 10 Alaska (z) 1 2 1 Arizona 7 8 38 36 Arkansas 58 47 17 16 California 79 85 34 31 Colorado 26 27 36 33 Connecticut 4 4 (z) (z) Delaware 4 3 1 1 Florida 38 41 13 11 Georgia 59 49 15 13 Hawaii 4 5 2 2 Idaho 24 22 15 14 Illinois 108 83 29 29 Indiana 88 68 17 16 Farms (1,000) Farms (1,000) Acreage (mil.) Acreage (mil.) State 1980 1990 1980 1990 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Indiana 88 68 17 16 Iowa 121 104 34 34 Kansas 75 69 48 48 Kentucky 103 93 15 14 Louisiana 37 34 10 9 Maine 8 7 2 1 Maryland 17 15 3 2 Massachusetts 6 7 1 1 Michigan 66 54 11 11 Minnesota 104 89 30 30 Mississippi 56 40 15 13 Missouri 121 108 31 30 Montana 24 25 62 61 Nebraska 65 57 48 47 Nevada 3 3 9 9 New Hampshire 3 3 1 (z) New Jersey 10 8 1 1 New Mexico 13 14 47 45 Farms (1,000) Farms (1,000) Acreage (mil.) Acreage (mil.) State 1980 1990 1980 1990 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� New Mexico 13 14 47 45 New York 48 39 9 8 North Carolina 92 62 12 10 North Dakota 41 34 42 41 Ohio 96 84 16 16 Oklahoma 72 70 35 33 Oregon 34 37 18 18 Pennsylvania 61 53 9 8 Rhode Island 1 1 (z) (z) South Carolina 35 25 6 5 South Dakota 39 35 45 44 Tennessee 96 89 14 12 Texas 192 186 138 132 Utah 13 13 12 11 Vermont 7 7 2 2 Virginia 59 46 10 9 Washington 37 37 16 16 West Virginia 20 21 4 4 Farms (1,000) Farms (1,000) Acreage (mil.) Acreage (mil.) State 1980 1990 1980 1990 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� West Virginia 20 21 4 4 Wisconsin 94 80 19 18 Wyoming 9 10 35 35 z Less than 500 farms or 500,000 acres Livestock on Farms in the U.S. Natl. Agricultural Statistics Service: U.S. Agriculture Department (thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year (On Jan. 1) All cattle Milk cows All sheep Hogs3 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year (On Jan. 1) All cattle Milk cows All sheep Hogs3 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1890 60,014 15,000 44,518 48,130 1900 59,739 16,544 48,105 51,055 1910 58,993 19,450 50,239 48,072 1920 70,400 21,455 40,743 60,159 1925 63,373 22,575 38,543 55,770 1930 61,003 23,032 51,565 55,705 1935 68,846 26,082 51,808 39,066 1940 68,309 24,940 52,107 61,165 1945 85,573 27,770 46,520 59,373 1950 77,963 23,853 29,826 58,937 1955 96,592 23,462 31,582 50,474 1960 96,236 19,527 33,170 59,026 1965 109,000 216,981 25,127 56,106 1970 112,369 13,303 20,423 57,046 1975 132,028 11,220 14,515 54,693 1980 111,242 10,758 10,716 67,318 1985 109,749 10,805 10,145 54,073 1988 99,622 10,311 10,945 54,384 1989 99,180 10,212 10,858 55,469 Year (On Jan. 1) All cattle Milk cows All sheep Hogs3 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1989 99,180 10,212 10,858 55,469 1990 99,337 10,149 11,368 53,852 1 Total estimated value on farms as of Jan. 1, 1990, was (avg. value per head in parentheses): cattle & calves $63,627,207 ($641); sheep & lambs $997,809,000 ($87.80); hogs & pigs $4,258,285,000 ($79.10). 2 New series, milk cows & heifers that have calved, from 1965. 3 As of Dec. 1 of preceding year. U.S. Meat and Lard Production and Consumption Economic Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department (million lbs.) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Beef Beef Veal Veal Lamb and mutton La Year Production Consumption1 Production Consumption1 Production Co 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1940 7,175 7,257 981 981 876 87 1950 9,534 9,529 1,230 1,206 597 59 1960 14,728 15,465 1,109 1,118 769 85 1970 21,685 23,391 588 610 551 66 1980 21,643 23,513 400 418 318 34 1985 23,728 25,472 515 533 359 38 1989 23,082 24,326 355 356 342 40 1 Includes shipments. 2 Direct use. Excludes lard used in indirect food use such as table spreads and shortenings. 3 Meats may not add to total. 4 Discontinued series. Selected Indexes of Farm Inputs: 1960 to 1988 Economic Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department (1977 = 100. Inputs based on physical quantities of resources used in production.) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코� Input 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1981 198 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total 99 97 96 97 103 102 99 Farm labor 177 144 112 100 96 96 93 Farm real estate2 103 103 105 97 103 104 102 Mechanical power and machinery 83 80 85 96 101 98 92 Agricultural chemicals3 32 49 75 83 123 129 118 Feed, seed, and livestock purchases4 77 86 96 93 114 108 108 Taxes and interest 95 101 102 100 100 99 92 1 Preliminary. 2 Includes service buildings, improvements. 3 Includes fertilizer, lime, and pesticides. 4 Nonfarm portion. Residence of the Population, 1988 Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; and Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1988. (Numbers in thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Residence Total Metropolitan Nonmetropolitan 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total 240,8871 187,106 53,781 Urban 176,089 157,392 18,697 Rural 64,798 29,714 35,084 Rural nonfarm 59,847 28,415 31,432 Rural farm 4,951 1,299 3,652 Percent distribution Total 100.0 77.7 22.3 Urban 100.0 89.4 10.6 Rural 100.0 45.9 54.1 Rural nonfarm 100.0 47.5 52.5 Rural farm 100.0 26.2 73.8 1 Refers only to civilian noninstitutionalized population. Age and Sex of the Farm and Nonfarm Population, 1988 Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; and Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1988. (Numbers in thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴� Farm Farm Farm Nonfarm Nonfarm Nonfarm Age Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� All ages 4,951 2,586 2,366 235,936 114,060 121,875 Under 15 years 1,000 519 481 51,945 26,575 25,371 15 to 19 421 219 202 17,435 8,788 8,647 20 to 24 279 161 117 18,155 8,769 9,387 25 to 29 268 149 119 21,023 10,299 10,724 Farm Farm Farm Nonfarm Nonfarm Nonfarm Age Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 25 to 29 268 149 119 21,023 10,299 10,724 30 to 34 316 162 154 21,003 10,324 10,680 35 to 39 321 170 151 18,535 9,073 9,461 40 to 44 344 175 169 15,585 7,588 7,997 45 to 49 337 166 171 12,584 6,107 6,477 50 to 54 304 158 146 10,778 5,192 5,586 55 to 59 343 171 172 10,495 4,996 5,499 60 to 64 321 165 156 10,482 4,861 5,620 65 to 69 276 149 126 9,557 4,313 5,243 70 to 74 199 105 94 7,484 3,205 4,280 75 years and over 222 115 107 10,874 3,970 6,904 Median age (years) 38.0 37.4 38.6 32.2 31.3 33.2 Percent Distribution All ages 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Under 15 years 20.2 20.1 20.3 22.0 23.3 20.8 15 to 19 8.5 8.5 8.5 7.4 7.7 7.1 20 to 24 5.6 6.2 4.9 7.7 7.7 7.7 25 to 29 5.4 5.8 5.0 8.9 9.0 8.8 Farm Farm Farm Nonfarm Nonfarm Nonfarm Age Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 25 to 29 5.4 5.8 5.0 8.9 9.0 8.8 30 to 34 6.4 6.3 6.5 8.9 9.1 8.8 35 to 39 6.5 6.6 6.4 7.9 8.0 7.8 40 to 44 6.9 6.8 7.1 6.6 6.7 6.6 45 to 49 6.8 6.4 7.2 5.3 5.4 5.3 50 to 54 6.1 6.1 6.2 4.6 4.6 4.6 55 to 59 6.9 6.6 7.3 4.4 4.4 4.5 60 to 64 6.5 6.4 6.6 4.4 4.3 4.6 65 to 69 5.6 5.8 5.3 4.1 3.8 4.3 70 to 74 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.2 2.8 3.5 75 years and over 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.6 3.5 5.7 Persons in Farm Occupations, 1820-1988 Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; and Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1988. (Numbers in thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Farm occupations Farm occupations Year Total workers1 Number % of total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1820 2,881 2,069 71.8 1850 7,697 4,902 63.7 1870 12,925 6,850 53.0 1900 29,030 10,888 37.5 1920 42,206 11,390 27.0 1930 48,686 10,321 21.2 1940 51,742 8,995 17.4 1950 59,230 6,858 11.6 1960 67,990 4,132 6.1 1970 79,802 2,881 3.6 1980 104,058 2,818 2.7 1985 (March) 106,214 2,949 2.8 1988 (March) 113,299 2,891 2.6 Farm occupations Farm occupations Year Total workers1 Number % of total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1988 (March) 113,299 2,891 2.6 1 Total workers for 1985 to 1988 are employed workers 15 years and over; total workers for 1970 and 1980 are members of the experienced civilian labor force 16 years and over; total workers for 1900 to 1960 are members of the experienced civilian labor forced 14 years and over; and total workers for 1820 to 1890 are gainful workers 10 years and over. Grain, Hay, Potato, Cotton, Soybean, Tobacco Production Economic Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1989 State Barley 1,000 Corn, grain 1,000 Cotton lint 1,000 A 1989 State Barley 1,000 Corn, grain 1,000 Cotton lint 1,000 A bushels bushels bales 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alabama -- 14,580 390 1 Alaska - - - - Arizona 1,236 1,885 1,115 1 Arkansas - 7,076 850 2 California 13,440 27,200 2,688 8 Colorado 12,160 134,850 - 3 Connecticut - - - 1 Delaware 2,200 13,300 - 7 Florida - 5,920 34 5 1989 State Barley 1,000 Corn, grain 1,000 Cotton lint 1,000 A bushels bushels bales 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Georgia - 52,250 350 1 Hawaii - - - - Idaho 59,500 6,250 - 4 Illinois - 1,322,250 - 3 Indiana - 691,600 - 2 Iowa - 1,445,500 - 6 Kansas 576 155,000 1 5 Kentucky 1,139 136,880 - 5 Louisiana - 12,540 875 7 1989 State Barley 1,000 Corn, grain 1,000 Cotton lint 1,000 A bushels bushels bales 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Louisiana - 12,540 875 7 Maine - - - 4 Maryland 4,000 44,000 - 6 Massachusetts - - - 2 Michigan 2,320 222,610 - 5 Minnesota 44,000 700,000 - 6 Mississippi - 9,800 1,560 1 Missouri - 219,840 269 6 Montana 68,800 320 - 4 1989 State Barley 1,000 Corn, grain 1,000 Cotton lint 1,000 A bushels bushels bales 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Nebraska 650 852,000 - 5 Nevada 990 - - 1 New Hampshire - - - 1 New Jersey 472 7,242 - 2 New Mexico 375 9,765 122 1 New York - 53,010 - 4 North Carolina 2,064 88,350 140 1 North Dakota 98,050 34,875 - 3 Ohio - 342,200 - 4 1989 State Barley 1,000 Corn, grain 1,000 Cotton lint 1,000 A bushels bushels bales 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ohio - 342,200 - 4 Oklahoma 900 9,204 180 5 Oregon 12,060 3,520 - 2 Pennsylvania 5,015 98,880 - 4 Rhode Island - - - 1 South Carolina 560 30,940 155 5 South Dakota 19,250 190,800 - 4 Tennessee - 56,710 473 3 Texas 480 148,400 3,028 9 1989 State Barley 1,000 Corn, grain 1,000 Cotton lint 1,000 A bushels bushels bales 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Utah 9,006 2,640 - 1 Vermont - - - 7 Virginia 4,875 40,150 3 2 Washington 28,420 15,750 - 2 West Virginia - 4,370 - 1 Wisconsin 3,705 310,800 - 8 Wyoming 7,200 3,895 - 1 Total U.S. 403,443 7,527,152 12,233 1 Production of Chief U.S. Crops National Agricultural Statistics Service: U.S. Agriculture Department 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴� Year Corn for grain Oats 1,000 bushels Barley 1,000 Sorghumf 1,000 bushels bushels 1,000 bu 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1970 4,152,243 915,236 416,091 683,179 1975 5,828,961 638,960 379,162 754,354 1980 6,639,396 458,792 361,135 579,343 1982 8,235,101 592,630 515,935 835,083 Year Corn for grain Oats 1,000 bushels Barley 1,000 Sorghumf 1,000 bushels bushels 1,000 bu 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1982 8,235,101 592,630 515,935 835,083 1984 7,672,130 473,661 598,034 866,241 1985 8,875,453 518,490 590,213 1,120,27 1986 8,249,864 386,356 610,522 938,124 1987 7,131,300 373,713 521,499 730,809 1988 4,928,681 217,600 289,994 576,686 1989 7,527,152 373,778 403,443 617,860 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year Tobacco 1,000 lbs. All Hay 1,000 tons Beans dry edible 1,000 cwt. Pe 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1970 1,906,453 126,969 17,399 3, 1975 2,182,304 132,397 17,442 2, 1980 1,786,225 130,740 26,729 3, 1982 1,994,494 149,241 25,563 NA 1984 1,727,962 150,582 21,070 NA 1985 1,511,638 148,719 22,298 NA 1986 1,163,940 155,529 22,886 3, 1987 1,188,868 147,457 26,031 3, 1988 1,369,500 126,010 19,253 3, 1989 1,414,179 145,445 24,333 3, 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴� Year Rice 1,000 cwt. Sugarcane 1,000 tons Sugar beets 1,000 tons Pecans 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1970 NA 23,996 26,378 NA 1975 NA 28,344 29,704 NA 1980 146,150 26,963 23,502 91.8 1982 153,637 29,770 20,894 109.3 1984 138,810 27,340 22,134 116.2 1985 134,913 28,213 22,529 122.2 1986 133,356 30,311 25,167 136.4 1987 129,603 29,218 28,072 131.1 1988 159,897 29,904 24,810 154.0 1989 154,487 29,570 25,553 108.8 NA = Not available. * Crop year ending in year cited. Harvested Acreage of Principal U.S. Crops National Agricultural Statistics Service: U.S. Department of Agriculture (thousands of acres) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 State 1987 1988 1989p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alabama 2,358 2,389 2,356 Arizona 723 784 830 Arkansas 7,132 7,538 7,595 California 4,950 5,107 4,891 Colorado 5,634 5,609 5,677 Connecticut 132 124 128 Delaware 514 504 537 Florida 1,108 1,115 1,137 Georgia 3,601 3,754 4,210 Hawaii 87 86 80 Idaho 4,141 4,018 4,333 Illinois 20,335 21,581 22,977 State 1987 1988 1989p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Illinois 20,335 21,581 22,977 Indiana 10,781 11,082 11,631 Iowa 20,956 23,092 24,097 Kansas 19,924 19,191 18,795 Kentucky 4,975 4,968 5,491 Louisiana 3,905 4,308 3,933 Maine 356 346 364 Maryland 1,493 1,493 1,603 Massachusetts 158 143 136 Michigan 6,124 6,401 6,390 Minnesota 17,397 18,767 18,661 Mississippi 5,020 5,149 4,613 Missouri 12,436 12,684 13,249 Montana 9,242 7,118 9,475 Nebraska 15,932 16,765 17,641 Nevada 558 549 554 New Hampshire 102 99 93 New Jersey 381 368 380 New Mexico 953 936 926 State 1987 1988 1989p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� New Mexico 953 936 926 New York 3,628 3,439 3,560 North Carolina 4,155 4,104 4,526 North Dakota 19,415 16,216 20,660 Ohio 9,698 9,731 10,259 Oklahoma 8,353 8,482 9,380 Oregon 2,257 2,168 2,339 Pennsylvania 4,257 4,199 4,199 Rhode Island 13 11 10 South Carolina 1,925 2,022 2,283 South Dakota 14,601 13,508 15,294 Tennessee 4,463 4,548 4,564 Texas 16,267 16,527 16,644 Utah 1,080 1,026 983 Vermont 465 453 442 Virginia 2,732 2,708 2,767 Washington 3,902 3,890 4,045 West Virginia 657 644 664 Wisconsin 8,351 8,430 8,614 State 1987 1988 1989p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wisconsin 8,351 8,430 8,614 Wyoming 1,796 1,674 1,628 *Total U.S. 289,422 289,846 305,641 p Preliminary. * States may not add due to rounding. Average Prices Received by U.S. Farmers Natl. Agricultural Statistics Service, U.S. Agriculture Department 露컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴� Year Hogs Cattle (beef) Calves (veal) Sheep Lambs Cows (milk) All mil 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1930 8.84 7.71 9.68 4.74 7.76 74 2.21 1940 5.39 7.56 8.83 3.95 8.10 61 1.82 Year Hogs Cattle (beef) Calves (veal) Sheep Lambs Cows (milk) All mil 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1940 5.39 7.56 8.83 3.95 8.10 61 1.82 1950 18.00 23.30 26.30 11.60 25.10 198 3.89 1960 15.30 20.40 22.90 5.61 17.90 223 4.21 1970 22.70 27.10 34.50 7.51 26.40 332 5.71 1975 46.10 32.20 27.20 11.30 42.10 412 8.75 1979 41.80 66.10 88.80 26.30 66.70 1,040 12.00 1980 38.00 62.40 76.80 21.30 63.60 1,190 13.05 1984 47.10 57.30 59.90 16.40 60.10 895 13.46 1985 44.00 53.70 62.10 23.90 67.70 860 12.76 1986 49.30 52.60 61.10 25.60 69.00 820 12.51 1987 51.20 61.10 78.50 29.50 77.60 920 12.54 1988 42.30 66.60 89.20 25.60 69.10 990 12.26 1989 42.50 69.50 90.80 24.40 66.10 10.30 13.56 The figures represent dollars per 100 lbs. for hogs, beef cattle, veal calves, sheep, lamb, and milk (wholesale), dollars per head for milk cows; wool; cents for eggs per dozen. Weighted calendar year prices for livestock and livestock products other than wool. 1943 through 1963, wool prices are weighted on marketing year basis. The marketing year has been changed (1964) from a calendar year to a Dec.-Nov. basis for hogs, chickens, broilers and eggs. The figures represent cents per lb. for cotton, apples, and peanuts; dollars per bushel for oats, wheat, corn, barley, and soybeans; dollars per 100 lbs. for rice, sorghum, and potatoes; dollars per ton for cottonseed and baled hay. Weighted crop year prices. Crop years are as follows: apples, June-May; wheat, oats, barley, hay and potatoes, July-June; cotton, rice, peanuts and cottonseed, August-July; soybeans, September-August; and corn and sorghum grain, October-September. 露컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴� Year Corn Wheat Upland cotton1 Oats Barley Rice Soybeans Sorghum P 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year Corn Wheat Upland cotton1 Oats Barley Rice Soybeans Sorghum P 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1930 .598 .663 9.46 0.311 .420 1.74 1.34 1.02 5 1940 .618 .674 9.83 0.298 .393 1.80 .892 .873 3 1950 1.52 2.00 39.90 0.788 1.19 5.09 2.47 1.88 1 1960 1.00 1.74 30.08 0.599 .840 4.55 2.13 1.49 1 1970 1.33 1.33 21.86 0.623 .973 5.17 2.85 2.04 1 1975 2.54 3.55 51.10 1.45 2.42 8.35 4.92 4.21 1 1979 2.52 3.78 62.3 1.36 2.29 10.50 6.28 4.18 2 1980 3.11 3.91 74.4 1.79 2.86 12.80 7.57 5.25 2 1984 2.63 3.39 58.7 1.67 2.29 8.04 5.84 4.15 2 1985 2.23 3.08 56.8 1.23 1.98 6.53 5.05 3.45 2 1986 1.50 2.42 51.5 1.21 1.61 3.75 4.78 2.45 2 1987 1.94 2.57 63.7 1.56 1.81 7.27 5.88 3.04 2 1988 2.55 3.72 54.8 2.61 2.79 6.70 7.55 4.07 2 1989 2.33 3.72 63.3 1.49 2.42 7.53 5.60 3.66 2 1Beginning 1964, 480 lb. net weight bales. Grain Storage Capacity at Principal Grain Centers in U.S. Chicago Board of Trade Market Information Department, Aug. 1990 (bushels) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Cities Capacity 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Atlantic Coast 31,700,000 Great Lakes Toledo 53,600,000 Buffalo 15,200,000 Chicago 52,400,000 Milwaukee 6,600,000 Duluth 64,300,000 River Points Minneapolis 105,800,000 Peoria 3,300,000 St. Louis 17,700,000 Cities Capacity 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 St. Louis 17,700,000 Sioux City 7,800,000 Omaha-Council Bluffs 23,100,000 Atchison 16,500,000 St. Joseph 22,300,000 Kansas City, Mo. 92,200,000 Southwest Fort Worth 68,600,000 Texas High Plains 79,500,000 Enid 79,700,000 Gulf Points South Mississippi 44,700,000 North Texas Gulf 24,200,000 South Texas Gulf 15,300,000 Plains Wichita 37,400,000 Topeka 54,100,000 Salina 49,500,000 Hutchinson 42,000,000 Cities Capacity 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hutchinson 42,000,000 Hastings-Grand Island 25,300,000 Lincoln 33,700,000 Pacific N.W. Puget Sound (incl. Portland) 35,100,000 California ports NA Atlantic Coast--Albany, N.Y., Philadelphia, Pa., Baltimore, Md., Norfolk, Va. Gulf Points--New Orleans, Baton Rouge, Ama. Belle Chase, La., Mobile, Ala. North Texas Gulf--Houston, Galveston, Beaumont, Port Arthur, Texas. South Texas Gulf--Corpus Christi, Brownsville, Texas. Pacific N.W.--Seattle, Tacoma, Wash., Portland, Oreg., Columbia River. Texas High Plains--Amarillo, Lubbock, Hereford, Plainview, Texas. NA = Not available. Consumption of Major Food Commodities per Person Economic Research Service: U.S. Agriculture Department 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Commodity1 1987 1988 1989p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Red Meats2,3 113.3 115.1 111.3 Beef2 69.2 68.2 65.0 Veal2 1.3 1.1 1.0 Lamb and mutton2 1.0 1.0 1.1 Pork2 41.8 44.7 44.3 Poultry2,3 55.3 57.1 60.5 Chicken2 43.2 44.5 47.0 Turkey2 12.0 12.6 13.5 Fish2 15.5 15.0 15.7 Eggs 32.1 31.0 29.7 Dairy products: Cheese (natural equivalent) 24.0 23.6 23.7 Condensed and evaporated milk 3.4 3.5 3.0 Fluid milk and cream 237.4 233.4 230.5 Whole milk 111.1 105.2 95.3 Commodity1 1987 1988 1989p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Whole milk 111.1 105.2 95.3 Lowfat milk4 100.1 100.0 103.6 Skim milk 14.0 16.0 19.7 Cream5 4.6 4.6 4.7 Yogurt 4.4 4.6 4.3 Specialty cream products6 2.9 3.0 3.0 Ice cream 18.3 17.2 16.0 Fats and Oils--Total fat content 62.7 62.7 60.7 Butter 4.6 4.5 4.3 Margarine 10.5 10.2 10.1 Lard (direct use) 1.8 1.7 1.8 Edible tallow (direct use) 1.0 0.8 0.9 Shortening 21.3 21.2 21.2 Salad and cooking oils 24.7 24.8 23.6 Other edible fats and oils 1.3 1.3 1.3 Fruits: Fresh7 96.9 94.4 NA Citrus7 24.7 25.6 NA Noncitrus7 72.2 68.8 NA Commodity1 1987 1988 1989p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Noncitrus7 72.2 68.8 NA Processed: Canned fruit 8.8 8.8 NA Frozen fruit 3.9 3.8 NA Dried Fruit 2.7 2.9 NA Vegetables: Fresh7,8 95.4 98.7 101.9 For canning7 87.1 83.1 NA For freezing7 16.8 17.9 16.9 Potatoes7 125.4 123.5 123.3 Grains: Wheat flour 129.3 129.3 122.7 Rice 13.5 14.3 15.7 Pasta (excl. fresh) 11.9 12.2 12.8 Caloric and noncaloric sweeteners9 151.4 153.0 NA Caloric sweeteners 132.4 133.0 133.3 Refined cane and beet sugar 62.4 62.0 62.2 Corn sweeteners 68.6 69.6 69.7 High fructose 47.1 48.0 47.8 Commodity1 1987 1988 1989p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� High fructose 47.1 48.0 47.8 Low-calorie sweeteners10 19.0 20.0 NA Other: Coffee (beans) 10.2 10.2 10.2 Tea 0.7 0.7 0.7 Cocoa (beans) 4.8 4.9 5.0 Peanuts (shelled) 6.4 6.8 7.1 Tree nuts 2.2 2.2 2.5 Dry edible beans 5.0 5.7 NA 1 Quantity in pounds, retail weight unless otherwise shown. Data on calendar year basis except for dried fruits, fresh citrus fruits, and peanuts which are on a crop-year basis, and rice and eggs which are on a marketing year basis. Data are as of August 1990. 2 Boneless, trimmed weight. 3 Total may not add due to rounding. 4 Includes plain lowfat, flavored, and buttermilk. 5 Includes heavy cream, light cream, and half and half. 6 Includes eggnog and sour cream and dip. 7 Farm weight. 8 Commercial production for sale as fresh produce. 9 Dry weight. 10 Sugar-sweetness equivalent. p Preliminary. NA = not available. U.S. Egg Production Economic Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department (millions of eggs) 露컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 State 1986 1987 1988 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ala. 2,723 2,605 2,596 2,184 Alas. 12.8 6.6 0.7 0.7 Ariz. 121 98 86 79 Ark. 3,731 3,874 3,784 3,352 Cal. 7,850 8,023 7,718 7,317 Col. 575 641 784 824 Conn. 1,281 1,200 1,121 935 Del. 135 144 146 147 State 1986 1987 1988 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Del. 135 144 146 147 Fla. 2,683 2,568 2,758 2,602 Ga. 4,318 4,476 4,294 4,233 Ha. 227 223 224.4 226.5 Ida. 230 238 217 217 Ill. 663 709 780 794 Ind. 5,561 5,750 5,644 5,529 Ia. 1,441 1,534 2,140 2,140 Kan. 463 486 387 387 Ky. 420 466 407 407 La. 336 323 311 299 Me. 1,239 1,827 1,300 1,138 Md. 890 926 932 965 Mass. 315 273 262 238 Mich. 1,644 1,656 1,553 1,454 Minn. 2,312 2,263 2,250 2,236 Miss. 1,274 1,259 1,251 1,289 Mo. 1,351 1,397 1,526 1,485 Mont. 201 205 194 180 State 1986 1987 1988 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mont. 201 205 194 180 Neb. 829 869 902 1,037 Nev. 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 N.H. 95 76 51 53 N.J. 501 475 486 437 N.M. 280 302 287 294 N.Y. 1,523 1,115 1,013 1,036 N.C. 3,400 3,251 3,396 3,312 N.D. 118 61 59 47 Oh. 3,873 4,351 4,477 4,353 Okla. 809 805 863 885 Ore. 659 638 617 678 Pa. 4,692 4,853 5,317 5,232 R.I. 58 55 52 46 S.C. 1,615 1,604 1,432 1,342 S.D. 395 358 348 373 Tenn. 663 670 532 318 Tex. 3,355 3,424 3,363 3,304 Ut. 457 496 490 460 State 1986 1987 1988 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ut. 457 496 490 460 Vt. 57 60 54 36 Va. 914 937 911 894 Wash. 1,295 1,303 1,327 1,299 W. Va. 109 128 126 121 Wis. 830 877 881 852 Wyo. 4.5 4.3 3.6 2.3 Total* 68,407 68,398 69,655 67,100 Note: The egg and chicken production year runs from Dec. 1 of the previous year through Nov. 30. 1 Included are eggs destroyed because of possible PCB contamination. *States may not add to total. Farm-Real Estate Debt Outstanding by Lender Groups1 Economic Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department 露컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Amounts held by p Dec. 31 Total farm-real estate debt2 Federal land banks2 Farmers Home Admi $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1955 9,048,676 1,480,000 413,000 1960 12,867,524 2,539,000 723,000 1965 21,220,912 4,240,000 1,497,000 1970 30,492,357 7,145,363 2,440,043 1975 49,852,888 16,029,468 3,368,747 1980 97,486,996 36,196,103 8,163,270 1982 111,312,036 47,821,589 9,169,874 1985 105,739,201 44,583,842 10,426,971 1986 95,879,799 37,757,626 10,348,597 1987 87,717,601 32,637,687 10,083,239 1988 82,952,518 30,326,707 9,606,796 1989 80,476,478 28,501,000 8,719,822 1 Includes opertator households. 2 Includes data for joint stock land banks and real estate loans by Agricultural Credit Assn. 3 Includes loans made directly by FmHA for farm ownership, soil and water loans to individuals, Indian tribe land acquisition, grazing associations, and half of economic emergency loans. Also includes loans for rural housing on farm tracts and labor housing. 4 American Council of Life Insurance. 5 Estimated by ERS, USDA. Includes CCC storage and drying facility loans. Government Payments by Programs and State1 Economic Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department (thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴� 1989 State Feed Grain Wheat Rice Cotton Wool Act Conserv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alabama $8,573 $2,132 0 $44,156 $6 $28,951 Alaska 23 0 0 0 4 1,075 1989 State Feed Grain Wheat Rice Cotton Wool Act Conserv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alaska 23 0 0 0 4 1,075 Arizona 2,527 1,176 0 73,089 1,179 2,031 Arkansas 12,708 11,195 $275,616 70,957 72 16,157 California 10,331 10,426 124,811 148,324 3,203 13,684 Colorado 45,314 22,761 0 0 2,517 87,262 Connecticut 624 0 0 0 10 326 Delaware 2,057 58 0 0 2 281 Florida 4,546 499 38 3,166 6 9,578 Georgia 27,331 7,937 0 33,427 9 33,032 Hawaii 0 0 0 0 0 267 Idaho 4,862 18,721 0 0 1,216 38,555 Illinois 437,335 9,610 0 0 247 50,585 Indiana 204,923 5,045 0 0 114 28,084 Iowa 578,178 248 0 0 784 154,809 Kansas 166,126 103,644 0 37 593 160,417 Kentucky 41,522 2,493 0 0 61 28,335 Louisiana 6,608 2,225 105,932 90,576 12 8,769 Maine 651 0 0 0 30 4,376 Maryland 9,918 285 0 0 33 2,042 1989 State Feed Grain Wheat Rice Cotton Wool Act Conserv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Maryland 9,918 285 0 0 33 2,042 Massachusetts 256 0 0 0 13 478 Michigan 98,903 6,385 0 0 569 15,433 Minnesota 257,740 28,691 0 0 505 101,057 Mississippi 7,370 3,801 53,764 171,377 8 34,187 Missouri 94,961 14,846 18,702 23,238 357 101,412 Montana 11,344 48,614 0 0 2,589 105,442 Nebraska 377,604 24,256 0 0 478 76,744 Nevada 92 268 0 0 292 1,167 New Hampshire 193 0 0 0 9 671 New Jersey 2,870 177 0 0 11 633 New Mexico 10,596 2,950 0 8,802 3,416 21,588 New York 27,879 1,626 0 0 118 7,962 North Carolina 41,464 2,584 0 11,513 25 10,590 North Dakota 38,688 86,525 0 0 568 101,104 Ohio 120,695 7,194 0 0 533 18,336 Oklahoma 10,968 48,418 129 31,399 1,840 53,630 Oregon 2,699 12,633 0 0 945 29,968 Pennsylvania 17,083 434 0 0 193 9,392 1989 State Feed Grain Wheat Rice Cotton Wool Act Conserv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Pennsylvania 17,083 434 0 0 193 9,392 Rhode Island 1 0 0 0 2 65 South Carolina 17,698 3,487 0 16,578 1 14,434 South Dakota 101,989 28,893 0 0 2,362 63,749 Tennessee 18,730 3,405 69 40,826 18 26,178 Texas 165,919 38,589 91,921 416,170 50,131 177,398 Utah 1,368 1,523 0 0 2,069 12,176 Vermont 525 3 0 0 34 1,882 Virginia 14,514 1,277 0 181 275 7,358 Washington 8,077 35,241 0 0 198 54,270 West Virginia 1,806 36 0 0 142 2,447 Wisconsin 122,410 961 0 0 176 39,967 Wyoming 2,197 1,725 0 0 3,428 12,330 Total U.S. $3,140,796 $602,997 $670,982 $1,183,816 $81,403 $1,770, 1 Includes both cash payments and payment-in-kind (PIK). 2 Includes amount paid under agriculture and conservation programs (Conservation Bonus, Conservation Reserve, Agriculture Conservation, Emergency Conservation, and Great Plains Program). 3 The programs included: Rural Clean Water, Clean Lakes, Animal Waste Management, Forest Incentive, Water Bank, Milk Indemnity, Dairy Termination, Emergency Feed, Extended Warehouse Storage, Extended Farm Storage, Milk Diversion, Disaster Program Crops, Disaster Program Non-Crops, Colorado River Salinity, Warehouse Storage Deduction, Livestock Emergency Assistance, Interest Penalty Payments, Disaster, and Loan Deficiency. Federal Food Assistance Programs1 Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Agriculture Department (millions of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴� 1981 1982 1983 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Food StampPgm.2,6 10,328 10,159 11,863 P.R. Nutrition Asstnce. Grant3 908 898 825 1981 1982 1983 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� P.R. Nutrition Asstnce. Grant3 908 898 825 Natl. School Lunch Pgm.4 3,276 2,942 3,203 School Breakfast Pgm. 332 317 344 Special Supp. Food Pgm. for Women, Infants, Children5 872 949 1,126 Summer Food Service Pgm.4 106 87 93 Child and Adult Care Food Pgm.4 340 324 356 Special Milk Pgm. 101 18 17 Nutrition Pgm. for the Elderly4 94 102 120 Needy Family Pgm.4 37 41 44 Commodity Supp. Food Pgm.4,7 28 28 41 Food Distribution to Charities Inst.4,8 78 117 154 Other Costs9 56 233 1,079 Total10 16,556 16,216 19,264 1 Data are for Fiscal (not Calendar) years. 1989 and prior years are updated per current reports; 1990 data represent the program level under current law in the 1991 budget. 2 Excludes Puerto Rico. 3 Grant was initiated in June 1982; prior data are Food Stamp costs. 4 Includes the value of commodities (entitlement, bonus and cash-in-lieu). 5 Includes program studies; excludes Farmers Market Demo. Projects. 6 Includes SAE, other program costs, and transfers. 7 Includes Elderly Feeding Projects. 8 Includes Summer Camps. 9 Includes Child Nutrition State Admin. Expenses, CN Nutrition Studies & Education, Temporary Emergency Food Assist. Program (commodity and admin. costs), and the costs of entitlement foods distributed to Soup Kitchens/Food Banks. 10 Excludes food program administration (FPA) costs, Northern Marianas Nutrition Assistance Grant, and Disaster Relief. The Northern Marianas Grant was $0.9 million in FY 1982, and $3.7 million for subsequent years. World Wheat, Rice and Corn Production, 1988 U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (thousands of metric tons) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Country Wheat Rice Corn Country Wheat Rice Corn 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 World, total 509,952 483,466 405,460 Afghanistan 2,900 490 839 Argentina 7,769 383 9,200 Australia 14,102 740 208 Austria 1,430 NA 1,640 Bangladesh 1,048 21,900 3 Belgium1 1,327 NA 40 Brazil 5,436 11,804 24,709 Bulgaria 4,713 60 1,625 Canada 15,655 NA 5,369 Chile 1,734 162 661 China 87,505 172,365 73,820 Colombia 63 1,775 908 Cuba NA 488 95 Czechoslovakia 6,547 NA 996 Denmark 2,080 NA NA Ecuador 31 420 387 Egypt 2,839 1,900 4,088 Ethiopia 825 NA 1,650 Country Wheat Rice Corn 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ethiopia 825 NA 1,650 Finland 285 NA NA France 29,677 65 13,996 Germany (GDR) 3,697 NA 1 Germany (FDR) 12,044 NA 1,435 Greece 2,550 116 2,116 Hungary 6,962 52 6,027 India 45,096 101,950 7,500 Indonesia NA 41,769 6,668 Iran 8,200 1,757 60 Iraq 1,200 250 62 Ireland 418 NA NA Israel 211 NA 25 Italy 7,945 1,094 6,318 Japan 1,021 12,419 1 Kampuchea NA 2,000 100 Korea (DPR) 880 6,350 2,950 Korean Republic 3 8,400 130 Laos NA 1,003 40 Country Wheat Rice Corn 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Laos NA 1,003 40 Madagascar NA 2,100 150 Malaysia NA 1,669 31 Mexico 3,700 420 11,800 Myanmar 241 14,000 300 Nepal 745 2,787 890 Netherlands 816 NA 5 New Zealand 235 NA 190 Pakistan 12,675 4,577 1,150 Panama NA 166 97 Peru 134 1,080 880 Philippines NA 8,971 4,428 Poland 7,582 NA 204 Portugal 401 151 663 Romania 9,000 150 19,500 South Africa 3,400 3 6,900 Soviet Union 84,500 2,900 16,000 Spain 6,514 499 3,577 Sri Lanka NA 2,466 43 Country Wheat Rice Corn 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Sri Lanka NA 2,466 43 Sweden 1,357 NA NA Switzerland 553 NA 237 Syria 2,067 NA 61 Thailand NA 20,813 5,166 Turkey 20,500 263 2,100 United Kingdom 11,605 NA 1 United States 49,295 7,237 125,003 Uruguay 390 381 118 Venezuela 1 385 1,400 Vietnam NA 15,200 580 Yugoslavia 6,303 36 7,697 1 Includes Luxembourg. Note: Some figures are FAO estimates. NA = Not available. Wheat, Rice and Corn--Exports and Imports of 10 Leading Countries Economic Research Service, U.S. Agriculture Department (thousands of metric tons) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴� Leading Exporters Exports1 Exports1 Exports1 Leading Importers Imports1 1980 1988 1989p 1980 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wheat Wheat United States 41,204 38,619 33,557 USSR 16,000 France 13,423 18,843 19,100 China 13,789 Canada 16,262 12,420 17,500 Egypt 5,423 Australia 9,577 11,375 11,000 Japan 5,840 Argentina 3,845 4,034 5,900 Italy 3,028 United Kingdom 1,100 2,200 4,500 Iran 1,896 Germany, Fed Rep 1,502 3,700 2,800 Algeria 2,294 Italy 1,620 3,600 2,400 Iraq 1,366 Saudi Arabia 0 2,000 1,900 Turkey 0 Hungary 700 1,900 1,500 South Korea 2,095 Leading Exporters Exports1 Exports1 Exports1 Leading Importers Imports1 1980 1988 1989p 1980 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Hungary 700 1,900 1,500 South Korea 2,095 Rice Rice Thailand 3,049 6,037 4,000 Iran 583 United States 3,028 2,786 2,497 USSR 1,283 Vietnam 5 1,400 2,000 Philippines 0 Pakistan 1,163 792 850 Saudi Arabia 356 Italy 475 443 525 Iraq 350 Australia 468 500 461 Indonesia 2,040 India 900 400 400 China 110 China 580 320 300 Hong Kong 362 Uruguay 184 209 290 Senegal 340 Burma 674 456 200 Malaysia 167 Corn Corn United States 60,737 51,525 59,693 USSR 11,800 France 2,380 6,685 7,470 Japan 13,989 China 125 3,700 2,500 South Korea 2,355 Argentina 9,098 1,800 2,400 Taiwan 2,703 Thailand 2,142 1,560 1,250 Mexico 3,833 Leading Exporters Exports1 Exports1 Exports1 Leading Importers Imports1 1980 1988 1989p 1980 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Thailand 2,142 1,560 1,250 Mexico 3,833 South Africa 4,955 4,400 1,200 Netherlands 2,638 Zimbabwe 305 400 400 United Kingdom 2,349 Indonesia 15 225 350 Malaysia 717 Kenya 0 125 260 Spain 4,251 Hungary 300 152 170 Brazil 0 1 Marketing years; p Preliminary. EMPLOYMENT U.S. Labor Force, Employment and Unemployment Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department (numbers in thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼� Annual averages Annual averages Annual averages 1990 Employment status 1987 1988 1989 Jan. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Civilian labor force 119,865 121,669 123,869 124, Employed 112,440 114,968 117,342 117, Unemployed 7,425 6,701 6,528 6,53 Unemployment rate 6.2 5.5 5.3 5.3 Selected Unemployment Indicators (quarterly averages, seasonally adjusted) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼� 1987 1987 1987 1988 1988 Category II III IV I II 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Characteristic Total (all civilian workers) 6.3 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.5 Men, 20 years and over 5.6 5.3 5.0 4.9 4.8 Women, 20 years and over 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.9 Both sexes, 16 to 19 years 17.0 16.2 16.6 16.0 15.1 White 5.4 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.7 Black and other 11.7 11.4 11.0 11.0 10.6 Black 13.1 12.7 12.3 12.3 12.0 Hispanic origin 8.7 8.1 8.5 8.1 8.8 Married men, spouse present 4.1 3.8 3.5 3.4 3.2 Married women, spouse present 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.8 Women who maintain families 9.5 9.1 8.6 8.2 8.3 Full-time workers 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.1 Part-time workers 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.0 7.6 Unemployed 15 weeks and over1 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 Labor force time lost2 7.2 6.9 6.7 6.6 6.3 Industry Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 6.3 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.5 1987 1987 1987 1988 1988 Category II III IV I II 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers 6.3 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.5 Goods-producing industries 7.5 7.0 6.6 6.8 6.4 Mining 11.1 8.2 7.5 7.8 8.4 Construction 12.0 11.4 10.9 11.2 10.6 Manufacturing 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.4 5.2 Durable goods 6.0 5.7 5.0 5.4 4.8 Nondurable goods 6.3 5.8 6.0 5.6 5.7 Service-producing industries 5.7 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.0 Transportation and public utilities 4.5 4.3 4.5 3.9 4.0 Wholesale and retail trade 7.1 6.7 6.4 6.5 6.1 Finance and service industries 4.9 4.9 4.7 4.6 4.5 Government workers 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.0 2.9 Agricultural wage and salary workers 8.9 10.2 11.3 11.1 10.6 1 Unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. 2 Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. Employed Persons by Occupation, Sex, and Age Bureau of Labor Statistics (in thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴� Total Total 16 years and over 16 ye Occupation 1988 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total 114,968 117,3 Managerial and professional specialty 29,190 30,39 Executive, administrative and managerial 14,216 14,84 Professional specialty 14,974 15,55 Technical, sales and administrative support 35,532 36,12 Technicians and related support 3,521 3,645 Sales occupations 13,747 14,06 Total Total 16 years and over 16 ye Occupation 1988 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sales occupations 13,747 14,06 Administrative support, including clerical 18,264 18,41 Service occupations 15,332 15,55 Private household 909 872 Protective service 1,944 1,960 Service, except private household and protective 12,479 12,72 Precision production, craft, and repair 13,664 13,81 Mechanics and repairers 4,454 4,550 Construction trades 5,098 5,142 Other precision production, craft, and repair 4,112 4,126 Operators, fabricators, and laborers 17,814 18,02 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors 8,117 8,248 Transportation and material moving occupations 4,831 4,886 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers 4,866 4,888 Selected Unemployment Insurance Data by State Calendar year 1989, state programs only. 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코� Insured claimants1 Beneficiaries2 Exhaustions3 Initial claims4 Ben 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� AL 172,035 151,376 27,858 64,267 $15 AK 36,364 33,093 13,972 354,277 72, AZ 108,583 73,524 19,738 213,522 125 AR 117,317 83,388 20,339 171,548 126 CA 1,258,789 1,023,682 287,428 2,559,133 1,7 CO 96,996 74,111 25,133 139,383 148 CT 126,385 119,473 22,904 219,229 271 DE 27,564 22,049 2,213 34,381 33, DC 26,793 19,462 10,208 46,935 71, FL 254,036 186,715 63,265 388,179 339 GA 285,901 209,516 50,190 401,529 253 HI 26,250 19,098 3,395 46,581 38, Insured claimants1 Beneficiaries2 Exhaustions3 Initial claims4 Ben 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� HI 26,250 19,098 3,395 46,581 38, ID 41,997 36,539 10,069 138,358 54, IL 291,363 302,991 95,294 98,592 767 IN 171,622 115,811 22,511 688,648 121 IA 89,264 73,393 15,970 323,160 130 KS 86,072 69,306 19,550 161,241 153 KY 143,125 113,154 19,744 286,997 159 LA 126,097 99,250 32,900 249,293 164 ME 55,431 44,387 8,677 486,565 68, MD 146,689 88,861 19,697 212,442 199 MA 151,987 260,788 69,468 119,044 819 MI 304,853 393,128 101,631 941,068 938 MN 146,184 122,906 34,140 239,919 321 MS 97,717 71,642 18,034 431,059 93, MO 201,464 160,747 42,282 208,775 244 MT 27,608 21,827 7,296 45,476 35, NE 36,720 27,469 6,988 703,263 35, NV 50,095 35,647 7,741 31,898 65, NH 43,145 32,041 923 57,377 26, Insured claimants1 Beneficiaries2 Exhaustions3 Initial claims4 Ben 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� NH 43,145 32,041 923 57,377 26, NJ 326,645 267,941 88,531 55,776 757 NM 35,501 28,267 9,850 511,566 57, NY 594,845 544,073 160,305 59,284 1,4 NC 312,000 210,837 27,817 74,910 223 ND 17,231 15,217 6,447 1,098,028 26, OH 385,419 305,056 64,506 673,746 479 OK 67,790 49,749 16,470 123,224 95, OR 126,707 105,684 22,757 270,060 206 PA 501,204 406,243 88,757 1,043,877 993 PR 100,087 107,584 47,055 216,432 111 RI 61,359 46,217 12,058 98,955 109 SC 151,554 96,588 16,227 305,966 104 SD 10,590 8,284 925 21,620 10, TN 218,317 164,170 39,543 450,229 196 TX 458,543 340,411 133,002 711,368 751 UT 46,980 31,371 8,890 56,247 58, VT 24,171 19,300 2,102 316,479 29, VA 176,453 130,971 18,567 5,324 135 Insured claimants1 Beneficiaries2 Exhaustions3 Initial claims4 Ben 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� VA 176,453 130,971 18,567 5,324 135 VI 4,965 1,267 404 38,439 3,3 WA 219,574 168,682 44,690 456,679 371 WV 54,157 52,999 10,961 382,559 95, WI 213,505 172,008 37,757 90,401 317 WY 15,237 10,407 3,024 30,206 23, Total 8,871,280 7,368,700 1,940,203 17,153,514 14, 1 Claimants whose base-period earnings or whose employment, covered by the unemployment insurance program, was sufficient to make them eligible for unemployment insurance benefits as provided by state law. 2 First payments. 3 Final payments. Claimants who exhaust their benefit rights in one benefit year may be entitled to further benefits in the following benefit year. 4 Excludes intrastate transitional claims. 5 Adjusted for voided benefit checks and transfers under interstate combined wage plan. Employment and Unemployment in the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Civilian labor force, persons 16 years of age and over (in thousands) 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year* Employed Unemployed Unemployment Rate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 19401 47,520 8,120 14.6% 1950 58,918 3,288 5.0 1960 65,778 3,852 5.5 1970 78,678 4,093 4.9 1975 85,846 7,929 8.5 1978 96,048 6,202 6.1 1980 99,303 7,637 7.1 1981 100,397 8,273 7.6 1982 99,526 10,678 9.7 1983 100,834 10,717 9.6 1984 105,005 8,539 7.5 1985 107,150 8,312 7.2 Year* Employed Unemployed Unemployment Rate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1985 107,150 8,312 7.2 19862 109,597 8,237 7.0 1987 112,440 7,425 6.2 1988 114,988 6,701 5.5 1989 117,342 6,528 5.3 1 Persons 14 years of age and over; 2 Not strictly comparable with prior years. *Early unemployment rates: 1915, 9.7; 1916, 4.8; 1917, 4.8; 1918, 1.4; 1919, 2.3; 1920, 4.0; 1921, 11.9; 1922, 7.6; 1923, 3.2; 1924, 5.5; 1925, 4.0; 1926, 1.9; 1927, 4.1; 1928, 4.4; 1929, 3.2; 1930, 8.7; 1931, 15.9; 1932, 23.6; 1933, 24.9; 1934, 21.7; 1935, 20.1; 1936, 16.9; 1937, 14.3; 1938, 19.0; 1939, 17.2. Employment and Training Services and Unemployment Insurance Employment and Training Administration, U.S. Department of Labor Employment Service The Federal-State Employment Service consists of the United States Employment Service and affiliated state employment services which make up the nation's public employment service system. During program year 1987, the public employment service listed 7.2 million job openings and placed more than 3.8 million people in jobs. The employment service refers employable applicants to job openings that use their highest skills and helps the unemployed obtain services or training to make them employable. It also provides special attention to handicapped workers, migrants and seasonal farmworkers, workers who lose their jobs because of foreign trade competition, and other worker groups. Veterans receive priority services including referral to jobs and training. During program year 1987, 455,813 veterans were placed in jobs. Job Training The Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA), which became fully operational on October 1, 1983, provides job training and employment services for economically disadvantaged youth and adults, dislocated workers, and others who face significant employment barriers. The goal of the Act is to move as many jobless workers as possible into permanent, unsubsidized, self-sustaining employment. Since its inception, JTPA has provided approximately four and a half million Americans with training and employment services. Its placement rate is 68 percent, making it one of the most successful job and training efforts ever undertaken. Title I of the Act's five titles basically establishes an administrative structure for the delivery of job and training services. Generally, state governors receive bloc grants from the Labor Department, and the funds are then distributed to Service Delivery Areas -- areas of 200,000 population or more where local elected officials work with Private Industry Councils to plan and conduct local training projects. Title II is in two parts, with Title II-A spelling out the Act's provision of employment and training projects for the economically disadvantaged. In program year 1987 (July 1, 1987 to June 30, 1988), these projects served more than 1.3 million people. Title II-A outlines a summer youth program offering basic and remedial education, institutional and on-the-job training, work experience, and supportive services. This program had nearly 640,000 participants in program year 1987. Title III, Economic Dislocation and Worker Adjustment Assistance, provides for job and training help for dislocated workers -- workers who lose jobs and are unlikely to return to their previous industries or occupations. This includes workers who lose their jobs because of plant closings or mass layoffs; long-term unemployed persons with limited local opportunities for jobs in their fields; farmers, ranchers, and other self-employed persons who become jobless due to general economic conditions or natural disasters; and, under certain circumstances, displaced homemakers. Such assistance benefitted nearly 183,000 workers in program year 1987. Title IV authorizes programs to address the employment and training needs of specific groups facing significant barriers to productive employment, including Native Americans, migrant and seasonal farmworkers, and the disabled. In program year 1987, these programs served 33,000 Native Americans; 46,800 migrant and seasonal farmworkers; and 8,550 disabled persons. In addition, Title IV includes the Job Corps, which each year enrolls approximately 100,000 young people between the ages of 16 and 21 in 107 residential job training centers throughout the United States; the National Commission for Employment Policy; and nationally administered programs for technical assistance, labor market information, research and evaluation, and pilots and demonstrations. Title V contains miscellaneous provisions, including amendments to the Wagner-Peyser Act of 1933 -- the legislation authorizing the federal-state Employment Service. Trade Ajustment Assistance for Workers The Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) is available to workers who lose their jobs or whose hours of work and wages are reduced as a result of increased imports. TAA includes a variety of benefits and reemployment services to help unemployed workers prepare for and obtain suitable employment. Workers may be eligible for training, job search, relocation and other reemployment services. Additionally, weekly trade readjustment allowances (TRA) may be payable to eligible workers following their exhaustion of unemployment insurance benefits. In fiscal year 1989, about 23,700 workers received $186 million in TRA payments; about 15,200 workers entered training; about 900 workers were involved in job search visits; and about 1,000 workers relocated in order to obtain long term jobs. The TAA program is administered by the Employment and Training Administration's Office of Trade Adjustment Assistance. State employment security agencies serve as agents of the U.S., under an agreement with the Secretary of Labor, for administering the TAA benefit provisions in the Trade Act of 1974. Unemployment Insurance Unlike old-age and survivors insurance, entirely a federal program, the unemployment insurance program is a Federal-State system that provides insured wage earners with partial replacement of wages lost during involuntary unemployment. The program protects most workers. During calendar year 1989, an estimated 104.8 million workers in commerce, industry, agriculture, and government, including the armed forces, were covered under the Federal-State system. In addition, an estimated 308,000 railroad workers were insured against unemployment by the Railroad Retirement Board. Each state, as well as the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, has its own law and operates its own program. The amount and duration of the weekly benefits are determined by state laws, based on prior wages and length of employment. States are required to extend the duration of benefits when unemployment rises to and remains above specified state levels; costs of extended benefits are shared by the state and federal governments. Under the Federal Unemployment Tax Act, as amended in 1985, the tax rate is 6.2% on the first $7,000 paid to each employee of employers with one or more employees in 20 weeks of the year or a quarterly payroll of $1,500. A credit of up to 5.4% is allowed for taxes paid under state unemployment insurance laws that meet certain criteria, leaving the federal share at 0.8% of taxable wages. Social Security Requirement The Social Security Act requires, as a condition of such grants, prompt payment of due benefits. The Federal Unemployment Tax Act provides safeguards for workers' right to benefits if they refuse jobs that fail to meet certain labor standards. Through the Unemployment Insurance Service of the Employment and Training Administration, the Secretary of Labor determines whether states qualify for grants and for tax offset credit from employers. Benefits are financed solely by employer contributions, except in Alaska, Pennsylvania and New Jersey where employees also contribute. Benefits are paid through the states' public employment offices, at which unemployed workers must register for work and to which they must report regularly for referral to a possible job during the time when they are drawing weekly benefit payments. During the fiscal year 1989, $14.30 billion in benefits was paid under state unemployment insurance programs to 7 million beneficiaries. They received an average weekly payment of $152.08 for total unemployment for an average of 13.3 weeks. Average Annual Pay, by State Bureau of Labor Statistics 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴캠 Average annual pay1 Average annual pay1 % Change State 19882 19892 1988-893 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 U.S. $21,872 $22,567 3.2 Alabama 19,003 19,593 3.1 Alaska 28,033 29,704 6.0 Arizona 20,383 20,808 2.1 Arkansas 17,023 17,418 2.3 California 24,126 24,921 3.3 Colorado4 21,472 21,940 2.2 Connecticut 26,234 27,500 4.8 Delaware 21,977 23,268 5.9 District of Columbia 30,253 32,106 6.1 Average annual pay1 Average annual pay1 % Change State 19882 19892 1988-893 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 District of Columbia 30,253 32,106 6.1 Florida 19,523 20,072 2.8 Georgia 20,504 21,071 2.8 Hawaii 20,444 21,624 5.8 Idaho 17,648 18,146 2.8 Illinois 23,608 24,211 2.6 Indiana 20,437 20,931 2.4 Iowa 17,928 18,420 2.7 Kansas 19,030 19,474 2.3 Kentucky 18,545 19,001 2.5 Louisiana 19,330 19,750 2.2 Maine 18,347 19,202 4.7 Maryland 22,515 23,466 4.2 Massachusetts 24,143 25,233 4.5 Michigan 24,193 24,853 2.7 Minnesota 21,481 22,155 3.1 Mississippi 16,522 17,047 3.2 Missouri 20,295 20,899 3.0 Average annual pay1 Average annual pay1 % Change State 19882 19892 1988-893 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Missouri 20,295 20,899 3.0 Montana 16,957 17,224 1.6 Nebraska 17,190 17,694 2.9 Nevada 20,548 21,342 3.9 New Hampshire 20,749 21,551 3.9 New Jersey 25,748 26,780 4.0 New Mexico 18,259 18,667 2.2 New York 26,347 27,303 3.6 North Carolina 18,636 19,320 3.7 North Dakota 16,508 16,932 2.6 Ohio 21,501 21,986 2.3 Oklahoma 19,098 19,530 2.3 Oregon 19,637 20,303 3.4 Pennsylvania 21,485 22,312 3.8 Rhode Island 20,206 21,128 4.6 South Carolina 18,009 18,797 4.4 South Dakota 15,424 15,810 2.5 Tennessee 19,209 19,712 2.6 Average annual pay1 Average annual pay1 % Change State 19882 19892 1988-893 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Tennessee 19,209 19,712 2.6 Texas 21,130 21,740 2.9 Utah 18,910 19,362 2.4 Vermont 18,640 19,497 4.6 Virginia 21,053 21,879 3.9 Washington 20,806 21,617 3.9 West Virginia 19,341 19,789 2.3 Wisconsin 19,743 20,204 2.3 Wyoming 19,097 19,230 0.7 1 Includes workers covered by Unemployment Insurance (UI) and Unemployment Compensation for Federal Employees (UCFE) programs. 2 Data are preliminary. 3 Percent changes were computed from unrounded average annual pay data and may differ from those computed using data rounded to the nearest dollar. Employment Growth, By State, 1979-1987 Bureau of Labor Statistics 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 State State '87-'89 % chg. '79-'87 rank 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1. Nevada 17.1 5 2. Idaho 11.5 45 3. Washington 10.5 18 4. Hawaii 8.8 15 5. Oregon 8.7 37 6. Utah 8.7 20 7. Florida 8.4 1 8. Alaska 8.4 7 9. Maine 7.5 10 10. S. Carolina 7.4 14 11. Iowa 7.2 46 12. Montana 6.9 47 13. California 6.6 12 State State '87-'89 % chg. '79-'87 rank 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 13. California 6.6 12 14. N. Carolina 6.5 11 15. Kentucky 6.4 31 16. Indiana 6.2 34 17. Minnesota 6.0 29 18. New Mexico 6.0 24 19. Wisconsin 5.9 33 20. Virginia 5.9 6 21. S. Dakota 5.8 32 22. Kansas 5.8 36 23. Arkansas 5.8 26 24. Wyoming 5.7 50 25. Mississippi 5.3 39 26. Tennessee 5.3 21 27. Georgia 5.2 4 28. Delaware 4.9 9 29. Nebraska 4.8 35 30. Arizona 4.7 2 31. Vermont 4.6 8 State State '87-'89 % chg. '79-'87 rank 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 31. Vermont 4.6 8 32. Ohio 4.5 40 33. Maryland 4.4 13 34. Missouri 4.2 30 35. Texas 4.2 23 36. Oklahoma 4.0 44 37. Alabama 4.0 28 38. Illinois 3.9 43 39. Colorado 3.7 22 40. Michigan 3.7 38 41. New Jersey 3.2 16 42. Pennsylvania 2.9 41 43. N. Dakota 2.5 42 44. W. Virginia 2.1 49 45. New York 1.9 27 46. Louisiana 1.2 48 47. Connecticut 0.7 19 48. Rhode Island 0.3 25 49. Massachusetts 0.2 17 State State '87-'89 % chg. '79-'87 rank 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 49. Massachusetts 0.2 17 50. New Hampshire 0.9 3 Employment Status of Women 16 Years and Over By Presence and Age of Own Children, March 1988 Bureau of Labor Statistics (Numbers in thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코� Total Total With Own Children Under 18 Wit 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total 96,516 33,098 15, In Labor Force 53,987 21,528 8,8 Labor Force Participation Rate 55.9 65.0 56. Total Total With Own Children Under 18 Wit 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Labor Force Participation Rate 55.9 65.0 56. Employed 51,027 20,132 8,1 Full time 37,448 14,682 5,6 Part time 13,579 5,450 2,4 Unemployed 2,960 1,396 761 Unemployment Rate 5.5 6.5 8.6 Earnings by Occupation and Sex Bureau of Labor Statistics (Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation and sex, annual averages) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Number of Workers (in Number of Workers (in Me Number of Workers (in Number of Workers (in Me thousands) thousands) Occupation 1989 1990 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Men Managerial and 12,125 12,588 $6 professional specialty Executive, 6,324 6,534 67 administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 5,801 6,054 67 Technical, sales, and 9,109 9,472 48 administrative support Technicians and related 1,645 1,729 54 support Number of Workers (in Number of Workers (in Me thousands) thousands) Occupation 1989 1990 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Sales occupations 4,467 4,701 48 Administrative support, 2,996 3,041 43 including clerical Service occupations 4,086 4,229 30 Private household 11 0 (1 Protective service 1,389 1,518 45 Service, except private 2,686 2,712 26 household and protective Precision production, 10,142 10,109 46 Number of Workers (in Number of Workers (in Me thousands) thousands) Occupation 1989 1990 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Precision production, 10,142 10,109 46 craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers 3,777 3,693 45 Construction trades 3,369 3,524 44 Other precision 2,997 2,892 49 production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, 11,025 10,758 36 and laborers Machine operators, 4,525 4,449 36 assemblers, and inspectors Number of Workers (in Number of Workers (in Me thousands) thousands) Occupation 1989 1990 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� inspectors Transportation and 3,584 3,502 40 material moving occupations Handlers, equipment 2,915 2,807 29 cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and 1,037 1,020 $2 fishing Women Managerial and 10,261 10,501 48 professional specialty Number of Workers (in Number of Workers (in Me thousands) thousands) Occupation 1989 1990 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� professional specialty Executive, 4,681 4,651 45 administrative, and managerial Professional specialty 5,580 5,851 50 Technical, sales, and 15,180 16,239 31 administrative support Technicians and related 1,330 1,443 39 support Sales occupations 3,046 3,560 28 Administrative support, 10,804 11,236 31 Number of Workers (in Number of Workers (in Me thousands) thousands) Occupation 1989 1990 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Administrative support, 10,804 11,236 31 including clerical Service occupations 4,405 4,350 21 Private household 334 292 17 Protective service 172 189 38 Service, except private 3,899 3,870 21 household and protective Precision production, 1,003 921 30 craft, and repair Mechanics and repairers 149 149 36 Number of Workers (in Number of Workers (in Me thousands) thousands) Occupation 1989 1990 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mechanics and repairers 149 149 36 Construction trades 52 56 (1 Other precision 802 716 29 production, craft, and repair Operators, fabricators, 3,752 3,493 24 and laborers Machine operators, 2,944 2,691 24 assemblers, and inspectors Transportation and 253 238 31 material moving Number of Workers (in Number of Workers (in Me thousands) thousands) Occupation 1989 1990 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� material moving occupations Handlers, equipment 554 565 21 cleaners, helpers, and laborers Farming, forestry, and 152 124 20 fishing 1 Data not shown where base is less than 100,000. Occupations with Projected Largest Job Growth, 1988-2000 Bureau of Labor Statistics; May, 1990 (Numbers in thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴� Employment Employment Occupation 1988 2000 Nu 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Paralegals 83 145 62 Medical assistants 149 253 10 Radiologic technologists and technicians 132 218 87 Homemaker-home health aides 327 537 20 Data processing equipment repairers 71 115 44 Medical record technicians 47 75 28 Medical secretaries 207 327 12 Physical therapists 68 107 39 Surgical technicians 35 55 20 Operations research analysts 55 85 30 Securities and financial services sales workers 200 309 10 Travel agents 142 219 77 Employment Employment Occupation 1988 2000 Nu 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Travel agents 142 219 77 Actuaries 16 24 8 Computer systems analysts 403 617 21 Physical and corrective therapy assistants 39 60 21 Subway and streetcar operators 8 13 4 EEG technologists 6 10 3 Occupational therapists 33 48 16 Computer programmers 519 769 25 Human services workers 118 171 53 Occupational therapy assistants and aides 8 13 4 Respiratory therapists 56 79 23 Correction officers 186 262 76 Employment interviewers 81 113 33 Electrical and electronics engineers 439 615 17 Receptionists 833 1,164 33 Registered nurses 1,577 2,190 61 Flight attendants 88 123 34 Electromedical and biomedical equipment repairers 7 10 3 Employment Employment Occupation 1988 2000 Nu 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Electromedical and biomedical equipment repairers 7 10 3 Recreational therapists 26 35 10 Licensed practical nurses 626 855 22 Guards 795 1,050 25 Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants 1,184 1,562 37 Lawyers 582 763 18 Waiters and waitresses 1,786 2,338 55 Food service and lodging managers 560 721 16 Child care workers 670 856 18 Cooks, restaurant 572 728 15 Women Employed as Executives, Administrators, and Managers, by Industry Bureau of Labor Statistics (1988 annual averages) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴� Industry (in thousands) Employed Women Managers Women as % of T 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total 5,590 39.3 Agriculture 23 * Mining 28 * Construction 129 12.9 Manufacturing 647 26.3 Durable Goods 365 24.3 Nondurable Goods 282 29.4 Transportation and Public Utilities 274 29.9 Wholesale and Retail Trade 865 42.5 Wholesale Trade 167 32.5 Retail Trade 698 45.9 Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate 1,014 50.7 Services** 2,114 47.4 Professional Services 1,336 54.7 Public Administration 496 42.8 *Percentage not shown where base is less than 35,000. **Includes business and repair services; personal services, except private household; entertainment and recreation services; professional and related services; and forestry and fisheries. Percent of People, Age 16-64, with a Work Disability Bureau of the Census; 1988 figures 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴� Both sexes Both sexes Males Males Females F Characteristics Total Severe Total Severe Total S 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total 8.6 4.8 8.7 4.9 8.4 4 Age 16 to 24 years 3.8 1.7 4.1 1.9 3.6 1 25 to 34 years 5.6 2.7 5.9 3.1 5.4 2 Both sexes Both sexes Males Males Females F Characteristics Total Severe Total Severe Total S 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 25 to 34 years 5.6 2.7 5.9 3.1 5.4 2 35 to 44 years 7.1 3.6 7.7 4.3 6.5 3 45 to 54 years 10.3 6.0 10.3 6.0 10.2 6 55 to 64 years 22.3 14.0 22.4 13.7 22.2 1 Years of School Completed1 Less than 8 years 29.7 23.4 29.1 23.2 30.2 2 8 24.6 16.8 23.9 15.8 25.2 1 9 to 11 17.7 11.6 17.5 11.7 17.9 1 12 8.8 4.5 9.3 5.1 8.4 4 13 to 15 7.5 3.2 8.4 3.4 6.7 3 16 or more 3.8 1.3 3.8 1.4 3.8 1 Income to Poverty Ratio Less than 1.00 21.9 15.5 24.4 17.9 20.3 1 1.00 to 1.24 17.8 12.4 19.0 14.6 16.8 1 1.25 to 1.49 13.4 8.3 13.4 8.6 13.4 8 1.50 to 1.99 11.3 6.9 12.8 8.4 9.9 5 2.00 and over 5.6 2.4 5.8 2.4 5.3 2 Race and Hispanic Origin2 Both sexes Both sexes Males Males Females F Characteristics Total Severe Total Severe Total S 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Race and Hispanic Origin2 White 7.9 4.1 8.2 4.3 7.7 3 Black 13.7 9.9 13.7 10.3 13.8 9 Hispanic Origin 8.2 5.6 8.4 5.9 7.9 5 1 Persons 25-64 years old. 2 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Full-Time Employees Participating in Selected Employee Benefit Programs Bureau of Labor Statistics (In percent; medium and large firms, 1989) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴� Employee benefit program All employees Professional and Technica Employee benefit program All employees Professional and Technica administrative employees employee 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Paid: Holidays 97 97 96 Vacations 97 98 99 Personal leave 22 28 30 Lunch period 10 4 4 Rest period 71 57 69 Funeral leave 84 87 86 Jury duty leave 90 95 92 Military leave 53 61 57 Employee benefit program All employees Professional and Technica administrative employees employee 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Sick leave 68 93 87 Maternity leave 3 4 2 Paternity leave 1 2 1 Unpaid: Maternity leave 37 39 37 Paternity leave 18 20 17 Sickness and accident 43 29 29 insurance Long-term disability 45 65 57 insurance Employee benefit program All employees Professional and Technica administrative employees employee 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� insurance Medical care 92 93 91 Dental care 66 69 66 Life insurance 94 95 94 Defined benefit pension 63 64 63 Defined contribution 48 59 52 Retirement2 36 43 39 Capital accumulation3 14 18 14 All retirement4 81 85 81 Employee benefit program All employees Professional and Technica administrative employees employee 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Flexible benefits plans 9 14 15 Reimbursement accounts 23 36 31 1 Survey coverage excludes executives and employees in constant travel status, such as airline pilots, as well as data for Alaska and Hawaii. Except for maternity and paternity leave and reimbursement accounts, benefits paid for entirely by the employee were excluded from the tabulations. Professional-administrative and technical-clerical workers are often discussed jointly as white-collar workers. Production-service workers are often called blue-collar workers. 2 Includes money purchase pension, profit sharing, savings and thrift, stock bonus, and employee stock ownership plans in which employer contributions must remain in the participant's account until retirement age, death, disability, separation from service, age 59, or hardship. 3 Includes plans in which participants may withdraw employer contributions from their accounts without regard to the conditions listed in footnote 2. 4 Includes defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution retirement plans. Many employees participated in both types of plans. Injuries and Illnesses in Industry Bureau of Labor Statistics (in thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴� Industry division Total cases1 Total cases1 Lost workday ca 1987 1988 1987 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Injuries and Illnesses2 6,035.9 6,438.6 2,801.6 Agriculture, forestry, and 99.6 101.9 50.8 Industry division Total cases1 Total cases1 Lost workday ca 1987 1988 1987 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Agriculture, forestry, and 99.6 101.9 50.8 fishing2 Mining3 61.5 64.4 35.1 Construction 638.3 656.5 295.0 Manufacturing 2,212.6 2,464.8 976.5 Durable goods 1,385.6 1,601.7 597.0 Nondurable goods 827.0 863.1 379.5 Transportation and public 429.2 464.8 250.6 utilities Wholesale and retail trade 1,470.5 1,534.8 654.8 Industry division Total cases1 Total cases1 Lost workday ca 1987 1988 1987 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wholesale and retail trade 1,470.5 1,534.8 654.8 Wholesale trade 408.7 432.9 205.4 Retail trade 1,061.8 1,101.9 449.4 Finance, insurance, and real 115.3 119.4 51.2 estate Services 1,009.0 1,031.9 487.5 Injuries 5,845.5 6,197.7 2,721.3 Illnesses 190.4 240.9 80.3 1 Includes fatalities; 2 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees; 3 Excludes independent mining contractors. Note: Becauseof rounding, components may not add to totals. Projected Job Growth in Metropolitan Areas: 1985-2000 National Planning Association Following are the top 30 metro area for employment growth: 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 City Year 2000 job totals 1985-2000 increase 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Los Angeles 5,306,000 1,032,000 Boston 3,056,800 754,700 Anaheim 1,849,900 701,500 San Jose 1,453,600 539,200 Phoenix 1,453,700 537,000 Washington 2,622,100 509,000 City Year 2000 job totals 1985-2000 increase 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Washington 2,622,100 509,000 Houston 2,191,500 497,700 Chicago 3,627,700 493,500 Dallas 1,853,700 485,000 Atlanta 1,875,900 462,700 San Diego 1,438,200 422,400 Tampa 1,245,400 421,500 Philadelphia 2,700,000 406,100 New York 4,700,800 383,600 San Francisco 1,435,700 360,400 Denver 1,283,700 354,800 Minneapolis-St. Paul 1,652,800 352,000 Detroit 2,177,300 328,500 Nassau-Suffolk, NY 1,498,500 318,500 Orlando 773,700 308,600 Fort Lauderdale 796,400 299,400 Miami 1,198,400 284,100 Oakland 1,149,000 277,700 Seattle 1,202,500 268,400 City Year 2000 job totals 1985-2000 increase 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Seattle 1,202,500 268,400 Baltimore 1,445,800 249,000 Middlesex Cty., NJ 736,000 206,100 Riverside, CA 816,500 200,500 West Palm Beach 534,200 196,400 Newark 1,232,300 195,300 Hartford 844,800 190,200 United States 140.1 mil. 26.1 mil Unpaid Volunteer Workers, May 1989 Bureau of Labor Statistics (Numbers in thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total both sexes Total both sexes Total both sexes Volunteer workers Volunteer worker Characteristic Civilian Number % of population Total noninstitutional population 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total, 16 years and 186,181 38,042 20.4 over 16-19 years 14,231 1,902 13.4 20-24 years 18,114 2,064 11.4 25-34 years 42,868 8,680 20.2 35-44 years 35,775 10,337 28.9 45-54 years 24,668 5,670 23.0 55-64 years 21,373 4,455 20.8 Total both sexes Total both sexes Total both sexes Volunteer workers Volunteer worker Characteristic Civilian Number % of population Total noninstitutional population  65 years and over 29,153 4,934 16.9 Race and Hispanic Origin White 159,200 34,823 21.9 Black 20,985 2,505 11.9 Hispanic origin 13,728 1,289 9.4 Marital Status Single, never 46,071 6,327 13.7 married Total both sexes Total both sexes Total both sexes Volunteer workers Volunteer worker Characteristic Civilian Number % of population Total noninstitutional population married Married, spouse 106,117 26,344 24.8 present Married, spouse 5,772 765 13.2 absent Divorced 14,551 2,510 17.3 Widowed 13,671 2,096 15.3 Educational Attainment Less than 4 years 35,240 2,939 8.3 Total both sexes Total both sexes Total both sexes Volunteer workers Volunteer worker Characteristic Civilian Number % of population Total noninstitutional population Less than 4 years 35,240 2,939 8.3 of high school 4 years of high 59,156 11,105 18.8 school 1 to 3 years of 26,992 7,572 28.1 college 4 years of college 32,448 12,459 38.4 or more Data relate to persons 25 years and over. Note: Data on volunteer workers relate to persons who performed unpaid work for an organization or institution during the year ended May 1989. Detail for race and Hispanic-origin groups will not add to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Employed Wage and Salary Workers Paid at or Below Minimum Hourly Wage Rate, 1989 Bureau of Labor Statistics 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴� Number of Workers1 Number of Workers1 Number of (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) Characteristic Total paid hourly At $3.35 Below $3.35 rates 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total, 16 years and 62,389 1,790 1,372 Number of Workers1 Number of Workers1 Number of (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) Characteristic Total paid hourly At $3.35 Below $3.35 rates Total, 16 years and 62,389 1,790 1,372 over2 16 to 24 years 15,635 1,050 673 16 to 19 years 6,077 710 369 25 years and over 46,754 739 699 Male, 16 years and 31,687 733 379 over 16 to 24 years 8,135 497 220 16 to 19 years 3,066 343 118 Number of Workers1 Number of Workers1 Number of (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) Characteristic Total paid hourly At $3.35 Below $3.35 rates  25 years and over 23,552 237 159 Women, 16 years and 30,702 1,056 994 over 16 to 24 years 7,500 553 453 16 to 19 years 3,011 367 251 25 years and over 23,203 503 540 White 52,249 1,380 1,213 Black 8,152 372 119 Number of Workers1 Number of Workers1 Number of (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) Characteristic Total paid hourly At $3.35 Below $3.35 rates  Hispanic origin3 5,692 192 85 Full-time workers 47,059 585 455 Part-time workers4 15,330 1,204 918 Private sector 54,540 1,590 1,305 Goods-producing 19,468 234 89 industries5 Service-producing 35,072 1,356 1,215 industries6 Retail trade 13,314 868 847 Number of Workers1 Number of Workers1 Number of (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) Characteristic Total paid hourly At $3.35 Below $3.35 rates Retail trade 13,314 868 847 Services 14,133 413 328 Public sector 7,849 199 68 1 Excludes the incorporated self-employed. 2 Includes races not shown separately. 3 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. 4 Working fewer than 35 hours per week. 5 Includes agriculture, mining, construction, and manufacturing. 6 Includes transportation and public utilities; wholesale trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; private households; and other service industries, not shown separately. Federal Minimum Hourly Wage Rates Since 1950 U.S. Department of Labor. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴� Minimum Rates for Nonfarm Minimum Rates for Nonfarm Minimum Workers Workers Workers Effective date Laws prior to 19661 Percent, avg earnings2 1966 an 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jan. 25, 1950 $.75 54 (X) Mar. 1, 1956 1.00 52 (X) Sept. 3, 1961 1.15 50 (X) Sept. 3, 1963 1.25 51 (X) Feb. 1, 1967 1.40 50 $1.00 Minimum Rates for Nonfarm Minimum Rates for Nonfarm Minimum Workers Workers Workers Effective date Laws prior to 19661 Percent, avg earnings2 1966 an 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Feb. 1, 1967 1.40 50 $1.00 Feb. 1, 1968 1.60 54 1.15 Feb. 1, 1969 (5) (5) 1.30 Feb. 1, 1970 (5) (5) 1.45 Feb. 1, 1971 (5) (5) 1.60 May 1, 1974 2.00 46 1.90 Jan. 1, 1975 2.10 45 2.00 Jan. 1, 1976 2.30 46 2.20 Minimum Rates for Nonfarm Minimum Rates for Nonfarm Minimum Workers Workers Workers Effective date Laws prior to 19661 Percent, avg earnings2 1966 an 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Jan. 1, 1977 (5) (5) 2.30 Jan. 1, 1978 2.65 44 2.65 Jan. 1, 1979 2.90 45 2.90 Jan. 1, 1980 3.10 45 3.10 Jan. 1, 1981 3.35 43 3.35 Apr. 1, 1990 3.806 Apr. 1, 1991 4.256 (Employee estimates as of September 1984, except as indicated. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 and subsequent amendments provide for minimum wage coverage applicable to specified nonsupervisory employment categories. Exempt from coverage are executives and administrators or professionals). X Not applicable. 1 Applies to workers covered prior to 1961 Amendments and, after Sept. 1965, to workers covered by 1961 Amendments. Rates set by 1961 Amendments were: Sept. 1961, $1.00; Sept. 1964, $1.15; and Sept. 1965, $1.25. 2 Percent of gross average hourly earnings of production workers in manufacturing. 3 Applies to workers newly covered by Amendments of 1966, 1974, and 1977, and Title IX of Education Amendments of 1972. 4 Included in coverage as of 1966, 1974, and 1977 Amendments. 5 No change in rate. 6 Training wage for workers age 16-19 in first six months of first job: 1990, $3.35; 1991, $3.61. Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers1 by Major Industry, 1966-1989 Bureau of Labor Statistics (annual averages) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year Mining Construction Manufacturing Transportation and public utiliti 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1966 $130.24 $146.26 $112.19 $128.13 1967 135.89 154.95 114.49 130.82 1968 142.71 164.49 122.51 138.85 1969 154.80 181.54 129.51 147.74 1970 164.40 195.45 133.33 155.93 1971 172.14 211.67 142.44 168.82 1972 189.14 221.19 154.71 187.86 1973 201.40 235.89 166.46 203.31 1974 219.14 249.25 176.80 217.48 1975 249.31 266.08 190.79 233.44 1976 273.90 283.73 209.32 256.71 1977 301.20 295.65 228.90 278.90 1978 332.88 318.69 249.27 302.80 1979 365.07 342.99 269.34 325.58 1980 397.06 367.78 288.62 351.25 1981 438.75 399.26 318.00 382.18 Year Mining Construction Manufacturing Transportation and public utiliti 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1981 438.75 399.26 318.00 382.18 1982 459.88 426.82 330.26 402.48 1983 479.40 442.97 354.08 420.81 1984 503.58 458.51 374.03 438.13 1985 519.93 464.46 386.37 450.30 1986 525.81 466.75 396.01 458.64 1987 531.70 480.44 406.31 471.58 1988 541.44 495.73 418.81 475.69 1989 569.75 512.41 430.09 490.53 1 Production or nonsupervisory workers or private nonagriculture payrolls Work Stoppages (Strikes) in the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (involving 1,000 workers or more) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year Number stoppages1 Workers involved1 (thousands) Work days idle1 (thou 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1955 363 2,055 21,100 1960 222 896 13,260 1965 268 999 15,140 1966 321 1,300 16,000 1967 381 2,192 31,320 1968 392 1,855 35,567 1969 412 1,576 29,397 1970 381 2,468 52,761 1971 298 2,516 35,538 1972 250 975 16,764 1973 317 1,400 16,260 1974 424 1,796 31,809 1975 235 965 17,563 1976 231 1,519 23,962 1977 298 1,212 21,258 1978 219 1,006 23,774 Year Number stoppages1 Workers involved1 (thousands) Work days idle1 (thou 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1978 219 1,006 23,774 1979 235 1,021 20,409 1980 187 795 20,844 1981 145 729 16,908 1982 96 656 9,061 1983 81 909 17,461 1984 62 376 8,499 1985 54 324 7,079 1986 69 533 11,861 1987 46 174 4,481 1988 40 118 4,364 1989 51 452 16,996 1 The number of stoppages and workers relate to stoppages that began in the year. Days of idleness include all stoppages in effect. Workers are counted more than once if they were involved in more than one stoppage during the year. Civilian Employment of the Federal Government Workforce Analysis and Statistics Division, U.S. Office of Personnel Management as of May 1990 (Payroll in thousands of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴� All Areas All Areas United States United Agency Employment Payroll Employment Payroll 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total, all agencies1 3,496,573 8,178,282 3,354,214 7,836,3 Legislative branch 38,149 113,984 38,094 113,793 Congress 20,000 54,306 20,000 54,306 U.S. Senate 7,581 20,690 7,581 20,690 House of Rep Summary 12,404 33,575 12,404 33,575 Comm. on Scty & Coop in Eur 15 41 15 41 Architect of the Capitol 2,246 5,080 2,246 5,080 Botanic Garden 66 150 66 150 All Areas All Areas United States United Agency Employment Payroll Employment Payroll 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Botanic Garden 66 150 66 150 Committee on Agricltl. Workers 5 11 5 11 Comm Int Mig&Coop Econ Dev 9 33 9 33 Congressional Budget Ofc 218 1,033 218 1,033 Copyright Royalty Tribunal 9 36 9 36 General Accounting Ofc 5,309 17,486 5,260 17,682 Government Printing Ofc 5,017 21,142 5,017 21,142 Library of Congress 4,722 12,647 4,716 12,620 Nat Comm on AIDS Syndrome 8 30 8 30 Nat Comm Prev Infant Mort 10 20 10 20 Ofc Technology Assessment 193 458 193 458 Physician Payment Rev Comm 1 1 1 1 Prosptv Paymt Assessmt Com 5 5 5 5 U.S. Tax Court 331 1,186 331 1,186 Judicial Branch 22,903 63,012 22,644 62,296 Supreme Court 346 869 346 869 U.S. Courts 22,525 62,042 22,266 61,326 U.S. Court of Vets Appeals 32 101 32 101 All Areas All Areas United States United Agency Employment Payroll Employment Payroll 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� U.S. Court of Vets Appeals 32 101 32 101 Executive Branch 3,435,521 8,001,286 3,293,476 7,660,2 Exec Ofc of the President 1,682 5,777 1,673 5,729 White House Office 386 1,156 386 1,156 Ofc of Vice President 21 75 21 75 Ofc of Mgt & Budget 536 2,047 536 2,047 Office of Administration 217 567 217 567 Council Economic Advisors 27 112 27 112 Council on Environ Qual 17 63 17 63 Ofc of Policy Development 37 103 37 103 Exec Residence at WH 90 338 90 338 Natl Crit Materials Coun 1 6 1 6 National Security Council 65 235 65 235 National Space Council 3 13 3 13 Ofc of Natl Drug Control 91 325 91 325 Ofc of Sci and Tech Policy 21 113 21 113 Ofc of U.S. Trade Rep 170 624 161 576 Executive Departments 2,432,594 5,491,012 2,310,965 5,199,2 All Areas All Areas United States United Agency Employment Payroll Employment Payroll 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Executive Departments 2,432,594 5,491,012 2,310,965 5,199,2 State 25,222 70,568 9,366 28,622 Treasury 164,753 381,585 163,692 378,159 Defense, Total 1,054,279 2,755,549 958,099 2,531,4 Dept of the Army 374,930 879,961 329,530 788,687 Dept of the Navy 338,790 949,715 315,454 916,225 Dept of the Air Force 247,124 66,757 232,862 613,781 Defense Log Agcy 51,480 118,038 51,074 116,603 Other Defense Activities 41,955 141,078 29,179 96,197 Justice 81,690 241,111 80,266 236,321 Interior 76,301 176,868 75,917 175,809 Agriculture 118,959 258,484 117,430 255,734 Commerce 421,153 277,521 420,252 274,441 Labor 17,844 54,963 17,807 54,817 Health and Human Services 122,514 315,915 121,825 314,149 Housing & Urban Dev 13,313 36,628 13,194 36,285 Transportation 66,617 242,413 66,097 240,370 Energy 17,473 57,717 17,468 57,685 All Areas All Areas United States United Agency Employment Payroll Employment Payroll 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Energy 17,473 57,717 17,468 57,685 Education 4,831 14,461 4,826 14,446 Veterans Affairs 247,645 607,229 244,726 600,897 Independent agencies1 1,001,245 2,504,497 980,838 2,455,3 Environmtl Protect Agcy 16,625 47,767 16,608 47,705 Equal Employ Opp Comm 2,795 7,803 2,795 7,803 Federal Deposit Ins Corp. 14,415 44,483 14,401 44,433 Fed Emergency Mgmt Agcy 3,479 9,098 3,263 8,794 General Svcs Admin. 20,258 51,367 20,177 51,139 Natl Archives & Recds, Admin. 3,032 5,015 3,032 5,015 Natl Aero Space Admin 24,561 96,262 24,553 96,202 Nuclear Regulatory Comm 3,318 14,908 3,318 14,908 Office of Personnel Mgmt 6,705 13,574 6,680 13,538 Panama Canal Commission 8,289 15,713 18 47 Small Business Admin 5,376 14,642 5,057 13,834 Smithsonian, Summary 5,060 11,810 4,912 11,500 Tennessee Valley Auth 26,769 89,533 26,767 89,529 U.S. Information Agency 8,635 28,146 4,283 16,930 All Areas All Areas United States United Agency Employment Payroll Employment Payroll 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� U.S. Information Agency 8,635 28,146 4,283 16,930 U.S. Intnatl Dev Coop Agcy 4,826 16,439 2,452 8,169 U.S. Postal Service 823,314 1,964,407 819,677 1,954,1 1 Included in Total are other independent agencies with fewer than 2,500 employees. Labor Union Directory Bureau of Labor Statistics; World Almanac questionnaire (*) Independent union; all others affiliated with AFL-CIO. American Federation of Labor & Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), 815 16th St. NW, Washington, DC 20006; 14.5 mln. members. Actors and Artistes of America, Associated (AAAA), 165 W. 46th St., New York, NY 10036; founded 1919; Theodore Bikel, Pres.; no individual members, 9 National Performing Arts Unions are affiliates; approx. 220,000 combined membership. Actors' Equity Association, 165 W. 46th St., New York, NY 10036; founded 1913; Colleen Dewhurst, Pres.; 39,000 active members. Air Line Pilots Association, 1625 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20036. Henry A. Duffy, Pres.; 41,000 members. Aluminum Brick & Glass Workers International Union (ABGWIU), 3362 Hollenberg Drive, Bridgeton, MO 63044; founded 1953; Ernie Labaff, Pres. (since 1985); 51,800 members, 390 locals. Automobile, Aerospace & Agricultural Implement Workers of America, International Union, United (UAW), 8000 E. Jefferson Ave., Detroit, MI 48214; founded 1935; Owen Bieber, Pres. (since 1983); 1,000,000 members, 1,194 locals. Bakery, Confectionery & Tobacco Workers International Union (BC&T), 10401 Connecticut Ave., Kensington, MD 20895; founded 1886; John DeConcini, Pres. (since 1978); 139,000 members, 139 locals. Boilermakers, Iron Shipbuilders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers, International Brotherhood of (IBBISB/BF&H), 570 New Brotherhood Bldg., 753 State Ave., Kansas City, KS 66101; founded 1880; Charles W. Jones, Pres. (since 1983) 95,000 members, 375 locals. Bricklayers and Allied Craftsmen, International Union of, 815 15th St. NW, Washington, DC 20005; John T. Joyce, Pres.; 106,000 members, 525 locals. Carpenters and Joiners of America, United Brotherhood of, 101 Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20001; founded 1881; Sigurd Lucassen, Gen. Pres.; 595,000 members, 1,500 locals. Chemical Workers Union, International (ICWU), 1655 West Market St., Akron, OH 44313; founded 1944; Frank D. Martino, Pres. (since 1975); 50,000 members, 350 locals. Clothing and Textile Workers Union, Amalgamated (ACTWU), 15 Union Square, New York, NY 10003; founded 1976; union founded 1914; Jack Sheinkman, Pres. (since 1987); 272,669 members, 1,400 locals. Communications Workers of America, (AFL-CIO, CLC) 1925 K St. NW, Washington, DC 20006; Morton Bahr, Pres.; 700,000 members, 1,200 locals. Distillery, Wine & Allied Workers International Union (DWU), 66 Grand Ave., Englewood, NJ 07631; founded 1940; George J. Orlando, Pres. (since 1984); 15,500 members, 57 locals. *Education Association, National, 1201 16th St. NW, Washington, DC 20036; Keith Geiger, Pres. (since 1989); 2,000,000 members, 12,000 affiliates. Electrical Workers, International Brotherhood of (IBEW), 1125 15th St., NW, Washington, DC 20005; founded 1891; J.J. Barry, Int'l Pres.; 1,000,000 members, 1,400 locals. Electronic, Electrical, Salaried, Machine and Furniture Workers, International Union of (IUE), 1126 16th St. NW, Washington, DC 20036; founded 1949; William H. Bywater, Pres. (since 1982); 190,000 members, 530 locals. Farm Workers of America, United (UFW), P.O. Box 62, Keene, CA 93531; founded 1962; Cesar E. Chavez, Pres. (since 1962); 100,000 members. *Federal Employees, National Federation of (NFFE), 1016 16th St. NW, Washington, DC 20036; founded 1917; James M. Peirce Jr., Pres. (since 1976); 60,000+ members, 487 locals. Fire Fighters, International Association of, 1750 New York Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20006; John A. Gannon, Pres.; 172,401 members, 1,943 locals. Firemen and Oilers, International Brotherhood of, 1100 Circle 75 Parkway, Suite 350, Atlanta, GA 30339; Jimmy L. Walker, Pres.; 30,000 members. Food and Commercial Workers International Union, United, (UFCW) 1775 K St., NW, Washington, DC 20006; founded 1979 following merger; William H. Wynn, Int'l Pres. (since 1977); 1.3 million members, 600 locals. Garment Workers of America, United (UGWA), 4207 Lebanon Rd., Hermitage, TN 37076; founded 1891; Earl W. Carroll, Gen. Pres. (since 1987); 25,000 members, 125 locals. Glass, Molders, Pottery, Plastics & Allied Workers Intl. Union (GMP), 608 E. Baltimore Pike, P.O. Box 607, Media, PA 19063; founded 1842; James E. Hatfield, Int'l Pres. (since 1977); 90,000 members, 435 locals. Government Employees, American Federation of (AFGE) AFL-CIO, 80 F St., NW, Washington, DC 20001; founded 1932; John N. Sturdivant, Natl. Pres. (since 1988); 210,000 members, 1,300 locals. Grain Millers, American Federation of (AFGM), 4949 Olson Memorial Hwy., Minneapolis, MN 55422; founded 1948; Robert W. Willis, Gen. Pres.; 30,000 members, 210 locals. Graphic Communications International Union (GCIU), 1900 L St., NW, Washington, DC 20036; founded 1983; James J. Norton, Pres. (since 1985); 182,706 members, 520 locals. Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees International Union, 1219-28th St., NW, Washington, DC 20007; Edward T. Henley, Gen. Pres.; 330,000 members, 190 locals. Industrial Workers of America, International Union, Allied (AIW), 3520 W. Oklahoma Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53215; founded 1935; Dominick D'Ambrosio, Intl. Pres. (since 1975); 61,000 members, 330 locals. Iron Workers, International Association of Bridge Structural and Ornamental, 1750 New York Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20006; Jake West, Gen. Pres.; 145,000 members, 300 locals. Laborers' International Union of North America (LIUNA), 905 16th St. NW, Washington, DC 20006; founded 1903; Angelo Fosco, Gen. Pres. (since 1976); 450,000 members, 696 locals. Ladies Garment Workers Union, International (ILGWU), 1710 Broadway, New York, NY 10019; founded 1900; Jay Mazur, Pres. (since 1986); 175,000 members, 340 locals. Leather Goods, Plastic and Novelty Workers' Union, International, 265 W. 14th St., New York, NY 10011; Domenic DiPaolo, Gen. Pres.; 20,000 members, 85 locals. Letter Carriers, National Association of (NALC), 100 Indiana Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20001; founded 1889; Vincent R. Sombrotto, Pres. (since 1978); 315,281 members, 3,622 locals. *Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood of (BLE), The Standard Bldg., Cleveland, OH 44113; founded 1863; Larry McFather, Pres. (since 1987); 56,000 members, 650 divisions. Longshoremen's Association, International, 17 Battery Pl., New York, NY 10004; Thomas W. Gleason, Pres.; 76,579 members, 367 locals. *Longshoremen's & Warehousemen's Union, International (ILWU), 1188 Franklin St., San Francisco, CA 94109; founded 1937; James R. Herman, Pres. (since 1977); 55,000 members, 58 locals. Machinists and Aerospace Workers, International Association of (IAM), 1300 Connecticut Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20036; founded 1888; George J. Kourpias, Int'l Pres.; 826,875 members, 1,700 locals. Maintenance of Way Employes, Brotherhood of (BMWE), 12050 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI 48203; founded 1887; Geoffrey N. Zeh, Pres. (since 1986); 75,000 members, 910 locals. Marine & Shipbuilding Workers of America, Industrial Union of (IUMSWA), 5101 River Rd., #110, Bethesda, MD 20816; founded 1934; (merged with Machinists and Aerospace Workers, effective Dec. 1, 1990). Marine Engineer Beneficial Assn./National Maritime Union (MEBA/NMU), 444 N. Capitol St. NW, Suite 800, Washington, D.C. 20001; C.E. DeFries, Pres.; 50,000 members. *Mine Workers of America, United (UMWA), 900 15th St. NW, Washington, DC 20005; founded 1890; Richard Trumka, Int'l Pres. (since 1982); 186,000 members, 800 locals. Musicians of the United States and Canada, American Federation of (AF of M), 1501 Broadway, Suite 600, New York, NY 10036; founded 1896; J. Martin Emerson, Pres. (since 1987); 206,000 members, 480 locals. Newspaper Guild, The (TNG), 8611 Second Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910; founded 1933; Charles Dale, Pres. (since 1987); 33,000 members, 80 locals. Novelty & Production Workers, Intl. Union of Allied, 1815 Franklin Ave., Valley Stream, NY 11581; Julius Isaacson, Pres. 30,000 members, 18 locals. *Nurses Association, American, 2420 Pershing Rd., Kansas City, MO 64108; Lucille A. Joel, Ed.D, R.N., F.A.A.N., Pres.; 53 constituent state assns. Office and Professional Employees International Union (OPEIU), 265 W. 14th St., New York, NY 10011; founded 1945 (AFL Charter); John Kelly, Int'l Pres. (since 1979); 135,000 members, 300 locals. Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers International Union (OCAW), PO Box 2812, Denver, CO 80201; Joseph M. Misbrener, Pres. (since 1983); 100,000 members, 400 locals. Operating Engineers, International Union of (IUOE), 1125 17th St. NW, Washington, DC 20036; founded 1896; Larry Dugan, Jr., Gen. Pres. (since 1985); 375,000 members, 200 locals. Painters and Allied Trades, International Brotherhood of (IBPAT), 1750 New York Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20006; founded 1887; William A. Duval, Gen. Pres. (since 1984); 156,597 members, 640 locals. Paperworkers International Union, United (UPIU), 3340 Perimeter Hill Dr., Nashville, TN 37202; founded 1884; Wayne E. Glenn, Pres. (since 1978); 230,000 members, 1,100 locals. *Plant Guard Workers of America, International Union, United (UPGWA), 25510 Kelly Rd., Roseville, MI 48066; founded 1948; Gene McConville, Pres.; 28,000 members, 176 locals. Plasterers' and Cement Mason's International Association of the United States & Canada; Operative, 1125 17th St. NW, Washington, DC 20036; Robert J. Holton, Pres.; Vincent J. Panepinto, Secy.-Treas.; 65,000 members, 365 locals. Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry of the United States and Canada, United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the, 901 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20001; Marvin J. Boede, Pres.; 325,000 members. *Police, Fraternal Order of, 2100 Gardiner Lane, Louisville, KY 40205; Dewey R. Stokes, Natl. Pres. and Charles R. Orms, Natl. Secy.; 212,000 members, 1,843 affiliates. *Postal Supervisors, National Association of, 490 L'Enfant Plaza SW, Suite 3200, Washington, DC 20024-2120; Rubin Handelman, Pres.; 44,000 members, 443 locals. Postal Workers Union, American (APWU), 1300 L St. NW, Washington, DC 20005; founded 1971; Moe Biller, Pres. (since 1980); 365,000 members, 2,000 locals. Railway Carmen Division of Transportation Communications Int'l. Union (BRC Division/TCU), 4929 Main St., Kansas City, MO 64112; founded 1888; W.G. Fairchild, Gen. Pres. (since 1989); 50,000 members, 310 locals. Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, 30 E. 29th St., New York, NY 10016; Lenore Miller, Pres.; 200,000 members, 250 locals. Roofers, Waterproofers & Allied Workers, United Union of, 1125 17th St. NW, Washington, DC 20036; Earl J. Kruse, Pres.; 27,000 members, 138 locals. Rubber, Cork, Linoleum and Plastic Workers of America, United (URW), 87 South High St., Akron, OH 44308; founded 1935; Milan Stone; Int'l Pres. (since 1981); 109,000 members, 411 locals. *Rural Letter Carriers' Association, National, Suite 100, 1448 Duke St., Alexandria, VA 22314; founded 1903; Vernon H. Meier, Pres. (since 1989); 80,000 members; 47 state organizations. Seafarers International Union of North America (SIUNA), 5201 Auth Way, Camp Springs, MD 20746; founded 1938; Michael Sacco, Pres.; 90,000 members. Service Employees International Union (SEIU), 1313 L St. NW, Washington, DC 20005; founded 1921; John J. Sweeney, Pres. (since 1980); 850,000 members, 300 locals. Sheet Metal Workers' International Association (SMWIA), 1750 New York Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20006; founded 1888; Edward J. Carlough, Gen. Pres. (since 1970); 150,000 members, 245 locals. State, County and Municipal Employees, American Federation of, 1625 L St. NW, Washington, DC 20036; Gerald McEntee, Pres.; 1,200,000 members, 2,991 locals. Steelworkers of America, United (USWA), 5 Gateway Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15222; founded 1936; Lynn Williams, Int'l Pres. (since 1984); 750,000 members, 3,500 locals. Teachers, American Federation of (AFT), 555 New Jersey Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20001; founded 1916; Albert Shanker, Pres. (since 1974); 750,000 members, 2,400 locals. Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of America, International Brotherhood of (IBT), 25 Louisiana Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20001; founded 1903; William J. McCarthy, Gen. Pres.; 1,600,000 members, 700 locals. Television and Radio Artists, American Federation of, 260 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10016; founded 1937; Reed Farrell, Pres.; 67,000 members, 38 locals. Textile Workers of America, United (UTWA), 2 Echelon Plaza, Laurel Rd., P.O. Box 749, Voorhees, NJ 08043-0749; founded 1901; Vernon Mustard, Intl. Pres. (since 1986); 26,000 members, 180 locals. Theatrical Stage Employes and Moving Picture Machine Operators of the United States and Canada, International Alliance of, 1515 Broadway, New York, NY 10036; Alfred W. Di Tolla, Pres.; 61,471 members, 750 locals. Transit Union, Amalgamated (ATU), 5025 Wisconsin Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20016; founded 1892; James La Sala, Intl. Pres. (since 1986); 165,000 members, 275 locals. Transport Workers Union of America, 80 West End Ave., New York, NY 10023; founded 1934; George Leitz, Int'l Pres. (since 1985); 100,000 members, 94 locals. Transportation Communications International Union (TCU), 3 Research Place, Rockville, MD 20850; Richard I. Kilroy, Int'l Pres. (since 1981); 160,000 members, 750 locals. *Transportation Union, United (UTU), 14600 Detroit Ave., Cleveland, OH 44107; founded 1969; Fred A. Hardin, Pres. (since 1979); 100,000 members; 769 locals. *Treasury Employees Union, National (NTEU), 1730 K St. NW, Suite 1101, Washington, DC 20006; founded 1938; Robert M. Tobias, Natl. Pres. (since 1983); 120,000 represented, 250 chapters. *University Professors, American Association of (AAUP), 1012-14th St., Washington, DC 20005; founded 1915; Carol Simpson Stern, Pres.; 40,000 members, 600 chapters. Upholsterers' International Union of North America (UIU), 25 N. 4th St., Philadelphia, PA 19106; founded 1882; John Serembus, Pres.; 31,827 members, 133 locals. Utility Workers Union of America (UWUA), 815 16th St. NW, Washington, DC 20006; founded 1945; James Joy Jr., Natl. Pres. (since 1980); 60,000 members, 220 locals. International Woodworkers of America --U.S. (IWA--U.S.), 25 Cornell, Gladstone, OR 97027; founded 1987; Wilson (Bill) Hubbell, Natl. Pres.; 28,000 members, 100 locals. U.S. Union Membership, 1930-1989 Bureau of Labor Statistics 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Labor1 Force (thousands) Union2 Members (thousands) Percent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1930 29,424 3,401 11.6 1935 27,053 3,584 13.2 1940 32,376 8,717 26.9 1945 40,394 14,322 35.5 1950 45,222 14,267 31.5 1955 50,675 16,802 33.2 1960 54,234 17,049 31.4 1965 60,815 17,299 28.4 1970 70,920 19,381 27.3 1975 76,945 19,611 25.5 1980 90,564 19,843 21.9 1983 88,290 17,717 20.1 Year Labor1 Force (thousands) Union2 Members (thousands) Percent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1983 88,290 17,717 20.1 1984 92,194 17,340 18.8 1985 94,521 16,996 18.0 1986 96,903 16,975 17.5 1987 99,303 16,913 17.0 1988 101,407 17,002 16.8 1989 103,480 16,960 16.4 1 Does not include agricultural employment; from 1983 data do not include self-employed or unemployed persons. 2 From 1930 to 1980 data are the number of dues paying members of traditional trade unions with members counted regardless of employment status; from 1983 members include employee associations that engage in collective bargaining with employers. TAXES Federal Income Tax George W. Smith III, CPA, Cut Your Own Taxes and Save, Pharos Books. During the past decade, Congress enacted the most dramatic changes in our tax law in over fifty years. Its purpose was to create a more equitable income tax system for all taxpayers. Many of the provisions resulting from these massive changes in legislation will affect all taxpayers filing their 1990 income tax return. History of the United States Income Tax The history of taxation in the United States centers primarily around the income tax and is consistent with the pattern of taxation in almost every highly developed country. Although the Massachusetts Bay Colony enacted an income tax in 1643, the first U.S. income tax was not created until the Civil War. However, this infant income tax had little vitality and it expired soon after the war. In 1894, another income tax act was passed by Congress. By this time, income tax had become a very important political issue, but in the following year, the Supreme Court held that the income tax law was unconstitutional and invalidated the entire statute. Congress did not give up and passed the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This amendment was passed by Congress on July 12, 1909 and laid the foundation for the basic framework of our modern income tax system. It was ratified by the required number of state legislatures early in 1913 and states broadly and explicitly: "The Congress shall have the power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration." Congress quickly expanded on this newly sanctioned source of revenue. Corporations as well as individuals became subject to the new income tax. Since then various revenue acts have been passed. One of the most important of these acts was the Current Tax Payment Act of 1943. This act instituted for the first time the "pay-as-you go" system. This system, which requires the regular withholding of tax from each employee's paycheck and the filing of estimated tax payments, remains the basic method for the collection of our income taxes today. During the past few decades, Congress enacted several major tax acts. However, the Tax Reform Act of 1986 represents the most extensive overhaul of the tax code since 1954. This Act contains approximately 1,850 separate Code amendments. Because of the scope and magnitude of these amendments Congress decided to redesignate the 1954 Code as the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Tax Law Changes and Recent Developments * Interest earned on Series EE bonds issued in 1990 or later may be exempt from federal income tax if used to pay tuition and fees for a taxpayer, spouse or dependents to attend a college, university or qualified technical school during the year the bonds are redeemed. This exclusion is subject to an income phaseout. * Parents may elect to include on their income tax return the unearned income of a dependent child under age 14 whose income is more than $500 but less than $5,000. The income must consist solely of interest, dividends or Alaska Permanent Fund dividends. This election is not available if estimated tax payments were made in the child's name. Form 8814, Parent's Election to Report Child's Interest and Dividends, is required to report this income. * For individuals age 55 or over, the 3 out of 5 year home use rule for the sale of a principal residence has been expanded. Certain incapacitated individuals who reside in state licensed facilities may exclude from gross income up to $125,000 of gain resulting from the sale of their house if the house was used as their principal residence for at least one year out of the last 5 years. * For a taxpayer to be eligible for the child and dependent care credit, the dependent must be under age 13. The taxpayer must also report the name, address, and identification number of the child care provider on their income tax return or the taxpayer will not be entitled to the credit. * An individual may not claim an exemption for a dependent child for 1990 who qualifies as a full time student and is over age 23 at the end of the year unless the child's gross income is less than $2,050. * A taxpayer must list the social security number of any dependent claimed on his income tax return who is at least 2 years old by the end of the tax year. The penalty for noncompliance can be $50 per omitted number. * A business deduction is not allowed for the base rate on the first telephone line into a personal residence. This disallowance does not affect the deductibility of long distance calls or optional services such as call waiting, call forwarding, three-way calling or extra directory listings as long as they are business related. * IRA investments are allowed for certain gold and silver coins issued by the U.S. Government. Investments also may include coins issued by a state government. However, only certain state coins issued after November 10, 1988 qualify. * Jury duty pay surrendered by an employee to an employer in return for his normal salary is deductible as an adjustment to income--not as an itemized deduction. * Starting with 1990, the IRS does not require the filing of Form 4562, Depreciation and Amortization, for individuals claiming a deduction for depreciation on nonlisted property placed in service in a previous year. * For 1990, the standard mileage rate for business use of an automobile has been increased to 26 cents per mile. This rate applies to all business miles driven and not just for the first 15,000 miles as in prior years. * Starting with 1990, the business use of a cellular phone must be for the convenience of the employer and a condition of employment to be an allowable business deduction for employees. * For 1990, self-employed persons will be entitled to an income tax deduction up to one-half of the social security self-employment (SE) tax liability. The SE tax rate for 1990 is 15.3 percent of the first $51,300 of net earnings from self-employment or a maximum tax of $7,848.90. The deduction is also taken into account when computing SE net income and may reduce the SE tax liability. 1990 Individual Tax Rates There will be only two rates for 1990 -- 15% and 28%. The dollar bracket amounts have been adjusted for inflation. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Tax Rates Bracket 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Single Single 15% $0 to $19,450 28% Over $19,450 Married Filing Jointly or Qualifying Married Filing Jointly or Qualifying Widow(er) Widow(er) 15% $0 to $32,450 28% Over $32,450 Married Filing Separately Married Filing Separately Tax Rates Bracket 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  15% $0 to $16,225 28% Over $16,225 Head of Household Head of Household 15% $0 to $26,050 28% Over $26,050 Certain higher incomes will be subject to an additional 5% tax. This 5% rate adjustment phases out the benefit of the lower 15% tax rate. For married taxpayers filing jointly, the 5% phaseout begins with taxable income of $78,400 and is fully phased out at $162,770. Heads of household with taxable income over $67,200 but not exceeding $134,930 will be subject to the 5% adjustment as will single individuals with taxable income over $47,050 but not exceeding $97,620. The phaseout for married taxpayers filing separately will apply when taxable income is over $39,200 but not exceeding $123,570. Standard Deduction The standard deduction is a flat amount that is subtracted from adjusted gross income for taxpayers who do not itemize their deductions. The amount of the basic standard deduction depends upon the taxpayer's filing status and is adjusted annually for inflation. Taxpayers with itemized deductions such as medical expenses, charitable contributions, interest, taxes, etc., totaling more than the standard deduction amount should not use the standard deduction. Instead, they should itemize their deductions. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1990 Basic Standard Deduction 1990 Basic Standard Deduction 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Single $3,250 Married filing jointly or Qualifying $5,450 widow(er) Married filing separately $2,725 Head of household $4,750 An individual claimed as a dependent on another person's income tax return may claim on their return the larger of $500, or the amount of earned income up to the amount of the standard deduction which the taxpayer would normally be allowed. Earned income includes wages, salaries, commissions, tips, net profit from self-employment--any money received as compensation for personal services rendered. It also includes any part of a scholarship or fellowship grant that must be included in gross income. Example: A dependent parent, age 60, had unearned income (interest and dividends) of $1,700 during 1990. He had no earned income. His basic standard deduction would be $500. He would have taxable income of $1,200. Example: A dependent son had $10,000 of unearned income and $100 of earned income. He is entitled to a $500 standard deduction. He is limited to this amount because he is a dependent and his earned income is less than $500. The taxpayer would, therefore, have $9,600 in taxable income. Example: A dependent daughter with $4,000 of earned income and $600 of unearned income would claim a maximum $3,250 standard deduction because her earned income of $4,000 is greater than the standard deduction. She would have taxable income of $1,350. Additional Standard Deduction for Age and Blindness Elderly or blind taxpayers may also claim an additional standard deduction. Taxpayers who are age 65 or over or blind at the end of 1990, qualify for the additional standard deduction for age and/or blindness. Taxpayers who claim the additional standard deduction for blindness must attach a doctor's statement to their income tax return. Taxpayers who itemize their deductions will lose the additional standard deduction. This standard deduction is adjusted each year for inflation. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1990 Additional Standard Deduction 1990 Additional Standard Deduction 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Single or Head of household, age 65 or $800 over or blind Single or Head of household, age 65 or $1,600 over and blind Married filing jointly, or Qualifying $650 widow(er), age 65 or over or blind 1990 Additional Standard Deduction 1990 Additional Standard Deduction 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 widow(er), age 65 or over or blind (per person) Married filing jointly or Qualifying $1,300 widow(er), age 65 or over and blind (per person) Example: A single, sixty-five year old individual would have a standard deduction of $4,050 computed as follows: 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Basic standard deduction for a single person $3,250 Additional standard deduction for age 800 Total $4,050 Example: A seventy year old husband and a fifty-eight year old blind wife filing jointly would be entitled to a standard deduction totaling $6,750 computed as follows. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Basic standard deduction for married filing jointly $5,450 Additional standard deduction for (husband's) age 650 Additional standard deduction for (wife's) blindness 650 Total $6,750 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Total $6,750 Exemptions The 1990 personal exemption amount is $2,050 and is adjusted each year for inflation. Adjustments to Income Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) Taxpayers with earned income may still make contributions to their IRAs; however, there may be limits as to the amount that can be deducted on their income tax return if they are covered by a qualified retirement plan by their employer. Income earned from IRAs will remain tax-free until the taxpayer withdraws it. For 1990, married taxpayers filing jointly with adjusted gross income of $40,000 or less may take an IRA deduction whether or not they are active participants in a qualified retirement plan. Single taxpayers in qualified retirement plans may also deduct IRAs if their adjusted gross income is $25,000 or less. The IRA deduction phases out over the next $10,000 of adjusted gross income if taxpayers are active participants in a qualified retirement plan. Consequently, married couples filing jointly with adjusted gross income over $50,000 or single filers with adjusted gross income over $35,000 may not deduct any contributions to their IRAs. Taxpayers who do not have a qualified retirement plan where they are employed may take an IRA deduction up to the lesser of $2,000, or the amount of their earned income, regardless of their total income. Taxpayers who are eligible to participate in their employers' qualified plans are considered to belong to the plan even if they choose not to participate. A qualified retirement plan generally includes: (1) a qualified pension, profit-sharing or stock bonus plan; (2) a qualified annuity plan; (3) a simplified employee pension plan; or (4) a plan established for its employees by the federal, state or other political subdivision or by an agency of these entities. Itemized Deductions * Medical expenses are deductible, but only for the amount that exceeds 7.5 percent of adjusted gross income. * 1990 is the final year for the consumer interest deduction such as finance charges on personal credit cards and installment interest on personal automobile loans. Only 10% of this interest is deductible in 1990. Beginning in 1991, there will be no consumer interest deduction. * Investment interest for 1990 is deductible to the extent of net investment income plus up to 10% of the next $10,000 of investment interest expense ($5,000 for a married person filing separately). * Mortgage interest on a taxpayer's first and second homes remains fully deductible. However, there are limitations. * Home equity loans are deductible up to the first $100,000 in equity debt. * Charitable contributions by an individual to qualified charities for business purposes are deductible but only if the taxpayer itemizes deductions. * State and local income taxes, real estate taxes, and personal property taxes remain fully deductible. * Casualty and theft losses are deductible subject to the 10% and $100 limitations. * Miscellaneous deductions, such as union and professional dues, tax preparation fees, safe deposit box rental and employee business expenses are deductible, but only for the amount that exceeds 2 percent of adjusted gross income. Moving Expenses Taxpayers who change jobs during the year can usually deduct some of their moving expenses. These expenses include the cost of moving household goods, travel to the new home, househunting trips, temporary living quarters, and other related expenses. To qualify, the move must be job-related and it must meet several other requirements including a distance and time test. The expenses for moving household goods and traveling to a new home have some limitations. All other deductible moving expenses, such as househunting trips or temporary living quarters, are subject to a $3,000 ceiling. Meal expenses are only 80% deductible. Moving expenses are deductible only if the taxpayer itemizes deductions on Schedule A of Form 1040. Moves within the U.S. are reported on Form 3903. Employee Business Expense All employee business expenses including travel, automobile, and entertainment are allowed only as itemized miscellaneous deductions. Only 80% of the cost of customer meals and entertainment is deductible. These expenses are then subject to the 2% of adjusted gross income limitation for miscellaneous deductions. Earned Income Credit Low income workers who have dependent children and maintain a household are eligible for a refundable earned income credit. The credit for 1990 is calculated on earned income with a maximum credit of $953. When income is more than $10,730, the credit begins to phase out until it is completely phased out at $20,264. If an individual qualifies, the credit is refundable even if the taxpayer is not required to file an income tax return. However, a tax return must be filed in order to receive the credit. To assist individuals, the IRS publishes a table showing the earned income credit at various levels of income. Taxing Children's Income A child who may be claimed as a dependent by another taxpayer may not claim their own exemption on their tax return. Further, children under age 14 with at least one living parent may use up to $500 of their standard deduction against unearned income. Unearned income includes dividends and interest income. If the child's unearned income is more than $1,000, that income will be taxed at the child's tax rate, or the parent's rate, whichever is higher. The effect of this is to charge a higher tax rate on children's unearned income by taxing it at the parent's rate when that rate is higher. The parent has the option of including the child's unearned income on their tax return. However, if the unearned income is reported on the child's tax return, only the amount over $1,000 is subject to this treatment. Therefore, the child does get the benefit of a lower tax rate on the first $1,000. For example, assuming the child has $3,000 of interest income, the child's taxable income would be $2,500, allowing for the $500 standard deduction. Assuming that the parent's rate is 28%, the child's tax would be $637 ($77 from the tax table plus 28% of $2,000). Who Must File Whether U.S. citizens or resident aliens living in the United States must file an income tax return depends on their gross income, filing status, and age. Generally, U.S. citizens or resident aliens will have to file an income tax return if their gross income for the year is at least as much as the amount shown in the following table. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Filing Status 1990 Gross Income 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Single Under 65 $5,300 65 or older $6,100 Married filing jointly Both spouses under 65 $9,550 One spouse 65 or older $10,200 Both spouses 65 or older $10,850 Married filing separately $2,050 Filing Status 1990 Gross Income 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Married filing separately $2,050 Head of household Under 65 $6,800 65 or older $7,600 Qualifying widow(er) Under 65 $7,500 65 or older $8,150 Example: John and Mary Smith intend to file a joint return for 1990. John's income is all from wages. Mary receives no income subject to tax. Neither John nor Mary is blind. John is 67 years old but Mary will not be 65 until next year. For 1990, their combined gross income subject to tax will be $10,750. They will have to file a tax return because their gross income will be at least $10,200. If Mary were age 65, they would not have to file a 1990 tax return because their gross income would be less than $10,850 as shown in the table. Some Exceptions to Filing Requirements. An individual must file a tax return if: * Net earnings from self employment for the year are $400 or more. * Advance earned income credit payments were received during the year from their employer. * Qualifications for the earned income credit are met. * An income tax refund is due. * Gross income is less than the filing requirement amount but additional taxes are owed for: * Social security tax on unreported tips; * Alternative minimum tax; * Recapture of investment credit; * Tax attributable to qualified retirement plans (including IRAs), annuities, and modified endowment contracts. When to File For 1990, U.S. individual income tax returns are required to be filed with the Internal Revenue Service no later than Monday, April 15, 1991. If an income tax return cannot be completed by the due date, file Form 4868, Application for Automatic Extension of Time to File U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, to receive an automatic four-month extension. The automatic extension does not extend time for paying the tax liability. If a return is filed late, it may be subject to penalties and interest on any unpaid tax liability. Form 4868 must be filed on or before April 15, 1991. Which Form to File You may be able to use the short Form 1040EZ if: * You are single and do not claim any dependents. * You are not 65 or older or blind. * You have income only from wages, salaries, tips, taxable scholarships or fellowships, and not more than $400 of interest income. * Your taxable income is less than $50,000. * You do not itemize deductions or claim any adjustments to income or tax credits. * You did not make estimated tax payments. You may be able to use Form 1040A if: * You have income from wages, salaries, tips, taxable scholarships or fellowships, interest, and dividends. * You have income from Individual Retirement Account (IRA) distributions, pensions, annuities, unemployment compensation, and social security benefits. * Your taxable income is less than $50,000. * You do not itemize deductions. * You claim a deduction for qualified contributions to an IRA. * You claim a credit for child and dependent care expenses, credit for the elderly or the disabled, or the earned income credit. * You have made estimated tax payments. * You filed for an extension of time to file. Either use Form 1040EZ or Form 1040A unless filing Form 1040 allows you to pay a lower tax. Forms 1040EZ and 1040A are easier to complete than the longer Form 1040. Even if you do meet the above tests, you will have to file Form 1040 if any of the following situations apply. You must use Form 1040 if: * Your taxable income is $50,000 or more. * You itemize deductions. * You receive any nontaxable dividends or capital gain distributions. * You have foreign accounts and/or foreign trusts. * You have taxable refunds of state and local income taxes. * You have business, farm or rental income. * You have miscellaneous income not allowed on Form 1040EZ or 1040A such as alimony or lottery winnings. * You have certain adjustments to income such as alimony paid. * You can claim a foreign tax credit or certain other credits to which you are entitled. * You have other taxes such as self-employment tax or the alternative minimum tax. * You file any of these forms: Form 2555, Foreign Earned Income. Form 3903, Moving Expense. Form 8814, Parent's Election To Report Child's Interest and Dividends. Electronic Filing Electronic filing is a process of transmitting completed personal income tax returns to the Internal Revenue Service. Originating as a pilot program in 1986, almost 4,000,000 returns were filed electronically during 1990. If a refund is due on your 1990 income tax return, you may be able to have your return filed electronically. Electronic filing shortens the average time for processing returns to within 3 weeks. Refunds may also be deposited directly into your savings or checking account. Since electronic filing automates most of the manual steps needed to process standard paper returns, processing is faster, less expensive, and more accurate. The electronic filing method can be used by many tax return preparers. These preparers are equipped to send tax return information over telephone lines to an Internal Revenue Service Center. The preparer will ask you to sign a declaration form, Form 8453, U.S. Individual Income Tax Declaration for Electronic Filing. This form is not a power of attorney and it does not authorize your tax preparer to receive information from the IRS about your account. Frequently Used Tax Forms 706 U.S. Estate (and Generation-Skipping Transfer) Tax Return Used for the estate of a deceased United States resident or citizen. 709-A U.S. Short Form Gift Tax Return Used by married couples to report nontaxable gifts of more than $10,000 but less than $20,000. 1040 U.S. Individual Income Tax Return Used by citizens and residents of the United States to report income tax. 1040-ES Estimated Tax for individuals Used to make estimated tax payments as a means for paying currently any income tax (including self-employment tax and the alternative minimum tax) due in excess of the tax withheld from wages, salaries, and other payments for personal services. It is not required unless the total tax exceeds withholding (if any) and applicable tax credits by $500 or more. 1040NR U.S. Nonresident Alien Income Tax Return Used by all nonresident alien individuals who file a U.S. tax return, whether or not engaged in a trade or business within the United States. Also used as required for filing nonresident alien fiduciary (estate and trust) returns. 1040X Amended U.S. Individual Income Tax Return Used to correct Form 1040, Form 1040A or 1040EZ that you have already filed. 1041 U.S. Fiduciary Income Tax Return Used by a fiduciary for domestic estate or domestic trust. 1065 U.S. Partnership Return of Income Used by partnerships as an information return. 1116 Computation of Foreign Tax Credit--Individual, Fiduciary, or Nonresident Alien Individual Used to figure and support the foreign tax credit claimed for the amount of any income, war profits, and excess profits taxes paid or accrued during the tax year to any foreign country or U.S. possession. 1120 U.S. Corporation Income Tax Return Used by a corporation to report income tax. 1120S U.S. Income Tax Return for an S Corporation Used by S corporations to report taxes under Subchapter S of the IRC and as an information return. 1139 Corporation Application for Tentative Refund Used by corporations that have certain carrybacks and desire a quick refund of taxes. 1310 Statement of Person Claiming Refund Due a Deceased Taxpayer Used by a claimant to secure payment of refund on behalf of a deceased taxpayer. 2106 Employee Business Expenses For use by employee and outside salespersons to support deductions from income for travel, transportation, and expenses (except moving expenses). 2119 Sale of Your Home For use by individuals who sold their principal residence. Also used by those individuals 55 or older who elect to exclude gain on the sale of their principal residence. 2120 Multiple Support Declaration Used as a statement to disclaim as an income tax exemption an individual to whose support the taxpayer and others have contributed. 2441 Child and Dependent Care Expenses Used to figure the credit for child and dependent care expenses. 2688 Application for Additional Extension of Time To File U.S. Individual Income Tax Return Used to apply for an additional extension of time to file Form 1040. 2848 Power of Attorney and Declaration of Representative Used as an authorization for one person to act for another in any tax matter (except alcohol and tobacco taxes and firearms activities). 3903 Moving Expenses For optional use to support deductions from income for expenses of travel, transportation (including meals and lodging), and certain expenses of selling an old residence and buying a new residence for employees or self-employed individuals moving to a new job location in the U.S. or its possessions. 4562 Depreciation and Amortization For use by: individuals, estates and trusts, partnerships, and corporations claiming depreciation, amortization, and section 179 expense deduction. Also used to provide required information for automobiles and all other "listed property." 4684 Casualties and Thefts For use by all taxpayers for reporting gains and losses from casualties and thefts. 4868 Application for Automatic Extension of Time To File U.S. Individual Income Tax Return Used to apply for an automatic 4-month extension of time to file Form 1040. 5329 Return for Additional Taxes Attributable to Qualified Retirement Plans (Including IRAs), Annuities, and Modified Endowment Contracts Used to report tax on excess contributions, premature distributions, excess distributions and excess accumulations. 5500EZ Annual Return of One-Participant (Owners and Their Spouses) Pension Benefit Plan Used to report on a pension, profit-sharing, etc., plan covering an individual, partner or an individual and spouse or partners and spouses who wholly own a business. 6251 Alternative Minimum Tax--Individuals Used by individuals to report tax preference items and to figure their alternative minimum tax liability. 7004 Application for Automatic Extension of Time To File Corporation Income Tax Return Used by corporations and certain exempt organizations to request an automatic extension of 6 months to file their income tax returns. 8283 Noncash Charitable Contributions Used by taxpayers to report contributions of property in which the total claimed fair market value of all property contributed exceeds $500. 8582 Passive Activity Loss Limitations Used to determine limitations on passive activity losses. 8606 Nondeductible IRA Contributions, IRA Basis, and Nontaxable IRA Distributions Used to report the nondeductible amount of IRA, contributions and distributions. It is also used to determine IRA basis. 8615 Computation of Tax for Children Under Age 14 Who Have Investment Income of More Than $1,000 Used to figure the tax on unearned income of more than $1,000 belonging to a child under age 14. Internal Revenue Service Audit There are two important facts that should be remembered regarding the IRS audit program. First, fewer than one out of every hundred individual tax returns will be audited in 1991. Second, the IRS is good at selecting returns for audit that will yield additional income taxes. Returns to be audited are chosen by one of the following six methods and also by random selection: * The Discriminate Function System (DIF) * Taxpayer Compliance Measurement Program (TCMP) * Matching Information Documents * Targeted Group Projects * Discrepancies in Your Return * Tips from Informants If your return is audited and you feel you are not being treated fairly, or that proper attention is not being paid to your statements, you have a right to ask for a hearing at the IRS appellate level. If you are still dissatisfied, you can take your case to the United States Tax Court. If the total amount in question is less than $10,000, your case can be handled under the Small Tax Case procedures. If you are still dissatisfied, your next move would be the United States Circuit Court of Appeals. Your Rights As a Taxpayer Congress responded to complaints that taxpayers were not being treated fairly by the IRS and passed a comprehensive law to force the IRS to explain, in easy to understand language, the actions it proposes to take against a taxpayer and to relax some of its audit and collection procedures. This law is called "The Taxpayer Bill of Rights." Some of the features of this bill of rights are: * Plain English statements * Allowing recordings of audit conferences * Not requiring taxpayers to attend the examination * New audit location rules * Guidelines for installment payment of taxes * Acting on wrong IRS advice * Hardship relief * Specific basis of IRS decision * Levies on property * Suing the IRS for damages You can obtain the IRS Publication, "Your Rights As a Taxpayer," free by calling 1-800-424-FORM. Ask for Publication 1. Federal Death Taxes and the State "Pick-Up" Credit Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, 1990 Federal death taxes are made up of two components--gift taxes and estate taxes. Gift taxes are levied on the donor, while the donor is alive, on transfers above $10,000 ($20,000 for joint gifts), per donee, for a single year. Estate taxes are levied on the entire taxable estate (gross estate less administrative expenses, bequests to spouse, debts, charitable contributions, and funeral expenses) after the death of the donor. Gift taxes paid during the donor's lifetime are credited dollar for dollar against estate taxes due at time of death. Although estate and gift tax rates begin at the first dollar of taxable estate, there is a unified credit of $192,800 against transfer tax liability. This is equivalent to a $600,000 exemption. In addition to the unified credit, a credit for state death taxes is also allowed; see the table below for maximum state death tax credit ("Pick-Up"). 1 For decedents dying from 1984 through 1992. 2 Taxable estate less $60,000. 3 On taxable estates between $10,000,000 and $21,040,000, an additional tax of 5% of the transfer above $10,000,000 is imposed. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Unified Transfer Tax Rates1 Unified Transfer Tax Rates1 Unified Transfer Ta Taxable Estate Tax on Lower Amount Rate on Excess 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� $10,000 or less $0 18% 10,000-19,999 1,800 20 20,000-39,999 3,800 22 40,000-59,999 8,200 24 60,000-79,999 13,000 26 80,000-99,999 18,200 28 100,000-149,999 23,800 30 150,000-249,999 38,800 32 250,000-499,999 70,800 34 500,000-749,999 155,800 37 750,000-999,999 248,300 39 1,000,000-1,249,999 345,800 41 1,250,000-1,499,999 448,300 43 1,500,000-1,999,999 555,800 45 2,000,000-2,499,999 780,800 49 2,500,000-2,999,999 1,025,800 53 Unified Transfer Tax Rates1 Unified Transfer Tax Rates1 Unified Transfer Ta Taxable Estate Tax on Lower Amount Rate on Excess 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 2,500,000-2,999,999 1,025,800 53 over 3,000,0003 1,290,800 55 Federal Tax Filing Dates, 1991 January 15 Individuals. File an estimated tax payment for 1990 if you did not pay your income tax for the year through withholding (or did not pay in enough tax that way). Use Form 1040-ES. This is the final installment date for 1990 estimated tax. However, you do not have to make this payment if you file your 1990 return (Form 1040) and pay any tax due by January 31, 1991. Farmers and fishermen. Pay your estimated tax for 1990 using Form 1040-ES. You can then file your 1990 income tax return (Form 1040) by April 15. If you do not pay at this time, file your 1990 return by March 1. January 31 All employers. Give your employees their Form W-2 for 1990. In addition, furnish Notice 797, You May Be Eligible for a Refund on Your Federal Income Tax Return Because of the Earned Income Credit (EIC), to each employee you employed during 1990 who did not have any tax withheld during 1990. Individuals. File your income tax return (Form 1040) for 1990 if you did not pay your last installment of estimated tax by January 15. Filing your return now prevents any penalty for late payment of the last installment. February 15 Individuals. If you claimed exemption from income tax withholding last year on Form W-4, you must file a new Form W-4 by this date to continue your exemption for another year with your employer. March 1 Farmers and fishermen. File your 1990 income tax return (Form 1040) to avoid an underpayment penalty if you owe estimated tax. However, you have until April 15 if you paid your 1990 estimated tax by January 15, 1991. March 15 Corporations. File a 1990 calendar year income tax return (Form 1120 or 1120-A) and pay any tax due. If you want an automatic 6-month extension, file Form 7004 and deposit what you estimate you owe. S Corporations. File a 1990 calendar year income tax return (Form 1120S) and pay any tax due. If you want an automatic 6-month extension, file Form 7004 and deposit what you estimate you owe. Corporations. File Form 2553 to choose to be treated as an S corporation, beginning with calendar year 1991. If Form 2553 is filed late, S treatment will begin with calendar year 1992. April 15 Individuals. File an income tax return for 1990 (Form 1040, 1040A, or 1040EZ) and pay any tax due. If you want an automatic 4-month extension, file Form 4868 and pay any tax you estimate will be due. Then file Form 1040 or 1040A by August 15. If you want an additional extension, file Form 2688 as soon as possible so that your application can be acted on before August 15. Individuals. If you are not paying your 1991 income tax through withholding (or will not pay in enough tax during the year that way), pay the first installment of your 1991 estimated tax by this date. Use Form 1040-ES. Partnerships. File a 1990 calendar year return (Form 1065). C and S Corporations. Deposit the 1st installment of your estimated income tax for 1991. June 17 Individuals. Make a payment of your 1991 estimated tax by this date if you are not paying your income tax for the year through withholding (or will not pay in enough tax that way). Use Form 1040-ES. This is the 2nd installment date for estimated tax in 1991. C and S Corporations. Deposit the 2nd installment of your estimated income tax for 1991. August 15 Individuals. If you were given an automatic 4-month extension to file your income tax return for 1990, file Form 1040 and pay any tax, interest, and penalties due. September 16 Individuals. Make a payment of your 1991 estimated tax by this date, if you are not paying your income tax for the year through withholding (or will not pay in enough tax that way). Use Form 1040-ES. This is the 3rd installment date for estimated tax in 1991. Corporations. File a 1990 income tax return (Form 1120 or 1120A) and pay any tax due. This due date applies only if you were given an automatic 6-month extension from March 15. S Corporations. File a 1990 income tax return (Form 1120S) and pay any tax due. This due date applies only if you were given an automatic 6-month extension from March 15. C and S Corporations. Deposit the 3rd installment of your estimated income tax for 1991. December 16 C and S Corporations. Deposit the 4th installment of your estimated income tax for 1991. Free IRS Tax Services IRS Information and Assistance The Internal Revenue Service provides over 100 publications on various topics to help taxpayers understand the complex tax laws. Most of these publications are revised annually. Most taxpayers should be able to meet the requirements of the tax laws by using information such as tax package instructions, publications, taxpayer education programs, films, and library programs. Toll-free telephone numbers and walk-in assistance are available to answer questions on a taxpayer's account, IRS procedures, or technical inquiries on tax-related matters. Telephone Service Toll-free telephone assistance is available in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Through the toll-free system, taxpayers may obtain assistance on their questions. During periods of peak demand for telephone assistance, it may be difficult to get through. Generally, early in the morning and later in the week are the best times to call the IRS. Telephone service for deaf taxpayers. Toll-free telephone assistance for deaf taxpayers is available for those who have access to TV/Telephone-TTY equipment. The hours of operation for this service are 8:00 a.m. to 6:45 p.m. Eastern Standard Time for January thru April 15 and 8:00 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. for April 16 thru December. Residents of Indiana may call 1-800-382-4059. Residents elsewhere in the U.S. including Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands may call 1-800-428-4732. Information for the Blind Braille materials are available at Regional Libraries for the Blind and Physically Handicapped in conjunction with the Library of Congress. These materials include Publications 17 and 334, Forms 1040, 1040A, and 1040EZ, and Schedules A and B, and instructions. Walk-In Service While the Internal Revenue Service will not prepare tax returns, assistors are available in most IRS offices throughout the country to help taxpayers prepare their own returns. Taxpayers will be expected to help themselves to the maximum extent possible. However, they will be provided assistance and, at the same time, provided the opportunity of learning how to research and prepare their own tax returns. An assistor will "walk-through" a return with a number of taxpayers in a group setting. In many IRS offices a walk-in counter is available to help with inquiries that do not involve preparation of a return, such as receipt of an IRS notice or bill. Certain technical information or publications may also be obtained at most IRS offices. Taxpayers who wish assistance with their tax returns should bring in their tax packages, Forms W-2 and 1099, and any other information (such as a copy of last year's return) which will enable the IRS to help. Taxpayer Education Programs The Internal Revenue Service has a number of programs designed to educate the public about our nation's voluntary compliance tax system and each citizen's share in it so that the system works as smoothly as possible. The more that citizens understand about their role in this tax system, the better they will be able to carry out their responsibilities with the minimum amount of confusion. Most of these taxpayer education programs offer opportunity for citizen involvement through service as a volunteer. Understanding Taxes This is a tax education program that begins in the schools, where young people are taught about their tax rights and responsibilities under our voluntary compliance tax system. They also learn how to fill out basic tax returns. Since many of them already are working, often at their first job, this learning has immediate practical value. They also learn about the history of taxes and current issues in taxation, such as tax reform. All materials a teacher may need are available free of charge, including a series of video programs. These films were produced in cooperation with the states. Workshops are conducted during the year to help prepare teachers for course instruction. Small Business Workshops These workshops help people start small businesses by providing them with the information they need to carry out their tax responsibilities, including tax withholding, making correct and timely tax deposits, and filing a business return. Some sessions focus on the needs of the self-employed, minority entrepreneurs, and specialized business groups. Active or retired businesspersons often volunteer their services and provide invaluable information. Volunteer Income Tax Assistance The Volunteer Income Tax Assistance program (VITA) provides free tax assistance to elderly, non-English-speaking, handicapped people, and also to members of the military. Generally, those who receive these services can't afford professional tax assistance. After completing the IRS training, volunteers provide free help at special locations. Tax Counseling for the Elderly Tax Counseling for the Elderly (TCE) provides free tax assistance to people 60 or older, especially those who are disabled or have other special needs. Non-profit organizations under cooperative agreements with the IRS provide local assistance. Both VITA and TCE sites are usually located in neighborhood centers, libraries, churches, and other places in the community. Community Outreach Tax Assistance This is a year-round program of assistance to groups who need help understanding the tax laws, especially as they apply to members of their profession or group, such as teaching, business, or farming. Seminars are conducted at times and locations in the community that are convenient for members of the group. State Government Individual Income Taxes Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (As of October 1989. Only basic rates, brackets, and exemptions are shown. Local income tax rates, even those mandated by the state, are not included. Taxable income rates and brackets listed below apply to single taxpayers and married taxpayers filing "combined separate" returns in states where this is permitted.) 露컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴� Taxable Income Taxable Income Taxable Income Personal Brackets Brackets Brackets Exemptions State Tax Rates (range Lowest: Amount Highest: Amount Single in percent) Under Over 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� AL+* 2.0-5.0% $500 $3,000 $1,500 AK No state income No state income No state income No state in tax tax tax tax AZc 2.0-8.0 1,290 7,740 2,229 AR 1.0-7.0 3,000 25,000 20 CAc 1.0-9.3 4,020 26,380 55d CO 5 percent of 5 percent of 5 percent of 5 percent o modified federal modified federal modified federal modified fe taxable income taxable income taxable income taxable inc CT* Limited income Limited income Limited income Limited inc Taxable Income Taxable Income Taxable Income Personal Brackets Brackets Brackets Exemptions State Tax Rates (range Lowest: Amount Highest: Amount Single in percent) Under Over 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� CT* Limited income Limited income Limited income Limited inc tax tax tax tax DE+ 3.2-7.7 1,000 40,000 1,250 DC 6.0-9.5 10,000 20,000 1,160 FL No state income No state income No state income No state in tax tax tax tax GA 1.0-6.0 750 7,000 1,500 HI* 2.0-10.0 1,500 20,500 1,040 ID 2.0-8.2 1,000 20,000 Same as fed Taxable Income Taxable Income Taxable Income Personal Brackets Brackets Brackets Exemptions State Tax Rates (range Lowest: Amount Highest: Amount Single in percent) Under Over 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  IL 3.0 Flat rate Flat rate 1,000 IN+ 3.4 Flat rate Flat rate 1,000 IAc* 0.4-9.98 1,016 45,720 20d KS* 4.5-5.95 27,500 27,500 2,000 KY+ 2.0-6.0 3,000 8,000 20 LA 2.0-6.0 10,000 50,000 4,500 ME 2.0-8.5 4,000 16,000 2,000 Taxable Income Taxable Income Taxable Income Personal Brackets Brackets Brackets Exemptions State Tax Rates (range Lowest: Amount Highest: Amount Single in percent) Under Over 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  MD+* 2.0-5.0 1,000 3,000 1,100 MA* 5.0-10.0 Flat rate Flat rate 2,200 MI+ 4.6 Flat rate Flat rate 2,000 MN* 6.0-8.0 13,000 13,000 Same as fed MS 3.0-5.0 5,000 10,000 6,000 MO+* 1.5-6.0 1,000 9,000 1,200 MTc 2.0-11.0 1,500 52,500 1,200 NE 2.0-5.9 1,800 27,000 1,180 Taxable Income Taxable Income Taxable Income Personal Brackets Brackets Brackets Exemptions State Tax Rates (range Lowest: Amount Highest: Amount Single in percent) Under Over 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� NE 2.0-5.9 1,800 27,000 1,180 NV No state income No state income No state income No state in tax tax tax tax NH* Limited income Limited income Limited income Limited inc tax tax tax tax NJ* 2.0-3.5 20,000 50,000 1,000 NM 1.8-8.5 5,200 64,000 2,000 NY+* 4.0-7.5 5,500 13,000 0 NC* 6.0-7.0 12,750 12,750 2,000 Taxable Income Taxable Income Taxable Income Personal Brackets Brackets Brackets Exemptions State Tax Rates (range Lowest: Amount Highest: Amount Single in percent) Under Over 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  ND* 2.6-12.0 3,000 50,000 Same as fed OH+* 0.743-6.9 5,000 100,000 650 OK* 0.5-6.0 1,000 7,500 1,000 OR*c 5.0-9.0 2,000 5,000 94d PA+ 2.1 Flat rate Flat rate NA RI 22.96 percent of 22.96 percent of 22.96 percent of 22.96 perce federal income federal income federal income federal inc tax liability tax liability tax liability tax liabili SCc 3.0-7.0 4,000 10,000 Same as fed Taxable Income Taxable Income Taxable Income Personal Brackets Brackets Brackets Exemptions State Tax Rates (range Lowest: Amount Highest: Amount Single in percent) Under Over 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� SCc 3.0-7.0 4,000 10,000 Same as fed SD No state income No state income No state income No state in tax tax tax tax TN* Limited income Limited income Limited income Limited inc tax tax tax tax TX No state income No state income No state income No state in tax tax tax tax UT* 2.55-7.2 750 3,750 75 percent federal exemptions VT* 25 percent of 25 percent of 25 percent of 25 percent Taxable Income Taxable Income Taxable Income Personal Brackets Brackets Brackets Exemptions State Tax Rates (range Lowest: Amount Highest: Amount Single in percent) Under Over 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� VT* 25 percent of 25 percent of 25 percent of 25 percent federal income federal income federal income federal inc tax liaiblity tax liaiblity tax liaiblity tax liaibli VA* 2.0-5.75 3,000 16,000 800 WA No state income No state income No state income No state in tax tax tax tax WV* 3.0-6.5 10,000 60,000 2,000 WI* 4.9-6.93 7,500 15,000 0 WY No state income No state income No state income No state in tax tax tax tax Taxable Income Taxable Income Taxable Income Personal Brackets Brackets Brackets Exemptions State Tax Rates (range Lowest: Amount Highest: Amount Single in percent) Under Over 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Notes: NA = not applicable. + = states in which one or more local governments levy a local income tax. a The lesser of 1 the percentage indicated, multiplied by adjusted gross income, or 2 the dollar value listed. In some states, when a standard deduction computed using a percentage of AGI is less than the fixed amount shown above, a minimum dollar deduction is allowed. Maryland and Utah have a minimum deduction as well. b A state provision that allows the taxpayer to deduct fully the federal income tax reduces the effective marginal tax rate for persons in the highest state and federal tax brackets by approximately 30% of the nominal tax rate--the deduction is of a lesser benefit to other taxpayers with lower federal and state top tax brackets. c Indexed by an inflation factor. d Tax credit per dependent. Taxpayers 65 or older receive a $25 credit. *State Notes: Alabama: Social Security taxes are included in itemized deductions. Taxable income brackets for married filing joint over $6,000, taxed at highest rate. Arizona: Federal income taxes are deducted from taxable income. An additional deduction from income is allowed in the amount of 65% of federal tax liability or $600, whichever is greater, but not to exceed $10,000 for married filing joint or $5,000 for all other filers. Arkansas: Tax credit per dependent. Taxpayers 65 or older receive a $20 credit. Colorado: Modifications for federal interest income, non-Colorado state and local interest income, and Colorado pension exclusion. Connecticut: There is an income tax on interest, capital gains, and dividend income only. The rate of this tax ranges from 1% of interest and dividend income for taxpayers with an AGI of $54,000-$57,999 to 12% of such income of taxpayers with an AGI over $100,000. Capital gains are taxed at 7% after an exemption of $100 is applied. District of Columbia: Exemption will increase to $1,370 by 1991. Hawaii: A refundable tax credit of $45 per exemption is granted; credit of $1.25 per exemption is granted for 1989; a refundable medical services excise tax credit of 4% of qualified medical expenses, subject to limitation, is granted. Tax credit per dependent. Taxpayers 65 or older receive a $20 credit. Idaho: Idaho allows a refundable $15/exemption credit. Illinois: Effective 1/1/90 an additional $1,000 exemption for persons 65 years of age or older. An additional $1,000 exemption for persons who are blind. Indiana: Additional $1,000 exemption if taxpayer or spouse is over 65 or blind. Iowa: Tax may not reduce after-tax income of taxpayer below $5,000 (single) or $7,500 (married filing joint, head-of-household, surviving spouse). Only limitation for the standard deduction is that the deduction otherwise allowable of $1,230 or $3,030 may not exceed the amount of income remaining after the federal tax deduction. Kansas: A child care credit equal to 25% of the federal child care credit is allowed to taxpayers claiming the federal credit. These rates and brackets apply to single persons not deducting federal income tax. For individuals deducting the tax, rates range from 4.75% of the first $2,000 to 8.5% on income over $30,000. Kentucky: Tax credit per dependent. Taxpayers 65 or older receive a $60 credit. Maryland: All counties have a local income tax surcharge of at least 20% of the state tax liability; most counties have a surcharge of 50%. Personal exemption increases to $1,200 in 1990. Blind and elderly get an additional exemption of $1,000 beginning with 1989. Massachusetts: 10% (flat rate) imposed on net capital gains, interest, and dividends of residents, and Massachusetts business income of nonresidents. All other net income taxed at 5%. No tax is imposed on a single person whose gross income is $8,000 or less ($12,000 married). Social Security taxes are deducted from taxable income up to $2,000 per taxpayer. Missouri: For taxpayers itemizing deductions, Social Security taxes are deductible. Minnesota: Additional rate of 0.5% on certain income classes to reflect federal phaseout of personal exemptions and the 15% federal rate bracket. Total rate on brackets of higher income is 8.5%. Montana: Taxable income brackets, personal exemption level, and standard deduction levels are indexed annually for inflation. New Hampshire: There is a 5% tax on interest and dividends (excluding income from savings bank deposits) in excess of $1,200 ($2,400 married). There is no filing requirement for an individual whose total interest and dividend income, after deducting all interest from U.S. obligations, New Hampshire and Vermont banks or credit unions; and dividends from New Hampshire non-holding company bonds is less than $1,200 ($2,400 for joint filers) for a taxable period. New Jersey: No taxpayer is subject to tax if gross income is $3,000 or less ($1,500 married, filing separately). New Mexico: Several rebates are available for lower income taxpayers. New York: Rates are scheduled to be reduced further in 1990, when the top rate will be 7%. North Carolina: Breaking point for higher marginal tax rate varies according to filing status. Taxable income brackets shown are for single taxpayers. North Dakota: Information in table applies to the long form method. As an alternative, taxpayers may use the short form method where the tax is 14% of the adjusted federal income tax liability. Ohio: Taxpayers take a $20 tax credit per exemption. Oklahoma: These rates and brackets apply to single persons not deducting federal income tax. For individuals deducting the tax, rates range from 0.5% of the first $1,000 to 10% on income over $23,000. Oregon: Federal tax deduction limited to $3,000 ($1,500 if married filing separately). Tennessee: Interest and dividends taxed at 6%. Persons over 65 having total annual gross income derived from any and all sources of $9,000 or less are exempt. Blindness is a basis for total exemption. Utah: One-half of federal tax liability is deductible. Vermont: Refundable state earned income tax credit (25% of federal credit, maximum $227.50). Virginia: Top tax bracket is increased to $17,000 in 1990. West Virginia: Eliminated standard deduction; all itemized deductions prohibited and replaced with larger personal exemptions. Wisconsin: The standard deduction is gradually phased out as income increases; deduction is completely phased out at $50,830 of AGI for single filers and $55,000 of AGI for joint filers. Estimated State and Local Taxes Paid by a Family of Four in Selected Large Cities, by Income Level: 1988 Government of the District of Columbia, Department of Finance and Revenue (Preliminary. Data based on average family of four, two wage earners and two school age children, owning their own home and living in a city where taxes apply. Comprises state and local sales, income, auto, and real estate taxes. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴� Total Taxes Paid by Total Taxes Paid by Total Taxes P Gross Family Income Gross Family Income Gross Family Level (dol.) Level (dol.) Level (dol.) City $25,000 $50,000 $75,000 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Albuquerque, NM 1,898 3,944 6,296 Atlanta, GA 2,107 4,403 7,014 Baltimore, MD 2,809 5,712 8,594 Bridgeport, CT 2,188 3,653 6,033 Burlington, VT 2,015 4,055 6,653 Charleston, WV 2,097 4,134 7,166 Charlotte, NC 2,255 4,539 6,815 Chicago, IL 2,031 3,913 5,762 Total Taxes Paid by Total Taxes Paid by Total Taxes P Gross Family Income Gross Family Income Gross Family Level (dol.) Level (dol.) Level (dol.) City $25,000 $50,000 $75,000  Cleveland, OH 2,508 5,256 8,148 Columbia, SC 2,131 4,540 7,394 Des Moines, IA 2,640 5,444 8,451 Detroit, MI 3,002 6,068 9,236 Honolulu, HI 2,522 5,299 8,054 Indianapolis, IN 2,239 3,943 6,299 Jackson, MS 1,921 3,863 6,556 Louisville, KY 2,193 4,417 6,586 Total Taxes Paid by Total Taxes Paid by Total Taxes P Gross Family Income Gross Family Income Gross Family Level (dol.) Level (dol.) Level (dol.) City $25,000 $50,000 $75,000  Memphis, TN 1,890 3,163 4,522 Milwaukee, WI 3,425 7,299 11,044 Newark, NJ 2,751 5,572 8,542 New York City, NY 2,465 6,393 10,151 Norfolk, VA 2,327 4,444 7,258 Omaha, NE 2,241 4,257 7,002 Philadelphia, PA 3,073 5,781 8,356 Portland, ME 1,966 4,890 8,482 Total Taxes Paid by Total Taxes Paid by Total Taxes P Gross Family Income Gross Family Income Gross Family Level (dol.) Level (dol.) Level (dol.) City $25,000 $50,000 $75,000  Portland, OR 3,332 7,018 10,973 Providence, RI 2,614 4,986 8,297 St. Louis, MO 2,076 3,969 6,090 Salt Lake City, UT 2,285 4,771 7,254 Sioux Falls, SD 2,337 4,052 5,724 Washington, DC 2,514 5,427 8,557 Median1 2,031 4,001 6,574 1 Median of all 51 cities. Residential Property Tax Rates in Selected Large Cities: 1988 Government of the District of Columbia, Department of Finance and Revenue. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코� Effective tax rate per Effective tax rate per $100 $100 City Rank Rate Ass 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Detroit, MI 1 4.10 49. Milwaukee, WI 2 3.69 99. Newark, NJ 3 3.20 22. Portland, OR 4 3.10 100 Effective tax rate per Effective tax rate per $100 $100 City Rank Rate Ass Portland, OR 4 3.10 100 Des Moines, IA 5 2.97 80. Baltimore, MD 6 2.64 42. Sioux Falls, IA 7 2.47 46. Providence, RI 8 2.39 100 Philadelphia, PA 9 2.38 30. Omaha, NE 10 2.29 88. Minneapolis, MN 11 2.15 17. Cleveland, OH 12 2.10 35. Effective tax rate per Effective tax rate per $100 $100 City Rank Rate Ass  Jacksonville, FL 13 1.97 97. Boise City, ID 14 1.93 100 Memphis, TN 15 1.77 25. Burlington, VT 16 1.76 81. Manchester, NH 17 1.71 17. Fargo, ND 18 1.62 4.5 Portland, ME 19 1.57 48. Indianapolis, IN 20 1.57 15. Wilmington, DE 21 1.56 100 Effective tax rate per Effective tax rate per $100 $100 City Rank Rate Ass Wilmington, DE 21 1.56 100 Bridgeport, CT 22 1.55 27. Chicago, IL 23 1.55 16. Houston, TX 24 1.53 100 Atlanta, GA 25 1.50 28. Anchorage, AK 26 1.48 90. New Orleans, LA 27 1.39 10. Jackson, MS 28 1.39 10. Louisville, KY 29 1.33 100 Effective tax rate per Effective tax rate per $100 $100 City Rank Rate Ass  Billings, MT 30 1.30 3.9 Charlotte, NC 31 1.25 100 Seattle, WA 32 1.24 92. Norfolk, VA 33 1.22 90. Wichita, KS 34 1.17 7.8 St. Louis, MO 35 1.16 19. Columbia, SC 36 1.13 4.0 Washington, DC 37 1.13 92. New York City, NY 38 1.13 12. Effective tax rate per Effective tax rate per $100 $100 City Rank Rate Ass New York City, NY 38 1.13 12. Salt Lake City, UT 39 1.11 100 Boston, MA 40 1.08 100 Charleston, WV 41 1.07 62. Little Rock, AR 42 1.02 20. Albuquerque, NM 43 1.01 33. Denver, CO 44 .94 16. Las Vegas, NV 45 .88 32. Oklahoma City, OK 46 .81 11. Effective tax rate per Effective tax rate per $100 $100 City Rank Rate Ass  Casper, WY 47 .70 9.1 Birmingham, AL 48 .70 10. Phoenix, AZ 49 .68 5.4 Los Angeles, CA 50 .64 61. Honolulu, HI 51 .59 89. Tax Revenues--Selected Countries: 1975 to 1987 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Covers national and local taxes and Social Security contributions.) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Tax Revenues, 1987 Tax Revenues, 1987 Tax Revenues as T Percent of Gross P Domestic Product D Country Total (bil. dol.) Per capita (dol.) 1975 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� United States $1,316.1 $5,396 29.0 2 Australia 64.6 3,975 27.9 2 Austria 49.6 6,550 38.6 4 Belgium 65.8 6,665 41.1 4 Canada 146.5 5,710 32.4 3 Denmark 52.6 10,257 41.4 4 Tax Revenues, 1987 Tax Revenues, 1987 Tax Revenues as T Percent of Gross P Domestic Product D Denmark 52.6 10,257 41.4 4 Finland 32.1 6,515 35.3 3 France 394.9 7,099 37.4 4 Greece 17.6 1,764 24.6 2 Italy 273.9 4,778 25.1 3 Japan 727.5 5,959 20.9 2 Netherlands 102.9 7,012 43.7 4 New Zealand 13.5 4,076 31.3 3 Norway 39.9 9,546 44.8 4 Tax Revenues, 1987 Tax Revenues, 1987 Tax Revenues as T Percent of Gross P Domestic Product D Norway 39.9 9,546 44.8 4 Portugal 11.6 1,185 24.7 2 Spain 95.5 2,459 19.6 2 Sweden 89.9 10,707 43.9 4 Switzerland 54.7 8,267 29.6 3 United Kingdom 253.4 4,451 35.4 3 West Germany 420.7 6,880 35.7 3 MANUFACTURES AND MINERALS Industrial Production Indexes, by Industry Federal Reserve System 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴캠 Major Industry Group 1970 1975 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Industrial production 79 85 109 124 125 134 137 Manufacturing 77 83 100 126 129 135 143 Durable goods 78 83 109 127 128 133 142 Lumber and products 81 81 93 113 124 130 137 Furniture and fixtures 75 80 109 140 144 153 162 Clay, glass, and stone products 76 83 102 116 118 119 123 Primary metals 95 88 90 81 75 81 89 Fabricated metal products 82 83 102 107 108 111 121 Nonelectrical machinery 73 85 123 145 145 153 171 Major Industry Group 1970 1975 1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nonelectrical machinery 73 85 123 145 145 153 171 Electrical machinery 69 77 130 168 166 172 181 Transportation equipment 75 81 97 121 128 129 132 Instruments 60 81 122 139 140 144 154 Nondurable goods 76 85 107 125 130 137 144 Food 82 90 111 130 134 138 143 Tobacco products 92 100 106 100 97 104 105 Textile mill products 81 85 101 103 109 116 116 Paper and products 81 85 111 128 137 144 150 Printing and publishing 82 84 115 154 161 172 184 Chemicals and products 67 83 106 127 132 140 152 Petroleum products 80 87 94 87 93 94 96 Rubber and plastic products 58 73 108 147 151 164 174 Leather and products 117 102 93 69 61 60 60 Mining 99 97 112 109 100 101 103 Utilities 81 94 107 112 109 110 114 1977 = 100. Manufacturing Production Worker Statistics Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department 露컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴� Year Year All employees Production workers Constant Dollars1 Avg. weekl 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1955 1955 16,882,000 13,288,000 - $75.30 1960 1960 16,796,000 12,586,000 183.5 89.72 1965 1965 18,062,000 13,434,000 206.4 107.53 1970 1970 19,367,000 14,044,000 208.0 133.33 1975 1975 18,323,000 13,043,000 214.9 190.79 1980 1980 20,285,000 14,214,000 212.0 288.62 1985 1985 19,260,000 13,092,000 220.15 386.37 1987 1987 19,024,000 12,970,000 220.10 406.31 1988 1988 19,403,000 13,254,000 217.80 418.40 1989 1989 19,612,000 13,375,000 - 429.27 Year Year All employees Production workers Constant Dollars1 Avg. weekl 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1989 1989 19,612,000 13,375,000 - 429.27 1990p Jan. 19,231,000 13,018,000 - 429.95 July 19,289,000 13,068,000 - 440.64 1 Earnings in current dollars divided by the Consumer Price Index on a 1977 basis. (p -- preliminary) International Manufacturing Productivity and Labor Costs Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department (1982=100) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Country 1960 1965 1970 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Country 1960 1965 1970 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Output per hour Output per hour Output per hour O United States 56.9 70.2 75.2 8 Canada 51.6 66.1 76.9 9 Japan 17.2 25.9 48.0 6 France 30.7 41.4 58.5 7 West Germany 36.9 49.4 65.2 8 Italy 28.9 40.0 54.3 6 Norway 47.8 58.0 74.5 8 Sweden 36.5 50.4 69.6 8 United Kingdom 49.4 58.4 70.8 8 Country 1960 1965 1970 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� United Kingdom 49.4 58.4 70.8 8 Unit Labor Costs Unit Labor Costs Unit Labor Costs U in U.S. dollars in U.S. dollars in U.S. dollars i United States 39.5 37.5 47.7 6 Canada 40.6 34.4 44.1 6 Japan 26.2 32.5 35.9 7 France 32.2 37.4 36.2 7 West Germany 21.7 27.2 35.8 7 Italy 29.6 37.6 46.2 9 Norway 18.7 23.2 29.8 6 Country 1960 1965 1970 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Sweden 31.0 36.6 42.5 8 United Kingdom 23.4 27.0 28.7 5 NOTE: The data relate to all employed persons (wage & salary, the self-employed, and unpaid family workers) in the U.S. and Canada, and all employees (wage & salary earners) in the other countries. Sales and Profits of Manufacturing Corporations by Industry Group Bureau of the Census--Economic Surveys Division (millions of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴� Sales Sales Sales Incom Industry group 1Q 1989 4Q 1989 1Q 1990 1Q 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� All manufacturing corporations 665,974 690,248 667,193 37,85 Nondurable manufacturing corporations 334,317 350,541 343,382 21,91 Food and kindred products 93,573 101,259 95,179 3,865 Textile mill products 13,686 13,883 13,345 340 Paper and allied products 27,594 28,661 28,534 1,998 Printing and publishing 32,220 36,537 34,233 1,605 Chemicals and allied products 69,490 67,523 68,960 6,960 Industrial chemicals and synthetics 28,892 25,978 26,592 3,006 Drugs 12,458 13,552 14,075 2,102 Petroleum and coal products 61,325 68,090 70,386 5,679 Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products 19,217 18,819 18,649 786 Other nondurable manufacturing corporations 17,213 15,770 14,096 679 Durable manufacturing corporations 331,656 339,706 323,811 15,94 Stone, clay, and glass products 12,765 13,961 12,933 (26) Primary metal industries 29,475 26,497 27,451 1,704 Iron and steel 14,306 12,821 13,356 475 Nonferrous metals 15,169 13,677 14,095 1,228 Sales Sales Sales Incom Industry group 1Q 1989 4Q 1989 1Q 1990 1Q 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nonferrous metals 15,169 13,677 14,095 1,228 Fabricated metal products 36,960 34,836 34,617 1,629 Machinery, except electrical 59,524 65,674 61,672 2,550 Electrical and electronic equipment 53,447 57,605 51,961 2,364 Transportation equipment 87,991 87,110 82,397 5,221 Motor vehicles and equipment 58,837 52,186 48,855 3,950 Aircraft, guided missiles, and parts 26,490 31,625 30,435 1,237 Instruments and related products 23,974 25,505 24,782 1,574 Other durable manufacturing corporations 27,520 28,518 27,998 925 All mining corporations* 8,603 9,929 9,822 486 All retail trade corporations* 132,746 173,025 NA 2,365 All wholesale trade corporations* 165,367 183,743 187,513 1,857 *With assets over $50 million. Annual Percent Change in Productivity and Related Data, 1979-1989 Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Labor Department 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코� Item 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 198 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Business sector: Output per hour of all persons 1.1 -0.3 1.5 -0.7 2.4 2.6 2.0 2.3 Real compensation per hour1 -1.4 -2.6 -0.9 1.2 0.6 -0.2 0.8 3.3 Unit labor cost 11.1 10.9 7.7 8.3 1.4 1.5 2.3 2.8 Unit nonlabor payments 5.3 5.4 13.5 1.4 7.3 7.0 2.8 0.7 Implicit price deflator2 9.0 9.0 9.6 5.9 3.3 3.3 2.5 2.1 Nonfarm business sector: Output per hour of all persons -1.5 -0.4 1.1 -0.9 3.0 2.1 1.3 2.0 Real compensation per hour1 -1.6 -2.6 -0.7 1.1 0.7 -0.4 0.5 3.2 Unit labor cost 11.2 11.0 8.3 8.4 1.0 1.8 2.8 3.0 Unit nonlabor payments 4.5 7.1 12.7 2.2 8.7 5.5 3.6 0.9 Implicit price deflator2 8.9 9.7 9.7 6.3 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.3 Manufacturing: Item 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 198 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Manufacturing: Output per hour of all persons 0.0 0.0 2.3 2.5 5.2 5.4 4.5 3.8 Real compensation per hour -1.4 -1.6 -0.5 2.6 -0.7 -0.9 1.2 2.6 Unit labor cost 9.7 11.7 7.3 6.2 -2.5 -1.9 0.3 0.7 1 Adjusted for changes in the CPI for all urban consumers;2 Current dollar gross product divided by constant dollar grossproduct. U.S. Reliance on Foreign Supplies of Minerals Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mineral Percent imported in 1989 Major sources (1985-88) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mineral Percent imported in 1989 Major sources (1985-88) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Columbium 100% Brazil, Canada, Thailand Graphite 100 Mexico, China, Brazil, Madag Manganese 100 Gabon, S. Africa Mica (sheet) 100 India, Belgium, France, Japa Strontium (Celestite) 100 Mexico, Spain, China Bauxite and alumina 97 Australia, Guinea, Jamaica, Platinum group 95 South Africa, Britain, USSR Fluorspar 91 Mexico, South Africa Mineral Percent imported in 1989 Major sources (1985-88) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Diamonds (industrial) 90 South Africa, Britain, Irela Zaire Cobalt 86 Zaire, Zambia, Canada, Norwa Tantalum 85 Thailand, Brazil, Australia, Chromium 79 South Africa, Zimbabwe, Turk Yugoslavia Tungsten 73 China, Bolivia, Germany, Can Tin 73 Brazil, Indonesia, Bolivia Barite 71 China, Morocco, India Potash 70 Canada, Israel, East Germany Mineral Percent imported in 1989 Major sources (1985-88) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Zinc 69 Canada, Mexico, Peru, Spain Nickel 65 Canada, Australia, Norway Cadmium 62 Canada, Australia, Mexico, W Germany Silver NA Canada, Mexico, Britain, Per Minerals Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department, as of mid-1990 Aluminum: the most abundant metal element in the Earth's crust. Bauxite is the main source of aluminum; convert to aluminum equivalent by multiplying by 0.211. Guinea and Australia have 46 percent of the world's reserves. Aluminum is used in the U.S. in packaging 31%, transportation 22% and building 19%. Chromium: some 99 percent of the world's chromite is found in South Africa and Zimbabwe. The chemical and metallurgical industries use about 85% of the chromite consumed in the U.S. Cobalt: used in superalloys for jet engines; chemicals (paint driers, catalysts, magnetic coatings); permanent magnets; and cemented carbides for cutting tools. Principal cobalt producing countries include Zaire, Zambia, and the USSR. The U.S. uses about one-third of total world consumption. Although its resources are relatively large, the U.S. has produced no cobalt since 1971; cobalt resources are low grade and production from these deposits is not economically feasible. Columbium: used mostly as an additive in steel making and in superalloys. Brazil and Canada are the world's leading producers. There is no U.S. columbium mining industry. Copper: main uses of copper in the U.S. are in nonelectrical building construction 15%, electrical and electronic products 72%, industrial machinery and equipment 6%, transportation 3%. The leading producer is Chile, followed by the U.S., USSR, Canada, Zambia, and Zaire. Principal mining states are Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. Gold: used in the U.S. in jewelry and arts 56%, industrial (mainly electronic) 36%, dental 8%. South Africa has about half of the world's resources; significant quantities are also present in the U.S., Canada, USSR, and Brazil. Gold mining in the U.S. takes place in nearly all of the western states and Alaska. Iron ore: the source of primary iron for the world's iron and steel industries. Major iron ore producers include the USSR, Brazil, Australia, and China. Lead: the U.S. is the world's largest producer and consumer of lead metal. Transportation accounted for the major end use in the U.S. with 71% used in batteries, gasoline additives, and other applications. Other uses include emergency power supply batteries, construction sheeting, sporting ammunition and TV tubes. Other major mine producers include the USSR, Australia, and Canada. Manganese: essential to iron and steel production. The U.S., Japan, and Western Europe are all nearly deficient in economically minable manganese. South Africa and the USSR have over 70% of the world's reserves. Nickel: vital to stainless steel industry and played a key role in the development of the chemical and aerospace industries. Leading producers include the USSR, Canada, Japan and Australia. Platinum-Group Metals: the platinum group comprises 6 closely related metals: platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium. They commonly occur together in nature and are among the scarcest of the metallic elements. They are consumed in the U.S. by the following industries: automotive 37%, electrical and electronic 25%, and chemical 11%. The USSR and South Africa have nearly all the world's reserves. Silver: used in the following U.S. industries: photography; electrical and electronic products; sterlingware, electroplated ware, and jewelry. Silver is mined in more than 56 countries. Nevada produces over 30% of the U.S. silver. Tantalum: a refractory metal with unique electrical, chemical, and physical properties used mostly in the U.S to produce electronic components tantalum capacitors. Thailand, Australia, Brazil and Canada are the leading producers. There is no U.S. tantalum mining industry. Titanium: a metal which is mostly used in jet engines, airframes, and space and missile applications. It is produced in the USSR, Japan, and the western and central U.S., the United Kingdom, and China. Vanadium: used as an alloying element in steel, as an alloying agent in aerospace titanium alloys, and as a catalyst in the production of sulfuric acid and maleic anhydride. The USSR and South Africa are the world's largest producers. Zinc: used as protective coating on steel, as diecastings, as an alloying metal with copper to make brass, and as chemical compounds in rubber and paints. It is mined in over 50 countries with Canada the leading producer, followed by the USSR, Australia, Peru and China. In the U.S., mine production comes mostly from Tennessee, Missouri, New York and Alaska. World Mineral Reserve Base Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Mineral Reserve Base1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Aluminum 25,000 mln. metric tons2 Chromium 6,800 mln. metric tons Cobalt 8,340 thou. metric tons. Columbium 9,100 mln. lbs. Copper 570 mln. metric tons Gold 1,510 mln. troy oz. Iron 210,000 mln. metric tons3 Lead 125 mln. metric tons Manganese 3,900,000 thousand short tons Nickel 121,000 thousand short tons Platinum--Group Metals 2,140 mln. troy oz. Mineral Reserve Base1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Platinum--Group Metals 2,140 mln. troy oz. Silver 420,000 metric tons Tantalum 76 mln. lbs. Titanium 320 mln. metric tons Vanadium 18,300 thousand short tons Zinc 295 mln. metric tons 1 Includes demonstrated resources that are currently economic (reserves), marginally economic (marginal reserves), and some of those that are currently subeconomic. 2 Bauxite. 3 Crude ore. U.S. Nonfuel Mineral Production--Leading States in 1988 Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 State Value (thousands) Principal minerals 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Arizona $2,733,411 Copper, gold, sand and gravel. California 2,708,768 Cement, boron minerals, sand and gravel (construction), stone (crushed). Nevada 1,944,566 Gold, sand & gravel (construction), silver. Michigan 1,587,561 Cement, sand & gravel, stone. Texas 1,468,818 Cement, stone (crushed), sand and gravel (construction), salt. Florida 1,391,881 Stone (crushed), cement, phosphate rock. Georgia 1,373,825 Clays, stone (crushed). Minnesota 1,267,499 Iron ore, sand and gravel (construction), State Value (thousands) Principal minerals 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Minnesota 1,267,499 Iron ore, sand and gravel (construction), stone (crushed). Pennsylvania 1,042,493 Cement, stone (crushed), lime, sand and gravel (construction). New Mexico 1,022,072 Potassium salts, copper. Utah 1,014,847 Cement, lime, sand and gravel. Missouri 967,949 Cement, lead, stone (crushed). Ohio 737,252 Stone (crushed), sand and gravel (construction), salt, lime. U.S. Nonfuel Mineral Production Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department Production as measured by mine shipments, sales, or marketable production (including consumption by producers) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Metals Metals Antimony (ore and concentrate) short tons Bauxite metric tons, drie Beryilium concentrates short tons Copper (recoverable content of ores, etc.) metric tons 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Gold (recoverable content of ores, etc.) troy ounces Iron ore, usable (includes byproduct material) thousand metric t Iron oxide pigments, crude short tons Lead (recoverable content of ores, etc.) metric tons Magnesium metal short tons Manganiferous ore (5% to 35% Mn) short tons, gross Molybdenum (content of ore and concentrate) thousand pounds Nickel (content of ore and concentrate) short tons Silver (recoverable content of ores, etc.) troy ounces 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Silver (recoverable content of ores, etc.) troy ounces Tungsten ore and concentrate metric tons Zinc (recoverable content of ores, etc.) metric tons Combined value of antimony, mercury, platinum-group Combined value o metals,rare-earth metal concentrates, tin, titanium metals,rare-earth concentrates(ilmenite and rutile), valadium zircon concentrates(ilme concentrate, andvalues indicated by symbol W concentrate, andv Total metals Total metals Industrial Minerals (except fuels) Industrial Minera Abrasive stones1 short tons Asbestos metric tons 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Asbestos metric tons Barite thousand short to Boron minerals do Bromine thousand pounds Cement: Masonry thousand short to Portland do Clays short tons Diatomite thousand short to 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Emory short tons Feldspar do Fluorspar do Garnet (abrasive) do Gem stones Gypsum thousand short to Helium (crude) million cubic fee Helium (Grade A) do Iodine lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Iodine lbs. Lime thousand short to Mica (scrap) do Peat do Perlite do Phosphate rock metric tons Potassium salts K2O equivalent thousand metric t Pumice thousand short to Salt do 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Sand and gravel (construction) do Sand and gravel (industrial) do Sodium sulfate (natural) do Stone2 (crushed) do Stone2 (dimension) short tons Sulfur, Frasch process thousand metric t Talc and pyrophyllite short tons Tripoli do Vermiculite do 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Vermiculite do Combined value of aplite, asphalt (native), graphite, Combined value of kyanite,lithium minerals, magnesite, marl (greensand), kyanite,lithium m olivine,staurolite, wollastonite, calcium chloride olivine,staurolit (natural), andvalues indicated by symbol W (natural), andval Total nonmetals Total nonmetals Grand total Grand total W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data;included in "Combined value" figures. XX Not applicable. NA Not available. 1 Grindstones, pulpstones, sharpening stones, excludes millliners & grinding pebbles. 2 Excludes abrasive stone, bituminous limestoneand sandstone; all included elsewhere in table. U.S. Pig Iron and Raw Steel Output American Iron and Steel Institute (net tons) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Total pig iron Raw steel 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1940 46,071,666 66,982,686 1945 53,223,169 79,701,648 1950 64,586,907 96,836,075 1955 76,857,417 117,036,085 1960 66,480,648 99,281,601 1965 88,184,901 131,461,601 1970 91,435,000 131,514,000 1975 101,208,000 116,642,000 Year Total pig iron Raw steel 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1975 101,208,000 116,642,000 1980 68,721,000 111,835,000 1984 51,904,000 92,528,000 1985 50,446,000 88,259,000 1986 43,952,000 81,606,000 1987 48,410,000 89,151,000 1988 55,745,000 99,924,000 1989 55,873,000 97,943,000 Steel figures include only that portion of the capacity and production of steel for castings used by foundries which were operated by companies producing steel ingots. U.S. Copper, Lead, and Zinc Production Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴� Year Copper Copper Lead Lead Quantity (metric tons) Value ($1,000) Quantity (metric tons) Value ( 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1950 827 379,122 390,839 113,078 1960 1,037 733,706 223,774 57,722 1965 1,226 957,028 273,196 93,959 1970 1,560 1,984,484 518,698 178,609 1975 1,282 1,814,763 563,783 267,230 1980 1,181 2,666,931 550,366 515,189 1983 1,038 1,751,476 449,295 214,745 1984 1,103 1,625,000 322,677 181,745 1985 1,105 1,631,000 413,955 174,008 1986 1,144 1,666,000 339,793 165,150 1987 1,244 2,262,000 311,381 246,720 1988 1,420 3,772,000 384,983 315,222 World Gold Production (Troy Ounces) 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Africa Africa Africa North and South America Year World prod. South Africa Ghana Zaire United States 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1972 44,843,374 29,245,273 724,051 140,724 1,449,943 1975 38,476,371 22,937,820 523,889 103,217 1,052,252 1977 38,906,145 22,501,886 480,884 80,418 1,100,347 1978 38,983,019 22,648,558 402,034 76,077 998,832 1979 38,768,978 22,617,179 362,000 69,992 964,390 1980 39,197,315 21,669,468 353,000 39,963 969,782 1982 43,082,814 21,355,111 331,000 62,233 1,465,686 1983 45,163,364 21,847,310 276,000 192,930 2,002,526 1984 46,929,444 21,860,933 287,000 117,115 2,084,615 1985 49,283,691 21,565,230 299,363 63,022 2,427,232 1986 51,534,056 20,513,665 287,127 167,827 3,739,015 Africa Africa Africa North and South America Year World prod. South Africa Ghana Zaire United States 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1986 51,534,056 20,513,665 287,127 167,827 3,739,015 1987 53,033,614 19,176,500 327,598 140,561 4,947,040 1988p 58,453,814 19,881,126 372,979 140,000 6,459,539 1989e 63,369,158 19,386,892 429,469 112,528 8,537,329 e estimated p preliminary U.S. and World Silver Production Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department (metric tons) Largest production of silver in the United States in 1915--2,332 metric tons. 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year United States World 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1930 1,578 7,736 1935 1,428 6,865 1940 2,164 8,565 1945 904 5,039 1950 1,347 6,323 1955 1,134 6,967 1960 1,120 7,505 1965 1,238 8,007 1970 1,400 9,670 1975 1,087 9,428 1980 1,006 10,556 1985 1,227 13,051 1986 1,074 12,970 1987 1,241 13,757 1988p 1,661 14,167 1989e 2,007 14,452 p preliminary. e estimate. Aluminum Summary, 1980 to 1988 Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴� Item Unit 1980 1983 1984 1985 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� U.S. production 1,000 metric ton 5,914 4,917 5,859 5,262 4 Primary aluminum 1,000 metric ton 4,654 3,353 4,099 3,500 3 Plant capacity, U.S. 1,000 metric ton (NA) 5,001 (NA) 4,706 4 Secondary aluminum1 1,000 metric ton 1,260 1,564 1,760 1,762 1 Primary aluminum Bil. dol 7.3 5.8 7.3 6.3 5 Price (Primary alum.)2 Cents/lb 71.6 77.8 81.0 81.0 8 Imports for consumption3 1,000 metric ton 647 1,091 1,477 1,420 1 Exports3 1,000 metric ton 1,346 776 734 908 7 World production, est. 1,000 metric ton 15,383 13,904 15,705 15,398 1 Item Unit 1980 1983 1984 1985 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� World production, est. 1,000 metric ton 15,383 13,904 15,705 15,398 1 World plant capacity 1,000 metric ton 16,978 17,737 18,215 18,010 1 1 Recoverable aluminum content from scrap, old and new;2 Average prices for primary aluminum, quoted by MetalsWeek; 3 Crude and semicrude (including metaland alloys, plates, bars, etc., and scrap). TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION U.S. Foreign Trade with Leading Countries Office of Industry and Trade Information, U.S. Commerce Department (millions of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴� Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries Exports Exports and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries: 1980 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total 220,705 320,385 Western Hemisphere 74,114 113,155 Canada 35,395 69,233 20 Latin American Republics 36,030 40,077 Central American Common Market 1,951 2,254 Dominican Republic 795 1,362 Panama 699 633 Bahamas 396 741 Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries Exports Exports and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries: 1980 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Jamaica 305 758 Netherlands Antilles 448 432 Trinidad and Tobago 680 328 Western Europe 71,372 87,995 OECDcountries (excludes depend. and Yugo.) 66,654 87,236 European Economic Community 53,679 75,926 Belgium and Luxembourg 6,661 7,405 Denmark 863 970 Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries Exports Exports and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries: 1980 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  France 7,485 10,086 Germany, Federal Republic of 10,960 14,331 Greece 922 649 Ireland 836 2,182 Italy 5,511 6,782 Netherlands 8,669 10,095 Portugal 911 752 Spain 3,179 4,217 Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries Exports Exports and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries: 1980 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  United Kingdom 12,694 18,404 Austria 448 748 Finland 505 763 Iceland 79 98 Norway 843 932 Sweden 1,767 2,705 Switzerland 3,781 4,207 Turkey 540 1,843 Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries Exports Exports and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries: 1980 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Yugoslavia 756 534 Eastern Europe 3,860 3,650 USSR 1,513 2,768 Asia 60,168 99,705 Near East 11,900 10,857 Iran 23 73 Iraq 724 1,156 Israel 2,045 3,248 Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries Exports Exports and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries: 1980 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Jordan 407 373 Kuwait 886 690 Lebanon 303 123 Saudi Arabia 5,769 3,799 Syria 239 89 Japan 20,790 37,732 East and South Asia 27,478 46,061 Bangladesh 292 258 Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries Exports Exports and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries: 1980 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  China, People's Republic of 3,755 5,039 China (Taiwan) 4,337 12,131 Hong Kong 2,686 5,691 India 1,689 2,498 Indonesia 1,545 1,056 Korea, Republic of 4,685 11,290 Malaysia 1,337 2,139 Pakistan 642 1,093 Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries Exports Exports and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries: 1980 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Philippines 1,999 1,880 Singapore 3,033 5,770 Thailand 1,263 1,964 Oceania 4,876 8,242 Australia 4,093 6,981 New Zealand and Samoa 599 946 Africa 9,060 7,431 Algeria 542 733 Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries Exports Exports and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries: 1980 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Botswana . . . 41 Egypt 1,874 2,340 Gabon 48 56 Ghana 127 117 Ivory Coast 185 75 Kenya 141 92 Liberia 113 68 Libya 509 (z) Exports from the U.S. to the following areas and countries Exports Exports and imports into the U.S. from thoseareas and countries: 1980 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Morocco 344 428 Nigeria 1,150 356 South Africa, Rep. of 2,464 1,690 Sudan 143 109 Tunisia 174 185 Zaire 155 125 z = Less than one-half of rounded unit. NA = not available. U.S. Exports and Imports of Leading Commodities Office of Industry and Trade Information, U.S. Commerce Department (millions of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴� Commodity Exports Exports Exports 1980 1987 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Food and live animals 27,744 19,179 26,415 Cattle, except for breeding . . . . . . . . . Meat and preparations 1,293 1,768 2,430 Dairy products and eggs 255 385 496 Fish 915 1,588 2,177 Grains and preparations 18,079 8,058 12,281 Wheat, including flour 6,586 3,248 5,080 Rice 1,285 576 802 Grains and Animal feed 2,878 3,907 6,064 Commodity Exports Exports Exports 1980 1987 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Grains and Animal feed 2,878 3,907 6,064 Vegetables and Fruit . . . 2,956 3,488 Sugar . . . . . . . . . Coffee, crude . . . . . . . . . Cocoa or cacao beans . . . . . . . . . Tea . . . . . . . . . Beverages and tobacco 2,663 3,667 4,548 Alcoholic beverages . . . . . . . . . Tobacco, unmanufactured 2,390 1,091 1,252 Crude materials, inedible, except fuels 23,791 20,416 25,135 Hides and skins 694 1,450 1,639 Oilseeds, oil nuts, oil kernels 5,883 4,343 4,816 Synthetic rubber and rubber latex 695 761 858 Lumber and rough wood 2,675 3,007 4,086 Wood pulp and pulpwood 2,454 3,084 4,002 Textile fibers and wastes 2,864 1,631 1,975 Ores and metal scrap 4,518 3,018 4,279 Mineral fuels and related materials 7,982 7,713 8,186 Commodity Exports Exports Exports 1980 1987 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mineral fuels and related materials 7,982 7,713 8,186 Coal 4,523 6,740 8,054 Petroleum and products 2,833 3,922 3,679 Natural gas . . . . . . . . . Animal and vegetable oils and fats 1,946 981 945 Chemicals 20,740 26,381 32,300 Medicines and pharmaceuticals 1,932 3,782 3,941 Fertilizers, manufactured 2,265 2,259 2,497 Plastic materials and resins 3,884 5,493 7,277 Machinery and transport equip. 84,629 108,596 135,135 Machinery 55,790 69,637 88,432 Aircraft engines and parts 1,915 4,390 5,502 Auto engines and parts 1,688 2,406 3,812 Agricultural machinery 3,104 1,493 1,956 Tractors and parts 1,809 625 885 Office machines and computers 8,709 18,692 23,128 Transport equipment 28,839 38,959 46,703 Road motor vehicles and parts 14,590 20,879 8,312 Commodity Exports Exports Exports 1980 1987 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Road motor vehicles and parts 14,590 20,879 8,312 Aircraft and parts except engines 12,816 16,903 20,004 Other manufactured goods 42,714 19,409 22,885 Tires and tubes 511 514 772 Wood and manufactures, exc. furniture 2,675 . . . . . . Paper and manufactures 2,831 3,180 313 Glassware and pottery . . . . . . . . . Diamonds, excl. industrial . . . . . . . . . Nonmetallic mineral manuf. 2,209 2,289 2,861 Metal manufactures 4,205 3,534 . . . Pig iron and ferroalloys 3,123 . . . 2,173 Iron and steel-mill products 2,998 1,229 2,017 Nonferrous base metals 2,964 1,853 . . . Textiles, other than clothing 3,632 677 709 Clothing 1,203 1,156 1,574 Footwear . . . . . . . . . Furniture 521 624 837 Professional, scientific, controlling instruments 6,763 7,388 8,890 Commodity Exports Exports Exports 1980 1987 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Professional, scientific, controlling instruments 6,763 7,388 8,890 Printed matter 1,097 1,562 1,918 Clocks and watches 133 93 125 Toys, games, sporting goods 1,012 885 1,272 Artworks and antiques . . . . . . . . . Other transactions 8,496 20,381 27,483 Total 220,705 252,866 308,014 U.S. Exports and General Imports by Principal Commodity Groupings,1989 Office of Industry and Trade Information, U.S. Commerce Department (in millions of dollars, not seasonally adjusted) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴캠 Item Exports Imports 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Total 363,811.5 473,210.8 Agricultural commodities 41,319.4 22,035.3 Animal feeds 3,081.1 279.0 Cereal flour; and flour preparations 694.5 558.1 Cocoa 22.0 732.0 Coffee 12.7 2,273.5 Corn 6,734.2 55.1 Cotton, raw 2,244.1 3.3 Dairy products; eggs 446.5 440.9 Grain sorghum; rye; oats 1,045.2 162.6 Item Exports Imports 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Grain sorghum; rye; oats 1,045.2 162.6 Hides and skins, undressed 1,576.6 97.9 Meat and preparations 2,963.8 2,560.0 Oils/fats, vegetable 739.6 655.5 Rice 981.4 61.9 Soybeans 4,011.5 23.9 Sugar 3.3 605.3 Tobacco, unmanufactured 1,339.9 667.6 Vegetables and fruit 4,530.4 4,908.6 Wheat 5,907.1 57.5 Item Exports Imports 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Wheat 5,907.1 57.5 Other agricultural 41,319.4 22,035.3 Manufactured goods 272,166.4 379,425.4 ADP equipment; office machinery 23,992.2 25,714.5 Airplanes 14,432.6 2,947.8 Airplane parts 8,791.6 2,929.1 Aluminum 2,988.2 3,143.5 Artwork/antiques 1,653.0 2,172.2 Chemicals-dyeing tanning 1,248.9 1,131.0 Chemicals-fertilizers 2,707.8 1,003.2 Item Exports Imports 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Chemicals-fertilizers 2,707.8 1,003.2 Chemicals-medicinal pharmaceutical 3,692.5 2,087.6 Chemicals-organic/inorganic 14,710.4 10,248.3 Chemicals-perfume materials; polishing and cleaning 1,553.5 1,157.6 preparations Chemicals-plastic 8,559.1 3,308.9 Chemicals-turpentine; waxes and products, n.s.p.f. 4,884.3 1,777.1 Clothing and footwear 2,530.5 32,931.2 Electrical machinery 25,409.3 32,373.0 Fixtures-plumbing, heating/lighting 623.7 1,159.5 Item Exports Imports 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Furniture and parts 1,294.8 4,907.9 Gem diamonds 1,097.6 4,347.3 General industrial machinery 15,034.5 14,486.9 Glass 979.0 788.8 Iron and steel mill products 3,599.2 9,392.7 Metal manufacturers, n.s.p.f. 4,494.4 6,371.6 Metalworking machinery 2,738.5 3,867.9 Motorcycles/parts, bicycles/trailers 729.2 1,552.5 Musical instruments/recording media 2,957.2 2,446.5 Item Exports Imports 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Paper/paperboard/and articles 4,585.5 8,491.8 Photographic apparatus/supplies 2,535.0 3,435.6 Power generating machinery 15,348.7 14,257.1 Printed matter 3,002.2 1,617.8 Plastic articles, n.e.s. 1,700.0 2,998.6 Rubber articles, n.e.s. 670.5 912.5 Scientific instruments and parts 11,488.6 5,848.9 Specialized industrial machinery 14,351.9 12,839.4 Telecommunications apparatus; equipment; and parts 8,131.7 23,233.8 Item Exports Imports 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Textile yarns, fabrics, and articles 4,301.7 6,087.1 Tires and tubes--automotive 819.1 2,383.8 Toys/games/sporting goods 1,630.9 8,396.1 Travel goods 114.0 2,127.6 Vehicles and parts: Cars, new Canadian 6,823.7 12,870.6 Cars, new Japanese 326.8 19,912.2 Cars, new other countries 2,274.2 11,370.7 Trucks 2,842.8 8,807.2 Item Exports Imports 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Chassis/bodies 207.3 1,095.0 Parts 13,224.8 15,248.3 Vessels/floating structures/parts 1,050.2 578.7 Watches/clocks/parts 177.3 907.7 Wood manufacturers 1,064.9 2,028.7 Other manufactured goods 18,187.7 28,202.8 Petroleum and petroleum products 5,021.1 49,704.2 Crude petroleum 205.4 35,529.2 Other petroleum products 4,185.6 14,175.0 Item Exports Imports 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Mineral fuels, excluding petroleum products 4,658.9 2,553.5 Coal 4,087.1 84.1 Natural gas 215.5 1,849.7 Crude materials excluding agricultural and fuels 16,390.6 11,562.1 Cork, wood, lumber 5,203.5 3,499.4 Pulp & waste paper 4,394.5 3,050.4 Metal ores; scrap 5,520.9 3,866.4 Other crude material 1,271.6 1,145.8 Fish and preparations 3,296.2 5,388.8 Item Exports Imports 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Fish--fresh; chilled; frozen 1,436.8 2,132.2 Beverages; tobacco excl. agricultural 3,954.9 1,906.1 Cigarettes 3,362.4 49.3 Distilled alcoholic beverages 222.4 1,587.7 Other beverages; tobacco excluding agricultural 370.1 269.1 All other domestic exports and general imports 1,429.9 114.2 Note: Details may not equal totals due to rounding and other statistical procedures. Value of U.S. Exports, Imports, and Merchandise Balance Office of Trade and Investment Analysis, U.S. Dept. of Commerce (millions of dollars) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Principal Census trade Principal Census trade Principal Census trade totals totals totals Year U.S. exports and U.S. general imports U.S. merchandise reexports excluding f.a.s. transaction balance f.a.s.1 military grant-aid values1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1950 9,997 8,954 1,043 1955 14,298 11,566 2,732 1960 19,659 15,073 4,586 1965 26,742 21,520 5,222 Principal Census trade Principal Census trade Principal Census trade totals totals totals Year U.S. exports and U.S. general imports U.S. merchandise reexports excluding f.a.s. transaction balance f.a.s.1 military grant-aid values1 1965 26,742 21,520 5,222 1970 42,681 40,356 2,325 1975 107,652 98,503 9,149 1980 220,626 244,871 -24,245 1985 213,133 345,2762 -132,143 1987 252,8533 405,9102 -153,035 1988 322,418 440,952 -118,534 1989 363,805 473,211 -109,405 Principal Census trade Principal Census trade Principal Census trade totals totals totals Year U.S. exports and U.S. general imports U.S. merchandise reexports excluding f.a.s. transaction balance f.a.s.1 military grant-aid values1  Note: Export values include both commercially-financed shipments and shipments under government-financed programs such as AID and PL-480. 1 Prior to 1974, imports are customs values, i.e. generally at prices in principal foreign markets. 2 In 1981 import value changes back to customs value. 3 Includes undocumented exports to Canada. Major Merchant Fleets of the World Maritime Administration, U.S. Commerce Department (tonnage in thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴� Type of Vessel Type of V Total Total Total Freighters Freighter Number Gross Tons Dwt. Tons Number Gross Ton 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� All Countries1 22,983 366,764 604,489 12,195 94,780 United States2 655 16,265 24,417 371 6,643 Privately owned 407 13,096 20,439 171 4,360 Government owned 248 3,169 3,978 200 2,283 Brazil 293 5,766 9,755 114 827 British Colonies 545 14,046 24,810 252 1,913 China* 1,281 12,747 19,611 860 6,140 Cyprus 1,054 16,580 29,729 537 3,326 Denmark 199 4,100 6,288 136 1,683 Germany (Fed. Rep.) 310 3,125 3,954 244 2,409 Greece 914 19,799 36,537 238 1,902 India 296 5,885 9,843 112 1,138 Type of Vessel Type of V Total Total Total Freighters Freighter Number Gross Tons Dwt. Tons Number Gross Ton 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Japan 1,007 23,285 36,237 411 4,459 Korea (Rep. of) 429 7,244 11,909 211 1,677 Liberia 1,409 47,711 88,275 311 4,236 Malta 293 3,601 6,257 144 754 Nassau, Bahamas 530 11,723 19,719 225 1,680 Netherlands 326 2,697 3,638 256 1,663 Norway 587 15,991 28,800 138 1,148 Panama 3,189 44,051 70,537 1,707 13,858 Philippines 558 8,891 14,948 225 1,394 Poland 245 3,020 4,258 143 1,248 Romania Type of Vessel Type of V Total Total Total Freighters Freighter Number Gross Tons Dwt. Tons Number Gross Ton 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� United Kingdom 198 3,761 4,708 89 1,569 U.S.S.R.* 2,428 18,917 25,735 1,732 9,621 Yugoslavia 272 3,704 5,943 167 1,380 Fleets of oceangoing steam and motor ships totalling 1 million gross tons and over as of Jan. 1, 1990. Excludes ships operating exclusively on the Top 50 U.S. Industrial Exporters FORTUNE Magazine, July 16, 1990 露컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rank Rank Export sales % change Export sales % ch 1989 1988 Company $ Millions 1988-89 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 3 Boeing 11,021.0 40.4 2 1 General Motors 10,185.1 8.4 3 2 Ford Motor 8,602.0 -2.5 4 4 General Electric 7,268.0 26.5 5 5 Int'l Business Machines 5,476.0 10.6 6 7 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours 4,844.0 15.4 7 6 Chrysler 4,649.0 7.0 8 10 United Technologies 3,307.4 16.1 9 9 Caterpillar 3,291.0 12.3 10 8 McDonnell Douglas 2,896.0 -16.6 Rank Rank Export sales % change Export sales % ch 1989 1988 Company $ Millions 1988-89 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 10 8 McDonnell Douglas 2,896.0 -16.6 11 11 Eastman Kodak 2,874.0 3.7 12 13 Hewlett-Packard 2,634.0 27.6 13 14 Unisys 2,400.1 2.0 14 16 Motorola 2,319.0 33.1 15 15 Philip Morris 2,288.0 22.8 16 12 Digital Equipment 2,103.3 4.2 17 17 Occidental Petroleum 1,995.0 18.5 18 19 Allied-Signal 1,692.0 15.6 19 20 Weyerhaeuser 1,574.0 12.6 20 21 Union Carbide 1,561.0 12.5 21 18 General Dynamics 1,522.1 -4.7 22 22 Raytheon 1,340.0 2.5 23 23 Textron 1,210.0 7.4 24 26 Archer Daniels Midland 1,208.5 11.1 25 25 Dow Chemical 1,157.0 4.3 26 24 Westinghouse Electric 1,131.0 1.4 27 28 International Paper 1,100.0 10.0 Rank Rank Export sales % change Export sales % ch 1989 1988 Company $ Millions 1988-89 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 27 28 International Paper 1,100.0 10.0 28 27 Monsanto 1,070.0 -1.2 29 29 Hoechst Celanese 1,039.0 7.4 30 40 Merck 1,038.6 39.3 31 32 Minnesota Mining & Mfg. 1,019.0 21.9 32 30 Exxon 1,019.0 8.8 33 31 Intel 997.9 7.8 34 43 Aluminum Co. of America 935.0 20.8 35 41 Compaq Computer 896.1 46.5 36 39 Rockwell International 800.0 29.0 37 * Xerox 770.0 93.0 38 33 Bayer USA 759.5 7.3 39 34 Lockheed 754.0 9.9 40 * Sun Microsystems 751.0 99.3 41 38 Deere 742.0 19.3 42 42 Honeywell 718.0 17.7 43 44 North American Philips 693.6 17.9 44 48 Abbott Laboratories 685.0 25.2 Rank Rank Export sales % change Export sales % ch 1989 1988 Company $ Millions 1988-89 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 44 48 Abbott Laboratories 685.0 25.2 45 46 Amoco 668.0 15.6 46 * Tenneco 644.0 28.8 47 * Bristol-Myers Squibb 638.0 N.A. 48 37 FMC 631.4 -2.5 49 49 Ethyl 592.7 9.2 50 * Cooper Industries 571.5 27.8 Total $110,081.7 Notable Ocean Passages by Ships Compiled by N.R.P. Bonsor 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sailing Vessels Sailing Vessels Sailing Vessels Sailing Vessels Date Ship From 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1846 Yorkshire Yorkshire Liverpool 1853 Northern Light Northern Light San Francisco 1854 James Baines James Baines Boston Light 1854 Flying Cloud Flying Cloud New York 1868-9 Thermopylae Thermopylae Liverpool -- Red Jacket Red Jacket New York -- Starr King Starr King 50 S. Lat -- Golden Fleece Golden Fleece Equator 1905 Atlantic Atlantic Sandy Hook Sailing Vessels Sailing Vessels Sailing Vessels Sailing Vessels Date Ship From 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1905 Atlantic Atlantic Sandy Hook Atlantic Crossing Atlantic Crossing Atlantic Crossing Atlantic Crossing by Passenger by Passenger by Passenger by Passenger Steamships Steamships Steamships Steamships 1819 (5/22 - 6/20) Savannah (a) US Savannah 1838 (5/7 - 5/22) Great Western Br New York 1840 (8/4 - 8/14) Britannia (b) Br Halifax 1854 (6/28 - 7/7) Baltic US Liverpool 1856 (8/6 - 8/15) Persia Br Sandy Hook 1876 (12/16-12/24) Britannic Br Sandy Hook Sailing Vessels Sailing Vessels Sailing Vessels Sailing Vessels Date Ship From 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1876 (12/16-12/24) Britannic Br Sandy Hook 1895 (5/18 - 5/24) Lucania Br Sandy Hook 1898 (3/30 - 4/5) Kaiser Wilhelmder Ger Needles Grosse 1901 (7/10 - 7/17) Deutschland Ger Sandy Hook 1907 (10/6 - 10/10) Lusitania Br Queenstown 1924 (8/20 - 8/25) Mauretania Br Ambrose 1929 (7/17 - 7/22) Bremen* Ger Cherbourg 1933 (6/27 - 7/2) Europa Ger Cherbourg Sailing Vessels Sailing Vessels Sailing Vessels Sailing Vessels Date Ship From 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1933 (8/11 - 8/16) Rex It Gibraltar 1935 (5/30 - 6/3) Normandie* Fr Bishop Rock 1938 (8/10 - 8/14) Queen Mary Br Ambrose 1952 (7/11 - 7/15) United States US Bishop Rock 1952 (7/3 - 7/7) United States* (e) US Ambrose Other Ocean Other Ocean Other Ocean Other Ocean Passages Passages Passages Passages 1928 (June) USS Lexington USS Lexington San Pedro 1944 (Jul-Sep) St. Roch (c) (Can) St. Roch (c) (Can) Halifax Sailing Vessels Sailing Vessels Sailing Vessels Sailing Vessels Date Ship From 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1944 (Jul-Sep) St. Roch (c) (Can) St. Roch (c) (Can) Halifax 1945 (7/16-7/19) USS Indianapolis ( USS Indianapolis ( San Francisco d) d) 1945 (11/26) USS Lake Champlain USS Lake Champlain Gibraltar 1950 (Jul-Aug) USS Boxer USS Boxer Japan 1951 (6/1-6/9) USS Philippine Sea USS Philippine Sea Yokohama 1958 (2/25-3/4) USS Skate (f) USS Skate (f) Nantucket 1958 (3/23-3/29) USS Skate (f) USS Skate (f) Lizard, Eng 1958 (7/23-8/7) USS Nautilus (g) USS Nautilus (g) Pearl Harbor Sailing Vessels Sailing Vessels Sailing Vessels Sailing Vessels Date Ship From 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1960 (2/16-5/10) USS Triton (h) USS Triton (h) New London 1960 (8/15-8/20) USS Seadragon (i) USS Seadragon (i) Baffin Bay 1962 (10/30-11/11) African Comet* African Comet* New York (U.S.) (U.S.) 1973 (8/20) Sea-Land Exchange Sea-Land Exchange Bishop Rock (k) (U.S.) (k) (U.S.) 1973 (8/24) Sea-Land Trade Sea-Land Trade Kobe (U.S.) (U.S.) | The time taken and/or distance covered is approximate and so, therefore, is the average speed. * Maiden voyage. a The Savannah, a fully rigged sailing vessel with steam auxiliary (over 300 tons, 98.5 ft. long, beam 25.8 ft., depth 12.9 ft.) was launched in the East River in 1818. It was the first ship to use steam in crossing any ocean. It was supplied with engines and detachable iron paddle wheels. On its famous voyage it used steam 105 hours. b First Cunard liner. c First ship to complete NW Passage in one season. d Carried Hiroshima atomic bomb in World War II. e Set world speed record; average speed eastbound on maiden voyage 35.59 knots (about 41 m.p.h.). f First atomic submarine to cross Atlantic both ways submerged. g World's first atomic submarine also first to make undersea voyage under polar ice cap, 1,830 mi. from Point Barrow, Alaska, to Atlantic Ocean, Aug. 1-4, 1958, reaching North Pole Aug. 3. Second undersea transit of the North Pole made by submarine USS Skate Aug. 11, 1958, during trip from New London, Conn., and return. h World's largest submarine. Nuclear-powered Triton was submerged during nearly all its voyage around the globe. It duplicated the route of Ferdinand Magellan's circuit (1519-1522) 30,708 mi., starting from St. Paul Rocks off the NE coast of Brazil, Feb. 24-Apr. 25, 1960, then sailed to Cadiz, Spain, before returning home. i First underwater transit of Northwest Passage. k Fastest freighter crossing of Atlantic. Commerce at Principal U.S. Ports Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army (by tonnage, 1990) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Total Foreign 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 New Orleans, La. 175,500,858 67,596,175 New York, N.Y. 155,061,783 55,644,950 Houston, Tex. 124,886,883 64,617,686 Valdez Harbor, Ak. 107,144,515 7,357 Baton Rouge, La. 78,857,473 27,995,133 Corpus Christi, Tex. 57,931,945 34,212,215 Tampa Harbor, Fla. 50,252,299 20,823,125 Norfolk Harbor, Va. 46,872,002 36,164,879 Long Beach, Calif. 46,559,885 21,496,646 Total Foreign 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Long Beach, Calif. 46,559,885 21,496,646 Los Angeles, Calif. 45,213,855 22,021,515 Texas City, Tex. 42,746,698 23,026,869 Baltimore Hrbr., Md. 41,925,745 28,732,108 Duluth-Supr., Minn. 40,002,268 7,059,821 Philadelphia, Pa. 37,826,999 23,321,765 Lake Charles, La. 37,311,924 17,837,502 Mobile, Ala. 36,476,377 16,781,670 Pittsburgh, Pa. 34,373,364 0 Portland, Ore. 31,970,940 19,339,492 Beaumont, Tex. 31,947,319 9,740,115 Marcus Hook, Pa. 29,815,233 16,371,785 St. Louis, Metro., Mo. 29,011,497 0 Pascagoula, Miss. 28,527,726 16,873,038 Port Arthur, Tex. 23,801,409 15,091,001 Chicago, Il. 22,893,740 2,978,802 Paulsboro, NJ. 22,004,472 12,498,533 Newport News, Va. 21,391,195 19,041,729 Tacoma Harbor., Wa. 20,667,517 15,067,865 Total Foreign 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Tacoma Harbor., Wa. 20,667,517 15,067,865 Boston, Ma., Port of 20,641,073 12,476,648 Richmond, Calif., 18,912,900 4,801,797 Seattle, Wa. 18,645,664 11,376,322 Huntington, WVa. 17,700,717 0 Lorain Harbor, Oh. 17,475,549 31,822 Indiana Harbor, In. 16,643,362 488,722 Jacksonville, Fla. 15,805,551 7,155,320 Detroit, Mi. 15,331,351 3,189,250 Freeport, Tex. 15,137,891 6,314,920 Toledo Harbor, Oh. 14,741,752 5,978,700 Cleveland, Oh. 14,550,876 2,543,005 Port Everglades, Fla. 14,207,239 4,699,919 Savannah, Ga. 13,980,978 11,079,180 Commerce on U.S. Inland Waterways Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army, 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Mississippi River System and Mississippi River System and GulfIntracoastal Waterway GulfIntracoastal Waterway Waterway Tons 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mississippi River, Minneapolis to 441,546,399 the Gulf Mississippi River, Minneapolis to St. 82,016,213 Louis Mississippi River, St. Louis to 106,068,681 Cairo Mississippi River, Cairo to Baton 169,016,176 Rouge Mississippi River System and Mississippi River System and GulfIntracoastal Waterway GulfIntracoastal Waterway Waterway Tons 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Mississippi River, Baton Rouge to 305,874,107 New Orleans Mississippi River, New Orleans to 266,707,139 Gulf Gulf Intracoastal Waterway 117,712,086 Mississippi River System 601,625,327 Commerce on U.S. Inland Waterways 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Ton-Mileage of Freight Carried on Ton-Mileage of Freight Carried on InlandWaterways InlandWaterways System Ton-miles 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Atlantic Coast Waterways 28,122,048 Gulf Coast Waterways 44,638,479 Pacific Coast Waterways 24,538,563 Mississippi River System, 257,806,540 includingOhio River and Tributaries Great Lakes System, U.S. Commerce 83,078,874 only Total: 438,184,504 Ton-Mileage of Freight Carried on Ton-Mileage of Freight Carried on InlandWaterways InlandWaterways System Ton-miles 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Important Waterways and Canals The St. Lawrence & Great Lakes, Waterway the largestinland navigation system on the continent, extends from the Atlantic Ocean to Duluth at the western end of Lake Superior, a distance of 2,342 miles. With the deepening of channels and locks to 27 ft., ocean carriers are able to penetrate to ports in the Canadian interior and the American midwest. The major canals are those of the St. Lawrence Great Lakes waterway -- the 3 new canals of the St. Lawrence Seaway, with their 7 locks, providing navigation for vessels of 26-foot draught from Montreal to Lake Ontario; the Welland Ship Canal by-passing the Niagara River between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie with its 8 locks, and the Sault Ste. Marie Canal and lock between Lake Huron and Lake Superior. These 16 locks overcome a drop of 580 ft. from the head of the lakes to Montreal. From Montreal to Lake Ontario the former bottleneck of narrow, shallow canals and of slow passage through 22 locks has been overcome, giving faster and safer movement for larger vessels. The new locks and linking channels now accommodate all but the largest ocean-going vessels and the upper St. Lawrence and Great Lakes are open to 80% of the world's saltwater fleet. Subsidiary Canadian canals or branches include the St. Peters Canal between Bras d'Or Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean in Nova Scotia; the St. Ours and Chambly Canals on the Richelieu River, Quebec; the Ste. Anne and Carillon Canals on the Ottawa River; the Rideau Canal between the Ottawa River and Lake Ontario, the Trent and Murrary Canals between Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay in Ontario and the St. Andrew's Canal on the Red River. The commercial value of these canals is not great but they are maintained to control water levels and permit the passage of small vessels and pleasure craft. The Canso Canal, completed 1957, permits shipping to pass through the causeway connecting Cape Breton Island with the Nova Scotia mainland. The Welland Canal overcomes the 326-ft. drop ofNiagara Falls and the rapids of the Niagara River. It has 8 locks, each 859 ft. long, 80 ft. wide and 30 ft. deep. Regulations permit ships of 730-ft. length and 75-ft. beam to transit. Shortest Navigable Distances Between Ports Distances Between Ports. (Pub. 151 5th Edition 1985) Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center Distances shown are in nautical miles (1,852 meters or about 6,076.115 feet). To get statute miles, multiply by 1.15. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 FROM FROM FROM TO New York Montreal Colon1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Algiers, Algeria 3,617 3,592 4,745 Amsterdam, Netherlands 3,418 3,162 4,825 Baltimore, Md. 410 1,820 1,901 Barcelona, Spain 3,710 3,695 4,842 FROM FROM FROM TO New York Montreal Colon1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Barcelona, Spain 3,710 3,695 4,842 Boston, Mass. 378 1,309 2,157 Buenos Aires, Argentina 5,871 6,455 5,346 Cape Town, S. Africa2 6,766 7,115 6,429 Cherbourg, France 3,127 2,878 4,541 Cobh, Ireland 2,879 2,603 4,308 Copenhagen, Denmark 3,720 3,241 5,129 Dakar, Senegal 3,335 3,562 3,694 Galveston, Tex. 1,895 3,165 1,492 Gibraltar3 3,204 3,184 4,329 Glasgow, Scotland 3,065 2,691 4,746 Halifax, N.S. 600 958 2,295 Hamburg, W. Germany 3,636 3,398 5,054 Hamilton, Bermuda 697 1,621 1,659 Havana, Cuba 1,199 2,473 998 Helsinki, Finland 4,208 3,778 5,902 Istanbul, Turkey 5,001 4,981 6,129 Kingston, Jamaica 1,474 2,690 551 FROM FROM FROM TO New York Montreal Colon1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Kingston, Jamaica 1,474 2,690 551 Lagos, Nigeria 4,883 5,130 5,033 Lisbon, Portugal 2,980 2,941 4,155 Marseille, France 3,891 3,870 5,019 Montreal, Quebec 1,516 3,126 Naples, Italy 4,181 4,159 5,309 Nassau, Bahamas 962 2,274 1,166 New Orleans, La. 1,761 2,991 1,389 New York, N.Y. 1,516 1,974 Norfolk, Va. 287 1,697 1,779 Oslo, Norway 3,701 3,222 5,306 Piraeus, Greece 4,687 4,661 5,806 Port Said, Egypt 5,123 5,093 6,238 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 4,770 5,342 4,367 St. John's, Nfld. 1,093 1,038 2,345 San Juan, Puerto Rico 1,399 2,445 993 Southampton, England 3,156 3,063 4,514 Shortest Navigable Distances Between Ports Distances Between Ports. (Pub. 151 5th Edition 1985) Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center Distances shown are in nautical miles (1,852 meters or about 6,076.115 feet). To get statute miles, multiply by 1.15. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 FROM FROM FROM TO San. Fran. Vancouver Panama1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Acapulco, Mexico 1,833 2,645 1,426 Anchorage, Alas. 1,872 1,347 5,117 Bombay, India 9,791 9,519 9,248 Calcutta, India 9,006 8,728 10,929 Colon, Panama1 3,289 4,076 44 Jakarta, Indonesia 7,642 7,413 10,570 FROM FROM FROM TO San. Fran. Vancouver Panama1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Jakarta, Indonesia 7,642 7,413 10,570 Haiphong, Vietnam 6,657 6,358 9,806 Hong Kong 6,044 5,756 9,195 Honolulu, Hawaii 2,091 2,423 4,685 Los Angeles, Cal. 369 1,162 2,913 Manila, Philippines 6,221 5,756 9,347 Melbourne, Australia 6,970 7,342 7,928 Pusan, S. Korea 4,914 4,623 8,074 Ho Chi Min City, Vietnam 6,878 6,606 10,017 San Francisco, Cal. 812 3,245 Seattle, Wash. 796 126 4,020 Shanghai, China 5,398 5,110 8,566 Singapore 7,353 7,078 10,505 Suva, Fiji 4,749 5,199 6,325 Valparaiso, Chile 5,140 5,915 2,616 Vancouver, B.C. 812 4,032 Vladivostok, USSR 4,563 4,262 7,739 Yokohama, Japan 4,536 4,262 7,682 FROM FROM FROM TO San. Fran. Vancouver Panama1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Yokohama, Japan 4,536 4,262 7,682 Shortest Navigable Distances Between Ports Distances Between Ports. (Pub. 151 5th Edition 1985) Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center Distances shown are in nautical miles (1,852 meters or about 6,076.115 feet). To get statute miles, multiply by 1.15. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 FROM FROM FROM TO Port Said Cape Town2 Singapore 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bombay, India 3,046 4,616 2,441 FROM FROM FROM TO Port Said Cape Town2 Singapore 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bombay, India 3,046 4,616 2,441 Calcutta, India 4,691 5,638 1,649 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 3,238 2,365 4,042 Jakarta, Indonesia 5,293 5,212 526 Hong Kong 6,472 7,006 1,454 Kuwait 3,306 5,169 3,845 Manila, Philippines 6,348 6,777 1,330 Melbourne, Australia 7,837 6,104 3,844 Ho Chi Min City, Vietnam 5,667 6,263 649 Singapore 5,018 5,611 Yokohama, Japan 7,907 8,503 2,889 1 Colon on the Atlantic is 44 nautical miles from Panama (port) on the Pacific. 2 Cape Town is 35 nautical miles northwest of the Cape of Good Hope. 3 Gibraltar (port) is 24 nautical miles east of the Strait of Gibraltar. Fastest Scheduled Passenger Train Runs in U.S. and Canada Darrell J. Smith, figures are based on 1990 timetables 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴� Railroad Train From To 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Amtrak 20 Metroliner/Service trains Baltimore1 Wilmington Amtrak Express Metroliner/Service train 203 Metropark Washington Amtrak Express Metroliner/Service train 223 New York New Carrollto Amtrak Express Metroliner/Service train 202 New Carrollton New York Amtrak Express Metroliner/Service train 222 Washington Metropark Amtrak Four Metroliner/Service trains Newark Philadelphia Amtrak Six Metroliner/Service trains Newark Philadelphia VIA Renaissance Dorval Kingston Amtrak Nine Metroliner/Service trains Philadelphia Newark VIA York Cornwall Kingston VIA Renaissance Kingston Dorval Railroad Train From To 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� VIA Renaissance Kingston Dorval VIA York Kingston Cornwall Fastest Scheduled Passenger Train Runs in Foreign Countries Donald M. Steffee, figures based on 1989 time tables 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴� Railroad Train From To Dis. mile 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� France TGV trains (2 runs) Paris Macon 225.7 Japan Yamabiko trains (6 runs) Morica Sendi 106.3 Great Britain High Speed Trains (3 runs) Swindon Reading 41.5 West Germany Intercity trains (7 runs) Celle Uelzen 32.5 Italy IC501 Milan Bologna 135.8 Railroad Train From To Dis. mile 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Italy IC501 Milan Bologna 135.8 Soviet Union High Speed Train2 Leningrad1 Moscow3 403.6 Sweden Seven trains Skvode Hallsberg 70.8 Spain Talgos 120 and 121 Alcazar1 Albacete 80.7 Australia Riverina XPT Culcairn Wagga Wagga 47.0 1 Runs listed in both directions. 2 Once weekly: Thursday from Leningrad, Fri. from Moscow. 3 Probable operating stop at Bologuye; times unavailable Ownership of Motor Vehicles by Household, 1988 Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Average Per Household Av Average Per Household Av Characteristic Number of Households Number of Vehicles Ve (Million) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Average Number of Vehicles Per Household: Fewer than 1 3.9 .6 5, 1 24.5 1.0 10 Between 1 and 2 9.1 1.5 17 2 24.3 2.0 20 Between 2 and 3 8.2 2.4 25 3 5.9 3.0 28 Between 3 and 4 2.8 3.4 36 Average Per Household Av Characteristic Number of Households Number of Vehicles Ve (Million) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  4 or more 2.7 4.3 42 Census Region: Northeast 15.2 1.7 17 Midwest 20.4 1.8 18 South 28.3 1.8 18 West 17.3 1.9 18 Metropolitan Status: Metropolitan 63.0 1.8 18 Average Per Household Av Characteristic Number of Households Number of Vehicles Ve (Million) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Central city 24.0 1.6 15 Outside Central City 39.0 1.9 20 Nonmetropolitan 18.3 1.8 18 Household Size: 1 Person 16.9 1.2 10 2 Persons 28.6 1.8 16 3 Persons 14.2 2.0 22 4 Persons 12.6 2.1 23 Average Per Household Av Characteristic Number of Households Number of Vehicles Ve (Million) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  5 or More Persons 8.9 2.3 25 1987 Family Income: Less than $10,000 10.2 1.3 10 $10,000-$14,999 11.8 1.4 12 $15,000-$19,999 8.3 1.6 15 $20,000-$24,999 8.6 1.7 17 $25,000-$34,999 16.0 1.8 18 $35,000-$49,999 12.9 2.2 24 Average Per Household Av Characteristic Number of Households Number of Vehicles Ve (Million) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  $50,000-$74,999 8.8 2.3 25 $75,000 or More 4.5 2.4 27 U.S. Total 81.3 1.8 18 Personal Consumption Expenditures for Transportation Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association (in millions) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴� 1978 1980 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� User-Operated Transportation New Autos $48,521 $46,395 Net Purchases of Used Autos 13,704 14,905 Other Motor Vehicles1 19,150 12,298 Tires, Tubes and Accessories and Parts 13,706 16,684 Repair, Greasing, Washing, Parking, Storage and Rental 28,016 32,327 Gasoline and Oil 51,301 83,721 Bridge, Tunnel, Ferry and Road Tolls 955 1,061 Insurance Premiums, Less Claims Paid 8,340 9,383 Total User-Operated Transportation $183,693 $216,774 Purchased Local Transportation Transit Systems $2,243 $2,431 Taxicabs 2,617 3,082 Railway Commutation 242 300 Total Purchased Local Transportation $5,102 $5,813 Purchased Intercity Transportation Railway Excluding Commutation $261 $362 Bus 847 1,171 1978 1980 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Bus 847 1,171 Airline 9,331 13,425 Other 639 939 Total Purchased Intercity Transportation $11,078 $15,897 Total Transportation $199,873 $238,484 Total Personal Consumption Expenditures $1,403,501 $1,732,55 1 New and used trucks, recreation vehicles, etc. Delays at U.S. Airports U.S. Department of Transportation 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼� City Departures on time (overall) Worst hours to fly Depa City Departures on time (overall) Worst hours to fly Depa 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Philadelphia 76 5 to 6 P.M. 67.3 Chicago (O'Hare) 76.4 8 to 9 P.M. 62.2 New York (La Guardia) 76.6 6 to 7 P.M. 65 Denver 77 10 to 11 P.M. 67.4 New York (Kennedy) 78.4 5 to 6 P.M. 73 Boston 78.5 5 to 6 P.M. 65 Pittsburgh 78.9 9 to 10 A.M. 71.5 Dallas-Fort Worth 78.9 6 to 7 P.M. 68.5 Atlanta 79.3 8 to 9 P.M. 70.6 Newark 79.7 10 to 11 P.M. 67.9 Seattle 80.2 9 to 10 P.M. 79.7 Houston 80.3 8 to 9 P.M. 70.9 Phoenix 81.2 8 to 9 P.M. 70.5 San Francisco 81.2 1 to 2 P.M. 72 Detroit 82 10 to 11 A.M. 74.5 San Diego 82.1 7 to 8 P.M. 72.9 Orlando 82.2 7 to 8 P.M. 62.6 Tampa 83.2 11 P.M. to 6 A.M. 71 Charlotte, N.C. 82.3 8 to 9 P.M. 73.3 City Departures on time (overall) Worst hours to fly Depa 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Charlotte, N.C. 82.3 8 to 9 P.M. 73.3 Kansas City 83.6 11 P.M. to 6 A.M. 66.9 Miami 83.9 7 to 8 P.M. 74.3 Minneapolis-St. Paul 84 9 to 10 P.M. 73 St. Louis 84.2 10 to 11 P.M. 79.7 Washington (National) 84.3 3 to 4 P.M. 78 Baltimore 84.3 9 to 10 P.M. 78.7 Washington (Dulles) 85.7 7 to 8 P.M. 76 Los Angeles 85.9 5 to 6 P.M. 78 Salt Lake City 85.4 8 to 9 P.M. 63 Las Vegas 85.9 noon to 1 P.M. 81.9 Memphis 87.4 10 to 11 P.M. 74.5 The following is the percentage of flights that left within 15 minutes of their scheduled departure time at 30 major U.S. airports from January through April, 1990. Delays caused by mechanical problems are not counted. Motorcycles, 1970-1988 Federal Highway Administration 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴� Year Number of registered vehicles (1,000) Travel (mil. veh. miles) Averag 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1970 2,824 2,979 1,055 1975 4,964 5,629 1,134 1980 5,694 10,214 1,794 1985 5,444 9,086 1,669 1986 5,262 9,414 1,789 1987 4,917 9,506 1,933 1988 4,584 10,022 2,186 Motor Vehicle Production, by Country, 1989 Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Country Passenger Cars Trucks and Buses Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Argentina 107,597 20,227 127,824 Australia 330,492 27,772 358,264 Austria 6,638 5,026 11,664 Belgium 304,055 84,524 388,579 Brazil 731,013 280,970 1,011,983 Canada 1,001,588 937,914 1,939,502 China 21,568 467,907 489,475 Czechoslovakia 188,611 50,570 239,181 France 3,409,017 510,759 3,919,776 Germany, East 215,000 42,000 257,000 Germany, West 4,563,673 287,974 4,851,647 Hungary - 11,930 11,930 India 117,190 155,325 332,515 Country Passenger Cars Trucks and Buses Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� India 117,190 155,325 332,515 Italy 1,971,969 248,805 2,220,774 Japan 9,052,406 3,973,272 13,025,678 Korea, South 871,898 257,572 1,129,470 Mexico 439,538 202,241 641,779 The Netherlands 130,000 33,330 163,330 Poland 285,600 53,000 338,600 Spain 1,638,615 406,942 2,045,557 Sweden 384,206 81,670 465,876 United Kingdom 1,299,082 326,590 1,625,672 United States 6,823,097 4,028,958 10,852,055 U.S.S.R. 1,200,000 900,000 2,100,000 Yugoslavia 302,985 39,949 342,934 Total 35,455,838 13,435,227 48,891,065 Passenger Car Production, U.S. Plants Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1987 1988 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Renault Alliance 16,004 -- -- Total Eagle 16,004 - - Horizon 45,663 78,794 32,937 Reliant 136,109 100,462 - Sundance 89,678 104,310 100,618 Acclaim - 7,241 125,292 Caravelle 42,955 9,834 - Gran Fury 7,180 13,059 - Total Plymouth 321,585 313,700 258,847 LeBaron 64,089 7,912 10 LeBaron GTS 37,508 9,539 2,946 Le Baron J 113,858 90,449 93,670 Fifth Avenue 65,675 33,280 32,623 New Yorker (C) 18,916 106,832 74,375 1987 1988 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 New Yorker (C) 18,916 106,832 74,375 New Yorker (E) 57,102 - - Total Chrysler-Plymouth 678,733 561,712 462,471 Omni 40,039 77,332 34,621 Shadow 96,073 103,190 104,145 Daytona 64,054 79,657 75,452 Aries 127,948 91,998 - Spirit - 8,090 108,046 Dodge 600 39,773 8,549 - Lancer 23,123 9,365 1,528 Dynasty 8,486 114,156 132,636 Diplomat 15,188 18,796 - Total Dodge 414,684 511,133 453,428 Total Chrysler Corp. 1,109,421 1,072,845 915,899 Thunderbird 157,507 111,533 137,326 Taurus 405,640 395,512 362,144 Tempo 145,812 183,124 146,928 Escort 394,699 414,596 347,271 Mustang 214,128 200,054 172,217 1987 1988 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mustang 214,128 200,054 172,217 Total Ford 1,317,786 1,304,819 1,165,886 Cougar 138,464 87,765 114,250 Sable 121,641 135,436 116,874 Topaz 46,975 70,565 66,554 Lynx 21,352 - - Town Car 142,017 123,110 127,486 Mark 28,546 28,734 21,544 Continental 13,595 55,312 64,487 Total Lincoln--Mercury 512,590 500,922 511,195 Total Ford Motor Co. 1,830,376 1,805,741 1,677,081 Geo, Prizm 142,934 73,743 112,111 Cavalier 315,328 357,807 355,075 Camaro 121,550 99,820 100,613 Beretta--Corsica 348,806 434,313 370,741 Celebrity 285,111 189,912 70,365 Monte Carlo 72,745 - - Chevrolet 200,583 203,494 162,792 Corvette 28,514 22,878 25,256 1987 1988 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Corvette 28,514 22,878 25,256 Total Chevrolet 1,515,571 1,381,967 1,196,953 Sunbird 89,470 113,736 151,177 Fiero 33,935 13,296 - Firebird 77,731 66,456 56,441 Grand Am 247,701 242,121 226,882 6000 67,943 94,663 78,910 Bonneville H 125,014 121,914 90,886 Total Pontiac 657,281 806,356 732,177 Firenza 17,978 5,230 - Calais 115,085 119,690 87,747 Ciera 108,766 38,053 87,908 Cutlass Supreme 76,751 140,513 115,084 Delta 88 193,737 167,785 148,411 Oldsmobile 98 73,004 76,341 71,497 Toronado 16,453 15,308 10,334 Total Oldsmobile 601,774 562,920 520,981 Skyhawk 34,517 28,037 6,913 Somerset and Skylark 63,612 55,343 68,464 1987 1988 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Somerset and Skylark 63,612 55,343 68,464 Century 152,892 142,454 122,766 Regal 40,425 - - LeSabre 152,836 144,924 164,856 Electra 94,485 92,099 80,049 Riviera 13,468 13,631 20,626 Reatta 332 8,363 6,378 Total Buick 552,567 484,851 470,052 Cimarron 10,404 3,693 - Cadillac 218,741 200,118 236,877 Eldorado 20,538 35,385 29,161 Seville 21,395 23,514 24,319 Allante 4,803 2,320 3,232 Total Cadillac 275,881 265,030 293,589 Total General Motors 3,603,074 3,501,124 3,213,752 Dramond Star - - 90,727 Honda 324,065 366,354 362,274 Mazda 4,200 163,289 216,501 Nissan 117,334 109,897 115,584 1987 1988 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Nissan 117,334 109,897 115,584 Toyota 43,744 55,480 231,279 Volkswagen of America 66,696 35,998 - Total Passenger Cars 7,098,910 7,110,728 6,823,097 Best-Selling Cars in the U.S., 1978 and 1989 Ward's Automotive Reports 1978 Chevrolet (full-size model) Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Ford Fairmont Chevrolet Malibu Chevrolet Monte Carlo Ford LTD Ford Thunderbird Oldsmobile 88 Chevrolet Camaro Cadillac 1989 Honda Accord Ford Taurus Ford Escort Chevrolet Corsica/Beretta Chevrolet Cavalier Toyota Camry Ford Tempo Nissan Sentra Pontiac Grand Am Toyota Corolla Selected Motor Vehicle Statistics Federal Highway Adm.; National Transportation Safety Board; Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Driver's age Jan. Driver's age Jan. 1989 Licensed 1 1, 1990 1, 1990 drivers3 a t State (1) Regular (2) Juvenile (mins.) ( 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alabama 16 -- 2.1 4 Alaska 16 - .3 . Arizona 16 - 2.4 2 Arkansas 16 - 1.7 1 California 16/18 14 19.3 2 Colorado 18 16 2.2 2 Connecticut 16/18 - 2.4 2 Driver's age Jan. Driver's age Jan. 1989 Licensed 1 1, 1990 1, 1990 drivers3 a t State (1) Regular (2) Juvenile (mins.) (  Delaware 16/18 - .5 . Dist. of Col. 18 16 .4 . Florida 16 - 9.0 1 Georgia 16 - 4.5 5 Hawaii 15 - .6 . Idaho 16 14 .7 1 Illinois 16/18 - 7.3 8 Indiana 16/18 - 3.8 4 Driver's age Jan. Driver's age Jan. 1989 Licensed 1 1, 1990 1, 1990 drivers3 a t State (1) Regular (2) Juvenile (mins.) ( Indiana 16/18 - 3.8 4 Iowa 16/18 - 1.9 2 Kansas 16 14 1.7 2 Kentucky 16 - 2.4 2 Louisiana 15/17 15 2.6 3 Maine 16/17 16 .9 1 Maryland 16/18 16 3.2 3 Massachusetts 17/18 16 4.3 3 Driver's age Jan. Driver's age Jan. 1989 Licensed 1 1, 1990 1, 1990 drivers3 a t State (1) Regular (2) Juvenile (mins.) (  Michigan 16/18 14 6.4 7 Minnesota 16/18 15 2.5 3 Mississippi 15 - 1.8 1 Missouri 16 - 3.6 3 Montana 15/16 13 .5 . Nebraska 16 14 1.1 1 Nevada 16 14 .8 . New Hampshire 16/18 16 .8 1 Driver's age Jan. Driver's age Jan. 1989 Licensed 1 1, 1990 1, 1990 drivers3 a t State (1) Regular (2) Juvenile (mins.) ( New Hampshire 16/18 16 .8 1 New Jersey 17 16 5.5 5 New Mexico 15/16 - 1.1 1 New York 17/18 16 10.3 1 North Carolina 16/18 - 4.5 5 North Dakota 16 14 .4 . Ohio 16/18 14 7.4 8 Oklahoma 16 - 2.3 2 Driver's age Jan. Driver's age Jan. 1989 Licensed 1 1, 1990 1, 1990 drivers3 a t State (1) Regular (2) Juvenile (mins.) (  Oregon 16 14 2.2 2 Pennsylvania 17/18 16 7.8 7 Rhode Island 16/18 - .7 . South Carolina 16 15 2.3 2 South Dakota 16 14 .5 . Tennessee 16 14 3.2 4 Texas 16/18 15 11.1 1 Utah 16/18 - 1.0 1 Driver's age Jan. Driver's age Jan. 1989 Licensed 1 1, 1990 1, 1990 drivers3 a t State (1) Regular (2) Juvenile (mins.) ( Utah 16/18 - 1.0 1 Vermont 18 16 .4 . Virginia 16/19 - 4.2 4 Washington 16/18 - 3.2 4 West Virginia 16/18 16 1.3 1 Wisconsin 16/18 14 3.2 4 Wyoming 16 14 .4 . Total5 164.9 1 Driver's age Jan. Driver's age Jan. 1989 Licensed 1 1, 1990 1, 1990 drivers3 a t State (1) Regular (2) Juvenile (mins.) (  1 Unrestricted operation of private passenger car. When 2 ages are shown, license is issued at lower age upon completion of approved driver education course. 2 Juvenile license issued with consent of parent or guardian. 3 Estimated, 1989. 4 P = an officer may stop a vehicle for a violation (primary); S = an officer may only issue a seat belt citation when the vehicle is stopped for another moving violation (secondary); 5 Figures may not add, due to rounding. *Law goes into effect 12/31/90. Automobile Factory Sales Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Passenger cars Number Motor trucks, buses Number Total Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1900 4,192 -- 4,190 1910 181,000 6,000 187,000 1920 1,905,560 321,789 2,227,349 1930 2,787,456 575,364 3,362,820 1940 3,717,385 754,901 4,472,286 1950 6,665,863 1,337,193 8,003,056 1960 6,665,863 1,194,475 7,869,271 1970 6,546,817 1,692,440 8,239,257 1981 6,255,340 1,700,908 7,956,248 1982 5,049,184 1,906,455 6,955,639 1983 6,739,223 2,413,897 9,153,120 1985 8,002,259 3,356,905 11,359,164 1986 7,516,189 3,392,885 10,909,074 1987 7,085,147 3,821,410 10,906,557 1988 7,104,617 4,120,574 11,225,191 1989 6,807,416 4,061,950 10,869,366 Year Passenger cars Number Motor trucks, buses Number Total Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1989 6,807,416 4,061,950 10,869,366 After July 1, 1964 all tactical vehicles are excluded. Federal excise taxes are excluded in all years. Road Mileage Between Selected U.S. Cities 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴� Atlanta Boston Chicago Cincinnati Cleveland Dallas 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Atlanta, Ga. . . . 1,037 674 440 672 795 Boston, Mass. 1,037 . . . 963 840 628 1,748 Chicago, Ill. 674 963 . . . 287 335 917 Cincinnati, Oh. 440 840 287 . . . 244 920 Atlanta Boston Chicago Cincinnati Cleveland Dallas 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cincinnati, Oh. 440 840 287 . . . 244 920 Cleveland, Oh. 672 628 335 244 . . . 1,159 Dallas Tex. 795 1,748 917 920 1,159 . . . Denver, Col. 1,398 1,949 996 1,164 1,321 781 Detroit, Mich. 699 695 266 259 170 1,143 Houston, Tex. 789 1,804 1,067 1,029 1,273 243 Indianapolis, Ind. 493 906 181 106 294 865 Kansas City, Mo. 798 1,391 499 591 779 489 Los Angeles, Cal. 2,182 2,979 2,054 2,179 2,367 1,387 Memphis, Tenn. 371 1,296 530 468 712 452 Milwaukee, Wis. 761 1,050 87 374 422 991 Minneapolis, Minn. 1,068 1,368 405 692 740 936 New Orleans, La. 479 1,507 912 786 1,030 496 New York, N.Y. 841 206 802 647 473 1,552 Omaha, Neb. 986 1,412 459 693 784 644 Philadelphia, Pa. 741 296 738 567 413 1,452 Pittsburgh, Pa. 687 561 452 287 129 1,204 Portland Ore. 2,601 3,046 2,083 2,333 2,418 2,009 St. Louis, Mo. 541 1,141 289 340 529 630 Atlanta Boston Chicago Cincinnati Cleveland Dallas 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� St. Louis, Mo. 541 1,141 289 340 529 630 San Francisco 2,496 3,095 2,142 2,362 2,467 1,753 Seattle, Wash. 2,618 2,976 2,013 2,300 2,348 2,078 Tulsa, Okla. 772 1,537 683 736 925 257 Washington, D.C. 608 429 671 481 346 1,319 Road Mileage Between Selected U.S. Cities 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴� Indianapolis Kansas City Los Angeles Louisville Memph 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Atlanta, Ga. 493 798 2,182 382 371 Boston, Mass. 906 1,391 2,979 941 1,296 Chicago, Ill. 181 499 2,054 292 530 Indianapolis Kansas City Los Angeles Louisville Memph 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Chicago, Ill. 181 499 2,054 292 530 Cincinnati, Oh. 106 591 2,179 101 468 Cleveland Oh. 294 779 2,367 345 712 Dallas, Tex. 865 489 1,387 819 452 Denver, Col. 1,058 600 1,059 1,120 1,040 Detroit, Mich. 278 743 2,311 360 713 Houston, Tex. 987 710 1,538 928 561 Indianapolis, Ind. . . . 485 2,073 111 435 Kansas City, Mo. 485 . . . 1,589 520 451 Los Angeles, Cal. 2,073 1,589 . . . 2,108 1,817 Memphis, Tenn. 435 451 1,817 367 . . . Milwaukee, Wis. 268 537 2,087 379 612 Minneapolis, Minn. 586 447 1,889 697 826 New Orleans, La. 796 806 1,883 685 390 New York, N.Y. 713 1,198 2,786 748 1,100 Omaha, Neb. 587 201 1,595 687 652 Philadelphia, Pa. 633 1,118 2,706 668 1,000 Pittsburgh, Pa. 353 838 2,426 388 752 Portland, Ore. 1,227 1,809 959 2,320 2,259 Indianapolis Kansas City Los Angeles Louisville Memph 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Portland, Ore. 1,227 1,809 959 2,320 2,259 St. Louis, Mo. 235 257 1,845 263 285 San Francisco 2,256 1,835 379 2,349 2,125 Seattle, Wash. 2,194 1,839 1,131 2,305 2,290 Tulsa, Okla. 631 248 1,452 659 401 Washington, D.C. 558 1,043 2,631 582 867 Road Mileage Between Selected U.S. Cities 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴� Philadelphia Pittsburgh Portland St. Louis Salt Lake 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Atlanta, Ga. 741 687 2,601 541 1,878 Boston, Mass. 296 561 3,046 1,141 2,343 Philadelphia Pittsburgh Portland St. Louis Salt Lake 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Boston, Mass. 296 561 3,046 1,141 2,343 Chicago, Ill. 738 452 2,083 289 1,390 Cincinnati, Oh. 567 287 2,333 340 1,610 Cleveland Oh. 413 129 2,418 529 1,715 Dallas, Tex. 1,452 1,204 2,009 630 1,242 Denver, Col. 1,691 1,411 1,238 857 504 Detroit, Mich. 576 287 2,349 513 1,647 Houston, Tex. 1,508 1,313 2,205 779 1,438 Indianapolis, Ind. 633 353 2,227 235 1,504 Kansas City, Mo. 1,118 838 1,809 257 1,086 Los Angeles, Cal. 2,706 2,426 959 1,845 715 Memphis, Tenn. 1,000 752 2,259 285 1,535 Milwaukee, Wis. 825 539 2,010 363 1,423 Minneapolis, Minn. 1,143 857 1,678 552 1,186 New Orleans, La. 1,211 1,070 2,505 673 1,738 New York, N.Y. 100 368 2,885 948 2,182 Omaha, Neb. 1,183 895 1,654 449 931 Philadelphia, Pa. . . . 288 2,821 868 2,114 Philadelphia Pittsburgh Portland St. Louis Salt Lake 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Philadelphia, Pa. . . . 288 2,821 868 2,114 Pittsburgh, Pa. 288 . . . 2,535 588 1,826 Portland, Ore. 2,821 2,535 . . . 2,060 767 St. Louis, Mo. 868 588 2,060 . . . 1,337 San Francisco 2,866 2,578 636 2,089 752 Seattle, Wash. 2,751 2,465 172 2,081 836 Tulsa, Okla. 1,264 984 1,913 396 1,172 Washington, D.C. 133 221 2,754 793 2,047 Air Distances Between Selected World Cities in Statute Miles Point-to-point measurements are usually from City Hall 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴� Bangkok Beijing Berlin Cairo Cape Town Caracas Chica Bangkok Beijing Berlin Cairo Cape Town Caracas Chica 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Bangkok . . . 2,046 5,352 4,523 6,300 10,555 8,570 Bejing 2,046 . . . 4,584 4,698 8,044 8,950 6,604 Berlin 5,352 4,584 . . . 1,797 5,961 5,238 4,414 Cairo 4,523 4,698 1,797 . . . 4,480 6,342 6,141 Cape Town 6,300 8,044 5,961 4,480 . . . 6,366 8,491 Caracas 10,555 8,950 5,238 6,342 6,366 . . . 2,495 Chicago 8,570 6,604 4,414 6,141 8,491 2,495 . . . Hong Kong 1,077 1,217 5,443 5,066 7,376 10,165 7,797 Honolulu 6,609 5,077 7,320 8,848 11,535 6,021 4,256 London 5,944 5,074 583 2,185 5,989 4,655 3,958 Los Angeles 7,637 6,250 5,782 7,520 9,969 3,632 1,745 Madrid 6,337 5,745 1,165 2,087 5,308 4,346 4,189 Melbourne 4,568 5,643 9,918 8,675 6,425 9,717 9,673 Mexico City 9,793 7,753 6,056 7,700 8,519 2,234 1,690 Montreal 8,338 6,519 3,740 5,427 7,922 2,438 745 Moscow 4,389 3,607 1,006 1,803 6,279 6,177 4,987 New York 8,669 6,844 3,979 5,619 7,803 2,120 714 Paris 5,877 5,120 548 1,998 5,786 4,732 4,143 Rio de Janeiro 9,994 10,768 6,209 6,143 3,781 2,804 5,282 Bangkok Beijing Berlin Cairo Cape Town Caracas Chica 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rio de Janeiro 9,994 10,768 6,209 6,143 3,781 2,804 5,282 Rome 5,494 5,063 737 1,326 5,231 5,195 4,824 San Francisco 7,931 5,918 5,672 7,466 10,248 3,902 1,859 Singapore 883 2,771 6,164 5,137 6,008 11,402 9,372 Stockholm 5,089 4,133 528 2,096 6,423 5,471 4,331 Tokyo 2,865 1,307 5,557 5,958 9,154 8,808 6,314 Warsaw 5,033 4,325 322 1,619 5,935 5,559 4,679 Washington, D.C. 8,807 6,942 4,181 5,822 7,895 2,047 596 Air Distances Between Selected World Cities in Statute Miles Point-to-point measurements are usually from City Hall 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴� London Los Angeles Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Montre London Los Angeles Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Montre 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Bangkok 5,944 7,637 6,337 4,568 9,793 8,338 Bejing 5,074 6,250 5,745 5,643 7,753 6,519 Berlin 583 5,782 1,165 9,918 6,056 3,740 Cairo 2,185 7,520 2,087 8,675 7,700 5,427 Cape Town 5,989 9,969 5,308 6,425 8,519 7,922 Caracas 4,655 3,632 4,346 9,717 2,234 2,438 Chicago 3,958 1,745 4,189 9,673 1,690 745 Hong Kong 5,990 7,240 6,558 4,595 8,788 7,736 Honolulu 7,240 2,557 7,872 5,505 3,789 4,918 London . . . 5,439 785 10,500 5,558 3,254 Los Angeles 5,439 . . . 5,848 7,931 1,542 2,427 Madrid 785 5,848 . . . 10,758 5,643 3,448 Melbourne 10,500 7,931 10,758 . . . 8,426 10,395 Mexico City 5,558 1,542 5,643 8,426 . . . 2,317 Montreal 3,254 2,427 3,448 10,395 2,317 . . . Moscow 1,564 6,068 2,147 8,950 6,676 4,401 New York 3,469 2,451 3,593 10,359 2,090 331 Paris 214 5,601 655 10,430 5,725 3,432 Rio de Janeiro 5,750 6,330 5,045 8,226 4,764 5,078 London Los Angeles Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Montre 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rio de Janeiro 5,750 6,330 5,045 8,226 4,764 5,078 Rome 895 6,326 851 9,929 6,377 4,104 San Francisco 5,367 347 5,803 7,856 1,887 2,543 Singapore 6,747 8,767 7,080 3,759 10,327 9,203 Stockholm 942 5,454 1,653 9,630 6,012 3,714 Tokyo 5,959 5,470 6,706 5,062 7,035 6,471 Warsaw 905 5,922 1,427 9,598 6,337 4,022 Washington, D.C. 3,674 2,300 3,792 10,180 1,885 489 Air Distances Between Selected World Cities in Statute Miles Point-to-point measurements are usually from City Hall 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴� Rio de Janiero Rome San Francisco Singapore Stockholm Rio de Janiero Rome San Francisco Singapore Stockholm 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Bangkok 9,994 5,494 7,931 883 5,089 Bejing 10,768 5,063 5,918 2,771 4,133 Berlin 6,209 737 5,672 6,164 528 Cairo 6,143 1,326 7,466 5,137 2,096 Cape Town 3,781 5,231 10,248 6,008 6,423 Caracas 2,804 5,195 3,902 11,402 5,471 Chicago 5,282 4,824 1,859 9,372 4,331 Hong Kong 11,009 5,774 6,905 1,605 5,063 Honolulu 8,288 8,040 2,398 6,726 6,875 London 5,750 895 5,367 6,747 942 Los Angeles 6,330 6,326 347 8,767 5,454 Madrid 5,045 851 5,803 7,080 1,653 Melbourne 8,226 9,929 7,856 3,759 9,630 Mexico City 4,764 6,377 1,887 10,327 6,012 Montreal 5,078 4,104 2,543 9,203 3,714 Moscow 7,170 1,483 5,885 5,228 716 New York 4,801 4,293 2,572 9,534 3,986 Paris 5,684 690 5,577 6,673 1,003 Rio de Janeiro . . . 5,707 6,613 9,785 6,683 Rio de Janiero Rome San Francisco Singapore Stockholm 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rio de Janeiro . . . 5,707 6,613 9,785 6,683 Rome 5,707 . . . 6,259 6,229 1,245 San Francisco 6,613 6,259 . . . 8,448 5,399 Singapore 9,785 6,229 8,448 . . . 5,936 Stockholm 6,683 1,245 5,399 5,936 . . . Tokyo 11,532 6,142 5,150 3,300 5,053 Warsaw 6,455 820 5,854 5,843 494 Washington, D.C. 4,779 4,497 2,441 9,662 4,183 AEROSPACE Memorable Manned Space Flights National Aeronautics and Space Administration and The World Almanac. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Crew, date Mission name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Yuri A. Gagarin (4/12/61) Vostok 1 Alan B. Shepard Jr. (5/5/61) Mercury-Redstone Virgil I. Grissom (7/21/61) Mercury-Redstone Gherman S. Titov (8/6-7/61) Vostok 2 John H. Glenn Jr.(2/20/62) Mercury-Atlas 6 M. Scott Carpenter (5/24/62) Mercury-Atlas 7 Andrian G. Nikolayev (8/11-15/62) Vostok 3 Pavel R. Popovich (8/12-15/62) Vostok 4 Walter M. Schirra Jr. (10/3/62) Mercury-Atlas 8 Crew, date Mission name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Walter M. Schirra Jr. (10/3/62) Mercury-Atlas 8 L. Gordon Cooper (5/15-16/63) Mercury-Atlas 9 Valery F. Bykovsky (6/14-6/19/63) Vostok 5 Valentina V. Tereshkova (6/16-19/63) Vostok 6 Vladimir M. Komarov, Konstantin P. Feoktistov, Boris B. Voskhod 1 Yegorov (10/12/64) Pavel I. Belyayev, Aleksei A. Leonov (3/18/65) Voskhod 2 Virgil I. Grissom, John W. Young (3/23/65) Gemini-Titan 3 James A. McDivitt, Edward H. White 2d, (6/3-7/65) Gemini-Titan 4 L. Gordon Cooper Jr., Charles Conrad Jr. (8/21-29/65) Gemini-Titan 5 Crew, date Mission name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� L. Gordon Cooper Jr., Charles Conrad Jr. (8/21-29/65) Gemini-Titan 5 Frank Borman, James A. Lovell Jr. (12/4-18/65) Gemini-Titan 7 Walter M. Schirra Jr., Thomas P. Stafford (12/15-16/65) Gemini-Titan 6-A Neil A. Armstrong, David R. Scott (3/16-17/66) Gemini-Titan 8 John W. Young, Michael Collins (7/18-21/66) Gemini-Titan 10 Charles Conrad Jr., Richard F. Gordon Jr. (9/12-15/66) Gemini-Titan 11 James A. Lovell Jr., Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. (11/11-15/66) Gemini-Titan 12 Vladimir M. Komarov (4/23/67) Soyuz 1 Crew, date Mission name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Vladimir M. Komarov (4/23/67) Soyuz 1 Walter M. Schirra Jr., Donn F. Eisele, R. Walter Apollo-Saturn 7 Cunningham (10/11-22/68) Georgi T. Beregovoi (10/26-30/68) Soyuz 3 Frank Borman, James A. Lovell Jr., William A. Anders Apollo-Saturn 8 (12/21-27/68) Vladimir A. Shatalov (1/14-17/69) Soyuz 4 Boris V. Volyanov, Aleksei S. Yeliseyev, Yevgeny V. Soyuz 5 Khrunov (1/15-18/69) James A. McDivitt, David R.Scott, Russell L. Schweickart Apollo-Saturn 9 (3/3-13/69) Thomas P. Stafford, Eugene A. Cernan, John W. Young Apollo-Saturn 10 Crew, date Mission name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Thomas P. Stafford, Eugene A. Cernan, John W. Young Apollo-Saturn 10 (5/18-26/69) Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., Michael Collins Apollo-Saturn 11 (7/16-24/69) Georgi S. Shonin, Valery N. Kubasov (10/11-16/69) Soyuz 6 Anatoly V. Filipchenko, Vladislav N. Volkov, Viktor V. Soyuz 7 Gorbatko (10/12-17/69) Charles Conrad Jr., Richard F. Gordon, Alan L. Bean Apollo-Saturn 12 (11/14-24/69) James A. Lovell Jr., Fred W. Haise Jr., John L. Swigart Jr. Apollo-Saturn 13 (4/11-17/70) Alan B. Shepard Jr., Stuart A. Roosa, Edgar D. Mitchell Apollo-Saturn 14 Crew, date Mission name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alan B. Shepard Jr., Stuart A. Roosa, Edgar D. Mitchell Apollo-Saturn 14 (1/31-2/9/71) Georgi T. Dobrovolsky, Vladislav N. Volkov, Viktor I. Soyuz 11 Patsayev (6/6-30/71) David R. Scott, Alfred M. Worden, James B. Irwin Apollo-Saturn 15 (7/26-8/7/71) Charles M. Duke Jr., Thomas K. Mattingly, John W. Young Apollo-Saturn 16 (4/16-27/72) Eugene A. Cernan, Ronald E. Evans, Harrison H. Schmitt Apollo-Saturn 17 (12/7-19/72) Charles Conrad Jr., Joseph P. Kerwin, Paul J. Weitz Skylab 2 (5/25-6/22/73) Crew, date Mission name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� (5/25-6/22/73) Alan L. Bean, Jack R. Lousma, Owen K. Garriott Skylab 3 (7/28-9/25/73) Gerald P. Carr, Edward G. Gibson, William Pogue Skylab 4 (11/16/73-2/8/74) Alexi Leonov, Valeri Kubasov (7/15-7/21/75) Soyuz 19 Vance Brand, Thomas P. Stafford, Donald K. Slayton Apollo 18 (7/15-7/24/75) Leonid Kizim, Vladmir Solovyov, Oleg Atkov (2/8-10/2/84) Salyut 7 1 The U.S. measures orbital flights in revolutions while theSoviets use "orbits." 2 Suborbital. 3 Moon orbitsin command module. 4 Moon orbits. Fire aboard spacecraft Apollo I on the ground at Cape Kennedy, Fla. killed Virgil I. Grissom, Edward H.White and Roger B. Chaffee on Jan. 27, 1967. They were the only U.S.astronauts killed in space tests. U.S. Space Shuttles 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name, date Crew 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Columbia (4/12-14/81) Robert L. Crippen, John W. Young. Columbia (11/12-14/81) Joe Engle, Richard Truly. Columbia (3/22-30/82) Jack Lousma, C. Gordon Fullerton. Name, date Crew 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Columbia (3/22-30/82) Jack Lousma, C. Gordon Fullerton. Columbia (6-27/7-4/82) Thomas Mattingly 2d, Henry Hartsfield Jr. Columbia (11/11-16/82) Vance Brand, Robert Overmyer, William Lenoir, Joseph Allen. Challenger (4/4-9/83) Paul Weitz, Karol Bobko, Story Musgrave, Donald Peterson. Challenger (6/18-24/83) Robert L. Crippen, Norman Thagard, John Fabian, Frederick Hauck, Sally K. Ride (1st U.S. woman in space). Challenger (8/30-9/5/83) Richard Truly, Daniel Brand- enstein, William Thornton, Guion Bluford (1st U.S. black in space), Dale Gardner. Columbia (11/28-12/8/83) John Young, Brewster Shaw Jr., Robert Name, date Crew 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Columbia (11/28-12/8/83) John Young, Brewster Shaw Jr., Robert Parker, Owen Garriott, Byron Lichtenberg, Ulf Merbold. Challenger (2/3-11/84) Vance Brand, Robert Gibson, Ronald McNair, Bruce McCandless, Robert Stewart. Challenger (4/6-13/84) Robert L. Crippen, Francis R. Scobee, George D. Nelson, Terry J. Hart, James D. Van Hoften. Discovery (8/30-9/5/84) Henry W. Hartsfield Jr., Michael L. Coats, Steven A. Hawley, Judith A. Resnik, Richard M. Mullane, Charles D. Walker. Challenger (10/5-13/84) Robert L. Crippen, Jon A. McBride, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Sally K. Ride, Marc Garneau (first Canadian), David C. Name, date Crew 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Garneau (first Canadian), David C. Leestma, Paul D. Scully-Power. Discovery (11/8-16/84) Frederick H. Hauck, David M. Walker, Dr. Anna L. Fisher, Joseph P. Allen, Dale A. Gardner. Discovery (1/24-27/85) Thomas K. Mattingly, Loren J. Shriver, James F. Buchli, Ellison S. Onizuka, Gary E. Payton. Discovery (4/12-19/85) Karol J. Bobko, Donald E. Williams, Sen. Jake Garn, Charles D. Walker, Jeffrey A. Hoffman, S. David Griggs, M. Rhea Seddon. Challenger (4/29-5/6/85) Robert F. Overmyer, Frederick D. Gregory, Don L. Lind, Taylor G. Wang, Lodewijk van den Berg, Norman Thagard, William Thornton. Name, date Crew 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Thornton. Discovery (6/17-6/24/85) John O. Creighton, Shannon W. Lucid, Steven R. Nagel, Daniel C. Brandenstein, John W. Fabian, Prince Sultan Salman al-Saud (first Arab), Patrick Baudry. Challenger (7/29-8/6/85) Roy D. Bridges Jr., Anthony W. England, Karl G. Henize, F. Story Musgrave, C. Gordon Fullerton, Loren W. Acton, John-David F. Bartoe. Discovery (8/27-9/3/85) John M. Lounge, James D. van Hoften, William F. Fisher, Joe H. Engle, Richard O. Covey. Atlantis (10/4-10/7/85) Karol J. Bobko, Ronald J. Grabe, David C. Hilmers, William A. Pailes, Robert C. Stewart. Name, date Crew 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Stewart. Challenger (10/30-11/6/85) Henry W. Hartsfield Jr., Steven R. Nagel, Bonnie J. Dunbar, James F. Buchli, Guion S. Bluford Jr., Ernst Messerschmid, Reinhard Furrer, Wubbo J. Ockels. Atlantis (11/26-12/3/85) Brewster H. Shaw Jr., Bryan D. O'Connor, Charles Walker, Rodolfo Neri (first Mexican), Jerry L. Ross, Sherwood C. Spring, Mary L. Cleave. Columbia (1/12-1/18/86) Robert L. Gibson, Charles F. Bolden Jr., George D. Nelson, Bill Nelson (first congressman), Franklin R. Chang-Diaz, Steven A. Hawley, Robert J. Cenker. Challenger (1/28/86- Francis R. Scobee, Michael Name, date Crew 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  exploded after takeoff) J. Smith, Ronald E. McNair, Ellison S. Onizuka, Judith A. Resnik, Gregory B. Jarvis, Sharon Christa McAuliffe. Discovery (9/29-10/3/88) Frederick H. Hauck, Richard O. Covey, David C. Hilmers, George D. Nelson, John M. Lounge. Atlantis (12/3-12/6/88) Robert L. Gibson, Guy S. Gardner, Richard M. Mullane, Jerry L. Ross, William M. Shepherd. Discovery (3/13-3/18/89) Michael L. Coats, John E. Blaha, James F. Buchli, Robert C. Springer, James P. Bagian. Atlantis (5/4-5/8/89) David M. Walker, Ronald J. Grabe, Mary L. Cleave, Norman E. Thagard, Mark C. Lee. Name, date Crew 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Cleave, Norman E. Thagard, Mark C. Lee. Columbia (8/8-8/13/89) Brewster H. Shaw Jr., Richard N. Richards, David C. Leestma, James C. Adamson, Mark N. Brown. Atlantis (10/18-10/23/89) Donald E. Williams, Michael J. McCulley, Shannon W. Lucid, Ellen S. Baker, Franklin R. Chang-Diaz. Discovery (11/22-11/27/89) Frederick D. Gregory, John E. Blaha, Manley L. Carter, F. Story Musgrave, Katherine C. Thornton. Colombia (1/9-1/20/90) Daniel C. Brandenstein, Bonnie J. Dunbar, James D. Wetherbee, Marsha S. Ivins, G. David Low. Atlantis (2/28-3/4/90) John O. Creighton, John H. Casper, David Name, date Crew 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Atlantis (2/28-3/4/90) John O. Creighton, John H. Casper, David C. Hilmers, Richard M. Mullane, Pierre J. Thuot. Discovery (4/24-4/29/90) Bruce McCandless 2d, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Loren J. Shriver, Charles F. Bolden Jr., Steven A. Hawley. International Space Projects Omni Space Almanac, Pharos Books 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Date Event Date Event 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1991 Eureca, Europe's first free-flying, retrievable space platform, launched. 1992 Japan's H-2 launch rocket operational. 1995 Europe's Columbus module and Japan's space station module launched. 1995 Europe's Ariane 5 heavy-lift launch vehicle becomes operational. 1997 Europe's spaceplane, Hermes, built by France. Notable U.S. Unmanned and Planetary Missions 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Spacecraft Launch date (GMT) Mission 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mariner 2 Aug. 27, 1962 Venus Ranger 7 July 28, 1964 Moon Mariner 4 Nov. 28, 1964 Mars Ranger 8 Feb. 17, 1965 Moon Surveyor 3 Apr. 17, 1967 Moon Mariner 5 June 14, 1967 Venus Spacecraft Launch date (GMT) Mission 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Mariner 6 Feb. 25, 1969 Mars Mariner 7 Mar. 27, 1969 Mars Mariner 9 May 30, 1971 Mars Pioneer 10 Mar. 3, 1972 Jupiter Mariner 10 Nov. 3, 1973 Venus, Mercury Viking 1 Aug. 20, 1975 Mars Spacecraft Launch date (GMT) Mission 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Viking 2 Sept. 9, 1975 Mars Voyager 1 Sept. 5, 1977 Jupiter, Saturn Voyager 2 Aug. 20, 1977 Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Pioneer 12 May 20, 1978 Venus Pioneer 13 Aug. 8, 1978 Venus Titan 4 June 14, 1989 Orbit Earth Successful Space Launches: 1957 to 1988 (Criterion of success is attainment of Earth orbit or Earth escape) 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴� Year Total1 USSR United States Japan European Space Agency India 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total 2,976 2,016 875 34 16 3 1957-1959 21 6 15 - - - 1960-1964 268 76 192 - - - 1965-1969 586 302 279 - - - 1970-1974 555 405 139 5 - - 1975-1979 607 461 126 10 1 - 1980-1984 605 483 93 12 8 3 1985 121 98 17 2 3 - 1986 103 91 6 2 2 - 1987 110 95 8 3 2 - 1988 116 90 12 2 7 - 1 Incl. launches in countries not shown. Notable Proposed U.S. Space Missions National Aeronautics and Space Administration 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year, Month Year, Month Mission Pu 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1991 Jan. Tethered Satellite System (c) St Feb. International Microgravity Lab (c) Es May Atmospheric Lab for Applications & Science (c) St at July Spacelab (c) Lo Year, Month Year, Month Mission Pu 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Aug. Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (a) Ca ga Oct. Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (c) St Nov. Doppler Imaging Interferometer (c) St Small Explorer-1 (a) Fi at 1992 May Space Radar Lab (c) Ac June TOPEX/Poseidon (a) St Sept. Mars Observer (a) St Shuttle High-energy Astrophysics Lab (c) St Year, Month Year, Month Mission Pu 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1993 June Gravity Probe (b) Pr of Polar (a) St bo Nov. Waves in Space Plasmas (c) St ra 1994 X-ray Timing Explorer (a) St st 1995 Advanced X-ray Astronomy Facility (b) Ob be 1996 Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (a) St 1997 Earth Observing System (a) Or Year, Month Year, Month Mission Pu 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1997 Earth Observing System (a) Or 1998 Cassini (a) St 1999 Space Infrared Telescope Facility (b) Me ge 2000 Mars Rover Sample Return (d) Co Ea ex Ca a Launched by expendable rocket. b Launched by shuttle. c Carried aboard shuttle. d To be determined. Notable Around the World and Intercontinental Trips 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코� From/To Mil 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nellie Bly New York/New York New George Francis Train New York/New York New Charles Fitzmorris Chicago/Chicago Chi J. W. Willis Sayre Seattle/Seattle Sea J. Alcock-A.W. Brown (1) Newfoundland/Ireland 1,9 Two U.S. Army airplanes Seattle/Seattle 26, Richard E. Byrd (2) Spitsbergen/N. Pole 1,5 From/To Mil 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Amundsen-Ellsworth-Nobile Spitsbergen/Teller, Alaska Spi Expedition E.S. Evans and L. Wells (N. Y.World) New York/New York 18 (3) Charles Lindbergh(4) New York/Paris 3,6 Amelia Earhart, W. Stultz, L. Newfoundland/Wales New Gordon Graf Zeppelin Friedrichshafen, Ger./Lakehurst, 6,6 N.J. Graf Zeppelin Friedrichshafen, Ger./Lakehurst, 21, N.J. Wiley Post and Harold Gatty New York/New York 15, From/To Mil 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wiley Post and Harold Gatty New York/New York 15, (Monoplane Winnie Mae) C. Pangborn-H. Herndon Jr. (5) Misawa, Japan/Wenatchee, Wash. 4,4 Amelia Earhart (6) Newfoundland/Ireland 2,0 Wiley Post (Monoplane Winnie Mae) ( New York/New York 15, 7) Hindenburg Zeppelin Lakehurst, N.J./Frankfort, Ger. Lak H. R. Ekins (Scripps-Howard Lakehurst, N.J./Lakehurst, N.J. 25, Newspapers in race)(Zeppelin Hindenburgto Germany air planes from Frankfurt) Howard Hughes and 4 assistants New York/New York 14, From/To Mil 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Douglas Corrigan New York/Dublin New Mrs. Clara Adams (Pan American Port Washington, N.Y./Newark, N.J. Por Clipper) Globester, U.S. Air Transport Wash., D.C./Wash., D.C. 23, Command Capt. William P. Odom (A-26 New York/New York 20, Reynolds Bombshell) America, Pan American 4-engine New York/New York 22, Lockheed Constellation (8) Col. Edward Eagan New York/New York 20, USAF B-50 Lucky Lady II (Capt. Ft. Worth, Tex./Ft. Worth, Tex. 23, James Gallagher) (9) From/To Mil 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� James Gallagher) (9) Col. D. Schilling, USAF (10) England/Limestone, Me. 3,3 C.F. Blair Jr. Norway/Alaska 3,3 Two U.S. S-55 Massachusetts/Scotland 3,4 Canberra Bomber (11) N. Ireland/Newfoundland 2,0 Canberra Bomber (11) Newfoundland/N. Ireland 2,0 Three USAF B-52 Stratofortresses ( Merced, Cal./Cal. 24, 12) Max Conrad Chicago/Rome 5,0 USSR TU-114 (13) Moscow/New York 5,0 From/To Mil 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Boeing 707-320 New York/Moscow c.5 Peter Gluckmann (solo) San Francisco/San Francisco 22, Sue Snyder Chicago/Chicago 21, Max Conrad (solo) Miami/Miami 25, Sam Miller & Louis Fodor New York/New York New Robert & Joan Wallick Manila/Manila 23, Arthur Godfrey, Richard Merrill New York/New York 23, Fred Austin, Karl Keller Trevor K. Brougham Darwin, Australia/Darwin 24, Walter H. Mullikin, Albert Frink, New York/New York 23, From/To Mil 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Walter H. Mullikin, Albert Frink, New York/New York 23, Lyman Watt, Frank Cassaniti, Edward Shields David Kunst (15) Waseca, Minn./Waseca, Minn. 14, Arnold Palmer Denver/Denver 22, Boeing 747 (14) San Francisco/San Francisco 26, Concorde London/Wash., D.C. 1,0 Concorde Paris/New York 1,0 Richard Rutan & Jeana Yeager (16) Edwards AFB, Cal. 24, 1 Non-stop transatlantic flight. 2 Polar flight.3 Mileage by train and auto, 4,110; by plane, 6,300; by steamship,8,000. 4 Solo transatlantic flight in the Ryan monoplane the"Spirit of St. Louis". 5 Non-stop Pacific flight.6 Woman's transoceanic solo flight. 7 First to fly soloaround northern circumference of the world, also first to fly twicearound the world. 8 Inception of regular commercial global air service.9 First non-stop round-the-world flight, refueled 4 times in flight.10 Non-stop jet transatlantic flight. 11 Transatlantic round trip onsame day. 12 First non-stop global flight by jet planes; refueled inflight by KC-97 aerial tankers; average speed approx. 525 mph.13 Non-stop between Moscow and New York. 14 Speed record around theworld over both the earth's poles. 15 First to circle the earth on foot.16 Circled the earth nonstop without refueling. International Aeronautical Records The National Aeronautic Association, 1763 R St. NW, Washington, DC 20009, representative in the United States of the Federation Aeronautique Internationale, certifying agency for world aviation and space records. The International Aeronautical Federation was formed in 1905 by representatives from Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, and the United States, with headquarters in Paris. Regulations for the control of official records were signed Oct. 14, 1905. World records are defined as maximum performance, regardless of class or type of aircraft used. Records to mid-1990. World Absolute Records--Maximum Performance in Any Class Speed over a straight course -- 2,193.16 mph -- Capt. Elden W. Joersz, USAF, Lockheed SR-71; Beale AFB, Cal., July 28, 1976. Speed over a closed circuit -- 2,092.294 mph -- Maj. Adolphus H. Bledsoe Jr., USAF, Lockheed SR-71; Beale AFB, Cal., July 27, 1976. Speed around the world, non-stop, nonrefueled -- 115.65 mph -- Richard Rutan & Jeana Yeager, U.S., Voyager, Edwards AFB, Cal., Dec. 14-23, 1986. Altitude -- (123,523.58 feet) -- Alexander Fedotov, USSR, E-266M; Podmoskovnoye, USSR, Aug. 31, 1977. Altitude in horizontal flight -- 85,068.997 ft. -- Capt. Robert C. Helt, USAF, Lockheed SR-71; Beale AFB, Cal., July 28, 1976. Class K Spacecraft Duration -- 326 days, 11 hours, 15 minutes -- Col. Yuri V. Romanenko, USSR, space station MIR; Feb. 5 --Dec. 29, 1987. Altitude -- 234,672.5 mi. -- Frank Borman, James A. Lovell Jr., William Anders, Apollo 8; Dec. 21-27, 1968. Greatest mass lifted -- 282,197 lbs. -- Frank Borman, James A. Lovell Jr., William Anders, Apollo 8; Dec. 21-27, 1968. Distance -- 87,436,800 mi. -- Anatoly Beresovoy & Valentin Lebedev, USSR, Salyut 7, Soyuz T5, Soyuz T7; May 13-Dec. 10, 1982. World "Class" Records All other records, international in scope, are termed World "Class" records and are divided into classes: airships, free balloons, airplanes, seaplanes, amphibians, gliders, and rotorplanes. Airplanes (Class C) are sub-divided into four groups: Group 1 -- piston engine aircraft, Group II -- turboprop aircraft, Group III -- jet aircraft, Group IV -- rocket powered aircraft. A partial listing of world records follows: Airplanes (Class C-I, Group I--piston engine) Distance, closed circuit -- 24,986.727 mi. -- Richard Rutan & Jeana Yeager, U.S., Voyager; Edwards AFB, Cal., Dec. 14-23, 1986. Speed for 100 kilometers (62.137 miles) without payload -- 469.549 mph -- Jacqueline Cochran, U.S.; North American P-51; Coachella Valley, Cal., Dec. 10, 1947. Speed for 1,000 kilometers (621.369 miles) without payload -- 431.09 mph -- Jacqueline Cochran, U.S.; North American P-51; Santa Rosasummit, Cal. -- Flagstaff, Ariz. course, May 24, 1948. Speed for 5,000 kilometers (3,106.849 miles) without payload -- 338.39 mph -- Capt. James Bauer, USAF, Boeing B-29; Dayton, Oh., June 28, 1946. Speed around the world -- 203.64 mph -- D.N. Dalton, Australia; Beechcraft Duke; Brisbane, Aust., July 20-25, 1975. Time: 5 days, 2 hours, 19 min., 57 sec. Light Airplanes--(Class C-1.d) Great Circle distance without landing -- 7,929.71 mi. -- Peter Wilkins, Australia, Piper Malibu, Sydney, Aust. to Phoenix, Ariz., Mar. 30-Apr. 1, 1987. Speed for 100 kilometers -- (62,137 miles) in a closed circuit -- 322.780 mph -- Ms. R. M. Sharpe, Great Britain; Vickers Supermarine Spitfire 5-B; Wolverhampton, June 17, 1950. Helicopters (Class E-1) Great Circle distance without landing -- 2,213.04 mi. -- Robert G. Ferry, U.S.; Hughes YOH-6A helicopter; Culver City, Cal., to Ormond Beach, Fla., Apr. 6-7, 1966. Speed around the world --35.40 mph -- H. Ross Perot Jr.; Bell 206 L-11 Long Ranger N39112; Dallas, Tex.-Dallas, Tex.; Sept. 1-30, 1982; 29 days, 3 hrs., 8 min., 13 sec. Gliders (Class D-I--single seater) Distance, straight line -- 907.7 mi. -- Hans Werner Grosse, West Germany; ASK12 sailplane; Luebeck to Biarritz, Apr. 25, 1972. Distance to a goal & return -- 1,023.25 mi. -- Thomas Knauff, U.S. Nimbus III; Williamsport, Pa., Apr. 25, 1983. Airplanes (Class C-I, Group II--Turboprop) Great Circle distance without landing -- 8,732.09 mi.-- Lt. Col. Edgar L. Allison Jr., USAF, Lockheed HC-130 Hercules aircraft; Taiwan to Scott AFB, Ill.; Feb. 20, 1972. Altitude -- (51,014 ft.) -- Donald R. Wilson, U.S.; LTV L450F aircraft; Greenville, Tex., Mar. 27, 1972. Speed for 1,000 kilometers (621.369 miles) without payload -- 541.449 mph -- Ivan Soukhomline, USSR; TU-114 aircraft; Sternberg, USSR; Mar. 24, 1960. Speed for 5,000 kilometers (3,106.849 miles) without payload -- 545.072 mph -- Ivan Soukhomline, USSR; TU-114 aircraft, Sternberg, USSR; Apr. 9, 1960. Speed around the world --304.80 mph -- Joe Harnish, U.S., Gulfstream Commander 695A, Elkhart, Ind., Mar. 21-24, 1983. Airplanes (Class C-1, Group III--Engine) Great Circle distance without landing -- 12,532.28 mi. -- Maj. Clyde P. Evely, USAF, Boeing B-52-H, Kadena, Okinawa to Madrid, Spain, Jan. 10-11, 1962. Distance in a closed circuit -- 12,521.78 mi. -- Vladimir Tersky, USSR, AN-124, Podmoskovnoye, USSR, May 6-7, 1987. Altitude -- 123,523.58 ft. -- Alexander Fedotov, USSR; E-226M airplane; Podmoskovnoye, USSR, Aug. 31, 1977. Speed for 100 kilometers in a closed circuit -- 1,618.7 mph -- Alexander Fedotov, USSR; E-266 airplane, Apr. 8, 1973. Speed for 500 kilometers in a closed circuit -- 1,852.61 mph -- Mikhail Komarov, USSR; E-266 airplane, Oct. 5, 1967. Speed for 1,000 kilometers in a closed circuit -- 2,092.294 mph -- Maj. Adolphus H. Bledsoe Jr., USAF; Lockheed SR-71; Beale AFB, Cal., July 27, 1976. Speed for 2,000 kilometers without payload -- 1,250.42 mph -- S. Agapov, USSR; Podmoscovnde, USSR; July 20, 1983. Speed around the world -- 637.71 mph -- Allen E. Paulson, U.S., Gulfstream IV, Houston, Tex., Feb. 26-28, 1988. Balloons-Class A Altitude -- (113,739.9 ft.) -- Cmdr. Malcolm D. Ross, USNR; Lee Lewis Memorial Winzen Research Balloon; Gulf of Mexico, May 4, 1961. Distance --(5,208.67 mi.) -- Ben Abruzzo; Raven Experimental; Nagashima, Japan to Covello, Cal., Nov. 9-12, 1981. Duration --137 hr., 5 min., 50 sec. -- Ben Abruzzo and Maxie Anderson; Double Eagle II; Presque Isle, Maine to Miserey, France (3,107.61 mi.); Aug. 12-17, 1978. FAI Course Records Los Angeles to New York -- 1,214.65 mph -- Capt. Robert G. Sowers, USAF; Convair B-58 Hustler; elapsed time: 2 hrs. 58.71 sec., Mar. 5, 1962. New York to Los Angeles -- 1,081.80 mph -- Capt. Robert G. Sowers, USAF; Convair B-58 Hustler; elapsed time: 2 hrs. 15 min. 50.08 sec., Mar. 5, 1962. New York to Paris -- 1,089.36 mph -- Maj. W. R. Payne, U.S.; Convair B-58 Hustler; elapsed time: 3 hrs 19 min. 44 sec., May 26, 1961. London to New York -- 587.457 mph -- Maj. Burl Davenport, USAF; Boeing KC-135; elapsed time: 5 hrs. 53 min. 12.77 sec.; June 27, 1958. Baltimore to Moscow, USSR -- 563.36 mph -- Col. James B. Swindal, USAF; Boeing VC-137 (707); elapsed time: 8 hrs. 33 min. 45.4 sec., May 19, 1963. New York to London -- 1,806.964 mph -- Maj. James V. Sullivan, USAF; Lockheed SR-71; elapsed time 1 hr. 54 min. 56.4 sec., Sept. 1, 1974. London to Los Angeles -- 1,435.587 mph -- Capt. Harold B. Adams, USAF; Lockheed SR-71; elapsed time: 3 hrs. 47 min. 39 sec., Sept. 13, 1974. The Busiest U.S. Airports in 1989 Air Transport Association of America (Passengers arriving & departing) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Chicago O'Hare 59,130,007 Dallas/Ft. Worth 47,579,046 Los Angeles 44,967,221 Atlanta 43,312,285 New York (JFK) 30,323,077 San Francisco 29,939,835 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 San Francisco 29,939,835 Denver 27,568,033 Miami 23,385,010 New York (LGA) 23,158,317 Honolulu 22,617,340 Boston 23,272,690 Detroit 21,495,159 Newark 20,927,946 Phoenix 20,710,790 St. Louis 20,015,015 Minneapolis/St. Paul 19,400,815 Orlando 17,232,351 Pittsburgh 17,145,272 Las Vegas 16,684,036 Houston 16,007,355 Busiest Foreign Airports in 1989* Airport Operators Council International (passengers arriving & departing) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 London, UK, Heathrow 39,905,200 Tokyo, Japan, Haneda 36,567,738 Frankfurt, W. Germany 26,006,900 Paris, France, Orly 24,288,440 Osaka, Japan 21,873,831 London, UK, Gatwick 21,293,200 Paris, France, Charles De Gaulle 20,669,542 Toronto, Canada, Lester B. Pearson 20,418,094 Hong Kong 17,431,124 New Tokyo-Narita 16,982,055 Rome, Italy, Fiumicino 16,117,277 Amsterdam, Netherlands, Schiphol 15,998,174 Stockholm, Sweden, Arlanda 14,278,156 Singapore, Changi 12,973,237 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Singapore, Changi 12,973,237 Bangkok 12,669,102 Copenhagen, Denmark 12,436,654 Zurich, Switzerland 12,150,558 Athens 10,514,367 Munich-Riem, W. Germany 10,100,858 *Does not include airports that did not respond to the AOCI survey. U.S. Scheduled Airline Traffic Air Transport Association of America (thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴� 1987 1988 1989 1987 1988 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Passenger traffic Revenue passengers enplaned 447,678 454,614 453,692 Revenue passenger miles 404,471,484 423,301,559 432,714,3 Available seat miles 648,720,938 676,802,328 684,375,8 Revenue passenger load factor(%) 62.3 62.5 63.2 Cargo traffic (ton miles) 10,016,111 11,469,193 12,185,96 Freight and express 8,260,278 9,632,219 10,274,53 U.S. Mail 1,721,263 1,836,974 1,911,434 Overall traffic and service Total revenue ton miles--charter service 4,448,871 4,597,536 5,616,380 Total revenue ton miles--all services 54,917,632 58,397,186 61,073,77 Total available ton miles--all services 99,152,795 105,372,555 109,360,4 U.S. Airline Safety National Transportation Safety Board 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Departures (millions) Fatal Accidents Fatalities Fatal accidents per 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1976 4.8 2 38 0.041 1977 4.9 3 78 0.061 1978 5.0 5 160 0.100 1979 5.4 4 351 0.074 1980 5.4 0 0 0.000 1981 5.2 4 4 0.077 1982 5.0 4 233 0.060 1983 5.0 4 15 0.079 1984 5.4 1 4 0.018 1985 5.8 4 197 0.069 1986 6.4 2 5 0.016 1987 6.6 41 231 0.0461 1988 6.7 31 285 0.0301 1989 6.6 11 278 0.167 1 Sabotage-caused accidents are incl. in the Accidents but not in the Accident rates. Leading Passenger Airlines in 1989 (In thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Airline Passengers 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 American 72,359 Delta 68,200 United 54,919 USAir 44,495 Northwest 38,627 Continental 34,957 Trans World 25,150 Southwest 20,241 Airline Passengers 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Southwest 20,241 Pan American 17,174 Piedmont 16,657 Eastern 14,517 America West 13,300 Hawaiian 5,277 Alaska 4,963 Midway 4,681 Braniff 4,316 Aloha 4,002 Air Wisconsin 2,195 West Air 1,819 Horizon Air 1,587 Aircraft in Operation and Aircraft Age: 1983 to 1989 AVMARK, Arlington, VA. (As of January 1. For U.S. domestic major and national services. Major carriers have operating revenues of $1 billion of more; national carriers have operating revenues of $75 million to $1 billion) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴� Aircraft in Operation Aircraft in Operation Aircr Type of Aircraft 1983 1985 1987 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Industry total 2,360 2,790 2,816 Boeing 7271 1,001 996 993 Boeing 737 270 365 547 Boeing 747 130 136 124 Boeing 757 2 23 73 Boeing 767 14 54 61 Airbus A300/A310 30 134 59 Lockheed L-10111 119 184 107 McDonnell Douglas DC-81 98 72 52 McDonnell Douglas DC-91 541 658 433 McDonnell Douglas DC-101 155 168 161 Aircraft in Operation Aircraft in Operation Aircr Type of Aircraft 1983 1985 1987 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� McDonnell Douglas DC-101 155 168 161 McDonnell Douglas MD-80 X X 206 X Not applicable. 1 No longer in production. NASA Outlays for Operations & Research and Development U.S. Office of Management and Budget (millions of dollars) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴� Performance Performance Performance Year Total outlays Percent change1 Total Space flight Space scienc 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Performance Performance Performance Year Total outlays Percent change1 Total Space flight Space scienc 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1970 $3,753 -11.7 $3,699 $2,195 $963 1975 3,266 .3 3,181 1,500 1,076 1980 4,850 15.8 4,710 2,556 1,341 1985 7,251 2.9 7,004 3,852 1,834 1988 9,092 19.8 8,693 4,882 1,777 1 Change from immediate prior year. National Aviation Hall of Fame The National Aviation Hall of Fame at Dayton, Oh., is dedicated to honoring the outstanding pioneers of air and space. Allen, William M. Andrews, Frank M. Armstrong, Neil A. Arnold, Henry H. "Hap" Atwood, John Leland Balchen, Bernt Baldwin, Thomas S. Beachey, Lincoln Beech, Olive A. Beech, Walter H. Bell, Alexander Graham Bell, Lawrence D. Boeing, William E. Bong, Richard I. Borman, Frank Boyd, Albert Brown, George "Scratchley" Byrd, Richard E. Cessna, Clyde V. Chamberlin, Clarence D. Chanute, Octave Chennault, Claire L. Cochran (Odlum), Jacqueline Collins, Michael Conrad Jr., Charles Crossfield, A. Scott Cunningham, Alfred A. Curtiss, Glenn H. deSeversky, Alexander P. Doolittle, James H. Douglas, Donald W. Draper, Charles S. Eaker, Ira C. Earhart, (Putnam), Amelia Eielson, C. Benjamin Ellyson, Theodore G. Ely, Eugene B. Everest, Frank K. Fairchild, Sherman M. Fleet, Reuben H. Fokker, Anthony H.G. Ford, Henry Foss, Joseph Foulois, Benjamin D. Gabreski, Francis S. Glenn Jr., John H. Goddard, George W. Goddard, Robert H. Godfrey, Arthur Goldwater, Barry M. Grissom, Virgil I. Gross, Robert E. Grumman, Leroy R. Guggenheim, Harry F. Haughton, Daniel J. Hegenberger, Albert F. Heinemann, Edward H. Hoover, Robert A. Hughes, Howard R. Ingalls, David S. Jeppesen, Elrey B. Johnson, Clarence L. Kenney, George C. Kettering, Charles F. Kindelberger, James H. Knabenshue, A. Roy Knight, William J. Lahm, Frank P. Langley, Samuel P. Lear, William P. Sr. LeMay, Curtis E. LeVier, Anthony W. Lindbergh, Anne M. Lindbergh, Charles A. Link, Edwin A. Lockheed, Allan H. Loening, Grover Luke Jr., Frank Macready, John A. Martin, Glenn L. McDonnell, James S. Mitscher, Marc A. Meyer, John C. Mitchell, William "Billy" Montgomery, John J. Moorer, Thomas H. Moss, Sanford A. Neumann, Gerhard Northrop, John K. Patterson, William A. Piper Sr., William T. Post, Wiley H. Read, Albert C. Reeve, Robert C. Rentschler, Frederick B. Richardson, Holden C. Rickenbacker, Edward V. Rodgers, Calbraith P. Rogers, Will Rushworth, Robert A. Ryan, T. Claude Schirra, Walter M. Schriever, Bernard A. Selfridge, Thomas E. Shepard Jr., Alan B. Sikorsky, Igor I. Six, Robert F. Smith, C.R. Spaatz, Carl A. Sperry Sr., Elmer A. Sperry Sr., Lawrence B. Stanley, Robert M. Stapp, John P. Stearmam, Lloyd C. Taylor, Charles E. Towers, John H. Trippe, Juan T. Turner, Roscoe Twining, Nathan F. von Braun, Wernher von Karman, Theodore von Ohain, Hans P. Vought, Chance M. Wade, Leigh Walden, Henry W. Wilson, Thornton A. Wright, Orville Wright, Wilbur Yeager, Charles E. Young, John W. ENERGY Major Energy Developments Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 1989 U.S. total energy consumption in 1989 reached a record high of 81 quadrillion Btu (3)--an increase of 1.3 percent from 1988--as growth in the economy promoted an increase in energy demand. The inability of members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to restrain production played a role in keeping oil prices low during the post-1986 period. Domestic production of crude oil continued to suffer from the effects of four years of low oil prices. Because of close ties between the price of crude oil and market conditions, in 1989 three key oil exploration indicators fell to their lowest level in at least 41 years. In contrast, the domestic refinery industry benefited from market conditions in 1989, when low crude oil prices and strong product demand tended to increase profit margins in the refining industry. Record energy demand coupled with a slight decline in energy production led to continued growth in net energy imports--up 7 percent from the 1988 level to 14 quadrillion Btu--a level that continued to fuel concerns about U.S. dependence on foreign sources of supply. (See Chronology and Index for 1990 information.) World Production of Crude Oil1, 1960-1990 Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review, 1989 (millions of barrels per day) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴� Year Total2 OPEC Canada China Mexico U.K. U.S. USSR O 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1960 8.70 0.52 0.10 0.27 (3) 7.04 2.91 1 1965 14.34 0.81 0.23 0.32 (3) 7.80 4.79 2 1970 23.41 1.26 0.60 0.49 (3) 9.64 6.97 3 1971 25.33 1.35 0.78 0.49 (3) 9.46 7.44 3 Year Total2 OPEC Canada China Mexico U.K. U.S. USSR O 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1971 25.33 1.35 0.78 0.49 (3) 9.46 7.44 3 1972 27.09 1.53 0.90 0.51 (3) 9.44 7.88 3 1973 30.99 1.80 1.09 0.47 (3) 9.21 8.33 3 1974 30.73 1.55 1.32 0.57 (3) 8.77 8.86 3 1975 27.15 1.43 1.49 0.71 0.01 8.38 9.47 4 1976 30.74 1.31 1.67 0.83 0.25 8.13 9.99 4 1977 31.30 1.32 1.87 0.98 0.77 8.25 10.49 4 1978 29.88 1.32 2.08 1.21 1.08 8.71 10.95 4 1979 31.00 1.50 2.12 1.46 1.57 8.55 11.19 5 1980 26.99 1.44 2.11 1.94 1.62 8.60 11.46 5 1981 22.84 1.29 2.01 2.31 1.81 8.57 11.55 5 1982 19.15 1.27 2.05 2.75 2.07 8.65 11.62 5 1983 17.89 1.36 2.12 2.69 2.29 8.69 11.68 6 1984 17.86 1.44 2.30 2.78 2.48 8.88 11.58 6 1985 16.63 1.47 2.51 2.75 2.53 8.97 11.25 7 1986 18.75 1.47 2.62 2.44 2.55 8.68 11.54 7 1987 18.58 1.53 2.69 2.54 2.48 8.35 11.69 8 1988 20.90 1.61 2.73 2.51 2.23 8.14 11.68 8 1989 22.63 1.56 2.76 2.51 1.79 7.61 11.36 9 Year Total2 OPEC Canada China Mexico U.K. U.S. USSR O 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1989 22.63 1.56 2.76 2.51 1.79 7.61 11.36 9 1990(Jan.-Mar.Avg.) 24.17 1.51 2.78 2.51 1.90 7.46 11.21 9 1 Includes lease condensate, excludes natural gas plant liquids;2 Current membership of the Organization of the Petroleum ExportingCountries consist of Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, andVenezuela; production from the Neutral Zone between Kuwait and SaudiArabia is included in "Total OPEC" production. 3 Less han 5,000 barrels per day. U.S. Net Imports1 of Energy by Source Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 1990 (Quadrillion Btu) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코� Annual total Coal Crude Oil2 Petroleum Products3 Natural Gas Ele 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1973 -1.422 6.883 6.097 0.981 0.1 1975 -1.738 8.708 3.800 .904 .06 1980 -2.391 10.586 2.912 .957 .21 1981 -2.918 8.854 2.522 .857 .34 1982 -2.768 6.917 2.128 .898 .30 1983 -2.013 6.731 2.351 .887 .37 1984 -2.119 6.918 2.970 .792 .40 1985 -2.389 6.381 2.570 .896 .42 1988 -2.446 10.698 3.308 1.221 .32 1989 -2.581 12.286R 3.046R 1.309 .11 1990 (Jan.-Mar.) -.571 3.159 .861 .368 -0. 1 Net imports equals imports minus exports. Minus sign indicatesexports are greater than imports. 2 Includes crude oil, leasecondensate, and imports of crude oil for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.3 Includes petroleum products, unfinished oils, pentanes plus, andgasoline blending components. 4 Assumed to be hydroelectricity andestimated at the average input heat rate for fossil fuel steam-electricpower plant generation, which has ranged from 10.3 to 10.5 thousandBtu per kilowatthour since 1973. E = Estimate; R = Revised. Notes: Geographic coverage is the 50 States and the District ofColumbia. Totals may not equal sum of components due to independentrounding. U.S Dependence on Petroleum Net Imports1 Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴� Net Imports2 Net Imports2 Net Im Annual Average Rate From Arab OPEC3 From OPEC4 From A Thousand Barrels per Thousand Barrels per Thousa Day Day Day 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Net Imports2 Net Imports2 Net Im Annual Average Rate From Arab OPEC3 From OPEC4 From A Thousand Barrels per Thousand Barrels per Thousa 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1973 914 2,991 6,025 1975 1,382 3.599 5.846 1980 2,549 4,293 6,365 1981 1,844 3,315 5,401 1982 852 2,136 4,298 1983 630 1,843 4,312 1984 817 2,037 4,715 Net Imports2 Net Imports2 Net Im Annual Average Rate From Arab OPEC3 From OPEC4 From A Thousand Barrels per Thousand Barrels per Thousa  1985 470 1,821 4,286 1988 1,837 3,513 6,587 1989 2,128R 4,124 R 7,202 1990 (Jan.-Mar.) 2,399 4,578 7,661 1 Beginning in October 1977, Strategic Petroleum Reserves areincluded. 2 Net imports equals imports minus exports. Imports frommembers of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)exclude indirect imports, which are petroleum products imported primarilyfrom Caribbean and West European areas and refined from crude oil producedby OPEC. 3 The Arab members of OPEC are Algeria, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya,Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Net imports from theNeutral Zone between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia are included in net importsfrom "Arab OPEC." 4 OPEC consists of Ecuador, Gabon,Indonesia, Iran, Nigeria, and Venezuela, as well as the Arab members.R = Revised data. Notes: Geographic coverage is the 50 States and theDistrict of Columbia. Annual averages may not equal average of quartersdue to independent rounding. U.S. Total Energy Production by Source, 1960-1990 Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review, 1989 (quadrillion Btu, except as noted) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year Coal Natural Gas1 Crude Oil2 Natural Gas Plant Liquids 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year Coal Natural Gas1 Crude Oil2 Natural Gas Plant Liquids 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1960 10.82 12.66 14.93 1.46 1965 13.06 15.78 16.52 1.88 1970 14.61 21.67 20.40 2.51 1975 14.99 19.64 17.73 2.37 1978 14.91 19.49 18.43 2.25 1979 17.54 20.08 18.10 2.29 1980 18.60 19.91 18.25 2.25 1981 18.38 19.70 18.15 2.31 1982 18.64 18.25 18.31 2.19 1983 17.25 16.53 18.39 2.18 1984 19.72 17.93 18.85 2.27 1985 19.33 16.92 18.99 2.24 1986 19.51 16.47 18.38 2.15 1987 20.14 17.05 17.67 2.22 1988 20.74 17.49 17.28 2.26 1989 21.33 17.61 16.12 2.16 1990 (Jan.-Mar.) 5.74 4.60 3.89 .53 1 Dry natural gas; 2 Includes lease condensate;3 Electric utility and industrial generation of hydroelectric power;4 Generated by electric utilities; 5 Percent change fromprevious year calculated from data prior to rounding;6 Less than0.005 quadrillion Btu; NA = Not Available. U.S. Total Energy Consumption by Source, 1960-1990 Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review, 1989 (quadrillion Btu, except as noted) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴� Year Coal Natural Gas Petroleum1 Hydroelectric Power2 Nucle 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1960 9.84 12.39 19.92 1.66 0.01 1965 11.58 15.77 23.25 2.06 0.04 1970 12.26 21.79 29.52 2.65 0.24 1975 12.66 19.95 32.73 3.22 1.90 1978 13.77 20.00 37.97 3.14 3.02 Year Coal Natural Gas Petroleum1 Hydroelectric Power2 Nucle 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1978 13.77 20.00 37.97 3.14 3.02 1979 15.04 20.67 37.12 3.14 2.78 1980 15.42 20.39 34.20 3.12 2.74 1981 15.91 19.93 31.93 3.11 3.01 1982 15.32 18.51 30.23 3.56 3.13 1983 15.90 17.36 30.05 3.87 3.20 1984 17.07 18.51 31.05 3.72 3.55 1985 17.48 17.85 30.92 3.36 4.15 1986 17.26 16.71 32.20 3.40 4.47 1987 18.01 17.67 32.87 3.07 4.91 1988 18.85 18.55 34.23 2.64 5.66 1989 18.92 19.36 34.21 2.86 5.67 1990 (Jan.-Mar.) 4.59 5.89 8.29 .75 1.62 1 Petroleum products supplied including natural gas plant liquidsand crude oil burned as fuel; 2 Electric utility and industrialgeneration of hydroelectric power and net electricity imports;3 Generated by electric utilities; 4 Percent change from previous yearcalculated from data prior to rounding; 5 Less than 0.005 quadrillionBtu; NA = Not Available. U.S. Coal Production and Consumption, 1965-1989 Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 1989 (million short tons) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴� Production Production Production Production Productio Year Bituminous Coal Sub-bituminous Coal Lignite Anthracite Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1965 512.1 (1) (1) 14.9 527.0 1970 578.5 16.4 8.0 9.7 612.7 1975 577.5 51.1 19.8 6.2 654.6 1976 588.4 64.8 25.5 6.2 684.9 1977 581.0 82.1 28.2 5.9 697.2 1978 534.0 96.8 34.4 5.0 670.2 1979 612.3 121.5 42.5 4.8 781.1 Production Production Production Production Productio Year Bituminous Coal Sub-bituminous Coal Lignite Anthracite Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1979 612.3 121.5 42.5 4.8 781.1 1980 628.8 147.7 47.2 6.1 829.7 1981 608.0 159.7 50.7 5.4 823.8 1982 620.2 160.9 52.4 4.6 838.1 1983 568.6 151.0 58.3 4.1 782.1 1984 649.5 179.2 63.1 4.2 895.9 1985 613.9 192.7 72.4 4.7 883.6 1986 620.1 189.6 76.4 4.3 890.3 1987 636.6 200.2 78.4 3.6 918.8 1988 638.1 223.5 85.1 3.6 950.3 1989 656.3 227.2 89.6 3.5 974.7 1 Included in bituminous; 2 Less than 0.05 million shorttons; p = preliminary. Major U.S. Dams and Reservoirs Committee on Register of Dams, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army;September, 1989 Highest Dams 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼� Height Height Order Dam Name River State Type Feet Meters Year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 Oroville Feather Cal. E 754 230 1968 2 Hoover Colorado Nev. A 725 221 1936 3 Dworshak N Fork Clearwater Id. G 718 219 1973 4 Glen Canyon Colorado Ariz. A 708 216 1966 5 New Bullards Bar North Yuba Cal. A 636 194 1970 6 New Melones Stanislaus Cal. R 626 191 1979 7 Swift Lewis Wash. E 610 186 1958 8 Mossyrock Cowlitz Wash. A 607 185 1968 Height Height Order Dam Name River State Type Feet Meters Year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 8 Mossyrock Cowlitz Wash. A 607 185 1968 9 Shasta Sacramento Cal. G 600 183 1945 10 Hungry Horse S Fork Flathead Mon. A 564 172 1953 11 Grand Coulee Columbia Wash. G 551 168 1942 12 Ross Skagit Wash. A 541 165 1949 E = Embankment, Earthfill; R = Embankment, Rockfill; G = Gravity; A = Arch. Largest Embankment Dams 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼� Volume Volu Volume Volu Order Dam Name River State Type Cubic yards X 1000 Cubi 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 Fort Peck Missouri Mon. E 125,624 96,0 2 Oahe Missouri S.D. E 91,996 70,3 3 Oroville Feather Cal. E 77,997 59,6 4 San Luis San Luis Creek Cal. E 77,897 59,5 5 Garrison Missouri N.D. E 66,498 50,8 6 Cochiti Rio Grande N.M. E 65,693 50,2 7 Earthquake Lake Madison Mon. E-G 49,998 38,2 8 Fort Randall Missouri S.D. E 49,962 38,2 9 Castaic Castaic Creek Cal. E 43,998 33,6 10 Ludington P/S Lake Michigan Mich. E 37,699 28,8 11 Kingsley N. Platte Neb. E 31,999 24,4 12 Warm Springs Dry Creek Cal. E 29,977 22,9 E = Embankment, Earthfill; R = Embankment, Rockfill; E-R = Embankment, Earth & Rockfill; G = Gravity; A = Arch. Largest Man-Made Reservoirs 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Reservoir Capacity Order Dam Name Reservoir Location Acre-Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 Hoover Lake Mead Nev. 28,253,000 2 Glen Canyon Lake Powell Ariz. 26,997,000 3 Garrison Lake Sakakawea N.D. 22,635,000 4 Oahe Lake Oahe S.D. 22,238,000 5 Fort Peck Fort Peck Lake Mon. 17,933,000 6 Grand Coulee F D Roosevelt Lake Wash. 9,558,000 7 Libby Lake Koocanusa Mon. 5,813,000 8 Fort Randall Lake Francis Case S.D. 4,621,000 9 Shasta Lake Shasta Cal. 4,548,000 10 Toledo Bend Toledo Bend Lake La. 4,475,000 11 Wolf Creek Cumberland Lake Ky. 3,997,000 12 Flaming Gorge Flaming Gorge Reservoir Ut. 3,786,000 Reservoir Capacity Order Dam Name Reservoir Location Acre-Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 12 Flaming Gorge Flaming Gorge Reservoir Ut. 3,786,000 1 acre foot = 1 acre of water, 1 foot deep World's Largest Capacity Hydro Plants U.S. Committee on Large Dams, of the Intl. Commission on Large Dams, Aug. 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴� Rank order Name Country Rated capacity 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 Turukhansk (Lower Tunguska)* USSR 2 Itaipu Brazil/Paraguay 7,400 Rank order Name Country Rated capacity 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 2 Itaipu Brazil/Paraguay 7,400 3 Grand Coulee USA 9,070 4 Guri (Raul Leoni) Venezuela 10,300 5 Tucurui Brazil 2,640 6 Sayano Shushensk* USSR 6,400 7 = Corpus Posadas Argentina/ Paraguay 4,700 7 = Krasnoyarsk USSR 6,000 9 La Grande 2 Canada 5,328 10 Churchill Falls Canada 5,225 11 Xingo Brazil 3,012 12 Tarbela Pakistan 1,750 13 = Bratsk USSR 4,500 13 = Ust-Ilim USSR 3,675 15 Cabora Bassa Mozambique 2,425 16 Boguchany USSR 17 = Rogun* USSR 17 = Oak Creek USA 3,600 19 Paulo Afonso I Brazil 1,524 20 Pati* Argentina Rank order Name Country Rated capacity 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 20 Pati* Argentina 21 = Ilha Solteira Brazil 3,200 21 = Brumley Gap* USA 3,200 23 Chapeton* Argentina 24 Gezhouba China 2,715 25 John Day USA 2,160 25 Nurek USSR 900 25 = Yacyreta* Argentina/Paraguay *Planned or under construction. Major Dams of the World U.S. Committee on Large Dams, of the Intl. Commission of Large Dams; Aug. 1990 World's Highest Dams 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rank order Name Country Height above lowest formation (m) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 Rogun* USSR 335 2 Nurek USSR 300 3 Grand Dixence Switzerland 285 4 Inguri USSR 272 5 Chicoasen Mexico 261 6 Tehri* India 261 7 Kishau* India 253 8 = Ertan China 245 9 = Sayano-Shushensk* USSR 245 10 Guavio* Colombia 243 11 Mica Canada 242 12 Mauvoisin Switzerland 237 13 Chivor Colombia 237 14 El Cajon Honduras 234 Rank order Name Country Height above lowest formation (m) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 14 El Cajon Honduras 234 15 Chirkei USSR 233 16 Oroville USA 230 17 Bhakra India 226 18 Hoover USA 221 19 Contra Switzerland 220 20 Mratinje Yugoslavia 220 *Under construction. World's Largest Volume Embankment Dams 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rank order Name Country Volume cubic meters [times ] 1000 Rank order Name Country Volume cubic meters [times ] 1000 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 Tarbela Pakistan 148,500 2 Fort Peck USA 96,050 3 Tucurui Brazil 85,200 4 Ataturk* Turkey 85,000 5 Yacireta* Argentina 81,000 6 Rogun* USSR 75,500 7 Oahe USA 70,339 8 Guri Venezuela 70,000 9 Parambikulam India 69,165 10 High Island West Hong Kong 67,000 11 Gardiner Canada 65,000 12 Afsluitdijk Netherlands 63,400 13 Mangla Pakistan 63,379 14 Oroville USA 59,635 15 San Luis USA 59,559 16 Nurek USSR 58,000 17 Tanda Pakistan 57,250 18 Garrison USA 50,843 19 Chochiti USA 50,228 Rank order Name Country Volume cubic meters [times ] 1000 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 19 Chochiti USA 50,228 20 Oosterschelde Netherlands 50,000 *Under construction. World's Largest Capacity Manmade Reservoirs 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rank order Name Country Capacity cubic mete 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 Owen Falls Uganda 204,800 2 Bratsk USSR 169,000 3 Aswan (High) Egypt 162,000 4 Kariba Zimbabwe/Zambia 160,368 Rank order Name Country Capacity cubic mete 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 4 Kariba Zimbabwe/Zambia 160,368 5 Akosombo Ghana 147,960 6 Daniel Johnson Canada 141,851 7 Guri Venezuela 135,000 8 Krasnoyarsk USSR 73,300 9 W A C Bennett (Portage Mt.) Canada 70,309 10 Zeya USSR 68,400 11 Cabora Bassa Mozambique 63,000 12 La Grande 2 Canada 61,715 13 La Grande 3 Canada 60,020 14 Ust-Ilim USSR 59,300 15 Boguchany* USSR 58,200 16 Kuibyshev USSR 58,000 17 Serra de Mesa Brazil 54,400 18 Caniapiscau Barrage KA 3 Canada 53,790 19 Bukhtarma USSR 49,800 20 Ataturk Turkey 48,700 *Under construction Net Electricity Generation at Electric Utilities by Energy Source Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 1989 (billion kilowatthours) 露컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Electric Power Hydro-electric 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1975 853 289 300 173 300 1980 1,162 246 346 251 276 1981 1,203 206 346 273 261 1982 1,192 147 305 283 309 1983 1,259 144 274 294 332 1984 1,342 120 297 328 321 1985 1,402 100 292 384 281 1986 1,386 137 249 414 291 Year Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Electric Power Hydro-electric 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1986 1,386 137 249 414 291 1987 1,464 118 273 455 250 1988 1,541 149 253 527 223 1989p 1,551 158 264 529 264 1 Electricity produced from geothermal, wood, waste, wind,photovoltaic, and solar thermal energy sources connected to electricutility distribution systems; p = preliminary. U.S. Passenger Car Efficiency, 1966-1988 Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 1989 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴� Mileage Mileage Fuel Consumption Fuel Con Mileage Mileage Fuel Consumption Fuel Con Year Thousand Miles per Car Index 1973 = 100.0 Gallons per Car Index 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1966 9.92 96.7 703 91.2 1968 10.14 98.8 731 94.8 1970 10.27 100.0 760 98.6 1975 9.69 94.4 716 93.9 1977 9.88 96.3 716 93.9 1980 9.14 89.1 591 76.7 1981 9.19 89.6 576 74.7 1982 9.43 91.9 566 73.4 1983 9.48 92.4 553 71.7 1984 9.56 93.2 536 69.5 1985 9.56 93.2 525 68.1 1986 9.61 93.7 526 68.2 1987 9.88 96.3 514 66.7 1988p 10.12 98.7 507 65.8 p = preliminary Household Energy Consumption and Expenditures by Application and Fuel Source, 1978-1987 Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 1989 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴� Consumption Consumption Consu (Quadrillion Btu) (Quadrillion Btu) (Quad Application/Fuel Source 1978 1980 1984 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Space Heating Natural Gas 4.26 3.32 3.51 Electricity1 0.41 0.28 0.30 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene 2.05 1.32 1.10 Liquefied Petrol. Gases 0.23 0.25 0.21 Total 6.95 5.17 5.13 Air Conditioning2 Electricity1 0.31 0.32 0.36 Consumption Consumption Consu (Quadrillion Btu) (Quadrillion Btu) (Quad Application/Fuel Source 1978 1980 1984 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Electricity1 0.31 0.32 0.36 Water Heating Natural Gas 1.04 1.24 1.10 Electricity1 0.29 0.31 0.32 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene 0.14 0.24 0.15 Liquefied Petrol. Gases 0.06 0.07 0.06 Total 1.53 1.86 1.62 Appliances Natural Gas 0.28 0.38 0.35 Electricity1 1.46 1.55 1.53 Liquefied Petrol. Gases 0.03 0.04 0.04 Total 1.77 1.97 1.92 Total2 10.56 9.32 9.04 Natural Gas2 5.58 4.94 4.98 Electricity1 2.47 2.46 2.48 Distillate Fuel Oil and Kerosene 2.19 1.55 1.26 Liquefied Petrol. Gases 0.33 0.36 0.31 Consumption Consumption Consu (Quadrillion Btu) (Quadrillion Btu) (Quad Application/Fuel Source 1978 1980 1984 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Liquefied Petrol. Gases 0.33 0.36 0.31 1 Includes electricity generated for distribution from wood,waste, geothermal, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal electricity.2 A small amount of natural gas used for air conditioning is includedin "Total" and "Natural Gas" under "Total." Note: Sum of components may not equal total dueto independent rounding. World Nuclear Power International Atomic Energy Agency, Dec. 31, 1989 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴� Reactors in Operation Reactors in Operation Reactors under Construction Country # of Units Total MW(e)1 # of Units 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Argentina 2 935 1 Belgium 7 5,500 - Brazil 1 626 1 Bulgaria 5 2,585 2 Canada 18 12,185 4 China - - 3 Cuba - - 2 Czechoslovakia 8 3,264 8 Reactors in Operation Reactors in Operation Reactors under Construction Country # of Units Total MW(e)1 # of Units  Finland 4 2,310 - France 55 52,588 9 East Germany 6 2,102 5 West Germany 24 22,716 1 Hungary 4 1,645 - India 7 1,374 7 Iran - - 2 Italy 2 1,120 - Reactors in Operation Reactors in Operation Reactors under Construction Country # of Units Total MW(e)1 # of Units  Japan 39 29,300 12 South Korea 9 7,220 2 Mexico 1 654 1 Netherlands 2 508 - Pakistan 1 125 - Romania - - 5 South Africa 2 1,842 - Spain 10 7,544 - Reactors in Operation Reactors in Operation Reactors under Construction Country # of Units Total MW(e)1 # of Units  Sweden 12 9,817 - Switzerland 5 2,952 - United Kingdom 39 11,242 1 United States 110 98,331 4 Soviet Union 46 34,230 26 Yugoslavia 1 632 - Total* 426 318,271 96 1 terawatt-hour (TW(e).h) = 106 megawatt-hour (MW(e).h). For anaverage power plant, 1 TW(e).h = 0.39 megatonnes of coal equivalent(input) and 0.23 megatonnes of oil equivalent (input). *Totalincludes data from Taiwan, China: 6 units, 4924 MW(e) in operation;27.1 TW.h of nuclear electricity generation, or 35.2% of total electricitygenerated there; 50 yrs., 1 month of experience. U.S. Nuclear Power Plant Operations Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year Operable Reactors Number Nuclear-Based Electricity Generatio Million Net Kilowatthours 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1976 61 191,104 1977 65 250,883 Year Operable Reactors Number Nuclear-Based Electricity Generatio Million Net Kilowatthours 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1977 65 250,883 1978 70 276,403 1979 68 255,155 1980 70 251,116 1981 74 272,674 1982 77 282,773 1983 80 293,677 1984 86 327,634 1985 95 383,691 Year Operable Reactors Number Nuclear-Based Electricity Generatio Million Net Kilowatthours 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1986 100 414,038 1987 107 455,270 1988 108 526,973 1989 110 529,355 1990 Jan.-Mar. 111 151,169 Status of U.S. Nuclear Reactor Units Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, March 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴� Licensed for Operation Licensed for Operation Const Year Operable In Startup Grant Number of Reactor Number of Reactor Number of Reactor Numbe Units Units Units Units 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1978 70 0 90 1979 68 0 91 1980 70 2 82 1981 74 0 75 1982 77 2 60 1983 80 3 53 Licensed for Operation Licensed for Operation Const Year Operable In Startup Grant Number of Reactor Number of Reactor Number of Reactor Numbe Units Units Units Units  1984 86 6 38 1985 95 3 30 1986 100 7 19 1987 107 4 14 1988 108 3 12 1989 110 1 10 1990 March 111 1 9 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Scientific Achievements and Discoveries: 1990 Origins of Life on Earth For the first time, researchers demonstrated outside the lab that a species changed its reproductive behavior over a period of years as predicted by the tenets of natural selection, the cornerstone of evolutionary theory. The change occurred over 11 years in a group of guppies in Trinidad that was moved to a site where it was subject to different predators. The study was the first to demonstrate the change in an experiment in the natural world. David. A. Reznick and Heather Bryga of the Univ. of Calif. at Riverside, and John A. Endler of the Univ. af Calif. at Santa Barbara used the guppies to test a mathematical theory that explains why some species have many offspring and invest little in their care, while others have very few offspring and devote their lives to caring for their young. The theory states that animals that are preyed on as adults will have as many babies as possible during their short life span, starting at an early age. Therefore, they will have shorter lives, having invested all their energy in reproducing. Fossil fragments found in northern Colorado by a team led by Robert T. Bakker, one of the leading paleontologists in the world, showed that a dinosaur named Epanterias amplexus, equal in size to Tyrannosaurus rex, flourished 30 million years before tyrannosaurus roamed the earth. Epanterias was about 50 feet long and had jaws that could expand like those of a snake. It could have eaten an animal the size of a 1,400 lb. cow with a single gulp. While epanterias must have looked like the tyrannosaur, it differed in its large powerful forelimbs, each tipped with three claws (tyrannosaur had two). Epanterias also probably moved with a crouching gait, with its head much closer to the ground than that of a tyrannosaur. Scientists at Yale Univ. identified a tiny fossilized plant, barely one inch tall and resembling today's black pepper plant, as the oldest known flower. It lived 120 million years ago, and its flower was probably a drab green or beige. Due to its similarities to two major branches of modern flowering plants, the plant could be their common ancestor and represent a kind of "missing link" needed to understand plant evolution. About a half million species, nearly all the world's plants that bear seed, are likely descendants of the small plant. The scientists said the plant grew in scraggly underbrush on the edge of a pond in the Koonwarra area of Australia. The earliest flowering plants may date back to 130 or 140 million years ago. A "golden calf" was unearthed by Harvard Univ. archeologists near the Israeli port city of Ashkelon that is believed to be an object of worship dating from the second millennium B.C. Recovered almost intact, the calf, about 41/2 inches long and 41/4 inches tall and weighing less than one pound, is made of bronze and other metals. The temple in which it was housed was destroyed during a conquest of Ashkelon in about 1550 B.C., midway through the Bronze Age. In the Bible, golden calves similiar in form but much larger are referred to in the story of Aaron during the Exodus, in ancient Jerusalem's rivalry with northern, calf-worshipping Hebrew king Jeroboam, and in other Old Testament accounts. At the Lamont-Doherty Geological Laboratory of Columbia Univ. at Palisades, N.Y., scientists have theorized that large errors in carbon dating, some by as much as 3,500 years, are the result of fluctuations in the amount of carbon 14 in the air. They arrived at this conclusion by comparing age estimates obtained using two different methods--analysis of radioactive carbon in a sample and determination of the ratio of uranium to thorium in the sample. They said that uranium-thorium dating not only is more precise than carbon dating in some cases, but also can be used to date much older objects. While carbon dating is unreliable for objects older than about 30,000 years, uranium-thorium dating may be possible for objects up to 500,000 years old. Since 1947, scientists have estimated the ages of many objects by measuring the amounts of radioactive carbon they contain. Hubble Telescope Launched by the space shuttle Discovery on Apr. 25, 1990, the $1.5 billion Hubble Space Telescope was found to have a major flaw in the main light-gathering mirrors, which will severely limit its ability to view the depths of the universe for several years. A distortion in one of the two mirrors means that the path of light between the mirrors is out of alignment, resulting in less than clearly focused images when it reaches other instruments and cameras. The wide-field and planetary camera that was to perform 40 percent of the Hubble's work will not be usable, and the camera for making extremely precise images of faint objects will not function as scientists had planned. It was hoped that Hubble would be able to collect light coming from near the edge of the universe and thus near the beginning of time. The 25,000 lb. telescope is 43 feet long and 14 feet in diameter at its widest point, and is circling the Earth every 97 minutes at an altitude of 381 miles. The craft is designed to be visited and serviced periodically by astronauts from a space shuttle. NASA officials announced that a space shuttle mission is scheduled for 1993 during which the telescope will hopefully be repaired. Despite its flawed mirror, the Hubble telescope should produce a more detailed view of the skies than has been possible from any ground telescope. The first of these views was received in August showing an unexpected concentration of stars, attracted by some mysterious force around what once appeared to be an ordinary galaxy, and a glowing ring of gaseous matter around the remnant of a star seen to explode three years ago. Astronomical Findings Evidence of an early universe devoid of disturbances and irregularities that could explain the origin of the galaxy clusters, expansive voids, and other large structures common to space were revealed by the unmanned Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE). Presented at the annual meeting of the American Astronomical Society, early data appeared to confirm the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe. The theory holds that all existence sprang from the explosion of a fist-sized ball of unknown primordial material 15 billion years ago. "We can see no deviation from a simple Big Bang theory," John Mather, the chief project scientist for COBE, said in January. "But it's hard to understand that with all the large features we see in the universe, we have no evidence of their origin." New understanding of the origin of the universe and the early formation of matter is expected from studying measurements of radiation, supposedly released in the Big Bang explosion, recorded by COBE. Scientists whose goal it is to scan the sky with dish-shaped antennas listening for faint signals from advanced civilizations received federal funding for their 10-year project. The search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) will address one of mankind's ultimate questions: Are we alone? Skeptics say there is no evidence of other beings in the galaxy, and that if there were such beings, earth would have heard from them by now. The receiving apparatus is scheduled to be switched on in Oct. 1992, the 500th anniversary of Columbus's discovery of America, and is to run until the turn of the century. Initial images of Venus sent by the Magellan spaceprobe show a fractured, rubbled surface scarred by what appeared to be volcanic action, quakes, and shifting land. The images showed a more disrupted surface than some scientists had expected. The images were constructed from radar beams penetrating the thick atmosphere that obscures the planet from ordinary pictures. The Magellan sent back two image strips based on one-and-a-half orbits, both showing 12-mile-wide areas of surface, one 7,000 miles long and the other 5,000 miles long. Medicine and Genetics In a clinical trial of 21 healthy men ranging in age from 61 to 81, researchers found that after six months of injections of a genetically engineered version of the natural growth hormone, the men emerged with bodies that had many characteristics of bodies 20 years younger than their actual age. "This is not a fountain of youth," said Daniel Rudman of the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee, as researchers cautioned that the results were highly preliminary and that the long-term side effects of growth hormone remain unknown. Although the weight of the men remained the same, they lost almost 15 percent body fat and gained almost 9 percent in lean body mass. The men's skin regained a youthful thickness, and the level of an important growth-stimulating hormone in the blood returned to that of those under the age of 40. The bones of the spine also gained in mass, although other parts of the skeleton did not. Researchers speculated that careful administration of human growth hormone could prove beneficial for those elderly people whose muscles are wasting away or who need greater strength to help them recover from a hip fracture, stroke, or other debilitating illness. Dr. Rudman said that while his study used men only, the same impact could be expected with women. Scientists at Johns Hopkins Univ. School of Medicine in Baltimore, led by Solomon Snyder, a neuroscientist, have for the first time grown an important type of human brain cell in the laboratory. The cells are neurons from the most highly evolved part of the brain, the cerebral cortex, the place of human thought, memory, and creativity. This development will allow for the study of the human brain in greater biochemical and genetic detail. The cells also offer a valuable tool for testing new drugs to treat Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, drug addiction, and other brain disorders. While doctors have treated fetuses with medications, probed the womb from the outside with needles and shunts, and removed fetuses for minor surgery on their bladders, for the first time, under the direction of Michael R. Harrison at the Univ. of Calif. in San Francisco, livesaving surgery was performed on a fetus and a healthy baby was delivered seven weeks later. The fetus, which was partly removed from the womb for the operation, had a hernia of the diaphragm, a fairly common and usually fatal congenital malformation. His stomach, spleen, and large and small intestines had migrated through a hole in the diaphragm, the wall of muscle and tendons between the abdomen and the chest, taking up so much space that his lungs could not grow. Dr. Harrison emphasized that he did not expect many fetuses to be saved by such fetal surgery. He said too few fetuses had operable defects and too few doctors were trained in the procedure. Ways to correct the condition were first developed by using fetal lambs and monkeys. For the first time, a gene has been found that causes osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis, according to a report in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "This study strongly supports the idea that a single genetic flaw can cause at least one form of osteoarthritis and perhaps can cause others," said Lawrence E. Shulman, a leading rheumatologist and the director of the Natl. Inst. of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. The family members studies showed early expression (as early as 16 years of age) of clinical symptoms of primary generalized osteoarthritis. The cause of this disease has remained unknown; it can affect many parts of the body, including the hands, feet, hips, and knees. Individuals with the disease suffer pain, stiffness, and often limitations in mobility that get worse over time. Osteoarthritis, which affects about 16 million Americans, is a major reason for the over 150,000 total joint replacement procedures performed each year in the U.S. A widely used antiviral drug, acyclovir, was found to shorten the course and severity of chicken pox infections in normal children. Chicken pox is the only remaining childhood disease that is not prevented by routine vaccination. As many as 3.5 million Americans get chicken pox each year, and 4,000 are hospitalized with complications. According to the Centers for Disease Control, about 100 to 200 people die from the disease each year. About 95 percent of Americans get chicken pox by the time they are 18 years old. The disease confers a lifelong immunity so that no one gets it twice. Acyclovir is already available for the treatment of diseases caused by the chicken pox virus, such as genital herpes infections in adults, and herpes zoster, or shingles, a viral infection of the sensory nerves. The first effort to insert foreign genes into human cancer patients was successful, as the experiment sought to test the premise that new genes can be plugged into white blood cells and those cells transfused into people. In some cases, the patients' cancer went into remission, offering hope that the new therapy may someday prove extremely valuable in treating advanced tumors. The experiment was led by Steven A. Rosenberg of the Natl. Cancer Inst. in Bethesda, Md. Two other gene therapy proposals are nearing final approval by the Food and Drug Admin. One would treat children suffering from a severe immune deficiency disorder by supplying them with a critical gene they lack. In the second proposal, Dr. Rosenberg plans to insert into the tumor-infiltrating cells a gene for an enzyme known as tumor necrosis factor, which could lend the cells extra tumor-fighting strength. Other researchers hope to use gene therapy to fight cystic fibrosis, hereditary globin disorders, metabolic diseases, and a broad range of human ailments. There were many other discoveries in the field of genetics including: a defective gene that results in one form of retinitis pigmentosa, an inherited disorder that is a leading cause of blindness; a gene that puts people at risk of becoming alcoholics; the gene that causes the disfiguring and sometimes fatal condition known as Elephant Man's disease; two defective genes that cause thickening of the heart; a key gene on the Y chromosome that seems to act as a master switch for maleness, transforming a growing human fetus that otherwise would become a girl into a baby boy; and a gene that is responsible for producing a key receptor that responds to marijuana in parts of the brain. Scientists also extracted strands of DNA, the genetic code of life, from a 17 million year old magnolia leaf that was still green when it was found embedded in sediment in an ancient lake bed in Idaho. The oldest DNA previously analyzed came from a woolly mammoth that lived 40,000 years ago. Additionally, the U.S.'s first genetically engineered calveswere born on a farm near Marquez, Texas. The 4 calves have genes from other species, including humans. Also, the F.D.A. approved the first genetically engineered food product for humans, an enzyme used in making cheese. AIDS At the Sixth International AIDS Conference, researchers reported substantial progress in learning about AIDS, but also a sense that the disease continues to outrun gains in knowledge as the epidemic continues to spread. Early treatment with the antiviral drug AZT was shown to slow the progress of AIDS, and AZT also appears to make people with the AIDS virus less infectious to their sex partners. Among other findings reported were: a study of a brothel in Nevada where prostitution is legal found that latex condoms were effective in preventing the spread of sexually transmitted disease; a study of diabetics who are also intravenous drug users suggested that access to clean needles curtails AIDS transmission; a study of 1,000 homosexual men found that smokers infected with the AIDS virus became ill more quickly and had higher deathrates than was the case for nonsmokers; HIV-2, a second strain of the AIDS virus originally found in West Africa, is spreading in Portugal; and abnormalities in mental development have been found in children born to women infected with the AIDS virus, even when the children themselves were not infected. A report by the Centers for Disease Control estimated that 179,000 to 208,000 new cases of AIDS will be reported through the end of 1992. The number of new cases reported each year will continue to rise, and more infants will get AIDS in 1990 than in any year since the epidemic began. The report estimates the current (Jan. 1990) number of people infected with the virus, with or without symptoms, at 800,000 to 1.3 million. Based on these estimates, projections of the number of people who will be reported as AIDS cases are: 53,000-60,000 in 1990; 60,000-68,000 in 1991; 66,000-80,000 in 1992; and 67,000-90,000 in 1993. A new AIDS therapy that involves giving a drug, withdrawing some of the patient's blood, shining ultraviolet light on it, and returning it to the body has shown promising preliminary results in a limited study of five patients. In a report in Aug. 1990 in The Annals of Internal Medicine, researchers said the treatment appeared to stimulate the immune system in ways that were not clear. The therapy is called photopheresis and was conducted by researchers from Morristown Memorial Hospital in N.J. and the Columbia Univ. College of Physicians and Surgeons in N.Y. Virtual Reality Virtual or artificial reality is a concept wherein a person puts on special clothing that is wired to a computer, including gloves that transmit and receive data, and goggles that include two tiny video screens. The computer generates images, either of the real world or an imaginary one, that appear to the viewer in three dimensions. A user can be sitting in the driver's seat of a racing car or hitting a tennis ball in an imaginary game. The user can pick up an object, or fly, or do just about anything. Software programs exist, or soon will, to allow people to see the world from many vantage points (from that of another person or animal). They can also interact with real people connected to the same virtual world. Virtual reality is a concept with serious purposes, like teaching a surgeon how to handle a scapel without using real patients, or creating a workplace for employees separated by great distances. Scientists at universities, at small companies, and at NASA are just beginning to create the first usable systems. Patents In 1989, for the first time in 26 years, Americans received a larger share of the patents issued in the U.S. than they had in the previous year. The Patent and Trademark Office reported that inventors based in the U.S. obtained 54,762 patents, or 53.3 percent of the total, a rise of six-tenths of 1 percent, in the fiscal year ended Sept. 30. Hitachi Ltd. of Japan (1,053 patents) heads the top 10 companies obtaining patents in the U.S., while the three leading American companies were IBM, G.E., and Eastman Kodak. The university with the most patents was the Massachusetts Inst. of Technology, with 101. Inventors of the Year Three inventors at the Chrysler Corp., Maurice B. Leising, Howard L. Benford, and Gerald L. Holbrook, who patented the first fully electronic force-feed automatic transmission, shared the award for Inventor of the Year issued by Intellectual Property Owners Inc., a trade association representing corporate and individual inventors. The Ultradrive transmission uses a computer processor to make shifting decisions and was introduced in 1989 in most Chrysler V-6 models. Inventions of 1990 Some of the more "interesting" inventions issued patents during 1990 were: a crib that soothes infants by stimulating movements of the womb; an experimental test to predict whether a person infected with the AIDS virus will quickly develop symptoms; a laser system to remove tooth and gum decay without the need for drills, scrapers, or Novocain; a golf putter featuring a built-in level indicator to estimate the slope of a putting green; heated automobile windshield wipers; a quiet alarm clock that sets off vibrations in pillows; a garbage collector in space to protect spacecraft from collisions with orbiting debris; and a device that uses echoes to help blind people find their way by judging the distance of surrounding objects. Also, Adobe Systems Inc. received the first copyright registration issued by the U.S. Copyright Office for a computer program that generates a particular style of type. The decision gave protection only for the computer programs that draw the letters, not for the designs of the letters themselves. First Human Receives Engineered Genes On Sept. 14, 1990, a 4-year-old girl became the first person to receive human gene therapy. The new method is an approach for treating disease by giving patients copies of critical genes they lack. The young girl suffers from a rare and severe immune deficiency resulting from the lack of a gene that regulates production of an enzyme needed to keep the body's immune cells alive. During a 30-minute procedure, the patient was infused with about one billion white blood cells that had been outfitted through recombinant DNA technology with copies of the gene she lacked. If the procedure is successful, the genetically engineered blood cells will pump out normal levels of the crucial enzyme and restore the girl's immune system to full health. The specific disorder the girl suffers from is adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency, which results from a lack of the ADA gene, which makes an enzyme needed to clean up dangerous metabolic byproducts in the body. The experimental procedure was developed by Dr. R. Michael Blaese of the Natl. Cancer Inst., Dr. W. French Anderson of the Natl. Heart, Lung and Blood Inst., and Dr. Kenneth W. Culver. Inventions and Discoveries 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adding machine 1642 Pascal Adding machine 1885 Burroughs Aerosol spray 1926 Rotheim Air brake 1868 Westinghouse Air conditioning 1911 Carrier Air pump 1654 Guericke Airplane, automatic pilot 1912 Sperry Airplane, experimental 1896 Langley Airplane jet engine 1939 Ohain Airplane with motor 1903 Wright bros. Airplane, hydro 1911 Curtiss Airship 1852 Giffard Airship, rigid dirigible 1900 Zeppelin Arc welder 1919 Thomson Autogyro 1920 de la Cierva Automobile, differential gear 1885 Benz Automobile, electric 1892 Morrison Automobile, exp'mtl 1864 Marcus Automobile, gasoline 1889 Daimler Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Automobile, gasoline 1889 Daimler Automobile, gasoline 1892 Duryea Automobile magneto 1897 Bosch Automobile muffler . . . Maxim, H.P. Automobile self-starter 1911 Kettering Babbitt metal 1839 Babbitt Bakelite 1907 BaekelandBelg. Balloon 1783 Montgolfier Barometer 1643 Torricelli Bicycle, modern 1885 Starley Bifocal lens 1780 Franklin Block signals, railway 1867 Hall Bomb, depth 1916 Tait Bottle machine 1895 Owens Braille printing 1829 Braille Burner, gas 1855 Bunsen Calculating machine 1833 Babbage Camera--see also Photography Camera, Kodak 1888 Eastman, Walker Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Camera, Kodak 1888 Eastman, Walker Camera, Polaroid Land 1948 Land Car coupler 1873 Janney Carburetor, gasoline 1893 Maybach Card time recorder 1894 Cooper Carding machine 1797 Whittemore Carpet sweeper 1876 Bissell Cassette, audio 1963 Philips Co. Cassette, videotape 1969 Sony Cash register 1879 Ritty Cathode ray oscilloscope 1897 Braun Cathode ray tube 1878 Crookes CAT scan (computerized tomography) 1973 Hounsfield Cellophane 1908 Brandenberger Celluloid 1870 Hyatt Cement, Portland 1824 Aspdin Chronometer 1761 Harrison Circuit breaker 1925 Hilliard Circuit, integrated 1959 Kilby, Noyce, Texas Ins Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Circuit, integrated 1959 Kilby, Noyce, Texas Ins Clock, pendulum 1657 Huygens Coaxial cable system 1929 Affel, Espensched Coke oven 1893 Hoffman Compressed air rock drill 1871 Ingersoll Comptometer 1887 Felt Computer, automatic sequence 1944 Aiken et al. Computer, mini 1960 Digital Corp Condenser microphone (telephone) 1916 Wente Contraceptive, oral 1954 Pincus, Rock Corn, hybrid 1917 Jones Cotton gin 1793 Whitney Cream separator 1878 DeLaval Cultivator, disc 1878 Mallon Cystoscope 1878 Nitze Diesel engine 1895 Diesel Disk, compact 1972 RCA Disk, floppy 1970 IBM Disk player, compact 1979 Sony, Philips Co Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Disk player, compact 1979 Sony, Philips Co Disk, video 1972 Philips Co Dynamite 1866 Nobel Dynamo, continuous current 1871 Gramme Dynamo, hydrogen cooled 1915 Schuler Electric battery 1800 Volta Electric fan 1882 Wheeler Electrocardiograph 1903 Einthoven Electroencephalograph 1929 Berger Electromagnet 1824 Sturgeon Electron spectrometer 1944 Deutsch, Elliott, Evans Electron tube multigrid 1913 Langmuir Electroplating 1805 Brugnatelli Electrostatic generator 1929 Van de Graaff Elevator brake 1852 Otis Elevator, push button 1922 Larson Engine, automatic transmission 1910 Fottinger Engine, coal-gas 4-cycle 1876 Otto Engine, compression ignition 1883 Daimler Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Engine, compression ignition 1883 Daimler Engine, electric ignition 1883 Benz Engine, gas, compound 1926 Eickemeyer Engine, gasoline 1872 Brayton, Geo. Engine, gasoline 1889 Daimler Engine, steam, piston 1705 Newcomen Engine, steam, piston 1769 Watt Engraving, half-tone 1852 Talbot Fiberglass 1938 Owens-Corning Fiber optics 1955 Kapany Filament, tungsten 1913 Coolidge Flanged rail 1831 Stevens Flatiron, electric 1882 Seely Food, frozen 1924 Birdseye Furnace (for steel) 1858 Siemens Galvanometer 1820 Sweigger Gas discharge tube 1922 Hull Gas lighting 1792 Murdoch Gas mantle 1885 Welsbach Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Gas mantle 1885 Welsbach Gasoline (lead ethyl) 1922 Midgley Gasoline, cracked 1913 Burton Gasoline, high octane 1930 Ipatieff Geiger counter 1913 Geiger Glass, laminated safety 1909 Benedictus Glider 1853 Cayley Gun, breechloader 1811 Thornton Gun, Browning 1897 Browning Gun, magazine 1875 Hotchkiss Gun, silencer 1908 Maxim, H.P. Guncotton 1847 Schoenbein Gyrocompass 1911 Sperry Gyroscope 1852 Foucault Harvester-thresher 1818 Lane Heart, artificial 1982 Jarvik Helicopter 1939 Sikorsky Hydrometer 1768 Baume Ice-making machine 1851 Gorrie Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ice-making machine 1851 Gorrie Iron lung 1928 Drinker, Slaw Kaleidoscope 1817 Brewster Kinetoscope 1889 Edison Lacquer, nitrocellulose 1921 Flaherty Lamp, arc 1847 Staite Lamp, flourescent 1938 General Electric, Westi Lamp, incandescent 1879 Edison Lamp, incand., frosted 1924 Pipkin Lamp, incand., gas 1913 Langmuir Lamp, Klieg 1911 Kliegl, A.&J. Lamp, mercury vapor 1912 Hewitt Lamp, miner's safety 1816 Davy Lamp, neon 1909 Claude Lathe, turret 1845 Fitch Launderette 1934 Cantrell Lens, achromatic 1758 Dollond Lens, fused bifocal 1908 Borsch Leydenjar (condenser) 1745 von Kleist Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Leydenjar (condenser) 1745 von Kleist Lightning rod 1752 Franklin Linoleum 1860 Walton Linotype 1884 Mergenthaler Lock, cylinder 1851 Yale Locomotive, electric 1851 Vail Locomotive, exp'mtl 1802 Trevithick Locomotive, exp'mtl 1812 Fenton et al Locomotive, exp'mtl 1813 Hedley Locomotive, exp'mtl 1814 Stephenson Locomotive practical 1829 Stephenson Locomotive, 1st U.S. 1830 Cooper, P. Loom, power 1785 Cartwright Loudspeaker, dynamic 1924 Rice, Kellogg Machine gun 1861 Gatling Machine gun, improved 1872 Hotchkiss Machine gun (Maxim) 1883 Maxim, H.S. U.S., Magnet, electro 1828 Henry Mantle, gas 1885 Welsbach Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mantle, gas 1885 Welsbach Mason jar 1858 Mason, J. Match, friction 1827 John Walker Mercerized textiles 1843 Mercer, J. Meter, induction 1888 Shallenberg Metronome 1816 Malezel Micrometer 1636 Gascoigne Microphone 1877 Berliner Microscope, compound 1590 Janssen Microscope, electronic 1931 Knoll, Ruska Microscope, field ion 1951 Mueller Monitor, warship 1861 Ericsson Monotype 1887 Lanston Motor, AC 1892 Tesla Motor, DC 1837 Davenport Motor, induction 1887 Tesla Motorcycle 1885 Daimler Movie machine 1894 Jenkins Movie, panoramic 1952 Waller Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Movie, panoramic 1952 Waller Movie, talking 1927 Warner Bros. Mower, lawn 1831 Budding, Ferrabee Mowing machine 1822 Bailey Neoprene 1930 Carothers Nylon synthetic 1930 Carothers Nylon 1937 Du Pont lab Oil cracking furnace 1891 Gavrilov Oil filled power cable 1921 Emanueli Oleomargarine 1869 Mege-Mouries Ophthalmoscope 1851 Helmholtz Paper machine 1809 Dickinson Parachute 1785 Blanchard Pen, ballpoint 1838 Biro Pen, fountain 1884 Waterman Pen, steel 1780 Harrison Pendulum 1583 Galileo Percussion cap 1807 Forsythe Phonograph 1877 Edison Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Phonograph 1877 Edison Photo, color 1892 Ives Photo film, celluloid 1893 Reichenbach Photo film, transparent 1884 Eastman, Goodwin Photoelectric cell 1895 Elster Photographic paper 1835 Talbot Photography 1835 Talbot Photography 1835 Daguerre Photography 1816 Niepce Photophone 1880 Bell Phototelegraphy 1925 Bell Labs Piano 1709 Cristofori Piano, player 1863 Fourneaux Pin, safety 1849 Hunt Pistol (revolver) 1836 Colt Plow, cast iron 1785 Ransome Plow, disc 1896 Hardy Pneumatic hammer 1890 King Powder, smokeless 1884 Vieille Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Powder, smokeless 1884 Vieille Printing press, rotary 1845 Hoe Printing press, web 1865 Bullock Propeller, screw 1804 Stevens Propeller, screw 1837 Ericsson Pulsars 1967 Bell Punch card accounting 1889 Hollerith Quasars 1963 Schmidt Radar 1940 Watson-Watt Radio amplifier 1906 De Forest Radio beacon 1928 Donovan Radio crystal oscillator 1918 Nicolson Radio receiver, cascade tuning 1913 Alexanderson, Radio receiver, heterodyne 1913 Fessenden Radio transmitter triode modulation 1914 Alexanderson Radio tube-diode 1905 Fleming Radio tube oscillator 1915 De Forest Radio tube triode 1906 De Forest Radio, signals 1895 Marconi Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Radio, signals 1895 Marconi Radio, magnetic detector 1902 Marconi Radio FM 2-path 1933 Armstrong Rayon 1883 Swan Razor, electric 1917 Schick Razor, safety 1895 Gillette Reaper 1834 McCormick Record, cylinder 1887 Bell, Tainter Record, disc 1887 Berliner Record, long playing 1947 Goldmark Record, wax cylinder 1888 Edison Refrigerants, low-boiling fluorine compound 1930 Midgely and co-workers Refrigerator car 1868 David Resin, synthetic 1931 Hill Richter scale 1935 Richter Rifle, repeating 1860 Spencer Rocket engine 1926 Goddard Rubber, vulcanized 1839 Goodyear Saw, band 1808 Newberry Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Saw, band 1808 Newberry Saw, circular 1777 Miller Searchlight, arc 1915 Sperry Sewing machine 1846 Howe Shoe-sewing machine 1860 McKay Shrapnel shell 1784 Shrapnel Shuttle, flying 1733 Kay Sleeping-car 1865 Pullman Slide rule 1620 Oughtred Soap, hardwater 1928 Bertsch Spectroscope 1859 Kirchoff, Bunsen Spectroscope (mass) 1918 Dempster Spinning jenny 1767 Hargreaves Spinning mule 1779 Crompton Steamboat, exp'mtl 1778 Jouffroy Steamboat, exp'mtl 1785 Fitch Steamboat, exp'mtl 1787 Rumsey Steamboat, exp'mtl 1788 Miller Steamboat, exp'mtl 1803 Fulton Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Steamboat, exp'mtl 1803 Fulton Steamboat, exp'mtl 1804 Stevens Steamboat, practical 1802 Symington Steamboat, practical 1807 Fulton Steam car 1770 Cugnot Steam turbine 1884 Parsons Steel (converter) 1856 Bessemer Steel alloy 1891 Harvey Steel alloy, high-speed 1901 Taylor, White Steel, electric 1900 Heroult Steel, manganese 1884 Hadfield Steel, stainless 1916 Brearley Stereoscope 1838 Wheatstone Stethoscope 1819 Laennec Stethoscope, binaural 1840 Cammann Stock ticker 1870 Edison Storage battery, rechargeable 1859 Plante Stove, electric 1896 Hadaway Submarine 1891 Holland Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Submarine 1891 Holland Submarine, even keel 1894 Lake Submarine, torpedo 1776 Bushnell Superconductivity (BCS theory) 1957 Bardeen, Cooper, Schrei Tank, military 1914 Swinton Tape recorder, magnetic 1899 Poulsen Teflon 1938 Du Pont Telegraph, magnetic 1837 Morse Telegraph, quadruplex 1864 Edison Telegraph, railroad 1887 Woods Telegraph, wireless high frequency 1895 Marconi Telephone 1876 Bell Telephone amplifier 1912 De Forest Telephone, automatic 1891 Stowger Telephone, radio 1900 Poulsen, Fessenden Telephone, radio 1906 De Forest Telephone, radio, I. d 1915 AT&T Telephone, recording 1898 Poulsen Telephone, wireless 1899 Collins Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Telephone, wireless 1899 Collins Telescope 1608 Lippershey Telescope 1609 Galileo Telescope, astronomical 1611 Kepler Teletype 1928 Morkrum, Kleinschmidt Television, iconoscope 1923 Zworykin Television, electronic 1927 Farnsworth Television, (mech. scanner) 1923 Baird Thermometer 1593 Galileo Thermometer 1730 Reaumur Thermometer, mercury 1714 Fahrenheit Time recorder 1890 Bundy Time, self-regulator 1918 Bryce Tire, double-tube 1845 Thomson Tire, pneumatic 1888 Dunlop Toaster, automatic 1918 Strite Tool, pneumatic 1865 Law Torpedo, marine 1804 Fulton Tractor, crawler 1904 Holt Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Tractor, crawler 1904 Holt Transformer A.C. 1885 Stanley Transistor 1947 Shockley, Brattain, Bar Trolley car, electric 1884-87 Van DePoele, Sprague Tungsten, ductile 1912 Coolidge Tupperware 1945 Tupper Turbine, gas 1849 Bourdin Turbine, hydraulic 1849 Francis Turbine, steam 1884 Parsons Type, movable 1447 Gutenberg Typewriter 1867 Sholes, Soule, Glidden Vacuum cleaner, electric 1907 Spangler Velcro 1948 de Mestral Video game ("Pong") 1972 Buschnel Video home system (VHS) 1975 Matsushita, JVC Washer, electric 1901 Fisher Welding, atomic, hydrogen 1924 Langmuir, Palmer Welding, electric 1877 Thomson Wind tunnel 1912 Eiffel Invention Date Inventor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wind tunnel 1912 Eiffel Wire, barbed 1874 Glidden Wire, barbed 1875 Haisn Wrench, double-acting 1913 Owen X-ray tube 1913 Coolidge Zipper 1891 Judson Discoveries and Innovations: Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Medicine 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Date Discoverer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Acetylene gas 1892 Wilson Date Discoverer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  ACTH 1949 Armour & Co. Adrenalin 1901 Takamine Aluminum, electrolytic process 1886 Hall Aluminum, isolated 1825 Oersted Analine dye 1856 Perkin Anesthesia, ether 1842 Long Anesthesia, local 1885 Koller Anesthesia, spinal 1898 Bier Anti-rabies 1885 Pasteur Date Discoverer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Antiseptic surgery 1867 Lister Antitoxin, diphtheria 1891 Von Behring Argyrol 1901 Barnes Arsphenamine 1910 Ehrlich Aspirin 1889 Dresser Atabrine ... Mietzsch, et al. Atomic numbers 1913 Moseley Atomic theory 1803 Dalton Atomic time clock 1947 Libby Date Discoverer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Atom-smashing theory 1919 Rutherford Aureomycin 1948 Duggar Bacitracin 1945 Johnson, et al. Bacteria (described) 1676 Leeuwenhoek Barbital 1903 Fischer Bleaching powder 1798 Tennant Blood, circulation 1628 Harvey Bordeaux mixture 1885 Millardet Bromine from sea 1924 Edgar Kramer Date Discoverer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Calcium carbide 1888 Wilson Calculus 1670 Newton Camphor synthetic 1896 Haller Canning (food) 1804 Appert Carbomycin 1952 Tanner Carbon oxides 1925 Fisher Chlorine 1774 Scheele Chloroform 1831 Guthrie, S. Chloromycetin 1947 Burkholder Date Discoverer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Classification of plants and animals 1735 Linnaeus Cocaine 1860 Niermann Combustion explained 1777 Lavoisier Conditioned reflex 1914 Pavlov Conteben 1950 Belmisch, Mietzsch, Do Cortisone 1936 Kendall Cortisone, synthesis 1946 Sarett Cosmic rays 1910 Gockel Cyanimide 1905 Frank, Caro Date Discoverer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Cyclotron 1930 Lawrence DDT (not applied as insecticide until 1939) 1874 Zeidler Deuterium 1932 Urey, Brickwedde, Murp DNA (structure) 1951 Crick Watson Wilkins Electric resistance (law) 1827 Ohm Electric waves 1888 Hertz Electrolysis 1852 Faraday Date Discoverer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Electromagnetism 1819 Oersted Electron 1897 Thomson, J. Electron diffraction 1936 Thomson, G. Davisson Electroshock treatment 1938 Cerletti, Bini Erythromycin 1952 McGuire Evolution, natural selection 1858 Darwin Falling bodies, law 1590 Galileo Gases, law of combining volumes 1808 Gay-Lussac Date Discoverer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Geometry, analytic 1619 Descartes Gold (cyanide process for extraction) 1887 MacArthur, Forest Gravitation, law 1687 Newton Holograph 1948 Gabor Human heart transplant 1967 Barnard Indigo, synthesis of 1880 Baeyer Induction, electric 1830 Henry Insulin 1922 Banting, Best, Macleod Intelligence testing 1905 Binet, Simon Date Discoverer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Isinazid 1952 Hoffman-La-Roche Domagk Isotopes, theory 1912 Soddy Laser (light amplification by stimulated 1958 Townes, Schawlow emission of radiation) Light, velocity 1675 Roemer Light, wave theory 1690 Huygens Lithography 1796 Senefelder Lobotomy 1935 Egas Moniz LSD-25 1943 Hoffman Date Discoverer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� LSD-25 1943 Hoffman Mendelian laws 1866 Mendel Mercator projection (map) 1568 Mercator (Kremer) Methanol 1925 Patard Milk condensation 1853 Borden Molecular hypothesis 1811 Avogadro Motion, laws of 1687 Newton Neomycin 1949 Waksman, Lechevalier Neutron 1932 Chadwick Nitric acid 1648 Glauber Date Discoverer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nitric acid 1648 Glauber Nitric oxide 1772 Priestley Nitroglycerin 1846 Sobrero Oil cracking process 1891 Dewar Oxygen 1774 Priestley Ozone 1840 Schonbein Paper, sulfite process 1867 Tilghman Paper, wood pulp, sulfate process 1884 Dahl Penicillin 1929 Fleming practical use 1941 Florey, Chain Date Discoverer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� practical use 1941 Florey, Chain Periodic law and table of elements 1869 Mendeleyev Planetary motion, laws 1609 Kepler Plutonium fission 1940 Kennedy, Wahl, Seaborg Polymixin 1947 Ainsworth Positron 1932 Anderson Proton 1919 Rutherford Psychoanalysis 1900 Freud Quantum theory 1900 Planck Quasars 1963 Matthews, Sandage Date Discoverer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Quasars 1963 Matthews, Sandage Quinine synthetic 1918 Rabe Radioactivity 1896 Becquerel Radium 1898 Curie, Pierre Curie, Marie Relativity theory 1905 Einstein Reserpine 1949 Jal Vaikl Salvarsan (606) 1910 Ehrlich Schick test 1913 Schick Silicon 1823 Berzelius Date Discoverer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Silicon 1823 Berzelius Streptomycin 1945 Waksman Sulfadiazine 1940 Roblin Sulfanilamide 1934 Domagk Sulfanilamide theory 1908 Gelmo Sulfapyridine 1938 Ewins, Phelps Sulfathiazole ... Fosbinder, Walter Sulfuric acid 1831 Phillips Sulfuric acid, lead 1746 Roebuck Terramycin 1950 Finlay, et al. Date Discoverer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Terramycin 1950 Finlay, et al. Tuberculin 1890 Koch Uranium fission (theory) 1939 Hahn, Meitner, Strassm Bohr Fermi Einstein, Pegram, Whee Uranium fission, atomic reactor 1942 Fermi, Szilard Vaccine, measles 1954 Enders, Peebles Vaccine, polio 1953 Salk Vaccine, polio, oral 1955 Sabin Date Discoverer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Vaccine, polio, oral 1955 Sabin Vaccine, rabies 1885 Pasteur Vaccine, smallpox 1796 Jenner Vaccine, typhus 1909 Nicolle Van Allen belts, radiation 1958 Van Allen Vitamin A 1913 McCollum, Davis Vitamin B 1916 McCollum Vitamin C 1912 Holst, Froelich Vitamin D 1922 McCollum Wassermann test 1906 Wassermann Date Discoverer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wassermann test 1906 Wassermann Xerography 1938 Carlson X-ray 1895 Roentgen Chemical Elements, Discoverers, Atomic Weights 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴� Chemical element Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight Year discov. Disco 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Actinium Ac 89 227* 1899 Debie Aluminum Al 13 26.9815 1825 Oerst Chemical element Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight Year discov. Disco 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Aluminum Al 13 26.9815 1825 Oerst Americium Am 95 243* 1944 Seabo Antimony Sb 51 121.75 1450 Valen Argon Ar 18 39.948 1894 Rayle Arsenic As 33 74.9216 13th c. Alber Astatine At 85 210* 1940 Corso Barium Ba 56 137.34 1808 Davy Berkelium Bk 97 249** 1949 Thomp Beryllium Be 4 9.0122 1798 Vauqu Bismuth Bi 83 208.980 15th c. Valen Boron B 5 10.811a 1808 Gay-L Bromine Br 35 79.904b 1826 Balar Cadmium Cd 48 112.40 1817 Strom Calcium Ca 20 40.08 1808 Davy Californium Cf 98 251* 1950 Thomp Carbon C 6 12.01115a B.C. Cerium Ce 58 140.12 1803 Klapr Cesium Cs 55 132.905 1860 Bunse Chlorine Cl 17 35.453b 1774 Schee Chemical element Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight Year discov. Disco 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Chlorine Cl 17 35.453b 1774 Schee Chromium Cr 24 51.996b 1797 Vauqu Cobalt Co 27 58.9332 1735 Brand Copper Cu 29 63.546b B.C. Curium Cm 96 247* 1944 Seabo Dysprosium Dy 66 162.50 1886 Boisb Einsteinium Es 99 254* 1952 Ghior Erbium Er 68 167.26 1843 Mosan Europium Eu 63 151.96 1901 Demar Fermium Fm 100 257* 1953 Ghior Fluorine F 9 18.9984 1771 Schee Francium Fr 87 223* 1939 Perey Gadolinium Gd 64 157.25 1886 Marig Gallium Ga 31 69.72 1875 Boisb Germanium Ge 32 72.59 1886 Winkl Gold Au 79 196.967 B.C. Hafnium Hf 72 178.49 1923 Coste Hahnium Ha 105 262* 1970 Ghior Helium He 2 4.0026 1868 Janss Chemical element Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight Year discov. Disco 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Helium He 2 4.0026 1868 Janss Holmium Ho 67 164.930 1878 Soret Hydrogen H 1 1.00797a 1766 Caven Indium In 49 114.82 1863 Reich Iodine I 53 126.9044 1811 Court Iridium Ir 77 192.2 1804 Tenna Iron Fe 26 55.847b B.C. Krypton Kr 36 83.80 1898 Ramsa Lanthanum La 57 138.91 1839 Mosan Lawrencium Lr 103 262* 1961 Ghior Lead Pb 82 207.19 B.C. Lithium Li 3 6.939 1817 Arfve Lutetium Lu 71 174.97 1907 Welsb Magnesium Mg 12 24.312 1829 Bussy Manganese Mn 25 54.9380 1774 Gahn Mendelevium Md 101 258* 1955 Ghior Mercury Hg 80 200.59 B.C. Molybdenum Mo 42 95.94 1782 Hjelm Neodymium Nd 60 144.24 1885 Welsb Chemical element Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight Year discov. Disco 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Neodymium Nd 60 144.24 1885 Welsb Neon Ne 10 20.183 1898 Ramsa Neptunium Np 93 237* 1940 McMil Nickel Ni 28 58.71 1751 Crons Niobium1 Nb 41 92.906 1801 Hatch Nitrogen N 7 14.0067 1772 Ruthe Nobelium No 102 259* 1958 Ghior Osmium Os 76 190.2 1804 Tenna Oxygen O 8 15.9994a 1774 Pries Palladium Pd 46 106.4 1803 Wolla Phosphorus P 15 30.9738 1669 Brand Platinum Pt 78 195.09 1735 Ulloa Plutonium Pu 94 242** 1940 Seabo Polonium Po 84 210** 1898 P. an Potassium K 19 39.102 1807 Davy Praseodymium Pr 59 140.907 1885 Welsb Promethium Pm 61 147** 1945 Glend Protactinium Pa 91 231* 1917 Hahn, Radium Ra 88 226* 1898 P. & Chemical element Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight Year discov. Disco 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Radium Ra 88 226* 1898 P. & Radon Rn 86 222* 1900 Dorn Rhenium Re 75 186.2 1925 Nodda Rhodium Rh 45 102.905 1803 Wolla Rubidium Rb 37 85.47 1861 Bunse Ruthenium Ru 44 101.07 1845 Klaus Rutherfordium Rf 104 261* 1969 Ghior Samarium Sm 62 150.35 1879 Boisb Scandium Sc 21 44.956 1879 Nilso Selenium Se 34 78.96 1817 Berze Silicon Si 14 28.086a 1823 Berze Silver Ag 47 107.868b B.C. Sodium Na 11 22.9898 1807 Davy Strontium Sr 38 87.62 1790 Crawf Sulfur S 16 32.064a B.C. Tantalum Ta 73 180.948 1802 Ekebe Technetium Tc 43 99** 1937 Perri Tellurium Te 52 127.60 1782 Von R Terbium Tb 65 158.924 1843 Mosan Chemical element Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight Year discov. Disco 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Terbium Tb 65 158.924 1843 Mosan Thallium Tl 81 204.37 1861 Crook Thorium Th 90 232.038 1828 Berze Thulium Tm 69 168.934 1879 Cleve Tin Sn 50 118.69 B.C. Titanium Ti 22 47.90 1791 Grego Tungsten (Wolfram) W 74 183.85 1783 d'Elh Uranium U 92 238.03 1789 Klapr Vanadium V 23 50.942 1830 Sefst Xenon Xe 54 131.30 1898 Ramsa Ytterbium Yb 70 173.04 1878 Marig Yttrium Y 39 88.905 1794 Gadol Zinc Zn 30 65.37 B.C. Zirconium Zr 40 91.22 1789 Klapr Atomic weights, based on the exact number 12 as the assigned atomic mass of the principal isotope of carbon, carbon 12, are provided through the courtesy of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and Butterworth Scientific Publications. For the radioactive elements, with the exception of uranium and thorium, the mass number of either the isotope of longest half-life * or the better known isotope ** is given. 1 Formerly Columbium. a Atomic weights so designated are known to be variable because of natural variations in isotopic composition. The observed ranges are: hydrogen +-0.0001; boron +-0.003; carbon +-0.005; oxygen +-0.0001; silicon +-0.001; sulfur +-0.003. b Atomic weights so designated are believed to have the following experimental uncertainties: chlorine +-0.001; chromium +-0.001; iron +-0.003; bromine +-0.001; silver +-0.001; copper +-0.001. HEALTH Ethics on Care of the Terminally Ill The Supreme Court heard its first ever "right-to-die" case on Dec. 6, 1989. Cruzan v. Missouri Dept. of Health concerned Nancy Beth Cruzan, 32, who had been unconscious since Jan. 1983, after a car accident. Her parents and a guardian appointed to represent her sought to stop the medical treatment sustaining her in a "persistent vegetative state." On June 25, 1990, the Supreme Court ruled, 5-4, that a person whose wishes were clearly known had a constitutional right to refuse life-sustaining medical treatment. However, the court held that "clear and convincing" evidence as to her wishes was absent in the case of Nancy Cruzan. As of January, 1988, hospitals are required by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations to have formal policies specifying when doctors and nurses can refrain from trying to resuscitate terminally ill patients. The policy must be developed in consultation with the medical staff and the nursing staff, adopted by the medical staff and then approved by the hospital's governing body. The policy must define the roles of physicians, nursing personnel, and members of the patient's family in any decision to withhold resuscitation. It must also include "provisions designed to assure that a patient's rights are respected." In March 1986, the American Medical Association announced that it would be ethical for doctors to withhold "all means of life prolonging medical treatment," including food and water, from permanently unconscious patients even if death was not imminent. The withholding of such therapy should occur only when a patient's unconscious state "is beyond doubt irreversible and there are adequate safeguards to confirm the accuracy of the diagnosis,"the association's judicial council said. In June 1989, the Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs of the AMA published a revised opinion on "Withholding or Withdrawing Life-Prolonging Medical Treatment," which stated that: "In deciding whether the administration of potentially life-prolonging medical treatment is in the best interest of the patient who is incompetent to act in his own behalf, the surrogate decisionmaker and physician should consider several factors, including: the possibility for extending life under humane and comfortable conditions; the patient's values about life and the way it should be lived; and the patient's attitude toward sickness, suffering, medical procedures, and death." The opinion also stated that, "In treating a terminally ill or permanently unconsious patient, the dignity of the patient should be maintained at all times." Many states have tried to clear the issue of treating the comatose who are terminally ill by acting to define brain death. In at least 37 states, legislatures or courts have worked out a definition modeled along the lines of a recommendation previously released by the A.M.A. that said a person is brain dead when he has suffered "irreversible cessation of the functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem." A number of states have "living will" statutes that set out a procedure for a mentally competent person to declare that he or she does not wish to be subjected to a "death-prolonging" procedure. Information on living wills and health-care powers of attorney can be obtained from the American Bar Association's Commission on Legal Problems of the Ederly. Immunization Schedule for Children American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴� DTP Polio TB Test* Measles Mumps Rubella Hib/Conjugate T 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� DTP Polio TB Test* Measles Mumps Rubella Hib/Conjugate T 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 2 months x x 4 months x x 6 months x 12-15 mos. x 15 months x x x x 15-18 months x x 4-6 years x x 5-21 years x x x 14-16 years x Childhood immunization means protection against eight major diseases: polio, measles, mumps, rubella (German measles), whooping cough (pertussis), diphtheria, tetanus, and Haemophilus influenczae type b (Hib) infections. Check the table and ask your pediatrician if your child is up to date on vaccines. It could save a life or prevent disability. Measles, mumps, rubella, polio, pertussis, diphtheria, Haemophilus infections and tetanus are not just harmless childhood illnesses. All of them can cripple or kill. All are preventable. In order to be completely protected against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis, your child needs a shot of the combination diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DPT) vaccine at 2, 4, 6, 15 and 18 months, and a booster prior to school entry (4-6 years). At 15 months your child should have a shot for measles, mumps and rubella (MMR). A second MMR, primarily to boost measles and mumps immunity, should be given to children 11 years or older who have not had measles. In the event of measles outbreaks in the community, this MMR booster may be given on entry to kindergarten or at an earlier age. Children in high risk populations should be tested for tuberculosis in the first year. Hib conjugate vaccine is due at 15 months. At 14 to 16 years a tetanus-diphtheria booster shot should be given. If you don't have a pediatrician or family physician, call your local public health department. It usually has supplies of vaccine and may give shots free. *Note: The American College of Physicians recommends that adolescents and adults consult with their physicians about further vaccinations. Those without natural infection or proper immunization against childhood diseases like measles, mumps, rubella, and polio may be at increased risk for such disease and their complications as adults; in addition, tetanus and diphtheria should be boosted periodically; and various ages, occupations, lifestyles, environmental risks, and outbreaks of disease may call for adult immunization. * Only in high-prevalence populations. Cancer's 7 Warning Signals* American Cancer Society 1. A change in bowel or bladder habits. 2. A sore that does not heal. 3. Unusual bleeding or discharge. 4. Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere. 5. Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing. 6. Obvious change in wart or mole. 7. Nagging cough or hoarseness. * If you have a warning signal, see your doctor. Cancer Prevention American Cancer Society, 1990 PRIMARY PREVENTION: steps that might be taken to avoid those factors that might lead to the development of cancer. Smoking Cigarette smoking is responsible for 85% of lung cancer cases among men, 75% among women--about 83% overall. Smoking accounts for about 30% of all cancer deaths. Those who smoke two or more packs of cigarettes a day have lung cancer mortality rates 15-25 times greater than nonsmokers. Nutrition Risk for colon, breast and uterine cancers increases in obese people. High-fat diets may contribute to the development of certain cancers such as breast, colon and prostate. High-fiber foods may help reduce risk of colon cancer. A varied diet containing plenty of vegetables and fruits rich in vitamins A and C may reduce risk for cancers of larynx, esophagus, stomach, and lung. Salt-cured, smoked and nitrite-cured foods have been linked to esophageal and stomach cancer. The heavy use of alcohol, especially when accompanied by cigarette smoking or chewing tobacco, increases risk of cancers of the mouth, larynx, throat, esophagus, and liver. Sunlight Almost all of the more than 600,000 cases of non-melanoma skin cancer developed each year in the U.S. are considered to be sun-related. Such exposure is a major factor in the development of melanoma, and the incidence increases for those living near the equator. Alcohol Oral cancer and cancers of the larynx, throat, esophagus, and liver occur more frequently among heavy drinkers of alcohol. Smokeless Tobacco Use of chewing tobacco or snuff increases risk for cancers of the mouth, larynx, throat, and esophagus. Estrogen For mature women, estrogen treatment to control menopausal symptoms, increases risk of endometrial cancer. Use of estrogen needs careful discussion by the menopausal woman and her physician. Radiation Excessive exposure to ionizing radiation can increase cancer risk. Most medical and dental X rays are adjusted to deliver the lowest dose possible without sacrificing image quality. Excessive radon exposure in the home may increase lung cancer, especially in cigarette smokers. If levels are found to be too high, remedial actions should be taken. Occupational hazards Exposure to a number of industrial agents (nickel, chromate, asbestos, vinyl chloride, etc.) increases risk of various cancers. Risk from asbestos is greatly increased when combined with smoking. SECONDARY PREVENTION: steps to be taken to diagnose a cancer or precursor as early as possible after it has developed. Colorectal tests The ACS recommends 3 tests for the early detection of colon and rectum cancer in people without symptoms: The digital rectal examination performed by a physician during an office visit, every year after the age of 40; the stool blood test every year after 50; and the proctosigmoidoscopy examination every 3 to 5 years, based on the advice of a physician. Pap test For cervical cancer, women who are or have been sexually active, or have reached 18 years, should have an annual Pap test and pelvic examination. After a woman has had 3 or more consecutive satisfactory normal exams, the Pap test may be performed less frequently at the discretion of her physician. Breast cancer detection The ACS recommends the monthly practice of breast self-examination by women 20 years and older. Physical examination of the breast should be done every 3 years from ages 20-40 and then every year. The ACS recommends a mammogram every year for asymptomatic women age 50 and over, and a baseline mammogram between ages 35-39. Women 40-49 should have mammography every 1-2 years, depending on physical and mammographic findings. Estimated New Cancer Cases and Deaths By Sex for Selected Sites, 1990* American Cancer Society 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Estimated New Cases Estimated New Cases Estimated New Cases Total Male Female Estimated New Cases Estimated New Cases Estimated New Cases Total Male Female 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� All Sites 1,040,000 520,0001 520,0001 Oral 30,500 20,400 10,100 Colon-Rectum 110,000 52,000 58,000 Lung 157,000 102,000 55,000 Skin 27,600+2 14,800+2 12,800+2 Breast 150,9004 9004 150,0004 Uterus 13,5004 -- 13,5004 *Note: The estimates of new cancer cases are offered as a rough guide and should not be regarded as definitive. 1 Carcinoma in situ and non-melanoma skin cancers are not included in totals. Carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix accounts for more than 50,000 new cases annually, and carcinoma in situ of the female breast accounts for about 15,000 new cases annually. Non-melanoma skin cancer accounts for more than 600,000 new cases annually. 2 Melanoma only. 3 Melanoma 6,300; other skin 2,500. 4 Invasive cancer only. Heartand Blood Vessel Disease Warning Signs American Heart Association, Dallas Of Heart Attack * Uncomfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing or pain in the center of the chest lasting two minutes or longer * Pain may radiate to the shoulder, arm, neck or jaw * Sweating may accompany pain or discomfort * Nausea and vomiting may also occur * Shortness of breath, dizziness, or fainting may accompany other signs The American Heart Association advises immediate action at the onset of these symptoms. The Association points out that more than half of heart attack victims die before they reach the hospital and that the average victim waits 2 hours before seeking help. Of Stroke * Sudden temporary weakness or numbness of face or limbs on one side of the body * Temporary loss of speech, or trouble speaking or understanding speech * Temporary dimness or loss of vision, particularly in one eye * Unexplained dizziness, unsteadiness, or sudden falls Major Risk Factors Blood pressure -- High blood pressure increases the risk of stroke, heart attack, kidney failure and congestive heart failure. Cholesterol -- A cholesteral concentration over 240 mg/dl approximately doubles the risk of coronary heart disease; about 25% of the U.S. adult population falls into this category. Blood cholesterol values between 200 and 240 mg/dl are in a zone of moderate and increasing risk. Cigarettes -- Cigarette smokers have more than twice the risk of heart attack and 2 to 4 times the risk of sudden cardiac death than non-smokers. Young smokers have a higher risk for early death due to stroke. Cardiovascular Diseases Statistical Summary 1988 Prevalence -- 68,090,000 Americans have one or more forms of heart and blood vessel disease. * hypertension -- 61,870,000. * coronary heart disease -- 6,080,000 * rheumatic heart disease -- 1,290,000. * stroke -- 2,930,000. Mortality -- 982,574 in 1988 (45.3% of all deaths). * nearly one-fifth of all persons killed by CVD are under age 65. Congenital or inborn heart defects -- * post-natal mortality from heart defects was estimated at more than 5,600 in 1988. Heart attack -- caused 511,050 deaths in 1988. * 6,080,000 alive today have history of heart attack and/or angina pectoris. * As many as 1,500,000 Americans will have a heart attack this year and over 500,000 of them will die. Stroke -- killed an estimated 150,300 in 1988; afflicts 2,930,000. Hypertension (high blood pressure) -- 61,870,000 Americans age 6 and above--nearly one in 3 adults. Rheumatic heart disease -- afflicts 1,290,000. * killed about 6,520 in 1988. Note: 1988 mortality data are estimates based on 1988 provisional data as published by the National Center for Health Statistics. U.S. Metropolitan Areas with AIDS Rates of 25% or More, 1989-1990,and Cumulative Totals HIV/AIDS Surveilliance Report, Department of Health and Human Services 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코� Aug. 1988-July 1989 Aug. 1988-July 1989 Aug Metropolitan area of residence No. Rate No. (per 100,000 pop.) (per 100,000 pop.) (pe 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Atlanta, Ga. 781 27.6 922 Austin, Tex. 155 19.6 245 Baltimore, Md. 408 17.4 594 Dallas, Tex. 583 22.4 711 Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. 471 39.3 910 Houston, Tex. 881 26.6 1,2 Jacksonville, Fla. 158 17.2 240 Jersey City, N.J. 410 75.5 326 Miami, Fla. 907 49.7 1,0 New Orleans, La. 285 21.3 401 New York, N.Y. 5,437 63.4 6,5 Newark, N.J. 988 52.0 994 San Diego, Calif. 461 19.1 682 Aug. 1988-July 1989 Aug. 1988-July 1989 Aug Metropolitan area of residence No. Rate No. (per 100,000 pop.) (per 100,000 pop.) (pe 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� San Diego, Calif. 461 19.1 682 San Francisco, Calif. 1,676 104.0 1,9 San Juan, P.R. 861 55.1 947 Seattle, Wash. 323 17.5 437 Washington, D.C. 876 23.3 1,0 West Palm Beach, Fla. 303 35.8 353 Metropolitan Area Subtotal1 28,040 19.2 33, All other areas 5,207 5.1 6,9 Total 33,247 13.3 40, 1 Includes data from metropolitan areas with populations of 500,000 or more. Drug Usage: America's High School Students National Institute on Drug Abuse/Univ. of Michigan Inst. for Social Research 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴� Percent ever Percent ever Percent ever Percent ev used used used used Class of 1975 Class of 1978 Class of 1980 Class of 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Marijuana/Hashish 47.3 59.2 60.3 57.0 Inhalants NA 12.0 11.9 13.6 Inhalants NA NA 17.6 18.8 Adjusted1 Amyl & Butyl NA NA 11.1 8.4 Nitrites Percent ever Percent ever Percent ever Percent ev used used used used Class of 1975 Class of 1978 Class of 1980 Class of 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Hallucinogens 16.3 14.3 13.3 11.9 Hallucinogens NA NA 15.7 14.7 Adjusted2 LSD 11.3 9.7 9.3 8.9 PCP NA NA 9.6 5.6 Cocaine 9.0 12.9 15.7 16.2 "Crack" NA NA NA NA Heroin 2.2 1.6 1.1 1.2 Other opiates3 9.0 9.9 9.8 9.4 Percent ever Percent ever Percent ever Percent ev used used used used Class of 1975 Class of 1978 Class of 1980 Class of 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Other opiates3 9.0 9.9 9.8 9.4 Stimulants3 22.3 22.9 26.4 35.4 Stimulants NA NA NA 26.9 Adjusted3,4 Sedatives3 18.2 16.0 14.9 14.4 Barbiturates3 16.9 13.7 11.0 9.9 Methaqualone3 8.1 7.9 9.5 10.1 Tranquilizers3 17.0 17.0 15.2 13.3 Alcohol 90.4 93.1 93.2 92.6 Percent ever Percent ever Percent ever Percent ev used used used used Class of 1975 Class of 1978 Class of 1980 Class of 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Cigarettes 73.6 75.3 71.0 70.6 Reporting on the 15th annual national survey of American high school seniors, and the 10th annual survey of American college students, researchers at the Univ. of Michigan concluded that the longer-term trend away from the use of marijuana, cocaine and other drugs continued in 1989. The likelihood of a high school or college student actively using illicit drugs is only about half of what it was a decade ago. However, in 1989 some 51 percent of the high school seniors and 56 percent of the college students in the survey reported having at least tried an illicit drug during their lifetime. Concerning high school dropouts, the report acknowledged that those who fail to complete high school are at a higher-than-average risk for drug involvement. In reporting the usage of crack, the researchers stated that "we know we are not going to capture many heavy crack users in these surveys, and it is clear from other types of information that there are plenty of heavy users out there. What may be more significant here is the fact that crack has not heavily penetrated these mainstream populations of American young people and that the initiation rates among them appear to be on the decline." Results are based on large, representative sample surveys of 135 graduating classes enrolled in public and private high schools across the United States. NA=Not available. Level of significance between the two most recent classes: s=.05, ss=.01, sss=.001. 1 Adjusted for underreporting of amyl and butyl nitrites.2 Adjusted for underreporting of PCP. 3 Only drug use which was not under a doctor's orders. 4 Adjusted for overreporting of the non-prescription stimulants. 5 In 1986, 12.6 percent of those who used cocaine used it in powder form, while 4.1 percent used the "crack" form. Effects of Commonly Abused Drugs National Institute on Drug Abuse Tobacco Effects and dangers: Nicotine, the active ingredient in tobacco, acts as a stimulant on the heart and nervous system. When tobacco smoke is inhaled the immediate effects on the body are a faster heart beat and elevated blood pressure. These effects, however, are quickly dissipated. Tar (in the smoke) contains many carcinogens. These compounds, many of which are in polluted air but are found in vastly greater quantities in cigarette smoke, have been identified as major causes of cancer and respiratory difficulties. Even relatively young smokers can have shortness of breath, nagging cough, or develop cardiovascular and respiratory difficulties. A third principal component of cigarette smoke, carbon monoxide, is also a cause of some of the more serious health effects of smoking. Carbon monoxide can reduce the blood's ability to carry oxygen to body tissues and can promote the development of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Long-term effects of smoking cigarettes are emphysema, chronic bronchitis, heart disease, lung cancer, and cancer in other parts of the body. Risks during pregnancy: Women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to have babies that weigh less. Alcohol Effects: Like sedatives, it is a central nervous system depressant. In small doses, it has a tranquilizing effect on most people, although it appears to stimulate others. Alcohol first acts on those parts of the brain which affect self-control and other learned behaviors, which often leads to the aggressive behavior associated with some people who drink. Dangers: In large doses, alcohol can dull sensation and impair muscular coordination, memory, and judgment. Taken in larger quantities over a long period time, alcohol can damage the liver and heart and can cause permanent brain damage. A large dose of alcohol can interfere with the part of the brain that controls breathing. The respiratory failure which results can bring death. Delirium tremens, the most extreme manifestation of alcohol withdrawal, can also cause death. Risks during pregnancy: Women who drink heavily during pregnancy (more than 3 ounces of alcohol per day or about 2 mixed drinks) run a higher risk of delivering babies with physical, mental and behavioral abnormalities. Dependence: Repeated drinking produces tolerance to the drug's effects and dependence. The drinker's body then needs alcohol to function. Once dependent, drinkers experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop drinking. Marijuana ("grass", "pot", "weed") What is it?: A common plant (Cannabis sativa), its chief psychoactive ingredient is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. The amount of THC in the marijuana cigarette (joint) primarily determines its psychoactive potential. Effects: Most users experience an increase in heart rate, reddening of the eyes, and dryness in the mouth and throat. Studies indicate the drug temporarily impairs short-term memory, alters sense of time, and reduces the ability to perform tasks requiring concentration, swift reactions, and coordination. Many feel that their hearing, vision, and skin sensitivity are enhanced by the drug, but these reports have not been objectively confirmed by research. Feelings of euphoria, relaxation, altered sense of body image, and bouts of exaggerated laughter are also commonly reported. Dangers: Scientists believe marijuana can be particularly harmful to lungs because users typically inhale the unfiltered smoke deeply and hold it in their lungs for prolonged periods of time. Marijuana smoke has been found to have more cancer-causing agents than are found in cigarette smoke (see above). Because marijuana use increases heart rate as much as 50% and brings on chest pain in people who have a poor blood supply to the heart (and more rapidly than tobacco smoke does), doctors believe people with heart conditions or who are at high risk for heart ailments, should not use marijuana. Findings also suggest that regular use may reduce fertility in women and that men with marginal fertility or endocrine functioning should avoid marijuana use. Risks during pregnancy: Research is limited, but scientists believe marijuana which crosses the placential barrier, may have a toxic effect on embryos and fetuses. Dependence: Tolerance to marijuana, the need to take more and more of the drug over time to get the original effect, has been proven in humans and animals. Physical dependence has been demonstrated in research subjects who ingested an amount equal to smoking 10 to 20 joints a day. When the drug was discontinued, subjects experienced withdrawal symptoms--irritability, sleep disturbances, loss of appetite and weight, sweating, and stomach upset. Bad reactions: Most commonly reported immediate adverse reaction to marijuana use is the "acute panic anxiety reaction," usually described as an exaggeration of normal marijuana effects in which intense fears of losing control accompany severe anxiety. The symptoms often disappear in a few hours when the acute drug effects have worn off. Hallucinogens ("psychodelics") What are they?: Drugs which affect perception, sensation, thinking, self-awareness, and emotion. (1) LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), a synthetic, is converted from lysergic acid which comes from fungus (ergot). Effects: Vary greatly according to dosage, personality of the user, and conditions under which the drug is used. Basically, it causes changes in sensation. Vision alters; users describe changes in depth perception and in the meaning of the perceived object. Illusions and hallucinations often occur. Physical reactions range from minor changes such as dilated pupils, a rise in temperature and heartbeat, or a slight increase in blood pressure, to tremors. High doses can greatly alter the state of consciousness. Heavy use of the drug may produce flashbacks, recurrences of some features of a previous LSD experience days or months after the last dose. Dangers: After taking LSD, a person loses control over normal thought processes. Although many perceptions are pleasant, others may cause panic or may make a person believe that he or she cannot be harmed. Longer-term harmful reactions include anxiety and depression, or "breaks from reality" which may last from a few days to months. Heavy users sometimes develop signs of organic brain damage, such as impaired memory and attention span, mental confusion, and difficulty with abstract thinking. It is not known yet whether such mental changes are permanent. (2) Mescaline: Comes from peyote cactus and its effects are similar to those of LSD. Phencyclidine (PCP or "angel dust") What is it?: A drug that was developed as a surgical anesthetic for humans in the late 1950s. PCP was soon restricted to its only current legal use as a veterinary anesthetic and tranquilizer. Effects: Vary according to dosage. Low doses may provide the usual releasing effects of many psychoactive drugs. A floaty euphoria is described, sometimes associated with a feeling of numbness (part of the drug's anesthetic effects). Increased doses produce an excited, confused intoxification, which may include muscle rigidity, loss of concentration and memory, visual disturbances, delirium, feelings of isolation, convulsions, speech impairment, violent behavior, fear of death, and changes in the user's perceptions of their bodies. Dangers: PCP intoxication can produce violent and bizarre behavior even in people not otherwise prone to such behavior. Violent actions may be directed at themselves or others and often account for serious injuries and death. More people die from accidents caused by the erratic behavior produced by the drug than from the drug's direct effect on the body. A temporary, schizophrenic-like psychosis, which can last for days or weeks, has also occurred in users of moderate or higher doses. Stimulants ("Uppers") What are they?: A class of drugs which stimulate the central nervous system and produce an increase in alertness and activity. (1) Amphetamines promote a feeling of alertness and increase in speech and general physical activity. Under medical supervision, the drugs are taken to control appetite. Effects and dangers: Even small, infrequent doses can produce toxic effects in some people. Restlessness, anxiety, mood swings, panic, circulatory and cardiac disturbances, paranoid thoughts, hallucinations, convulsions, and coma have all been reported. Heavy, frequent doses can produce brain damage which results in speed disturbances and difficulty in turning thoughts into words. Death can result from injected amphetamine overdose. Long-term users often have acne resembling a measles rash; trouble with teeth, gums and nails, and dry lifeless hair. As heavy users who inject amphetamines accumulate larger amounts of the drug in their bodies, the resulting toxicity can produce amphetamine psychosis. People in this extremely suspicious, paranoid state, frequently exhibit bizarre, sometimes violent behavior. Dependence: People with a history of sustained low-dose use quite often become dependent and feel they need the drug to get by. (2) Cocaine is a stimulant extracted from the leaves of the coca plant. It is available in many forms, the most available of which is cocaine hydrochloride. Cocaine hydrochloride is often used medically as a local anesthetic, but is also sold illegally on the street in large pieces called rocks. Street cocaine is a white, crystal-like powder that is most commonly inhaled or snorted, though some users ingest, inject, or smoke a form of the drug called freebase or crack. Freebase and crack are formed by chemically converting street cocaine to a purified substance that is more suitable for smoking. Smoking freebase or crack produces a shorter, but more intense high than other ways of using the drug. It is the most direct and rapid means of getting the drug to the brain, and because larger amounts are reaching the brain more quickly, the effects of the drug are more intense and the dangers associated with its use are greater. Ice, or crystal methamphetamine, is another stimulant that can be smoked and which has many of the same euphoric and adverse effects as crack. Effects: The drug's usual effects are dilated pupils and increased blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, and body temperature. Even small doses may elicit feelings of euphoria; illusions of increased mental and physical strength and sensory awareness; and a decrease in hunger, pain, and the perceived need for sleep. Large doses significantly magnify these effects, sometimes causing irrational behavior and confusion. Dangers: Paranoia is not an uncommon response to heavy doses. Psychosis may be triggered in users prone to mental instability. Repeated inhalation often results in nostril and nasal membrane irritation. Some regular users have reported feelings of restlessness, irritability, and anxiety. Others have experienced hallucinations of touch, sight, taste, or smell. When people stop using cocaine after taking it for a long time, they frequently become depressed. They tend to fight off this depression by taking more cocaine, just as in the up/down amphetamine cycle. Cocaine is toxic. Although few people realize it, overdose deaths, though rare, have occurred as a result of injecting, ingesting and even snorting cocaine. The deaths are a result of seizures followed by respiratory arrest and coma, or sometimes by cardiac arrest. Other dangers associated with cocaine include the risk of infection, such as hepatitis, resulting from the use of unsterile needles and the risk of fire or explosion resulting from the use of volatile substances necessary for freebase preparation. Dependence: Cocaine is not a narcotic; no evidence suggests that it produces a physical dependence. However, cocaine is psychologically a very dangerous, dependence-producing drug. Smoking freebase or crack increases this risk of dependence. (3) Caffeine may be the world's most popular drug. It is primarily consumed in coffee and tea, but is also found in cocoa, cola and other soft drinks, as well as in many over-the-counter medicines. Effects: Two to four cups of coffee increase heart rate, body temperature, urine production, and gastric juice secretion. Caffeine can also raise sugar levels and cause tremors, loss of coordination, decreased appetite, and postponement of fatigue. It can interfere with the depth of sleep and the amount of dream sleep by causing more rapid eye movement (REM) sleep at first, but less than average over an entire night. Extremely high doses may cause diarrhea, sleeplessness, trembling, severe headache, and nervousness. Dependence: A form of physical dependence may result with regular consumption. In such cases, withdrawal symptoms may occur if caffeine use is stopped or interrupted. These symptoms include headache, irritability, and fatigue. Tolerance may develop with the use of six to eight cups or more a day. A regular user of caffeine who has developed a tolerance may also develop a craving for the drug's effects. Dangers: Poisonous doses of caffeine have occurred occasionally and have resulted in convulsions, breathing failure, and even death. However, it is almost impossible to die from drinking too much coffee or tea. The deaths that have been reported have resulted from the misuse of tablets containing caffeine. Sedatives (Tranquilizers, sleeping pills) What are they?: Drugs which depress the central nervous system, more appropriately called sedative-hypnotics because they include drugs which calm the nerves (the sedation effect) and produce sleep (the hypnotic effect). Of drugs in this class, barbiturates ("barbs", "downers," "reds") have the highest rate of abuse and misuse. The most commonly abused barbiturates include pentobarbital (Nembutal), secobarbital (Seconal), and amobarbital (Amytal). These all have legitimate use as sedatives or sleeping aids. Among the most commonly abused nonbarbiturate drugs are glutethimide (Doriden), meprobamate (Miltown), methyprylon (Noludar), ethchlorvynol (Placidyl), and methaqualone (Sopor, Quaalude). These are prescribed to help people sleep. Benzodiazepines, especially diazepam (Valium), prescribed to relieve anxiety, are commonly abused, and their rate of abuse and misuse is increasing. Dangers: These can kill. Barbiturate overdose is implicated in nearly one-third of all reported drug-induced deaths. Accidental deaths may occur when a user takes an unintended larger or repeated dose of sedatives because of confusion or impairment in judgment caused by initial intake of the drug. With lesser, but still large doses, users can go into coma. Moderately large doses often produce an intoxicated stupor. Users' speech is often slurred, memory vague, and judgment impaired. Taken along with alcohol, the combination can be fatal. Tranquilizers act somewhat differently from other sedatives and are considered less hazardous. But even by themselves, or in combination with other drugs (especially alcohol and other sedatives) they can be quite dangerous. Dependence: Potential for dependence is greatest with barbiturates, but all sedatives, tranquilizers, can be addictive. Barbiturate withdrawal is often more severe than heroin withdrawal. Narcotics What they are?: Drugs that relieve pain and often induce sleep. The opiates, which are narcotics, include opium and drugs derived from opium, such as morphine, codeine, and heroin. Narcotics also include certain synthetic chemicals that have a morphine-like action, such as methadone. Which are abused?: Heroin ("junk," "smack") accounts for 90% of narcotic abuse in the U.S. Sometimes medicinal narcotics are also abused, including paregoric containing codeine, and methadone, meperidine, and morphine. Dependence: Anyone can become heroin dependent if he or she takes the drug regularly. Although environmental stress and problems of coping have often been considered as factors that lead to heroin addiction, physicians or psychologists do not agree that some people just have an "addictive personality" and are prone to dependence. All we know for certain is that continued use of heroin causes dependence. Dangers: Physical dangers depend on the specific drug, its source, and the way it is used. Most medical problems are caused by the uncertain dosage level, use of unsterile needles and other paraphernalia, contamination of the drug, or combination of a narcotic with other drugs, rather than by the effects of the heroin (or another narcotic) itself. The life expectancy of a heroin addict who injects the drug intravenously is significantly lower than that of one who does not. An overdose can result in death. If, for example, an addict obtains pure heroin and is not tolerant of the dose, he or she may die minutes after injecting it. Infections from unsterile needles, solutions, syringes, cause many diseases. Serum hepatitis is common. Skin abscesses, inflammation of the veins and congestion of the lungs also occur. Withdrawal: When a heroin-dependent person stops taking the drug, withdrawal begins within 4-6 hours after the last injection. Full-blown withdrawal symptoms--which include shaking, sweating, vomiting, a running nose and eyes, muscle aches, chills, abdominal pains, and diarrhea--begin some 12-16 hours after the last injection. The intensity of symptoms depends on the degree of dependence. Basic First Aid First aid experts stress that knowing what to do for an injured person until a doctor or trained person gets to an accident scene can save a life, especially in cases of stoppage of breath, severe bleeding, and shock. People with special medical problems, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, epilepsy, or allergy, are also urged to wear some sort of emblem identifying it, as a safeguard against use of medication that might be injurious or fatal in an emergency. Emblems may be obtained from Medic Alert Foundation, Turlock, CA 95380. Most accidents occur in homes. National Safety Council figures show that home accidents exceed those in other locations, such as in cars, at work, or in public places. In all cases, get medical assistance as soon as possible. Animal bite -- Wound should be washed with soap under running water and animal should be caught alive for rabies test. Asphyxiation -- Start mouth-to-mouth resuscitation immediately after getting patient to fresh air. Bleeding -- Elevate the wound above the heart if possible. Press hard on wound with sterile compress until bleeding stops. Send for doctor if it is severe. Burn -- If mild, with skin unbroken and no blisters, plunge into ice water until pain subsides. Apply a dry dressing if necessary. Send for physician if burn is severe. Apply sterile compresses and keep patient quiet and comfortably warm until doctor's arrival. Do not try to clean burn, or to break blisters. Chemical in eye -- With patient lying down, pour cupsful of water immediately into corner of eye, letting it run to other side to remove chemicals thoroughly. Cover with sterile compress. Get medical attention immediately . Choking -- Do not use back slaps to dislodge obstruction. (See Abdominal Thrust) Convulsions -- Place person on back on bed or rug. Loosen clothing. Turn head to side. Do not place a blunt object between the victim's teeth. If convulsions do not stop, get medical attention immediately. Cut (minor) -- Apply mild antiseptic and sterile compress after washing with soap under warm running water. Drowning -- (See Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation) Artificial breathing must be started at once, before victim is out of the water, if possible. If the victim's stomach is bloated with water, put victim on stomach, place hands under stomach, and lift. If no pulse is felt, begin cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. This should only be done by those professionally trained. If necessary, treat for shock. (See Shock) Electric shock -- If possible, turn off power. Don't touch victim until contact is broken; pull him from contact with electrical source using rope, wooden pole, or loop of dry cloth. Start mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if breathing has stopped. Foreign body in eye -- Touch object with moistened corner of handkerchief if it can be seen. If it cannot be seen or does not come out after a few attempts, take patient to doctor. Do not rub eye. Fainting -- If victim feels faint, lower head to knees. Lay him down with head turned to side if he becomes unconscious. Loosen clothing and open windows. Keep patient lying quietly for at least 15 minutes after he regains consciousness. Call doctor if faint lasts for more than a few minutes. Fall -- Send for physician if patient has continued pain. Cover wound with sterile dressing and stop any severe bleeding. Do not move patient unless absolutely necessary -- as in case of fire -- if broken bone is suspected. Keep patient warm and comfortable. Loss of Limb -- If a limb is severed, it is important to properly protect the limb so that it can possibly be reattached to the victim. After the victim is cared for, the limb should be placed in a clean plastic bag, garbage can or other suitable container. Pack ice around the limb on the OUTSIDE of the bag to keep the limb cold. Call ahead to the hospital to alert them of the situation. Poisoning -- Call doctor. Use antidote listed on label if container is found. Call local Poison Control Center if possible. Except for lye, other caustics, and petroleum products, induce vomiting unless victim is unconscious. Give milk if poison or antidote is unknown. Shock (injury-related) -- Keep the victim lying down; if uncertain as to his injuries, keep him flat on his back. Maintain the victim's normal body temperature; if the weather is cold or damp, place blankets or extra clothing over and under the victim; if weather is hot, provide shade. Snakebite -- Immediately get victim to a hospital. If there is mild swelling or pain, apply a constricting band 2 to 4 inches above the bite. Sting from insect -- If possible, remove stinger and apply solution of ammonia and water, or paste of baking soda. Call physician immediately if body swells or patient collapses. Unconsciousness -- Send for doctor and place person on his back. Start resuscitation if he stops breathing. Never give food or liquids to an unconscious person. Abdominal Thrust The American Red Cross and the American Heart Association both agree that the recommended first aid for choking victims is the abdominal thrust, also known as the Heimlich maneuver, after its creator, Dr. Henry Heimlich. Slaps on the back are no longer advised and may even prove detrimental in an attempt to assist a choking victim. * Get behind the victim and wrap your arms around him above his waist. * Make a fist with one hand and place it, with the thumb knuckle pressing inward, just below the point of the "v" of the rib cage. * Grasp the wrist with the other hand and give one or more upward thrusts or hugs. * Start mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if breathing stops. Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation Stressing that your breath can save a life, the American Red Cross gives the following directions for mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if the victim is not breathing: * Determine consciousness by tapping the victim on the shoulder and asking loudly, "Are you okay?" * Tilt the victim's head back so that his chin is pointing upward. Do not press on the soft tissue under the chin, as this might obstruct the airway. If you suspect that an accident victim might have neck or back injuries, open the airway by placing the tips of your index and middle fingers on the corners of the victim's jaw to lift it forward without tilting the head. * Place your cheek and ear close to the victim's mouth and nose. Look at the victim's chest to see if it rises and falls. Listen and feel for air to be exhaled for about 5 seconds. * If there is no breathing, pinch the victim's nostrils shut with the thumb and index finger of your hand that is pressing on the victim's forehead. Another way to prevent leakage of air when the lungs are inflated is to press your cheek against the victim's nose. * Blow air into victim's mouth by taking a deep breath and then sealing your mouth tightly around the victim's mouth. Initially, give two, quick (approx. 1.5 seconds each), full breaths without allowing the lungs to deflate completely between each breath. * Watch the victim's chest to see if it rises. * Stop blowing when the victim's chest is expanded. Raise your mouth; turn your head to the side and listen for exhalation. * Watch the chest to see if it falls. * Repeat the blowing cycle until the victim starts breathing. Note: Infants (up to one year) and children (1 to 8 years) should be administered mouth-to-mouth resuscitation as described above, except for the following: * Do not tilt the head as far back as an adult's head. * Both the mouth and nose of the infant should be sealed by the mouth. * Give breaths to a child once every four seconds. * Blow into the infant's mouth and nose once every three seconds with less pressure and volume than for a child. Stress: How Much Can Affect Your Health? Reprinted with permission from the Journal of Psychosomatic Research, Vol. 11, pp. 213-218, T.H. Holmes, M.D., R.H. Rahe, M.D.; The Social Readjustment Rating Scale [copy ] 1967, Pergamon Press, Ltd. Change, both good and bad, can create stress and stress, if sufficiently severe, can lead to illness. Drs. Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe, psychiatrists at the University of Washington in Seattle, developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. In their study, they gave a point value to stressful events. The psychiatrists discovered that in 79 percent of the persons studied, major illness followed the accumulation of stress-related changes totaling over 300 points in one year. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Life Event Value 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Death of Spouse 100 Divorce 73 Marital separation from mate 65 Detention in jail or other institution 63 Death of a close family member 63 Major personal injury or illness 53 Marriage 50 Being fired at work 47 Life Event Value 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Being fired at work 47 Marital reconciliation with mate 45 Retirement from work 45 Major change in the health or behavior of a family member 44 Pregnancy 40 Sexual difficulties 39 Gaining a new family member (e.g., through birth, adoption, 39 moving in, etc.) Major business readjustment (e.g., merger, reorganization, 39 bankruptcy, etc.) Major change in financial state (e.g., a lot worse off or 38 Life Event Value 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Major change in financial state (e.g., a lot worse off or 38 a lot better off than usual) Death of a close friend 37 Changing to a different line of work 36 Major change in the number of arguments with spouse (e.g., 35 either a lot more or a lot less than usual regarding child-rearing, personal habits, etc.) Taking out a mortgage or loan for a major purchase(e.g. 31 for a home, business, etc.) Foreclosure on a mortgage or loan 30 Major change in responsibilities at work (e.g., promotion, 29 demotion, lateral transfer) Life Event Value 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Son or daughter leaving home (e.g., marriage, attending 29 college, etc.) In-law troubles 29 Outstanding personal achievement 28 Wife beginning or ceasing work outside the home 26 Beginning or ceasing formal schooling 26 Major change in living conditions (e.g., building a new 25 home, remodeling, deterioration of home or neighborhood) Revision of personal habits (dress, manners, association, 24 etc.) Troubles with the boss 23 Life Event Value 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Troubles with the boss 23 Major change in working hours or conditions 20 Change in residence 20 Changing to a new school 20 Major change in usual type and/or amount of recreation 19 Major change in church activities (e.g., a lot more or a 19 lot less than usual) Major change in social activities (e.g., clubs, dancing, 18 movies, visiting, etc.) Taking out a mortgage or loan for a lesser purchase (e.g., 17 for a car, TV, freezer, etc.) Life Event Value 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Major change in sleeping habits (a lot more or a lot less 16 sleep, or change in part of day when asleep) Major change in number of family get-togethers (e.g., a 15 lot more or a lot less than usual) Major change in eating habits (a lot more or a lot less 15 food intake, or very different meal hours or surroundings) Vacation 13 Christmas 12 Minor violations of the law (e.g., traffic tickets, 11 jaywalking, disturbing the peace, etc.) A Patient's Bill of Rights American Hospital Association, [copy ] copyright 1972. Often, as a hospital patient, you feel you have little control over your circumstances. You do, however, have some important rights. They have been enumerated by the American Hospital Association. 1. The patient has the right to considerate and respectful care. 2. The patient has the right to obtain from his physician complete current information concerning his diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in terms the patient can be expected to understand. When it is not medically advisable to give such information to the patient, the information should be made available to an appropriate person in his behalf. He has the right to know, by name, the physician responsible for coordinating his care. 3. The patient has the right to receive from his physician information necessary to give informed consent prior to the start of any procedure and/or treatment. Except in emergencies, such information for informed consent should include but not necessarily be limited to the specific procedure and/or treatment, the medically significant risks involved, and the probable duration of incapacitation. Where medically significant alternatives for care or treatment exist, or when the patient requests information concerning medical alternatives, the patient has the right to such information. The patient also has the right to know the name of the person responsible for the procedures and/or treatment. 4. The patient has the right to refuse treatment to the extent permitted by law and to be informed of the medical consequences of his action. 5. The patient has the right to every consideration of his privacy concerning his own medical care program. Case discussion, consultation, examination, and treatment are confidential and should be conducted discreetly. Those not directly involved in his care must have the permission of the patient to be present. 6. The patient has the right to expect that all communications and records pertaining to his care should be treated as confidential. 7. The patient has the right to expect that within its capacity a hospital must make reasonable response to the request of a patient for services. The hospital must provide evaluation, service, and/or referral as indicated by the urgency of the case. When medically permissable, a patient may be transferred to another facility only after he has received complete information and explanation concerning the need for and alternatives to such a transfer. The receiving institution must first have accepted the patient for transfer. 8. The patient has the right to obtain information as to any relationship of his hospital to other health care and education institutions insofar as this care is concerned. The patient has the right to obtain information as to the existence of any professional relationships among individuals, by name, who are treating him. 9. The patient has the right to be advised if the hospital proposes to engage in or perform human experimentation affecting his care or treatment. The patient has the right to refuse to participate in such research projects. 10. The patient has the right to expect reasonable continuity of care. He has the right to know in advance what appointment times and physicians are available and where. The patient has the right to expect that the hospital will provide a mechanism whereby he is informed by his physician of the patient's continuing health care requirements following discharge. 11. The patient has the right to examine and receive an explanation of his bill, regardless of the source of payment. 12. The patient has the right to know what hospital rules and regulations apply to his conduct as a patient. Nutritive Value of Food (Calories, Proteins, etc.) Home and Garden Bulletin No. 72; available from Supt. of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴� Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dairy products Cheese, 1 oz. 28 115 7 9 cheddar Cheese, 1 cup 210 220 26 9 cottage, small curd Cheese, cream 1 oz. 28 100 2 10 Cheese, Swiss 1 oz. 28 105 8 8 Half-and-Half 1 tbsp. 15 20 T 2 Cream, sour 1 tbsp. 15 25 T 3 Milk, whole 1 cup 244 150 8 8 Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Milk, whole 1 cup 244 150 8 8 Milk, nonfat 1 cup 244 85 8 T (skim) Milkshake, 10.6 oz. 300 355 9 8 chocolate Ice Cream, 1 cup 133 270 5 14 hardened Sherbet 1 cup 193 270 2 4 Yogurt, 8 oz. 227 230 10 3 fruit-flavored Eggs Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Fried in 1 46 85 5 6 butter Hard-cooked 1 50 80 6 6 Scrambled in 1 64 95 6 7 butter (milk added) Fats & oils Butter 1 tbsp. 14 100 T 12 Margarine 1 tbsp. 14 100 T 12 Salad dressing, 1 tbsp. 15 75 1 8 blue cheese Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� blue cheese Salad dressing, 1 tbsp. 16 65 T 6 French Salad dressing, 1 tbsp. 15 85 T 9 Italian Mayonnaise 1 tbsp. 14 100 T 11 Meat, poultry, fish Bluefish, 3 oz. 85 135 22 4 baked with butter or margarine Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Clams, raw, 3 oz. 85 65 11 1 meat only Crabmeat, 1 cup 135 135 24 3 white or king, canned Fish sticks, 1 oz. 28 50 5 3 breaded, cooked, frozen Salmon, pink, 3 oz. 85 120 17 5 canned Sardines, 3 oz. 85 175 20 9 Atlantic, canned in oil Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� canned in oil Shrimp, French 3 oz. 85 190 17 9 fried Tuna, canned 3 oz. 85 170 24 7 in oil Bacon, broiled 2 slices 15 85 4 8 or fried crisp Ground beef, 3 oz. 85 185 23 10 broiled, 10% fat Roast beef, 3 oz. 85 165 25 7 relatively lean Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� lean Beef steak, 3 oz. 85 330 20 27 lean and fat Beef & 1 cup 245 220 16 11 vegetable stew Lamb, chop, 3.1 oz. 89 360 18 32 lean and fat Liver, beef 3 oz. 85 195 22 9 Ham, light 3 oz. 85 245 18 19 cure, lean and fat Pork, chop, 2.7 oz 78 305 19 25 Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Pork, chop, 2.7 oz 78 305 19 25 lean and fat Bologna 1 slice 28 85 3 8 Frankfurter, 1 56 170 7 15 cooked Sausage, pork 1 link 13 60 2 6 link, cooked Veal, cutlet, 3 oz. 85 185 23 9 braised or boiled Chicken, 1.3 oz. 38 90 12 4 drumstick, fried, bones Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� fried, bones removed Chicken, half 6.2 oz. 176 240 42 7 broiler, broiled, bones removed Fruits & products Apple, raw, 1 138 80 T 1 2-3/4 in. diam. Applejuice 1 cup 248 120 T T Apricots, raw 3 107 55 1 T Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Banana, raw 1 119 100 1 T Cherries, 10 68 45 1 T sweet, raw Fruit cocktail, 1 cup 255 195 1 T canned, in heavy syrup Grapefruit, 1/2 241 45 1 T raw, medium, white Grapes, 10 50 35 T T Thompson seedless Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Lemonade, 1 cup 248 105 T T frozen, diluted Cantaloupe, 1/2 477 80 2 T 5-in. diam. Orange, 2-5/8 1 131 65 1 T in. diam. Orange juice, 1 cup 249 120 2 T frozen, diluted Peach, raw, 1 100 40 1 T 2-1/2 in. diam. Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Raisins, 1 cup 145 420 4 T seedless Strawberries, 1 cup 149 55 1 1 whole Watermelon, 4 1 wedge 926 110 2 1 by 8 in. wedge Grain products Bagel, egg 1 55 165 6 2 Biscuit, 2 in. 1 28 105 2 5 diam., from home recipe Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Bread, white, 1 slice 25 70 2 1 enriched, soft-crumb Bread, whole 1 slice 28 65 3 1 wheat, soft-crumb Oatmeal or 1 cup 240 130 5 2 rolled oats Bran flakes 1 cup 35 105 4 1 (40% bran), added sugar, salt, iron, vitamins Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Corn flakes, 1 cup 25 95 2 T added sugar, salt, iron, vitamins Rice, puffed, 1 cup 15 60 1 T added iron, thiamin, niacin Wheat, 1 serving 25 90 2 1 shredded, plain, 1 biscuit or 1/2 cup Cake, angel 1 53 135 3 T Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cake, angel 1 53 135 3 T food, 1/12 of cake Cupcake, 2-1/2 1 36 130 2 5 in. diam., with chocolate icing Boston cream 1 69 210 3 6 pie with custard filling, 1/12 of cake Fruitcake, 1 15 55 1 2 dark, 1/30 of loaf Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� loaf Cake, pound, 1 33 160 2 10 1/17 of loaf Brownies, with 1 20 85 1 4 nuts, from commercial recipe Cookies, 4 40 205 2 12 chocolate chip, from home recipe Crackers, 2 14 55 1 1 graham Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Crackers, 4 11 50 1 1 saltines Danish pastry, 1 65 275 5 15 round piece Doughnut, cake 1 25 100 1 5 type Macaroni and 1 cup 200 430 17 22 cheese, from home recipe Muffin, corn 1 40 125 3 4 Noodles, 1 cup 160 200 7 2 enriched, Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� enriched, cooked Pie, apple, 1 135 345 3 15 1/7 of pie Pie, cherry, 1 135 350 4 15 1/7 of pie Pie, lemon 1 120 305 4 12 meringue, 1/7 of pie Pie, pecan, 1 118 495 6 27 1/7 of pie Pizza, cheese, 1 60 145 6 4 1/8 of 12 in. Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1/8 of 12 in. diam. pie Popcorn, 1 cup 6 25 1 T popped, plain Pretzels, 10 3 10 T T stick Rolls, 1 26 85 2 2 enriched, brown & serve Rolls, 1 40 120 3 2 frankfurter & hamburger Spaghetti with 1 cup 248 330 19 12 Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Spaghetti with 1 cup 248 330 19 12 meat balls & tomato sauce Legumes, nuts, seeds Beans, Great 1 cup 180 210 14 1 Northern, cooked Peanuts, 1 cup 144 840 37 72 roasted in oil, salted Peanut butter 1 tbsp. 16 95 4 8 Sunflower 1 cup 145 810 35 69 Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sunflower 1 cup 145 810 35 69 seeds Sugars & sweets Candy, 1 oz. 28 115 1 3 caramels Candy, milk 1 oz. 28 145 2 9 chocolate Fudge, 1 oz. 28 115 1 3 chocolate Candy, hard 1 oz. 28 110 0 T Honey 1 tbsp. 21 65 T 0 Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Honey 1 tbsp. 21 65 T 0 Jams & 1 tbsp. 20 55 T T Preserves Sugar, white, 1 tbsp. 12 45 0 0 granulated Vegetables Asparagus, 4 spears 80 15 2 T canned, spears Beans, green, 1 cup 135 35 2 T from frozen, cuts Broccoli, 1 stalk 180 45 6 1 Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Broccoli, 1 stalk 180 45 6 1 cooked Cabbage, raw, 1 cup 70 15 1 T coarsely shredded or sliced Carrots, raw, 1 72 30 1 T 7-1/2 by 1-1/8 in. Celery, raw 1 stalk 40 5 T T Collards, 1 cup 190 65 7 1 cooked Corn, sweet, 1 ear 140 70 2 1 Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Corn, sweet, 1 ear 140 70 2 1 cooked Lettuce, 1 cup 55 5 T T Iceberg, chopped Mushrooms, raw 1 cup 70 20 2 T Onions, raw, 1 cup 170 65 3 T chopped Peas, frozen, 1 cup 160 110 8 T cooked Potatoes, 1 156 145 4 T baked, peeled Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Potatoes, 10 50 110 2 4 frozen, French fried Potatoes, 1 cup 210 135 4 2 mashed, milk added Potato chips 10 20 115 1 8 Potato salad 1 cup 250 250 7 7 Spinach, 1 cup 205 45 6 1 chopped, from frozen Sweet potatoes, 1 114 160 2 1 Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sweet potatoes, 1 114 160 2 1 baked in skin, peeled Tomatoes, raw 1 135 25 1 T Miscellaneous Beer 12 fl. oz. 360 150 1 0 Gin, rum, 1-1/2 fl. oz. 42 105 - - vodka, whisky, 86 proof Wine, table 3-1/2 fl. oz. 102 85 T 0 Cola-type 12 fl. oz. 369 145 0 0 beverage Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� beverage Ginger ale 12 fl. oz 366 115 0 0 Gelatin 1 cup 240 140 4 0 dessert Olives, 4 medium 16 15 T 2 pickled, green Pickles, dill, 1 65 5 T T whole Popsicle, 3 fl. 1 95 70 0 0 oz. Soup, tomato, 1 cup 245 90 2 3 prepared with Food Measure Grams Food Energy Protein (grams) Fat ( (calories) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� prepared with water T -- Indicates trace * -- Varies by brand Calories Used Per Minute According to Body Weight 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴� Weight in Pounds Weight in Pounds Weight in Pounds Activity 100 120 150 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Volleyball (moderate) 2.3 2.7 3.4 Weight in Pounds Weight in Pounds Weight in Pounds Activity 100 120 150 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Volleyball (moderate) 2.3 2.7 3.4 Walking (3 mph) 2.7 3.2 4.0 Table tennis 2.7 3.2 4.0 Bicycling (5.5 mph) 3.1 3.8 4.7 Calisthenics 3.3 3.9 4.9 Skating (moderate) 3.6 4.3 5.4 Golf 3.6 4.3 5.4 Walking (4 mph) 3.9 4.6 5.8 Tennis 4.5 5.4 6.8 Canoeing (4 mph) 4.6 5.6 7.0 Swimming (breaststroke) 4.8 5.7 7.2 Bicycling (10 mph) 5.4 6.5 8.1 Swimming (crawl) 5.8 6.9 8.7 Jogging (11-min. mile) 6.1 7.3 9.1 Handball 6.3 7.6 9.5 Racquetball 6.3 7.6 9.5 Skiing (downhill) 6.3 7.6 9.5 Mountain climbing 6.6 8.0 10.0 Weight in Pounds Weight in Pounds Weight in Pounds Activity 100 120 150 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mountain climbing 6.6 8.0 10.0 Squash 6.8 8.1 10.2 Skiing (cross-country) 7.2 8.7 10.8 Running (8-min. mile) 9.4 11.3 14.1 Note: Many other factors, including air temperature, clothing, and the vigor with which a person exercises, can mean an increase or decrease in the number of calories used. Food and Nutrition Food contains proteins, carbohydrates, fats, water, vitamins and minerals. Nutrition is the way your body takes in and uses these ingredients to maintain proper functioning. Federal health officials recommended, Feb. 1990, that all Americans, not just those with high cholesterol levels, reduce the fat content of their diets by an average of 10%, to lower their risk of heart disease. In March 1989, the Natl. Research Council reported on the role of diet in cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic liver and kidney diseases, diabetes, osteoporosis, obesity, and dental cavities. Major recommendations included: reducing fat intake to 30% or less of total calories, reducing saturated fat to less than 10% of calories, and reducing cholesterol to less than 300 milligrams daily; eating 5 or more half-cup servings per day of vegetables and fruits, especially green and yellow vegetables and citrus fruits; eating 6 or more servings daily of bread, cereals, and legumes, for a total of more than 55% of calories; eating no more than twice the recommended daily allowance of protein, and no more than 1.6 grams per day per kilogram of body weight; eating less than 6 grams a day of salt, limiting its use in cooking, avoiding it at the table, and consuming salty foods sparingly; and maintaining an adequate intake of calcium. Protein Proteins, composed of amino acids, are indispensable in the diet. They build, maintain, and repair the body. Best sources: eggs, milk, fish, meat, poultry, soybeans, nuts. High quality proteins such as eggs, meat, or fish supply all 8 amino acids needed in the diet. Fats Fats provide energy by furnishing calories to the body, and by carrying vitamins A, D, E, and K. They are the most concentrated source of energy in the diet. Best sources: butter, margarine, salad oils, nuts, cream, egg yolks, most cheeses, lard, meat. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates provide energy for body function and activity by supplying immediate calories. The carbohydrate group includes sugars, starches, fiber, and starchy vegetables. Best sources: grains, legumes, nuts, potatoes, fruits. Water Water dissolves and transports other nutrients throughout the body, aiding the processes of digestion, absorption, circulation, and excretion. It helps regulate body temperature. Vitamins Vitamin A--promotes good eyesight and helps keep the skin and mucous membranes resistant to infection. Best sources: liver, carrots, sweet potatoes, kale, collard greens, turnips, fortified milk. Vitamin B1 (thiamine)--prevents beriberi. Essential to carbohydrate metabolism and health of nervous system. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)--protects skin, mouth, eye, eyelids, and mucous membranes. Essential to protein and energy metabolism. Best sources: liver, milk, meat, poultry, broccoli, mushrooms. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)--important in the regulation of the central nervous system and in protein metabolism. Best sources: whole grains, meats, nuts, brewers' yeast. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)--needed to form red blood cells. Best sources: liver, meat, fish, eggs, soybeans. Niacin--maintains the health of skin, tongue, and digestive system. Best sources: poultry, peanuts, fish, organ meats, enriched flour and bread. Other B vitamins--biotin, choline, folic acid (folacin), inositol, PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid), pantothenic acid. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)--maintains collagen, a protein necessary for the formation of skin, ligaments, and bones. It helps heal wounds and mend fractures, and aids in resisting some types of virus and bacterial infections. Best sources: citrus fruits and juices, turnips, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, potatoes and sweet potatoes, tomatoes, cabbage. Vitamin D--important for bone development. Best sources: sunlight, fortified milk and milk products, fish-liver oils, egg yolks, organ meats. Vitamin E (tocopherol)--helps protect red blood cells. Best sources: vegetable oils, wheat germ, whole grains, eggs, peanuts, organ meats, margarine, green leafy vegetables. Vitamin K--necessary for formation of prothrombin, which helps blood to clot. Also made by intestinal bacteria. Best dietary sources: green leafy vegetables, tomatoes. Minerals Calcium--the most abundant mineral in the body, works with phosphorus in building and maintaining bones and teeth. Best sources: milk and milk products, cheese, and blackstrap molasses. Phosphorus--the 2d most abundant mineral, performs more functions than any other mineral, and plays a part in nearly every chemical reaction in the body. Best source: whole grains, cheese, milk. Iron--Necessary for the formation of myoglobin, which transports oxygen to muscle tissue, and hemoglobin, which transports oxygen in the blood. Best sources: organ meats, beans, green leafy vegetables, and shellfish. Other minerals--chromium, cobalt, copper, fluorine, iodine, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, potassium, selenium, sodium, sulfur, and zinc. Recommended Daily Dietary Allowances Food and Nutrition Board, Natl. Academy of Sciences--Natl. Research Council; 1989 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴� Fat Fat Fat Fat soluble soluble soluble soluble Age Weight Protein Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin (years) (lbs.) (grams) A1 D2 E3 K and sex group Fat Fat Fat Fat soluble soluble soluble soluble Age Weight Protein Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin group 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Infants to 5 13 13 375 7.5 3 5 mos. to 1 yr. 20 14/C>375 10 4 10 35 Children 1-3 29 16 400 10 6 15 4-6 44 24 500 10 7 20 Fat Fat Fat Fat soluble soluble soluble soluble Age Weight Protein Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin 15-18 145 59 1000 10 10 65 19-24 160 58 1000 10 10 70 25-50 174 63 1000 5 10 80 51+ 170 63 1000 5 10 80 Females 11-14 101 46 800 10 8 45 Fat Fat Fat Fat soluble soluble soluble soluble Age Weight Protein Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin Vitamin 51+ 143 50 800 5 8 65 1 Retinol equivalents. 2 Micrograms of cholecalciferol. 3 Milligrams alpha-tocopherol equivalents. 4 Niacin equivalents. EDUCATION Educational Attainment by Age, Race, and Sex (Number of persons in thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Race, age, and sex Years of school Years of school Years of school completed completed completed March 1988 All persons Less than high High school, 4 school, 4 years years 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� All races 18 to 24 years 26,060 5,627 11,254 25 years and over 151,616 36,114 58,940 25 to 34 years 42,970 5,836 17,889 35 to 44 years 34,682 4,841 13,200 45 to 54 years 23,795 5,230 9,860 Race, age, and sex Years of school Years of school Years of school completed completed completed March 1988 All persons Less than high High school, 4 school, 4 years years 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  55 to 64 years 21,642 7,024 8,580 65 years and over 28,527 13,183 9,412 Male, 25 years and 71,941 16,944 25,674 over Female, 25 years 79,676 19,171 33,266 and over White 18 to 24 years 21,552 4,400 9,295 25 years and over 131,092 29,282 51,795 Race, age, and sex Years of school Years of school Years of school completed completed completed March 1988 All persons Less than high High school, 4 school, 4 years years 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 25 years and over 131,092 29,282 51,795 25 to 34 years 36,148 4,613 15,052 35 to 44 years 29,783 3,804 11,339 45 to 54 years 20,448 4,099 8,645 55 to 64 years 19,074 5,672 7,854 65 years and over 25,639 11,095 8,905 Male, 25 years and 62,679 13,959 22,541 over Female, 25 years 68,414 15,323 29,255 Race, age, and sex Years of school Years of school Years of school completed completed completed March 1988 All persons Less than high High school, 4 school, 4 years years 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Female, 25 years 68,414 15,323 29,255 and over Black 18 to 24 years 3,619 1,065 1,627 25 years and over 15,929 5,838 5,914 25 to 34 years 5,272 1,029 2,446 35 to 44 years 3,700 841 1,563 45 to 54 years 2,501 969 969 55 to 64 years 2,074 1,175 580 Race, age, and sex Years of school Years of school Years of school completed completed completed March 1988 All persons Less than high High school, 4 school, 4 years years 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 55 to 64 years 2,074 1,175 580 65 years and over 2,383 1,824 357 Male, 25 years and 7,067 2,571 2,612 over Female, 25 years 8,863 3,267 3,302 and over Hispanic Origin1 18 to 24 years 2,665 1,106 1,040 25 years and over 9,940 4,874 2,815 Race, age, and sex Years of school Years of school Years of school completed completed completed March 1988 All persons Less than high High school, 4 school, 4 years years 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  25 to 34 years 3,785 1,449 1,239 35 to 44 years 2,624 1,157 823 45 to 54 years 1,488 820 386 55 to 64 years 1,142 749 240 65 years and over 903 701 126 Male, 25 years and 4,889 2,346 1,332 over Female, 25 years 5,051 2,528 1,482 and over Race, age, and sex Years of school Years of school Years of school completed completed completed March 1988 All persons Less than high High school, 4 school, 4 years years 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� and over 1 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Historical Summary of Public Elementary and Secondary Schools National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Education 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴� 1899-1900 1909-10 1919-20 1929- 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1899-1900 1909-10 1919-20 1929- 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Pupils and teachers (thousands) Total U.S. 75,995 90,492 104,512 121,7 population Population 5-17 21,573 24,009 27,556 31,41 years of age Percent aged 28.4 26.5 26.4 25.8 5-17 years Enrollment (thousands) Elementary and 15,503 17,814 21,578 25,67 secondary 1899-1900 1909-10 1919-20 1929- 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Percent pop. 71.9 74.2 78.3 81.7 5-17 enrolled Percent in high 3.3 5.1 10.2 17.1 schools High school 62 111 231 592 graduates Average school 144.3 157.5 161.9 172.7 term (in days) Total . . . . . . 678 880 instructional staff Teachers, librarians: 1899-1900 1909-10 1919-20 1929- 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� librarians: Men 127 110 93 140 Women 296 413 565 703 Percent men 29.9 21.1 14.1 16.6 Revenue & expenditures (millions) Total revenue $219 $433 $970 $2,08 Total 214 426 1,036 2,316 expenditures Current elem. 179 356 861 1,843 and secondary 1899-1900 1909-10 1919-20 1929- 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� and secondary Capital outlay 35 69 153 370 Interest on . . . . . . 18 92 school debt Other . . . . . . 3 9 Salaries and (Data in (Data in (Data in (Data pupil cost unadjusted unadjusted unadjusted unadj dollars) dollars) dollars) dolla Average annual $325 $485 $871 $1,42 teacher salary2 Expenditure per 2.83 4.71 9.91 19.03 capita total pop. 1899-1900 1909-10 1919-20 1929- 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Current 16.67 27.85 53.32 86.70 expenditure per pupil ADA3 1 Because of a modification of the scope, "current expenditures for elementary and secondary schools" data for 1959-60 and later years are not entirely comparable with data for prior years. 2 Includes supervisors, principals, teachers and other non-supervisory instructional staff. 3"ADA" means average daily attendance in elementary and secondary day schools. 4 Estimated. Fall Enrollment and Teachers in Full-time Day Schools Elementary and Secondary Day Schools, Fall 1988 National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Education; National Education Assn. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴� Local school districts total Total enrollment Pupils 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� United States 15,376 40,192,386 17.4 Alabama 129 724,751 18.7 Alaska 55 106,481 17.0 Arizona 238 574,890 18.2 Arkansas 329 436,387 15.7 California 1,077 4,618,120 22.7 Colorado 176 560,081 17.8 Connecticut 166 463,488 13.1 Delaware 19 96,678 16.4 District of Columbia 1 84,792 13.3 Florida 67 1,720,930 17.1 Georgia 186 1,107,994 18.5 Local school districts total Total enrollment Pupils 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Georgia 186 1,107,994 18.5 Hawaii 1 167,488 21.1 Idaho 115 214,615 20.6 Illinois 972 1,794,916 17.1 Indiana 303 960,994 17.8 Iowa 433 478,200 15.8 Kansas 304 426,596 15.2 Kentucky 177 637,627 17.8 Louisiana 66 786,683 18.2 Maine 210 212,902 14.6 Maryland 24 688,947 16.8 Massachusetts 359 823,428 13.7 Michigan 561 1,582,785 19.8 Minnesota 436 726,950 17.0 Mississippi 152 503,326 18.4 Missouri 544 806,639 15.9 Montana 549 152,191 15.8 Nebraska 862 269,434 15.0 Nevada 17 176,474 20.3 Local school districts total Total enrollment Pupils 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nevada 17 176,474 20.3 New Hampshire 170 169,413 16.2 New Jersey 602 1,080,871 13.6 New Mexico 88 292,425 18.5 New York 721 2,573,715 14.9 North Carolina 140 1,083,156 17.5 North Dakota 296 118,809 15.4 Ohio 613 1,778,544 17.6 Oklahoma 609 580,426 16.5 Oregon 304 461,752 18.4 Pennsylvania 501 1,659,714 15.9 Rhode Island 37 134,347 14.6 South Carolina 91 615,774 17.2 South Dakota 191 126,910 15.4 Tennessee 141 821,580 19.3 Texas 1,062 3,283,707 - Utah 40 431,119 24.5 Vermont 276 93,464 13.6 Virginia 136 982,393 16.1 Local school districts total Total enrollment Pupils 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Virginia 136 982,393 16.1 Washington 296 790,918 20.4 West Virginia 55 335,912 15.1 Wisconsin 430 774,857 16.0 Wyoming 49 97,793 14.6 Programs for the Handicapped Office of Special Educ. and Rehabilitative Services, U.S. Dept. of Education 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴� Type of Handicapped 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Number Served, in Number Served, in Number Serv Type of Handicapped 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Number Served, in Number Served, in Number Serv Thousands Thousands Thousands All conditions 4,198 4,255 4,298 Learning disabled 1,622 1,741 1,806 Speech impaired 1,135 1,131 1,128 Mentally retarded 786 757 727 Seriously 339 352 361 emotionally disturbed Hard of hearing and 75 73 72 deaf Orthopedically 58 57 56 Type of Handicapped 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Orthopedically 58 57 56 handicapped Visually handicapped 29 28 29 Deaf-blind 2 2 2 As Percent of Total As Percent of Total As Percent Enrollment Enrollment Enrollment All conditions 10.47 10.73 10.92 Learning disabled 4.05 4.39 4.59 Speech impaired 2.83 2.85 2.87 Mentally retarded 1.96 1.91 1.85 Seriously .85 .89 .92 Type of Handicapped 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Seriously .85 .89 .92 emotionally disturbed Hard of hearing and .19 .18 .18 deaf Orthopedically .14 .14 .14 handicapped Visually handicapped .07 .07 .07 Deaf-blind .01 .01 .01 Number of children 3 to 21 years old served annually in educational programs for the handicapped and percent of total public school enrollment. Note: Counts are based on reports from the 50 States, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico (i.e., figures from U.S. territories are not included). Percentages of total enrollment are based on the total annual enrollment of U.S. public schools, preprimary through 12th grade. Details may not add to totals because of rounding. 1 Less than .005. Federal Funds for Education, 1980-1990 U.S. Office of Management and Budget Federal funds obligated for programs administered by the Department of Education: Fiscal years 1980 to 1990 (In thousands of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1980 1982 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total $14,102,165 $15,069,598 $1 Elementary and secondary education 4,239,022 3,802,234 4, 1980 1982 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Elementary and secondary education 4,239,022 3,802,234 4, Grants for the disadvantaged 3,204,664 3,063,651 3, Special programs 788,918 524,730 54 Bilingual education 169,540 136,292 17 Indian education 75,900 77,561 70 School assistance in federally affected areas 812,873 457,227 60 Maintenance and operations 690,000 438,498 55 Construction 110,873 15,951 28 Disaster assistance 12,000 2,778 25 Other - - - Education for the handicapped 1,555,253 2,023,536 2, State grant programs 815,805 933,657 1, Early childhood education2 38,745 40,673 53 Special centers, projects, and research 55,075 35,057 54 Captioned films and media services 17,778 11,438 14 Personnel training 55,375 48,911 55 Handicapped rehabilitation Service and research 572,475 953,800 1, Vocational education and adult programs 1,153,743 751,118 95 1980 1982 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Vocational education and adult programs 1,153,743 751,118 95 Basic programs3 744,653 530,669 68 Consumer and homemaking 63,169 29,363 36 Program improvement and supportive services 162,512 91,650 11 State planning and advisory councils 13,423 8,800 11 Adult education, grants to States 153,724 90,636 99 Other 16,262 - - Postsecondary student financial assistance 5,108,534 6,584,012 7, Educational opportunity grants4 2,534378 2,546,167 3, Work-study 596,065 523,910 56 Direct student loans 322,749 193,686 19 Guaranteed student loans 1,597,877 3,297,776 3, Other student assistance programs 57,465 22,473 28 Direct aid to postsecondary institutions 277,068 284,467 31 Aid to minority and developing institutions 114,680 119,829 13 Special programs for the disadvantaged 147,389 150,238 16 Cooperative education 14,999 14,400 14 Higher education facilities 268,493 449,191 21 1980 1982 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Higher education facilities 268,493 449,191 21 Construction loans and insurance 35,362 38,690 54 Interest subsidy grants 24,626 23,759 23 College housing loans 208,505 386,742 13 Other higher education programs 34,927 38,226 82 International education and foreign languages 19,977 23,923 30 Fund for Improvement of Postsecondary Education 12,000 11,503 11 Other 2,950 2,800 39 Public Library services 101,218 80,074 10 Public Library services 66,451 60,000 65 Interlibrary cooperation - 11,520 15 Public Library construction - - 21 Research Libraries 5,992 5,760 6, Other 28,775 2,794 88 Payments to special institutions 273,860 251,570 24 American Printing House for the Blind 4,349 5,000 5, National Technical Institute for the Deaf 19,799 26,300 28 Gallaudet College 49,409 64,815 56 1980 1982 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Gallaudet College 49,409 64,815 56 Howard University 200,303 155,455 16 Departmental accounts 277,174 347,943 35 Educational research and improvement 51,415 61,550 57 Departmental management account 223,857 283,906 29 Other 1,875 2,290 1, Trust funds 27 197 17 1 Estimated. 2 Includes preschool incentive grants. 3 Includes programs of national significance and special programs for the disadvantaged. 4 Includes Pell Grants, Supplemental Education Opportunity Grants and State Student Incentive Grants, and Income Contingent Loans. - Data are not available or not applicable. NOTE: Because of rounding, details may not add to totals. Public Libraries World Almanac questionnaire (1990) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴� City No. bound Volumes Circulation Annual Acquisiti 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Akron, Oh.a (18) 1,200,677 1,953,376 NA Albuquerque, N.M.a (11) 610,502 2,283,512 $1,168,447 Anaheim, Cal.a (4) 383,000 1,361,538 611,212 Anchorage, Alas. (5) 395,700 1,099,780 662,790 Arlington, Tex. (5) 321,487 1,238,631 307,336 Atlanta, Ga. (33) 1,678,750 2,303,681 3,011,362 Baltimore, Md. (30) 2,289,857 1,532,279 2,418,089 Baton Rouge, La.a (10) 640,385 1,733,200 1,028,000 Birmingham, Ala.a (19) 1,092,285 2,072,444 916,174 Boston, Mass.a (25) 4,916,277 1,454,414 NA Buffalo, N.Y.a (53) 3,602,478 6,237,516 2,023,551 Charlotte, N.C. (19) 1,200,000 2,700,000 1,400,000 Cincinnati, Oh.a (39) 3,700,000 7,179,389 4,205,140 City No. bound Volumes Circulation Annual Acquisiti 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cincinnati, Oh.a (39) 3,700,000 7,179,389 4,205,140 Cleveland, Oh. (29) 2,261,043 4,550,994 4,588,427 Colorado Springs, Col. (13) 743,898 1,649,441 7,945,110 Columbus, Oh. (20) 1,600,000 4,100,000 4,475,615 Corpus Christi, Tex.a (4) 293,452 750,138 284,750 Dallas, Tex. (19) 2,409,864 4,364,027 17,201,527 Dayton, Oh. (19) 1,500,000 5,239,231 11,000,000 Denver, Col. (21) 2,239,106 3,396,268 1,856,485 Des Moines, Ia. (5) 487,444 1,246,350 292,163 Detroit, Mich. (25) 2,746,021 1,743,314 1,900,000 District of Columbiaa (25) 1,507,556 1,843,098 1,530,000 El Paso, Tex. (10) 600,000 1,300,000 3,500,000 Fairfax, Va. (22) 1,761,264 8,454,714 3,387,721 Ft. Worth, Tex. (10) 1,126,931 3,356,148 1,157,965 Fresno, Cal. (33) 1,007,199 1,930,588 449,265 Honolulu, Ha. (49) 2,310,843 6,454,824 2,886,133 Indianapolis, Ind. (21) 1,500,000 5,376,388 2,170,167 Jersey City, N.J.a (11) 744,383 395,266 447,465 Kansas City, Mo.a (14) 1,346,364 875,040 NA City No. bound Volumes Circulation Annual Acquisiti 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Kansas City, Mo.a (14) 1,346,364 875,040 NA Los Angeles, Cal.a (62) 5,663,240 10,382,321 4,469,364 Louisville, Ky.a (14) 903,084 3,084,620 979,836 Memphis, Tenn. (23) 1,700,000 2,700,000 3,228,007 Mesa, Ariz. (2) 517,012 2,301,346 954,245 Miami, Fla.a (28) 2,386,204 4,200,000 $2,200,000 Milwaukee, Wis.a (12) 2,051,114 3,382,982 1,360,814 Minneapolis, Minn. (14) 1,888,934 3,012,111 1,771,400 Mobile, Ala.a (5) 363,511 949,993 460,513 Nashville, Tenn.a (16) 608,346 1,945,454 871,515 New Orleans, La. (15) 1,039,264 1,159,303 750,063 New York, N.Y. (research) 9,189,489 - - Branches (81) 3,180,866 9,669,316 14,931,000 Brooklyn (58) 4,637,167 8,610,459 5,133,434 Queens (61) 5,500,000 11,320,000 5,500,000 Norfolk, Va. (11) 880,564 823,908 540,747 Oklahoma City, Okla. (11) 933,241 4,184,437 1,346,726 Oakland, Cal.a (16) 907,082 1,627,320 806,836 Omaha, Neb.a (10) 588,013 1,860,728 892,109 City No. bound Volumes Circulation Annual Acquisiti 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Omaha, Neb.a (10) 588,013 1,860,728 892,109 Philadelphia, Pa. (53) 3,458,700 4,800,000 6,200,000 Phoenix, Az. (10) 1,683,458 4,529,337 2,500,000 Pittsburgh, Pa. (18) 1,880,241 2,841,120 13,764,737 Portland, Ore. (15) 4,000,000 2,000,000 1,400,000 Richmond, Va. (10) 780,000 858,213 450,000 Rochester, N.Y. (11) 500,000 1,587,691 7,200,000 Sacramento, Cal. (24) 1,663,893 3,977,515 2,045,262 St. Louis, Mo. (18) 1,903,218 7,915,559 2,700,000 St. Paul, Minn. (12) 740,171 2,414,263 949,246 San Diego, Cal.a (31) 1,561,232 4,568,116 1,862,547 San Francisco, Cal.a (26) 1,749,129 2,470,091 NA Shreveport, La.a (19) 376,069 956,907 394,686 Syracuse, N.Y.a (8) 509,386 1,189,319 NA Tampa, Fla. (17) 1,100,600 3,200,000 1,800,000 Toledo, Oh.a (18) 1,500,000 4,400,000 NA Tucson, Ariz.a (15) 760,000 3,900,000 NA Tulsa, Okla. (20) 825,000 3,236,081 1,419,000 Wichita, Kan.a (12) 894,942 1,396,667 400,000 City No. bound Volumes Circulation Annual Acquisiti 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wichita, Kan.a (12) 894,942 1,396,667 400,000 Yonkers, N.Y. (3) 233,532 865,901 481,286 a Has not provided up-to-date information. Figure in parentheses denotes number of branches. NA Not available. Preprimary School Enrollment of Children 3 to 5 Years Old: 1970 to 1989 U.S. Bureau of the Census 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴� Number of Number of Number of Number of children children children children (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) 1970 1980 1985 1987 Number of Number of Number of Number of children children children children (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) 1970 1980 1985 1987 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Population, 10,877 9,284 10,733 10,872 3-5 years old Total Enrolled 4,075 4,878 5,865 5,932 1 Nursery 1,093 1,982 2,477 2,555 Kindergarten 2,982 2,896 3,388 3,377 White 3,414 3,994 4,757 4,748 Black 585 725 919 893 Hispanic NA 370 496 587 origin3 Number of Number of Number of Number of children children children children (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) 1970 1980 1985 1987 origin3 3 years old 454 857 1,035 1,022 4 years old 1,003 1,423 1,765 1,717 5 years old 2,617 2,598 3,065 3,192 Labor Force Status of Mother All races:2 1,345 2,480 3,306 3,422 With mother in labor force4 3 and 4 years 526 1,252 1,656 1,568 Number of Number of Number of Number of children children children children (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) 1970 1980 1985 1987 3 and 4 years 526 1,252 1,656 1,568 old 5 years old 818 1,229 1,649 1,854 Employed 1,246 2,256 2,999 3,180 Full-time 770 1,445 1,969 2,085 Mother not in 2,694 2,266 2,372 2,250 labor force Civilian noninstitutional population. Includes public and non-public nursery school and kindergarten programs. Excludes 5 year olds enrolled in elementary school. NA Not available. 1 Includes children with mothers whose labor force status is unknown and children with no mother present in household, not shown separately. 2 Includes other races not shown separately. 3 Person of Hispanic origin may be of any race. 4 Includes children with mothers who are unemployed, not shown separately. Characteristics of Private Elementary and Secondary Schools: 1986 National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Education. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴� Level of School Level of School Level of Scho Item Total Elementary Secondary Combined 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Number of schools 25,616 15,303 2,438 4,949 Percent Distribution Minority enrollment: Less than 5 percent 38.9 45.1 27.8 37.1 5 to 14 percent 22.4 19.8 36.1 23.4 Level of School Level of School Level of Scho Item Total Elementary Secondary Combined 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 5 to 14 percent 22.4 19.8 36.1 23.4 15 to 24 percent 10.6 7.7 14.4 11.6 25 to 49 percent 10.0 7.8 11.8 5.1 50 to 89 percent 9.9 9.2 4.4 18.2 90 percent or more 8.1 10.4 5.4 4.6 Annual tuition: Less than $500 13.0 18.8 4.8 5.4 $500 to $1,000 27.9 35.1 4.4 29.6 $1,001 to $1,500 26.4 29.1 34.4 22.7 $1,501 to $2,500 14.6 8.3 28.7 18.0 More than $2,500 18.2 8.8 27.8 24.4 Mean enrollment 234 218 541 211 Tuition and College Costs 1990-91 Based on the Peterson's Guides Annual Survey of Undergraduate Institutions, the average cost of tuition, mandatory fees, and college room and board at four-year private colleges is $11,269. The average cost at four-year public colleges is $4,711 for state residents and $7,582 for nonresidents. Two-year public colleges are the least expensive group of institutions; tuition and fees average $924 for state residents and $3,036 for nonresidents. Tuition and fees at two-year private colleges average $4,877. The most expensive four-year institutions, including tuition, mandatory fees, and college room and board, are Bennington College ($21,550); Sarah Lawrence College ($21,490); Barnard College ($21,344); Brandeis University ($21,289); Boston University ($21,105); Columbia University, School of Engineering and Applied Science ($21,062); Tufts University ($20,987); Bard College ($20,870); Brown University ($20,851); and Yale University ($20,820). Bennington College has the highest tuition of all four-year undergraduate institutions ($17,790). The least expensive are the U.S. service academies, which are all free. Public High School Graduation and Dropout Rates, 1988 National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Education 露컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Graduation Graduation Dropout Dropout rate rank rate rank 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 U.S. 72.6% 28.4% Ala. 74.1 (29) 25.9 (23) Alaska 69.8 (38) 31.2 (14) Ariz. 66.6 (44) 33.4 (8) Ark. 78.7 (15) 21.3 (37) Calif. 68.5 (41) 31.5 (11) Colo. 76.5 (24) 23.5 (28) Conn. 82.2 (9) 17.8 (43) Del. 69.8 (37) 30.2 (15) D.C. 60.2 (51) 39.8 (1) Fla. 63.0 (49) 27.0 (3) Ga. 63.4 (48) 26.6 (4) Hawaii 81.7 (10) 28.3 (42) Idaho 76.8 (23) 23.2 (29) Graduation Graduation Dropout Dropout rate rank rate rank 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Idaho 76.8 (23) 23.2 (29) Ill. 78.2 (16) 21.8 (36) Ind. 78.1 (17) 21.9 (35) Iowa 86.9 (3) 13.1 (49) Kan. 82.7 (8) 17.3 (44) Ky. 69.1 (39) 30.9 (13) La. 61.6 (50) 38.4 (2) Me. 77.7 (19) 22.3 (33) Md. 76.1 (26) 23.9 (26) Mass. 69.9 (36) 30.1 (16) Mich. 72.9 (33) 27.1 (19) Minn. 89.5 (1) 10.5 (51) Miss. 67.5 (43) 22.5 (9) Mo. 75.5 (27) 24.5 (25) Mont. 84.7 (6) 15.3 (46) Neb. 85.9 (5) 14.1 (47) Nev. 73.0 (32) 27.0 (20) N.H. 77.2 (21) 22.8 (31) Graduation Graduation Dropout Dropout rate rank rate rank 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 N.H. 77.2 (21) 22.8 (31) N.J. 80.4 (14) 19.6 (38) N.M. 73.4 (31) 26.6 (21) N.Y. 66.3 (45) 33.7 (7) N.C. 68.0 (42) 32.0 (10) N.D. 88.3 (2) 11.7 (50) Ohio 76.4 (25) 23.6 (27) Okla. 74.0 (30) 26.0 (22) Ore. 71.7 (34) 28.3 (18) Penn. 81.1 (13) 18.9 (39) R.I. 70.5 (35) 29.5 (17) S.C. 65.2 (46) 34.8 (6) S.D. 86.7 (4) 13.3 (48) Tenn. 68.6 (40) 31.4 (12) Tex. 64.9 (47) 35.1 (5) Utah 81.3 (11) 18.7 (41) Vt. 81.2 (12) 18.8 (40) Va. 74.6 (28) 25.4 (24) Graduation Graduation Dropout Dropout rate rank rate rank 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Va. 74.6 (28) 25.4 (24) Wash. 78.0 (18) 22.0 (34) W.V. 76.8 (22) 23.2 (30) Wis. 83.3 (7) 16.7 (45) Wyo. 77.5 (20) 22.5 (32) College Enrollment and Labor Force Status of Recent High School Graduates and Dropouts Bureau of Labor Statistics 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total Total Total School enrollment Civilian Labor force Unemployment rate Total Total Total School enrollment Civilian Labor force Unemployment rate status noninstitutional participation rate population (1,000) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1978 High school 3,178 64.5 13.8 graduates Enrolled in 1,593 42.9 13.0 college Not enrolled in 1,585 86.3 14.0 college High school 839 68.8 27.6 dropouts 1988 Total Total Total School enrollment Civilian Labor force Unemployment rate status noninstitutional participation rate population (1,000)  High school 2,673 62.7 13.5 graduates Enrolled in 1,575 47.4 11.6 college Not enrolled in 1,098 84.7 15.1 college High school 552 59.2 26.7 dropouts A record 59 percent of high school graduates in 1988 were enrolled in college by October 1988.The percentage of high school graduates going on to college has risen nearly 10 percent over the past decade. The college enrollment rate of black high school graduates (45 percent) has remained below that of whites (61 percent) and hispanics (57 percent). About 100,000 graduates not in college were enrolled in at least one vocational education course. These courses include secretarial, trade, or technical classes. Institutions of Higher Education-Charges: 1970 to 1990 National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Education. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴� Tuition and Tuition and Tuition and Required Fees Required Fees Required Fees Academic Control All institutions 2-yr. colleges 4-yr. universi and year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Public: Tuition and Tuition and Tuition and Required Fees Required Fees Required Fees Academic Control All institutions 2-yr. colleges 4-yr. universi and year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1970 $323 $178 $427 1975 432 277 599 1980 583 355 840 1985 971 584 1,386 1989 1,285 730 1,846 1990 est. 1,367 758 2,006 Private: 1970 1,533 1,034 1,809 Tuition and Tuition and Tuition and Required Fees Required Fees Required Fees Academic Control All institutions 2-yr. colleges 4-yr. universi and year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1970 1,533 1,034 1,809 1975 2,117 1,367 2,614 1980 3,130 2,062 3,811 1985 5,314 3,485 6,843 1989 7,461 4,817 9,451 1990 est. 8,174 5,324 10,400 Data are for the entire academic year ending in year shown. Figures for 1970 are average charges for full-time resident degree-credit students; figures for later years are average charges per full-time equivalent student. Room and board are based on full-time students. Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) Mean Scores and Characteristics of College Bound Seniors: 1970 to 1989 College Entrance Examination Board (For school year ending in year shown) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴� Type of Test and Characteristic Unit 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Test Scores1 Verbal, total1 Point 460 434 424 424 426 42 Male Point 459 437 428 430 431 43 Female Point 461 431 420 418 421 42 Math, total2 Point 488 472 466 466 467 47 Male Point 509 495 491 492 493 49 Type of Test and Characteristic Unit 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Male Point 509 495 491 492 493 49 Female Point 465 449 443 443 443 44 Participants Total NA NA 996 992 994 989 96 Male Percent NA 49.9 48.2 48.0 48.1 48 White Percent NA 86.0 82.1 81.9 81.7 80 Black Percent NA 7.9 9.1 9.0 8.9 9. Obtaining scores1 of-600 or above: Verbal Percent NA 7.9 7.2 7.0 7.1 7. Math Percent NA 15.6 15.1 14.4 15.3 17 Below 400: Verbal Percent NA 37.8 41.8 41.6 40.2 40 Math Percent NA 28.5 30.2 29.5 29.5 29 NA Not available. 1 Minimum score, 200; maximum score, 800. 2 1967 and 1970 are estimates based on total number of persons taking SAT. American College Testing (ACT) Program Mean Scores and Characteristics of College-Bound Students: 1970 to 1989 The American College Testing Program Data for academic year ending in year shown. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코� Type of Test and Mean Test Scores1 Unit 1970 197 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Composite Point 19.9 18. Male Point 20.3 19. Female Point 19.4 17. English Point 18.5 17. Male Point 17.6 17. Female Point 19.4 18. Math Point 20.0 17. Male Point 21.1 19. Female Point 18.8 16. Social Studies Point 19.7 17. Type of Test and Mean Test Scores1 Unit 1970 197 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Social Studies Point 19.7 17. Male Point 20.3 18. Female Point 19.0 16. Natural Science Point 20.8 21. Male Point 21.6 22. Female Point 20.0 20. Participants Total 1,000 788 714 Male Percent 52 46 White Percent (NA) 77 Black Percent 4 7 Obtaining composite scores of- Obtaining composite scores of- 26 or above Percent 14 14 15 or below Percent 21 33 (NA) Not available. 1 Minimum score, 1; maximum score, 36. 2 Test scores and characteristics of college-bound students based on a 10% sample through 1984. Begining in 1985, these data are now based on the performance of all ACT-tested students who graduated in the spring of a given school year and who took the ACT Assessment during junior or senior year of high school. College Faculty Salaries and Benefits: 1970-1989 Annual Report on the Economic Status of the Profession, American Assn. of University Professors (thousands of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴� Type of control and academic rank 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Average Salaries Public: All ranks 13.1 16.6 22.1 23.9 26.2 28.6 29.4 Professor 17.3 21.7 28.8 31.0 33.7 36.0 37.1 Associate professor 13.2 16.7 21.9 23.4 25.7 27.5 28.4 Assistant professor 10.9 13.7 18.0 19.2 21.2 22.6 23.5 Instructor 9.1 11.2 14.8 15.1 16.7 17.7 19.1 Type of control and academic rank 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Instructor 9.1 11.2 14.8 15.1 16.7 17.7 19.1 Private:1 All ranks 13.1 16.6 22.1 24.4 26.8 29.2 31.1 Professor 17.8 22.4 30.1 32.7 35.8 38.8 41.5 Associate professor 12.6 16.0 21.0 23.1 25.4 27.5 29.4 Assistant professor 10.3 13.0 17.0 18.4 20.4 22.1 23.7 Instructor 8.6 10.9 13.3 14.4 15.9 17.6 18.4 Average fringe benefits All ranks combined: Public 1.9 2.5 3.9 4.7 5.1 5.4 6.0 Private1 2.2 2.8 4.1 4.9 5.4 5.7 6.4 [lsqb ]For academic year ending in year shown. Figures are for 9 months teaching for full-time faculty members in four-year colleges and universities.[rsqb ] 1 Excludes church-related colleges and universities. College Freshmen Attitudes Six out of every seven college freshmen believe that "the federal government is not doing enough to control environmental pollution," according to the 24th annual survey of entering college freshmen conducted jointly by the Univ. of California at Los Angeles's Higher Education Research Inst. and the American Council on Education. For the 5th consecutive year, student concern for the environment increased, with 86.3 percent of freshmen endorsing the statement in 1989, compared with 83.9 percent in 1988 and 80.9 percent in 1987. Support for legalized abortion, which has remained fairly stable (between 53 and 59 percent) since 1977, jumped sharply between the 1988 and 1989 surveys, from 57.0 to 64.7 percent. Survey results also suggest a growing tendency toward greater student activism. The share of freshmen who participated in organized demonstrations during the year prior to entering college reached a high of 36.7 percent, which is greater than the percentages observed during the late 1960s. At the same time, the percentage of freshmen who said that there is a "very good chance" that they will participate in student protests or demonstrations in college also reached an all-time high of 6.3 percent, up from 5.4 percent in 1988 and 4.7 percent in 1967. An all-time high of 44.1 percent of students reported that it is a "very important" goal for them to "influence social values." Almost one-fourth of the students cited participation in community action programs as a very important goal, up from 18.5 percent in 1986, while 35.3 percent cited "helping to promote racial understanding" as an important goal, up from 27.2 percent in 1986. A record high of 19.9 percent of freshmen reported "influencing the political structure" as a major goal. Support for legislation prohibiting homosexual behavior dropped to 45.4 percent in 1989, down from 49.0 in 1988. Support for a national health care plan to cover health care costs increased sharply to 75.8 percent, compared to 60.5 percent in 1985. Considering a question asked for the first time, 78.2 percent of students endorsed greater governmental efforts to control the sale of handguns. Support for the abolition of the death penalty continued its sharp decline, with 21.3 percent opposing the penalty, compared to 23.0 in 1988 and 57.6 percent in 1971. Students' aspirations for advanced degrees reached a record high of 59.6 percent in 1989, up from 48.8 percent in 1980. At the same time, the numbers of students who say that "to prepare for graduate or professional school" is a major reason for attending college reached an all-time high of 51.5 percent. The 1989 national survey involves questionnaires completed by 295,966 new freshmen entering 587 two-and four-year colleges and universities. Of these, 216,362 questionnaires from 403 institutions were used to compute the 1989 national norms, which were statistically adjusted to represent the nation's total population of approximately 1.6 million first-time, full-time entering students. first-time, full-time entering students. METEOROLOGY National Weather Service Watches and Warnings National Weather Service, NOAA, U.S. Commerce Department; Glossary of Meteorology, American Meteorological Society National Weather Service forecasters issue a Tornado Watch for a specific area where tornadoes are most likely to occur during the valid time of the watch. A Watch alerts people to check for threatening weather, make plans for action, and listen for a Tornado Warning. A Tornado Warning means that a tornado has been sighted or indicated by radar, and that safety precautions should be taken at once. A Hurricane Watch means that an existing hurricane poses a threat to coastal and inland communities in the area specified by the Watch. A Hurricane Warning means hurricane force winds and/or dangerously high water and exceptionally high waves are expected in a specified coastal area within 24 hours. Tornado--A violent rotating column of air in contact with the ground and pendant from a thundercloud, usually recognized as a funnel-shaped vortex accompanied by a loud roar. With rotating winds est. up to 300 mph., on a local scale, it is the most destructive storm. Tornado paths have varied in length from a few feet to nearly 300 miles (avg. 5 mi.); diameter from a few feet to over a mile (average 220 yards); average forward speed, 30 mph. Cyclone--An atmospheric circulation of winds rotating counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. Tornadoes, hurricanes, and the lows shown on weather maps are all examples of cyclones having various sizes and intensities. Cyclones are usually accompanied by precipitation or stormy weather. Hurricane--A severe cyclone originating over tropical ocean waters and having winds 74 miles an hour or higher. (In the western Pacific, such storms are known as typhoons.) The area of strong winds takes the form of a circle or an oval, sometimes as much as 500 miles in diameter. In the lower latitudes hurricanes usually move toward the west or northwest at 10 to 15 mph. When the center approaches 25 deg to 30 deg North Latitude, direction of motion often changes to northeast, with increased forward speed. Blizzard--A severe weather condition characterized by strong winds bearing a great amount of snow. The National Weather Service specifies a wind of 35 miles an hour or higher, and sufficient falling and/or blowing snow to reduce visibility to less than 1/4 of a mile for a duration of three hours or longer. Severe Thunderstorm--A thunderstorm with winds of 58 mph. or greater and/or hail three-fourths of an inch or larger in diameter. Flood--The condition that occurs when water overflows the natural or artificial confines of a stream or other body of water, or accumulates by drainage over low-lying areas. National Weather Service Marine Warnings and Advisories Small Craft Advisory: A Small Craft Advisory alerts mariners to sustained (exceeding two hours) weather and/or sea conditions either present or forecast, potentially hazardous to small boats. Hazardous conditions may include winds of 18 to 33 knots and/or dangerous wave or inlet conditions. It is the responsibility of the mariner, based on his experience and size or type of boat, to determine if the conditions are hazardous. When a mariner becomes aware of a Small Craft Advisory, he should immediately obtain the latest marine forecast to determine the reason for the Advisory. Gale Warning indicates that winds within the range 34 to 47 knots are forecast for the area. Tropical Storm Warning indicates that winds of 34 to 63 knots are forecast in a specified coastal area in 24 hours or less. Only issued for winds produced by tropical weather systems. Storm Warning indicates that winds 48 knots and above, no matter how high the speed, are forecast for the area. Hurricane Warning indicates that winds 64 knots and above are forecast for the area. Only issued for winds produced by tropical weather systems. Special Marine Warning: A warning for potentially hazardous weather conditions, usually of short duration (2 hours or less) and producing wind speeds of 34 knots or more, not adequately covered by existing marine warnings. Primary sources of dissemination are commercial radio, TV, U.S. Coast Guard Radio stations, and NOAA VHF-FM broadcasts. These broadcasts on 162.40 to 162.55 MHz can usually be received 20-40 miles from the transmitting antenna site, depending on terrain and quality of the receiver used. Where transmitting antennas are on high ground, the range is somewhat greater, reaching 60 miles or more. Speed of Winds in the U.S. Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce Miles per hour -- average through 1989. High through 1989. Wind velocities in true values. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Station Avg. High 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Albuquerque, N.M. 9.0 90 Anchorage, Alas. 6.9 75 Atlanta, Ga. 9.1 60 Baltimore, Md. 9.2 80 Bismarck, N.D. 10.2 (b)72 Boston, Mass. 12.5 61 Buffalo, N.Y. 12.0 91 Cape Hatteras, N.C. 11.2 (b)110 Casper, Wyo. 12.9 81 Chicago, Ill. 10.3 58 Cleveland, Oh. 10.6 (b)74 Dallas, Tex. 10.9 73 Denver, Col. 8.7 (b)56 Detroit, Mich. 10.3 48 Galveston, Tex. 11.0 (d)100 Station Avg. High 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Galveston, Tex. 11.0 (d)100 Helena, Mont. 7.7 73 Honolulu, Ha. 11.4 (b)67 Houston, Tex. 7.9 51 Indianapolis, Ind. 9.6 46 Jacksonville, Fla. 8.0 (b)82 Kansas City, Mo. 10.7 70 Lexington, Ky. 9.3 46 Little Rock, Ark. 7.9 65 Los Angeles, Cal. 6.2 49 Louisville, Ky. 8.3 61 Memphis, Tenn. 8.9 46 Miami, Fla. 9.3 (a)74 Milwaukee, Wis. 11.6 54 Minneapolis, Minn. 10.6 (b)92 Mobile, Ala. 9.0 63 Mt. Washington, N.H. 35.3 231 New Orleans, La. 8.2 (b)98 New York, N.Y.(c) 9.4 70 Station Avg. High 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� New York, N.Y.(c) 9.4 70 Omaha, Neb. 10.6 109 Philadelphia, Pa. 9.5 73 Phoenix, Ariz. 6.3 86 Pittsburgh, Pa. 9.1 58 Portland, Ore. 7.9 88 St. Louis, Mo. 9.7 (b)60 Salt Lake City, Ut. 8.8 71 San Diego, Cal. 6.9 56 San Francisco, Cal. 8.7 47 Seattle, Wash. 9.0 66 Spokane, Wash. 8.9 59 Washington, D.C. 9.3 78 a Highest velocity ever recorded in Miami area was 132 mph, at formerstation in Miami Beach in September, 1926. b Previous location. c Datafor Central Park, Battery Place data through 1960, avg. 14.5, high 113.d Recorded before anemometer blew away. Estimated high 120. The Meaning of "One Inch of Rain" An acre of ground contains 43,560 square feet. Consequently, a rainfall of 1 inch over 1 acre of ground would mean a total of 6,272,640 cubic inches of water. This is equivalent of 3,630 cubic feet. As a cubic foot of pure water weights about 62.4 pounds, the exact amount varying with the density, it follows that the weight of a uniform coating of 1 inch of rain over 1 acre of surface would be 226,512 pounds, or about 113 short tons. The weight of 1 U.S. gallon of pure water is about 8.345 pounds. Consequently a rainfall of 1 inch over 1 acre of ground would mean 27,143 gallons of water. Tides and Their Causes NOAA, National Ocean Service, U.S. Department of Commerce The tides are a natural phenomenon involving the alternating rise and fall in the large fluid bodies of the earth caused by the combined gravitational attraction of the sun and moon. The combination of these two variable force influences produces the complex recurrent cycle of the tides. Tides may occur in both oceans and seas, to a limited extent in large lakes, the atmosphere, and, to a very minute degree, in the earth itself. The period between succeeding tides varies as the result of many factors and force influences. The tide-generating force represents the difference between (1) the centrifugal force produced by the revolution of the earth around the common center-of-gravity of the earth-moon system and (2) the gravitational attraction of the moon acting upon the earth's overlying waters. Since, on the average, the moon is only 238,852 miles from the earth compared with the sun's much greater distance of 92,956,000 miles, this closer distance outranks the much smaller mass of the moon compared with that of the sun, and the moon's tide-raising force is, accordingly, 2[frac15] times that of the sun. The effect of the tide-generating forces of the moon and sun acting tangentially to the earth's surface (the so-called "tractive force") tends to cause a maximum accumulation of the waters of the oceans at two diametrically opposite positions on the surface of the earth and to withdraw compensating amounts of water from all points 90 deg removed from the positions of these tidal bulges. As the earth rotates beneath the maxima and minima of these tide-generating forces, a sequence of two high tides, separated by two low tides, ideally is produced each day. Twice in each lunar month, when the sun, moon, and earth are directly aligned, with the moon between the earth and the sun (at new moon) or on the opposite side of the earth from the sun (at full moon), the sun and the moon exert their gravitational force in a mutual or additive fashion. Higher high tides and lower low tides are produced. These are called spring tides. At two positions 90 deg in between, the gravitational forces of the moon and sun -- imposed at right angles --tend to counteract each other to the greatest extent, and the range between high and low tides is reduced. These are called neap tides. This semi-monthly variation between the spring and neap tides is called the phase inequality. The inclination of the moon's orbit to the equator also produces a difference in the height of succeeding high tides and in the extent of depression of succeeding low tides which is known as the diurnal inequality. In extreme cases, this phenomenon can result in only one high tide and one low tide each day. The actual range of tide in the waters of the open ocean may amount to only one or two feet. However, as this tide approaches shoal waters and its effects are augmented the tidal range may be greatly increased. In Nova Scotia along the narrow channel of the Bay of Fundy, the range of tides or difference between high and low waters, may reach 431/2 feet or more (under spring tide conditions) due to resonant amplification. At New Orleans, the periodic rise and fall of the tide varies with the state of the Mississippi, being about 10 inches at low stage and zero at high. The Canadian Tide Tables for 1972 gave a maximum range of nearly 50 feet at Leaf Basin, Ungava Bay, Quebec. In every case, actual high or low tide can vary considerably from the average, due to weather conditions such as strong winds, abrupt barometric pressure changes, or prolonged periods of extreme high or low pressure. The Average Rise and Fall of Tides 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Places Ft. In. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Baltimore, Md. 1 1 Boston, Mass. 9 6 Charleston, S.C. 5 3 Cristobal, Panama 1 11 Eastport, Me. 18 4 Galveston, Tex. 1 51 Halifax, N.S. 4 5 Key West, Fla. 1 101 Mobile, Ala. 1 61 New London, Conn. 2 7 Newport, R.I. 3 6 New York, N.Y. 4 7 Old Pt. Comfort, Va. 2 6 Philadelphia, Pa. 6 2 Portland, Me. 9 1 St. John's, Nfld. 2 7 Places Ft. In. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� St. John's, Nfld. 2 7 San Diego, Cal. 5 91 Sandy Hook, N.J. 4 8 San Francisco, Cal. 5 101 Savannah, Ga. 7 5 Seattle, Wash. 11 41 Tampa, Fla. 2 101 Vancouver, B.C. 10 61 Washington, D.C. 2 9 1 Diurnal range. Hurricane Names in 1991 U.S. government agencies responsible for weather and related communications have used girls' names to identify major tropical storms since 1953. A U.S. proposal that both male and female names be adopted for hurricanes, starting in 1979, was accepted by a committee of the World Meteorological Organization. Names assigned to Atlantic hurricanes, 1991 -- Ana, Bob, Claudette, Danny, Elena, Fabian, Gloria, Henri, Isabel, Juan, Kate, Larry, Mindy, Nicholas, Odette, Peter, Rose, Sam, Teresa, Victor, Wanda. Names assigned to Eastern Pacific hurricanes, 1991 -- Andres, Blanca, Carlos, Dolores, Enrique, Fefa, Guillermo, Hilda, Ignacio, Jimena, Kevin, Linda, Marty, Nora, Olaf, Pauline, Rick, Sandra, Terry, Vivian, Waldo. Hurricane Hotlines When tropical storms or hurricanes threaten, you will be able to get updates on the telephone from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Recorded messages will identify areas under a hurricane watch or warning, the location of the storm, its forecast movement and wind speeds and tidal effects. Two Hurricane Hotlines will be set up, one to be activated when hurricanes or tropical storms threaten the Eastern and Gulf Coast states, another for Hawaii. The number for the East Coast hot line is (900) 410-6622 (or NOAA). For Hawaii, the number is (900) 410-2263 (or CANE). Callers will be billed 50 cents for the first minute and 45 cents for each additional minute. The average call is expected to cost about 85 cents. Explanation of Normal Temperatures Normal temperatures listed in the tables on pages 242 and 243 are based on records of the National Weather Service for the 30-year period from 1951-1980 inclusive. To obtain the average maximum or minimum temperature for any month, the daily temperatures are added; the total is then divided by the number of days in that month. The normal maximum temperature for January, for example, is obtained by adding the average maximums for Jan., 1951, Jan., 1952, etc., through Jan., 1980. The total is then divided by 30. The normal minimum temperature is obtained in a similar manner by adding the average minimums for each January in the 30-year period and dividing by 30. The normal temperature for January is one half of the sum for the normal maximum and minimum temperatures for that month. The mean temperature for any one day is one-half the total of the maximum and minimum temperatures for that day. Monthly Normal Temperature and Precipitation Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코� Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. May Station T. P. T. P. T. P. T. P. T. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Albany, N.Y. 21 2.4 23 2.3 34 3.0 47 2.9 58 Albuquerque, N.M. 35 0.4 39 0.4 46 0.5 55 0.4 64 Anchorage, Alas. 13 0.8 18 0.9 24 0.7 35 0.7 46 Asheville, N.C. 37 3.5 39 3.6 46 5.1 56 3.8 63 Atlanta, Ga. 42 4.9 45 4.4 53 5.9 62 4.4 69 Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. May Station T. P. T. P. T. P. T. P. T. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Atlantic City, N.J. 34 3.3 35 3.2 42 3.7 51 3.1 60 Baltimore, Md. 33 3.0 35 3.0 43 3.7 54 3.4 63 Barrow, Alas. -14 0.2 -20 0.2 -16 0.2 -2 0.2 19 Birmingham, Ala. 42 5.2 46 4.7 54 6.6 63 5.0 70 Bismarck, N.D. 7 0.5 15 0.5 26 0.7 43 1.5 55 Boise, Ida. 30 1.6 36 1.1 41 1.0 49 1.2 57 Boston, Mass. 30 4.0 31 3.7 38 4.1 49 3.7 59 Buffalo, N.Y. 24 3.0 25 2.4 33 3.0 45 3.0 56 Burlington, Vt. 17 1.9 18 1.7 29 2.2 43 2.8 55 Caribou, Me. 11 2.4 13 2.1 24 2.4 37 2.6 50 Charleston, S.C. 49 3.3 51 3.4 57 4.4 66 2.6 73 Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. May Station T. P. T. P. T. P. T. P. T. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Detroit, Mich. 23 1.9 26 1.7 35 2.5 47 3.2 58 Dodge City, Kan. 30 0.5 35 0.5 42 1.5 54 1.8 64 Duluth, Minn. 6 1.2 12 0.9 23 1.8 38 2.2 50 Eureka, Cal.* 47 7.0 49 5.2 48 5.1 49 2.9 52 Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. May Station T. P. T. P. T. P. T. P. T. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Juneau, Alas. 22 3.7 28 3.7 31 3.3 39 2.9 46 Kansas City, Mo. 26 1.0 32 1.0 42 2.1 55 2.7 65 Knoxville, Tenn. 38 4.7 42 4.2 50 5.5 60 3.9 67 Lander, Wyo. 20 0.5 26 0.6 32 1.1 42 2.2 53 Lexington, Ky. 32 3.6 35 3.3 44 4.8 55 4.0 64 Little Rock, Ark. 40 3.9 44 3.8 52 4.7 62 5.4 71 Los Angeles, Cal.* 57 3.7 59 3.0 60 2.4 62 1.2 65 Louisville, Ky. 33 3.4 36 3.2 45 4.7 57 4.1 65 Marquette, Mich.* 12 2.0 14 1.9 23 2.8 37 3.6 50 Memphis, Tenn. 40 4.6 44 4.3 52 5.4 63 5.8 71 Miami, Fla. 67 2.1 68 2.1 72 1.9 75 3.1 79 Milwaukee, Wis. 19 1.6 23 1.3 32 2.6 45 3.4 55 Minneapolis, Minn. 11 0.8 18 0.9 29 1.7 46 2.1 59 Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. May Station T. P. T. P. T. P. T. P. T. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� New Orleans, La. 52 5.0 55 5.2 61 4.7 69 4.5 75 New York, N.Y.* 32 3.2 33 3.1 41 4.2 53 3.8 62 Nome, Alas. 9 0.8 3 0.5 7 0.6 18 0.6 36 Norfolk, Va. 40 3.7 41 3.3 49 3.9 58 2.9 67 Okla. City, Okla. 36 1.0 41 1.3 49 2.1 60 2.9 68 Omaha, Neb. 19 0.8 25 0.9 35 1.9 50 2.9 62 Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. May Station T. P. T. P. T. P. T. P. T. Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. May Station T. P. T. P. T. P. T. P. T. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� St. Louis, Mo. 29 1.7 34 2.1 43 3.3 56 3.6 66 Salt Lake City, Ut. 29 1.4 34 1.3 41 1.7 49 2.2 59 San Antonio, Tex. 50 1.6 54 1.9 62 1.3 70 2.7 76 San Diego, Cal. 57 2.1 58 1.4 59 1.6 61 0.8 63 San Francisco, Cal. 49 4.7 52 3.2 53 2.6 55 1.5 58 San Juan, P.R. 77 3.0 77 2.0 78 2.3 80 3.6 79 Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.* 13 2.2 14 1.7 24 2.0 38 2.4 50 Savannah, Ga. 49 3.1 52 3.2 58 3.8 66 3.2 73 Seattle, Wash. 39 6.0 43 4.2 44 3.6 49 2.4 55 Spokane, Wash. 26 2.5 32 1.6 38 1.4 46 1.1 54 Springfield, Mo. 32 1.6 36 2.1 45 3.4 56 4.0 65 Syracuse, N.Y. 23 2.6 24 2.7 33 3.1 46 3.3 57 Tampa, Fla. 60 2.2 61 3.0 66 3.5 72 1.8 77 Washington, D.C 31 2.8 34 2.6 42 3.4 53 3.1 62 Wilmington, Del. 31 3.1 33 3.0 42 3.9 52 3.4 62 These normals are based on records for the 30-year period 1951 to1980 inclusive. (See explanation on page 241.) For stations that didnot have continuous records from the same instrument site for the entire30 years, the means have been adjusted to the record at the present site. Airport station; *city office stations. T, temperature in Fahrenheit; P, precipitation in inches; L, less than .05 inch. Normal Temperatures, Highs, Lows, Precipitation Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Normal temperature Normal temperature N State Station January January J Max. Min. M 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alabama Mobile 61 41 9 Alabama Montgomery 57 36 9 Alaska Juneau 27 16 6 Normal temperature Normal temperature N State Station January January J Max. Min. M 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alaska Juneau 27 16 6 Arizona Phoenix 65 39 1 Arkansas Little Rock 50 30 9 California Los Angeles* 67 48 8 California San Francisco 55 42 7 Colorado Denver 43 16 8 Connecticut Hartford 34 17 8 Delaware Wilmington 39 23 8 Dist. of Col. Washington 43 28 8 Florida Jacksonville 65 42 9 Florida Key West 72 66 8 Florida Miami 75 59 8 Georgia Atlanta 51 33 8 Hawaii Honolulu 80 65 8 Idaho Boise 37 23 9 Illinois Chicago 29 14 8 Indiana Indianapolis 34 18 8 Normal temperature Normal temperature N State Station January January J Max. Min. M 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Indiana Indianapolis 34 18 8 Iowa Des Moines 27 10 8 Iowa Dubuque 24 7 8 Kansas Wichita 40 19 9 Kentucky Louisville 41 24 8 Louisiana New Orleans 62 43 9 Maine Portland 31 12 7 Maryland Baltimore 41 24 8 Massachusetts Boston 36 23 8 Michigan Detroit 31 16 8 Michigan Sault Ste. Marie* 21 5 7 Minnesota Minn.-St. Paul 20 2 8 Mississippi Jackson 57 35 9 Missouri St. Louis 38 20 8 Montana Helena 28 8 8 Nebraska Omaha 30 10 8 Nevada Las Vegas 45 33 1 Normal temperature Normal temperature N State Station January January J Max. Min. M 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nevada Las Vegas 45 33 1 New Hampshire Concord 31 9 8 New Jersey Atlantic City 41 23 8 New Mexico Albuquerque 47 22 9 New Mexico Roswell 55 27 9 New York Albany 30 12 8 New York New York-La Guardia 37 26 8 No. Carolina Charlotte 50 31 8 No. Carolina Raleigh 50 29 8 No. Dakota Bismarck 18 -4 8 Ohio Cincinnati-Greater 37 20 8 Ohio Cleveland 33 19 8 Oklahoma Oklahoma City 47 25 9 Oregon Portland 44 34 8 Pennsylvania Harrisburg 37 22 8 Pennsylvania Philadelphia 39 24 8 Rhode Island Block Island 37 25 7 Normal temperature Normal temperature N State Station January January J Max. Min. M 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rhode Island Block Island 37 25 7 So. Carolina Charleston 59 37 8 So. Dakota Huron 22 0 8 So. Dakota Rapid City 32 9 8 Tennessee Nashville 46 28 9 Texas Amarillo 49 22 9 Texas Galveston* 59 48 8 Texas Houston 62 41 9 Utah Salt Lake City 37 20 9 Vermont Burlington 25 8 8 Virginia Norfolk 48 32 9 Washington Seattle-Tacoma 44 34 7 Washington Spokane 31 20 8 West Virginia Huntington 41 25 8 Wisconsin Madison 25 7 8 Wisconsin Milwaukee 26 11 8 Wyoming Cheyenne 37 15 8 Normal temperature Normal temperature N State Station January January J Max. Min. M 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wyoming Cheyenne 37 15 8 Puerto Rico San Juan 83 70 8 These normals are based on records for the thirty-year period 1951-1980.(See explanation on page 241.) The extreme temperatures (through 1989) arelisted for the stations shown and may not agree with the states recordsshown on page 245-246. Airport stations; * designates city office stations.The minus (-) sign indicates temperatures below zero. Fahrenheitthermometer registration. Mean Annual Snowfall (inches) based on record through 1980: Boston,Mass. 42; Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., 113; Albany, N.Y. 65.2; Rochester,N.Y. 89.2; Burlington, Vt., 78.6; Cheyenne, Wyo., 53.3; Juneau, Alas.105.8. Wettest Spot: Mount Waialeale, Ha., on the island of Kauai,is the rainiest place in the world, according to the National GeographicSociety, with an average annual rainfall of 460 inches. Highest Temperature: A temperature of 136 deg F. observed atAzizia, Tripolitania in Northern Africa on Sept. 13, 1922, is generallyaccepted as the world's highest temperature recorded under standardconditions. The record high in the United States was 134 deg in DeathValley, Cal., July 10, 1913. Lowest Temperature: A record low temperature of -128.6 deg F.was recorded at the Soviet Antarctica station Vostok on July 21, 1983. The record low in the United States was -80 deg at Prospect Creek,Alas., Jan. 23, 1971. The lowest official temperature on the NorthAmerican continent was recorded at 81 degrees below zero in February, 1947,at a lonely airport in the Yukon called Snag. These are the meteorologicalchampions--the official temperature extremes--but there are plenty of otherclaimants to thermometer fame. However, sun readings are unofficialrecords, since meteorological data to qualify officially must be taken oninstruments in a sheltered and ventilated location. Annual Climatological Data Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴� Temp Temp Temp Temp Precip deg F deg F deg F deg F tion1 1989 Station Elev. ft. Highest Date Lowest Date Total (in.) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Albany, N.Y. 275 93 8/4 -15 12/24 39.67 Albuquerque, 5311 103 6/19 5 2/6 4.99 N.M. Anchorage, 114 82 7/2 -30 1/29 27.55 Temp Temp Temp Temp Precip deg F deg F deg F deg F tion1 1989 Station Elev. ft. Highest Date Lowest Date Total (in.) Alas. Asheville, N.C. 2140 90 8/5 1 12/23 60.63 Atlanta, Ga. 1010 95 7/29 6 12/24 63.31 Baltimore, Md. 148 94 7/23 4 12/23 51.88 Barrow, Alas. 31 - - -- - - Birmingham, 678 96 8/25 1 12/23 53.71 Temp Temp Temp Temp Precip deg F deg F deg F deg F tion1 1989 Station Elev. ft. Highest Date Lowest Date Total (in.)  Bismarck, N.D. 1647 103 7/8 -35 12/19 11.33 Boise, Ida. 2838 108 7/7 -15 2/5 10.44 Boston, Mass. 15 96 7/26 4 12/23 42.42 Buffalo, N.Y. 705 90 7/25 -4 12/27 41.16 Burlington, Vt. 332 94 7/27 -18 12/24 36.03 Charleston, 40 98 8/6 14 12/25 55.72 S.C. Temp Temp Temp Temp Precip deg F deg F deg F deg F tion1 1989 Station Elev. ft. Highest Date Lowest Date Total (in.) S.C. Charleston, W. 939 93 8/4 -12 12/23 57.97 Va. Chicago, Ill. 658 101 7/10 -14 12/21 29.45 Cincinnati, Oh. 869 95 7/11 -20 12/22 49.61 Cleveland, Oh. 777 96 7/10 -15 12/22 43.90 Columbus, Oh. 812 94 7/11 -17 12/22 43.76 Temp Temp Temp Temp Precip deg F deg F deg F deg F tion1 1989 Station Elev. ft. Highest Date Lowest Date Total (in.)  Concord, N.H. 342 95 7/27 -20 12/24 38.23 Dallas, Tex. 551 101 9/3 -1 12/23 39.95 Denver, Co. 5283 103 7/8 -24 2/5 15.47 Des Moines, Ia. 938 99 7/10 -22 12/23 29.14 Detroit, Mich. 633 92 7/10 -9 12/22 29.26 Dodge City, 2582 100 8/4 -21 12/22 20.95 Kan. Temp Temp Temp Temp Precip deg F deg F deg F deg F tion1 1989 Station Elev. ft. Highest Date Lowest Date Total (in.) Kan. Duluth, Minn. 1428 92 8/4 -30 2/3 26.29 Fairbanks, 436 87 7/8 -51 1/30 10.43 Alas. Fresno, Cal. 328 107 7/7 24 2/7 6.91 Galveston, Tex. 7 96 9/3 14 12/23 40.59 Grand Rapids, 784 91 8/3 -11 12/23 33.90 Temp Temp Temp Temp Precip deg F deg F deg F deg F tion1 1989 Station Elev. ft. Highest Date Lowest Date Total (in.) Mich. Hartford, Conn. 169 95 7/26 -9 12/24 54.61 Helena, Mont. 3828 98 7/20 -33 2/4 12.49 Honolulu, Ha. 7 92 8/11 56 12/16 27.52 Houston, Tex. 96 99 9/4 7 12/23 52.73 Huron, S.D. 1281 101 7/5 -28 12/22 14.50 Temp Temp Temp Temp Precip deg F deg F deg F deg F tion1 1989 Station Elev. ft. Highest Date Lowest Date Total (in.) Indianapolis, 792 94 6/25 -23 12/22 50.57 Ind. Jackson, Miss. 291 98 8/28 4 12/23 52.55 Jacksonville, 26 98 7/10 20 12/25 51.45 Fla. Kansas City, 1014 99 7/7 -23 12/23 37.64 Temp Temp Temp Temp Precip deg F deg F deg F deg F tion1 1989 Station Elev. ft. Highest Date Lowest Date Total (in.) Little Rock, 257 99 8/27 -1 12/23 49.25 Ark. Los Angeles, 97 102 4/6 35 2/6 4.19 Cal. Louisville, Ky. 477 94 7/11 -15 12/22 50.97 Marquette, 1415 91 8/4 -22 3/2 29.53 Temp Temp Temp Temp Precip deg F deg F deg F deg F tion1 1989 Station Elev. ft. Highest Date Lowest Date Total (in.) Memphis, Tenn. 258 98 8/29 -4 12/22 58.89 Miami, Fla. 7 97 8/16 30 12/25 42.63 Milwaukee, Wis. 672 95 7/9 -15 12/21 30.30 Minneapolis, 834 97 7/5 -24 2/3 23.32 Minn. Temp Temp Temp Temp Precip deg F deg F deg F deg F tion1 1989 Station Elev. ft. Highest Date Lowest Date Total (in.) Nashville, 590 96 7/26 -10 12/22 57.03 Tenn. Newark, N.J. 7 99 7/26 7 12/23 53.99 New Orleans, 4 99 8/27 11 12/23 67.46 La. New York, N.Y. 132 96 7/26 6 12/23 65.11 Temp Temp Temp Temp Precip deg F deg F deg F deg F tion1 1989 Station Elev. ft. Highest Date Lowest Date Total (in.) Oklahoma City, 1285 100 9/1 -8 12/23 40.89 Okla. Omaha, Neb. 997 100 8/4 -23 12/22 23.80 Philadelphia, 5 94 9/10 6 12/22 48.66 Pa. Phoenix, Ariz. 1110 118 7/4 33 2/7 4.94 Pittsburgh, Pa. 1137 94 7/25 -12 12/22 42.51 Temp Temp Temp Temp Precip deg F deg F deg F deg F tion1 1989 Station Elev. ft. Highest Date Lowest Date Total (in.)  Portland, Me. 43 95 7/26 -13 12/24 41.55 Portland, Ore. 21 93 6/24 9 2/5+11 30.05 Providence, 51 92 7/27 2 12/23 56.06 R.I. Raleigh, N.C. 434 96 7/11 7 12/25 54.15 Rapid City, 3162 110 7/8 -29 12/22 13.57 S.D. Temp Temp Temp Temp Precip deg F deg F deg F deg F tion1 1989 Station Elev. ft. Highest Date Lowest Date Total (in.)  Reno, Nev. 4404 100 7/19 -16 2/7 7.34 Richmond, Va. 164 96 7/11 7 12/25 49.74 Rochester, N.Y. 547 94 7/25 -4 12/14 32.66 St. Louis, Mo. 535 98 7/10 -16 12/22 28.60 Salt Lake City, 4221 104 7/20 -14 2/6 10.87 Ut. San Antonio, 788 106 7/19 6 12/23 22.14 Temp Temp Temp Temp Precip deg F deg F deg F deg F tion1 1989 Station Elev. ft. Highest Date Lowest Date Total (in.) San Antonio, 788 106 7/19 6 12/23 22.14 Tex. San Diego, Cal. 13 100 9/25 37 1/9 3.83 San Francisco, 8 98 6/22 31 2/6 11.35 Cal. Sault Ste. 721 92 7/23 -22 12/21 25.89 Marie, Mich. Temp Temp Temp Temp Precip deg F deg F deg F deg F tion1 1989 Station Elev. ft. Highest Date Lowest Date Total (in.)  Seattle, Wash. 400 91 9/22 7 2/4 34.69 Shreveport, La. 254 98 8/28 5 12/23 60.90 Sioux City, Ia. 1095 102 7/9 -24 12/23 19.39 Spokane, Wash. 2356 97 8/7 -11 2/2 14.71 Springfield, 1268 94 8/27 -16 12/23 31.50 Mo. Syracuse, N.Y. 410 92 8/4 -14 12/24 36.93 Temp Temp Temp Temp Precip deg F deg F deg F deg F tion1 1989 Station Elev. ft. Highest Date Lowest Date Total (in.) Syracuse, N.Y. 410 92 8/4 -14 12/24 36.93 Tampa, Fla. 19 97 5/31 24 12/24 43.63 Washington, 10 97 9/10 -4 12/25 44.34 D.C. Wilmington, 74 96 7/26 4 12/23 49.77 *To get partly cloudy days deduct the total of clear and cloudydays from 365 (1 yr.). T--trace. 1 Date shown is the starting dateof the storm (in some cases it lasted more than one day). Record Temperatures by States Through 1989 Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Commerce Department 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴� State Lowest degF Highest Latest date Station 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alabama -27 Jan. 30, 1966 New Market 112 Sept. 5, 1925 Centerville Alaska -80 Jan. 23, 1971 Prospect Creek C 100 June 27, 1915 Fort Yukon Arizona -40 Jan. 7, 1971 Hawley Lake 127 July 7, 19051 Parker Arkansas -29 Feb. 13, 1905 Pond 120 Aug. 10, 1936 Ozark State Lowest degF Highest Latest date Station 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  120 Aug. 10, 1936 Ozark California -45 Jan. 20, 1937 Boca 134 July 10, 1913 Greenland Ranch Colorado -61 Feb. 1, 1985 Maybell 118 July 11, 1888 Bennett Connecticut -32 Feb. 16, 1943 Falls Village 105 July 22, 1926 Waterbury Delaware -17 Jan. 17, 1893 Millsboro 110 July 21, 1930 Millsboro Dist. of Col. -15 Feb. 11, 1899 Washington 106 July 20, 1930 Washington Florida -2 Feb. 13, 1899 Tallahassee 109 June 29, 1931 Monticello Georgia -17 Jan. 27, 1940 CCC Camp F-16 112 Jul. 24, 1952 Louisville Hawaii 12 May 17, 1979 Mauna Kea 100 Apr. 27, 1931 Pahala Idaho -60 Jan. 16, 1943 Island Park Dam 118 July 28, 1934 Orofino State Lowest degF Highest Latest date Station 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  118 July 28, 1934 Orofino Illinois -35 Jan. 22, 1930 Mount Carroll 117 July 14, 1954 E. St. Louis Indiana -35 Feb. 2, 1951 Greensburg 116 July 14, 1936 Collegeville Iowa -47 Jan. 12, 1912 Washta 118 July 20, 1934 Keokuk Kansas -40 Feb. 13, 1905 Lebanon 121 July 24, 19361 Alton (near) Kentucky -34 Jan. 28, 1963 Cynthiana 114 July 28, 1930 Greensburg Louisiana -16 Feb. 13, 1899 Minden 114 Aug. 10, 1936 Plain Dealing Maine -48 Jan. 19, 1925 Van Buren 105 July 10, 19111 North Bridgton Maryland -40 Jan. 13, 1912 Oakland 109 July 10, 19361 Cumberland and F Massachusetts -35 Jan. 12, 1981 Chester 107 Aug. 2, 1975 Chester and New State Lowest degF Highest Latest date Station 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  107 Aug. 2, 1975 Chester and New Michigan -51 Feb. 9, 1934 Vanderbilt 112 July 13, 1936 Mio Minnesota -59 Feb. 16, 19031 Pokegama Dam 114 July 6, 19361 Moorhead Mississippi -19 Jan. 30, 1966 Corinth 115 July 29, 1930 Holly Springs Missouri -40 Feb. 13, 1905 Warsaw 118 July 14, 19541 Warsaw and Union Montana -70 Jan. 20, 1954 Rogers Pass 117 July 5, 1937 Medicine Lake Nebraska -47 Feb. 12, 1899 Camp Clarke 118 July 24, 19361 Minden Nevada -50 Jan. 8, 1937 San Jacinto 122 June 23, 19541 Overton New Hampshire -46 Jan. 28 1925 Pittsburgh 106 July 4, 1911 Nashua New Jersey -34 Jan. 5, 1904 River Vale 110 July 10, 1936 Runyon State Lowest degF Highest Latest date Station 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  110 July 10, 1936 Runyon New Mexico -50 Feb. 1, 1951 Gavilan 116 July 14, 19341 Orogrande New York -52 Feb. 18, 1979 Old Forge 108 July 22, 1926 Troy North Carolina -34 Jan. 21, 1985 Mt. Mitchell 110 Aug. 21, 1983 Fayetteville North Dakota -60 Feb. 15, 1936 Parshall 121 July 6, 1936 Steele Ohio -39 Feb. 10, 1899 Milligan 113 July 21, 19341 Gallipolis (near Oklahoma -27 Jan. 18, 1930 Watts 120 July 26, 19431 Tishmoningo Oregon -54 Feb. 10, 19331 Seneca 119 Aug. 10, 1938 Pendleton Pennsylvania -42 Jan. 5, 1904 Smethport 111 July 10, 19361 Phoenixville Rhode Island -23 Jan. 11, 1942 Kingston 104 Aug. 2, 1975 Providence State Lowest degF Highest Latest date Station 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  104 Aug. 2, 1975 Providence South Carolina -19 Jan. 21, 1985 Caesar's Head 111 June 28, 19541 Camden South Dakota -58 Feb. 17, 1936 McIntosh 120 July 5, 1936 Gannvalley Tennessee -32 Dec. 30, 1917 Mountain City 113 Aug. 9, 19301 Perryville Texas -23 Feb. 8, 1933 Seminole 120 Aug. 12, 1936 Seymour Utah -69 Feb. 1, 1985 Peter's Sink 117 Jul. 5, 1985 Saint George Vermont -50 Dec. 30, 1933 Bloomfield 105 July 4, 1911 Vernon Virginia -30 Jan. 22, 1985 Mtn. Lake Bio. S 110 July 15, 1954 Balcony Falls Washington -48 Dec. 30, 1968 Mazama -48 Dec. 30, 1968 Winthrop 1,765 118 Aug. 5, 19611 Ice Harbor Dam West Virginia -37 Dec. 30, 1917 Lewisburg State Lowest degF Highest Latest date Station 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� West Virginia -37 Dec. 30, 1917 Lewisburg 112 July 10, 19361 Martinsburg Wisconsin -54 Jan. 24, 1922 Danbury 114 July 13, 1936 Wisconsin Dells Wyoming -63 Feb. 9, 1933 Moran 114 July 12, 1900 Basin 1 Also on earlier dates at the same or other places. International Temperature and Precipitation Environmental Data Service, U.S. Commerce Department 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴� Temperature F deg Temperature F de Temperature F deg Temperature F de Average Daily Average Daily January January Station Elev. Ft. Max. Min. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 8,038 75 43 Algiers, Algeria 194 59 49 Amsterdam, Netherlands 5 40 34 Athens, Greece 351 54 42 Auckland, New Zealand 23 73 60 Bangkok, Thailand 53 89 67 Beirut, Lebanon 111 62 51 Belgrade, Yugoslavia 453 37 27 Temperature F deg Temperature F de Average Daily Average Daily January January Station Elev. Ft. Max. Min. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 8,038 75 43 Belgrade, Yugoslavia 453 37 27 Berlin, Germany 187 35 26 Bogota, Colombia 8,355 67 48 Bombay, India 27 88 62 Bucharest, Romania 269 33 20 Budapest, Hungary 394 35 26 Buenos Aires, Argentina 89 85 63 Temperature F deg Temperature F de Average Daily Average Daily January January Station Elev. Ft. Max. Min. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 8,038 75 43  Cairo, Egypt 381 65 47 Capetown, South Africa 56 78 60 Caracas, Venezuela 3,418 75 56 Casablanca, Morocco 164 63 45 Copenhagen, Denmark 43 36 29 Damascus, Syria 2,362 53 36 Dublin, Ireland 155 47 35 Temperature F deg Temperature F de Average Daily Average Daily January January Station Elev. Ft. Max. Min. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 8,038 75 43 Dublin, Ireland 155 47 35 Geneva, Switzerland 1,329 39 29 Havana, Cuba 80 79 65 Hong Kong 109 64 56 Istanbul, Turkey 59 45 36 Jerusalem, Israel 2,654 55 41 Lagos, Nigeria 10 88 74 Temperature F deg Temperature F de Average Daily Average Daily January January Station Elev. Ft. Max. Min. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 8,038 75 43  La Paz, Bolivia 12,001 63 43 Lima, Peru 394 82 66 London, England 149 44 35 Madrid, Spain 2,188 47 33 Manila, Philippines 49 86 69 Mexico City, Mexico 7,340 66 42 Moscow, U.S.S.R. 505 21 9 Temperature F deg Temperature F de Average Daily Average Daily January January Station Elev. Ft. Max. Min. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 8,038 75 43 Moscow, U.S.S.R. 505 21 9 Nairobi, Kenya 5,971 77 54 Oslo, Norway 308 30 20 Paris, France 164 42 32 Prague, Czechoslovakia 662 34 25 Reykjavik, Iceland 92 36 28 Rome, Italy 377 54 39 Temperature F deg Temperature F de Average Daily Average Daily January January Station Elev. Ft. Max. Min. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 8,038 75 43  San Salvador, El Salvador 2,238 90 60 Santiago, Chile 1,706 85 53 Sao Paolo, Brazil 2,628 77 63 Shanghai, China 16 47 32 Singapore 33 86 73 Stockholm, Sweden 146 31 23 Sydney, Australia 62 78 65 Temperature F deg Temperature F de Average Daily Average Daily January January Station Elev. Ft. Max. Min. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 8,038 75 43 Sydney, Australia 62 78 65 Teheran, Iran 3,937 45 27 Tokyo, Japan 19 47 29 Tripoli, Libya 72 61 47 Vienna, Austria 664 34 26 Warsaw, Poland 294 30 21 A standard period of 30 years has been used to obtain the average dailymaximum and minimum temperatures and precipitation. The length of record ofextreme maximum and minimum temperatures includes all available years ofdata for a given location and is usually for a longer period. Record Maximum 24-Hour Precipitation by State Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce (through 1989) 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 State Precip. (inches) Date Station Elevation (feet) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ala. 20.33 4/13/55 Axis 36 Alas. 15.20 10/12/82 Angoon 15 Ariz. 11.40 9/4-5/70 Workman Creek 6,970 Ark. 14.06 12/3/82 Big Fork 1,100 Cal. 26.12 1/22-23/43 Hoegees Camp 2,760 State Precip. (inches) Date Station Elevation (feet) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cal. 26.12 1/22-23/43 Hoegees Camp 2,760 Colo. 11.08 6/17/65 Holly 3,390 Conn. 12.77 8/19/55 Burlington 460 Del. 8.50 7/13/75 Dover 30 Fla. 38.70 9/5/50 Yankeetown 5 Ga. 18.00 8/28/11 St. George 77 Ha. 38.00 1/24-25/56 Kilauea Plantation 180 Id. 7.17 11/23/09 Rattlesnake Creek 4,000 Ill. 16.54 6/14-15/57 East St. Louis 410 Ind. 10.50 8/6/05 Princeton 480 Ia. 16.70 8/5-6/59 Decatur Co. 1,110 Kan. 12.59 5/31-6/1/41 Burlington 1,010 Ky. 10.40 6/28/60 Dunmor 610 La. 22.00 8/28-29/62 Hackberry 10 Me. 8.05 9/11/54 Brunswick 70 Md. 14.75 7/26-27/97 Jewell 152 Mass. 18.15 8/18-19/55 Westfield 220 Mich. 9.78 8/31-9/1/14 Bloomingdale 750 Minn. 10.84 7/21-22/72 Fort Ripley 1,140 State Precip. (inches) Date Station Elevation (feet) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Minn. 10.84 7/21-22/72 Fort Ripley 1,140 Miss. 15.68 7/9/68 Columbus 190 Mo. 18.18 7/20/65 Edgarton 850 Mont. 11.50 6/20/21 Circle 2,440 Neb. 13.15 7/8-9/50 York 1,610 Nev. 7.40 3/19/07 Lewer's Ranch 5,200 N.H. 10.38 2/10-11/70 Mount Washington 6,260 N.J. 14.81 8/19/39 Tuckerton 20 N.M. 11.28 5/18-19/55 Lake Maloya 7,400 N.Y. 11.17 10/9/03 NYC Central Park 130 N.C. 22.22 7/15-16/16 Altapass 2,600 N.D. 8.10 6/29/75 Litchville 1,470 Ohio 10.51 7/12/66 Sandusky 610 Okla. 15.50 9/3-4/40 Sapulpa 740 Ore. 10.17 12/21/15 Glenora 575 Pa. 34.50* 7/17/42 Smethport 1,510 R.I. 12.13 9/16-17/32 Westerly 40 S.C. 13.25 7/14-15/16 Effingham 110 S.D. 8.00 9/10/00 Elk Point 1,127 State Precip. (inches) Date Station Elevation (feet) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 S.D. 8.00 9/10/00 Elk Point 1,127 Tenn. 11.00 3/28/02 McMinnville 900 Texas 43.00* 7/25-26/79 Alvin 50 Utah 6.00* 9/5/70 Bug Point 6,600 Vt. 8.77 11/3-4/27 Somerset 2,080 Va. 27.00* 8/20/69 Nelson Co. est. 500 Wash. 12.00 1/21/35 Quinault R.S. 220 W.Va. 19.00* 7/18/89 Rockport 700 Wis. 11.72 6/24/46 Mellen 1,150 Wyo. 6.06 8/1/85 Cheyenne 6,126 *Estimated Wind Chill Table National Weather Service, NOAA, U.S. Commerce Department 露컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴코� 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 MPH 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 5 33 27 21 16 12 7 0 -5 -10 -15 -21 -26 -31 -36 -42 10 22 16 10 3 -3 -9 -15 -22 -27 -34 -40 -46 -52 -58 -64 15 16 9 2 -5 -11 -18 -25 -31 -38 -45 -51 -58 -65 -72 -78 20 12 4 -3 -10 -17 -24 -31 -39 -46 -53 -60 -67 -74 -81 -88 25 8 1 -7 -15 -22 -29 -36 -44 -51 -59 -66 -74 -81 -88 -96 30 6 -2 -10 -18 -25 -33 -41 -49 -56 -64 -71 -79 -86 -93 -10 35 4 -4 -12 -20 -27 -35 -43 -52 -58 -67 -74 -82 -89 -97 -10 40 3 -5 -13 -21 -29 -37 -45 -53 -60 -69 -76 -84 -92 -100 -10 45 2 -6 -14 -22 -30 -38 -46 -54 -62 -70 -78 -85 -93 -102 -10 (Wind speeds greater than 45 mph havelittle additional chilling effect.) Both temperature and wind cause heat loss from body surfaces. Acombination of cold and wind makes a body feel colder than the actualtemperature. The table shows, for example, that a temperature of 20degrees Fahrenheit, plus a wind of 20 miles per hour, causes a body heatloss equal to that in minus 10 degrees with no wind. In other words,the wind makes 20 degrees feel like minus 10. Top line of figures shows actual temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit.Column at left shows wind speeds. Heat Index 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴� Air Air Air Air Temperature* Temperature* Temperature* Temperature* 70 75 80 85 Relative Apparent Apparent Apparent Apparent Humidity Temperature* Temperature* Temperature* Temperature* 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Air Air Air Air Temperature* Temperature* Temperature* Temperature* 70 75 80 85 Relative Apparent Apparent Apparent Apparent Humidity Temperature* Temperature* Temperature* Temperature* 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 0% 64 69 73 78 10% 65 70 75 80 20% 66 72 77 82 30% 67 73 78 84 40% 68 74 79 86 50% 69 75 81 88 60% 70 76 82 90 70% 70 77 85 93 Air Air Air Air Temperature* Temperature* Temperature* Temperature* 70 75 80 85 Relative Apparent Apparent Apparent Apparent Humidity Temperature* Temperature* Temperature* Temperature* 70% 70 77 85 93 80% 71 78 86 97 90% 71 79 88 102 100% 72 80 91 108 The index is a measure of the contribution that high humidity makeswith abnormally high temperatures in reducing the body's ability tocool itself. For example, the index shows that for an actual airtemperature of 100 degrees Fahrenheit and a relative humidity of 50percent, the effect on the human body would be same as 120 degrees.Sunstroke and heat exhaustion are likely when the heat index reaches105. This index is a measure of what hot weather "feels like"to the average person for various temperatures and relative humidities. *Degrees Fahrenheit. Average Relative Humidity (%) Natl. Climatic Data Center, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce (M-morning; A-afternoon; through 1989) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴� Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. M A M A M A M A 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mobile, Ala. 81 60 81 56 84 55 87 52 Juneau, Alas. 79 76 83 74 82 67 81 63 Phoenix, Ariz. 67 32 60 27 56 24 43 16 Little Rock, Ark. 80 61 80 59 79 56 82 56 Los Angeles, Calif. 63 50 71 52 74 52 78 54 Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. M A M A M A M A 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Los Angeles, Calif. 63 50 71 52 74 52 78 54 San Francisco, Calif. 81 63 83 63 81 61 82 61 Denver, Colo. 63 49 67 44 67 40 67 35 Hartford, Conn. 71 56 72 54 71 50 69 45 Wilmington, Del. 75 60 75 57 73 52 73 50 Dist. of Colo. 77 59 78 55 78 51 77 48 Jacksonville, Fla. 87 57 86 53 86 50 86 48 Miami, Fla. 84 59 83 57 82 56 80 53 Atlanta, Ga. 78 59 75 54 77 51 78 49 Columbus, Ga. 84 59 83 54 85 52 85 48 Honolulu, Ha. 81 62 79 59 73 57 70 56 Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. M A M A M A M A 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Louisville, Ky. 76 64 77 62 75 57 75 52 New Orleans, La. 85 66 84 63 84 60 88 59 Portland, Me. 76 61 76 58 75 58 73 55 Baltimore, Md. 71 57 71 54 71 50 71 49 Boston, Mass. 66 57 67 56 68 56 68 55 Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. M A M A M A M A Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. M A M A M A M A 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Buffalo, N.Y. 79 72 80 70 80 65 77 57 New York-LaGuardia, N.Y. 65 57 65 55 66 53 66 50 Charlotte, N.C. 78 56 76 52 79 50 78 46 Bismarck, N.D. 74 68 77 68 80 63 79 51 Cleveland, Ohio 77 69 78 68 78 63 76 57 Oklahoma City, Okla. 78 59 78 58 75 52 76 51 Eugene, Ore. 92 80 92 72 91 64 90 57 Portland, Ore. 86 75 86 67 86 60 86 55 Philadelphia, Pa. 73 59 71 55 71 52 70 49 Pittsburgh, Pa. 75 65 74 62 74 57 72 50 Providence, R.I. 70 56 70 54 70 52 69 48 Charleston, S.C. 83 55 81 52 83 51 83 49 Huron, S.D. 74 67 79 69 83 66 83 55 Memphis, Tenn. 78 63 78 60 76 56 78 53 Nashville, Tenn. 79 63 79 60 78 53 80 51 Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. M A M A M A M A 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Salt Lake City, Ut. 79 69 77 59 70 47 66 39 Burlington, Vt. 71 63 73 62 74 58 74 53 Norfolk, Va. 74 59 74 57 74 54 73 50 Seattle-Tacoma, Wash. 81 74 80 67 82 62 83 57 Huntington, W.Va. 77 65 77 62 75 54 76 49 Milwaukee, Wis. 75 68 77 67 79 65 78 61 Cheyenne, Wyo. 57 50 61 48 65 46 67 41 San Juan, P.R. 81 64 80 62 77 60 75 62 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Anchorage, Alas. 68.5 Bettles, Alas. 78.8 Cold Bay, Alas. 61.6 Fairbanks, Alas. 65.5 Homer, Alas. 57.9 Juneau, Alas. 98.2 Kodiak, Alas. 76.5 McGrath, Alas. 90.6 Nome, Alas. 56.1 St. Paul Is., Alas. 56.5 Talkeetna, Alas. 109.0 Valdez, Alas. 308.0 Yakutat, Alas. 204.6 Flagstaff, Ariz. 96.4 Blue Canyon, Calif. 240.8 Mt. Shasta, Calif. 104.9 Denver, Colo. 59.8 South Bend, Ind. 72.2 Caribou, Me. 111.5 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Caribou, Me. 111.5 Portland, Me. 70.7 Blue Hill, Mass. 59.8 Worcester, Mass. 68.6 Alpena, Mich. 86.3 Grand Rapids, Mich. 72.2 Houghton Lake, Mich. 76.9 Marquette, Mich. 126.0 Muskegon, Mich. 98.4 Sault St. Marie, Mich. 116.4 Duluth, Minn. 77.1 Intl. Falls, Minn. 61.5 Billings, Mont. 57.2 Great Falls, Mont. 59.7 Kalispell, Mont. 64.2 Concord, N.H. 63.8 Mt. Washington, N.H. 254.8 Albany, N.Y. 64.3 Binghamton, N.Y. 82.3 Buffalo, N.Y. 91.7 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Buffalo, N.Y. 91.7 Rochester, N.Y. 88.9 Syracuse, N.Y. 110.5 Youngstown, Ohio 56.2 Sexton Summit, Ore. 97.8 Erie, Pa. 85.8 Salt Lake City, Ut. 57.9 Burlington, Vt. 77.1 Stampede Pass, Wash. 432.4 Beckley, W.Va. 61.2 Elkins, W.Va. 74.3 Casper, Wyo. 80.1 Lander, Wyo. 103.9 Sheridan, Wyo. 71.6 The following are among the "snowiest" places in the U.S.: ENVIRONMENT Environmental Quality Index Feb.-Mar. 1990 issue of National Wildlife magazine In 1990, National Wildlife magazine published the twenty-second in its series of annual reports on the environment. For those concerned with the environment, 1989 was a year of disillusionment, symbolized by the worst oil-spill disaster in American history, the 11 million gallon spill into Alaska's Prince William Sound on March 24. The continuing environmental irresponsibility of 1989, according to the report, was heightened by a litany of broken laws and broken promises. Wildlife: Though in many areas of the U.S. wildlife continued to suffer from lingering effects of the 1988 drought, many elk and deer herds in the West were unnaturally large, due to a succession of mild winters. In Yellowstone National Park, a needed boost for the grizzly population was expected as the bears could prey on the elk in the area, which would also help to cull the large herds. In coastal waters off New England, record low numbers of several fish species such as cod and haddock were attributed to overharvesting. Also near an all-time low was North America's waterfowl population. Though late spring rains replenished drought-ravaged wetlands, drainage of wetlands by farmers was the highest in 20 years, despite "Swampbuster" provisions in the 1985 U.S. Farm Act. The Alaskan oil spill brought about the deaths of tens of thousands of seabirds, and hundreds of eagles and sea otters. According to a General Accounting Office study of the National Wildlife Refuge System, areas intended as sanctuary for animals were threatened by pollution, development, military exercises, and recreational activity. Air: The problems concerning the quality of air did not ease, although the summer of 1989 was milder than that of the previous year. It was reported that 2.6 billion pounds of poisons were released into the air by American industry. Of the 320 toxicants emitted, 60 of them were cancer-causing, enough to provide 10 pounds of poison for every person in the U.S. In 1989, 81 U.S. cities still failed to meet long-mandated standards for air quality, including the regulation of tiny bits of solid matter emitted into the air that remain dangerous to health. The EPA failed to enact and enforce progressively tougher standards for air quality, as required by the Clean Air Act. Some measures were being considered by Congress to place stringent national controls on auto emissions, similiar to those in effect in California. Water: Coastal waters and beaches still faced trouble in 1989. Beaches in New Jersey and other Atlantic Coast states continued to report high bacteria counts from raw sewage and trash. Only 200 of 700 miles of shoreline coated with oil from the Exxon Valdez were treated by Exxon. Faced with water supply worries, East Coast officials initiated conservation tactics similar to those used in the arid West. The EPA reported that more than 15,600 wastewater treatment plants had water quality or public health problems. The agency estimated the cost for bringing the faulty systems up to standards at $83.5 billion. The EPA also reported in 1989 that 10% of the nation's lakes, rivers and coastal areas were contaminated by toxic chemicals and metals dangerous to aquatic life, increasing the risk of human cancer from eating such fish. A study of sport fish taken from the Great Lakes reported that nine out of ten fish were tainted with levels of toxic chemicals, while one in four contained levels regarded as harmful to humans. Surface waters continued to be polluted by toxic chemicals entering from the air or runoff from farms and city streets. Forests: The controversy surrounding the preservation of the spotted owl at the expense of the logging industry was an indicator of the troubled state of woodlands. The threat to America's forests remained the ever-increasing appetite for wood products, causing the industry to cut more timber than could be grown. As supply ran low in the Pacific Northwest, causing mills to close, the logging industry wished to cut into publicly-owned old growth, among the last U.S. stands of virgin timber and an irreplaceable ecosystem and home of the spotted owl. To save ancient forests, environmentalists managed to obtain protection for the bird as a threatened species, which may help reduce by half the permissible harvest of old-growth trees. The Forest Service planned to increase harvesting in six Appalachian forests and to construct 3,000 miles of logging roads. Congress voted, however, to stop all timber sales in Alaska's 17-million-acre Tongass National Forest, the last intact rain forest in the U.S. Energy: During the first half of 1989, America imported more oil than it produced, and consumption did not appear to be slowing down. While some officials in Washington favored domestic production, the Alaskan oil spill prompted Congress to shelve a plan that would have allowed drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. A ban on oil or gas leases off the Californian and Mid-Atlantic Coasts was also approved. While it remained uncertain if wildlife would win out over oil rigs in Alaska, Congress began to seriously consider the use of renewable energy, such as photovoltaic cells and wind turbines. Critics of the Energy Department felt that more conservation was needed to curb America's troubled energy future. Soil: The nation's soil took a terrible beating in 1988 and 1989. As the drought of 1988 eased up, wind erosion in early 1989 damaged 4.7 million acres of cropland. The loss of topsoil was 40% greater than in 1988, and the worst in over 30 years. Spring rains caused heavy flooding in some areas that washed away even more tons of topsoil. An additional burden that remained was the potential threat of agricultural chemicals that could affect topsoil chemistry and underground aquifers. A study by the National Academy of Sciences found that farmers who applied little or no chemicals to their crops were usually as productive as those landowners who did. Public lands were also in trouble, as the Federal government continued to open up many of these lands for mining, oil exploration, and logging. One concern was that the lands were not being cared for, despite legislative provisions that called for environmental stewardship and balanced, multiple uses. Moreover, ranchers used these lands for half the cost of using private rangelands to graze cattle. As a result, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management believed more than 94 million acres of public lands to be in trouble while it lost millions of dollars in uncollected range fees from ranchers. The result in Colorado, for example, was damage to 84% of the public range, affecting the food supplies and habitat for deer, elk and other wildlife. Selected Air Pollutants in Certain U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas National Air Quality & Emissions Trend Report, 1988, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴� Ozone (PPM) CO (PPM) SO2 (PPM) PM10 (U 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Anaheim-Santa Ana, Cal. 0.24 10 0.018 43 Baltimore, Md. 0.19 10 0.043 43 Bergen, Passaic, N.J. 0.19 7 0.058 46 Bridgeport-Milford, Ct. 0.22 7 0.064 31 Chicago, Ill. 0.22 7 0.044 47 Dallas, Tex. 0.20 NA 0.051 26 Hartford, Ct. 0.19 10 0.076 30 Houston, Tex. 0.22 8 0.053 32 Jersey City, N.J. 0.20 8 0.065 36 Ozone (PPM) CO (PPM) SO2 (PPM) PM10 (U 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jersey City, N.J. 0.20 8 0.065 36 Los Angeles-Long Beach, Cal. 0.33 23 0.021 65 Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon, N.J. 0.21 5 0.043 IN Milwaukee, Wis. 0.19 6 0.042 36 Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J. 0.20 8 0.068 47 Reno, Nev. 0.19 10 IN IN Riverside-San Bernardino, Cal. 0.28 7 0.019 95 San Diego 0.19 10 0.022 40 Stamford, Ct. 0.22 7 0.062 28 Trenton, N.J. 0.20 4 0.044 32 Wilmington, Del.-N.J.-Md. 0.19 5 0.074 35 PPM = Units are parts per million. UGM = Units are micrograms percubic meter. CO = Carbon monoxide. SO2 = Sulfur dioxide. PM10 = Particulate matter. NA = Data not available. IN = Insufficient data. Acid Rain Trouble Areas National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴� No. % Area No. of lakes over 10 acres acidified acidified 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adirondacks Southwest Lakes 450 171 38 New England Seaboard Lowlands Lakes 848 68 8 Highland Lakes 3,574 71 2 Appalachia Forested Lakes 433 43 10 Forested Streams 11,631 1,396 12 Atlantic Coastal Plain Northeast Lakes 187 21 11 Pine Barrens Streams 675 378 56 Other Streams 7,452 745 10 No. % Area No. of lakes over 10 acres acidified acidified 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Other Streams 7,452 745 10 Florida Northern Highland Lakes 522 329 63 Northern Highland Streams 669 187 28 Eastern Upper Midwest Low Silica Lakes 1,254 201 16 High Silica Lakes 1,673 50 3 Hazardous Waste Sites Environmental Protection Agency, Natl. Priorities List Fact Book, Feb. 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Final Final Proposed Proposed Final Final Proposed Proposed State/Territory Non-Fed. Fed. Non-Fed. Fed. Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� New Jersey 100 4 3 2 109 Pennsylvania 87 3 5 1 96 California 57 17 13 4 91 New York 78 3 1 1 83 Michigan 75 0 4 0 79 Florida 42 3 5 1 51 Washington 28 13 3 1 45 Minnesota 39 2 1 0 42 Wisconsin 37 0 3 0 40 Illinois 25 4 9 0 38 Indiana 32 0 3 0 35 Ohio 29 3 1 0 33 Texas 24 1 2 2 29 Massachusetts 22 3 0 0 25 Missouri 17 3 4 0 24 South Carolina 21 1 1 0 23 North Carolina 20 1 1 0 22 Iowa 11 0 9 1 21 Final Final Proposed Proposed State/Territory Non-Fed. Fed. Non-Fed. Fed. Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Iowa 11 0 9 1 21 Delaware 15 1 4 0 20 Virginia 18 1 1 0 20 Kentucky 14 0 3 0 17 Colorado 12 3 1 0 16 New Hampshire 15 1 0 0 16 Connecticut 13 0 1 1 15 Tennessee 11 2 1 0 14 Georgia 9 2 2 0 13 Alabama 9 2 1 0 12 Oklahoma 9 1 2 0 12 Utah 4 3 4 1 12 Arizona 6 2 2 1 11 Arkansas 9 0 2 0 11 Kansas 10 0 0 1 11 Louisiana 9 1 1 0 11 Rhode Island 9 2 0 0 11 Maryland 7 2 1 0 10 Final Final Proposed Proposed State/Territory Non-Fed. Fed. Non-Fed. Fed. Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Maryland 7 2 1 0 10 Montana 8 0 2 0 10 New Mexico 7 1 1 1 10 Idaho 5 1 2 1 9 Maine 7 2 0 0 9 Puerto Rico 8 1 0 0 9 Oregon 6 1 1 0 8 Vermont 8 0 0 0 8 Hawaii 0 0 6 1 7 Alaska 1 1 1 3 6 Nebraska 3 1 2 0 6 West Virginia 5 0 0 0 5 Mississippi 2 0 1 0 3 South Dakota 1 0 1 1 3 Wyoming 1 1 1 0 3 North Dakota 2 0 0 0 2 Guam 1 0 0 0 1 Nevada 0 0 1 0 1 Final Final Proposed Proposed State/Territory Non-Fed. Fed. Non-Fed. Fed. Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nevada 0 0 1 0 1 Total 988 93 113 24 1218 National Ambient Water Quality in Rivers and Streams--Violation Rate: 1975 to 1988 U.S. Geological Survey (in percent) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴� Pollutant Violation Level 1975 1980 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Fecal coliform bacteria Above 200 cells per 100 ml 36 31 Dissolved oxygen Below 5 mg per liter 5 5 Pollutant Violation Level 1975 1980 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dissolved oxygen Below 5 mg per liter 5 5 Phosphorus, total, asphosporous Above 1.0 mg per liter 5 4 Lead, dissolved Above 50 [mgr ]g per liter (B) 5 Cadmium, dissolved Above 10 [mgr ]g per liter (B) 1 Violation level based on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency water quality criteria. Violation rate represents the proportion of all measurements of a specific water quality pollutant which exceeds the "violation level" for that pollutant. "Violation"does not necessarily imply a legal violation. Data based on U.S. Geological Survey's National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) data system.Years refer to water years. A water year begins in Oct. and ends in Sept. microg = micrograms. mg = milligrams. B = Base figure too small to meet statistical standards for reliabilityof derived figures. Z = Less than 1. Endangered and Threatened Species and Recovery Plans U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Interior Department; June 6, 1989. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Endangered Endangered En Group U.S. only U.S. & foreign Fo 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mammals 32 19 24 Birds 61 15 14 Reptiles 8 7 59 Amphibians 5 0 8 Fishes 45 2 11 Snails 3 0 1 Clams 32 0 2 Endangered Endangered En Group U.S. only U.S. & foreign Fo 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Clams 32 0 2 Crustaceans 8 0 0 Insects 10 0 0 Arachnids 3 0 0 Plants 153 6 1 Total 360 49 46 Total U.S. Endangered 409 Total U.S. Threatened 130 Total U.S. listed 539 Endangered Endangered En Group U.S. only U.S. & foreign Fo 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Approved recovery plans Approved recovery plans Approved recovery plans Ap Species/populations in Species/populations in Species/populations in Sp above plans above plans above plans ab Percentage of listed Percentage of listed Percentage of listed Pe species covered by 1 or species covered by 1 or species covered by 1 or sp more plans more plans more plans mo Note: Separate populations of a species, listed both as Endangered and Threatened, are tallied twice. Those 9 species are: grizzly bear (US=T & Mex=E), leopard, gray wolf, bald eagle, piping plover, roseate tern, Nile crocodile, green sea turtle, and olive Ridley seaturtle. Further, there are 9 species of lemurs; 9 gibbons; 2 each of muskdeer, sifakas, and uakaris; and 29-41 species of Oahu tree snails; theseare each counted as one species above. Some Endangered Species in North America U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Interior Department; as of April 15, 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Common name Scientific name Range 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mammals Ozark big-eared bat Plecotus townsendii U.S. (Mo., Okla., Ariz.) ingens Brown or grizzly bear Ursus arctos horribilis U.S. (48 conterminous states) Common name Scientific name Range 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Eastern cougar Felis concolor cougar Eastern N.A. Columbian white-tailed Odocoileus virginianus U.S. (Wash., Ore.) deer leucurus San Joaquin kit fox Vulpes macrotis mutica U.S. (Cal.) Southeastern beach Peromyscus polionotus U.S. (Fla.) mouse phasma Ocelot Felis pardalis U.S. (Tex., Ariz.) Southern sea otter Enhydra lutris hereis U.S. (Wash., Ore., Cal.) Florida panther Felis concolor coryi U.S. (La., Ark. east to S.C., Fla.) Utah prairie dog Cynomys parvidens U.S. (Ut.) Common name Scientific name Range 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Utah prairie dog Cynomys parvidens U.S. (Ut.) Morro Bay kangaroo rat Dipodomys heermanni U.S. (Cal.) morroensis Carolina northern Glaucomys sabrinus U.S. (N.C., Tenn.) flying squirrel coloratus Hualapai Mexican vole Microtus mexicanus U.S. (Ariz.) hualpaiensis Red wolf Canis rufus U.S. (Southeast to central Tex.) Birds Masked bobwhite (quail) Colinus virginianus U.S. (Ariz.) ridgwayi Common name Scientific name Range 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  California condor Gymnogyps californianus U.S. (Ore., Cal.) Whooping crane Grus americana U.S. (Rky. Mntns. east to Carolinas), Canada Eskimo curlew Numenius borealis Alaska and N. Canada Bald eagle Haliaeetus U.S. (most states), leucocephalus Canada American peregrine Falco peregrinus anatum Canada to Mexico falcon Hawaiian hawk Buteo solitarius U.S. (Hi.) Attwater's greater Tympanuchus cupido U.S. (Tex.) prairie-chicken attwateri Common name Scientific name Range 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Bachman's warbler (wood) Vermivora bachmanii U.S. (Southeast), Cuba Kirtland's warbler Dendroica kirtlandii U.S., Canada, Bahama Is. (wood) Ivory-billed woodpecker Campephilus principalis U.S. (Southcentral and Southeast), Cuba Reptiles American alligator Alligator U.S (Southeastern) mississippiensis American crocodile Crocodylus acutus U.S. (Fla.) Atlantic salt marsh Nerodia fasciatia U.S. (Fla.) snake taeniata Common name Scientific name Range 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Plymouth red-bellied Pseudemys rubiventris U.S. (Mass.) turtle bangsi Fishes Yaqui catfish Ictalupus pricei U.S. (Ariz.) Bonytail chub Gila elegans U.S. (Ariz., Cal., Col., Nev., Ut., Wyo.) Gila trout Salmo gilae U.S. (Ariz., N.M.) Some Endangered Species in the World U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Interior Department; as of April 15, 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Common name Scientific name Historic range 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mammals Asian wild ass Equus hemianus Southwestern & Central Asia Bobcat Felis rufus escuinapae Central Mexico Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus Africa to India Chinese river dolphin Lipotes vexillifer China Asian elephant Elephas maximas Southcentral, Southeast Asia Common name Scientific name Historic range 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Bactrian camel Camelus bactrianus Mongolia, China Gorilla Gorilla gorilla Central & W. Africa Leopard Panthera pardus Africa, Asia Asiatic lion Panthera leo persica Turkey to India Howler monkey Alouatta pigra Mexico to S. America Giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca China Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis Sub-Saharan Africa Tiger Panthera tigris Asia Gray whale Eschrichtius robustus N. Pacific Ocean Common name Scientific name Historic range 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Wild yak Bos grunniens China (Tibet), India Mountain zebra Equus zebra zebra South Africa Birds Hooded crane Grus monacha Japan, USSR Indigo macaw Anodorhynchus leari Brazil West African ostrich Struthio camelus spatzi Spanish Sahara Golden parakeet Aratinga guarouba Brazil Australian parrot Geopsittacus Australia occidentalis Speeds of Animals Natural History magazine, March 1974. Copyright (C) The American Museum of Natural History, 1974. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Animal Mph 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cheetah 70 Pronghorn antelope 61 Wildebeest 50 Lion 50 Thomson's gazelle 50 Quarterhorse 47.5 Elk 45 Cape hunting dog 45 Coyote 43 Animal Mph 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Coyote 43 Gray fox 42 Hyena 40 Zebra 40 Mongolian wild ass 40 Greyhound 39.35 Whippet 35.50 Rabbit (domestic) 35 Mule deer 35 Jackal 35 Reindeer 32 Giraffe 32 White-tailed deer 30 Wart hog 30 Grizzly bear 30 Cat (domestic) 30 Human 27.89 Elephant 25 Black mamba snake 20 Animal Mph 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Black mamba snake 20 Six-lined race runner 18 Wild turkey 15 Squirrel 12 Pig (domestic) 11 Chicken 9 Spider (Tegenaria atrica) 1.17 Giant tortoise 0.17 Three-toed sloth 0.15 Garden snail 0.03 Most of these measurements are for maximum speeds over approximatequarter-mile distances. Exceptions are the lion and elephant, whosespeeds were clocked in the act of charging; the whippet, which wastimed over a 200-yard course; the cheetah over a 100-yard distance;man for a 15-yard segment of a 100-yard run (of 13.6 seconds); and the black mamba, six-lined race runner, spider, giant tortoise, three-toedsloth, and garden snail, which were measured over various small distances. Gestation, Longevity, and Incubation of Animals 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴� Animal Gestation (day) Average longevity (years) Maximum lo 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ass 365 12 35-10 Baboon 187 20 35-7 Bear: Black 219 18 36-10 Grizzly 225 25 - Polar 240 20 34-8 Beaver 122 5 20-6 Buffalo (American) 278 15 - Bactrian camel 406 12 29-5 Cat (domestic) 63 12 28 Chimpanzee 231 20 44-6 Animal Gestation (day) Average longevity (years) Maximum lo 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Chimpanzee 231 20 44-6 Chipmunk 31 6 8 Cow 284 15 30 Deer (white-tailed) 201 8 17-6 Dog (domestic) 61 12 20 Elephant (African) - 35 60 Elephant (Asian) 645 40 70 Elk 250 15 26-6 Fox (red) 52 7 14 Giraffe 425 10 33-7 Goat (domestic) 151 8 18 Gorilla 257 20 39-4 Guinea pig 68 4 7-6 Hippopotamus 238 25 - Horse 330 20 46 Kangaroo 42 7 - Leopard 98 12 19-4 Lion 100 15 25-1 Monkey (rhesus) 164 15 - Animal Gestation (day) Average longevity (years) Maximum lo 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Monkey (rhesus) 164 15 - Moose 240 12 - Mouse (meadow) 21 3 - Mouse (dom. white) 19 3 3-6 Opossum (American) 14-17 1 - Pig (domestic) 112 10 27 Puma 90 12 19 Rabbit (domestic) 31 5 13 Rhinoceros (black) 450 15 - Rhinoceros (white) - 20 - Sea lion (California) 350 12 28 Sheep (domestic) 154 12 20 Squirrel (gray) 44 10 - Tiger 105 16 26-3 Wolf (maned) 63 5 - Zebra (Grant's) 365 15 - Longevity figures were supplied by Ronald T. Reuther. They refer toanimals in captivity; the potential life span of animals is rarely attainedin nature. Maximum longevity figures are from the Biology Data Book, 1972.Figures on gestation and incubation are averages based on estimates byleading authorities. Incubation time (days) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Chicken 21 Duck 30 Goose 30 Pigeon 18 Turkey 26 Major Venomous Animals Snakes Coral snake - 2 to 4 ft. long, in Americas south of Canada; bite is nearly painless; very slow onset of paralysis, difficulty breathing; mortality high without antivenin. Rattlesnake - 2 to 8 ft. long, throughout W. Hemisphere. Rapid onset of symptoms of severe pain, swelling; mortality low, but amputation of affected limb is sometimes necessary; antivenin. Probably higher mortality rate for Mojave rattler. Cottonmouth water moccasin - up to 5 ft. long, wetlands of southern U.S. from Virginia to Texas. Rapid onset of symptoms of severe pain, swelling; mortality low, but tissue destruction can be extensive; antivenin. Copperhead - less than 4 ft. long, from New England to Texas; pain and swelling; very seldom fatal; antivenin seldom needed. Bushmaster - up to 12 ft. long, wet tropical forests of C. and S. America; few bites occur, but mortality rate is high. Barba Amarilla or Fer-de-lance - up to 7 ft. long, from tropical Mexico to Brazil; severe tissue damage common; moderate mortality; antivenin. Asian pit vipers - from 2 to 5 ft. long throughout Asia; reactions and mortality vary but most bites cause tissue damage and mortality is generally low. Sharp-nosed pit viper or One Hundred Pace Snake - up to 5 ft. long, in southern Vietnam and Taiwan, China; the most toxic of Asian pit vipers; very rapid onset of swelling and tissue damage, internal bleeding; moderate mortality; antivenin. Boomslang - under 6 ft. long, in African savannahs; rapid onset of nausea and dizziness, often followed by slight recovery and then sudden death from internal hemorrhaging; bites rare, mortality high; antivenin. European vipers - from 1 to 3 ft. long; bleeding and tissue damage; mortality low; antivenins. Puff adder - up to 5 ft. long, fat; south of the Sahara and throughout the Middle East; rapid large swelling, great pain, dizziness; moderate mortality often from internal bleeding; antivenin. Gaboon viper - over 6 ft. long, fat; 2-inch fangs; south of the Sahara; massive tissue damage, internal bleeding; few recorded bites. Saw-scaled or carpet viper - up to 2 ft. long, in dry areas from India to Africa; severe bleeding, fever; high mortality, causes more human fatalities than any other snake; antivenin. Desert horned viper - in dry areas of Africa and western Asia; swelling and tissue damage; low mortality; antivenin. Russell's viper or tic-palonga - over 5 ft. long, throughout Asia; internal bleeding; moderate mortality rate; bite reports common; antivenin. Black mamba - up to 14 ft. long, fast-moving; S. and C. Africa; rapid onset of dizziness, difficulty breathing, erratic heart-beat; mortality high, nears 100% without antivenin. Kraits - in S. Asia; rapid onset of sleepiness; numbness; up to 50% mortality even with antivenin treatment. Common or Asian cobra - 4 to 8 ft. long, throughout S. Asia; considerable tissue damage, sometimes paralysis; mortality probably not more than 10%; antivenin. King cobra - up to 16 ft. long, throughout S. Asia; rapid swelling, dizziness, loss of consciousness, difficulty breathing, erratic heart-beat; mortality varies sharply with amount of venom involved, most bites involve non-fatal amounts; antivenin. Yellow or Cape cobra - 7 ft. long, in southern Africa; most toxic venom of any cobra; rapid onset of swelling, breathing and cardiac difficulties; mortality high without treatment; antivenin. Ringhals, or spitting, cobra - 5 ft. and 7 ft. long; southern Africa; squirt venom through holes in front of fangs as a defense; venom is severely irritating and can cause blindness. Australian brown snakes - very slow onset of symptoms of cardiac or respiratory distress; moderate mortality; antivenin. Tiger snake - 2 to 6 ft. long, S. Australia; pain, numbness, mental disturbances with rapid onset of paralysis; may be the most deadly of all land snakes though antivenin is quite effective. Death adder - less than 3 ft. long, Australia; rapid onset of faintness, cardiac and respiratory distress; at least 50% mortality without antivenin. Taipan - up to 11 ft. long, in Australia and New Guinea; rapid paralysis with severe breathing difficulty; mortality nears 100% without antivenin. Sea snakes - throughout Pacific, Indian oceans except NE Pacific; almost painless bite, variety of muscle pain, paralysis; mortality rate low, many bites are not envenomed; some antivenins. Notes: Not all snake bites by venomous snakes are actually envenomed. Any animal bite, however, carries the danger of tetanus and anyone suffering a venomous snake bite should seek medical attention. Antivenins are not certain cures; they are only an aid in the treatment of bites. Mortality rates above are for envenomed bites; low mortality, up to 2% result in death; moderate, 2-5%; high, 5-15%. Even when the victim recovers fully, prolonged hospitalization and extensive medical procedures are usually required. Lizards Gila monster - up to 24 inches long with heavy body and tail, in high desert in southwest U.S. and N. Mexico; immediate severe pain followed by vomiting, thirst, difficulty swallowing, weakness approaching paralysis; no recent mortality. Mexican beaded lizard - similar to Gila monster, Mexican westcoast; reaction and mortality rate similar to Gila monster. Insects Ants, bees, wasps, hornets, etc. Global distribution. Usual reaction is piercing pain in area of sting. Not directly fatal, except in cases of massive multiple stings. Many people suffer allergic reactions - swelling, rashes, partial paralysis - and a few may die within minutes from severe sensitivity to the venom (anaphylactic shock). Spiders, scorpions Black widow - small, round-bodied with hour-glass marking; the widow and its relatives are found around the world in tropical and temperate zones; sharp pain, weakness, clammy skin, muscular rigidity, breathing difficulty and, in small children, convulsions; low mortality; antivenin. Recluse or fiddleback and brown spiders - small, oblong body; throughout U.S.; pain with later ulceration at place of bite; in severe cases fever, nausea, and stomach cramps; ulceration may last months; very low mortality. Atrax spiders - several varieties, often large, in Australia; slow onset of breathing, circulation difficulties; low mortality. Tarantulas - large, hairy spiders found around the world; American tarantulas, and probably all others, are harmless,though their bite may cause some pain and swelling. Scorpions - crab-like body with stinger in tail, various sizes, many varieties throughout tropical and subtropical areas; various symptoms may include severe pain spreading from the wound, numbness, severe emotional agitation, cramps; severe reactions include vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory failure; low mortality, usually in children; antivenins. Sea Life Sea wasps - jellyfish, with tentacles up to 30 ft. long, in the S. Pacific; very rapid onset of circulatory problems; high mortality largely because of speed of toxic reaction; antivenin. Portuguese man-of-war - jellyfish-like, with tentacles up to 70 ft. long, in most warm water areas; immediate severe pain; not fatal, though shock may cause death in a rare case. Octopi - global distribution, usually in warm waters; all varieties produce venom but only a few can cause death; rapid onset of paralysis with breathing difficulty. Stingrays - several varieties of differing sizes, found in tropical and temperate seas and some fresh water; severe pain, rapid onset of nausea, vomiting, breathing difficulties; wound area may ulcerate, gangrene may appear; seldom fatal. Stonefish - brownish fish which lies motionless as a rock on bottom in shallow water; throughout S. Pacific and Indian oceans; extraordinary pain, rapid paralysis; low mortality. Cone-shells - molluscs in small, beautiful shells in the S. Pacific and Indian oceans; shoot barbs into victims; paralysis; low mortality. How Much Water Is Used . . . ? American Water Works Assn. 1. In the average residence during a year? 107,000 gallons 2. By an average person daily? 168 gallons 3. To flush a toilet? 5-7 gallons 4. To take a shower? 25-50 gallons 5. To brush your teeth (water running)? 2 gallons 6. To shave (water running)? 10-15 gallons 7. To wash dishes by hand? 20 gallons 8. To run a dishwasher? 10 gallons Major U.S. Public Zoological Parks World Almanac questionnaire, 1990; budget and attendance in millions. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴� Zoo Budget Attendanc 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum (Tucson) $3.4 0.6 Audubon (New Orleans)* 9.0 1.0 Bronx (N.Y.C.) 24.6 2.2 Buffalo 4.0 0.5 Chicago (Brookfield) 25.0 2.0 Cincinnati* 10.0 1.5 Cleveland 5.7 0.8 Dallas 6.4 0.5 Zoo Budget Attendanc 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Denver 5.2 1.2 Detroit 11.4 1.0 Houston* 2.6 2.0 Lincoln Park (Chicago) 8.8 4.5 Los Angeles 1.7 2.0 Louisville* 2.5 0.4 Memphis 2.5 0.8 Miami Metrozoo 7.2 0.8 Milwaukee 12.0 1.5 Zoo Budget Attendanc 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Milwaukee 12.0 1.5 Minnesota 10.0 1.0 National (Wash. D.C.) 13.0 3.0 Oklahoma City 5.0 0.6 Philadelphia 12.0 1.3 Phoenix 7.0 1.0 Rio Grande (Albuquerque) 2.2 0.5 Riverbanks (Columbia, S.C.) 3.2 1.0 St. Louis 11.3 2.8 Zoo Budget Attendanc 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  San Antonio 6.5 0.9 San Diego* 40.0 3.5 San Diego (Wild Animal Park)* 15.0 1.3 San Francisco* 8.0 1.2 Toledo 7.5 0.8 Washington Pk (Portland) 12.6 1.1 Woodland Pk (Seattle) 5.3 0.9 (*) park has not provided up-to-date data. Top 50 American Kennel Club Registrations 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Breed Rank 1989 Rank 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cocker Spaniels 1 111,636 1 108,720 Labrador Retrievers 2 91,107 2 86,446 Poodles 3 78,600 3 82,600 Golden Retrievers 4 64,269 4 62,950 German Shepherd Dogs 5 58,422 5 57,139 Rottweilers 6 51,291 7 42,748 Chow Chows 7 50,150 6 50,781 Dachshunds 8 44,305 9 41,921 Beagles 9 43,314 8 41,983 Miniature Schnauzers 10 42,175 10 41,558 Breed Rank 1989 Rank 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Miniature Schnauzers 10 42,175 10 41,558 Shetland Sheepdogs 11 39,665 12 38,730 Yorkshire Terriers 12 39,268 13 36,040 Shih Tzu 13 38,131 11 38,829 Pomeranians 14 32,109 14 30,516 Lhasa Apsos 15 28,810 15 30,194 Chihuahuas 16 24,917 17 23,487 Pekingese 17 22,986 22 20,134 Boxers 18 22,037 20 20,604 Siberian Huskies 19 21,875 18 21,430 Doberman Pinschers 20 21,782 16 23,928 Basset Hounds 21 21,517 19 21,423 English Springer Spaniels 22 20,911 21 20,238 Collies 23 18,227 23 18,931 Dalmatians 24 17,488 27 14,109 Boston Terriers 25 15,355 24 14,988 Brittanys 26 14,557 26 14,439 Maltese 27 14,420 25 14,453 West Highland White Terriers 28 12,189 29 11,565 Breed Rank 1989 Rank 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 West Highland White Terriers 28 12,189 29 11,565 Pugs 29 11,204 28 11,659 Bichons Frises 30 10,639 30 9,684 Bulldogs 31 10,129 31 9,566 German Shorthaired Pointers 32 9,975 32 9,111 Great Danes 33 9,024 33 8,996 Samoyeds 34 8,923 34 8,986 Scottish Terriers 35 8,759 35 8,106 Keeshonden 36 7,569 36 7,431 Akitas 37 7,531 38 6,518 Cairn Terriers 38 7,318 37 7,187 Alaskan Malamutes 39 5,803 39 5,811 Miniature Pinschers 40 5,568 40 5,579 Pembroke Welsh Corgis 41 4,480 45 3,796 Chesapeake Bay Retrievers 42 4,427 42 4,315 Airedale Terriers 43 4,412 41 4,687 St. Bernards 44 4,099 44 3,827 Old English Sheepdogs 45 3,835 43 3,973 Weimaraners 46 3,679 46 3,653 Breed Rank 1989 Rank 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Weimaraners 46 3,679 46 3,653 Norwegian Elkhounds 47 3,520 47 3,416 Silky Terriers 48 3,329 49 2,862 Wire Fox Terriers 49 3,293 48 3,095 Shipperkes 50 3,087 52 2,684 Cat Breeds There are 27 cat breeds recognized: abyssinian, american shorthair, balinese, birman, bombay, burmese, colorpoint shorthair, egyptian mau, exotic shorthair, havana brown, himalayan, japanese bobtail, korat, leopard cat, lilac foreign shorthair, maine coon cat, manx, ocicat, oriental shorthair, persian, rex, russian blue, scottish fold, siamese, sphynx, turkish angora, wirehair shorthair. Giant Trees of the U.S. The American Forestry Association, Washington, D.C. (Figure in parentheses is year of most recent measurement;*= co-champion) There are approximately 748 different species of trees native to the continental U.S., including a few imports that have become naturalized to the extent of reproducing themselves in the wild state. The oldest living trees in the world are reputed to be the bristle conepines, the majority of which are found growing on the arid crags of California's White Mts. Some of them are estimated to be more than 4,600 years old. The largest known bristlecone pine is the "Patriarch,"believed to be 1,500 years old. The oldest known redwoods are about 3,500 years old. Recognition as the National Champion of each species is determined bytotal mass of each tree, based on this formula: the circumference in inches as measured at a point 4 1/2 feet above the ground plus the total height ofthe tree in feet plus 1/4 of the average crown spread in feet. Trees arecompared on the basis of this formula. Trees within five points of eachother are declared co-champions. The Giant Sequoia champion has the largest circumference, 83 ft. 2 in., Smallflower Paw Paw the smallest, 4 in. Anyone can nominate the candidates for the National Register of BigTrees. For information, write to National Register of Big Trees, American Forestry Assn., P.O. Box 2000, Washington, DC 20013. Following is a small selection of the trees registered. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Species Height (ft.) Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ailanthus (1952) 64 Head of Harbor, L.I. Alder, Hazel (1989) 35 Norfolk, Va. Allthorn (1989)* 11 Rio Grande City, Tex. Apple, Common (1986) 70 East End, Va. Apple, Oregon Crab (1989) 79 Nisqually Natl. Wildlife Refuge, Wash. Species Height (ft.) Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Ash, Carolina (1988) 48 Chesapeake, Va. Ash, Texas (1989) 66 Lost Maples State Natl. Area, Tex. Aspen, Bigtooth (1989)* 66 Caroline Co., Md. Avocado (1982) 40 Hallandale, Fla. Basswood, White (1986) 75 Henderson Co., N.C. Beech, American (1984) 130 Ashtabula Co., Oh. Birch, Gray (1989) 77 Somers, Ct. Birch, River (1988)* 90 Appleton Comm., Tenn. Birch, Water (1973) 53 Wallowa Co., Ore. Species Height (ft.) Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Birch, Water (1973) 53 Wallowa Co., Ore. Blackbead, Ebony (1986) 40 Hidalgo Co., Tex. Bladdernut, Sierra (1986) 28 Fresno, Co., Cal. Bluewood (1989) 30 San Juan, Tex. Boxwood, Florida (1986) 27 Monroe Co., Fla. Buckthorn, Hollyleaf (1976) 22 Greenfield, Cal. Buffaloberry, Silver (1975) 22 Malheur Co., Ore. Bumelia, Tough (1987) 41 Amelia Is., Fla. Butternut (1989)* 88 Eugene, Ore. California Laurel (1978) 88 Siskiyou Natl. For., Ore. Species Height (ft.) Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 California Laurel (1978) 88 Siskiyou Natl. For., Ore. Camphor-Tree (1977) 72 Hardee Co., Fla. Catalpa, Southern (1981) 80 Henderson Co., Ill. Catclaw, Wright (1986) 36 Uvalde Co., Tex. Cedar, Atlantic white (1985) 88 Escambia Co., Ala. Cherry, Bitter (1985) 104 Vashon Is., Wash. Coconut, Palm (1979) 92 Hilo, Hi. Cranberrybush, American 25 Trenton, Mich. (1989)* Cypress, McNab (1981) 55 Amador Co., Cal. Species Height (ft.) Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Dahoon, Myrtle (1972) 46 Lawtey, Fla. Devilwood (1989) 36 Perry, Fla. Dogwood, Blackfruit (1986) 18 Shasta Co., Cal. Dogwood, Swamp (1989)* 23 Chesapeake, Va. Douglas-Fir, Coast (1989) 298 Olympic Natl. Park, Wash. Elder, American (1987) 16 Jefferson Natl. For., Va. Elder, Pacific Red (1989) 30 Lincoln Co., Ore. Elm, American (1985) 125 Southampton Co., Va. Fiddlewood, Florida (1988) 39 Dade Co., Fla. Species Height (ft.) Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Fig, Shortleaf (1986) 41 Monroe Co., Fla. Fir, Grand (1987) 251 Olympic Natl. Park, Wash. Franklinia (1968) 36 Wyndmoor, Pa. Fringetree (1989)* 32 Fairfax Co., Va. Gallberry, Large (1989) 27 Great Dismal Swamp Natl. Wildlife Refuge, Va. Geiger Tree (1988) 25 Lee Co., Fla. Guajillo (1989) 15 Starr Co., Tex. Guiana Plum (1976) 31 Coral Gables, Fla. Hackberry, Common (1989) 111 Rock Co., Wis. Species Height (ft.) Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hackberry, Common (1989) 111 Rock Co., Wis. Haw, Frosted (1989) 15 Maiden Springs, Va. Hawthorne, Fleshy (1988) 8 Kirkwood, Mo. Hazel, California (1984) 47 Seattle, Wash. Hemlock, Carolina (1972) 88 Burke Co., N.C. Hickory, Mockernut (1985)* 125 Monroe Co., Ala. Hickory, Shellbark (1986) 105 Rixeyville, Va. Holly, Carolina (1986) 25 Jacksonville, Fla. Honeylocust (1972) 115 Wayne Co., Mich. Huisache (1989) 33 Big Bend Natl. Park, Tex. Species Height (ft.) Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Huisache (1989) 33 Big Bend Natl. Park, Tex. India Almond (1986) 61 Monroe Co., Fla. Jujube, Common (1989) 43 Fort Worth, Tex. Juniper, Western (1945) 86 Stanislaus Natl. Forest., Cal. Larch, European (1989) 83 Greenwich, Ct. Laurel, English (1985) 32 Seattle, Wash. Loblolly Bay (1963) 94 Ocala Natl. Forest, Fla. Locust, Black (1974) 96 Dansville, N.Y. Magnolia, Umbrella (1969) 50 Bucks Co., Pa. Mahogany, W. Indies (1988) 70 Lee Co., Fla. Species Height (ft.) Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mahogany, W. Indies (1988) 70 Lee Co., Fla. Manzanita, Common (1989) 22 Guerneville, Cal. Maple, Black (1976) 118 Allegan Co., Mich. Maple, Douglas (1985)* 65 Ahsahka, Ida. Mesquite, Honey (1984) 52 Real County, Tex. Mountain Ash, Sitka (1981) 50 Gardiner, Ore. Mulberry, Black (1971) 68 Westminster, Md. Nannyberry (1989) 40 Oakland Co., Mich. Oak, Bluejack (1985) 64 Cherokee Co., Tex. Oak, Chestnut (1972) 75 Northport, N.Y. Species Height (ft.) Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Oak, Chestnut (1972) 75 Northport, N.Y. Oak, Harvard (1986) 30 Yoakum Co., Tex. Oysterwood (1986) 24 Monroe Co., Fla. Palm, Dwarf (1979) 27 Brazoria, Tex. Paloverde, Blue (1976) 53 Riverside Co., Cal. Paper-Mulberry (1989) 34 Yorktown, Va. Pawpaw, Common (1986) 60 Newton Co., Miss. Peach (1986) 18 Morrisville, Va. Pear, Common (1985) 55 Wayne Co., Mich. Pecan (1980) 143 Cocke Co., Tenn. Species Height (ft.) Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Pecan (1980) 143 Cocke Co., Tenn. Persimmon, Texas (1965) 26 Uvalde Co., Tex. Pine, Bishop (1986) 112 Mendocino Co., Cal. Pine, Intermountain (1951) 47 Inyo Natl. Forest, Cal. Pine, Virginia (1989) 120 Chambers Co., Ala. Pistache, Texas (1976) 39 Val Verde Co., Tex. Plum, Chicasaw (1988) 32 Henderson Co., N.C. Plum, Wildgoose (1989) 26 New Salem Village, Ill. Poison-Sumac (1972) 16 Robins Is., N.Y. Poplar, Balsam (1984) 138 Marquette, Mich. Species Height (ft.) Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Poplar, Balsam (1984) 138 Marquette, Mich. Portiatree (1968) 42 Kekaha, Ha. Prickly-Ash, Lime (1988) 25 Lee Co., Fla. Redbud, Eastern (1989) 36 Nashville, Tenn. Redwood, Coast (1972) 362 Humboldt Redwoods State Park, Cal. Ribbonbush (1977) 23 No. Warner Springs, Cal. Russian-Olive (1982) 58 Cortez, Col. Saffron-Plum (1987) 31 Santa Ana, Tex. Sassafras (1954) 76 Owensboro, Ky. Species Height (ft.) Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Sequoia, Giant (1975) 275 Sequoia Natl. Park, Cal. Serviceberry, Downy (1986) 60 Burkes Garden, Va. Silktree, Mimosa (1986)* 54 Webster Parish, La. Sophora, Mescalbean (1983) 27 Comal Co., Tex. Spruce, Norway (1989) 94 Susquehanna City, Pa. Stewartia, Virginia (1987) 15 Chesapeake, Va. Sumac, Shining (1986) 49 Marion Co., Tex. Sweetgum, American (1986) 136 Craven Co., N.C. Sycamore, Arizona (1981) 114 Sierra Co., N.M. Species Height (ft.) Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Tamarisk (1981) 34 Columbus, N.M. Thatchpalm, Florida (1986) 23 Monroe Co., Fla. Walnut, Arizona (1987) 85 Mimbres Valley, N.M. Willow, Sitka (1988) 34 Coupeville, Wash. Willow, Weeping (1982)* 114 Asheville, N.C. Yew, Florida (1986) 20 Torreya State Park, Fla. Yucca, Mojave (1987) 24 Needles Res. Area, Cal. Yucca, Torrey (1987) 23 Lincoln Natl. Forest, N.M. ASTRONOMY AND CALENDAR Edited by Dr. Kenneth L. Franklin, Astronomer Emeritus American Museum-Hayden Planetarium Celestial Events Highlights, 1991 (Greenwich Mean Time, or as indicated) This late spring and early summer we will be able to witness a spectacular gathering of the Moon and planets in our evening sky. The suspense builds subtlely even in January, as Mars begins to fade while Venus enters the scene from the western wings of evening twilight. Each month, the Moon passes Venus, Mars, and Jupiter in more rapid succession as the three planets slowly converge. By early June, it becomes obvious that they will meet about the same time, between June 14 to 16, with the four-day crescent Moon passing them on the 15th, in sight of the whole U.S., weather permitting. While we will not see Mars pass Jupiter on the 14th, we will be able to watch Venus pass Jupiter on the 17th, but we will again miss the Venus-Mars encounter on the 23rd. These and other encounters favor other parts of the Earth, except for the dawn close meeting of Mercury, Jupiter, and Regulus the morning of September 10, but only here our east coast is favored. Antares is occulted by the Moon four times this year, the last for several years occurring in April. Uranus is occulted 12 times, Neptune 6, Saturn, Mars, and Mercury twice, each, and Venus once. Only part of southern Florida may have a chance of seeing the February occultation of Antares, all the other events being unobservable from the U.S. All the United States except Alaska and most of New England will see a partial eclipse of the Sun on July 11. The path of totality will sweep over the island of Hawaii, the southern tip of Baja California, Guadalajara and Mexico City in Mexico, pass along the Pacific Coast of Central America, missing Panama, before ending in the jungles of Brazil. The maximum duration of totality will occur just east of the Baja in the Sea of Cortez, a few seconds short of 7 minutes, the longest eclipse on the North American continent in scores of years, and, according to one authority, " . . . the finest total eclipse for North Americans between the years 1806 and 2510 . . . " As always, use notice of close approaches as a guide to watch the night before and after the events to observe the relative motions of the bodies involved. The sky is a dynamic place. January Mercury is a morning object all month long, rising before the Sun in the southeast, at greatest elongation, 24 deg west of the Sun, on the 14th, and increasing in brightness into February; it is stationary on the 3rd, north of the Moon on the 13th, passes north of Uranus on the 23rd, and south of Neptune on the 26th. Venus is low in the southwest after sunset this month, just emerging from the evening twilight, and passing south of Saturn on the 1st, and south of the very thin crescent Moon on the 17th. Mars resumes its direct motion on the 1st at the western edge of Taurus, fading rapidly from minus 1st magnitude, passing south of the Moon on the 25th. Jupiter, in Cancer, passes the fat, but waning, gibbous Moon on the 2nd, is at minus 2.5 magnitude or brighter in opposition to the Sun on the 29th, and passes the nearly full Moon on the 30th. Saturn is lost to view this month as it is in conjunction with the Sun on the 18th. Moon passes Jupiter on the 2nd, occults Antares on the 12th, passes Mercury on the 13th, eclipses the Sun on the 16th, passes Venus on the 17th, Mars on the 25th, and Jupiter again on the 30th. Jan. 1--Venus passes 1 deg.2 south of Saturn; Mars stationary in Taurus. Jan. 2--Moon passes 2 deg south of Jupiter. Jan. 3--Earth at perihelion, 91.4 million miles from the sun, closest this year; Mercury stationary, resuming direct motion; Quadrantid meteor shower, ideally showing about 40 per hour, should be affected by the Moon. Jan. 5--Neptune in conjunction. Jan. 12--Antares is occulted by the waning crescent moon; see them quite close this morning in the southeast. Jan. 13--Moon passes 4 deg south of Mercury. Jan. 14--Mercury at greatest elongation, 24 deg west of the Sun in the dawn sky. Jan. 16--Annular eclipse of the sun. Jan. 17--Moon passes 3 deg north of Venus. Jan. 18--Saturn in conjunction. Jan. 19--Sun enters Capricornus. Jan. 23--Mercury passes 0 deg.4 north of Uranus. Jan. 25--Moon passes 2 deg north of Mars. Jan. 26--Mercury passes 1 deg.1 south of Neptune. Jan. 29--Jupiter at opposition in Cancer, rising at sunset and setting at sunrise. Jan. 30--Moon passes 1 deg.8 south of Jupiter; penumbral lunar eclipse. February Mercury is lost from view after the first week as it heads for superior conjunction early next month. Venus is increasingly prominent in the evening twilight, passing south of the crescent Moon on the 17th, and setting due west before month's end. Mars remains in Taurus for another month as it obviously fades while picking up speed in its direct, eastern, motion against the background stars, passing Aldebaran and the Moon on the 22nd. Jupiter continues to dominate the night sky, the background stars of Cancer demonstrating their normal obscurity, the giant planet letting the nearly full Moon pass to its south on the 26th. Saturn finally leaves Sagittarius for Capricornus by mid-month after being occulted by the thin waning crescent Moon on the 12th. Moon occults Antares on the 8th, occults Uranus and passes Neptune on the 11th, occults Saturn on the 12th, passes Venus on the 17th, Mars on the 22nd, and Jupiter on the 26th. Feb. 5--Mercury is 1 deg.2 south of Saturn. Feb. 8--Moon occults Antares, possibly visible from the southeastern part of North America. Feb. 11--Moon occults Uranus and passes 1 deg.9 south of Neptune. Feb. 12--Moon occults Saturn. Feb. 16--Sun enters Aquarius. Feb. 17--Moon passes 6 deg north of Venus. Feb. 22--Mars passes 8 deg north of Aldebaran, and 1 deg.6 south of the Moon. Feb. 25--Pluto stationary in Serpens Caput. Feb. 26--Moon passes 1 deg.6 south of Jupiter. March Mercury, in superior conjunction beyond the Sun on the 2nd, remains in the twilight glow until the end of the month, a very difficult object to see. Venus is still more prominent each week, as it moves east of the Sun and toward the north even while brightening. Mars continues to fade as it moves eastward in Taurus. Jupiter, with the Moon passing close to the south on the 25th, ends its retrograde motion on the 30th, still in Cancer. Saturn, occulted by the Moon on the 12th, climbs steadily away from the dawn twilight, looking like a misplaced 1st magnitude star in faint Capricornus. Moon occults Antares on the 7th, Uranus on the 10th, passes Neptune on the 10th, occults Saturn on the 12th, passes Mercury on the 17th, Venus on the 19th, occults Mars on the 22nd, passes Jupiter on the 25th, and occults the asteroid, Pallas, on the 28th. Mar. 2--Mercury in superior conjunction. Mar. 7--Moon occults Antares. Mar. 10--Moon occults Uranus; passes 1 deg.8 south of Neptune. Mar. 11--Sun enters Pisces. Mar. 12--Moon occults Saturn. Mar. 17--Moon passes 5 deg north of Mercury. Mar. 19--Moon passes 5 deg north of Venus. Mar. 21--Vernal equinox, 3:02 GMT (Mar. 20, 10:02 pm EST); spring begins in the northern hemisphere, fall in the southern, as the Sun crosses the Earth's equator from south to north. Mar. 22--Moon occults Mars. Mar. 25--Moon passes 1 deg.6 south of Jupiter. Mar. 27--Mercury at greatest elongation, 29 deg east of the Sun. Mar. 28--Moon occults asteroid Pallas. Mar. 30--Jupiter stationary in Cancer, resuming direct motion. April Mercury, stationary on the 4th and the 27th, passes through inferior conjunction on the 14th, thus lost to view until the last few days of this month. Venus and the Moon make an interesting tableau the evenings of the 16th and 17th, as the crescent Moon passes 2 deg north of the evening star before noon on the 17th. Mars, passing into Gemini early this month, is occulted by the Moon on the 20th. Jupiter outshines all the stars of Cancer as it moves ponderously toward Leo, being passed by the first quarter Moon on the 21st. Saturn, in Capricornus, is passed by the fat waning crescent Moon on the 8th. Moon occults Antares for the last time for many a year on the 4th, Uranus on the 7th, passes Neptune on the 7th, Saturn on the 8th, Venus on the 17th, occults Mars on the 20th, and passes Jupiter on the 21st. Apr. 4--Moon occults Antares; Mercury stationary, beginning retrograde motion. Apr. 7--Moon occults Uranus; passes 1 deg.5 south of Neptune. Apr. 8--Moon occults Saturn. Apr. 14--Mercury in inferior conjunction. Apr. 17--Moon passes 2 deg north of Venus. Apr. 18--Uranus and Neptune stationary in Sagittarius, each beginning retrograde motion; Sun enters Aries. Apr. 20--Moon occults Mars. Apr. 21--Moon passes 1 deg.9 south of Jupiter. Apr. 22--Venus passes 7 deg north of Aldebaran. Apr. 27--Mercury stationary, resuming direct motion. May Mercury is in the southeast sky before dawn getting brighter all month, at greatest elongation on the 12th, 26 deg west of the Sun. Venus is approached by the waxing crescent Moon on the evening of the 16th, their separation only 1 deg.6 as they close with the horizon. Mars, brighter than a 2nd magnitude star, after passing 5 deg south of Pollux on the 16th, joins Jupiter in Cancer near the end of the month. Jupiter, considerably fainter than Venus, lower in the west, is still very much brighter than Mars or any star in the neighborhood called Cancer. Saturn, in Capricornus, is stationary on the 17th, beginning its retrograde motion, and is passed by the nearly last quarter Moon on the 6th. Moon occults Uranus on the 4th, passes Neptune on the 4th, Saturn on the 6th, Mercury on the 12th, Venus on the 17th, Mars on the 18th, Jupiter on the 19th, and occults Uranus and Neptune on the 31st. May 4--Moon occults Uranus; passes 1 deg.2 south of Neptune. May 6--Moon passes 1 deg.8 north of Saturn. May 10--Pluto at opposition in Serpens Caput. May 12--Moon 9 deg north of Mercury; Mercury at greatest elongation 26 deg west of the Sun. May 13--Sun enters Taurus. May 16--Mars 5 deg south of Pollux. May 17--Moon passes 1 deg.6 south of Venus; Saturn stationary in Capricornus, beginning retrograde motion. May 18--Moon passes 2 deg south of Mars. May 19--Moon passes 2 deg south of Jupiter; with binoculars, watch Jupiter pass south of the stars of Praesepe, the Beehive cluster of stars in the constellation of Cancer. May 31--Venus passes 4 deg south of Pollux; Moon occults Uranus and Neptune. June Mercury is effectively lost to our skies this month as it passes superior conjunction on the 17th, beyond the sun. Venus, at greatest eastern elongation on the 13th, joins the fat crescent Moon, Jupiter, and Mars in a fantastic display of celestial summitry on the evening of the 15th, all in Cancer, the crab; Venus passes north of Jupiter on the 17th, and of Mars on the 23rd. Mars, after transiting Praesepe on the 6th, passes Jupiter in Cancer on the 14th, north of the Moon on the 16th, and close to Venus on the 23rd, participating in a great meeting of the planets. Jupiter, slogging toward Leo, is overtaken by faint but fleet Mars on the 14th, the inconstant Moon on the 15th, and dazzling Venus on the 17th. Saturn, ever patient in Capricornus in the morning sky, is passed by the waning gibbous Moon on the 2nd and the 29th. Jun. 2--Moon passes 2 deg north of Saturn. Jun. 13--Venus at greatest elongation, 45 deg east of the Sun. Jun. 14--Mars passes 0 deg.6 north of Jupiter. Jun. 15--Moon passes 4 deg south of Venus, and 3 deg south of Jupiter. Jun. 16--Moon passes 4 deg south of Mars. Jun. 17--Mercury in superior conjunction, beyond the Sun; Venus passes 0 deg.3 north of Mars. Jun. 20--Sun enters Gemini. Jun. 21--Summer solstice at 21:19 GMT (4:19 pm EST) when the Sun is as far north as it can come; summer begins in the northern hemisphere, winter in the southern. Jun. 23--Venus passes 0 deg.3 north of Mars. Jun. 27--Penumbral lunar eclipse; Moon occults Uranus. Jun. 28--Moon occults Neptune. Jun. 29--Moon passes 2 deg north of Saturn. Jun. 30--Mercury passes 5 deg south of Pollux. July Mercury, the messenger of the gods, is a bit late for last month's summit conference, but it rushes through Praesepe in Cancer on the 7th, passes the Moon on the 13th and almost seems to collide with Jupiter on the 15th before achieving its greatest eastern elongation from the Sun on the 25th in the northwest twilight, and passing south of Regulus on the 27th. Venus passes south of Regulus on the 11th, north of the Moon on the 14th, is at greatest brilliancy on the 17th, passes Mars on the 22nd, and is stationary on the 30th, beginning its retrograde motion. Mars, nearly as faint as a 2nd magnitude star, is busy again one day this month, passing both the Moon and Leo's Regulus on the 14th. Jupiter, after a close encounter with Mercury on the 15th, descends into the evening twilight by the month's end to be lost to our evening sky until next spring. Saturn is at opposition on the 27th, a few hours after the full Moon passes it following the Moon's own penumbral eclipse. Moon totally eclipses the Sun on the 11th, passes Mercury and Jupiter on the 13th, Mars and Venus on the 14th, occults Uranus on the 24th, passes Neptune on the 25th, has a penumbral eclipse and passes Saturn on the 26th. Jul. 4--Uranus at opposition in Sagittarius. Jul. 6--Earth at aphelion, 94.4 million miles from the sun, the farthest this year. Jul. 8--Neptune at opposition in Sagittarius. Jul. 11--Venus 1 deg.0 south of Regulus; total solar eclipse. Jul. 13--Moon passes 3 deg south of Mercury, and 3 deg south of Jupiter. Jul. 14--Moon passes 5 deg south of Mars; Mars passes 0 deg.7 north of Regulus; Moon passes 3 deg south of Venus. Jul. 15--Mercury passes 0 deg.08 south of Jupiter. Jul. 17--Venus at greatest brilliancy. Jul. 20--Sun enters Cancer. Jul. 22--Venus passes 4 deg south of Mars. Jul. 24--Moon occults Uranus. Jul. 25--Mercury at greatest elongation, 27 deg east of the sun; Moon passes 1 deg.2 south of Neptune. Jul. 26--Penumbral lunar eclipse; Moon passes 1 deg.9 north of Saturn. Jul. 27--Saturn at opposition in Capricornus; Mercury 2 deg south of Regulus. Jul. 30--Venus stationary, beginning its retrograde motion. August Mercury is stationary and passes Venus on the 7th looking like only a 1st magnitude star, low in the west-northwest evening twilight, lost in the sun's glare for the rest of the month, as it passes through inferior conjunction on the 21st, becoming stationary again on the 30th. Venus is over 100 times brighter than Mercury when they pass on the 7th, low in the evening twilight, then it, too, is quickly caught up in the sun's brilliance as it passes through inferior conjunction on this side of the Sun on the 22nd. Mars, only slightly brighter than a 2nd magnitude star, can easily be missed low in the west after sunset, as it moves into Virgo before the end of the month. Jupiter, which has been so prominent all year, moves beyond the sun, in conjunction on the 17th, thus lost to view as it leaves the evening sky. Saturn, god of time, has its patience rewarded by having the entire night sky virtually to itself for the rest of the year in Capricornus, now that Mars is so obscure. Moon passes Venus on the 11th, and occults Mercury on the 11th, passes Mars on the 12th, occults Uranus on the 21st and passes Neptune on the 21st, and Saturn on the 22nd. Aug. 2--Pluto stationary in Serpens Caput, resuming its direct motion. Aug. 7--Mercury stationary, beginning its retrograde motion; Mercury 2 deg north of Venus. Aug. 10--Sun enters Leo. Aug. 11--Moon passes 3 deg north of Venus; Moon occults Mercury. Aug. 12--Moon passes 6 deg south of Mars; Perseid meteor shower should be free of lunar interference after an early moonset. Aug. 17--Venus 9 deg south of Regulus; Jupiter in conjunction. Aug. 21--Moon occults Uranus; Moon passes 1 deg.2 south of Neptune; Mercury in inferior conjunction. Aug. 22--Venus in inferior conjunction; Moon passes 1 deg.8 north of Saturn. Aug. 29--Mercury passes 6 deg north of Venus. Aug. 30--Mercury stationary, resuming direct motion. September Mercury briefly emerges a bit from the morning twilight for the first half of the month to be sought north of east before dawn, at greatest elongation on the 7th, and pointed out by Regulus and Jupiter on the 10th which are extremely close. Venus becomes the glorious morning star, stationary on the 12th, achieving its greatest brilliancy on the 28th. Mars may still be found as a 2nd magnitude star very low in the west after the end of twilight, until the end of the month. Jupiter begins its inexorable climb out of the dawn twilight to a close encounter with Regulus on the 10th followed by another seeming collision with Mercury a couple of hours later. Saturn is the sole planetary possessor of the evening sky, still in retrograde in Capricornus. Moon passes Venus on the 6th, Mercury and Jupiter on the 7th, Mars on the 10th, occults Uranus and Neptune on the 17th, and passes Saturn on the 19th. Sep. 6--Moon passes 5 deg north of Venus. Sep. 7--Moon passes 3 deg south of Mercury; Moon passes 5 deg south of Jupiter; Mercury at greatest elongation, 18 deg west of the sun. Sep. 10--Moon passes 6 deg south of Mars; Jupiter passes 0 deg.4 north of Regulus; Mercury passes 0 deg.07 south of Jupiter; Mercury passes 0 deg.3 north of Regulus. Sep. 16--Sun enters Virgo. Sep. 17--Moon occults Uranus and Neptune. Sep. 19--Moon passes 1 deg.8 north of Saturn; Uranus stationary in Sagittarius. Sep. 13--Autumnal equinox, 12:48 GMT (7:48 am EST); Autumn begins in the northern hemisphere, spring in the southern, as the Sun now crosses the Earth's equator from north to south. Sep. 26--Neptune stationary in Sagittarius. Sep. 28--Venus at greatest brilliancy. October Mercury is lost from view for northern hemisphere observers all month, passing through superior conjunction on the 3rd, and remaining far to the south. Venus is occulted by the Moon on the 15th, passes south of Regulus on the 8th, and south of Jupiter on the 17th. Mars is lost in the evening twilight all month. Jupiter passes brilliant Venus on the 17th, then is the highest bright object in the morning sky for the rest of the year. Saturn is stationary on the 5th at the end of its retrograde loop in Capricornus, having the evening sky all to itself for the rest of the year. Moon occults Venus on the 4th, passes Jupiter on the 5th, occults Uranus on the 14th, and Neptune on the 15th, and passes Saturn on the 16th. Oct. 3--Mercury in superior conjunction. Oct. 4--Moon occults Venus. Oct. 5--Saturn stationary in Capricornus, resuming its direct motion; Moon passes Jupiter. Oct. 6--Mars passes 3 deg north of Spica. Oct. 8--Venus passes 3 deg south of Regulus. Oct. 14--Moon occults Uranus. Oct. 15--Moon occults Neptune. Oct. 16--Moon passes 2 deg north of Saturn. Oct. 17--Venus passes 2 deg south of Jupiter. Oct. 30--Sun enters Libra. November Mercury joins Saturn in the evening sky, but it is too far to the southwest after evening twilight to be easily seen by northern observers. Venus is at greatest elongation in the morning sky on the 2nd, letting Jupiter continue its climb up the sky alone. Mars is in conjunction, far beyond the sun, on the 8th, the reason it cannot be found in either the evening or the morning sky. Jupiter is passed by the Moon on the 1st and the 29th, doing nothing else exciting all month. Saturn, brighter than a 1st magnitude star in the faint background of Capricornus, is the attraction in the southwest after twilight all month. Moon passes Jupiter on the 1st, Venus on the 2nd, occults Mercury on the 8th, Uranus and Neptune on the 11th, passes Saturn on the 12th, and Jupiter on the 29th. Nov. 1--Moon passes 6 deg south of Jupiter. Nov. 2--Venus at greatest elongation, 47 deg west of the sun; Moon passes 6 deg south of Venus. Nov. 8--Moon occults Mercury; Mars in conjunction with the sun. Nov. 11--Moon occults Uranus and Neptune; Mercury 2 deg north of Antares. Nov. 12--Moon passes 2 deg north of Saturn. Nov. 13--Pluto in conjunction with the Sun. Nov. 17--The sometimes surprising Leonid meteor shower can be best seen after moonset tonight. Nov. 19--Mercury at greatest elongation, 22 deg east of the Sun. Nov. 22--Sun enters Scorpius. Nov. 28--Mercury stationary, beginning its retrograde motion. Nov. 29--Moon passes 6 deg south of Jupiter; Venus passes 8 deg north of Spica; Sun enters Ophiuchus. December Mercury, although passing through inferior conjunction on the 8th, may be visible in the southeast before dawn during the second half, after being stationary on the 18th, and at greatest elongation on the 27th. Venus is very prominent in the southeast before dawn twilight. Mars emerges from beyond the sun into the morning twilight, looking like another star in Ophiuchus, but one which moves. Jupiter is in southeastern Leo becoming stationary on the last day of the year, so beginning its retrograde motion. Saturn, still the only planet to be seen in the evening sky, is approaching the evening twilight in the southwest, looking brighter than a 1st magnitude star in Capricornus. Moon passes Venus on the 2nd, occults Uranus and Neptune on the 8th, passes Saturn on the 10th, is partially eclipsed on the 21st, and passes Jupiter on the 26th. Dec. 2--Moon passes 8 deg south of Venus. Dec. 8--Moon occults Uranus and Neptune; Mercury in inferior conjunction. Dec. 10--Moon passes 3 deg north of Saturn. Dec. 11--Mars passes 4 deg north of Antares. Dec. 13--Mercury passes 3 deg north of Mars. Dec. 14--Geminid meteor shower may show its 50/hour tonight after the midnight moonset. Dec. 15--Mercury passes 8 deg north of Antares. Dec. 16--Sun enters Sagittarius. Dec. 18--Mercury stationary, resuming direct motion. Dec. 21--Mercury passes 7 deg north of Antares; partial lunar eclipse. Dec. 22--Winter solstice, 8:54 GMT (3:54 am EST); winter begins in the northern hemisphere, summer in the southern; the Sun now being as far south as it can go, it begins its northward trek. Dec. 26--Moon passes 7 deg south of Jupiter. Dec. 27--Mercury at greatest elongation, 22 deg west of the Sun. Dec. 31--Jupiter stationary, beginning its retrograde motion in Leo. Planets and the Sun The planets of the solar system, in order of their mean distance from the sun, are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. Both Uranus and Neptune are visible through good field glasses, but Pluto is so distant and so small that only large telescopes or long exposure photographs can make it visible. Since Mercury and Venus are nearer to the sun than is the earth, their motions about the sun are seen from the earth as wide swings first to one side of the sun and then to the other, although they are both passing continuously around the sun in orbits that are almost circular. When their passage takes them either between the earth and the sun, or beyond the sun as seen from the earth, they are invisible to us. Because of the laws which govern the motions of planets about the sun, both Mercury and Venus require much less time to pass between the earth and the sun than around the far side of the sun, so their periods of visibility and invisibility are unequal. The planets that lie farther from the sun than does the earth may be seen for longer periods of time and are invisible only when they are so located in our sky that they rise and set about the same time as the sun when, of course, they are overwhelmed by the sun's great brilliance. None of the planets has any light of its own but each shines only by reflecting sunlight from its surface. Mercury and Venus, because they are between the earth and the sun, show phases very much as the moon does. The planets farther from the sun are always seen as full, although Mars does occasionally present a slightly gibbous phase -- like the moon when not quite full. The planets move rapidly among the stars because they are very much nearer to us. The stars are also in motion, some of them at tremendous speeds, but they are so far away that their motion does not change their apparent positions in the heavens sufficiently for anyone to perceive that change in a single lifetime. The very nearest star is about 7,000 times as far away as the most distant planet. Planets of the Solar System Mercury Mercury, nearest planet to the sun, is the second smallest of the nine planets known to be orbiting the sun. Its diameter is 3,100 miles and its mean distance from the sun is 36,000,000 miles. Mercury moves with great speed in its journey about the sun, averaging about 30 miles a second to complete its circuit in 88 of our days. Mercury rotates upon its axis over a period of nearly 59 days, thus exposing all of its surface periodically to the sun. It is believed that the surface passing before the sun may have a temperature of about 800 deg F., while the temperature on the side turned temporarily away from the sun does not fall as low as might be expected. This night temperature has been described by Russian astronomers as "room temperature" -- possibly about 70 deg. This would contradict the former belief that Mercury did not possess an atmosphere, for some sort of atmosphere would be needed to retain the fierce solar radiation that strikes Mercury. A shallow but dense layer of carbon dioxide would produce the "greenhouse" effect, in which heat accumulated during exposure to the sun would not completely escape at night. The actual presence of a carbon dioxide atmosphere is in dispute. Other research, however, has indicated a nighttime temperature approaching -300 deg. This uncertainty about conditions upon Mercury and its motion arise from its shorter angular distance from the sun as seen from the earth, for Mercury is always too much in line with the sun to be observed against a dark sky, but is always seen during either morning or evening twilight. Mariner 10 made 3 passes by Mercury in 1974 and 1975. A large fraction of the surface was photographed from varying distances, revealing a degree of cratering similar to that of the moon. An atmosphere of hydrogen and helium may be made up of gases of the solar wind temporarily concentrated by the presence of Mercury. The discovery of a weak but permanent magnetic field was a surprise. It has been held that both a fluid core and rapid rotation were necessary for the generation of a planetary magnetic field. Mercury may demonstrate these conditions to be unnecessary, or the field may reveal something about the history of Mercury. Venus Venus, slightly smaller than the earth, moves about the sun at a mean distance of 67,000,000 miles in 225 of our days. Its synodical revolution -- its return to the same relationship with the earth and the sun, which is a result of the combination of its own motion and that of the earth -- is 584 days. Every 19 months, then, Venus will be nearer to the earth than any other planet of the solar system. The planet is covered with a dense, white, cloudy atmosphere that conceals whatever is below it. This same cloud reflects sunlight efficiently so that when Venus is favorably situated, it is the third brightest object in the sky, exceeded only by the sun and the moon. Spectral analysis of sunlight reflected from Venus' cloud tops has shown features that can best be explained by identifying the material of the clouds as sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol). Infrared spectroscopy from a balloon-borne telescope nearly 20 miles above the earth's surface gave indications of a small amount of water vapor present in the same region of the atmosphere of Venus. In 1956, radio astronomers at the Naval Research Laboratories in Washington, D. C., found a temperature for Venus of about 600 deg F., in marked contrast to minus 125 deg F., previously found at the cloud tops. Subsequent radio work confirmed a high temperature and produced evidence for this temperature to be associated with the solid body of Venus. With this peculiarity in mind, space scientists devised experiments for the U.S. space probe Mariner 2 to perform when it flew by in 1962. Mariner 2 confirmed the high temperature and the fact that it pertained to the ground rather than to some special activity of the atmosphere. In addition, Mariner 2 was unable to detect any radiation belts similar to the earth's so-called Van Allen belts. Nor was it able to detect the existence of a magnetic field even as weak as 1/100,000 of that of the earth. In 1967, a Russian space probe, Venera 4, and the American Mariner 5 arrived at Venus within a few hours of each other. Venera 4 was designed to allow an instrument package to land gently on the planet's surface via parachute. It ceased transmission of information in about 75 minutes when the temperature it read went above 500 deg F. After considerable controversy, it was agreed that it still had 20 miles to go to reach the surface. The U.S. probe, Mariner 5, went around the dark side of Venus at a distance of about 6,000 miles. Again, it detected no significant magnetic field but its radio signals passed to earth through Venus' atmosphere twice -- once on the night side and once on the day side. The results are startling. Venus' atmosphere is nearly all carbon dioxide and must exert a pressure at the planet's surface of up to 100 times the earth's normal sea-level pressure of one atmosphere. Since the earth and Venus are about the same size, and were presumably formed at the same time by the same general process from the same mixture of chemical elements, one is faced with the question: which is the planet with the unusual history -- earth or Venus? Radar astronomers using powerful transmitters as well as sensitive receivers and computers have succeeded in determining the rotation period of Venus. It turns out to be 243 days clockwise -- in other words, contrary to the spin of most of the other planets and to its own motion around the sun. If it were exactly 243.16 days, Venus would always present the same face toward the earth at every inferior conjunction. This rate and sense of rotation allows a "day" on Venus of 117.4 earth days. Any part of Venus will receive sunlight on its clouds for over 58 days and will be in darkness for 58 days. Recent radar observations have shown surface features below the clouds. Large craters, continent-sized highlands, and extensive, dry "ocean" basins have been identified. Mariner 10 passed Venus before traveling on to Mercury in 1974. The carbon dioxide molecule found in such abundance in the atmosphere is rather opaque to certain ultraviolet wavelengths, enabling sensitive television cameras to take pictures of the Venusian cloud cover. Photos radioed to earth show a spiral pattern in the clouds from equator to the poles. In December, 1978, two U. S. Pioneer probes arrived at Venus. One went into orbit about Venus, the other split into 5 separate probes targeted for widely-spaced entry points to sample different conditions. The instrumentation ensemble was selected on the basis of previous missions that had shown the range of conditions to be studied. The probes confirmed expected high surface temperatures and high winds aloft. Winds of about 200 miles per hour, there, may account for the transfer of heat into the night side in spite of the low rotation speed of the planet. Surface winds were light at the time, however. Atmosphere and cloud chemistries were examined in detail, providing much data for continued analysis. The probes detected 4 layers of clouds and more light on the surface than expected solely from sunlight. This light allowed Russian scientists to obtain at least two photos showing rocks on the surface. Sulphur seems to play a large role in the chemistry of Venus, and reactions involving sulphur may be responsible for the glow. To learn more about the weather and atmospheric circulation on Venus, the orbiter takes daily photos of the daylight side cloud cover. It confirms the cloud pattern and its circulation shown by Mariner 10. The ionosphere shows large variability. The orbiter's radar operates in 2 modes: one, for ground elevation variability, and the second for ground reflectivity in 2 dimensions, thus "imaging" the surface. Radar maps of the entire planet that show the features mentioned above have been produced. Mars Mars is the first planet beyond the earth, away from the sun. Mars' diameter is about 4,200 miles, although a determination of the radius and mass of Mars by the space-probe, Mariner 4, which flew by Mars on July 14, 1965 at a distance of less than 6,000 miles, indicated that these dimensions were slightly larger than had been previously estimated. While Mars' orbit is also nearly circular, it is somewhat more eccentric than the orbits of many of the other planets, and Mars is more than 30 million miles farther from the sun in some parts of its year than it is at others. Mars takes 687 of our days to make one circuit of the sun, traveling at about 15 miles a second. Mars rotates upon its axis in almost the same period of time that the earth does -- 24 hours and 37 minutes. Mars' mean distance from the sun is 141 million miles, so that the temperature on Mars would be lower than that on the earth even if Mars' atmosphere were about the same as ours. The atmosphere is not, however, for Mariner 4 reported that atmospheric pressure on Mars is between 1% and 2% of the earth's atmospheric pressure. This thin atmosphere appears to be largely carbon dioxide. No evidence of free water was found. There appears to be no magnetic field about Mars. This would eliminate the previous conception of a dangerous radiation belt around Mars. The same lack of a magnetic field would expose the surface of Mars to an influx of cosmic radiation about 100 times as intense as that on earth. Deductions from years of telescopic observation indicate that 5/8ths of the surface of Mars is a desert of reddish rock, sand, and soil. The rest of Mars is covered by irregular patches that appear generally green in hues that change through the Martian year. These were formerly held to be some sort of primitive vegetation, but with the findings of Mariner 4 of a complete lack of water and oxygen, such growth does not appear possible. The nature of the green areas is now unknown. They may be regions covered with volcanic salts whose color changes with changing temperatures and atmospheric conditions, or they may be gray, rather than green. When large gray areas are placed beside large red areas, the gray areas will appear green to the eye. Mars' axis of rotation is inclined from a vertical to the plane of its orbit about the sun by about 25 deg and therefore Mars has seasons as does the earth, except that the Martian seasons are longer because Mars' year is longer. White caps form about the winter pole of Mars, growing through the winter and shrinking in summer. These polar caps are now believed to be both water ice and carbon dioxide ice. It is the carbon dioxide that is seen to come and go with the seasons. The water ice is apparently in many layers with dust between them, indicating climatic cycles. The canals of Mars have become more of a mystery than they were before the voyage of Mariner 4. Markings forming a network of fine lines crossing much of the surface of Mars have been seen there by men who have devoted much time to the study of the planet, but no canals have shown clearly enough in previous photographs to be universally accepted. A few of the 21 photographs sent back to earth by Mariner 4 covered areas crossed by canals. The pictures show faint, ill-defined, broad, dark markings, but no positive identification of the nature of the markings. Mariners 6 & 7 in 1969 sent back many more photographs of higher quality than those of the pioneering Mariner 4. These pictures showed cratering similar to the earlier views, but in addition showed 2 other types of terrain. Some regions seemed featureless for many square miles, but others were chaotic, showing high relief without apparent organization into mountain chains or craters. Mariner 9, the first artificial body to be placed in an orbit about Mars, has transmitted over 10,000 photographs covering 100% of the planet's surface. Preliminary study of these photos and other data shows that Mars resembles no other planet we know. Using terrestrial terms, however, scientists describe features that seem to be clearly of volcanic origin. One of these features is Nix Olympica, (now called Olympus Mons), apparently a shield volcano whose caldera is over 50 miles wide, and whose outer slopes are over 300 miles in diameter, and which stands about 90,000 feet above the surrounding plain. Some features may have been produced by cracking (faulting) of the surface and the sliding of one region over or past another. Many craters seem to have been produced by impacting bodies such as may have come from the nearby asteroid belt. Features near the south pole may have been produced by glaciers that are no longer present. Flowing water, non-existent on Mars at the present time, probably carved canyons, one 10 times longer and 3 times deeper than the Grand Canyon. Although the Russians landed a probe on the Martian surface, it transmitted for only 20 seconds. In 1976, the U.S. landed 2 Viking spacecraft on the Martian surface. The landers had devices aboard to perform chemical analyses of the soil in search of evidence of life. The results have been inconclusive. The 2 Viking orbiters have returned the best pictures yet of Martian topographic features. Many features can be explained only if Mars once had large quantities of flowing water. Mars' position in its orbit and its speed around that orbit in relation to the earth's position and speed bring Mars fairly close to the earth on occasions about two years apart and then move Mars and the earth too far apart for accurate observation and photography. Every 15-17 years, the close approaches are especially favorable to close observation. Mars has 2 satellites, discovered in 1877 by Asaph Hall. The outer satellite, Deimos, revolves around Mars in about 31 hours. The inner satellite, Phobos, whips around Mars in a little more than 7 hours, making 3 trips around the planet each Martian day. Mariner and Viking photos show these bodies to be irregularly shaped and pitted with numerous craters. Phobos also shows a system of linear grooves, each about 1/3-mile across and roughly parallel. Phobos measures about 8 by 12 miles and Deimos about 5 by 7.5 miles in size. Jupiter Jupiter is the largest of the planets. Its equatorial diameter is 88,000 miles, 11 times the diameter of the earth. Its polar diameter is about 6,000 miles shorter. This is an equilibrium condition resulting from the liquidity of the planet and its extremely rapid rate of rotation: a Jupiter day is only 10 earth hours long. For a planet this size, this rotational speed is amazing, and it moves a point on Jupiter's equator at a speed of 22,000 miles an hour, as compared with 1,000 miles an hour for a point on the earth's equator. Jupiter is at an average distance of 480 million miles from the sun and takes almost 12 of our years to make one complete circuit of the sun. The only directly observable chemical constituents of Jupiter's atmosphere are methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3), but it is reasonable to assume the same mixture of elements available to make Jupiter as to make the sun. This would mean a large fraction of hydrogen and helium must be present also, as well as water (H2O). The temperature at the tops of the clouds may be about minus 260 deg F. The clouds are probably ammonia ice crystals, becoming ammonia droplets lower down. There may be a space before water ice crystals show up as clouds: in turn, these become water droplets near the bottom of the entire cloud layer. The total atmosphere may be only a few hundred miles in depth, pulled down by the surface gravity (= 2.64 times earth's) to a relatively thin layer. Of course, the gases become denser with depth until they may turn into a slush or a slurry. Perhaps there is no surface -- no real interface between the gaseous atmosphere and the body of Jupiter. Pioneers 10 and 11 provided evidence for considering Jupiter to be almost entirely liquid hydrogen. Long before a rocky core about the size of the earth is reached, hydrogen mixed with helium becomes a liquid metal at very high temperature and pressure. Jupiter's cloudy atmosphere is a fairly good reflector of sunlight and makes it appear far brighter than any of the stars. Fourteen of Jupiter's 17 or more satellites have been found through earth-based observations. Four of the moons are large and bright, rivaling our own moon and the planet Mercury in diameter, and may be seen through a field glass. They move rapidly around Jupiter and their change of position from night to night is extremely interesting to watch. The other satellites are much smaller and in all but one instance much farther from Jupiter and cannot be seen except through powerful telescopes. The 4 outermost satellites are revolving around Jupiter clockwise as seen from the north, contrary to the motions of the great majority of the satellites in the solar system and to the direction of revolution of the planets around the sun. The reason for this retrograde motion is not known, but one theory is that Jupiter's tremendous gravitational power may have captured 4 of the minor planets or asteroids that move about the sun between Mars and Jupiter, and that these would necessarily revolve backward. At the great distance of these bodies from Jupiter -- some 14 million miles -- direct motion would result in decay of the orbits, while retrograde orbits would be stable. Jupiter's mass is more than twice the mass of all the other planets put together, and accounts for Jupiter's tremendous gravitational field and so, probably, for its numerous satellites and its dense atmosphere. In December, 1973, Pioneer 10 passed about 80,000 miles from the equator of Jupiter and was whipped into a path taking it out of our solar system in about 50 years, and beyond the system of planets, on June 13, 1983. In December, 1974, Pioneer 11 passed within 30,000 miles of Jupiter, moving roughly from south to north, over the poles. Photographs from both encounters were useful at the time but were far surpassed by those of Voyagers I and II. Thousands of high resolution multi-color pictures show rapid variations of features both large and small. The Great Red Spot exhibits internal counterclockwise rotation. Much turbulence is seen in adjacent material passing north or south of it. The satellites Amalthea, Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto were photographed, some in great detail. Each is individual and unique, with no similarities to other known planets or satellites. Io has active volcanoes that probably have ejected material into a doughnut-shaped ring enveloping its orbit about Jupiter. This is not to be confused with the thin flat disk-like ring closer to Jupiter's surface. Now that such a ring has been seen by the Voyagers, older uncertain observations from Earth can be reinterpreted as early sightings of this structure. Saturn Saturn, last of the planets visible to the unaided eye, is almost twice as far from the sun as Jupiter, almost 900 million miles. It is second in size to Jupiter but its mass is much smaller. Saturn's specific gravity is less than that of water. Its diameter is about 71,000 miles at the equator; its rotational speed spins it completely around in a little more than 10 hours, and its atmosphere is much like that of Jupiter, except that its temperature at the top of its cloud layer is at least 100 deg lower. At about 300 deg F. below zero, the ammonia would be frozen out of Saturn's clouds. The theoretical construction of Saturn resembles that of Jupiter; it is either all gas, or it has a small dense center surrounded by a layer of liquid and a deep atmosphere. Until Pioneer 11 passed Saturn in September 1979 only 10 satellites of Saturn were known. Since that time, the situation is quite confused. Added to data interpretations from the fly-by are earth-based observations using new techniques while the rings were edge-on and virtually invisible. It was hoped that the Voyager I and II fly-bys would help sort out the system. It is now believed that Saturn has at least 22 satellites, some sharing orbits. The Saturn satellite system is still confused. Saturn's ring system begins about 7,000 miles above the visible disk of Saturn, lying above its equator and extending about 35,000 miles into space. The diameter of the ring system visible from Earth is about 170,000 miles; the rings are estimated to be no thicker than 10 miles. In 1973, radar observation showed the ring particles to be large chunks of material averaging a meter on a side. Voyager I and II observations showed the rings to be considerably more complex than had been believed, so much so that interpretation will take much time. To the untrained eye, the Voyager photographs could be mistaken for pictures of a colorful phonograph record. Uranus Voyager II, after passing Saturn in August 1981, headed for a rendezvous with Uranus culminating in a fly-by January 24, 1986. This encounter answered many questions, and raised others. Uranus, discovered by Sir William Herschel on Mar. 13, 1781, lies at a distance of 1.8 billion miles from the sun, taking 84 years to make its circuit around our star. Uranus has a diameter of about 32,000 miles and spins once in some 16.8 hours, according to fly-by data. One of the most fascinating features of Uranus is how far it is tipped over. Its north pole lies 98 deg from being directly up and down to its orbit plane. Thus, its seasons are extreme. When the sun rises at the north pole, it stays up for 42 years; then it sets and the north pole will be in darkness (and winter) for 42 years. The satellite system of Uranus, consisting of at least 15 moons, (the 5 largest having been known before the fly-by) have orbits lying in the plane of the planet's equator. In that plane there is also a complex of rings, 9 of which were discovered in 1978. Invisible from Earth, the 9 original rings were found by observers watching Uranus pass before a star. As they waited, they saw their photoelectric equipment register several short eclipses of the star. Then the planet occulted the star as expected. After the star came out from behind Uranus, the star winked out several more times. Subsequent observations and analyses indicated the 9 narrow, nearly opaque rings circling Uranus. Evidence from the Voyager II fly-by has shown the ring particles to be predominantly a yard or so in diameter. In addition to the 10 new, very small satellites, Voyager II returned detailed photos of the 5 large satellites. As in the case of other satellites newly observed in the Voyager program, these bodies proved to be entirely different from each other and any others. Miranda has grooved markings, reminiscent of Jupiter's Ganymede, but often arranged in a chevron pattern. Ariel shows rifts and channels. Umbriel is extremely dark, prompting some observers to regard its surface as among the oldest in the system. Titania has rifts and fractures, but not the evidence of flow found on Ariel. Oberon's main feature is its surface saturated with craters, unrelieved by other formations. The structure of Uranus is subject to some debate. Basically, however, it may have a rocky core surrounded by a thick icy mantle on top of which is a crust of hydrogen and helium that gradually becomes an atmosphere. Perhaps continued analysis of the wealth of data returned by Voyager II will shed some light on this problem. Neptune Neptune, currently the most distant planet from the sun (until 1999), lies at an average distance of 2.8 billion miles. It was the last planet visited in Voyager II's epic 12 year trek from earth. While much new information was immediately perceived, much more must await further analysis of the tremendous amount of data returned from the spacecraft. As with the other giant planets, there may be no solid surface to give real meaning to a measure of a diameter. However, a mean value of 30,600 miles may be assigned to a diameter between atmosphere levels where the pressure is about the same as sea level on earth, as determined by radio experimenters. A different radio observational technique gave evidence of a rotation period for the bulk of Neptune of 16.1 hours, a shorter value than the 18.2 hours given by the clouds seen in the blue atmosphere. Neptune orbits the sun in 164 years in nearly a circular orbit. Voyager II, which passed 3000 miles from Neptune's north pole, found a magnetic field which is considerably asymmetric to the planet's structure, similar, but not so extreme, to that found at Uranus. Neptune's atmosphere was seen to be quite blue, with quickly changing white clouds often suspended high above an apparent surface. In that apparent surface were found features, one of which was reminiscent of the Great Red Spot of Jupiter, even to the counterclockwise rotation expected in a high-pressure system in the southern hemisphere. Atmospheric constituents are mostly hydrocarbon compounds. Although lightning and auroras have been found on other giant planets, only the aurora phenomenon has been seen on Neptune. Six new satellites were discerned around Neptune, one confirming a 1981 sighting that was then difficult to recover for proper identification. Five of these satellites orbit Neptune in a half day or less. Of the eight satellites of Neptune, the largest, Triton, is in a retrograde orbit suggesting that it was captured rather than being co-eval with Neptune. Triton is sufficiently large to raise significant tides on Neptune which will one day, say 100 million years from now, cause Triton to come close enough to Neptune for it to be torn apart. Nereid was found in 1949, and is in a long looping orbit suggesting it, too, was captured. Each of the satellites that has been photographed by the two Voyagers in the planetary encounters has been different from any of the other satellites, and certainly from any of the planets. Only about half of Triton has been observed, but its terrain shows cratering and a strange regional feature described as resembling the skin of a cantaloupe. Triton has a tenuous atmosphere of nitrogen with a trace of hydrocarbons, and evidence of active geysers injecting material into it. At minus 238 degrees Celsius, Triton is one of the coldest objects in the solar system observed by Voyager II. In addition to the satellite system, Voyager II confirmed the existence of at least three rings composed of very fine particles. There may some clumpiness in their structure, but the known satellites may not contribute to the formation or maintenance of the rings, as they have in other systems. As with the other giant planets, Neptune is emitting more energy than it receives from the sun, Voyager finding the excess to be 2.7 times the solar contribution. These excesses are thought to be cooling from internal heat sources and from the heat of formation of the planets. Pluto Although Pluto on the average stays about 3.6 billion miles from the sun, its orbit is so eccentric that it is now approaching its minimum distance of 2.7 billion miles, less than the current distance of Neptune. Thus Pluto, until 1999, is temporarily planet number 8 from the sun. At its mean distance, Pluto takes 247.7 years to circumnavigate the sun. Until recently that was about all that was known of Pluto. About a century ago, a hypothetical planet was believed to lie beyond Neptune and Uranus. Little more than a guess, a mass of one Earth was assigned to the mysterious body and mathematical searches were begun. Amid some controversy about the validity of the predictive process, Pluto was found nearly where it was predicted to be. It was found by Clyde Tombaugh at the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Ariz., in 1930. At the U.S. Naval Observatory, also in Flagstaff, on July 2, 1978, James Christy obtained a photograph of Pluto that was distinctly elongated. Repeated observations of this shape and its variation were convincing evidence of the discovery of a satellite of Pluto. Now named Charon, it may be 500 miles across, at a distance of over 10,000 miles, and taking 6.4 days to move around Pluto, the same length of time Pluto takes to rotate once. Gravitational laws allow these interactions to give us the mass of Pluto as 0.0017 of the Earth and a diameter of 1,500 miles. This makes the density about the same as that of water. It is now clear that Pluto, the body found by Tombaugh, could not have influenced Neptune and Uranus to go astray. Theorists are again at work looking for a new planet X. Greenwich Sidereal Time for 0h GMT, 1991 (Add 12 hours to obtain Right Ascension of Mean Sun) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Date Date h m 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jan. 1 06 40.6 11 07 20.0 21 07 59.4 31 08 38.9 Feb. 10 09 18.3 20 09 57.7 Mar. 2 10 37.1 12 11 16.6 22 11 56.0 Apr. 1 12 35.4 11 13 14.8 21 13 54.3 May 1 14 33.7 11 15 13.1 21 15 52.5 31 16 32.0 June 10 17 11.4 20 17 50.8 30 18 30.2 Date Date h m 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  30 18 30.2 July 10 19 09.7 20 19 49.1 30 20 28.5 Aug. 9 21 07.9 19 21 47.4 29 22 26.8 Sept. 8 23 06.2 18 23 45.7 28 00 25.1 Oct. 8 01 04.5 18 01 43.9 28 02 23.4 Nov. 7 03 02.8 17 03 42.2 27 04 21.6 Dec. 7 05 01.1 17 05 40.5 27 06 19.9 Date Date h m 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  27 06 19.9 1991 Jan. 6 1991 Jan. 6 06 59.3 Rising and Setting of Planets, 1991 Greenwich Mean Time (0 designates midnight) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴� 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Venus, 1991 Venus, 1991 Venus, 1991 Venus, 1991 Venus, 1991 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Jan. 10 7:47 18:52 8:05 20 7:53 19:09 8:08 30 7:56 19:25 8:06 Feb. 9 7:56 19:39 8:02 19 7:54 19:52 7:56 Mar. 1 7:52 20:05 7:49 11 7:50 20:18 7:43 21 7:48 20:31 7:37 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  31 7:48 20:45 7:33 Apr. 10 7:51 21:00 7:32 20 7:56 21:14 7:34 30 8:03 21:28 7:39 May 10 8:12 21:40 7:48 20 8:23 21:48 7:58 30 8:32 21:52 8:10 June 9 8:40 21:52 8:20 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  19 8:44 21:45 8:27 29 8:44 21:34 8:30 July 9 8:37 21:15 8:26 19 8:21 20:49 8:14 29 7:54 20:12 7:49 Aug. 8 7:11 19:24 7:08 18 6:13 18:25 6:10 28 5:08 17:25 5:04 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Sept. 7 4:11 16:34 4:05 17 3:29 15:58 3:22 27 3:03 15:34 2:55 Oct. 7 2:49 15:18 2:41 17 2:42 15:08 2:36 27 2:41 15:01 2:37 Nov. 6 2:45 14:55 2:43 16 2:50 14:50 2:51 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  26 2:58 14:47 3:02 Dec. 6 3:08 14:45 3:15 16 3:19 14:45 3:30 26 3:32 14:48 3:46 Mars, 1991 Mars, 1991 Mars, 1991 Mars, 1991 Mars, 1991 Jan. 10 13:47 3:02 13:26 20 13:14 2:30 12:53 30 12:44 2:02 12:23 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Feb. 9 12:18 1:37 11:56 19 11:54 1:16 11:32 Mar. 1 11:33 0:56 11:10 11 11:13 0:38 10:49 21 10:55 0:20 10:31 31 10:38 0:04 10:14 Apr. 10 10:23 23:46 9:59 20 10:08 23:30 9:44 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  30 9:54 23:14 9:31 May 10 9:41 22:58 9:19 20 9:28 22:41 9:07 30 9:15 22:24 8:56 June 9 9:03 22:06 8:45 19 8:50 21:48 8:34 29 8:38 21:29 8:23 July 9 8:25 21:10 8:13 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  19 8:13 20:51 8:02 29 8:00 20:31 7:52 Aug. 8 7:48 20:11 7:42 18 7:35 19:52 7:31 28 7:23 19:32 7:21 Sept. 7 7:11 19:12 7:11 17 6:59 18:52 7:02 27 6:48 18:33 6:53 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Oct. 7 6:37 18:15 6:44 17 6:26 17:57 6:36 27 6:17 17:40 6:29 Nov. 6 6:08 17:24 6:22 16 5:59 17:10 6:15 26 5:52 16:56 6:09 Dec. 6 5:44 16:44 6:04 16 5:38 16:33 5:58 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  26 5:31 16:23 5:53 Jupiter, 1991 Jupiter, 1991 Jupiter, 1991 Jupiter, 1991 Jupiter, 1991 Jan. 10 19:05 8:07 18:49 20 18:20 7:23 18:03 30 17:35 6:39 17:18 Feb. 9 16:50 5:55 16:32 19 16:05 5:12 15:47 Mar. 1 15:21 4:29 15:03 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  11 14:38 3:46 14:20 21 13:57 3:05 13:39 31 13:17 2:26 12:59 Apr. 10 12:39 1:47 12:20 20 12:02 1:09 11:43 30 11:26 0:33 11:08 May 10 10:51 23:54 10:33 20 10:18 23:19 10:00 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  30 9:45 22:45 9:28 June 9 9:13 22:12 8:56 19 8:41 21:39 8:25 29 8:11 21:06 7:55 July 9 7:40 20:34 7:25 19 7:10 20:02 6:56 29 6:40 19:30 6:26 Aug. 8 6:10 18:58 5:57 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  18 5:41 18:26 5:28 28 5:11 17:54 4:59 Sept. 7 4:41 17:22 4:30 17 4:11 16:49 4:01 27 3:41 16:17 3:31 Oct. 7 3:10 15:44 3:01 17 2:39 15:11 2:30 27 2:07 14:37 1:59 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Nov. 6 1:34 14:03 1:27 16 1:01 13:28 0:54 26 0:26 12:52 0:20 Dec. 6 23:47 12:16 23:41 16 23:11 11:38 23:04 26 22:33 11:00 22:26 Saturn, 1991 Saturn, 1991 Saturn, 1991 Saturn, 1991 Saturn, 1991 Jan. 10 7:07 18:07 7:26 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  20 6:33 17:33 6:51 30 5:58 16:59 6:16 Feb. 9 5:23 16:25 5:41 19 4:48 15:51 5:06 Mar. 1 4:13 15:16 4:30 11 3:37 14:41 3:55 21 3:01 14:06 3:18 31 2:25 13:30 2:42 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Apr. 10 1:48 12:53 2:05 20 1:11 12:16 1:27 30 0:33 11:39 0:49 May 10 23:50 11:00 0:11 20 23:11 10:21 23:28 30 22:31 9:41 22:48 June 9 21:51 9:00 22:08 19 21:10 8:19 21:27 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  29 20:29 7:37 20:46 July 9 19:47 6:55 20:04 19 19:05 6:13 19:22 29 18:23 5:30 18:41 Aug. 8 17:41 4:47 17:59 18 16:59 4:05 17:17 28 16:17 3:23 16:36 Sept. 7 15:36 2:41 15:55 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  17 14:56 2:00 15:14 27 14:16 1:20 14:34 Oct. 7 13:36 0:40 13:55 17 12:57 23:58 13:16 27 12:19 23:20 12:37 Nov. 6 11:41 22:43 12:00 16 11:04 22:06 11:23 26 10:28 21:30 10:46 20 deg N. 20 deg N. 30 deg N. Latitude Latitude Latitude Rise Set Rise 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Dec. 6 9:52 20:55 10:10 16 9:16 20:20 9:34 26 8:41 19:45 8:58 Moonrise Tonight The idea of estimating the time of moonrise tonight may have scared you off in the past because you assumed that it involved a difficult and mysterious series of calculations. The actual process is quite easy to do, however, especially with the little pocket calculators that seem ubiquitous today. The first major step involves finding three numbers for your city obtained from the latitude and longitude figures listed in the Latitude, Longitude, and Altitude of North American Cities table. If your city is not here, find the information from a map, atlas or other source. These answers are permanent and never need to be determined for that city again. You can write these numbers down and use them every year you stay in that city. The second step involves taking the correct four figures from the tables of moonrise and moonset for the date you want. The third major step involves adjusting this answer to standard time. Let us determine the time of rise for the full moon of July 26, 1991, for Tucson, Arizona. First, to determine the 3 constant numbers for Tucson, find the latitude and longitude from the Latitude, Longitude, and Altitude of North American Cities table. I. Latitude: 32 deg 13' 15" Longitude: 110 deg 58' 08" IA. Convert these values to decimals: Latitude: 1. 15"/60 = .25' 2. 13' + .25' = 13.25' 3. 13.25'/60 = .2208 deg 4. 32 deg .2208 = 32.22 deg Longitude: 1. 8"/60 = .133 2. 58' + .133 = 58.133' 3. 58.133/60 = .969 deg 4. 110 deg + .969 = 110.97 deg Thus, 32.22 for latitude and 110.97 for longitude. IIB. Fraction between 30 deg and 40 deg that Tucson lies: 1. 40 - 30 = 10 2. 32.22 - 30 = 2.22 3. 2.22/10 = .222. IC. Fraction of the world that Tucson lies west of Greenwich (home of GMT): 110.97/360 = .308. ID. Correction from local to standard time: (Mountain Time meridian is 105 deg .0) 110.97 - 105 = 5.97 deg west of the standard time meridian. Events in Tucson happen 4 minutes per degree after they happen for the standard time meridian. Thus, 5.97 * 4 = 23.88, or 24 minutes later. IE. These three numbers, IB, IC, and ID, never have to be calculated for Tucson again. II. Find the time of moonrise for Tucson's latitude at Greenwich. 1. From the Astronomy - Daily Calendar, July 1991 find the moonrise data for the latitudes north and south of Tucson, 40 deg and 30 deg, and for the times before and after the time wanted, 26th and 27th. 露컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 30 deg 40 deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� June 26 18:50 19:11 30 deg 40 deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� June 26 18:50 19:11 June 27 19:23 19:39 IIB. We want to find the Greenwich meridian time of moonrise for Tucson's latitude for both the 26th and 27th. This time lies .222 (Ans. IB) times the difference between the rise times on each date for 30 deg and 40 deg added to the earlier times: For the 26th: 1. 19:11 - 18:59 = 12 2. 12 * .222 = 2.7 or 3 minutes 3. 18:59 + 3 = 19:02 For the 27th: 1. 19:39 - 19:23 = 17 2. 17 * .222 = 3.8 or 4 minutes 3. 19:23 + 4 = 19:27. IIC. Since the moon moves at Greenwich from the 26th to the 27th, take the proportion of the change in time between 19:02 on the 26th at Greenwich and 19:27 on the 27th that Tucson lies west of Greenwich (Ans. IC) added to the earlier time: 1. 19:27 - 19:02 = 25 minutes 2. 25 * .308 = 7.7 or 8 minutes 3. 19:02 + 8 = 19:10 local time IID. Next correct for the standard meridian (Ans. ID): 19:10 + 24 = 19:34 Mountain Standard Time. Note: Arizona does not observe Daylight Time. Star Tables These tables include stars of visual magnitude 2.5 and brighter. Co-ordinates are for mid-1991. Where no parallax figures are given, the trigonometric parallax figure is smaller than the margin for error and the distance given is obtained by indirect methods. Stars of variable magnitude designated by v. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴� Star Magnitude Parallax Light yrs. Right ascen. Star Magnitude Parallax Light yrs. Right ascen. " 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Andromedae (Alpheratz) 2.06 0.02 90 0 Cassiopeiae 2.27v 0.07 45 0 Phoenicis 2.39 0.04 93 0 Cassiopeiae (Schedir) 2.23 0.01 150 0 Ceti 2.04 0.06 57 0 Cassiopeiae 2.47v 0.03 96 0 Andromedae 2.06 0.04 76 1 Eridani (Achernar) 0.46 0.02 118 1 Andromedae 2.26 260 2 Arietis 2.00 0.04 76 2 Ceti 2.00v 0.01 103 2 Ursae Min.(Pole Star) 2.02v 680 2 Persei (Algol) 2.12v 0.03 105 3 Persei 1.80 0.03 570 3 Tauri (Aldebaran) 0.85v 0.05 68 4 Orionis (Rigel) 0.12v 900 5 Aurigae (Capella) 0.08 0.07 45 5 Orionis (Bellatrix) 1.64 0.03 470 5 Star Magnitude Parallax Light yrs. Right ascen. " 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Orionis (Bellatrix) 1.64 0.03 470 5 Tauri (El Nath) 1.65 0.02 300 5 Orionis 2.23v 1500 5 Orionis 1.70 1600 5 Orionis 2.05 0.02 1600 5 Orionis 2.06 0.01 2100 5 Orionis (Betelgeuse) 0.50v 520 5 Aurigae 1.90 0.04 88 5 Canis Majoris 1.98 0.01 750 6 Carinae (Canopus) -0.72 0.02 98 6 Geminorum 1.93 0.03 105 6 Canis Majoris(Sirius) -1.46 0.38 8.7 6 Canis Majoris 1.50 680 6 Canis Majoris 1.86 2100 7 Canis Majoris 2.44 2700 7 Geminorum (Castor) 1.99 0.07 45 7 Canis Minoris (Procyon) 0.38 0.29 11.3 7 Geminorum (Pollux) 1.14 0.09 35 7 Star Magnitude Parallax Light yrs. Right ascen. " 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Geminorum (Pollux) 1.14 0.09 35 7 Puppis 2.25 2400 8 Velorum 1.82 520 8 Carinae 1.86 340 8 Velorum 1.96 0.04 76 8 Velorum 2.21 0.02 750 9 Carinae 1.68 0.04 86 9 Carinae 2.25 750 9 Velorum 2.50 0.01 470 9 Hydrae 1.98 0.02 94 9 Leonis (Regulus) 1.35 0.04 84 10 Leonis 1.90 0.02 90 10 Ursae Majoris (Merak) 2.37 0.04 78 11 Ursae Majoris (Dubhe) 1.79 0.03 105 11 Leonis (Denebola) 2.14 0.08 43 11 Ursae Majoris (Phecda) 2.44 0.02 90 11 Crucis 1.58 370 12 Crucis 1.63 220 12 Star Magnitude Parallax Light yrs. Right ascen. " 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Crucis 1.63 220 12 Centauri 2.17 160 12 Crucis 1.25v 490 12 Ursae Majoris (Alioth) 1.77v 0.01 68 12 Ursae Majoris (Mizar) 2.05 0.04 88 13 Virginis (Spica) 0.97v 0.02 220 13 Centauri 2.30v 570 13 Ursae Majoris (Alkaid) 1.86 210 13 Centauri 0.61v 0.02 490 14 Centauri 2.06 0.06 55 14 Bootis (Arcturus) -0.04 0.09 36 14 Centauri 2.31v 390 14 Centauri -0.01 0.75 4.3 14 Lupi 2.30v 430 14 Bootis 2.40 0.01 103 14 Ursae Minoris 2.08 0.03 105 14 Coronae Borealis 2.23v 0.04 76 15 Scorpii 2.32 590 15 Star Magnitude Parallax Light yrs. Right ascen. " 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Scorpii 2.32 590 15 Scorpii (Antares) 0.96v 0.02 520 16 Trianguli Australis 1.92 0.02 82 16 Scorpii 2.29 0.05 66 16 Ophiuchi 2.43 0.05 69 17 Scorpii 1.63v 310 17 Ophiuchi 2.08 0.06 58 17 Scorpii 1.87 0.02 650 17 Scorpii 2.41v 470 17 Draconis 2.23 0.02 108 17 Sagittarii 1.85 0.02 124 18 Lyrae (Vega) 0.03 0.12 26.5 18 Sagittarii 2.02 300 18 Aquilae (Altair) 0.77 0.20 16.5 19 Cygni 2.20 750 20 Pavonis 1.94 310 20 Cygni (Deneb) 1.25 1600 20 Cygni 2.46 0.04 74 20 Star Magnitude Parallax Light yrs. Right ascen. " 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cygni 2.46 0.04 74 20 Cephei 2.44 0.06 52 21 Pegasi 2.39 780 21 Gruis 1.74 0.05 64 22 Gruis 2.11v 280 22 Piscis Austrinis (Fomalhaut) 1.16 0.14 22.6 22 Pegasi 2.42v 0.02 210 23 Pegasi 2.49 0.03 109 23 Constellations Culturally, constellations are imagined patterns among the stars that, in some cases, have been recognized through millenia of tradition. In the early days of astronomy, knowledge of the constellations was necessary in order to function as an astronomer. For today's astronomers, constellations are simply areas on the entire sky in which interesting objects await observation and interpretation. Because western culture has prevailed in establishing modern science, equally viable and interesting constellations and celestial traditions of other cultures (of Asia or Africa, for example) are not well known outside of their regions of origin. Even the patterns with which we are most familiar today have undergone considerable change over the centuries, because the western heritage embraces teachings of cultures disparate in time as well as place. Today, students of the sky the world over recognize 88 constellations that cover the entire celestial sphere. Many of these have their origins in ancient days; many are "modern," contrived out of unformed stars by astronomers a few centuries ago. Unformed stars were those usually too faint or inconveniently placed to be included in depicting the more prominent constellations. When astronomers began to travel to South Africa in the 16th and 17th centuries, they found a sky that itself was unformed, and showing numerous brilliant stars. Thus, we find constellations in the southern hemisphere like the "air pump," the "microscope," the "furnace," and other technological marvels of the time, as well as some arguably traditional forms, such as the "fly." Many of the commonly recognized constellations had their origins in ancient Asia Minor--Syria, Babylon, etc. These were adopted by the Greeks and Romans who translated their names and stories into their own languages, some details being modified in the process. After the declines of these cultures, most such knowledge entered oral tradition, or remained hidden in monastic libraries. Beginning in the 8th century, the Moslem explosion spread through the Mediterranean world. Wherever possible, everything was translated into Arabic to be taught in the universities the Moslems established all over their new-found world. In the 13th century, Alphonsus XX of Spain, an avid student of astronomy, succeeded in having Claudius Ptolemy's Almagest, as its Arabian title was known, translated into Latin. It thus became widely available to European scholars. In the process, the constellation names were translated, but the star names were retained in their Arabic forms. Transliterating Arabic into the Roman alphabet has never been an exact art, so many of the star names we use today only "seem" Arabic to all but scholars. Names of stars often indicated what parts of the traditional figures they represented: Deneb, the tail of the swan; Betelgeuse, the armpit of the giant. Thus, the names were an indication of the position in the sky of a particular star, provided one recognized the traditional form of the mythic figure. In English, usage of the Latin names for the constellations couples often inconceivable creatures, represented in unimaginable configurations, with names that often seem unintelligible. Avoiding traditional names, astronomers may designate the brighter stars in a constellation with Greek letters, usually in order of brightness. Thus, the "alpha star" is often the brightest star of that constellation. The "of" implies possession, so the genetive (possessive) form of the constellation name is used, as in Alpha Orionis, the first star of Orion (Betelgeuse). Astronomers usually use a 3-letter form for the constellation name, understanding it to be read as either the nominative or genitive case of the name. Until the 1920's, astronomers used curved boundaries for the constellation areas. As these were rather arbitrary at best, the International Astronomical Union adopted boundaries that ran due north-south and east-west, filling the sky much as the contiguous states fill up the area of the "lower 48" United States. Within these boundaries, and occasionally crossing them, popular "asterisms" are recognized: the Big Dipper is a small part of Ursa Major, the big bear; the Sickle is the traditional head and mane of Leo, the lion; one of the horntips of Taurus, the bull, properly belongs to Auriga, the charioteer; the northeast star of the Great Square of Pegasus is Alpha Andromedae. It is unlikely that further change will occur in the realm of the celestial constellations. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Name Genitive Abbreviation Meaning 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Andromeda Andromedae And Chained Maiden Antlia Antliae Ant Air Pump Apus Apodis Aps Bird of Paradise Aquarius Aquarii Aqr Water Bearer Aquila Aquilae Aql Eagle Name Genitive Abbreviation Meaning 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Aquila Aquilae Aql Eagle Ara Arae Ara Altar Aries Arietis Ari Ram Auriga Aurigae Aur Charioteer Bootes Bootis Boo Herdsmen Caelum Caeli Cae Chisel Camelopardalis Camelopardalis Cam Giraffe Cancer Cancri Cnc Crab Canes Venatici Canum Venaticorum CVn Hunting Dogs Canis Major Canis Majoris CMa Great Dog Canis Minor Canis Minoris CMi Little Dog Capricornus Capricorni Cap Sea-goat Carina Carinae Car Keel Cassiopeia Cassiopeiae Cas Queen Centaurus Centauri Cen Centaur Cepheus Cephei Cep King Cetus Ceti Cet Whale Chamaeleon Chamaeleontis Cha Chameleon Circinus Circini Cir Compasses (art) Name Genitive Abbreviation Meaning 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Circinus Circini Cir Compasses (art) Columba Columbae Col Dove Coma Berenices Comae Berenices Com Berenice's Hair Corona Australis Coronae Australis CrA Southern Crown Corona Borealis Coronae Borealis CrB Northern Crown Corvus Corvi Crv Crow Crater Crateris Crt Cup Crux Crucis Cru Cross (southern) Cygnus Cygni Cyg Swan Delphinus Delphini Del Dolphin Dorado Doradus Dor Goldfish Draco Draconis Dra Dragon Equuleus Equulei Equ Little Horse Eridanus Eridani Eri River Fornax Fornacis For Furnace Gemini Geminorum Gem Twins Grus Gruis Gru Crane (bird) Hercules Herculis Her Hercules Horologium Horologii Hor Clock Name Genitive Abbreviation Meaning 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Horologium Horologii Hor Clock Hydra Hydrae Hya Water Snake (female) Hydrus Hydri Hyi Water Snake (male) Indus Indi Ind Indian Lacerta Lacertae Lac Lizard Leo Leonis Leo Lion Leo Minor Leonis Minoris LMi Little Lion Lepus Leporis Lep Hare Libra Librae Lib Balance Lupus Lupi Lup Wolf Lynx Lyncis Lyn Lynx Lyra Lyrae Lyr Lyre Mensa Mensae Men Table Mountain Microscopium Microscopii Mic Microscope Monoceros Monocerotis Mon Unicorn Musca Muscae Mus Fly Norma Normae Nor Square (rule) Octans Octantis Oct Octant Ophiuchus Ophiuchi Oph Serpent Bearer Name Genitive Abbreviation Meaning 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ophiuchus Ophiuchi Oph Serpent Bearer Orion Orionis Ori Hunter Pavo Pavonis Pav Peacock Pegasus Pegasi Peg Flying Horse Perseus Persei Per Hero Phoenix Phoenicis Phe Phoenix Pictor Pictoris Pic Painter Pisces Piscium Psc Fishes Piscis Austrinius Piscis Austrini PsA Southern Fish Puppis Puppis Pup Stern (deck) Pyxis Pyxidis Pyx Compass (sea) Reticulum Reticuli Ret Reticle Sagitta Sagittae Sge Arrow Sagittarius Sagittarii Sgr Archer Scorpius Scorpii Sco Scorpion Sculptor Sculptoris Scl Sculptor Scutum Scuti Sct Shield Serpens Serpentis Ser Serpent Sextans Sextantis Sex Sextant Name Genitive Abbreviation Meaning 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sextans Sextantis Sex Sextant Taurus Tauri Tau Bull Telescopium Telescopii Tel Telescope Triangulum Trianguli Tri Triangle Triangulum Australe Trianguli Australis TrA Southern Triangle Tucana Tucanae Tuc Toucan Ursa Major Ursae Majoris UMa Great Bear Ursa Minor Ursae Minoris UMi Little Bear Vela Velorum Vel Sail Virgo Virginis Vir Maiden Volans Volantis Vol Flying Fish Vulpecula Vulpeculae Vul Fox Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis The Aurora Borealis, also called the Northern Lights, is a broad display of rather faint light in the northern skies at night. The Aurora Australis, a similar phenomenon, appears at the same time in southern skies. The aurora appears in a wide variety of forms. Sometimes it is seen as a quiet glow, almost foglike in character; sometimes as vertical streamers in which there may be considerable motion; sometimes as a series of luminous expanding arcs. There are many colors, with white, yellow, and red predominating. The auroras are most vivid and most frequently seen at about 20 degrees from the magnetic poles, along the northern coast of the North American continent and the eastern part of the northern coast of Europe. They have been seen as far south as Key West and as far north as Australia and New Zealand, but rarely. While the cause of the auroras is not known beyond question, there does seem to be a definite correlation between auroral displays and sun-spot activity. It is thought that atomic particles expelled from the sun by the forces that cause solar flares speed through space at velocities of 400 to 600 miles per second. These particles are entrapped by the earth's magnetic field, forming what are termed the Van Allen belts. The encounter of these clouds of the solar wind with the earth's magnetic field weakens the field so that previously trapped particles are allowed to impact the upper atmosphere. The collisions between solar and terrestrial atoms result in the glow in the upper atmosphere called the aurora. The glow may be vivid where the lines of magnetic force converge near the magnetic poles. The auroral displays appear at heights ranging from 50 to about 600 miles and have given us a means of estimating the extent of the earth's atmosphere. The auroras are often accompanied by magnetic storms whose forces, also guided by the lines of force of the earth's magnetic field, disrupt electrical communication. Eclipses, 1991 (Greenwich Mean Time) There are six eclipses in 1991, two of the sun and four of the moon. I. Annular eclipse of the sun, January 15-16. Partial phases are visible throughout most of the South Pacific Ocean, part of Antarctica south of Australia, eastern Australia, and New Zealand. The path of annularity begins west of the southwestern tip of Australia, passes over that tip into the Great Australian Bight, grazes the southeastern tip of Australia, passes over all but the southern tip of Tasmania, touches both islands of New Zealand, ending in the Pacific Ocean on the equator due south of Yuma, Arizona. Circumstances of the Eclipse 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Event Date Date h m 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Eclipse begins Jan. 15 20 51 Central eclipse begins 15 22 0 Central eclipse at local noon 15 23 44 Central eclipse ends 16 14 6 Eclipse ends 16 2 55 Event Date Date h m 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Eclipse ends 16 2 55 Maximum duration of annularity: 7:49.4. II. Penumbral eclipse of the moon, January 30. The beginning of the penumbral phase is visible in extreme eastern Asia, North America, Central America, South America, Greenland, Europe, most of Africa, the Palmer Peninsula of Antarctica, the Artic regions, the eastern Pacific Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean; the end is visible in extreme eastern Asia, most of New Zealand, North America, Central America, South America, Greenland, the Arctic regions, the Pacific Ocean, and the northern Atlantic Ocean. Circumstances of the Eclipse 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Event Date Date h m 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Moon enters penumbra Jan. 30 3 58 Middle of eclipse 30 5 59 Moon leaves penumbra 30 7 59 Penumbral magnitude of the eclipse: 0.906. III. Penumbral eclipse of the moon, June 27. The beginning the penumbral phase is visible in eastern North America, Central America, South America, Antarctica, Africa, Europe south of Scandinavia, the western Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, and the southeastern Pacific Ocean; the end is visible in North America except for Alaska and northwestern Canada, Central America, South America, Antarctica, the western half of Africa, the western Iberian Peninsula of Europe, the Atlantic Ocean, and the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Circumstances of the Eclipse 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Event Date Date h m 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Moon enters penumbra June 27 1 46 Middle of eclipse 27 3 15 Moon leaves penumbra 27 4 43 Penumbral magnitude of eclipse: 0.339. IV. Total eclipse of the sun, July 11. Partial phases visible in the northeastern Pacific Ocean south of the Aleutian Islands, southwestern to south central Canada, all of the United States except Alaska, Central America, the Caribbean Region, South America except south of latitude 36 degrees. The path of totality begins southwest of Hawaii, crosses the island of Hawaii, the southern tip of Baja California Sur, Southern Mexico, the west coast of Central America, and ends in the jungles of Brazil. Circumstances of the Eclipse 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Event Date Date h m 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Eclipse begins July 11 16 29 Central eclipse begins 11 17 23 Central eclipse at local moon 11 19 6 Central eclipse ends 11 20 49 Eclipse ends 11 21 43 Maximum duration of totality: 6:58.1. V. Penumbral eclipse of the moon, June 26. The beginning of the penumbral phase is visible in southern and eastern Africa, most of Asia, Australia, New Zealand, most of Antarctica, the western Pacific Ocean, and the Indian Ocean; the end visible in most of Europe, most of Africa, most of Asia, Australia, southern New Zealand, Antarctica, the eastern South Atlantic Ocean, and the Indian Ocean. Circumstances of the Eclipse 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Event Date Date h m 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Moon enters penumbra July 26 16 48 Event Date Date h m 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Moon enters penumbra July 26 16 48 Middle of eclipse 26 18 8 Moon leaves penumbra 26 19 28 Penumbral magnitude of the eclipse: 0.280. VI. Partial eclipse of the moon, December 21. The beginning of the umbral phase is visible in eastern Australia, New Zealand, northern and eastern Asia, North America, Central America, northwestern South America, Greenland, northern Scandinavia, the Arctic regions, the Pacific Ocean, and the northwestern Atlantic Ocean; the end visible in northern and eastern Asia, Australia, New Zealand, North America, Central America, Greenland, northern Scandinavia, the Artic regions, and the Pacific Ocean. Circumstances of the Eclipse 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Event Date Date h m 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Moon enters the penumbra Dec. 21 8 25 Moon enters umbra 21 10 0 Middle of eclipse 21 10 33 Moon leaves umbra 21 11 6 Moon leaves penumbra 21 12 41 Magnitude of the eclipse: 0.093. The Planets and the Solar System 露컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴� Planet Mean daily motion " Orbital velocity Sidereal revolution Synod miles per sec. days revol 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mercury 14732 29.75 88.0 115.9 Venus 5768 21.76 224.7 583.9 Earth 3548 18.51 365.3 -- Mars 1886 14.99 687.0 779.9 Jupiter 299 8.12 4332.1 398.9 Saturn 120 5.99 10825.9 378.1 Uranus 42 4.23 30676.1 369.7 Neptune 21 3.38 59911.1 367.5 Planet Mean daily motion " Orbital velocity Sidereal revolution Synod miles per sec. days revol 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Neptune 21 3.38 59911.1 367.5 Pluto 14 2.95 90824.2 366.7 1 Light at perihelion and aphelion is solar illumination in units of mean illumination at Earth. 露컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코� Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mea longitude longitude longitude longitude longitude lon Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mea longitude longitude longitude longitude longitude lon of:* of:* of:* of:* of:* of: Planet ascending ascending ascending perihelion perihelion per node node node deg ' " deg ' " 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mercury 48 12 58 77 18 25 Venus 76 35 35 131 11 24 Earth - - - 102 47 31 Mars 49 29 33 335 48 25 Jupiter 100 23 13 15 31 41 Saturn 113 34 9 91 49 19 Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mea longitude longitude longitude longitude longitude lon of:* of:* of:* of:* of:* of: Planet ascending ascending ascending perihelion perihelion per node node node  Uranus 73 58 1 169 47 35 Neptune 131 39 54 56 14 24 Pluto 110 05 49 223 35 53 *Consistent for the standard Epoch: 1990 Apr. 19 Ephemeris Time **Astronomical units 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴� Semi - Semi - Semi - diameter diameter diameter Sun and at unit at mean in miles Volume Mass. planets distance ' " least dist. mean s.d. earth=1. earth=1. ' " 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sun 959.62 - 432560 1303730 332830 Mercury 3.37 5.5 1515 0.0559 0.0553 Venus 8.34 30.1 3760 0.8541 0.8150 Earth - - 3963 1.000 1.000 Moon 2.40 932.4 1080 0.020 0.0123 Mars 4.69 8.95 2108.4 0.1506 0.1074 Semi - Semi - Semi - diameter diameter diameter Sun and at unit at mean in miles Volume Mass. planets distance ' " least dist. mean s.d. earth=1. earth=1. ' " Mars 4.69 8.95 2108.4 0.1506 0.1074 Jupiter 98.35 23.4 44362 1403 317.83 Saturn 82.83 9.7 37280 832 95.16 Uranus 35.4 1.9 15800 63 14.50 Neptune 33.4 1.2 15300 55 17.20 Pluto* 1.9 0.05 930 0.01 0.0025 *Observers at the U.S. Naval Observatory have derived values similar to these after having discovered that Pluto has a satellite. It apparently revolves about Pluto in a period equal to Pluto's rotation period. R retrograde of Venus and Uranus. Telescopes Most of the world's major astronomical installations are in the northern hemisphere, while many of astronomy's major problems are found in the southern sky. This imbalance has long been recognized and is being remedied. In the northern hemisphere the largest reflector is the 236-inch mirror at the Special Astrophysical Observatory in the Caucasus in the Soviet Union. The largest reflectors in the U.S. include 3 in California: at Palomar Mtn., 200 inches; at Lick Observatory, Mt. Hamilton, 120 inches; and at Mt. Wilson Observatory, 100 inches. Also in the U.S. are the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT) at Mt. Hopkins Observatory in Amado, AZ, which is a 176-inch single mirror reflector, a 158-inch reflector at Kitt Peak, Arizona, dedicated in June 1973, and a 107-inch telescope at the McDonald Observatory on Mt. Locke in Texas. A telescope at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in the Soviet Union has a 104-inch mirror. Placed in service in 1975 were three large reflectors for the southern hemisphere. Associated Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), the operating organization of Kitt Peak National Observatory, dedicated the 158-inch reflector (twin of the telescope on Kitt Peak) at Cerro Tololo International Observatory, Chile; the European Southern Observatory has a 141-inch reflector at La Silla, Chile; and the Anglo-Australian telescope, 152 inches in diameter, is at Siding Spring Observatory in Australia. Optical Telescopes Optical astronomical telescopes are of two kinds, refracting and reflecting. In the first, light passes through a lens which brings the light rays into focus, where the image may be examined after being magnified by a second lens, the eye-piece, or directly photographed. The reflector consists of a concave parabolic mirror, generally of Pyrex or now of a relatively heat insensitive material, cervit, coated with silver or aluminum, which reflects the light rays back toward the upper end of the telescope, where they are either magnified and observed by the eye-piece or, as in the case of the refractors, photographed. In most reflecting telescopes, the light is reflected again by a secondary mirror and comes to a focus after passing through a hole in the side of the telescope, where the eye-piece or camera is located, or after passing through a hole in the center of the primary mirror. The Sun The sun, the controlling body of our solar system, is a star whose dimensions cause it to be classified among stars as average in size, temperature, and brightness. Its proximity to the earth makes it appear to us as tremendously large and bright. A series of thermo-nuclear reactions involving the atoms of the elements of which it is composed produces the heat and light that make life possible on earth. The sun has a diameter of 864,000 miles and is distant, on the average, 92,900,000 miles from the earth. It is 1.41 times as dense as water. The light of the sun reaches the earth in 499.012 seconds or slightly more than 8 minutes. The average solar surface temperature has been measured by several indirect methods which agree closely on a value of 6,000 deg Kelvin or about 10,000 deg F. The interior temperature of the sun is about 35,000,000 F. deg. When sunlight is analyzed with a spectroscope, it is found to consist of a continuous spectrum composed of all the colors of the rainbow in order, crossed by many dark lines. The "absorption lines" are produced by gaseous materials in the atmosphere of the sun. More than 60 of the natural terrestrial elements have been identified in the sun, all in gaseous form because of the intense heat of the sun. Spheres and Corona The radiating surface of the sun is called the photosphere, and just above it is the chromosphere. The chromosphere is visible to the naked eye only at times of total solar eclipses, appearing then to be a pinkish-violet layer with occasional great prominences projecting above its general level. With proper instruments the chromosphere can be seen or photographed whenever the sun is visible without waiting for a total eclipse. Above the chromosphere is the corona,also visible to the naked eye only at times of total eclipse. Instruments also permit the brighter portions of the corona to be studied whenever conditions are favorable. The pearly light of the corona surges millions of miles from the sun. Iron, nickel, and calcium are believed to be principal contributors to the composition of the corona, all in a state of extreme attenuation and high ionization that indicates temperatures on the order of a million degrees Fahrenheit. Sunspots There is an intimate connection between sunspots and the corona. At times of low sunspot activity, the fine streamers of the corona will be much longer above the sun's equator than over the polar regions of the sun, while during high sunspot activity, the corona extends fairly evenly outward from all regions of the sun, but to a much greater distance in space. Sunspots are dark, irregularly-shaped regions whose diameters may reach tens of thousands of miles. The average life of a sunspot group is from two to three weeks, but there have been groups that have lasted for more than a year, being carried repeatedly around as the sun rotated upon its axis. The record for the duration of a sunspot is 18 months. Sunspots reach a low point every 11.3 years, with a peak of activity occurring irregularly between two successive minima. The sun is 400,000 times as bright as the full moon and gives the earth 6 million times as much light as do all the other stars put together. Actually, most of the stars that can be easily seen on any clear night are brighter than the sun. The Zodiac The sun's apparent yearly path among the stars is known as the ecliptic. The zone 16 deg wide, 8 deg on each side of the ecliptic, is known as the zodiac. Inside of this zone are the apparent paths of the sun, moon, earth, and major planets. Beginning at the point on the ecliptic which marks the position of the sun at the vernal equinox, and thence proceeding eastward, the zodiac is divided into twelve signs of 30 deg each, as shown herewith. These signs are named from the twelve constellations of the zodiac with which the signs coincided in the time of the astronomer Hipparchus, about 2,000 years ago. Owing to the precession of the equinoxes, that is to say, to the retrograde motion of the equinoxes along the ecliptic, each sign in the zodiac has, in the course of 2,000 years, moved backward 30 deg into the constellation west of it; so that the sign Aries is now in the constellation Pisces, and so on. The vernal equinox will move from Pisces into Aquarius about the middle of the 26th century. The signs of the zodiac with their Latin and English names are as follows: 露컴컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Spring 1. Aries. The Ram. 2. Taurus. The Bull. 3. Gemini. The Twins. Summer 4. Cancer. The Crab. 5. Leo. The Lion. 6. Virgo. The Virgin. Autumn 7. Libra. The Balance. 8. Scorpius. The Scorpion. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  8. Scorpius. The Scorpion. 9. Sagittarius. The Archer. Winter 10. Capricorn. The Goat. 11. Aquarius. The Water Bearer. 12. Pisces. The Fishes. Moon's Perigee and Apogee, 1991 Perigee 露컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Date Date GMT EST 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Jan. 28 09 04 Date Date GMT EST 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Jan. 28 09 04 Feb. 25 01 20* Mar. 22 05 00 Apr. 17 17 12 May 15 17 12 June 13 00 19* July 11 10 05 Aug. 8 18 13 Sept. 5 19 14 Oct. 2 18 15 Nov. 24 09 04 Dec. 22 09 04 Apogee 露컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Date Date GMT EST 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Jan. 12 11 06 Feb. 9 04 23* Mar. 9 01 20* Apr. 5 21 16 May 3 15 10 June 27 07 02 July 24 11 06 Aug. 20 23 18 Sept. 17 15 10 Oct. 15 11 06 Nov. 12 08 03 Dec. 10 02 21* *Previous day Repeat Astronomical Constants; Speed of Light The following were adopted in 1968, in accordance with the resolutions and recommendations of the International Astronomical Union (Hamburg 1964): Speed of light, 299,792.5 kilometers per second, or about 186,282.3976 statute miles per second; solar parallax, 8".794; constant of nutation, 9".210; and constant of aberration, 20".496. The Moon The moon completes a circuit around the earth in a period whose mean or average duration is 27 days 7 hours 43.2 minutes. This is the moon's sidereal period. Because of the motion of the moon in common with the earth around the sun, the mean duration of the lunar month -- the period from one new moon to the next new moon -- is 29 days 12 hours 44.05 minutes. This is the moon's synodical period. The mean distance of the moon from the earth according to the American Ephemeris is 238,857 miles. Because the orbit of the moon about the earth is not circular but elliptical, however, the maximum distance from the earth that the moon may reach is 252,710 miles and the least distance is 221,463 miles. All distances are from the center of one object to the center of the other. The moon's diameter is 2,160 miles. If we deduct the radius of the moon, 1,080 miles, and the radius of the earth, 3,963 miles from the minimum distance or perigee, given above, we shall have for the nearest approach of the bodies' surfaces 216,420 miles. The moon rotates on its axis in a period of time exactly equal to its sidereal revolution about the earth -- 27.321666 days. The moon's revolution about the earth is irregular because of its elliptical orbit. The moon's rotation, however, is regular and this, together with the irregular revolution, produces what is called "libration in longitude" which permits us to see first farther around the east side and then farther around the west side of the moon. The moon's variation north or south of the ecliptic permits us to see farther over first one pole and then the other of the moon and this is "libration in latitude." These two libration effects permit us to see a total of about 60% of the moon's surface over a period of time. The hidden side of the moon was photographed in 1959 by the Soviet space vehicle Lunik III. Since then many excellent pictures of nearly all of the moon's surface have been transmitted to earth by Lunar Orbiters launched by the U.S. The tides are caused mainly by the moon, because of its proximity to the earth. The ratio of the tide-raising power of the moon to that of the sun is 11 to 5. Harvest Moon and Hunter's Moon The Harvest Moon, the full moon nearest the Autumnal Equinox, ushers in a period of several successive days when the moon rises soon after sunset. This phenomenon gives farmers in temperate latitudes extra hours of light in which to harvest their crops before frost and winter come. The 1991 Harvest Moon falls on Sept. 23 GMT. Harvest moon in the south temperate latitudes falls on Mar. 30. The next full moon after Harvest Moon is called the Hunter's Moon, accompanied by a similar phenomenon but less marked; -- Oct. 23, northern hemisphere; Apr. 28, southern hemisphere. The Earth: Size, Computation of Time, Seasons Size and Dimensions The earth is the fifth largest planet and the third from the sun. Its mass is 6 sextillion, 588 quintillion short tons. Using the parameters of an ellipsoid adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1964 and recognized by the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in 1967, the length of the equator is 24,901.55 miles, the length of a meridian is 24,859.82 miles, the equatorial diameter is 7,926.41 miles, and the area of this reference ellipsoid is approximately 196,938,800 square miles. The earth is considered a solid, rigid mass with a densecore of magnetic, probably metallic material. The outer part of the core is probably liquid. Around the core is a thick shell or mantle of heavy crystalline rock which in turn is covered by a thin crust forming the solid granite and basalt base of the continents and ocean basins. Over broad areas of the earth's surface the crust has a thin cover of sedimentary rock such as sandstone, shale, and limestone formed by weathering of the earth's surface and deposition of sands, clays, and plant and animal remains. The temperature in the earth increases about 1 degF. with every 100 to 200 feet in depth, in the upper 100 kilometers of the earth, and the temperature near the core is believed to be near the melting point of the core materials under the conditions at that depth. The heat of the earth is believed to be derived from radioactivity in the rocks, pressures developed within the earth, and original heat (if the earth in fact was formed at high temperatures). Atmosphere of the Earth The earth's atmosphere is a blanket composed of nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, in amounts of about 78, 21, and 1% by volume. Also present in minute quantities are carbon dioxide, hydrogen, neon, helium, krypton, and xenon. Water vapor displaces other gases and varies from nearly zero to about 4% by volume. The height of the ozone layer varies from approximately 12 to 21 miles above the earth. Traces exist as low as 6 miles and as high as 35 miles. Traces of methane have been found. The atmosphere rests on the earth's surface with the weight equivalent to a layer of water 34 ft. deep. For about 300,000 ft. upward the gases remain in the proportions stated. Gravity holds the gases to the earth. The weight of the air compresses it at the bottom, so that the greatest density is at the earth's surface. Pressure, as well as density, decreases as height increases because the weight pressing upon any layer is always less than that pressing upon the layers below. The temperature of the air drops with increased height until the tropopause is reached. This may vary from 25,000 to 60,000 ft. The atmosphere below the tropopause is the troposphere; the atmosphere for about twenty miles above the tropopause is the stratosphere, where the temperature generally increases with height except at high latitudes in winter. A temperature maximum near the 30-mile level is called the stratopause. Above this boundary is the mesosphere where the temperature decreases with height to a minimum, the mesopause, at a height of 50 miles. Extending above the mesosphere to the outer fringes of the atmosphere is the thermosphere, a region where temperature increases with height to a value measured in thousands of degrees Fahrenheit. The lower portion of this region, extending from 50 to about 400 miles in altitude, is characterized by a high ion density, and is thus called the ionosphere. The outer region is called exosphere; this is the region where gas molecules traveling at high speed may escape into outer space, above 600 miles. Latitude, Longitude Position on the globe is measured by means of meridians and parallels. Meridians, which are imaginary lines drawn around the earth through the poles, determine longitude. The meridian running through Greenwich, England, is the prime meridian of longitude, and all others are either east or west. Parallels, which are imaginary circles parallel with the equator, determine latitude. The length of a degree of longitude varies as the cosine of the latitude. At the equator a degree is 69.171 statute miles; this is gradually reduced toward the poles. Value of a longitude degree at the poles is zero. Latitude is reckoned by the number of degrees north or south of the equator, an imaginary circle on the earth's surface everywhere equidistant between the two poles. According to the IAU Ellipsoid of 1964, the length of a degree of latitude is 68.708 statute miles at the equator and varies slightly north and south because of the oblate form of the globe; at the poles it is 69.403 statute miles. Computation of Time The earth rotates on its axis and follows an elliptical orbit around the sun. The rotation makes the sun appear to move across the sky from East to West. It determines day and night and the complete rotation, in relation to the sun, is called the apparent or true solar day. This varies but an average determines the mean solar day of 24 hours. The mean solar day is in universal use for civil purposes. It may be obtained from apparent solar time by correcting observations of the sun for the equation of time, but when high precision is required, the mean solar time is calculated from its relation to sidereal time. These relations are extremely complicated, but for most practical uses, they may be considered as follows: Sidereal time is the measure of time defined by the diurnal motion of the vernal equinox, and is determined from observation of the meridian transits of stars. One complete rotation of the earth relative to the equinox is called the sidereal day. The mean sidereal day is 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4.091 seconds of mean solar time. The Calendar Year begins at 12 o'clock midnight precisely local clock time, on the night of Dec. 31-Jan. 1. The day and the calendar month also begin at midnight by the clock. The interval required for the earth to make one absolute revolution around the sun is a sidereal year; it consisted of 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, and 9.5 seconds of mean solar time (approximately 24 hours per day) in 1900, and is increasing at the rate of 0.0001-second annually. The Tropical Year, on which the return of the seasons depends, is the interval between two consecutive returns of the sun to the vernal equinox. The tropical year consists of 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, and 46 seconds in 1900. It is decreasing at the rate of 0.530 seconds per century. In 1956 the unit of time interval was defined to be identical with the second of Ephemeris Time, 1/31,556,925.9747 of the tropical year for 1900 January Od 12th hour E.T. A physical definition of the second based on a quantum transition of cesium (atomic second) was adopted in 1964. The atomic second is equal to 9,192,631,770 cycles of the emitted radiation. In 1967 this atomic second was adopted as the unit of time interval for the Intern'l System of Units. The Zones and Seasons The five zones of the earth's surface are Torrid, lying between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn; North Temperate, between Cancer and the Arctic Circle; South Temperate, between Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle; The Frigid Zones, between the polar Circles and the Poles. The inclination or tilt of the earth's axis with respect to the sun determines the seasons. These are commonly marked in the North Temperate Zone, where spring begins at the vernal equinox, summer at the summer solstice, autumn at the autumnal equinox and winter at the winter solstice. In the South Temperate Zone, the seasons are reversed. Spring begins at the autumnal equinox, summer at the winter solstice, etc. If the earth's axis were perpendicular to the plane of the earth's orbit around the sun there would be no change of seasons. Day and night would be of nearly constant length and there would be equable conditions of temperature. But the axis is tilted 23 deg 27' away from a perpendicular to the orbit and only in March and September is the axis at right angles to the sun. The points at which the sun crosses the equator are the equinoxes, when day and night are most nearly equal. The points at which the sun is at a maximum distance from the equator are the solstices. Days and nights are then most unequal. In June the North Pole is tilted 23 deg 27' toward the sun and the days in the northern hemisphere are longer than the nights, while the days in the southern hemisphere are shorter than the nights. In December the North Pole is tilted 23 deg 27' away from the sun and the situation is reversed. The Seasons in 1991 In 1991 the 4 seasons will begin as follows: add one hour to EST for Atlantic Time; subtract one hour for Central, two hours for Mountain, 3 hours for Pacific, 4 hours for Yukon, 5 hours for Alaska-Hawaii and six hours for Bering Time. Also shown in Greenwich Mean Time. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Date GMT EST 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Vernal Equinox Spring Mar. 21 3:02 22:02* Summer Solstice Summer June 21 21:19 16:19 Autumnal Equinox Autumn Sept. 23 12:48 7:48 Winter Solstice Winter Dec. 22 8:54 3:54 *Previous Day Poles of The Earth The geographic (rotation) poles, or points where the earth's axis of rotation cuts the surface, are not absolutely fixed in the body of the earth. The pole of rotation describes an irregular curve about its mean position. Two periods have been detected in this motion: (1) an annual period due to seasonal changes in barometric pressure, load of ice and snow on the surface and to other phenomena of seasonal character; (2) a period of about 14 months due to the shape and constitution of the earth. In addition there are small but as yet unpredictable irregularities. The whole motion is so small that the actual pole at any time remains within a circle of 30 or 40 feet in radius centered at the mean position of the pole. The pole of rotation for the time being is of course the pole having a latitude of 90 deg and an indeterminate longitude. Magnetic Poles The north magnetic pole of the earth is that region where the magnetic force is vertically downward and the south magnetic pole that region where the magnetic force is vertically upward. A compass placed at the magnetic poles experiences no directive force in azimuth. There are slow changes in the distribution of the earth's magnetic field. These changes were at one time attributed in part to a periodic movement of the magnetic poles around the geographical poles, but later evidence refutes this theory and points, rather, to a slow migration of "disturbance" foci over the earth. There appear shifts in position of the magnetic poles due to the changes in the earth's magnetic field. The center of the area designated as the north magnetic pole was estimated to be in about latitude 70.5 deg N and longitude 96 deg W in 1905; from recent nearby measurements and studies of the secular changes, the position in 1970 is estimated as latitude 76.2 deg N and longitude 101 deg W. Improved data rather than actual motion account for at least part of the change. The position of the south magnetic pole in 1912 was near 71 deg S and longitude 150 deg E; the position in 1970 is estimated at latitude 66 deg S and longitude 139.1 deg E. The direction of the horizontal components of the magnetic field at any point is known as magnetic north at that point, and the angle by which it deviates east or west of true north is known as the magnetic declination, or in the mariner's terminology, the variation of the compass. A compass without error points in the direction of magnetic north. (In general this is not the direction of the magnetic north pole.) If one follows the direction indicated by the north end of the compass, he will travel along a rather irregular curve which eventually reaches the north magnetic pole (though not usually by a great-circle route). However, the action of the compass should not be thought of as due to any influence of the distant pole, but simply as an indication of the distribution of the earth's magnetism at the place of observation. Rotation of The Earth The speed of rotation of the earth about its axis has been found to be slightly variable. The variations may be classified as: (A) Secular. Tidal friction acts as a brake on the rotation and causes a slow secular increase in the length of the day, about 1 millisecond per century. (B) Irregular. The speed of rotation may increase for a number of years, about 5 to 10, and then start decreasing. The maximum difference from the mean in the length of the day during a century is about 5 milliseconds. The accumulated difference in time has amounted to approximately 44 seconds since 1900. The cause is probably motion in the interior of the earth. (C) Periodic. Seasonal variations exist with periods of one year and six months. The cumulative effect is such that each year the earth is late about 30 milliseconds near June 1 and is ahead about 30 milliseconds near Oct. 1. The maximum seasonal variation in the length of the day is about 0.5 millisecond. It is believed that the principal cause of the annual variation is the seasonal change in the wind patterns of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The semiannual variation is due chiefly to tidal action of the sun, which distorts the shape of the earth slightly. The secular and irregular variations were discovered by comparing time based on the rotation of the earth with time based on the orbital motion of the moon about the earth and of the planets about the sun. The periodic variation was determined largely with the aid of quartz-crystal clocks. The introduction of the cesium-beam atomic clock in 1955 made it possible to determine in greater detail than before the nature of the irregular and periodic variations. Morning and Evening Stars, 1991 (GMT) 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Morning Evening 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Jan. Mercury from Jan. 9 Mercury Jan. 1 to Jan. 9 Venus from Jan. 18 Venus Jan. 1 to Jan. 18 Mars Jan. 1 Jupiter Jan. 1 Uranus Jan. 1 Saturn Jan. 1 to Jan. 6 Morning Evening 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Uranus Jan. 1 Saturn Jan. 1 to Jan. 6 Neptune from Jan. 2 Neptune to Jan. 2 Pluto Jan. 1 Feb. Mercury Venus Mars Saturn Jupiter Uranus Neptune Pluto Mar. Mercury to Mar. 20 Mercury from Mar. 20 Venus Jupiter Mars Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Apr. Venus Mercury Mars Jupiter Morning Evening 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto May Mercury from May 3 Mercury to May 3 Venus Jupiter Mars Pluto from May 7 Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto to May 7 June Mercury Jupiter Venus Uranus from June 29 Mars Pluto Saturn Uranus to June 29 Neptune July Mercury to July 2 Mercury from July 2 Morning Evening 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 July Mercury to July 2 Mercury from July 2 Venus Jupiter to July 15 Mars Saturn from July 14 Jupiter from July 15 Uranus Saturn to July 14 Neptune from July 5 Neptune to July 5 Pluto Aug. Venus Mercury Mars Saturn Jupiter Uranus Neptune Pluto Sept. Mercury from Sept. 8 Mercury to Sept. 8 Venus Saturn Mars Uranus Jupiter Neptune Pluto Oct. Mercury to Oct. 21 Mercury from Oct. 21 Venus Saturn Mars Uranus Morning Evening 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Mars Uranus Jupiter Neptune Pluto Nov. Venus to Nov. 1 Mercury Mars to Nov. 27 Venus from Nov. 1 Jupiter Mars from Nov. 27 Pluto from Nov. 10 Uranus Neptune Pluto to Nov. 10 Dec. Mercury from Dec. 24 Mercury to Dec. 24 Jupiter Venus Uranus from Dec. 31 Mars Pluto Saturn Uranus to Dec. 31 Neptune Astronomical Twilight--Meridian of Greenwich 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴� 20 deg 20 deg 20 deg 20 deg 30 deg 30 deg 30 deg Date 1991 Date 1991 Begin Begin End End Begin Begin End h m h m h m h 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jan. 1 5 16 6 50 5 30 6 11 5 19 6 56 5 33 6 21 5 21 7 01 5 32 6 Feb. 1 5 21 7 07 5 29 6 11 5 18 7 11 5 24 7 21 5 13 7 15 20 deg 20 deg 20 deg 20 deg 30 deg 30 deg 30 deg Date 1991 Date 1991 Begin Begin End End Begin Begin End 20 deg 20 deg 20 deg 20 deg 30 deg 30 deg 30 deg Date 1991 Date 1991 Begin Begin End End Begin Begin End h m h m h m h 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 21 4 23 7 36 4 04 7 May 1 4 14 7 41 3 52 8 11 4 08 7 46 3 41 8 21 4 02 7 52 3 32 8 June 1 3 58 7 58 3 26 8 11 3 56 8 03 3 22 8 21 3 57 8 06 3 22 8 July 1 3 59 8 07 3 25 8 11 4 03 8 06 3 30 8 21 4 08 8 03 3 39 8 Aug. 1 4 15 7 56 3 48 8 20 deg 20 deg 20 deg 20 deg 30 deg 30 deg 30 deg Date 1991 Date 1991 Begin Begin End End Begin Begin End h m h m h m h 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Oct. 1 4 38 7 02 20 deg 20 deg 20 deg 20 deg 30 deg 30 deg 30 deg Date 1991 Date 1991 Begin Begin End End Begin Begin End h m h m h m h 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Oct. 1 4 38 7 02 4 33 7 11 4 40 6 53 4 40 6 21 4 43 6 47 4 45 6 Nov. 1 4 46 6 41 4 52 6 11 4 50 6 38 4 59 6 21 4 55 6 36 5 06 6 Dec. 1 5 00 6 37 5 13 6 11 5 06 6 40 5 20 6 21 5 11 6 45 5 25 6 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Era Year Begins in 1991 Begins in 1991 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Byzantine 7500 Sept. 14 Jewish 5752 Sept. 8 (sunset) Roman (Ab Urbe Condita) 2744 Jan. 14 Nabonassar (Babylonian) 2740 Apr. 26 Japanese 2651 Jan. 1 Grecian 2303 Sept. 14 (Seleucidae) or Oct. 14 Diocletian 1708 Sept. 12 Indian (Saka) 1913 Mar. 22 Mohammedan (Hegira) 1412 July 22 The year 1991 of the Christian Era comprises the latter part of the 215th and the beginning of the 216th year of the independence of the United States of America. Chronological Cycles, 1991 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Dominical Letter F Epact 14 Golden Number (Lunar Cycle) XVI Solar Cycle 12 Roman Indiction 14 Julian Period (year of) 6704 1st Month January, 1991 31 days Greenwich Mean Time 20 20 20 20 30 deg deg deg deg deg Day Sun Sun Sun Sun's Sun's Rise Rise Set Set Rise of on on on Decli Decli Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun month Merid Merid Merid natio natio Moon Moon Moon Moon Moon week ian ian ian n n year Moon Moon Moon phase phase phase h m s deg ' h m h m h 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 Tu 12 3 24 -23 4 6 35 17 32 6 3 20 39 8 50 20 4 Fr 12 4 47 -22 48 6 36 17 34 6 4 21 37 9 31 21 5 Sa 12 5 14 -22 42 6 36 17 34 6 5 22 32 10 08 22 6 Su 12 5 41 -22 35 6 36 17 35 6 9 We 12 6 58 -22 12 6 37 17 37 6 9 1 08 12 33 1 10 Th 12 7 23 -22 4 6 37 17 38 6 10 2 01 13 14 2 11 Fr 12 7 47 -21 55 6 37 17 38 6 11 2 53 13 58 3 14 Mo 12 8 56 -21 26 6 38 17 40 6 14 5 26 16 29 5 15 Tu 12 9 18 -21 15 6 38 17 41 6 15 23 50 NM 6 12 17 23 6 16 We 12 9 39 -21 4 6 38 17 42 6 16 6 55 18 16 7 17 Th 12 9 59 -20 53 6 38 17 42 6 19 8 46 20 53 8 20 Su 12 10 56 -20 17 6 38 17 44 6 20 9 21 21 46 9 21 Mo 12 11 14 -20 4 6 38 17 45 6 21 9 56 22 40 9 22 Tu 12 11 30 -19 50 6 38 17 45 6 24 12 01 0 37 11 25 Fr 12 12 16 -19 8 6 37 17 47 6 25 12 54 1 40 12 26 Sa 12 12 29 -18 54 6 37 17 48 6 26 13 54 2 46 13 27 Su 12 12 42 -18 38 6 37 17 49 6 27 14 59 3 51 14 30 We 12 13 15 -17 51 6 36 17 50 6 30 6 10 FM 18 18 6 37 18 31 Th 12 13 24 -17 35 6 36 17 51 6 31 19 19 7 21 19 NOTE: Light numbers indicate Sun. Dark numbers indicate Moon.Degrees are North Latitude. FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter. CAUTION: Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268. 20 20 20 20 30 deg deg deg deg deg Day Sun Sun Sun Sun's Sun's Rise Rise Set Set Rise of on on on Decli Decli Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun month Merid Merid Merid natio natio Moon Moon Moon Moon Moon week ian ian ian n n year Moon Moon Moon phase phase phase h m s deg ' h m h m h 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 Fr 12 13 33 -17 18 6 36 17 52 6 34 22 06 9 15 22 34 22 06 9 15 22 4 Mo 12 13 54 -16 26 6 35 17 53 6 35 22 59 9 52 23 5 Tu 12 13 59 -16 8 6 34 17 54 6 36 23 52 10 30 - 6 We 12 14 3 -15 50 6 34 17 54 6 37 13 52 LQ - - 11 10 0 9 Sa 12 14 12 -14 54 6 33 17 56 6 9 Sa 12 14 12 -14 54 6 33 17 56 6 40 2 30 13 29 2 10 Su 12 14 14 -14 35 6 32 17 57 6 41 3 20 14 21 3 11 Mo 12 14 15 -14 16 6 32 17 57 6 42 4 07 15 15 4 12 Tu 12 14 15 -13 56 6 31 17 58 6 14 Th 12 14 12 -13 16 6 30 17 59 6 45 17 32 NM 6 10 17 55 6 14 Th 12 14 12 -13 16 6 30 17 59 6 45 17 32 NM 6 10 17 55 6 15 Fr 12 14 10 -12 55 6 30 17 59 6 46 6 47 18 48 6 16 Sa 12 14 7 -12 35 6 29 18 00 6 47 7 22 19 42 7 17 Su 12 14 3 -12 14 6 28 18 00 6 48 7 58 20 36 7 50 9 15 22 31 9 20 We 12 13 48 -11 11 6 27 18 01 6 51 9 50 9 15 22 31 9 20 We 12 13 48 -11 11 6 27 18 01 6 51 9 59 23 33 9 21 Th 12 13 41 -10 49 6 26 18 02 6 52 22 58 FQ 10 49 - - 10 22 Fr 12 13 34 -10 27 6 25 18 02 6 53 11 45 0 36 11 23 Sa 12 13 26 -10 6 6 25 18 03 6 55 13 51 2 40 13 25 Mo 12 13 8 -9 21 6 23 18 03 6 56 14 56 3 37 14 55 13 51 2 40 13 25 Mo 12 13 8 -9 21 6 23 18 03 6 56 14 56 3 37 14 26 Tu 12 12 59 -8 59 6 22 18 04 6 57 16 00 4 27 15 27 We 12 12 49 -8 37 6 22 18 04 6 58 17 01 5 12 16 28 Th 12 12 38 -8 14 6 21 18 05 6 59 18 25 FM 18 00 5 54 17 North Latitude. FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter. CAUTION: Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268. 3rd Month March, 1991 31 days Greenwich Mean Time 20 20 20 20 30 deg deg deg deg deg Day Sun Sun Sun Sun's Sun's Rise Rise Set Set Rise of on on on Decli Decli Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun month Merid Merid Merid natio natio Moon Moon Moon Moon Moon week ian ian ian n n year Moon Moon Moon 60 18 57 6 32 18 2 Sa 12 12 14 -7 29 6 20 18 05 6 61 19 52 7 09 19 60 18 57 6 32 18 2 Sa 12 12 14 -7 29 6 20 18 05 6 61 19 52 7 09 19 3 Su 12 12 2 -7 6 6 19 18 06 6 62 20 46 7 47 20 4 Mo 12 11 49 -6 43 6 18 18 06 6 63 21 40 8 25 21 5 Tu 12 11 36 -6 20 6 17 18 06 6 64 21 35 9 04 22 65 23 29 9 47 23 7 Th 12 11 8 -5 33 6 16 18 07 6 66 - - 10 33 - 8 Fr 12 10 54 -5 10 6 15 18 07 6 67 10 32 LQ 0 21 11 21 0 65 23 29 9 47 23 7 Th 12 11 8 -5 33 6 16 18 07 6 66 - - 10 33 - 8 Fr 12 10 54 -5 10 6 15 18 07 6 67 10 32 LQ 0 21 11 21 0 9 Sa 12 10 39 -4 47 6 14 18 08 6 68 1 12 12 12 1 10 Su 12 10 24 -4 23 6 13 18 08 6 69 2 01 13 05 2 11 Mo 12 10 8 -3 60 6 12 18 08 6 70 2 45 13 58 3 12 Tu 12 9 53 -3 36 6 11 18 09 6 71 3 27 14 52 3 13 We 12 9 37 -3 13 6 11 18 09 6 72 4 06 15 45 4 12 Tu 12 9 53 -3 36 6 11 18 09 6 71 3 27 14 52 3 13 We 12 9 37 -3 13 6 11 18 09 6 72 4 06 15 45 4 14 Th 12 9 20 -2 49 6 10 18 09 6 73 4 44 16 39 4 15 Fr 12 9 4 -2 25 6 09 18 09 6 74 5 20 17 32 5 16 Sa 12 8 47 -2 2 6 08 18 10 6 75 8 10 NM 5 56 18 27 5 17 Su 12 8 30 -1 38 6 07 18 10 6 76 6 34 19 24 6 18 Mo 12 8 12 -1 14 6 06 18 10 6 77 7 14 20 24 7 19 Tu 12 7 55 -0 50 6 06 18 11 6 17 Su 12 8 30 -1 38 6 07 18 10 6 76 6 34 19 24 6 18 Mo 12 8 12 -1 14 6 06 18 10 6 77 7 14 20 24 7 19 Tu 12 7 55 -0 50 6 06 18 11 6 78 7 58 21 26 7 20 We 12 7 37 -0 27 6 05 18 11 6 79 8 47 22 29 8 21 Th 12 7 20 -0 3 6 04 18 11 6 80 9 41 23 33 9 22 Fr 12 7 2 0 21 6 03 18 11 6 81 10 41 - - 10 23 Sa 12 6 44 0 44 6 02 18 12 6 82 6 3 FQ 11 44 0 35 11 24 Su 12 6 26 1 8 6 01 18 12 6 83 12 48 1 31 12 86 15 49 3 50 15 86 15 49 3 50 15 28 Th 12 5 13 2 42 5 58 18 13 5 87 16 45 4 29 16 29 Fr 12 4 55 3 6 5 57 18 13 5 88 17 40 5 06 17 30 Sa 12 4 36 3 29 5 56 18 14 5 89 7 17 FM 18 34 5 42 18 North Latitude. FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter. CAUTION: Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268. 4th Month April, 1991 30 days Greenwich Mean Time 20 20 20 20 30 deg deg deg deg deg 91 20 23 6 59 20 91 20 23 6 59 20 2 Tu 12 3 42 4 39 5 53 18 14 5 92 21 18 7 41 21 3 We 12 3 24 5 02 5 52 18 15 5 93 22 11 8 26 22 4 Th 12 3 7 5 25 5 52 18 15 5 94 23 03 9 13 23 96 - - 10 56 0 7 Su 12 2 15 6 33 5 49 18 16 5 97 6 45 96 - - 10 56 0 7 Su 12 2 15 6 33 5 49 18 16 5 97 6 45 LQ 0 39 11 48 1 8 Mo 12 1 58 6 56 5 48 18 16 5 98 1 21 12 41 1 9 Tu 12 1 42 7 18 5 47 18 16 5 99 2 01 13 34 2 12 Fr 12 0 54 8 25 5 45 18 17 5 12 Fr 12 0 54 8 25 5 45 18 17 5 102 3 51 16 14 3 13 Sa 12 0 38 8 47 5 44 18 17 5 103 4 28 17 10 4 14 Su 12 0 23 9 09 5 43 18 18 5 104 19 38 NM 5 08 18 09 4 15 Mo 12 0 8 9 30 5 43 18 18 5 17 We 11 59 40 10 13 5 41 18 19 5 107 7 33 21 23 7 17 We 11 59 40 10 13 5 41 18 19 5 107 7 33 21 23 7 18 Th 11 59 26 10 34 5 40 18 19 5 108 8 33 22 27 8 19 Fr 11 59 13 10 55 5 39 18 19 5 109 9 37 23 27 9 20 Sa 11 58 60 11 16 5 39 18 20 5 110 10 41 - - 10 112 12 45 1 07 12 23 Tu 11 58 24 12 17 5 37 18 21 5 112 12 45 1 07 12 23 Tu 11 58 24 12 17 5 37 18 21 5 113 13 43 1 49 13 24 We 11 58 12 12 37 5 36 18 21 5 114 14 39 2 28 14 25 Th 11 58 2 12 57 5 35 18 21 5 115 15 33 3 05 15 26 Fr 11 57 51 13 17 5 34 18 22 5 117 17 20 4 18 17 28 Su 11 57 32 13 55 5 33 18 22 5 118 20 58 FM 18 14 4 56 18 5th Month May, 1991 31 days 5th Month May, 1991 31 days Greenwich Mean Time 20 20 20 20 30 deg deg deg deg deg Day Sun Sun Sun Sun's Sun's Rise Rise Set Set Rise of on on on Decli Decli Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun month Merid Merid Merid natio natio Moon Moon Moon Moon Moon week ian ian ian n n year Moon Moon Moon phase phase phase h m s deg ' h m h m h 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 We 11 57 7 14 51 5 31 18 23 5 121 20 55 7 07 21 122 21 46 7 56 22 3 Fr 11 56 53 15 28 5 30 18 24 5 123 22 33 8 48 22 4 Sa 11 56 47 15 45 5 29 18 24 5 127 0 46 LQ 0 35 12 16 0 8 We 11 56 28 16 53 5 27 18 26 5 128 1 11 13 08 1 9 Th 11 56 25 17 10 5 27 18 26 5 129 1 46 14 00 1 13 Mo 11 56 18 18 12 5 25 18 28 5 133 4 27 17 57 4 14 Tu 11 56 18 18 27 5 25 18 28 5 134 4 36 NM 5 19 19 05 4 15 We 11 56 18 18 42 5 24 18 29 5 18 Sa 11 56 22 19 23 5 23 18 30 5 138 9 35 23 04 9 19 Su 11 56 25 19 37 5 23 18 30 5 139 10 39 23 48 10 20 Mo 11 56 28 19 50 5 22 18 31 5 140 19 46 FQ 11 38 - - 11 143 14 22 143 14 22 1 42 14 24 Fr 11 56 45 20 38 5 21 18 32 5 144 15 15 2 18 15 25 Sa 11 56 50 20 49 5 21 18 33 5 145 16 08 2 56 16 26 Su 11 56 56 21 00 5 21 18 33 5 146 17 02 3 35 148 11 37 FM 18 49 5 03 19 148 11 37 FM 18 49 5 03 19 29 We 11 57 17 21 30 5 20 18 34 5 149 19 40 5 51 20 30 Th 11 57 25 21 40 5 20 18 35 5 150 20 29 6 42 20 31 Fr 11 57 33 21 49 5 20 18 35 5 151 21 13 7 34 21 6th Month June, 1991 30 days Greenwich Mean Time 20 20 20 20 30 deg deg deg deg deg Day Sun Sun Sun Sun's Sun's Rise Rise Set Set Rise of on on on Decli Decli Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun month Merid Merid Merid natio natio Moon Moon Moon Moon Moon week ian ian ian n n year Moon Moon Moon phase phase phase 153 22 33 9 18 22 3 Mo 11 58 1 22 13 5 20 18 36 4 154 153 22 33 9 18 22 3 Mo 11 58 1 22 13 5 20 18 36 4 154 23 09 10 09 23 4 Tu 11 58 11 22 21 5 20 18 37 4 155 23 43 11 00 23 5 We 11 58 21 22 28 5 20 18 37 4 156 15 30 LQ - - 11 51 - 6 Th 11 58 32 22 35 5 20 18 37 4 158 0 54 13 37 0 8 Sa 11 58 54 22 47 5 20 18 38 4 159 1 32 14 34 1 158 0 54 13 37 0 8 Sa 11 58 54 22 47 5 20 18 38 4 159 1 32 14 34 1 9 Su 11 59 6 22 52 5 20 18 38 4 160 2 15 15 36 2 10 Mo 11 59 18 22 57 5 20 18 39 4 161 3 03 16 42 2 11 Tu 11 59 30 23 2 5 20 18 39 4 162 3 58 17 49 3 13 Th 11 59 54 23 10 5 20 18 40 4 164 6 08 19 58 5 14 Fr 12 0 7 23 14 5 20 18 40 4 13 Th 11 59 54 23 10 5 20 18 40 4 164 6 08 19 58 5 14 Fr 12 0 7 23 14 5 20 18 40 4 165 7 17 20 54 6 15 Sa 12 0 20 23 17 5 20 18 40 4 166 8 24 21 43 8 16 Su 12 0 33 23 19 5 20 18 41 4 167 9 28 22 26 9 17 Mo 12 0 46 23 22 5 21 18 41 4 18 Tu 12 0 59 23 23 5 21 18 41 4 169 11 24 23 43 11 19 We 12 1 12 23 25 5 21 18 41 4 170 4 19 FQ 12 18 - - 12 18 Tu 12 0 59 23 23 5 21 18 41 4 169 11 24 23 43 11 19 We 12 1 12 23 25 5 21 18 41 4 170 4 19 FQ 12 18 - - 12 20 Th 12 1 25 23 26 5 21 18 42 4 171 13 11 0 19 13 21 Fr 12 1 38 23 26 5 21 18 42 4 172 14 04 0 56 14 22 Sa 12 1 51 23 26 5 22 18 42 4 173 14 58 1 35 15 174 15 51 2 16 16 24 Mo 12 2 17 23 26 5 22 18 42 5 175 16 45 3 00 17 25 Tu 12 2 30 23 24 5 22 18 43 5 174 15 51 2 16 16 24 Mo 12 2 17 23 26 5 22 18 42 5 175 16 45 3 00 17 25 Tu 12 2 30 23 24 5 22 18 43 5 176 17 36 3 48 18 26 We 12 2 42 23 23 5 23 18 43 5 177 18 26 4 38 18 27 Th 12 2 55 23 21 5 23 18 43 5 178 2 58 FM 19 12 5 29 19 28 Fr 12 3 7 23 19 5 23 18 43 5 179 19 54 6 22 20 29 Sa 12 3 19 23 16 5 23 18 43 5 180 20 33 7 14 20 30 Su 12 3 31 23 13 5 24 18 43 5 181 21 09 8 05 21 20 20 20 20 30 deg deg deg deg deg Day Sun Sun Sun Sun's Sun's Rise Rise Set Set Rise of on on on Decli Decli Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun month Merid Merid Merid natio natio Moon Moon Moon Moon Moon week ian ian ian n n year Moon Moon Moon 184 22 52 10 36 22 4 Th 12 4 17 22 56 5 25 18 44 5 185 23 29 11 28 23 5 Fr 12 4 27 22 51 5 25 18 44 5 186 2 50 LQ - - 12 23 23 189 1 42 15 28 1 189 1 42 15 28 1 9 Tu 12 5 7 22 27 5 27 18 43 5 190 2 40 16 34 2 10 We 12 5 16 22 20 5 27 18 43 5 191 3 45 17 38 3 11 Th 12 5 24 22 12 5 27 18 43 5 192 19 6 NM 4 53 18 37 4 14 Su 12 5 47 21 47 5 29 18 43 5 195 8 12 21 00 8 15 Mo 12 5 53 21 38 5 29 18 43 5 196 9 12 21 39 9 16 Tu 12 5 59 21 29 5 29 18 43 5 197 10 09 22 17 10 19 Fr 12 6 14 20 59 5 30 18 42 5 200 12 53 - - 13 20 Sa 12 6 18 20 48 5 31 18 42 5 201 13 47 0 14 14 21 Su 12 6 22 20 37 5 31 18 41 5 202 14 40 0 58 15 205 17 09 3 25 17 205 17 09 3 25 17 25 Th 12 6 29 19 49 5 33 18 40 5 206 17 53 4 17 18 26 Fr 12 6 29 19 36 5 33 18 40 5 207 18 24 FM 18 33 5 10 18 27 Sa 12 6 29 19 23 5 33 18 39 5 208 19 11 6 01 19 210 20 20 7 43 20 30 Tu 12 6 25 18 41 5 34 18 38 5 211 20 54 8 33 20 20 20 20 20 30 20 20 20 20 30 deg deg deg deg deg Day Sun Sun Sun Sun's Sun's Rise Rise Set Set Rise of on on on Decli Decli Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun month Merid Merid Merid natio natio Moon Moon Moon Moon Moon week ian ian ian n n year Moon Moon Moon phase phase phase h m s deg ' h m h m h 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 Th 12 6 19 18 12 5 35 18 37 5 213 22 07 10 17 21 215 11 25 LQ 23 34 12 11 23 4 Su 12 6 6 17 26 5 36 18 36 5 216 - - 13 13 - 215 11 25 LQ 23 34 12 11 23 4 Su 12 6 6 17 26 5 36 18 36 5 216 - - 13 13 - 5 Mo 12 6 0 17 10 5 37 18 35 5 217 0 27 14 17 0 6 Tu 12 5 54 16 54 5 37 18 35 5 218 1 27 15 20 1 7 We 12 5 48 16 37 5 37 18 34 5 219 2 31 16 21 2 220 3 39 17 16 3 9 Fr 12 5 32 16 4 5 38 18 33 5 221 4 47 18 06 4 10 Sa 12 5 24 15 46 5 38 18 32 5 222 2 28 NM 5 52 220 3 39 17 16 3 9 Fr 12 5 32 16 4 5 38 18 33 5 221 4 47 18 06 4 10 Sa 12 5 24 15 46 5 38 18 32 5 222 2 28 NM 5 52 18 51 5 11 Su 12 5 15 15 29 5 39 18 32 5 223 6 54 19 32 6 12 Mo 12 5 5 15 11 5 39 18 31 5 224 7 54 20 12 7 13 Tu 12 4 55 14 53 5 39 18 30 5 225 8 14 We 12 4 44 14 35 5 40 18 30 5 226 9 48 21 30 9 15 Th 12 4 33 14 17 5 40 18 29 5 227 10 43 22 11 10 14 We 12 4 44 14 35 5 40 18 30 5 226 9 48 21 30 9 15 Th 12 4 33 14 17 5 40 18 29 5 227 10 43 22 11 10 16 Fr 12 4 21 13 58 5 40 18 28 5 228 11 38 22 54 11 17 Sa 12 4 9 13 39 5 40 18 28 5 229 5 1 FQ 12 33 23 40 12 18 Su 12 3 56 13 20 5 41 18 27 5 230 13 26 - - 13 19 Mo 12 3 42 13 1 5 41 18 26 5 231 14 17 0 28 14 20 Tu 12 3 28 12 41 5 41 18 25 5 232 15 06 1 19 15 19 Mo 12 3 42 13 1 5 41 18 26 5 231 14 17 0 28 14 20 Tu 12 3 28 12 41 5 41 18 25 5 232 15 06 1 19 15 21 We 12 3 14 12 21 5 42 18 25 5 233 15 50 2 11 16 22 Th 12 2 59 12 1 5 42 18 24 5 234 16 32 3 04 16 23 Fr 12 2 44 11 41 5 42 18 23 5 235 17 10 3 56 17 236 17 47 4 47 17 25 Su 12 2 12 11 0 5 43 18 22 5 237 9 7 FM 18 22 5 38 18 26 Mo 12 1 55 10 40 5 43 18 21 5 238 18 56 6 29 18 241 20 48 9 08 20 241 20 48 9 08 20 30 Fr 12 0 45 9 16 5 44 18 17 5 242 21 32 10 06 21 31 Sa 12 0 26 8 54 5 44 18 17 5 243 22 22 11 06 22 NOTE: Light numbers indicate Sun. Dark numbers indicate Moon. Degrees are North Latitude. FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter. CAUTION: Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268. 20 20 20 20 30 deg deg deg deg deg Day Sun Sun Sun Sun's Sun's Rise Rise Set Set Rise of on on on Decli Decli Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun month Merid Merid Merid natio natio Moon Moon Moon Moon Moon week ian ian ian n n year Moon Moon Moon phase phase phase h m s deg ' h m h m h 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 246 0 19 14 09 - 246 0 19 14 09 - 4 We 11 59 10 7 27 5 45 18 13 5 247 1 23 15 05 1 5 Th 11 58 50 7 05 5 45 18 12 5 248 2 29 15 55 2 6 Fr 11 58 30 6 43 5 45 18 11 5 249 3 33 16 42 3 251 11 1 NM 5 36 18 05 5 9 Mo 11 57 29 5 35 5 46 18 09 5 251 11 1 NM 5 36 18 05 5 9 Mo 11 57 29 5 35 5 46 18 09 5 252 6 35 18 44 6 10 Tu 11 57 8 5 13 5 46 18 08 5 253 7 33 19 24 7 11 We 11 56 47 4 50 5 46 18 07 5 254 8 30 20 05 8 12 Th 11 56 26 4 27 5 47 18 06 5 14 Sa 11 55 44 3 41 5 47 18 04 5 257 11 17 22 22 11 14 Sa 11 55 44 3 41 5 47 18 04 5 257 11 17 22 22 11 15 Su 11 55 22 3 18 5 47 18 03 5 258 22 1 FQ 12 10 23 12 12 16 Mo 11 55 1 2 55 5 47 18 02 5 259 12 59 - - 13 17 Tu 11 54 40 2 32 5 48 18 01 5 260 13 45 0 04 14 19 Th 11 53 57 1 46 5 48 18 00 5 262 15 08 1 48 15 19 Th 11 53 57 1 46 5 48 18 00 5 262 15 08 1 48 15 20 Fr 11 53 35 1 22 5 48 17 59 5 263 15 45 2 40 15 21 Sa 11 53 14 0 59 5 48 17 58 5 264 16 20 2 31 16 22 Su 11 52 53 0 36 5 49 17 57 5 265 16 55 3 22 16 267 18 08 5 07 18 25 We 11 51 50 -0 34 5 49 17 54 5 268 18 48 7 02 18 267 18 08 5 07 18 25 We 11 51 50 -0 34 5 49 17 54 5 268 18 48 7 02 18 26 Th 11 51 29 -0 58 5 50 17 53 5 269 19 31 7 59 19 27 Fr 11 51 8 -1 21 5 50 17 52 5 270 20 20 9 00 19 28 Sa 11 50 48 -1 44 5 50 17 51 5 271 21 14 10 01 20 272 22 13 11 03 21 30 Mo 11 50 8 -2 31 5 50 17 50 5 273 23 16 12 03 22 NOTE: Light numbers indicate Sun. Dark numbers indicate Moon. Degrees are North Latitude. FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter. Day Sun Sun Sun Sun's Sun's Rise Rise Set Set Rise of on on on Decli Decli Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun month Merid Merid Merid natio natio Moon Moon Moon Moon Moon week ian ian ian n n year Moon Moon Moon Day Sun Sun Sun Sun's Sun's Rise Rise Set Set Rise of on on on Decli Decli Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun month Merid Merid Merid natio natio Moon Moon Moon Moon Moon week ian ian ian n n year Moon Moon Moon phase phase phase h m s deg ' h m h m h 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 Tu 11 49 48 -2 54 5 51 17 49 5 274 0 30 LQ - - 12 59 23 2 We 11 49 29 -3 18 5 51 17 48 5 275 0 19 13 50 - 3 Th 11 49 10 -3 41 5 51 17 47 5 277 2 24 15 19 2 5 Sa 11 48 33 -4 27 5 52 17 45 5 278 3 23 15 59 3 277 2 24 15 19 2 5 Sa 11 48 33 -4 27 5 52 17 45 5 278 3 23 15 59 3 6 Su 11 48 16 -4 50 5 52 17 44 5 279 4 21 16 38 4 7 Mo 11 47 58 -5 13 5 52 17 43 5 280 21 39 NM 5 18 17 17 5 8 Tu 11 47 41 -5 36 5 53 17 43 5 281 6 15 17 58 6 282 7 12 18 40 7 10 Th 11 47 8 -6 22 5 53 17 41 5 283 8 09 19 25 8 11 Fr 11 46 52 -6 45 5 53 17 40 5 284 9 05 20 13 9 282 7 12 18 40 7 10 Th 11 47 8 -6 22 5 53 17 41 5 283 8 09 19 25 8 11 Fr 11 46 52 -6 45 5 53 17 40 5 284 9 05 20 13 9 12 Sa 11 46 37 -7 8 5 54 17 39 6 285 9 59 21 03 10 13 Su 11 46 22 -7 30 5 54 17 38 6 286 10 51 21 55 11 14 Mo 11 46 8 -7 53 5 54 17 38 6 287 11 39 22 47 12 15 Tu 11 45 54 -8 15 5 55 17 37 6 288 17 33 FQ 12 23 23 39 12 16 We 11 45 41 -8 37 5 55 17 36 6 289 13 03 - - 13 15 Tu 11 45 54 -8 15 5 55 17 37 6 288 17 33 FQ 12 23 23 39 12 16 We 11 45 41 -8 37 5 55 17 36 6 289 13 03 - - 13 17 Th 11 45 28 -8 59 5 55 17 35 6 290 13 41 0 31 13 18 Fr 11 45 16 -9 21 5 56 17 35 6 291 14 17 1 22 14 19 Sa 11 45 5 -9 43 5 56 17 34 6 292 14 52 2 12 14 20 Su 11 44 54 -10 5 5 56 17 33 6 293 15 27 3 03 15 21 Mo 11 44 43 -10 26 5 57 17 33 6 294 16 04 3 56 15 22 Tu 11 44 34 -10 48 5 57 17 32 6 295 16 43 4 50 16 298 19 07 7 51 18 26 Sa 11 44 2 -12 12 5 59 17 29 6 299 20 06 8 55 19 27 Su 11 43 56 -12 32 5 59 17 29 6 300 21 09 9 57 20 28 Mo 11 43 51 -12 52 5 59 17 28 6 303 - - 12 35 - Day Sun Sun Sun Sun's Sun's Rise Rise Set Set Rise of on on on Decli Decli Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun month Merid Merid Merid natio natio Moon Moon Moon Moon Moon week ian ian ian n n year Moon Moon Moon phase phase phase h m s deg ' h m h m h 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 Fr 11 43 37 -14 12 6 01 17 26 6 305 0 30 LQ 1 16 13 58 1 308 4 05 15 53 4 308 4 05 15 53 4 5 Tu 11 43 36 -15 27 6 03 17 24 6 309 5 01 16 34 5 6 We 11 43 38 -15 46 6 04 17 23 6 310 5 57 17 18 6 7 Th 11 43 41 -16 4 6 04 17 23 6 311 21 39 NM 6 54 18 05 7 313 8 42 19 46 9 10 Su 11 43 54 -16 56 6 06 17 22 6 314 9 31 20 38 9 313 8 42 19 46 9 10 Su 11 43 54 -16 56 6 06 17 22 6 314 9 31 20 38 9 11 Mo 11 44 0 -17 13 6 06 17 22 6 315 10 17 21 31 10 12 Tu 11 44 7 -17 30 6 07 17 21 6 316 10 59 22 22 11 13 We 11 44 15 -17 46 6 07 17 21 6 317 11 37 23 13 11 15 Fr 11 44 33 -18 18 6 09 17 20 6 319 17 33 FQ 12 48 0 02 12 15 Fr 11 44 33 -18 18 6 09 17 20 6 319 17 33 FQ 12 48 0 02 12 16 Sa 11 44 43 -18 33 6 09 17 20 6 320 13 22 0 52 13 17 Su 11 44 54 -18 48 6 10 17 20 6 321 13 58 1 43 13 18 Mo 11 45 6 -19 3 6 10 17 20 6 322 14 35 2 36 14 20 We 11 45 32 -19 31 6 11 17 19 6 324 16 02 4 30 15 21 Th 11 45 47 -19 45 6 12 17 19 6 20 We 11 45 32 -19 31 6 11 17 19 6 324 16 02 4 30 15 21 Th 11 45 47 -19 45 6 12 17 19 6 325 16 54 5 33 16 22 Fr 11 46 2 -19 58 6 13 17 19 6 326 17 52 6 38 17 23 Sa 11 46 18 -20 11 6 13 17 19 6 327 11 8 FM 18 56 7 43 18 329 21 08 9 41 20 26 Tu 11 47 10 -20 48 6 15 17 19 6 330 22 11 10 32 21 329 21 08 9 41 20 26 Tu 11 47 10 -20 48 6 15 17 19 6 330 22 11 10 32 21 27 We 11 47 29 -20 60 6 16 17 19 6 331 21 11 11 17 23 28 Th 11 47 49 -21 11 6 16 17 19 6 332 - - 11 58 - 29 Fr 11 48 10 -21 21 6 17 17 19 6 333 0 09 12 37 0 334 7 10 LQ 1 05 13 15 1 NOTE: Light numbers indicate Sun. Dark numbers indicate Moon. Degrees are North Latitude. FM = full moon; LQ = last quarter; NM = new moon; FQ = first quarter. CAUTION: Must be converted to local time. For instructions see page 268. 12th Month December, 1991 31 days Greenwich Mean Time 20 20 20 20 30 deg deg deg deg deg Day Sun Sun Sun Sun's Sun's Rise Rise Set Set Rise year Moon Moon Moon phase phase phase h m s deg ' h m h m h 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 Su 11 48 53 -21 41 6 18 17 19 6 335 2 00 13 53 2 year Moon Moon Moon phase phase phase h m s deg ' h m h m h 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 Su 11 48 53 -21 41 6 18 17 19 6 335 2 00 13 53 2 2 Mo 11 49 15 -21 51 6 19 17 19 6 336 2 55 14 32 3 3 Tu 11 49 39 -21 60 6 20 17 20 6 337 3 50 15 15 4 4 We 11 50 2 -22 8 6 20 17 20 6 338 4 45 16 00 5 339 5 41 16 48 6 6 Fr 11 50 52 -22 24 6 21 17 20 6 340 11 11 NM 6 34 17 39 6 7 Sa 11 51 17 -22 31 6 22 17 20 6 341 7 25 18 31 7 344 9 35 21 06 9 11 We 11 53 4 -22 56 6 25 17 22 6 345 10 12 21 55 10 12 Th 11 53 32 -23 1 6 25 17 22 6 346 10 46 22 44 10 13 Fr 11 54 0 -23 6 6 26 17 22 6 16 Mo 11 55 26 -23 17 6 27 17 23 6 350 13 07 1 16 12 17 Tu 11 55 55 -23 20 6 28 17 24 6 351 13 49 2 12 13 18 We 11 56 25 -23 22 6 29 17 24 6 352 14 37 3 12 14 21 Sa 11 57 53 -23 26 6 30 17 26 6 355 10 23 FM 17 40 6 25 17 22 Su 11 58 23 -23 26 6 31 17 26 6 356 18 49 7 26 18 23 Mo 11 58 53 -23 26 6 31 17 27 6 357 19 56 8 21 19 360 22 59 10 36 23 360 22 59 10 36 23 27 Fr 12 0 52 -23 21 6 33 17 29 6 361 23 55 11 15 - 28 Sa 12 1 21 -23 19 6 33 17 29 6 362 1 55 LQ - - 11 53 0 29 Su 12 1 51 -23 16 6 34 17 30 6 u 12 2 49 -23 9 6 35 17 31 6 365 2 41 13 58 3 ancient times, but none has been perfect. The Julian calendar, under which western nations measured time until 1582 A.D., was authorized by Julius Caesar in 46 B.C., the year 709 of Rome. His expert was a Greek, Sosigenes. The Julian calendar, on the assumption that the true year was 365 1/4 days long, gave every fourth year 366 days. The Venerable Bede, an Anglo-Saxon monk, announced in 730 A.D. that the 365 1/4-day Julian year was 11 min., 14 sec. too long, making a cumulative error of about a day every 128 years, but nothing was done about it for over 800 years. By 1582 the accumulated error was estimated to have amounted to 10 days. In that year Pope Gregory XIII decreed that the day following Oct. 4, 1582, should be called Oct. 15, thus dropping 10 days. However, with common years 365 days and a 366-day leap year every fourth year, the error in the length of the year would have recurred at the rate of a little more than 3 days every 400 years. So 3 of every 4 centesimal years (ending in 00) were made common years, not leap years. Thus 1600 was a leap year, 1700, 1800 and 1900 were not, but 2000 will be. Leap years are those The Gregorian calendar was adopted at once by France, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Luxembourg. Within 2 years most German Catholic states, Belgium and parts of Switzerland and the Netherlands were brought under the new calendar, and Hungary followed in 1587. The rest of the Netherlands, along with Denmark and the German Protestant states made the change in 1699-1700 (German Protestants retained the old reckoning of Easter until 1776). The British Government imposed the Gregorian calendar on all its possessions, including the American colonies, in 1752. The British decreed that the day following Sept. 2, 1752, should be called Sept. 14, a loss of 11 days. All dates preceding were marked O.S., for Old Style. In addition New Year's Day was moved to Jan. 1 from Mar. 25. (e.g., under the old reckoning, Mar. 24, 1700 had been followed by Mar. 25, 1701.) George Washington's birth date, which was Feb. 11, 1731, O.S., became Feb. 22, 1732, N.S. In 1753 Sweden too went Gregorian, retaining the old Easter rules until 1844. In 1793 the French Revolutionary Government adopted a calendar of 12 months of 30 days each with 5 extra days in September of each common year and a 6th extra day every 4th year. Napoleon reinstated the Gregorian calendar in 1806. The Gregorian system later spread to non-European regions, first in the European colonies, then in the independent countries, replacing traditional calendars at least for official purposes. Japan in 1873, Egypt in 1875, China in 1912 and Turkey in 1917 made the change, usually in conjunction with political upheavals. In China, the republican government began reckoning years from its 1911 founding -- e.g., 1948 was designated the year 37. After 1949, the Communists adopted the Common, or Christian Era year count, even for the traditional lunar calendar. In 1918 the revolutionary government in Russia decreed that the day after Jan. 31, 1918, Old Style, would become Feb. 14, 1918, New Style. Greece followed in 1923. (In Russia the Orthodox Church has retained the Julian calendar, as have various Middle Eastern Christian sects.) For the first time in history, all major cultures have one calendar. To change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar, add 10 days to dates Oct. 5, 1582, through Feb. 28, 1700; after that date add 11 days through Feb. 28, 1800; 12 days through Feb. 28, 1900; and 13 days through Feb. 28, 2100. A century consists of 100 consecutive calendar years. The 1st century consisted of the years 1 through 100. The 20th century consists of the years 1901 through 2000 and will end Dec. 31, 2000. The 21st century will begin Jan. 1, 2001. Latitude, Longitude, and Altitude of North American Cities National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Commerce Department for geographic positions.Source for Canadian cities: Geodetic Survey of Canada, Dept. of Energy, Mines, and Resources. Altitudes U.S. Geological Survey and various sources. Approx. altitude at downtown business area U.S.; in Canada at city hall except where (a) is at tower of major airport. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴� City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Abilene, Tex. 32 27 05 99 Akron, Oh. 41 05 00 81 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Akron, Oh. 41 05 00 81 Albany, N.Y. 42 39 01 73 Albuquerque, N.M. 35 05 01 106 Allentown, Pa. 40 36 11 75 Alert, N.W.T. 82 29 50 62 Altoona, Pa. 40 30 55 78 Amarillo, Tex. 35 12 27 101 Anchorage, Alas. 61 10 00 149 Ann Arbor, Mich. 42 16 59 83 Asheville, N.C. 35 35 42 82 Ashland, Ky. 38 28 36 82 Atlanta, Ga. 33 45 10 84 Atlantic City, N.J. 39 21 32 74 Augusta, Ga. 33 28 20 81 Augusta, Me. 44 18 53 69 Austin, Tex. 30 16 09 97 Bakersfield, Cal. 35 22 31 119 Baltimore, Md. 39 17 26 76 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Baltimore, Md. 39 17 26 76 Bangor, Me. 44 48 13 68 Baton Rouge, La. 30 26 58 91 Battle Creek, Mich. 42 18 58 85 Bay City, Mich. 43 36 04 83 Beaumont, Tex. 30 05 20 94 Belleville, Ont. 44 09 42 77 Bellingham, Wash. 48 45 34 122 Berkeley, Cal. 37 52 10 122 Bethlehem, Pa. 40 37 16 75 Billings, Mon. 45 47 00 108 Biloxi, Miss. 30 23 48 88 Binghamton, N.Y. 42 06 03 75 Birmingham, Ala. 33 31 01 86 Bismarck, N.D. 46 48 23 100 Bloomington, Ill. 40 28 58 88 Boise, Ida. 43 37 07 116 Boston, Mass. 42 21 24 71 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Boston, Mass. 42 21 24 71 Bowling Green, Ky. 36 59 41 86 Brandon, Man. 49 51 00 99 Brantford, Ont. 43 08 34 80 Brattleboro, Vt. 42 51 06 72 Bridgeport, Conn. 41 10 49 73 Brockton, Mass. 42 05 02 71 Brownsville, Tex. 25 54 07 97 Buffalo, N.Y. 42 52 52 78 Burlington, Ont. 43 19 33 79 Burlington, Vt. 44 28 34 73 Butte, Mon. 46 01 06 112 Calgary, Alta. 51 02 46 114 Cambridge, Mass. 42 22 01 71 Camden, N.J. 39 56 41 75 Canton, Oh. 40 47 50 81 Carson City, Nev. 39 10 00 119 Cedar Rapids, Ia. 41 58 01 91 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cedar Rapids, Ia. 41 58 01 91 Central Islip, N.Y. 40 47 24 73 Champaign, Ill. 40 07 05 88 Charleston, S.C. 32 46 35 79 Charleston, W.Va. 38 21 01 81 Charlotte, N.C. 35 13 44 80 Charlottetown, P.E.I. 46 14 07 63 Chattanooga, Tenn. 35 02 41 85 Cheyenne, Wy. 41 08 09 104 Chicago, Ill. 41 52 28 87 Churchill, Man. 58 45 15 94 Cincinnati, Oh. 39 06 07 84 Cleveland, Oh. 41 29 51 81 Colorado Springs 38 50 07 104 Columbia, Mo. 38 57 03 92 Columbia, S.C. 34 00 02 81 Columbus, Ga. 32 28 07 84 Columbus, Oh. 39 57 47 83 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Columbus, Oh. 39 57 47 83 Concord, N.H. 43 12 22 71 Corpus Christi, Tex. 27 47 51 97 Dallas, Tex. 32 47 09 96 Dartmouth, N.S. 44 39 50 63 Davenport, Ia. 41 31 19 90 Dawson, Yukon 64 03 30 139 Dayton, Oh. 39 45 32 84 Daytona Beach, Fla. 29 12 44 81 Decatur, Ill. 39 50 42 88 Denver, Col. 39 44 58 104 Des Moines, Ia. 41 35 14 93 Detroit, Mich. 42 19 48 83 Dodge City, Kan. 37 45 17 100 Dubuque, Ia. 42 29 55 90 Duluth, Minn. 46 46 56 92 Durham, N.C. 36 00 00 78 Eau Claire, Wis. 44 48 31 91 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Eau Claire, Wis. 44 48 31 91 Edmonton, Alta. 53 32 43 113 El Paso, Tex. 31 45 36 106 Elizabeth, N.J. 40 39 43 74 Enid, Okla. 36 23 40 97 Erie, Pa. 42 07 15 80 Eugene, Ore. 44 03 16 123 Eureka, Cal. 40 48 08 124 Evansville, Ind. 37 58 20 87 Fairbanks, Alas. 64 48 00 147 Fall River, Mass. 41 42 06 71 Fargo, N.D. 46 52 30 96 Flagstaff, Ariz. 35 11 36 111 Flint, Mich. 43 00 50 83 Ft. Smith, Ark. 35 23 10 94 Fort Wayne, Ind. 41 04 21 85 Fort Worth, Tex. 32 44 55 97 Fredericton, N.B. 45 57 47 66 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Fredericton, N.B. 45 57 47 66 Fresno, Cal. 36 44 12 119 Gadsden, Ala. 34 00 57 86 Gainesville, Fla. 29 38 56 82 Gallup, N.M. 35 31 30 108 Galveston, Tex. 29 18 10 94 Gary, Ind. 41 36 12 87 Grand Junction, Col. 39 04 06 108 Grand Rapids, Mich. 42 58 03 85 Great Falls, Mon. 47 29 33 111 Green Bay, Wis. 44 30 48 88 Greensboro, N.C. 36 04 17 79 Greenville, S.C. 34 50 50 82 Guelph, Ont. 43 32 35 80 Gulfport, Miss. 30 22 04 89 Halifax, N.S. 44 38 54 63 Hamilton, Ont. 43 15 20 79 Hamilton, Oh. 39 23 59 84 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Hamilton, Oh. 39 23 59 84 Harrisburg, Pa. 40 15 43 76 Hartford, Conn. 41 46 12 72 Helena, Mon. 46 35 33 112 Hilo, Hawaii 19 43 30 155 Holyoke, Mass. 42 12 29 72 Honolulu, Ha. 21 18 22 157 Houston, Tex. 29 45 26 95 Hull, Que. 45 25 42 75 Huntington, W.Va. 38 25 12 82 Huntsville, Ala. 34 44 18 86 Indianapolis, Ind. 39 46 07 86 Iowa City, Ia. 41 39 37 91 Jackson, Mich. 42 14 43 84 Jackson, Miss. 32 17 56 90 Jacksonville, Fla. 30 19 44 81 Jersey City, N.J. 40 43 50 74 Johnstown, Pa. 40 19 35 78 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Johnstown, Pa. 40 19 35 78 Joplin, Mo. 37 05 26 94 Juneau, Alas. 58 18 12 134 Kalamazoo, Mich. 42 17 29 85 Kansas City, Kan. 39 07 04 94 Kansas City, Mo. 39 04 56 94 Kenosha, Wis. 42 35 43 87 Key West, Fla. 24 33 30 81 Kingston, Ont. 44 13 53 76 Kitchener, Ont. 43 26 58 80 Knoxville, Tenn. 35 57 39 83 Lafayette, Ind. 40 25 11 86 Lancaster, Pa. 40 02 25 76 Lansing, Mich. 42 44 01 84 Laredo, Tex. 27 30 22 99 La Salle, Que. 45 25 30 73 Las Vegas, Nev. 36 10 20 115 Laval, Que. 45 33 05 73 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Laval, Que. 45 33 05 73 Lawrence, Mass. 42 42 16 71 Lethbridge, Alta. 49 41 38 112 Lexington, Ky. 38 02 50 84 Lihue, Ha. 21 58 48 159 Lima, Oh. 40 44 35 84 Lincoln, Neb. 40 48 59 96 Little Rock, Ark. 34 44 42 92 London, Ont. 42 59 17 81 Long Beach, Cal. 33 46 14 118 Lorain, Oh. 41 28 05 82 Los Angeles, Cal. 34 03 15 118 Louisville, Ky. 38 14 47 85 Lowell, Mass. 42 38 25 71 Lubbock, Tex. 33 35 05 101 Macon, Ga. 32 50 12 83 Madison, Wis. 43 04 23 89 Manchester, N.H. 42 59 28 71 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Manchester, N.H. 42 59 28 71 Marshall, Tex. 32 33 00 94 Memphis, Tenn. 35 08 46 90 Meriden, Conn. 41 32 06 72 Mexico City, Mexico 19 25 45 99 Miami, Fla. 25 46 37 80 Milwaukee, Wis. 43 02 19 87 Minneapolis, Minn. 44 58 57 93 Minot, N.D. 48 14 09 101 Mississauga, Ont. 43 33 00 79 Mobile, Ala. 30 41 36 88 Moline, Ill. 41 30 31 90 Moncton, N.B. 46 05 18 64 Montgomery, Ala. 32 22 33 86 Montpelier, Vt. 44 15 36 72 Montreal, Que. 45 30 33 73 Moose Jaw, Sask. 50 23 34 105 Muncie, Ind. 40 11 28 85 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Muncie, Ind. 40 11 28 85 Nashville, Tenn. 36 09 33 86 Natchez, Miss. 31 33 48 91 Newark, N.J. 40 44 14 74 New Bedford, Mass. 41 38 13 70 New Britain, Conn. 41 40 08 72 New Haven, Conn. 41 18 25 72 New Orleans, La. 29 56 53 90 New York, N.Y. 40 45 06 73 Niagara Falls, N.Y. 43 05 34 79 Niagara Falls, Ont. 43 06 22 79 Nome, Alas. 64 30 00 165 Norfolk, Va. 36 51 10 76 North Bay, Ont. 46 18 35 79 Oakland, Cal. 37 48 03 122 Ogden, Ut. 41 13 31 111 Oklahoma City 35 28 26 97 Omaha, Neb. 41 15 42 95 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Omaha, Neb. 41 15 42 95 Orlando, Fla. 28 32 42 81 Oshawa, Ont. 43 53 46 78 Ottawa, Ont. 45 26 24 75 Paducah, Ky. 37 05 13 88 Pasadena, Cal. 34 08 44 118 Paterson, N.J. 40 55 01 74 Pensacola, Fla. 30 24 51 87 Peoria, Ill. 40 41 42 89 Peterborough, Ont. 44 18 32 78 Philadelphia, Pa. 39 56 58 75 Phoenix, Ariz. 33 27 12 112 Pierre, S.D. 44 22 18 100 Pittsburgh, Pa. 40 26 19 80 Pittsfield, Mass. 42 26 53 73 Pocatello, Ida. 42 51 38 112 Port Arthur, Tex. 29 52 30 93 Portland, Me. 43 39 33 70 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Portland, Me. 43 39 33 70 Portland, Ore. 45 31 06 122 Portsmouth, N.H. 43 04 30 70 Portsmouth, Va. 36 50 07 76 Prince Rupert, B.C. 54 19 00 130 Providence, R.I. 41 49 32 71 Provo, Ut. 40 14 06 111 Pueblo, Col. 38 16 17 104 Quebec City, Que. 46 48 51 71 Racine, Wis. 42 43 49 87 Rapid City, S.D. 44 04 52 103 Raleigh, N.C. 35 46 38 78 Reading, Pa. 40 20 09 75 Regina, Sask. 50 26 55 104 Reno, Nev. 39 31 27 119 Richmond, Va. 37 32 15 77 Roanoke, Va. 37 16 13 79 Rochester, Minn. 44 01 21 92 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rochester, Minn. 44 01 21 92 Rochester, N.Y. 43 09 41 77 Rockford, Ill. 42 16 07 89 Sacramento, Cal. 38 34 57 121 Saginaw, Mich. 43 25 52 83 St. Catharines, Ont. 43 09 33 79 St. Cloud, Minn. 45 34 00 94 Saint John, N.B. 45 16 22 66 St. John's, Nfld. 47 33 42 52 St. Joseph, Mo. 39 45 57 94 St. Louis, Mo. 38 37 45 90 St. Paul, Minn. 44 57 19 93 St. Petersburg, Fla. 27 46 18 82 Salem, Ore. 44 56 24 123 Salina, Kan. 38 50 36 97 Salt Lake City, Ut. 40 45 23 111 San Angelo, Tex. 31 27 39 100 San Antonio, Tex. 29 25 37 98 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� San Antonio, Tex. 29 25 37 98 San Bernardino, Cal. 34 06 30 117 San Diego, Cal. 32 42 53 117 San Francisco, Cal. 37 46 39 122 San Jose, Cal. 37 20 16 121 San Juan, P.R. 18 27 00 66 Santa Barbara, Cal. 34 25 18 119 Santa Cruz, Cal. 36 58 18 122 Santa Fe, N.M. 35 41 11 105 Sarasota, Fla. 27 20 05 82 Saskatoon, Sask. 52 07 49 106 Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. 46 30 24 84 Savannah, Ga. 32 04 42 81 Schenectady, N.Y. 42 48 42 73 Scranton, Pa. 41 24 32 75 Seattle, Wash. 47 36 32 122 Sheboygan, Wis. 43 45 03 87 Sherbrooke, Que. 45 24 27 71 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sherbrooke, Que. 45 24 27 71 Sheridan, Wy. 44 47 55 106 Shreveport, La. 32 30 46 93 Sioux City, Ia. 42 29 46 96 Sioux Falls, S.D. 43 32 35 96 Somerville, Mass. 42 23 15 71 South Bend, Ind. 41 40 33 86 Spartanburg, S.C. 34 57 03 81 Spokane, Wash. 47 39 32 117 Springfield, Ill. 39 47 58 89 Springfield, Mass. 42 06 21 72 Springfield, Mo. 37 13 03 93 Springfield, Oh. 39 55 38 83 Stamford, Conn. 41 03 09 73 Steubenville, Oh. 40 21 42 80 Stockton, Cal. 37 57 30 121 Sudbury, Ont. 46 29 24 80 Superior, Wis. 46 43 14 92 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Superior, Wis. 46 43 14 92 Sydney, N.S. 46 08 15 60 Syracuse, N.Y. 43 03 04 76 Tacoma, Wash. 47 14 59 122 Tallahassee, Fla. 30 26 30 84 Tampa, Fla. 27 56 58 82 Terre Haute, Ind. 39 28 03 87 Texarkana, Tex. 33 25 48 94 Thunder Bay, Ont. 48 22 54 89 Toledo, Oh. 41 39 14 83 Topeka, Kan. 39 03 16 95 Toronto, Ont. 43 39 10 79 Trenton, N.J. 40 13 14 74 Trois-Rivieres, Que. 46 20 36 72 Troy, N.Y. 42 43 45 73 Tucson, Ariz. 32 13 15 110 Tulsa, Okla. 36 09 12 95 Urbana, Ill. 40 06 42 88 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Urbana, Ill. 40 06 42 88 Utica, N.Y. 43 06 12 75 Vancouver, B.C. 49 18 56 123 Victoria, B.C. 48 25 43 123 Waco, Tex. 31 33 12 97 Walla Walla, Wash. 46 04 08 118 Washington, D.C. 38 53 51 77 Waterbury, Conn. 41 33 13 73 Waterloo, Ia. 42 29 40 92 West Palm Beach, Fla. 26 42 36 80 Wheeling, W. Va. 40 04 03 80 Whitehorse, Yukon 60 43 17 135 White Plains, N.Y. 41 02 00 73 Wichita, Kan. 37 41 30 97 Wichita Falls, Tex. 33 54 34 98 Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 41 14 32 75 Wilmington, Del. 39 44 46 75 Wilmington, N.C. 34 14 14 77 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wilmington, N.C. 34 14 14 77 Windsor, Ont. 42 18 56 83 Winnipeg, Man. 49 53 56 97 Winston-Salem, N.C. 36 05 52 80 Worcester, Mass. 42 15 37 71 Yakima, Wash. 46 36 09 120 Yellowknife, N.W.T. 62 27 16 114 Yonkers, N.Y. 40 55 55 73 York, Pa. 39 57 35 76 Youngstown, Oh. 41 05 57 80 Yuma, Ariz. 32 42 54 114 Zanesville, Oh. 39 56 18 82 World Cities World Cities World Cities World Cities World Ci London, UK (Greenwich) 51 30 00N 0 Paris, France 48 50 14N 2 Berlin, Germany 52 32 00N 13 Rome, Italy 41 53 00N 12 Warsaw, Poland 52 15 00N 21 City Lat. N Lat. N Lat. N Long. W deg ' " deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Warsaw, Poland 52 15 00N 21 Moscow, USSR 55 45 00N 37 Athens, Greece 37 58 00N 23 Jerusalem, Israel 31 47 00N 35 Johannesburg, So. Afr. 26 10 00S 28 New Delhi, India 28 38 00N 77 Peking, China 39 54 00N 116 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 22 53 43S 43 Tokyo, Japan 35 45 00N 139 Sydney, Australia 33 52 00S 151 The Julian Period How many days have you lived? To determine this, you must multiply your age by 365, add the number of days since your last birthday until today, and account for all leap years. Chances are your answer would be wrong. Astronomers, however, find it convenient to express dates and long time intervals in days rather than in years, months and days. This is done by placing events within the Julian period. The Julian period was devised in 1582 by Joseph Scaliger and named after his father Julius (not after the Julian calendar). Scaliger had Julian Day (JD) [num ]1 begin at noon, Jan. 1, 4713 B. C., the most recent time that three major chronological cycles began on the same day -- 1) the 28-year solar cycle, after which dates in the Julian calendar (e.g., Feb. 11) return to the same days of the week (e.g., Monday); 2) the 19-year lunar cycle, after which the phases of the moon return to the same dates of the year; and 3) the 15-year indiction cycle, used in ancient Rome to regulate taxes. It will take 7980 years to complete the period, the product of 28, 19, and 15. Noon of Dec. 31, 1990, marks the beginning of JD 2,448,257; that many days will have passed since the start of the Julian period. The JD at noon of any date in 1991 may be found by adding to this figure the day of the year for that date, which is given in the left hand column in the chart below. Simple JD conversion tables are used by astronomers. Days Between Two Dates Table covers period of two ordinary years. Example--Days between Feb. 10, 1989 and Dec. 15, 1990; subtract 41 from 714; answer is 673 days. For leap year, such as 1992, one day must be added: final answer is 674. 露컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼� Date Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 1 32 60 91 121 152 182 213 244 274 305 335 2 2 33 61 92 122 153 183 214 245 275 306 336 3 3 34 62 93 123 154 184 215 246 276 307 337 4 4 35 63 94 124 155 185 216 247 277 308 338 5 5 36 64 95 125 156 186 217 248 278 309 339 6 6 37 65 96 126 157 187 218 249 279 310 340 7 7 38 66 97 127 158 188 219 250 280 311 341 8 8 39 67 98 128 159 189 220 251 281 312 342 9 9 40 68 99 129 160 190 221 252 282 313 343 10 10 41 69 100 130 161 191 222 253 283 314 344 Date Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 10 10 41 69 100 130 161 191 222 253 283 314 344 11 11 42 70 101 131 162 192 223 254 284 315 345 12 12 43 71 102 132 163 193 224 255 285 316 346 13 13 44 72 103 133 164 194 225 256 286 317 347 14 14 45 73 104 134 165 195 226 257 287 318 348 15 15 46 74 105 135 166 196 227 258 288 319 349 16 16 47 75 106 136 167 197 228 259 289 320 350 17 17 48 76 107 137 168 198 229 260 290 321 351 18 18 49 77 108 138 169 199 230 261 291 322 352 19 19 50 78 109 139 170 200 231 262 292 323 353 20 20 51 79 110 140 171 201 232 263 293 324 354 21 21 52 80 111 141 172 202 233 264 294 325 355 22 22 53 81 112 142 173 203 234 265 295 326 356 23 23 54 82 113 143 174 204 235 266 296 327 357 24 24 55 83 114 144 175 205 236 267 297 328 358 25 25 56 84 115 145 176 206 237 268 298 329 359 26 26 57 85 116 146 177 207 238 269 299 330 360 27 27 58 86 117 147 178 208 239 270 300 331 361 28 28 59 87 118 148 179 209 240 271 301 332 362 Date Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 28 28 59 87 118 148 179 209 240 271 301 332 362 29 29 - 88 119 149 180 210 241 272 302 333 363 30 30 - 89 120 150 181 211 242 273 303 334 364 31 31 - 90 - 151 - 212 243 - 304 - 365 1 366 397 425 456 486 517 547 578 609 639 670 700 2 367 398 426 457 487 518 548 579 610 640 671 701 3 368 399 427 458 488 519 549 580 611 641 672 702 4 369 400 428 459 489 520 550 581 612 642 673 703 5 370 401 429 460 490 521 551 582 613 643 674 704 6 371 402 430 461 491 522 552 583 614 644 675 705 7 372 403 431 462 492 523 553 584 615 645 676 706 8 373 404 432 463 493 524 554 585 616 646 677 707 9 374 405 433 464 494 525 555 586 617 647 678 708 10 375 406 434 465 495 526 556 587 618 648 679 709 11 376 407 435 466 496 527 557 588 619 649 680 710 12 377 408 436 467 497 528 558 589 620 650 681 711 13 378 409 437 468 498 529 559 590 621 651 682 712 14 379 410 438 469 499 530 560 591 622 652 683 713 15 380 411 439 470 500 531 561 592 623 653 684 714 Date Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 15 380 411 439 470 500 531 561 592 623 653 684 714 16 381 412 440 471 501 532 562 593 624 654 685 715 17 382 413 441 472 502 533 563 594 625 655 686 716 18 383 414 442 473 503 534 564 595 626 656 687 717 19 384 415 443 474 504 535 565 596 627 657 688 718 20 385 416 444 475 505 536 566 597 628 658 689 719 21 386 417 445 476 506 537 567 598 629 659 690 720 22 387 418 446 477 507 538 568 599 630 660 691 721 23 388 419 447 478 508 539 569 600 631 661 692 722 24 389 420 448 479 509 540 570 601 632 662 693 723 25 390 421 449 480 510 541 571 602 633 663 694 724 26 391 422 450 481 511 542 572 603 634 664 695 725 27 392 423 451 482 512 543 573 604 635 665 696 726 28 393 424 452 483 513 544 574 605 636 666 697 727 29 394 - 453 484 514 545 575 606 637 667 698 728 30 395 - 454 485 515 546 576 607 638 668 699 729 31 396 - 455 - 516 - 577 608 - 669 - 730 Lunar Calendar, Chinese New Year, Vietnamese Tet The ancient Chinese lunar calendar is divided into 12 months of either 29 or 30 days (compensating for the fact that the mean duration of the lunar month is 29 days, 12 hours, 44.05 minutes). The calendar is synchronized with the solar year by the addition of extra months at fixed intervals. The Chinese calendar runs on a sexagenary cycle, i.e., 60 years. The cycles 1876-1935 and 1936-1995, with the years grouped under their twelve animal designations, are printed below. The Year 1991 (Lunar Year 4689) is found in the eighth column, under Sheep, and is known as a "Year of the Goat." Readers can find the animal name for the year of their birth, marriage, etc., in the same chart. (Note: the first 3-7 weeks of each of the western years belong to the previous Chinese year and animal designation.) Both the western (Gregorian) and traditional lunar calendars are used publicly in China, and two New Year's celebrations are held. On Taiwan, in overseas Chinese communities, and in Vietnam, the lunar calendar has been used only to set the dates for traditional festivals, with the Gregorian system in general use. The four-day Chinese New Year, Hsin Nien, and the three-day Vietnamese New Year festival, Tet, begin at the first new moon after the sun enters Aquarius. The day may fall, therefore, between Jan. 21 and Feb. 19 of the Gregorian calendar. Feb. 15, 1991 marks the start of the new Chinese year. The date is fixed according to the date of the new moon in the Far East. Since this is west of the International Date Line the date may be one day later than that of the new moon in the United States. 露컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴� Rat Ox Tiger Hare (Rabbit) Dragon Snake Horse Sheep (Goat) Monkey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Rat Ox Tiger Hare (Rabbit) Dragon Snake Horse Sheep (Goat) Monkey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Standard Time, Daylight Saving Time, and Others Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic Center; Department of Transportation; National Inst. of Standards & Technology; U.S. Naval Observatory Standard Time Standard time is reckoned from Greenwich, England, recognized as the Prime Meridian of Longitude. The world is divided into 24 zones, each 15 deg of arc, or one hour in time apart. The Greenwich meridian (0 deg) extends through the center of the initial zone, and the zones to the east are numbered from 1 to 12 with the prefix "minus" indicating the number of hours to be subtracted to obtain Greenwich Time. Each zone extends 71/2 deg on either side of its central meridian. Westward zones are similarly numbered, but prefixed "plus" showing the number of hours that must be added to get Greenwich Time. While these zones apply generally to sea areas, it should be noted that the Standard Time maintained in many countries does not coincide with zone time. A graphical representation of the zones is shown on the Standard Time Zone Chart of the World published by the Defense Mapping Agency Combat Support Center, Attn: PMSR Washington, DC 20315-0020. The United States and possessions are divided into eight Standard Time zones, as set forth by the Uniform Time Act of 1966, which also provides for the use of Daylight Saving Time therein. Each zone is approximately 15 deg of longitude in width. All places in each zone use, instead of their own local time, the time counted from the transit of the "mean sun" across the Standard Time meridian which passes near the middle of that zone. These time zones are designated as Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific, Yukon, Alaska-Hawaii, and Bering (Samoa), and the time in these zones is basically reckoned from the 60th, 75th, 90th, 105th, 120th, 135th, 150th and 165th meridians west of Greenwich. The line wanders to conform to local geographical regions. The time in the various zones is earlier than Greenwich Time by 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 hours respectively. 24-Hour Time 24-hour time is widely used in scientific work throughout the world. In the United States it is used also in operations of the Armed Forces. In Europe it is frequently used by the transportation networks in preference to the 12-hour a.m. and p.m. system. With the 24-hour system the day begins at midnight and is designated 0000 through 2359. International Date Line The Date Line is a zig-zag line that approximately coincides with the 180th meridian, and it is where the calendar dates are separated. The date must be advanced one day when crossing in a westerly direction and set back one day when crossing in an easterly direction. The line is deflected eastward through the Bering Strait and westward of the Aleutians to prevent separating these areas by date. The line is again deflected eastward of the Tonga and New Zealand Islands in the South Pacific for the same reason. Daylight Saving Time Daylight Saving Time is achieved by advancing the clock one hour. Under the Uniform Time Act, which became effective in 1967, all states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. possessions were to observe Daylight Saving Time beginning at 2 a.m. on the first Sunday in April and ending at 2 a.m. on the last Sunday in October. Any state could, by law, exempt itself; a 1972 amendment to the act authorized states split by time zones to take that into consideration in exempting themselves. Arizona, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and part of Indiana are now exempt. Some local zone boundaries in Kansas, Texas, Florida, Michigan, and Alaska have been modified in the last several years by the Dept. of Transportation, which oversees the act. To conserve energy Congress put most of the nation on year-round Daylight Saving Time for two years effective Jan. 6, 1974 through Oct. 26, 1975; but a further bill, signed in October, 1974, restored Standard Time from the last Sunday in that month to the last Sunday in February, 1975. At the end of 1975, Congress failed to renew this temporary legislation and the nation returned to the older end-of April to end-of October DST system. On July 8, 1986, Pres. Ronald Reagan signed legislation moving up the start of daylight saving time to the first Sunday in April. Daylight Saving Time, which used to start the last Sunday in April, will still end the last Sunday in October. The Transportation Dept. estimated that the earlier starting date will help save more than $28 million in traffic accident costs and prevent more than 1,500 injuries and 20 deaths. The new law, opposed by some farm state lawmakers, took effect in 1987. International Adjusting clock time to be able to use the added daylight on summer evenings is common throughout the world. Western Europe is on daylight saving time generally from the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September; however, the United Kingdom continues until the last Sunday in October. The Soviet Union lies over 11 time zones, but maintains its standard time 1 hour fast of the zone designation. Additionally, it proclaims daylight saving time as does Europe. China lies across 5 time zones, but has decreed that the entire country be placed on zone time minus 8 hours with daylight saving time from April 12 to September 12. Many of the countries in the Southern Hemisphere maintain daylight saving time generally from October to March; however, most countries near the equator do not deviate from standard time. Standard Time Differences--World Cities The time indicated in the table is fixed by law and is called the legal time, or, more generally, Standard Time. Use of Daylight Saving Time varies widely. At 12:00 noon, Eastern Standard Time, the standard time (in 24-hour time) in foreign cities is as follows: *Indicates morning of the following day. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Addis Ababa 20 00 Alexandria 19 00 Amsterdam 18 00 Athens 19 00 Auckland 5 00* Baghdad 20 00 Bangkok 0 00 Beijing 1 00* Belfast 17 00 Berlin 18 00 Bogota 12 00 Bombay 22 30 Bremen 18 00 Brussels 18 00 Bucharest 19 00 Budapest 18 00 Buenos Aires 14 00 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Buenos Aires 14 00 Cairo 19 00 Calcutta 22 30 Cape Town 19 00 Caracas 13 00 Casablanca 17 00 Copenhagen 18 00 Dacca 23 00 Delhi 22 30 Dublin 17 00 Gdansk 18 00 Geneva 18 00 Havana 12 00 Helsinki 19 00 Ho Chi Minh City 0 00 Hong Kong 1 00* Istanbul 19 00 Jakarta 0 00 Jerusalem 19 00 Johannesburg 19 00 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Johannesburg 19 00 Karachi 22 00 Le Havre 18 00 Leningrad 20 00 Lima 12 00 Lisbon 17 00 Liverpool 17 00 London 17 00 Madrid 18 00 Manila 1 00* Mecca (Saudi Arabia) 20 00 Melbourne 3 00* Mexico City 11 00 Montevideo 14 00 Moscow 20 00 Nagasaki 2 00* Oslo 18 00 Paris 18 00 Prague 18 00 Rangoon 23 30 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Rangoon 23 30 Rio De Janeiro 14 00 Rome 18 00 Santiago (Chile) 13 00 Seoul 2 00* Shanghai 1 00* Singapore 1 00* Stockholm 18 00 Sydney (Australia) 3 00* Tashkent 23 00 Teheran 20 30 Tel Aviv 19 00 Tokyo 2 00* Valparaiso 13 00 Vladivostok 3 00* Vienna 18 00 Warsaw 18 00 Wellington (N.Z.) 5 00* Yokohama 2 00* Zurich 18 00 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Zurich 18 00 Standard Time Differences -- North American Cities At 12 o'clock noon, Eastern Standard Time, the standard timein N.A. cities is as follows: *Cities with an asterisk do not observe daylight saving time. During much of the year, it is necessary to add one hour to the cities which do observe daylight savings time to get the proper time relation. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Akron, Oh. 12.00 Noon Albuquerque, N.M. 10.00 A.M. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Albuquerque, N.M. 10.00 A.M. Atlanta, Ga. 12.00 Noon Austin, Tex. 11.00 A.M. Baltimore, Md. 12.00 Noon Birmingham, Ala. 11.00 A.M. Bismarck, N.D. 11.00 A.M. Boise, Ida. 10.00 A.M. Boston, Mass. 12.00 Noon Buffalo, N.Y. 12.00 Noon Butte, Mon. 10.00 A.M. Calgary, Alta. 10.00 A.M. Charleston, S.C. 12.00 Noon Charleston, W.Va. 12.00 Noon Charlotte, N.C. 12.00 Noon Charlottetown, P.E.I. 1.00 P.M. Chattanooga, Tenn. 12.00 Noon Cheyenne, Wy. 10.00 A.M. Chicago, Ill. 11.00 A.M. Cleveland, Oh. 12.00 Noon Colorado Spr., Col. 10.00 A.M. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Colorado Spr., Col. 10.00 A.M. Columbus, Oh. 12.00 Noon Dallas, Tex. 11.00 A.M. Dawson, Yuk.* 9.00 A.M. Dayton, Oh. 12.00 Noon Denver, Col. 10.00 A.M. Des Moines, Ia. 11.00 A.M. Detroit, Mich. 12.00 Noon Duluth, Minn. 11.00 A.M. El Paso, Tex. 10.00 A.M. Erie, Pa. 12.00 Noon Evansville, Ind. 11.00 A.M. Fairbanks, Alas. 8.00 A.M. Flint, Mich. 12.00 Noon Fort Wayne, Ind.* 12.00 Noon Fort Worth, Tex. 11.00 A.M. Frankfort, Ky. 12.00 Noon Galveston, Tex. 11.00 A.M. Grand Rapids, Mich. 12.00 Noon Halifax, N.S. 1.00 P.M. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Halifax, N.S. 1.00 P.M. Hartford, Conn. 12.00 Noon Helena, Mon. 10.00 A.M. Honolulu, Ha.* 7.00 A.M. Houston, Tex. 11.00 A.M. Indianapolis, Ind.* 12.00 Noon Jacksonville, Fla. 12.00 Noon Juneau, Alas. 8.00 A.M. Kansas City, Mo. 11.00 A.M. Knoxville, Tenn. 12.00 Noon Lexington, Ky. 12.00 Noon Lincoln, Neb. 11.00 A.M. Little Rock, Ark. 11.00 A.M. Los Angeles, Cal. 9.00 A.M. Louisville, Ky. 12.00 Noon Mexico City* 11.00 A.M. Memphis, Tenn. 11.00 A.M. Miami, Fla. 12.00 Noon Milwaukee, Wis. 11.00 A.M. Minneapolis, Minn. 11.00 A.M. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Minneapolis, Minn. 11.00 A.M. Mobile, Ala. 11.00 A.M. Montreal, Que. 12.00 Noon Nashville, Tenn. 11.00 A.M. New Haven, Conn. 12.00 Noon New Orleans, La. 11.00 A.M. New York, N.Y. 12.00 Noon Nome, Alas. 8.00 A.M. Norfolk, Va. 12.00 Noon Okla. City, Okla. 11.00 A.M. Omaha, Neb. 11.00 A.M. Peoria, Ill. 11.00 A.M. Philadelphia, Pa. 12.00 Noon Phoenix, Ariz.* 10.00 A.M. Pierre, S.D. 11.00 A.M. Pittsburgh, Pa. 12.00 Noon Portland, Me. 12.00 Noon Portland, Ore. 9.00 A.M. Providence, R.I. 12.00 Noon Regina, Sask.* 11.00 A.M. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Regina, Sask.* 11.00 A.M. Reno, Nev. 9.00 A.M. Richmond, Va. 12.00 Noon Rochester, N.Y. 12.00 Noon Sacramento, Cal. 9.00 A.M. St. John's, Nfld. 1.30 P.M. St. Louis, Mo. 11.00 A.M. St. Paul, Minn. 11.00 A.M. Salt Lake City, Ut. 10.00 A.M. San Antonio, Tex. 11.00 A.M. San Diego, Cal. 9.00 A.M. San Francisco, Cal. 9.00 A.M. Santa Fe, N.M. 10.00 A.M. Savannah, Ga. 12.00 Noon Seattle, Wash. 9.00 A.M. Shreveport, La. 11.00 A.M. Sioux Falls, S.D. 11.00 A.M. Spokane, Wash. 9.00 A.M. Tampa, Fla. 12.00 Noon Toledo, Oh. 12.00 Noon 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Toledo, Oh. 12.00 Noon Topeka, Kan. 11.00 A.M. Toronto, Ont. 12.00 Noon Tucson, Ariz.* 10.00 A.M. Tulsa, Okla. 11.00 A.M. Vancouver, B.C. 9.00 A.M. Washington, D.C. 12.00 Noon Wichita, Kan. 11.00 A.M. Wilmington, Del. 12.00 Noon Winnipeg, Man. 11.00 A.M. Legal or Public Holidays, 1991 Technically there are no national holidays in the United States; each state has jurisdiction over its holidays, which are designated by legislative enactment or executive proclamation. In practice, however, most states observe the federal legal public holidays, even though the President and Congress can legally designate holidays only for the District of Columbia and for federal employees. Federal legal public holidays are New Year's Day, Martin Luther King Day, Washington's Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans' Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. Chief Legal or Public Holidays When a holiday falls on a Sunday or a Saturday it is usually observed on the following Monday or preceding Friday. For some holidays, government and business closing practices vary. In most states, the office of the Secretary of State can provide details of holiday closings. In most states, the following will be legal or public holidays in 1991: Jan. 1 (Tuesday) -- New Year's Day. Jan. 21 (Monday) -- Martin Luther King Day. In some states, combined with Robert E. Lee Day. Feb. 12 (Tuesday) -- Lincoln's Birthday. Feb. 18 (3d Mon. in Feb.) -- Washington's Birthday, or Presidents' Day, or Washington-Lincoln Day. May 27 (last Mon. in May) -- Memorial Day, or Decoration Day. July 4 (Thursday) -- Independence Day. Sept. 2 (1st Mon. in Sept.) -- Labor Day. Oct. 14 (2d Mon. in Oct.) -- Columbus Day, or Discoverers' Day, or Pioneers' Day. Nov. 11 (Monday) -- Veterans' Day. Nov. 28 (4th Thurs. in Nov.) -- Thanksgiving Day. Dec. 25 (Wednesday) -- Christmas Day. In some states, the following will be legal or public holidays in 1991: Mar. 29 (Friday) -- Good Friday. In some states, observed for half or part of day. Nov. 5 (1st Tues. after the 1st Mon. in Nov.) -- Election Day. Selected Foreign Holidays Jan. 5 -- Twelfth Night (Wassail Eve), England. Jan. 14 -- Vinegrower's Day, Bulgaria. Feb. 3 -- Hamstrom Day, Switzerland. Feb. 3 -- Setsubun (bean-throwing festival), Japan. Feb. 11 -- Youth Day, Cameroon. Feb. 9-12 -- Carnival, Brazil. Apr. 7 -- Ching Ming Festival, China. Apr. 18 -- Buddha's Birthday, Korea. Apr. 22 -- Independence Day, Israel. Apr. 25 -- ANZAC Day, Australia & New Zealand. May 5 -- Cinco de Mayo, Mexico. May 9 -- Victory over Fascism Day, USSR. May 25 -- African Freedom Day, Chad, Zambia. June 22 -- Midsummer Eve, Denmark. July 14 -- Bastille Day, France. mid July -- Feria de San Fermin, Spain. July 24 -- Simon Bolivar's Birthday, Venezuela. Aug. 13 -- Fox Hill Day, Bahamas. Aug. 15 -- Sour Herring Premiere, Sweden. Sept. 19 -- St. Gennaro, Italy. Oct. 2 -- Mahatma Gandhi's Birthday, India. Oct. 6 -- Ivy Day, Ireland. Oct. 9 -- Korean Alphabet Day. Nov. 5 -- Guy Fawkes Day, England. Nov. 7-8 -- October Revolution Anniversary, USSR. Nov. 16 -- Elephant Round-up, Thailand. Nov. 17 -- Volkstrauertag (Memorial Day), Germany. Dec. 5 -- Lover's Fair, Belgium. Dec. 16-Jan. 6 -- Christmas Observance, Phillipines. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES National Institute of Standards and Technology,U.S. Commerce Department The International System of Units Two systems of weights and measures exist side by side in the United States today, with roughly equal but separate legislative sanction: the U.S. Customary System and the International (Metric) System. Throughout U.S. history, the Customary System (inherited from, but now different from, the British Imperial System) has been, as its name implies, customarily used; a plethora of federal and state legislation has given it, through implication, standing as our primary weights and measures system. However, the Metric System (incorporated in the scientists' new SI or Systeme International d'Unites) is the only system that has ever received specific legislative sanction by Congress. The "Law of 1866" reads: It shall be lawful throughout the United States of America to employ the weights and measures of the metric system; and no contract or dealing, or pleading in any court, shall be deemed invalid or liable to objection because the weights or measures expressed or referred to therein are weights or measures of the metric system. Over the last 100 years, the Metric System has seen slow, steadily increasing use in the United States. In science and also in the pharmaceutical industry, the use of metrics has for many years been predominant; today, the manufacturing industry is steadily increasing its use of the metric system largely motivated by the automotive industry, which is now predominantly metric. On Feb. 10, 1964, the National Bureau of Standards issued the following bulletin: Henceforth it shall be the policy of the National Bureau of Standards to use the units of the International System (SI), as adopted by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (October 1960), except when the use of these units would obviously impair communication or reduce the usefulness of a report. The Trade Act of 1988 calls for the federal government to adopt metric specifications by Dec. 31, 1992, and mandates the Commerce Dept. to oversee the program. What had been the Metric System became the International System (SI), a more complete scientific system. Seven units have been adopted to serve as the base for the International System as follows: length--meter; mass--kilogram; time--second; electric current--ampere; thermodynamic temperature--kelvin; amount of substance--mole; and luminous intensity--candela. Prefixes The following prefixes, in combination with the basic unit names, provide the multiples and submultiples in the International System. For example, the unit name "meter," with the prefix "kilo" added, produces "kilometer," meaning "1,000 meters." 露컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Prefix Symbol Multiples Equivalent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 exa E 1018 quintillionfold peta P 1015 quadrillionfold tera T 1012 trillionfold giga G 109 billionfold mega M 106 millionfold kilo k 103 thousandfold hecto h 102 hundredfold deka da 10 tenfold 露컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Prefix Symbol Submultiples Equivalent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 deci d 101 tenth part centi c 102 hundredth part milli m 103 thousandth part micro micro 106 millionth part nano n 109 billionth part pico p 1012 trillionth part femto f 1015 quadrillionth part atto a 1018 quintillionth part Tables of Metric Weights and Measures Linear Measure 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm) 10 centimeters = 1 decimeter (dm) = 100 millimeters 10 decimeters = 1 meter (m) = 1,000 millimeters 10 meters = 1 dekameter (dam) 10 dekameters = 1 hectometer (hm) = 100 meters 10 hectometers = 1 kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters Area Measure 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 100 square millimeters (mm2) = 1 square centimeter (cm2) 10,000 square centimeters = 1 square meter (m2) = 1,000,000 square millimeters 100 square meters = 1 are (a) 100 ares = 1 hectare (ha) = 10,000 square meters 100 hectares = 1 square kilometer (km2) = 1,000,000 square meters Fluid Volume Measure 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 10 milliliters (mL) = 1 centiliter (cL) 10 centiliters = 1 deciliter (dL) = 100 milliliters 10 deciliters = 1 liter (L) = 1,000 milliliters 10 liters = 1 dekaliter (daL) 10 dekaliters = 1 hectoliter (hL) = 100 liters 10 hectoliters = 1 kiloliter (kL) = 1,000 liters Cubic Measure 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1,000 cubic millimeters (mm3) = 1 cubic centimeter (cm3) 1,000 cubic centimeters = 1 cubic decimeter (dm3) = 1,000,000 cubic millimeters 1,000 cubic decimeters = 1 cubic meter (m3) = 1 stere =1,000,000 cubic centi-meters = 1,000,000,000 cubic millimeters 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Weight 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 10 milligrams (mg) = 1 centigram (cg) 10 centigrams = 1 decigram (dg) = 100 milligrams 10 decigrams = 1 gram (g) = 1,000 milligrams 10 grams = 1 dekagram (dag) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 10 grams = 1 dekagram (dag) 10 dekagrams = 1 hectogram (hg) = 100 grams 10 hectograms = 1 kilogram (kg) = 1,000 grams 1,000 kilograms = 1 metric ton (t) Table of U.S. Customary Weights and Measures Linear Measure 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 12 inches (in) = 1 foot (ft) 3 feet = 1 yard (yd) 5 1/2 yards = 1 rod (rd), pole, or perch (16 1/2 feet) 40 rods = 1 furlong (fur) = 220 yards = 660 feet 8 furlongs = 1 statute mile (mi) = 1,760 yards = 5,280 feet 3 miles = 1 league = 5,280 yards = 15,840 feet 6076.11549 feet = 1 International Nautical Mile Liquid Measure When necessary to distinguish the liquid pint or quart from the dry pint or quart, the word "liquid" or the abbreviation "liq" should be used in combination with the name or abbreviation of the liquid unit. 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 4 gills = 1 pint (pt) = 28.875 cubic inches 2 pints = 1 quart (qt) = 57.75 cubic inches 4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal) = 231 cubic inches = 8 pints = 32 gills Area Measure Squares and cubes of units are sometimes abbreviated by using "superior" figures. For example. ft2 means square foot, and ft3 means cubic foot. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 144 square inches = 1 square foot (ft2) 9 square feet = 1 square yard (yd2) = 1,296 square inches 30 1/4 square yards = 1 square rod (rd2) = 272 1/4 square feet 160 square rods = 1 acre = 4,840 square yards = 43,560 square feet 640 acres = 1 square mile (mi2) 1 mile square = 1 section (of land) 6 miles square = 1 township = 36 sections = 36 square miles Cubic Measure 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1 cubic foot (ft3) = 1,728 cubic inches (in3) 27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard (yd3) Gunter's or Surveyors' Chain Measure 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 7.92 inches (in) = 1 link 100 links = 1 chain (ch) = 4 rods = 66 feet 80 chains = 1 survey mile (mi) = 320 rods = 5,280 feet Troy Weight 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 24 grains = 1 pennyweight (dwt) 20 pennyweights = 1 ounce troy (oz t) = 480 grains 12 ounces troy = 1 pound troy (lb t) = 240 pennyweights = 5,760 grains Dry Measure When necessary to distinguish the dry pint or quart from the liquid pint or quart, the word "dry" should be used in combination with the name or abbreviation of the dry unit. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 2 pints (pt) = 1 quart (qt) = 67.2006 cubic inches 8 quarts = 1 peck (pk) = 537.605 cubic inches = 16 pints 4 pecks = 1 bushel (bu) = 2,150.42 cubic inches = 32 quarts Avoirdupois Weight When necessary to distinguish the avoirdupois ounce or pound from the troy ounce or pound, the word "avoirdupois" or the abbreviation "avdp" should be used in combination with the name or abbreviation of the avoirdupois unit. (The "grain" is the same in avoirdupois and troy weight.) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 27 11/32 grains = 1 dram (dr) 16 drams = 1 ounce (oz) = 437 1/2 grains 16 ounces = 1 pound (lb) = 256 drams = 7,000 grains 100 pounds = 1 hundredweight (cwt) deg 20 hundredweights = 1 ton = 2,000 pounds deg 112 pounds = 1 gross or long hundredweight deg 20 gross or long hundredweights = 1 gross or long ton = 2,240 pounds deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 20 gross or long hundredweights = 1 gross or long ton = 2,240 pounds deg In "gross" or "long" measure, the following values are recognized. degWhen the terms "hundredweight" and "ton" are used unmodified, they are commonly understood to mean the 100-pound hundredweight and the 2,000-pound ton, respectively: these units may be designated "net" or "short" when necessary to distinguish them from the corresponding units in gross or long measure. Tables of Equivalents In this table it is necessary to distinguish between the "international" and the "survey" foot. The international foot, defined in 1959 as exactly equal to 0.3048 meter, is shorter than the old survey foot by exactly 2 parts in one million. The survey foot is still used in data expressed in feet in geodetic surveys within the U.S. In this table the survey foot is italicized. When the name of a unit is enclosed in brackets thus, "1 hand", this indicates (1) that the unit is not in general current use in the United States, or (2) that the unit is believed to be based on "custom and usage" rather than on formal definition. Equivalents involving decimals are, in most instances, rounded off to the third decimal place except where they are exact, in which cases these exact equivalents are so designated. Lengths 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1 angstrom (A) * 0.1 nanometer (exactly) * 0.000 1 micrometer (exactly) * 0.000 000 1 millimeter (exactly) * 0.000 000 004 inch 1 cable's length * 120 fathoms (exactly) * 720 feet (exactly) * 219 meters 1 centimeter (cm) * 0.3937 inch 1 chain (ch) (Gunter's or surveyors) * 66 feet (exactly) * 20.1168 meters 1 chain (engineers) * 100 feet * 30.48 meters (exactly) 1 decimeter (dm) * 3.937 inches 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1 degree (geographical) * 364,566.929 feet * 69.047 miles (avg.) * 111.123 kilometers (avg.) -of latitude * 68.708 miles at equator * 69.403 miles at poles -of longitude * 69.171 miles at equator 1 dekameter (dam) * 32.808 feet 1 fathom * 6 feet (exactly) * 1.8288 meters (exactly) 1 foot (ft) * 0.3048 meters (exactly) 1 furlong (fur) * 10 chains (surveyors) (exactly) * 660 feet (exactly) * 1/8 statute mile (exactly) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  * 1/8 statute mile (exactly) * 201.168 meters "1 hand" (height measure for horses * 4 inches from ground to top of shoulders) 1 inch (in) * 2.54 centimeters (exactly) 1 kilometer (km) * 0.621 mile * 3,281.5 feet 1 league (land) * 3 survey miles (exactly) * 4.828 kilometers 1 link (Gunter's or surveyors) * 7.92 inches (exactly) * 0.201 meter 1 link engineers * 1 foot * 0.305 meter 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1 meter (m) * 39.37 inches * 1.094 yards 1 micrometer (microm) "the Greek * 0.001 millimeter (exactly) letter mu" * 0.000 039 37 inch 1 mil * 0.001 inch (exactly) * 0.025 4 millimeter (exactly) 1 mile (mi) (statute or land) * 5,280 feet (exactly) * 1.609 kilometers 1 international nautical mile (nmi) * 1.852 kilometers (exactly) * 1.150779 survey miles * 6,076.11549 feet 1 millimeter (mm) * 0.039 37 inch 1 nanometer (nm) * 0.001 micrometer (exactly) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1 nanometer (nm) * 0.001 micrometer (exactly) * 0.000 000 039 37 inch 1 pica (typography) * 12 points 1 point (typography) * 0.013 837 inch (exactly) * 0.351 millimeter 1 rod (rd), pole, or perch * 16 1/2 feet (exactly) * 5.029 meters 1 yard (yd) * 0.9144 meter (exactly) Areas or Surfaces 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1 acre * 43,560 square feet (exactly) * 4,840 square yards * 0.405 hectare 1 are (a) * 119.599 square yards * 0.025 acre 1 bolt (cloth measure): length 100 yards (on modern looms) width * 42 inches (usually, for cotton) * 60 inches (usually, for wool) 1 hectare (ha) 2.471 acres 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1 hectare (ha) 2.471 acres "1 square (building)" 100 square feet 1 square centimeter (cm2) 0.155 square inch 1 square decimeter (dm2) 15.500 square inches 1 square foot (ft2) 929.030 square centimeters 1 square inch (in2) 6.4516 square centimeters (exactly) 1 square kilometer (km2) * 247.104 acres * 0.386 square mile 1 square meter (m2) * 1.196 square yards * 10.764 square feet 1 square mile (mi2) 258.999 hectares 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1 square millimeter (mm2) 0.002 square inch 1 square rod (rd2) sq. pole, or sq. 25.293 square meters perch 1 square yard (yd2) 0.836 square meter Capacities or Volumes 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1 barrel (bbl) liquid 31 to 42 gallons deg 1 barrel (bbl), standard, for fruits, * 7,056 cubic inches * vegetables,and other dry commodities 105 dry quarts * 3.281 except dry cranberries bushels, struck measure 1 barrel (bbl), standard, cranberry * 5,826 cubic inches * 86 45/64 dry quarts * 2.709 bushels, struck measure 1 board foot (lumber measure) a foot-square board 1 inch thick 1 bushel (bu) (U.S.) (struck measure) * 2,150.42 cubic inches (exactly) * 35.239 liters "1 bushel, heaped (U.S.)" * 2,747.715 cubic inches * 1.278 bushels, struck measure deg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  "1 bushel (bu) (British Imperial) * 1.032 U.S. bushels struck measure (struck measure)" * 2,219.36 cubic inches 1 cord (cd) firewood 128 cubic feet (exactly) 1 cubic centimeter (cm3) 0.061 cubic inch 1 cubic decimeter (dm3) 61.024 cubic inches 1 cubic inch (in3) * 0.554 fluid ounce * 4.433 fluid drams * 16.387 cubic centimeters 1 cubic foot (ft3) * 7.481 gallons * 28.317 cubic decimeters 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1 cubic meter (m3) 1.308 cubic yards 1 cubic yard (yd3) 0.765 cubic meter 1 cup, measuring * 8 fluid ounces (exactly) * 1/2 liquid pint (exactly) "1 dram, fluid (fl dr) (British)" * 0.961 U.S. fluid dram * 0.217 cubic inch * 3.552 milliliters 1 dekaliter (daL) * 2.642 gallons * 1.135 pecks 1 gallon (gal) (U.S.) * 231 cubic inches (exactly) * 3.785 liters * 0.833 British gallon * 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  0.833 British gallon * 128 U.S. fluid ounces (exactly) "1 gallon (gal) British Imperial" * 277.42 cubic inches * 1.201 U.S. gallons * 4.546 liters * 160 British fluid ounces (exactly) 1 gill (gi) * 7.219 cubic inches * 4 fluid ounces (exactly) * 0.118 liter 1 hectoliter (hL) * 26.418 gallons * 2.838 bushels 1 liter (L) (1 cubic decimeter * 1.057 liquid quarts exactly) * 0.908 dry quart * 61.025 cubic inches 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  61.025 cubic inches 1 milliliter (mL) (1 cu cm exactly) * 0.271 fluid dram * 16.231 minims * 0.061 cubic inch 1 ounce, liquid (U.S.) * 1.805 cubic inches * 29.573 milliliters * 1.041 British fluid ounces "1 ounce, fluid (fl oz) (British)" * 0.961 U.S. fluid ounce * 1.734 cubic inches * 28.412 milliliters 1 peck (pk) 8.810 liters 1 pint (pt), dry * 33.600 cubic inches * 0.551 liter 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1 pint (pt), liquid * 28.875 cubic inches (exactly) * 0.473 liter 1 quart (qt) dry (U.S.) * 67.201 cubic inches * 1.101 liters * 0.969 British quart 1 quart (qt) liquid (U.S.) * 57.75 cubic in (exactly) * 0.946 liter * 0.833 British quart "1 quart (qt) (British)" * 69.354 cubic inches * 1.032 U.S. dry quarts * 1.201 U.S. liquid quarts 1 tablespoon * 3 teaspoons deg (exactly) * 4 fluid drams * 1/2 fluid ounce (exactly) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  fluid ounce (exactly) 1 teaspoon * 1/3 tablespoon deg (exactly) * 11/3 fluid drams deg degThere are a variety of "barrels," established by law or usage. For example: federal taxes on fermented liquors are based on a barrel of 31 gallons: many state laws fix the "barrel for liquids" as 31 1/2 gallons; one state fixes a 36-gallon barrel for cistern measurement; federal law recognizes a 40-gallon barrel for "proof spirits"; by custom, 42 gallons comprise a barrel of crude oil or petroleum products for statistical purposes, and this equivalent is recognized "for liquids" by 4 states. degFrequently recognized as 11/4 bushels, struck measure. degThe equivalent "1 teaspoon--11/3 fluid drams" has been found by the bureau to correspond more closely with the actual capacities of "measuring" and silver teaspoons than the equivalent "1 teaspoon--1 fluid dram" which is given by many dictionaries. Weights or Masses 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1 assay ton deg deg (AT) 29.167 grams 1 bale (cotton measure) * 500 pounds (index/Pound (measure)/ in U.S. * 750 pounds in Egypt 1 carat (c) * 200 milligrams (exactly) * 3.086 grains 1 dram avoirdupois (dr avdp) gamma, * 27 11/32 (=27.344) grains 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1 dram avoirdupois (dr avdp) gamma, * 27 11/32 (=27.344) grains see microgram * 1.772 grams 1 grain 64.799 milligrams 1 gram * 15.432 grains * 0.035 ounce, avoirdupois 1 hundredweight, gross or long deg * 112 pounds (exactly) deg deg (gross cwt) * 50.802 kilograms 1 hundredweight, net or short (cwt. * 100 pounds (exactly) or net cwt.) * 45.359 kilograms 1 kilogram (kg) 2.205 pounds 1 microgram (microg "The Greek 0.000001 gram (exactly) letter mu in combination with the letter g") 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 letter g") 1 milligram (mg) 0.015 grain 1 ounce, avoirdupois (oz avdp) * 437.5 grains (exactly) * 0.911 troy ounce * 28.350 grams 1 ounce, troy (oz t) * 480 grains (exactly) * 1.097 avoirdupois ounces * 31.103 grams 1 pennyweight (dwt) 1.555 grams 1 pound, avoirdupois (lb avdp) * 7,000 grains (exactly) * 1.215 troy pounds * 453.592 37 grams (exactly) 1 pound, troy (lb t) * 5,760 grains (exactly) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1 pound, troy (lb t) * 5,760 grains (exactly) * 0.823 avoirdupois pound * 373.242 grams 1 ton, gross or long deg deg deg * 2,240 pounds (exactly) (gross ton) * 1.12 net tons (exactly) * 1.016 metric tons 1 ton, metric (t) * 2,204.623 pounds * 0.984 gross ton * 1.102 net tons 1 ton, net or short (sh ton) * 2,000 pounds (exactly) * 0.893 gross ton * 0.907 metric ton deg degUsed in assaying. The assay ton bears the same relation to the milligram that a ton of 2,000 pounds avoirdupois bears to the ounce troy; hence the weight in milligrams of precious metal obtained from one assay ton of ore gives directly the number of troy ounces to the net ton. deg deg degThe gross or long ton and hundredweight are used commercially in the United States to only a limited extent, usually in restricted industrial fields. These units are the same as British "ton" and "hundredweight." Tables of Interrelation of Units of Measurement Bold face type indicates exact values 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1 international foot = 0.999 998 survey foot (exactly) 1 survey foot = 1200/3937 meter (exactly) 1 international foot = 12 [times ] 0.0254 meter (exactly) Units of length and area of the international and survey measures are included in the following tables. Units unique to the survey measure are italicized. See p. 300, Tables of Equivalents, 1st para. Units of Length 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼� Units Inches Links Feet Yards Rods Chains Mile 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 inch= 1 0.126 263 0.083 333 0.027 778 0.005 051 0.001 263 0.00 1 link= 7.92 1 0.66 0.22 0.04 0.01 0.00 1 foot= 12 1.515 152 1 0.333 333 0.060 606 0.015 152 0.00 1 yard= 36 4.545 45 3 1 0.181 818 0.045 455 0.00 1 rod= 198 25 16.5 5.5 1 0.25 0.00 1 chain= 792 100 66 22 4 1 0.01 1 mile= 63 360 8000 5280 1760 320 80 1 1 cm= 0.3937 0.049 710 0.032 808 0.010 936 0.001 988 0.000 497 0.00 1 meter= 39.37 4.970 960 3.280 840 1.093 613 0.198 838 0.049 710 0.00 Units Inches Links Feet Yards Rods Chains Mile 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 meter= 39.37 4.970 960 3.280 840 1.093 613 0.198 838 0.049 710 0.00 Units of Area 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴� Units Sq. inches Sq. links Sq. feet Sq. yards Sq. rod 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 sq. inch= 1 .015 942 3 0.006 944 0.000 771 605 0.000 0 1 sq. link= 62.726 4 1 0.435 6 0.0484 0.0016 1 sq. foot= 144 2.295 684 1 0.111 111 1 0.003 6 1 sq. yard= 1296 20.661 16 9 1 0.033 0 1 sq. rod= 39 204 625 272.25 30.25 1 1 sq. chain= 627 264 10 000 4 356 484 16 1 acre= 6 272 640 100 000 43 560 4 840 160 Units Sq. inches Sq. links Sq. feet Sq. yards Sq. rod 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 acre= 6 272 640 100 000 43 560 4 840 160 1 sq. mile= 4 014 489 600 64 000 000 27 878 400 3 097 600 102 400 1 sq. cm= 0.155 000 3 0.002 471 05 0.001 076 0.000 119 599 0.000 0 1 sq. meter= 1550.003 24.710 44 10.763 91 1.195 990 0.039 5 1 hectare= 15 500 031 247 104 107 639.1 11 959.90 395.367 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴� Units Acres Sq. miles Sq. cm Sq. m 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 sq. inch= 0.000 000 159 423 0.000 000 000 249 10 6.451 6 0.000 1 sq. link= 0.000 01 0.000 000 015 625 404.685 642 24 0.040 1 sq. foot= 0.000 022 956 84 0.000 000 035 870 06 929.034 1 0.092 1 sq. yard= 0.000 206 611 6 0.000 000 322 830 6 8 361.273 6 0.836 Units Acres Sq. miles Sq. cm Sq. m 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 sq. yard= 0.000 206 611 6 0.000 000 322 830 6 8 361.273 6 0.836 1 sq. rod= 0.006 25 0.000 009 765 625 252 929.5 25.29 1 sq. chain= 0.1 0.000 156 25 4 046 873 404.6 1 acre= 1 0.001 562 5 40 468 73 4 046 1 sq. mile= 640 1 25 899 881 103 2 589 1 sq. cm= 0.000 000 024 711 0.000 000 000 038 610 1 0.000 1 sq. meter= 0.000 247 104 4 0.000 000 386 102 2 10 000 1 1 hectare= 2.471 044 0.003 861 006 100 000 000 10 00 Units of Mass Not Greater than Pounds and Kilograms 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Units Grains Pennyweights Avdp drams Avdp ounces 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Units Grains Pennyweights Avdp drams Avdp ounces 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1 grain= 1 0.041 666 67 0.036 571 43 0.002 285 71 1 pennyweight= 24 1 0.877 714 3 0.054 857 14 1 dram avdp= 27.343 75 1.139 323 1 0.062 5 1 ounce avdp= 437.5 18.229 17 16 1 1 ounce troy= 480 20 17.554 29 1.097 143 1 pound troy= 5760 240 210.651 4 13.165 71 1 pound avdp= 7000 291.666 7 256 16 1 milligram= 0.015 432 0.000 643 015 0.000 564 383 0.000 035 274 1 gram= 15.432 36 0.643 014 9 0.564 383 4 0.035 273 96 1 kilogram= 15 432.36 643.014 9 564.383 4 35.273 96 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Units Troy ounces Troy pounds Avdp pounds Milligrams Gr Units Troy ounces Troy pounds Avdp pounds Milligrams Gr 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 grain= 0.002 083 33 0.000 173 611 0.000 142 857 64.798 91 0. 1 pennyw't.= 0.05 0.004 166 667 0.003 428 571 1555.173 84 1. 1 dram avdp= 0.056 966 15 0.004 747 179 0.003 906 25 1771.845 195 1. 1 oz avdp= 0.911 458 3 0.075 954 86 0.062 5 28 349.523 125 28 1 oz troy= 1 0.083 333 333 0.068 571 43 31 103.476 8 31 1 lb troy= 12 1 0.822 857 1 373 241.721 6 37 1 lb avdp= 14.583 33 1.215 278 1 453 592.37 45 1 milligram= 0.000 032 151 0.000 002 679 0.000 002 205 1 0. 1 gram= 0.032 150 75 0.002 679 229 0.002 204 623 1000 1 1 kilogram= 32.150 75 2.679 229 2.204 623 1 000 000 10 Units of Mass Not Less than Avoirdupois Ounces 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴� Units Avdp oz Avdp lb Short cwt Short tons Long tons 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 oz av= 1 0.0625 0.000 625 0.000 031 25 0.000 027 9 1 lb av= 16 1 0.01 0.000 5 0.000 446 4 1 sh cwt= 1 600 100 1 0.05 0.044 642 8 1 sh ton= 32 000 2000 20 1 0.892 857 1 1 long ton= 35 840 2240 22.4 1.12 1 1 kg= 35.273 96 2.204 623 0.022 046 23 0.001 102 311 0.000 984 2 1 metric ton= 35 273.96 2 204.623 22.046 23 1.102 311 0.984 206 5 Units of Volume 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Units Cubic inches Cubic feet Cubic yards Cubic cm 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 cubic inch= 1 0.000 578 704 0.000 021 433 16.387 064 1 cubic foot= 1728 1 0.037 037 04 28 316.846 592 1 cubic yard= 46 656 27 1 764 554.857 984 1 cubic cm= 0.061 023 74 0.000 035 315 0.000 001 308 1 1 cubic dm= 61.023 74 0.035 314 67 0.001 307 951 1 000 1 cubic meter= 61 023.74 35.314 67 1.307 951 1 000 000 Units of Capacity (Liquid Measure) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴� Units Minims Fluid drams Fluid ounces Gills Liquid 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 minim= 1 0.016 666 7 0.002 083 33 0.000 520 833 0.000 1 fluid dram= 60 1 0.125 0.031 25 0.007 1 fluid ounce= 480 8 1 0.25 0.062 1 gill= 1920 32 4 1 0.25 1 liquid pint= 7680 128 16 4 1 1 liquid quart= 15 360 256 32 8 2 1 gallon= 61 440 1024 128 32 8 1 cubic inch= 265.974 4.432 900 0.554 112 6 0.138 528 1 0.034 1 cubic foot= 459 603.1 7 660.052 957.506 5 239.376 6 59.844 1 milliliter= 16.230 73 0.270 512 18 0.033 814 02 0.008 453 506 .002 1 1 liter= 16 230.73 270.512 18 33.814 02 8.453 506 2.113 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴� Units Liquid quarts Gallons Cubic inches Cubic feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 minim= 0.000 065 104 17 0.000 016 276 04 0.003 759 766 0.000 002 1 1 flu. dram= 0.003 906 25 0.000 976 562 5 0.225 585 9 0.000 130 5 1 fluid oz= 0.031 25 0.007 812 5 1.804 687 5 0.001 044 3 1 gill= 0.125 0.031 25 7.218 75 0.004 177 5 1 liquid pt= 0.5 0.125 28.875 0.016 710 0 1 liquid qt= 1 0.25 57.75 0.033 420 1 1 gallon= 4 1 231 0.133 680 6 1 cubic in.= 0.017 316 02 0.004 329 004 1 0.000 578 7 1 cubic foot= 29.922 08 7.480 519 1728 1 1 liter= 1.056 688 0.264 172 05 61.023 74 0.035 314 6 Units of Capacity (Dry Measure) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴� Units Dry pints Dry quarts Pecks Bushels Cubic i 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 dry pint= 1 0.5 0.062 5 0.015 625 33.600 1 dry quart= 2 1 0.125 0.031 25 67.200 1 peck= 16 8 1 0.25 537.605 1 bushel= 64 32 4 1 2150.42 1 cubic inch= 0.029 761 6 0.014 880 8 0.001 860 10 0.000 465 025 1 1 liter= 1.816 166 0.908 083 0.113 510 37 0.028 377 59 61.023 Miscellaneous Measures Caliber--the diameter of a gun bore. In the U.S., caliber is traditionally expressed in hundredths of inches, eg. .22 or .30. In Britain, caliber is often expressed in thousandths of inches, eg. .270 or .465. Now, it is commonly expressed in millimeters, eg. the 7.62 mm. M14 rifle and the 5.56 mm. M16 rifle. Heavier weapons' caliber has long been expressed in millimeters, eg. the 81 mm. mortar, the 105 mm. howitzer (light), the 155 mm. howitzer (medium or heavy). Naval guns' caliber refers to the barrel length as a multiple of the bore diameter. A 5-inch, 50-caliber naval gun has a 5-inch bore and a barrel length of 250 inches. Carat, karat-- a measure of the amount of alloy per 24 parts in gold. Thus 24-carat gold is pure; 18-carat gold is one-fourth alloy. Decibel (dB)-- a measure of the relative loudness or intensity of sound. A 20-decibel sound is 10 times louder than a 10-decibel sound; 30 decibels is 100 times louder; 40 decibels is 1,000 times louder, etc. One decibel is the smallest difference between sounds detectable by the human ear. A 120-decibel sound is painful. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 10 decibels -a light whisper 20 -quiet conversation 30 -normal conversation 40 -light traffic 50 -typewriter, loud conversation 60 -noisy office 70 -normal traffic, quiet train 80 -rock music, subway 90 -heavy traffic, thunder 100 -jet plane at takeoff Em--a printer's measure designating the square width of any given type size. Thus, an em of 10-point type is 10 points. An en is half an em. Gauge--a measure of shotgun bore diameter. Gauge numbers originally referred to the number of lead balls of the gun barrel diameter in a pound. Thus, a 16 gauge shotgun's bore was smaller than a 12-gauge shotgun's. Today, an international agreement assigns millimeter measures to each gauge, eg: 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Gauge Bore diameter in mm 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 6 23.34 10 19.67 12 18.52 14 17.60 16 16.81 20 15.90 Gauge Bore diameter in mm 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 20 15.90 Horsepower--the power needed to lift 550 pounds one foot in one second, or to lift 33,000 pounds one foot in one minute. Equivalent to 746 watts or 2,546.0756 Btu/h. Quire--25 sheets of paper Ream--500 sheets of paper Electrical Units The watt is the unit of power (electrical, mechanical, thermal, etc.). Electrical power is given by the product of the voltage and the current. Energy is sold by the joule, but in common practice the billing of electrical energy is expressed in terms of the kilowatt-hour, which is 3,600,000 joules or 3.6 megajoules. The horsepower is a non-metric unit sometimes used in mechanics. It is equal to 746 watts. The ohm is the unit of electrical resistance and represents the physical property of a conductor that offers a resistance to the flow of electricity, permitting just 1 ampere to flow at 1 volt of pressure. Compound Interest Compounded Annually 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴� Principal Period 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� $100 1 day 0.011 0.014 0.016 0.019 0.022 0.025 0.027 1 week 0.077 0.096 0.115 0.134 0.153 0.173 0.192 Principal Period 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1 week 0.077 0.096 0.115 0.134 0.153 0.173 0.192 6 mos. 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 1 year 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 2 years 8.16 10.25 12.36 14.49 16.64 18.81 21.00 3 years 12.49 15.76 19.10 22.50 25.97 29.50 33.10 4 years 16.99 21.55 26.25 31.08 36.05 41.16 46.41 5 years 21.67 27.63 33.82 40.26 46.93 53.86 61.05 6 years 26.53 34.01 41.85 50.07 58.69 67.71 77.16 7 years 31.59 40.71 50.36 60.58 71.38 82.80 94.87 8 years 36.86 47.75 59.38 71.82 85.09 99.26 114.36 9 years 42.33 55.13 68.95 83.85 99.90 117.19 135.79 10 years 48.02 62.89 79.08 96.72 115.89 136.74 159.37 12 years 60.10 79.59 101.22 125.22 151.82 181.27 213.84 15 years 80.09 107.89 139.66 175.90 217.22 264.25 317.72 20 years 119.11 165.33 220.71 286.97 366.10 460.44 572.75 Ancient Measures 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Biblical Cubit = 21.8 inches Omer = 0.45 peck 3.964 liters Ephah = 10 omers Shekel = 0.497 ounce 14.1 grams Greek Cubit = 18.3 inches Stadion = 607.2 or 622 feet Obolos = 715.38 milligrams Drachma = 4.2923 grams Mina = 0.9463 pounds Talent = 60 mina Roman 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Roman Cubit = 17.5 inches Stadium = 202 yards As, libra, pondus = 325.971 grams, .71864 pounds Weight of Water 露컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 cubic inch .0360 pound 12 cubic inches .433 pound 1 cubic foot 62.4 pounds 1 cubic foot 7.48052 U.S. gal 1.8 cubic feet 112.0 pounds 35.96 cubic feet 2240.0 pounds 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 35.96 cubic feet 2240.0 pounds 1 imperial gallon 10.0 pounds 11.2 imperial gallons 112.0 pounds 224 imperial gallons 2240.0 pounds 1 U.S. gallon 8.33 pounds 13.45 U.S. gallons 112.0 pounds 269.0 U.S. gallons 2240.0 pounds Density of Gases and Vapors National Bureau of Standards at 0 degC and 760 mmHg (kilograms per cubic meter) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Gas Wgt. Gas Wgt. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Acetylene 1.171 Air 1.293 Ammonia .759 Argon 1.784 Arsene 3.48 Butane-iso 2.60 Butane-n 2.519 Carbon dioxide 1.977 Carbon monoxide 1.250 Carbon oxysulfide 2.72 Chlorine 3.214 Chlorine monoxide 3.89 Ethane 1.356 Ethylene 1.260 Fluorine 1.696 Helium .178 Hydrogen .090 Hydrogen bromide 3.50 Hydrogen chloride 1.639 Gas Wgt. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hydrogen chloride 1.639 Hydrogen iodide 5.724 Hydrogen selenide 3.66 Hydrogen sulfide 1.539 Krypton 3.745 Methane .717 Methyl chloride 2.25 Methyl ether 2.091 Methyl fluoride 1.545 Mono methylamine 1.38 Neon .900 Nitric oxide 1.341 Nitrogen 1.250 Nitrosyl chloride 2.99 Nitrous oxide 1.997 Oxygen 1.429 Phosphine 1.48 Propane 2.020 Silicon tetrafluoride 4.67 Gas Wgt. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Silicon tetrafluoride 4.67 Sulfur dioxide 2.927 Xenon 5.897 Temperature Conversion Table 露컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Celsius Fahrenheit 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� -273.2 -459.7 . . . -184 -300 . . . -169 -273 -459.4 -157 -250 -418 -129 -200 -328 Celsius Fahrenheit 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� -129 -200 -328 -101 -150 -238 -73.3 -100 -148 -45.6 -50 -58 -40.0 -40 -40 -34.4 -30 -22 -28.9 -20 -4 -23.3 -10 14 -17.8 0 32 -12.2 10 50 -6.67 20 68 -1.11 30 86 4.44 40 104 10.0 50 122 15.6 60 140 21.1 70 158 23.9 75 167 26.7 80 176 29.4 85 185 Celsius Fahrenheit 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 29.4 85 185 32.2 90 194 35.0 95 203 36.7 98 208.4 37.8 100 212 43 110 230 49 120 248 54 130 266 60 140 284 66 150 302 93 200 392 121 250 482 149 300 572 The numbers in bold face type refer to the temperature either in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit which are to be converted. If converting from degrees Fahrenheit to Celsius, the equivalent will be found in the column on the left, while if converting from degrees Celsius to Fahrenheit the answer will be found in the column on the right. For temperatures not shown. To convert Fahrenheit to Celsius subtract 32 degrees and multiply by 5, divide by 9; to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, multiply by 9, divide by 5 and add 32 degrees. Boiling and Freezing Points of Water Water boils at 212 degF at sea level. For every 550 feet above sea level, boiling point of water is lower by about 1 degF. Methyl alcohol boils at 148 degF. Average human oral temperature, 98.6 degF. Water freezes at 32 degF. Although "Centigrade" is still frequently used, the International Committee on Weights and Measures and the National Bureau of Standards have recommended since 1948 that this scale be called "Celsius." Breaking the Sound Barrier; Speed of Sound The prefix Mach is used to describe supersonic speed. It derives from Ernst Mach, a Czech-born German physicist, who contributed to the study of sound. When a plane moves at the speed of sound it is Mach 1. When twice the speed of sound it is Mach 2. When it is near but below the speed of sound its speed can be designated at less than Mach 1, for example, Mach .90. Mach is defined as "in jet propulsion, the ratio of the velocity of a rocket or a jet to the velocity of sound in the medium being considered." When a plane passes the sound barrier--flying faster than sound travels--listeners in the area hear thunderclaps, but pilots do not hear them. Sound is produced by vibrations of an object and is transmitted by alternate increase and decrease in pressures that radiate outward through a material media of molecules --somewhat like waves spreading out on a pond after a rock has been tossed into it. The frequency of sound is determined by the number of times the vibrating waves undulate per second, and is measured in cycles per second. The slower the cycle of waves, the lower the frequency. As frequencies increase, the sound is higher in pitch. Sound is audible to human beings only if the frequency falls within a certain range. The human ear is usually not sensitive to frequencies of less than 20 vibrations per second, or more than about 20,000 vibrations per second--although this range varies among individuals. Anything at a pitch higher than the human ear can hear is termed ultrasonic. Intensity or loudness is the strength of the pressure of these radiating waves, and is measured in decibels. The human ear responds to intensity in a range from zero to 120 decibels. Any sound with pressure over 120 decibels is painful. The speed of sound is generally placed at 1,088 feet per second at sea level at 32 degF. It varies in other temperatures and in different media. Sound travels faster in water than in air, and even faster in iron and steel. If in air it travels a mile in 5 seconds, it does a mile under water in 1 second, and through iron in 1/3 of a second. It travels through ice cold vapor at approximately 4,708 feet per second, ice-cold water, 4,938; granite, 12,960; hardwood, 12,620; brick, 11,960; glass, 16,410 to 19,690; silver, 8,658; gold, 5,717. Colors of the Spectrum Color, an electromagnetic wave phenomenon, is a sensation produced through the excitation of the retina of the eye by rays of light. The colors of the spectrum may be produced by viewing a light beam refracted by passage through a prism, which breaks the light into its wave lenghts. Customarily, the primary colors of the spectrum are thought of as those 6 monochromatic colors that occupy relatively large areas of the spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. However, Sir Isaac Newton named a 7th, indigo, situated between blue and violet on the spectrum. Aubert estimated (1865) the solar spectrum to contain approximately 1,000 distinguishable hues of which according to Rood (1881) 2 million tints and shades can be distinguished; Luckiesh stated (1915) that 55 distinctly different hues have been seen in a single spectrum. Many physicists recognize only 3 primary colors: red, yellow, and blue (Mayer, 1775); red, green, and violet (Thomas Young, 1801); red, green, and blue (Clerk Maxwell, 1860). The color sensation of black is due to complete lack of stimulation of the retina, that of white to complete stimulation. The infra-red and ultra-violet rays, below the red (long) end of the spectrum and above the violet (short) end respectively, are invisible to the naked eye. Heat is the principal effect of the infra-red rays and chemical action that of the ultra-violet rays. Common Fractions Reduced to Decimals 露컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 8ths 16ths 32ds 64ths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1 .015625 1 2 .03125 3 .046875 1 2 4 .0625 5 .078125 3 6 .09375 7 .109375 1 2 4 8 .125 8ths 16ths 32ds 64ths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1 2 4 8 .125 9 .140625 5 10 .15625 11 .171875 3 6 12 .1875 13 .203125 7 14 .21875 15 .234375 2 4 8 16 .25 17 .265625 9 18 .28125 19 .296875 5 10 20 .3125 21 .328125 11 22 .34375 23 .359375 3 6 12 24 .375 25 .390625 13 26 .40625 8ths 16ths 32ds 64ths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  13 26 .40625 27 .421875 7 14 28 .4375 29 .453125 15 30 .46875 31 .484375 4 8 16 32 .5 33 .515625 17 34 .53125 35 .546875 9 18 36 .5625 37 .578125 19 38 .59375 39 .609375 5 10 20 40 .625 41 .640625 21 42 .65625 43 .671875 11 22 44 .6875 8ths 16ths 32ds 64ths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  11 22 44 .6875 45 .703125 23 46 .71875 47 .734375 6 12 24 48 .75 49 .765625 25 50 .78125 51 .796875 13 26 52 .8125 53 .828125 27 54 .84375 55 .859375 7 14 28 56 .875 57 .890625 29 58 .90625 59 .921875 15 30 60 .9375 61 .953125 31 62 .96875 8ths 16ths 32ds 64ths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  31 62 .96875 63 .984375 8 16 32 64 1. Spirits Measures 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Pony 0.5 jigger Shot * 0.666 jigger * 1.0 ounce Jigger 1.5 shot 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Jigger 1.5 shot Pint * 16 shots * 0.625 fifth Fifth * 25.6 shots * 1.6 pints * 0.8 quart * 0.75706 liter Quart * 32 shots * 1.25 fifth Magnum * 2 quarts * 2.49797 bottles (wine) For champagne and brandy only: For champagne and brandy only: Jeroboam * 6.4 pints * 1.6 magnum * 0.8 gallon 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  For champagne only: For champagne only: Rehoboam 3 magnums Methuselah 4 magnums Salmanazar 6 magnums Balthazar 8 magnums Nebuchadnezzar 10 magnums Wine bottle (standard): Wine bottle (standard): * 0.800633 quart * 0.7576778 liter Mathematical Formulas To find the CIRCUMFERENCE of a: Circle -- Multiply the diameter by 3.14159265 (usually 3.1416). To find the AREA of a: Circle -- Multiply the square of the diameter by .785398 (usually .7854). Rectangle -- Multiply the length of the base by the height. Sphere (surface) -- Multiply the square of the radius by 3.1416 and multiply by 4. Square -- Square the length of one side. Trapezoid -- Add the two parallel sides, multiply by the height and divide by 2. Triangle -- Multiply the base by the height and divide by 2. To find the VOLUME of a: Cone -- Multiply the square of the radius of the base by 3.1416, multiply by the height, and divide by 3. Cube -- Cube the length of one edge. Cylinder -- Multiply the square of the radius of the base by 3.1416 and multiply by the height. Pyramid -- Multiply the area of the base by the height and divide by 3. Rectangular Prism -- Multiply the length by the width by the height. Sphere -- Multiply the cube of the radius by 3.1416, multiply by 4 and divide by 3. Playing Cards and Dice Chances Poker Hands 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Hand Number possible Odds against 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Royal flush 4 649,739 to 1 Other straight flush 36 72,192 to 1 Four of a kind 624 4,164 to 1 Full house 3,744 693 to 1 Flush 5,108 508 to 1 Straight 10,200 254 to 1 Hand Number possible Odds against 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Straight 10,200 254 to 1 Three of a kind 54,912 46 to 1 Two pairs 123,552 20 to 1 One pair 1,098,240 4 to 3 (1.37 to 1) Nothing 1,302,540 1 to 1 Total 2,598,960 Dice (probabilities on 2 dice) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Total Odds against (Single toss) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 2 35 to 1 3 17 to 1 4 11 to 1 5 8 to 1 6 31 to 5 7 5 to 1 8 31 to 5 9 8 to 1 10 11 to 1 11 17 to 1 12 35 to 1 Dice (Probabilities of consecutive winning plays) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 No. consecutive wins By 7, 11, or point 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1 244 in 495 2 6 in 25 3 3 in 25 4 1 in 17 5 1 in 34 6 1 in 70 7 1 in 141 8 1 in 287 9 1 in 582 Pinochle Auction (Odds against finding in "widow" of 3 cards) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Open places Odds against 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1 5 to 1 2 2 to 1 3 Even 4 3 to 2 for 5 2 to 1 for Bridge The odds--against suit distribution in a hand of 4-4-3-2 are about 4 to 1, against 5-4-2-2 about 8 to 1, against 6-4-2-1 about 20 to 1, against 7-4-1-1 about 254 to 1, against 8-4-1-0 about 2,211 to 1, and against 13-0-0-0 about 158,753,389,899 to 1. Measures of Force and Pressure Dyne = force necessary to accelerate a 1-gram mass 1 centimeter per second squared = 0.000072 poundal Poundal = force necessary to accelerate a 1-pound mass 1 foot per second squared = 13,825.5 dynes = 0.138255 newtons Newton = force needed to accelerate a 1-kilogram mass 1 meter per second squared Pascal (pressure) = 1 newton per square meter = 0.020885 pound per square foot Atmosphere (air pressure at sea level) = 2,116.102 pounds per square foot = 14.6952 pounds per square inch = 1.0332 kilograms per square centimeter = 101,323 newtons per square meter. Large Numbers 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 U.S. Number of zeros French, British, German 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� million 6 million billion 9 milliard trillion 12 billion quadrillion 15 1,000 billion quintillion 18 trillion sextillion 21 1,000 trillion septillion 24 quadrillion octillion 27 1,000 quadrillion nonillion 30 quintillion decillion 33 1,000 quintillion U.S. Number of zeros French, British, German 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� decillion 33 1,000 quintillion Roman Numerals 露컴컴코컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 I - 1 II - 2 III - 3 IV - 4 V - 5 VI - 6 VII - 7 VIII - 8 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 VIII - 8 IX - 9 X - 10 XI - 11 XIX - 19 XX - 20 XXX - 30 XL - 40 L - 50 LX - 60 XC - 90 C - 100 CC - 200 CD - 400 D - 500 CM - 900 M - 1,000 V - 5,000 X - 10,000 L - 50,000 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 L - 50,000 C - 100,000 D - 500,000 M - 1,000,000 ARTS AND MEDIA Notable Movies of the Year (Aug. 1989 to July 1990) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Movie Stars Director 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Always Richard Dreyfuss, Holly Steven Spielberg Hunter, John Goodman Movie Stars Director 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Hunter, John Goodman Another 48 Hours Nick Nolte, Eddie Walter Hill Murphy Arachnophobia Jeff Daniels, John Frank Marshall Goodman Back to the Future, II Michael J. Fox, Robert Zemeckis Christopher Lloyd, Lea Thompson Back to the Future, III Michael J. Fox, Robert Zemeckis Christopher Lloyd, Mary Steenburgen Bird on a Wire Mel Gibson, Goldie Hawn John Badham Black Rain Michael Douglas, Andy Ridley Scott Movie Stars Director 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Black Rain Michael Douglas, Andy Ridley Scott Garcia Blaze Paul Newman, Lolita Ron Shelton Davidovich Blue Steel Jamie Lee Curtis, Ron Kathryn Bigelow Silver Born on the Fourth of Tom Cruise Oliver Stone July Cadillac Man Robin Williams, Tim Roger Donaldson Robbins Casualties of War Michael J. Fox, Sean Brian DePalma Penn Crimes and Misdemeanors Woody Allen, Martin Woody Allen Movie Stars Director 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Crimes and Misdemeanors Woody Allen, Martin Woody Allen Landau, Alan Alda, Mia Farrow Dad Jack Lemmon, Ted Danson, Gary David Goldberg Kathy Baker, Olympia Dukakis Days of Thunder Tom Cruise, Robert Tony Scott Duvall, Randy Quaid, Nicole Kidman Dick Tracy Warren Beatty, Madonna, Warren Beatty Glenne Headly, Al Pacino Die Hard 2 Bruce Willis, Bonnie Renny Harlin Bedelia Movie Stars Director 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Driving Miss Daisy Jessica Tandy, Morgan Bruce Beresford Freeman, Dan Aykroyd Drugstore Cowboy Matt Dillon, Kelly Gus Van Sant Lynch Enemies, A Love Story Ron Silver, Anjelica Paul Mazursky Huston, Lena Olin Family Business Sean Connery, Dustin Sidney Lumet Hoffman, Matthew Broderick Glory Matthew Broderick, Edward Zwick Denzel Washington, Morgan Freeman Harlem Nights Eddie Murphy, Richard Eddie Murphy Movie Stars Director 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Harlem Nights Eddie Murphy, Richard Eddie Murphy Pryor, Redd Foxx, Danny Aiello In Country Bruce Willis, Emily Norman Jewison Lloyd, Joan Allen Joe Versus the Volcano Tom Hanks, Meg Ryan John Patrick Shanley Mo' Better Blues Denzel Washington, Spike Lee Spike Lee Parenthood Steve Martin, Mary Ron Howard Steenburgen, Rick Moranis, Tom Hulce Presumed Innocent Harrison Ford, Brian Alan J. Pakula Dennehy, Bonnie Bedelia Movie Stars Director 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Pretty Woman Richard Gere, Julia Garry Marshall Roberts Quick Change Bill Murray, Geena H. Franklin, B. Murray Davis, Randy Quaid Revenge Kevin Costner, Anthony Tony Scott Quinn Sea of Love Al Pacino, Ellen Barkin, Harold Becker John Goodman She-Devil Meryl Streep, Roseanne Susan Seidelman Barr, Ed Begley Jr. Steel Magnolias Sally Field, Dolly Herbert Ross Parton, Daryl Hannah, Shirley MacLaine Movie Stars Director 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Shirley MacLaine Tango and Cash Sylvester Stallone, Andrei Konchalovsky Kurt Russell The Fabulous Baker Boys Michelle Pfeiffer, Jeff Steve Kloves Bridges, Beau Bridges The Freshman Marlon Brando, Matthew Andrew Bergman Broderick The Handmaid's Tale Natasha Richardson, Volker Schlondorff Elizabeth McGovern, Robert Duvall The Hunt for Red Sean Connery, Alec John McTieman October Baldwin, Scott Glenn, James Earl Jones Movie Stars Director 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  The War of The Roses Michael Douglas, Danny DeVito Kathleen Turner, Danny DeVito Total Recall Arnold Schwarzenegger, Paul Verhoeven Ronny Cox Uncle Buck John Candy John Hughes We're No Angels Robert DeNiro, Sean Neil Jordan Penn Notable New York Theater Openings, 1989-90 Season A Few Good Men, play by Aaron Sorkin; with Tom Hulce, Stephen Lang, Megan Gallagher, and Mark Nelson. Accomplice, play by Rupert Holmes; with Jason Alexander, Michael McKean, Natalia Nogulich, and Pamela Brull. Artist Descending a Staircase, play by Tom Stoppard; with Paxton Whitehead, John McMartin, Harold Gould, and Stephanie Roth. Aspects of Love, musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber, Don Black, and Charles Hart; with Michael Ball, Kevin Colson, Ann Crumb, and Kathleen Rowe McAllen. Bad Habits, revival of Terrence McNally's 1974 comedy; with Kate Nelligan and Nathan Lane. Cat On a Hot Tin Roof, revival of Tennessee Williams' 1955 drama; with Kathleen Turner, Charles Durning, Daniel Hugh Kelly, and Polly Holliday. City of Angels, musical by Cy Coleman, David Zippel, and Larry Gelbart; with James Naughton, Gregg Edelman, Randy Graff, and Rene Auberjonois. Grand Hotel, musical by Robert Wright, George Forrest, and Maury Yeston based on the Vicki Baum novel; directed and choreographed by Tommy Tune; with Liliane Montevecchi, David Carroll, Jane Krakowski, and Michael Jeter. Gypsy, revival of the Jule Styne, Stephen Sondheim 1959 musical; with Tyne Daly, Crista Moore, Tracy Venner, and Jonathan Hadary. Lettuce and Lovage, comedy by Peter Shaffer; with Maggie Smith and Margaret Tyzack. Meet Me in St. Louis, musical based on the Hugh Martin, Ralph Blane 1943 film musical; with Milo O'Shea, Donna Kane, Betty Garrett and George Hearn. Miss Margarida's Way, revival of Roberto Athayde's 1978 drama; with Estelle Parsons. My Children! My Africa! play by Athol Fugard; with Courtney B. Vance, John Kani, and Lisa Fugard. Prelude to A Kiss, play by Craig Lucas; with Timothy Hutton, Mary-Louise Parker, and Barnard Hughes. Sex, Drugs, Rock & Roll, social sketches by Eric Bogosian; with Eric Bogosian. Six Degrees of Separation, play by John Guare; with Stockard Channing, James McDaniel, and John Cunningham. Some Americans Abroad, comedy by Richard Nelson; with Nathan Lane, Kate Burton, Colin Stinton, John Bedford Lloyd. The Art of Success, play by Nick Dear; with Tim Curry, Suzanne Bertish, and Mary-Louise Parker. The Circle, revival of W. Somerset Maugham's 1921 comedy; with Rex Harrison, Stewart Granger, and Glynis Johns. The Crucible, revival of Arthur Miller's 1953 drama; with Harriet Harris, Randle Mell, and Justine Bateman. The Grapes of Wrath,Frank Galati's adaption of the John Steinbeck novel; with Gary Sinise, Lois Smith, and Terry Kinney. The Merchant of Venice, the Shakespeare play directed by Peter Hall; with Dustin Hoffman, Geraldine James, Michael Siberry, and Leigh Lawson. The Piano Lesson, play by August Wilson; with Charles S. Dutton, S. Epatha Merkerson, Carl Gordon, Lou Myers, and Rocky Carroll. The Sound of Music, revival of the Rodgers and Hammerstein 1959 musical; with Debby Boone, Laurence Guittard, and Werner Klemperer. The 10th Man, revival of Paddy Chayefsky's 1959 play; with Bob Dishy, Jack Weston, Phoebe Cates, Peter Friedman, and Joseph Wiseman. Threepenny Opera, revival of the Kurt Weill, Bertold Brecht 1928 classic; with Sting, Suzzanne Douglas, and Georgia Brown. Tru, play by Jay Presson Allan based on the work of Truman Capote; with Robert Morse. When She Danced, play by Martin Sherman about the final years of Isadora Duncan; with Elizabeth Ashley. National Film Registry 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Film Year Director 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� The Best Years of Our Lives 1946 William Wyler Casablanca 1942 Michael Curtiz Citizen Kane 1941 Orson Welles The Crowd 1928 King Vidor Dr. Strangelove (or, How I Learned to Stop 1964 Stanley Kubrick Worrying and Love the Bomb) Film Year Director 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Worrying and Love the Bomb) The General 1927 Buster Keaton Gone With the Wind 1939 Victor Fleming The Grapes of Wrath 1940 John Ford High Noon 1952 Fred Zinnemann Intolerance 1916 D.W. Griffith The Learning Tree 1969 Gordon Parks The Maltese Falcon 1941 John Huston Mr. Smith Goes to Washington 1939 Frank Capra Film Year Director 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mr. Smith Goes to Washington 1939 Frank Capra Modern Times 1936 Charlie Chaplin Nanook of the North 1921 Robert Flaherty On the Waterfront 1954 Elia Kazan The Searchers 1956 John Ford Singin' in the Rain 1952 Gene Kelly/Stanley Donen Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1937 Walt Disney Some Like It Hot 1959 Billy Wilder Film Year Director 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Star Wars 1977 George Lucas Sunrise 1927 F.W. Murnau Sunset Boulevard 1950 Billy Wilder Vertigo 1958 Alfred Hitchcock The Wizard of Oz 1939 Victor Fleming In accordance with the National Film Preservation Act passed by Congress in 1988, these 25 films were placed on the National Film Registry in September 1989 as "culturally, historically, or esthetically significant." Another 25 will be chosen in 1990, and 25 more in 1991. Top Video Rentals, 1989 Variety, January 1990 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴� Rank Title Release date (1st Monday) '89 natio 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 A Fish Called Wanda Feb. 27 60.0 2 Die Hard Jan. 30 79.6 3 Rain Man Sept. 4 168.8 4 Coming To America Mar. 22 128.1 5 Big Mar. 27 113.3 6 Twins June 19 106.4 7 The Accused Mar. 15 29.6 8 Beaches Aug. 28 55.2 9 Tequila Sunrise Aug. 7 39.7 10 Cocktail Apr. 24 77.1 Rank Title Release date (1st Monday) '89 natio 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 10 Cocktail Apr. 24 77.1 11 Dirty Rotten Scoundrels June 26 41.4 12 Mississippi Burning July 31 34.5 13 Bull Durham Jan. 30 50.3 14 Tucker: The Man And His Dream Apr. 17 19.6 15 Gorillas In The Mist Apr. 17 23.0 16 Young Guns Jan. 9 43.4 17 Red Heat Jan. 2 35.0 18 Dangerous Liaisons July 17 32.2 19 Working Girl Oct. 9 63.7 20 The Dead Pool Jan. 30 37.8 21 Who Framed Roger Rabbit Oct. 16 154.1 22 My Stepmother Is An Alien June 12 12.9 23 The Presidio Jan. 30 20.0 24 Betrayed Mar. 27 25.7 25 The Accidental Tourist July 3 30.2 26 Bloodsport Dec. 26 '88 11.7 27 The Naked Gun Aug. 21 78.0 28 Married To The Mob Feb. 27 21.3 Rank Title Release date (1st Monday) '89 natio 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 28 Married To The Mob Feb. 27 21.3 29 Midnight Run Feb. 27 37.4 30 Major League Oct. 9 49.4 31 Child's Play May 1 32.8 32 Mystic Pizza Apr. 10 12.4 33 Alien Nation June 19 24.9 34 Three Men And A Baby Nov. 21 '88 167.7 35 Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure Sept. 4 39.5 36 Pet Sematary Oct. 16 56.6 37 The Best Of Eddie Murphy Aug. 28 NA 38 The 'Burbs Aug. 14 35.2 39 Crocodile Dundee II Mar. 20 109.2 40 Big Business Mar. 6 39.6 41 Short Circuit 2 Dec. 19 '88 20.7 42 The Great Outdoors Jan. 16 38.0 43 The Unbearable Lightness Of Being Jan. 2 10.0 44 Bat 21 Apr. 10 3.8 45 True Believer July 24 8.7 46 Scrooged Nov. 13 60.3 Rank Title Release date (1st Monday) '89 natio 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 46 Scrooged Nov. 13 60.3 47 Three Fugitives Nov. 6 41.0 48 Batman Nov. 20 241.0 49 K-9 Nov. 20 39.0 50 Ghostbusters II Nov. 27 111.0 Note: Some videos are ranked low because they were released late in the year, e.g., "Batman," No. 48, was released Nov. 20. Record Long Run Broadway Plays1 Variety 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Chorus Line 6,137 Oh, Calcutta (revival) 5,959 42d Street 3,486 Grease 3,388 Fiddler on the Roof 3,242 *Cats 3,237 Life With Father 3,224 Tobacco Road 3,182 Hello Dolly 2,844 My Fair Lady 2,717 Annie 2,377 Man of La Mancha 2,328 Abie's Irish Rose 2,327 Oklahoma! 2,212 Pippin 1,944 South Pacific 1,925 Magic Show 1,920 Deathtrap 1,792 Gemini 1,788 Harvey 1,775 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Harvey 1,775 Dancin' 1,774 La Cage aux Folles 1,761 Hair 1,750 The Wiz 1,672 Born Yesterday 1,642 Ain't Misbehavin' 1,604 Best Little Whorehouse in Texas 1,584 Mary, Mary 1,572 Evita 1,567 Voice of the Turtle 1,557 Barefoot in the Park 1,530 Dreamgirls 1,521 Mame 1,508 Same Time, Next Year 1,453 Arsenic and Old Lace 1,444 The Sound of Music 1,443 How To Succeed in Business Without Really Trying 1,417 Me and My Girl 1,412 Hellzapoppin 1,404 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hellzapoppin 1,404 The Music Man 1,375 Funny Girl 1,348 Mumenschanz 1,326 *Les Miserables 1,319 Oh! Calcutta! (original) 1,314 Brighton Beach Memoirs 1,299 Angel Street 1,295 Lightnin' 1,291 Promises, Promises 1,281 The King and I 1,246 Cactus Flower 1,234 Sleuth 1,222 Torch Song Trilogy 1,222 "1776" 1,217 Equus 1,209 Sugar Babies 1,208 Guys and Dolls 1,200 Amadeus 1,181 Cabaret 1,165 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cabaret 1,165 Mister Roberts 1,157 Annie Get Your Gun 1,147 Seven Year Itch 1,141 Butterflies Are Free 1,128 Pins and Needles 1,108 1 Number of performances through July 2, 1990. * Still running July 2, 1990. All-Time Top 50 Movies Variety, January, 1990 露컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Title Total Rentals 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Title Total Rentals 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1. E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial; 1982 $228,618,939 2. Star Wars; 1977 193,500,000 3. Return of the Jedi; 1983 168,002,414 4. Batman; 1989 150,500,000 5. The Empire Strikes Back; 1980 141,600,000 6. Ghostbusters; 1984 130,211,324 7. Jaws; 1975 129,549,325 8. Raiders of the Lost Ark; 1981 115,598,000 9. Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade; 1989 115,500,000 10. Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 109,000,000 11. Beverly Hills Cop; 1984 108,000,000 12. Back to the Future; 1985 104,408,738 13. Grease; 1978 96,300,000 14. Tootsie; 1982 96,292,736 15. The Exorcist; 1973 89,000,000 16. The Godfather; 1972 86,275,000 17. Superman; 1978 82,800,000 18. Rain Man; 1989 86,000,000 19. Close Encounters of the Third Kind; 1977/1980 82,750,000 Title Total Rentals 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 19. Close Encounters of the Third Kind; 1977/1980 82,750,000 20. Three Men and a Baby; 1987 81,313,000 21. Who Framed Roger Rabbit; 1988 81,244,000 22. Beverly Hills Cop II; 1987 80,857,776 23. The Sound of Music; 1965 79,748,000 24. Gremlins; 1984 79,500,000 25. Top Gun; 1986 79,400,000 26. Gone With the Wind; 1939 79,375,077 27. Rambo: First Blood Part II; 1985 78,919,250 28. The Sting; 1973 78,212,000 29. Rocky IV; 1985 76,023,246 30. Saturday Night Fever; 1977 74,100,000 31. Honey, I Shrunk the Kids; 1989 71,097,000 32. National Lampoon's Animal House; 1978 70,826,000 33. Crocodile Dundee; 1986 70,227,000 34. Fatal Attraction; 1987 70,000,000 35. Platoon; 1986 69,742,143 36. Rocky III; 1982 66,262,796 37. Superman II; 1981 65,100,000 Title Total Rentals 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 37. Superman II; 1981 65,100,000 38. Coming to America; 1988 65,000,000 39. Back to the Future II; 1989 63,000,000 40. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs; 1937 61,752,000 41. Ghostbusters II; 1989 61,649,019 42. On Golden Pond; 1981 61,174,744 43. Kramer Vs. Kramer; 1979 59,986,335 44. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest; 1975 59,939,701 45. 9 to 5; 1980 59,100,000 46. Smokey And the Bandit; 1977 58,949,938 47. Stir Crazy; 1980 58,364,420 48. The Karate Kid Part II; 1986 58,362,026 49. Twins; 1988 57,237,170 50. Look Who's Talking; 1989 55,000,000 Rental figures are in absolute dollars, reflecting actual amounts received by the distributors (estimated for movies in current release). Ticket price inflation favors recent films, but older films have the advantage of numerous reissues adding to their totals. Top Movie Grosses, 1989 Variety, January, 1990 露컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Title/Month Released Total Rentals 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1. Batman; June $150,500,000 2. Indiana Jones And The Temple Of Doom; May 115,500,000 3. Lethal Weapon 2; July 79,500,000 4. Honey, I Shrunk The Kids; June 71,097,000 5. Rain Man; continuing 1989 run 65,000,000 6. Back To The Future, Part II; Nov. 63,000,000 7. Ghostbusters II; June 61,649,019 8. Look Who's Talking; Oct. 55,000,000 9. Parenthood; Aug. 48,600,000 Title/Month Released Total Rentals 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 9. Parenthood; Aug. 48,600,000 10. Dead Poets Society; June 47,596,000 11. National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation; Dec. 42,000,000 12. When Harry Met Sally; July 41,976,751 13. Harlem Nights; Nov. 35,000,000 14. Turner & Hooch; July 34,263,000 15. The War Of The Roses; Dec. 33,000,000 16. Field Of Dreams; Apr. 30,309,587 17. The Little Mermaid; Nov. 30,000,000 18. Uncle Buck; Aug. 29,190,348 19. The Abyss; Aug. 28,700,000 20. Sea Of Love; Sept. 27,500,000 21. Star Trek V: The Final Frontier; June 27,100,000 22. Pet Sematary; Apr. 26,400,000 23. Steel Magnolias; Nov. 26,000,000 24. Twins; continuing 1989 run 25,237,000 25. Beaches; Dec. 1988 24,882,000 26. Black Rain; Sept. 22,500,000 27. Major League; Apr. 21,500,000 Title/Month Released Total Rentals 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 27. Major League; Apr. 21,500,000 28. See No Evil, Hear No Evil; May 20,147,000 29. The Karate Kid Part III; June 19,225,899 30. Three Fugitives; Jan. 18,567,000 31. K-9; Apr. 18,402,231 32. Fletch Lives; Mar. 17,818,173 33. The 'Burbs; Feb. 17,318,125 34. Tango & Cash; Dec. 17,000,000 35. Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure; Feb. 16,800,000 36. Licence To Kill; July 16,662,000 37. Working Girl; continuing 1989 run 16,600,000 38. The Accidental Tourist; Dec. 1988 15,900,000 39. Dangerous Liaisons; Dec. 1988 15,500,000 40. Mississippi Burning; Dec. 1988 14,700,000 41. Lean On Me; Mar. 14,400,000 42. The Dream Team; Apr. 14,384,108 43. Weekend At Bernie's; July 14,000,000 44. Peter Pan (reissue) 13,052,000 45. Do The Right Thing; June 13,043,257 Title/Month Released Total Rentals 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 45. Do The Right Thing; June 13,043,257 46. Road House; May 12,412,000 47. All Dogs Go To Heaven; Nov. 11,000,000 48. Always; Dec. 11,000,000 49. The Bear; Oct. 11,000,000 50. Oliver & Company; continuing 1989 run 10,268,000 Figures represent U.S. and Canadian rentals accruing to distributors, not total ticket sales receipts taken in at theaters. Notable Books of 1989 American Library Association Fiction Cat's Eye, Margaret Atwood Mr. Field's Daughter, Richard Bausch If the River Was Whiskey, T. Coraghessan Boyle Any Old Iron, Anthony Burgess Absent Friends, Frederick Busch Spartina, John Casey Baumgartner's Bombay, Anita Desai The Other Side, Mary Gordon Loving Women, Pete Hamill A Prayer for Owen Meany, John Irving The Remains of the Day, Ishiguro Kazuo Homeland, Barbara Kingsolver The Shawl, Cynthia Ozick Buffalo Afternoon, Susan Fromberg Schaeffer The Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan Terrible Kisses, Robley Wilson Five Seasons, A.B. Yehoshua Poetry A New Path to the Waterfall, Raymond Carver An Ear to the Ground: An Anthology of Contemporary American Poetry, ed. Marie Harris and Kathleen Aguero Poets for Life: Seventy-Six Poets Respond to AIDS, ed. Michael Klein Nonfiction Maasai Days, Cheryl Bentsen Parting the Waters, Branch Taylor The Road from Coorain, Jill Ker Conway The Broken Cord, Michael Dorris Paul Robeson, Martin Bauml Duberman From Beirut to Jerusalem, Thomas L. Friedman Songs from the Alley, Kathleen Hirsch Among Schoolchildren, Tracy Kidder Ki Ki's Paris, Billy Kluver and Julie Martin Strangers from a Different Shore, Ronald Takaki Bestselling Children's Books of 1989 Publisher's Weekly (All books are hardcover.) 1. The Way Things Work, David Macaulay; 561,452 2. The Great Waldo Search, Martin Handford; 304,230 3. Find Waldo Now, Martin Handford; 268,706 4. International Children's Bible; 251,124 5. The Eleventh Hour, Graeme Base; 250,000 6. Swan Lake, Mark Helprin, illus. Chris Van Allsburg; 242,127 7. Macmillan Dictionary for Children; 195,416 8. Carl Goes Shopping, Alexandra Day; 167,481 9. The Magic Locket, Elizabeth Koda-Callan; 161,583 10. The Book of the Sandman, Rien Poortvliet, text by Wil Huygen; 150,000 11. Disney Babies A to Z, Margo Lundell, illus. Darrell Baker; 142,792 12. Baby Donald's Busy Play Group, illus. Darrell Baker; 124,383 13. Glow-in-the-Dark Night Sky Book, Clint Hatchett, illus. Stephen Marchesi; 122,558 14. The Market Square Dog, James Herriot, illus. Ruth Brown; 109,587 15. The Silver Slippers, Elizabeth Koda-Callan; 103,804 16. Baby's Animal Friends, Phoebe Dunn; 98,173 17. The Very Busy Spider, Eric Carle; 97,735 18. The Big Golden Book of Dinosaurs, Mary Elting, illus. Christopher Santoro; 95,343 19. Sesame Street Hide-and-Seek Safari, illus. Tom Cooke; 94,738 20. Joyful Noise: Poems for Two Voices, Paul Fleischman, illus. Eric Beddows; 93,872 21. Amy the Dancing Bear, Carl Simon, illus. Margo Datz; 87,869 22. Nothing to Do, Liza Alexandra, illus. Tom Cooke; 83,917 23. Song and Dance Man, Karen Ackerman, illus. Stephen Gammell; 81,912 24. When Is My Birthday?, Ray Shepherd, illus. Tom Cooke; 81,807 25. Bedtime Hugs for Little Ones, Debby Boone, illus. Gabriel Ferrer; 77,213 All-Time Bestselling Children's Books Publishers Weekly (The number of copies sold is from the date of original publication through 1988, as estimated by each publisher, and does not include book club or international sales.) Hardcover 1. The Tale of Peter Rabbit, Beatrix Potter, 1902; 9,000,000 2. Pat the Bunny, Dorothy Kunhardt, 1940; 4,857,417 3. The Littlest Angel, Charles Tazewell, 1946; 4,665,209 4. The Cat in the Hat, Dr. Seuss, 1957; 3,693,197 5. Green Eggs and Ham, Dr. Seuss, 1960; 3,683,097 6. The Children's Bible, 1965; 3,683,097 7. The Real Mother Goose, illus. Blanche F. Wright, 1916; 3,600,000 8. Richard Scarry's Best Word Book Ever, 1963; 3,303,583 9. One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish, Dr. Seuss, 1960; 2,970,833 10. Hop on Pop, Dr. Seuss, 1963; 2,953,324 11. Where the Sidewalk Ends, Shel Silverstein, 1974; 2,851,477 12. Dr. Seuss's ABC, 1963; 2,753,823 13. The Cat in the Hat Comes Back, Dr. Seuss, 1958; 2,470,305 14. The Giving Tree, Shel Silverstein, 1964; 2,453,679 15. Winnie-the-Pooh, A.A. Milne, illus. Ernest H. Shepard, 1926; 2,445,398 Paperback 1. The Outsiders, S.E. Hinton, 1968; 5,855,085 2. Are You There, God? It's Me, Margaret, Judy Blume, 1974; 5,278,412 3. Charlotte's Web, E.B. White, illus. Garth Williams, 1973; 4,607,131 4. Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing, Judy Blume, 1976; 4,582,039 5. Little House on the Prairie, Laura Ingalls Wilder, illus. Garth Williams, 1971; 3,803,209 6. The Little Prince, Antoine de Saint-Exupery, 1968; 3,667,861 7. Little House in the Big Woods, Laura Ingalls Wilder, illus. Garth Williams, 1971; 3,495,079 8. That Was Then, This Is Now, S.E. Hinton, 1972; 3,351,194 9. Where the Red Fern Grows, Wilson Rawls, 1974; 3,347,000 10. Superfudge, Judy Blume, 1981; 3,243,442 11. Freckle Juice, Judy Blume, 1978; 2,835,052 12. Blubber, Judy Blume, 1976; 2,745,782 13. Little Town on the Prairie, Laura Ingalls Wilder, illus. Garth Williams, 1971; 2,559,486 14. On the Banks of Plum Creek, Laura Ingalls Wilder, illus Garth Williams, 1971; 2,559,265 15. Farmer Boy, Laura Ingalls Wilder, illus. Garth Williams, 1971; 2,533,801 Best-Selling Books of 1989 Publishers Weekly, March 9, 1990 Hardcover Fiction 1. Clear and Present Danger, Tom Clancy 2. The Dark Half, Stephen King 3. Daddy, Danielle Steel 4. Star, Danielle Steel 5. Caribbean, James A. Michener 6. The Satanic Verses, Salman Rushdie 7. The Russia House, John le Carre 8. The Pillars of the Earth, Ken Follett 9. California Gold, John Jakes 10. While My Pretty One Sleeps, Mary Higgins Clark Hardcover Nonfiction 1. All I Really Need to Know I Learned in Kindergarten, Robert Fulghum 2. Wealth Without Risk, Charles J. Givens 3. A Woman Named Jackie, C. David Heymann 4. It Was on Fire When I Lay Down on It, Robert Fulghum 5. Better Homes and Gardens New Cook Book 6. The Way Things Work, David Macaulay 7. It's Always Something, Gilda Radner 8. Roseanne, Roseanne Barr 9. The Frugal Gourmet Cooks Three Ancient Cuisines, Jeff Smith 10. My Turn, Nancy Reagan Trade Paperbacks 1. So Worthy My Love, Kathleen Woodiwiss 2. Yukon, Ho!, Bill Watterson 3. The Calvin and Hobbes Lazy Sunday Book, Bill Watterson 4. Drawing of the Three, Stephen King 5. The PreHistory of the Far Side, Gary Larson 6. Wildlife Preserves, Gary Larson 7. The Night of the Mary Kay Commandos, Berke Breathed 8. The Closing of the American Mind, Allan Bloom 9. Garfield Chews the Fat, Jim Davis 10. Love in the Time of Cholera, Gabriel Garcia Marquez Mass Market Paperbacks 1. Fine Things, Danielle Steel 2. Presumed Innocent, Scott Turow 3. Kaleidoscope, Danielle Steel 4. Zoya, Danielle Steel 5. Patriot Games, Tom Clancy 6. Fallen Hearts, V.C. Andrews 7. Sands of Time, Sidney Sheldon 8. Misery, Stephen King 9. Tommyknockers, Stephen King 10. Cardinal of the Kremlin, Tom Clancy Atlases, Annuals, and Almanacs 1. The World Almanac & Book of Facts 1990, Mark Hoffman, ed. 2. J.K. Lasser, Your Income Tax 1989 3. The Arthur Young Tax Guide 1990, Peter W. Bernstein, ed. 4. Information Please Almanac 1990 5. OPG Baseball Cards 1990, James Beckett 6. Mobil Road Atlas 1989 7. The 1989 What Color is Your Parachute?, Richard Nelson Bolles 8. Steve Birnbaum's Guide to Disneyworld 1990 9. 1989 Buying Guide Issue, Consumer Reports 10. The Universal Almanac 1990, John Wright, ed. 100 Bestselling U.S. Magazines Audit Bureau of Circulations, Schaumburg, Ill. 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Magazine Magazine Circulation 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1. Modern Maturity 21,430,990 2. NRTA/AARP Bulletin 21,092,794 3. Reader's Digest 16,343,599 4. National Geographic 10,890,660 5. Better Homes and Gardens 8,005,311 Magazine Magazine Circulation 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 5. Better Homes and Gardens 8,005,311 6. Family Circle 5,461,786 7. Good Housekeeping 5,152,245 8. McCall's 5,088,686 9. Ladies' Home Journal 5,038,297 10. Woman's Day 4,705,288 11. Time 4,339,029 12. Guideposts 4,203,934 13. National Enquirer 4,100,740 14. Star 3,588,753 15. First for Women 3,509,688 16. Sports Illustrated 3,424,393 17. Playboy 3,421,203 18. People 3,270,835 19. Newsweek 3,180,011 20. Prevention 3,134,914 21. The American Legion 2,828,238 22. Cosmopolitan 2,702,125 23. Smithsonian 2,342,443 Magazine Magazine Circulation 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 23. Smithsonian 2,342,443 24. Southern Living 2,318,841 25. Glamour 2,224,135 26. U.S. News & World Report 2,209,996 27. Field & Stream 2,015,577 28. VFW 1,979,899 29. NEA Today 1,919,340 30. Motorland 1,866,430 31. Money 1,834,618 32. Penthouse 1,830,823 33. Popular Science 1,818,403 34. Country Living 1,801,414 35. Ebony 1,791,976 36. Home & Away 1,791,728 37. Seventeen 1,766,161 38. Parents 1,752,697 39. Life 1,749,723 40. Popular Mechanics 1,650,693 41. Discovery 1,607,574 Magazine Magazine Circulation 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 41. Discovery 1,607,574 42. 1,001 Home Ideas 1,603,099 43. Woman's World 1,560,496 44. Outdoor Life 1,507,529 45. The Elks 1,501,652 46. Adventure Road 1,479,616 47. Soap Opera Digest 1,466,104 48. The American Rifleman 1,442,317 49. Sunset 1,393,015 50. New Woman 1,390,830 51. The Family Handyman 1,382,547 52. The American Hunter 1,380,230 53. US 1,365,892 54. Golf Digest 1,363,907 55. Bon Appetit 1,355,404 56. Boys' Life 1,334,659 57. Globe 1,329,413 58. Changing Times 1,300,153 59. The Workbasket 1,295,578 Magazine Magazine Circulation 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 59. The Workbasket 1,295,578 60. Vogue 1,247,920 61. Sesame Street 1,235,842 62. Rolling Stone 1,216,781 63. Self 1,213,314 64. Home Mechanix 1,209,395 65. Mademoiselle 1,162,206 66. True Story 1,150,844 67. Leisure & Travel 1,115,328 68. 'Teen 1,100,237 69. Health 1,088,696 70. Discover 1,053,034 71. Organic Gardening 1,037,214 72. Michigan Living 1,026,085 73. Golf 1,019,379 74. Weight Watchers 1,007,755 75. Yankee 1,002,781 76. American Health 1,000,689 77. Business Week, World Wide 992,820 Magazine Magazine Circulation 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 77. Business Week, World Wide 992,820 78. YM 967,249 79. Country Home 963,081 80. Scouting 949,405 81. House Beautiful 939,735 82. Car and Driver 934,377 83. Omni 925,436 84. Home 925,335 85. Popular Photography 923,388 86. Hot Rod 911,667 87. Working Women 909,201 88. Workbench 909,119 89. National Examiner 893,956 90. Business Week, North America 889,535 91. Psychology Today 887,770 92. Jet 860,671 93. Nation's Business 858,228 94. Essence 851,034 95. Elle 826,336 Magazine Magazine Circulation 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 95. Elle 826,336 96. Food & Wine 823,530 97. Motor Trend 818,021 98. Consumers Digest 813,373 99. Gourmet 807,377 100. Victoria 793,790 General magazines, exclusive of groups and comics; also exclusive of magazines that failed to file reports to ABC by press time. Based on total average paid circulation during the 6 months prior to Dec. 31, 1989. Selected U.S. Daily Newspaper Circulation Audit Bureau of Circulations report of average paid circulation for 6 months to Mar. 31, 1990. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Newspaper Daily 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Akron Beacon Journal(m) 153,683 Albuquerque Journal(m) |121,396 Albuquerque Tribune(e) |40,987 Amarillo News(m) 42,809 Amarillo Globe-Times(e) *22,153 Anchorage Times(e) *32,777 Ann Arbor News(e) 49,828 Athens (Ga.) News(m) *13,848 Athens (Ga.) Banner-Herald(e) *13,808 Augusta (Ga.) Chronicle(m) *67,656 Augusta (Ga.) Herald(e) *12,436 Bakersfield Californian(m) |83,423 Bangor (Me.) News(m) *78,222 Baton Rouge Advocate(m) 67,635 Baton Rouge State-Times(e) 27,442 Bergen Co. (N.J.) Record(e) |161,546 Billings (Mont.) Gazette(m) 54,677 Newspaper Daily 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Billings (Mont.) Gazette(m) 54,677 Binghamton (N.Y.) Press & Sun Bulletin(m) 70,413 Birmingham Post-Herald(m) *64,532 Bismark (N.D.) Tribune(m) 30,825 Bridgeport (Conn.) Post(e) 55,977 Bristol (Va.) Herald-Courier Tennessean(a) 44,868 Camden (N.J.) Courier-Post(e) |103,295 Casper (Wyo.) Star Tribune(m) 34,691 Charleston (W.Va.) Gazette(m) 55,172 Chattanooga News-Free Press(e) 55,428 Cincinnati Post(e) 106,440 Columbia (S.C.) State(m) 144,995 Columbus (Ga.) Ledger-Enquirer(m) 57,843 Corpus Christi Caller-Times(m) |68,136 Daytona Beach News-Journal(m) 97,214 Dubuque Telegraph-Herald(e) 34,312 El Paso Herald-Post(e) |29,205 Erie (Pa.) News(m) *30,782 Erie (Pa.) Times(e) *40,842 Newspaper Daily 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Erie (Pa.) Times(e) *40,842 Evansville (Ind.) Courier(m) 63,245 Evansville (Ind.) Press(e) 35,825 Everett (Wash.) Herald(e) 54,517 Fargo (N.D.) Forum(m) 55,020 Ft. Lauderdale News(e) *14,483 Ft. Myers (Fla.) News-Press(m) 97,560 Ft. Wayne Journal-Gazette(m) 63,200 Gary Post-Tribune(m) 74,365 Greenville (S.C.) News(m) *88,088 Greenville (S.C.) Piedmont(e) *25,726 Honolulu Advertiser(m) |102,515 Honolulu Star-Bulletin(e) |91,658 Huntington (W.Va.) Herald-Dispatch(m) |43,209 Hyannis: Cape Cod Times(m) 41,108 Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger(m) *102,124 Jacksonville Times-Union(m) *179,009 Kalamazoo Gazette(e) 66,531 Knoxville News-Sentinel(m) 103,722 Newspaper Daily 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Knoxville News-Sentinel(m) 103,722 Lansing (Mich.) State Journal(m) 70,083 Las Vegas Review-Journal(a) *134,371 Lynchburg (Va.) News & Advance(a) |41,773 Macon (Ga.) Telegraph & News(m) 73,983 Madison (Wis.) State Journal(m) *82,412 Middletown (N.Y.) Times Herald Record(m) |83,356 Mobile Press(e) *|43,380 Mobile Register(m) *|58,603 Modesto (Cal.) Bee(m) |81,522 Montgomery Advertiser(m) *50,200 Montgomery Journal(e) *15,090 Nashville Banner(e) 61,684 Newport News (Va.) Press(m) *|79,077 Newport News (Va.) Times Herald(e) *|26,367 Pensacola News-Journal(m) |61,285 Peoria Journal Star(a) *91,532 Phoenix Gazette(e) |98,911 Portland (Me.) Press Herald(m) *52,864 Newspaper Daily 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Portland (Me.) Press Herald(m) *52,864 Reno Gazette Journal(m) 64,942 Roanoke Times & World News(m & e) *123,018 Rockford (Ill.) Register-Star(m) 72,976 Salem (Ore.) Statesman-Journal(m) 59,298 Salt Lake City Tribune(m) 112,630 San Bernardino Sun(m) 88,817 Sarasota Herald-Tribune(m) |139,036 Savannah News(m) *53,456 Savannah Press(e) *18,374 Scranton Times(e) *51,876 Scrantonian Tribune(m) *37,234 Sioux City Journal(m) *50,458 Spokane Chronicle(e) *24,829 Springfield (Ill.) State Journal Register(m) 69,260 Springfield (Mass.) Union News(a) 112,180 Syracuse Herald-Journal(e) 92,661 Syracuse Post-Standard(m) 85,189 Tacoma News Tribune(m) |118,152 Newspaper Daily 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Tacoma News Tribune(m) |118,152 Tallahassee Democrat(m) 60,637 Terre Haute Tribune Star(m) 35,621 Toledo Blade(e) 154,365 Topeka Capital-Journal(m) 67,818 Tucson Star(m) |94,565 Tulsa Tribune(e) |67,704 Wilmington News Journal(a) |119,315 Wilmington (N.C.) Star(m) 49,093 Winston-Salem Journal(m) 95,110 Worcester Telegram Gazette(a) *|117,339 Yakima (Wash.) Herald-Republic(a) |41,023 Youngstown Vindicator(e) |89,541 m morning; e evening; a all day; * Mon.-Fri. average; | 3 months. Top 100 U.S. Daily Newspapers Editor & Publisher Yearbook. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Circulation 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 New York (NY) Wall Street Journal (m) 1,835,713 Arlington (VA) USA Today (m) 1,325,507 New York (NY) Daily News (m) 1,194,237 Los Angeles (CA) Times (m) 1,107,623 New York (NY) Times (m) 1,068,217 Washington (DC) Post (m) 772,749 Chicago (IL) Tribune (m) 720,155 Long Island (NY) Newsday (all day) 700,174 Detroit (MI) News (all day) 690,422 Detroit (MI) Free Press (m) 626,434 San Francisco (CA) Chronicle (m) 560,640 Chicago (IL) Sun-Times (m) 535,864 Boston (MA) Globe (m) 516,031 Circulation 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Boston (MA) Globe (m) 516,031 New York (NY) Post (m) 507,568 Philadelphia (PA) Inquirer (m) 504,903 Newark (NJ) Star-Ledger (m) 463,738 Houston (TX) Chronicle (all day) 437,481 Cleveland (OH) Plain Dealer (m) 433,615 Miami (FL) Herald (m) 427,954 Minneapolis (MN) Star Tribune (m) 406,292 St. Louis (MO) Post-Dispatch (m) 376,888 Dallas (TX) Morning News (m) 371,537 Boston (MA) Herald (m) 358,218 Denver (CO) Rocky Mountain News (m) 345,943 Orange County-Santa Ana (CA) Register (all day) 343,899 St. Petersburg (FL) Times (m) 349,460 Houston (TX) Post (m) 325,407 Phoenix (AZ) Arizona Republic (m) 322,534 Buffalo (NY) News (all day) 312,246 Portland (OR) Oregonian (all day) 310,446 Atlanta (GA) Constitution (m) 284,015 Circulation 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Atlanta (GA) Constitution (m) 284,015 New Orleans (LA) Times-Picayune (all day) 276,195 Kansas City (MO) Times (m) 275,844 Milwaukee (WI) Journal (e) 275,632 San Jose (CA) Mercury News (all day) 274,484 Tampa (FL) Tribune (m) 268,681 San Diego (CA) Union (m) 268,450 Orlando (FL) Sentinel (all day) 266,549 Sacramento (CA) Bee (m) 259,497 Columbus (OH) Dispatch (m) 252,206 Denver (CO) Post (m) 240,162 Baltimore (MD) Sun (m) 238,533 Charlotte (NC) Observer (m) 236,496 Indianapolis (IN) Star (m) 234,888 Seattle (WA) Times (e) 233,106 Pittsburgh (PA) Press (e) 232,282 Philadelphia (PA) Daily News (e) 232,129 Louisville (KY) Courier-Journal (m) 231,042 Hartford (CT) Courant (m) 227,763 Circulation 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hartford (CT) Courant (m) 227,763 Dallas (TX) Times Herald (all day) 225,691 Fort Lauderdale (FL) Sun-Sentinel (m) 224,208 Oklahoma City (OK) Daily Oklahoman (m) 220,183 Des Moines (IA) Register (m) 209,765 Memphis (TN) Commercial Appeal (m) 209,205 Providence (RI) Journal (all day) 204,196 Seattle (WA) Post-Intelligencer (m) 203,560 St. Paul (MN) Pioneer Press Dispatch (all day) 200,508 Cincinnati (OH) Enquirer (m) 196,290 Los Angeles (CA) Daily News (m) 185,736 Atlanta (GA) Journal (e) 181,440 San Antonio (TX) Express-News (all day) 179,590 Dayton (OH) Daily News (m) 178,615 Milwaukee (WI) Sentinel (m) 178,364 Jacksonville (FL) Times-Union (m) 173,528 Austin (TX) American-Statesman (m) 172,518 Kansas City (MO) City Star (e) 170,801 San Antonio (TX) Light (all day) 170,800 Circulation 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 San Antonio (TX) Light (all day) 170,800 Baltimore (MD) Evening Sun (e) 170,750 Birmingham (AL) News (e) 170,327 West Palm Beach (FL) Post (m) 169,360 Pittsburgh (PA) Post-Gazette (m) 164,309 Hackensack (NJ) Record (m) 156,019 Toledo (OH) Blade (e) 155,579 Little Rock (AR) Gazette (m) 154,001 Akron (OH) Beacon Journal (m) 153,550 Norfolk (VA) Virginian-Pilot (m) 150,958 Asbury Park (NJ) Press (e) 150,590 Fort Worth (TX) Star-Telegram (m) 150,190 Riverside (CA) Press-Enterprise (m) 147,424 Fresno (CA) Bee (m) 146,723 Grand Rapids (MI) Press (e) 143,101 Richmond (VA) Times-Dispatch (m) 142,151 Raleigh (NC) News & Observer (m) 141,800 Columbia (SC) State (m) 141,742 San Francisco (CA) Examiner (e) 137,969 Circulation 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 San Francisco (CA) Examiner (e) 137,969 Allentown (PA) Morning Call (m) 137,228 Boston (MA) Christian Science Monitor (m) 137,161 Oakland (CA) Tribune (m) 134,504 Las Vegas (NV) Review-Journal (all day) 132,903 Rochester (NY) Democrat and Chronicle (m) 129,394 Nashville (TN) Tennessean (m) 126,092 Tulsa (OK) World (m) 123,510 Long Beach (CA) Press-Telegram (m) 123,371 Lexington (KY) Herald-Leader (m) 122,673 Omaha (NE) World-Herald (m) 121,985 San Diego (CA) Tribune (e) 121,835 Worcester (MA) Telegram & Gazette (all day) 120,568 Wilmington (DE) News Journal (all day) 120,143 Wichita (KS) Eagle (m) 119,013 Tacoma (WA) Morning News-Tribune (m) 118,807 During the six-month period ending Sept. 30, 1989, average daily newspaper circulation stayed relatively steady. When compared with the same period in 1988, there was a drop of less than one-tenth of 1%, from 62,694,816 to 62,649,218. The number of morning newspapers, increasing steadily in recent years, increased by one-from 529 to 530; the number of evening newspapers continued to drop, from 1,141 to 1,125. m = morning; e = evening U.S. Opera Companies with Budgets of $500,000 or More Central Opera Service, Lincoln Center, New York, N.Y. 10023; July 1990 Anchorage Opera; William Russell, gen. dir. Arizona Opera Co. (Tucson); Glynn Ross, gen. dir. Fullerton Civic Light Opera (Calif.); R. G. Duncan, gen. mgr. Long Beach Opera (Calif.); Micheal Milenski, gen. dir. Long Beach Civic Light Opera (Calif.); P. Logefeil, mng. dir. Los Angeles Music Center Opera Assn.; Peter Hemmings, exec. dir. Opera Pacific (Costa Mesa, Calif.); David DiChiera, gen. dir. Sacramento Opera Assn. (Calif.); Yuriko Ishii, gen. dir. San Diego Civic Light Opera; Harris Goldman, gen mgr. San Diego Opera Assn.; Ian Campbell, gen. mgr. San Francisco Opera; Lotfi Mansouri, gen. dir. San Francisco Opera Center (inc. Western Opera Theater); Christine Bullin, mgr. Opera San Jose (Calif.); Irene Dalis, art. dir. San Jose Civic Light Opera (Calif.); Stewart Slater, dir. Central City Opera (Denver); Daniel Rule, gen. mgr. Opera Colorado (Denver); Nathaniel Merrill, art. dir. Connecticut Opera (Hartford); George Osborne, gen. dir. Goodspeed Opera House (E. Haddam, Conn.); Michael Price, exec. dir. Washington Opera (D.C.); Martin Feinstein, gen. dir. Greater Miami Opera Assn.; Robert Heuer, gen. mgr. Orlando Opera Co. (Fla.); vacant, gen. dir. Palm Beach Opera; H. P. Benn, gen. dir. Sarasota Opera Assn. (Fla.); Deane Allyn, exec. dir. Atlanta Opera (Ga.); Alfred Kennedy, gen. mgr. Hawaii Opera Theatre; Marshall Turkins, gen. dir. Chicago Opera Theater; Alan Stone, art. dir. Lyric Opera of Chicago; Ardis Krainik, gen. mgr. Indianapolis Opera; Robert Driver, art. dir. Des Moines Metro Opera (Indianola); Robert Larsen, art. dir. Music Theatre of Wichita; Wayne Bryan, prod. dir. Kentucky Opera Assn. (Louisville); Thomson Smillie, gen. dir. New Orleans Opera Assn.; Arthur Cosenza, gen. dir. Baltimore Opera Co.; Michael Harrison, gen. dir. Opera Company of Boston; Sarah Caldwell, art. dir. Michigan Opera Theatre (Detroit); David DiChiera, gen. dir. Minnesota Opera Co. (St. Paul); Kevin Smith, gen. dir. Lyric Opera of Kansas City (Missouri); Russell Patterson, gen. dir. & art. dir. Opera Theatre of St. Louis (Missouri); Charles MacKay, gen. dir. Opera/Omaha (Neb.); Mary Robert, gen. dir. Nevada Opera (Reno); Ted Puffer, gen. dir. New Jersey State Opera (Newark); Alfredo Silipigni, art. dir. Santa Fe Opera (New Mexico); John Crosby, gen. dir. Tri-Cities Opera (Binghamton, N.Y.); P. Hibbitt & C. Savoca, art. dirs. Chautauqua Opera (N.Y.); Linda Jackson, gen. mgr. Glimmerglass Opera (Cooperstown, N.Y.); Paul Kellogg, gen. mgr. Syracuse Opera; Robert Swedberg, gen. dir. Metropolitan Opera Assn. (New York City); vacant, gen. mgr. New York City Opera; Christopher Keene, gen. dir. New York City Opera Natl. Co.; Nancy Kelly, adm. dir. Opera Orchestra of N.Y. (N.Y.C.); Eve Queler, art dir. Opera Carolina (Charlotte, N.C.); James Wright, gen. dir. Cincinnati Opera Assn.; James deBlasis, art. dir. Cleveland Opera; David Bamberger, gen. dir. Opera/Columbus (Oh.); John Gage, gen. dir. Dayton Opera Assn. (Oh.); Jane Nelson, mng. dir. Tulsa Opera (Oklahoma); Myrna S. Ruffner, gen. mgr. Portland Opera Assn. (Oregon); Robert Bailey, exec. dir. American Music Theater Festival (Phila.); Marjorie Samoff, prod. dir. Opera Company of Philadelphia; vacant, gen. dir. Pennsylvania Opera Theater (Phila.); Barbara Silverstein, art dir. & gen. mgr. Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera; Charles Gray, exec. dir. Pittsburgh Opera; Tito Capobianco, gen. dir. Opera Memphis (Tenn.); Robert Driver, gen. & art. dir. Austin Lyric Opera (Tex.) Walter Ducloux, art. dir. Dallas Opera; Plato Karayanis, gen. dir. Lyric Opera of Dallas (Tex.); John Burrows, art. dir. Fort Worth Opera; J. Mario Ramos, mng. dir. Houston Grand Opera Assn.; R. David Gockley, gen. dir. Texas Opera Theater (Houston); Ann Tomfohrde, dir. Theatre Under the Stars (Houston); Frank Young, exec. dir. Utah Opera (Salt Lake City); vacant, gen. dir. Virginia Opera (Norfolk); Peter Mark, gen. dir. Seattle Opera Assn.; Speight Jenkins, gen. dir. Florentine Opera of Milwaukee; Dennis Hanthorn, gen. mgr. Skylight Comic Opera (Milwaukee); Jane Keegan, mng. dir. Some Notable U.S. Dance Companies Dance/USA, July 13, 1990 African-American Dance Ensemble, Durham, NC Aman Folk Ensemble, Los Angeles, CA American Ballet Theatre, New York, NY Armitage Ballet, New York, NY Ballet Arizona, Pheonix, AZ Ballet Hispanico of New York, New York, NY Ballet Metropolitan, Columbus, OH Ballet West, Salt Lake City, UT Bebe Miller and Company, New York, NY Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Company, New York, NY Boston Ballet, Newton, MA Caribbean Dance Company, St. Croix, VI Carlota Santana Spanish Dance Arts Co., New York, NY Chen & Dancers, New York, NY Cincinnati/New Orleans City Ballet, Cincinnati, OH Cleveland/San Jose Ballet, Cleveland, OH Cunningham Dance Foundation, New York, NY Dan Wagoner and Dancers, New York, NY Dance Alloy, Pittsburgh, PA Dance Exchange, Washington, DC Dance Theatre of Harlem, New York, NY Danceteller, Philadelphia, PA David Gordon Pick Up Co., New York, NY David Parsons Company, New York, NY Dayton Ballet Association, Dayton, OH Dayton Contemporary Dance Company, Dayton, OH Donald Byrd/The Group, New York, NY Elisa Monte Dance Company, New York, NY Feld Ballets, New York, NY Fort Worth Ballet, Fort Worth, TX Garth Fagan's Bucket Dance Theatre, Rochester, NY HARRY, New York, NY Hartford Ballet, Hartford, CT Houston Ballet, Houston, TX Hubbard Street Dance Company, Chicago, IL Jazz Tap Ensemble, Los Angeles, CA Jennifer Muller and the Works, New York, NY Jose Limon Dance Company, New York, NY Joseph Holmes Dance Theater, Chicago, IL Joyce Trisler Danscompany, New York, NY KHADRA International Folk Ballet, San Francisco, CA Lar Lubovitch Dance Company, New York, NY Laura Dean Dancers and Musicians, New York, NY Lewitzky Dance Foundation, Los Angeles, CA Louisville Ballet, Louisville, KY Lucinda Childs Dance Company, New York, NY Margaret Jenkins Dance Company, San Francisco, CA Miami City Ballet, Miami Beach, FL Milwaukee Ballet, Milwaukee, WI Mordine & Company, Chicago, IL New Dance Ensemble, Minneapolis, MN New York City Ballet, New York, NY Nicholas Rodriguez and Dance-Compass, Montclair, NJ Nina Wiener Dance Company, New York, NY North Carolina Dance Theater, Winston Salem, NC Oakland Ballet, Oakland, CA ODC/San Francisco, San Francisco, CA Ohio Ballet, Akron, OH Pacific Northwest Ballet, Seattle, WA Paul Taylor Dance Company, New York, NY Pennsylvania Ballet, Philadelphia, PA Philadanco, Philadelphia, PA Pilobolus, Washington, CT Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre, Pittsburgh, PA Pittsburgh Dance Alloy, Pittsburgh, PA Princeton Ballet, New Brunswick, NJ Rebecca Kelly Dance Company, New York, NY Repertory Dance Theatre, Salt Lake City, UT Richmond Ballet, Richmond, VA Ririe-Woodbury Dance Company, Salt Lake City, UT Rosalind Newman and Dancers, New York, NY San Francisco Ballet, San Francisco, CA Solomons Company/Dance, New York, NY State Ballet of Missouri, Kansas City, MO Stuart Pimsler Dance & Theater, Columbus, OH Tandy Beal and Company, Santa Cruz, CA Trisha Brown Company, New York, NY Tulsa Ballet Theatre, Tulsa, OK Washington Ballet, Washington, DC Zenon Dance Company, Minneapolis, MN ZeroMoving Dance Company, Philadelphia, PA Zivili Kolo Ensemble, Granville, OH Symphony Orchestras of the U.S. American Symphony Orchestra League, 777 14th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20005 (All orchestras listed had budgets in excess of $1 million in fiscal 1989.) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Symphony Orchestra1 Music Director2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Alabama (Birmingham) Paul Polivnick American (N.Y.C.) Catherine Comet Atlanta (Ga.) Yoel Levi Austin (Tex.) Sung Kwak Baltimore (Md.) David Zinman Boston (Mass.) Seiji Ozawa Brooklyn Philharmonic (N.Y.) Dennis Russell Davies Symphony Orchestra1 Music Director2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Buffalo Philharmonic (N.Y.) Maximiano Valdez Cedar Rapids (Mich.) Christian Tiemeyer Charleston (S.C.) David Stahl Charlotte (N.C.) Leo B. Driehuys Chattanooga, & Opera Assn. (Tenn.) Vakhtang Jordania Chicago (Ill.) Georg Solti Cincinnati (Oh.) Jesus Lopez-Cobos Cleveland (Oh.) Christoph von Dohnanyi Colorado Springs (Col.) Christopher P. Wilkins Symphony Orchestra1 Music Director2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Columbus (Oh.) Christian Badea Concerto Soloists Chamber Or. (Philadelphia, Pa.) Marc S. Mostovoy Dallas (Tex.) Eduardo Mata Dayton Philharmonic (Oh.) Isaiah Jackson Delaware (Wilmington) Stephen Gunzenhauser Detroit (Mich.) Vacant3 Eastern Philharmonic (Greensboro, N.C.) Sheldon Morgenstern Fairfax (Annandale, Va.) William L. Hudson Flint (Mich.) Enrique Arturo Diemecke Symphony Orchestra1 Music Director2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Philharmonic Orchestra of Florida (Fort James Judd Lauderdale) The Florida Orchestra (Tampa) Jahja Ling Florida (Orlando) Kenneth Jean Florida Symphonic Pops (Boca Raton) Mark S. Azzolina Fort Wayne Philharmonic (Ind.) Ronald Ondrejka Fort Worth (Tex.) John Giordano Grand Rapids (Mich.) Catherine Comet Grant Park (Chicago, Ill.) Zdenek Macal Handel and Haydn Soc. (Boston, Mass.) Christopher Hogwood Symphony Orchestra1 Music Director2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Handel and Haydn Soc. (Boston, Mass.) Christopher Hogwood Hartford (Conn.) Michael Lankester Honolulu (Ha.) Donald Johanos Houston (Tex.) Christoph Eschenbach Hudson Valley Philharmonic (Poughkeepsie, N.Y.) Imre Pallo Indianapolis (Ind.) Raymond Leppard Jacksonville (Fla.) Roger Nierenberg Kansas City (Mo.) William McGlaughlin Knoxville (Tenn.) Kirk Trevor Little Orchestra Soc. of N.Y. (N.Y.C.) Dino Anagnost Symphony Orchestra1 Music Director2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Little Orchestra Soc. of N.Y. (N.Y.C.) Dino Anagnost Long Beach (Cal.) JoAnn Falletta Long Island Philharmonic (N.Y.) Marin Alsop Los Angeles Chamber Or. (Cal.) Iona Brown Los Angeles Philharmonic (Cal.) Esa-Pekka Salonen The Louisville Orchestra (Ky.) Lawrence Leighton Smith Madison (Wis.) Roland A. Johnson Memphis (Tenn.) Alan Balter Milwaukee (Wis.) Zdenek Macal The Minnesota Orchestra (Minneapolis) Edo de Waart Symphony Orchestra1 Music Director2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The Minnesota Orchestra (Minneapolis) Edo de Waart Music of the Baroque (Chicago, Ill.) Thomas S. Wikman The Nashville Symphony (Tenn.) Kenneth S. Schermerhorn National (Washington, D.C.) Mstislav Rostropovich New Haven (Conn.) Michael Palmer New Jersey (Newark) Hugh Wolff New Mexico (Albuquerque) Neal H. Stulberg New Orleans (La.) Maxim Shostakovich New World Symphony (Miami Beach, Fla.) Michael Tilson Thomas New York Philharmonic (N.Y.C.) Zubin Mehta Symphony Orchestra1 Music Director2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 New York Philharmonic (N.Y.C.) Zubin Mehta North Carolina (Raleigh) Gerhardt Zimmermann Northeaster Pennsylvania Philharmonic (Avoca, Hugh Keelan Pa.) Oklahoma City Philharmonic (Okla.) Vacant3 Omaha (Neb.) Bruce B. Hangen Oregon (Portland) James DePreist Orpheus Chamber Or. (N.Y.C., N.Y.) None Pacific Symphony (Irvine, Cal.) Carl St. Clair The Philadelphia Orchestra (Pa.) Riccardo Muti Symphony Orchestra1 Music Director2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Philharmonia Virtuosi (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.) Richard P. Kapp Phoenix (Ariz.) James L. Sedares Pittsburgh (Pa.) Lorin Maazel Portland (Me.) Toshi Shimada Puerto Rico (Santurce) Odo Alonso Rhode Island Philharmonic Or. (Providence) Andrew Massey The Richmond Symphony (Va.) George Manahan Rochester Philharmonic Or. (N.Y.) Darryl One Sacramento (Cal.) Carter Nice Symphony Orchestra1 Music Director2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  St. Louis (Mo.) Leonard Slatkin St. Paul Chamber Or. (Minn.) Christopher Hogwood San Antonio (Tex.) Zdenek Macal San Diego (Cal.) Yoav Talmi San Francisco (Cal.) Herbert Blomstedt San Jose (Cal.) George Cleve Savannah (Ga.) Philip B. Greenberg Seattle (Wash.) Vacant3 Spokane (Wash.) Bruce Ferden Symphony Orchestra1 Music Director2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Springfield (Mass.) Raymond C. Hervey Syracuse (N.Y.) Kazuyoshi Akiyama Toldeo (Oh.) Andrew Massey Tucson (Ariz.) Robert E. Bernhardt Tulsa Philharmonic Or. (Okla.) Bernard Rubenstein Utah (Salt Lake City) Joseph Silverstein The Virginia Symphony (Norfolk) Vacant3 West Virginia (Charleston) Thomas B. Conlin Wichita (Kan.) Michael Palmer Symphony Orchestra1 Music Director2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Winston-Salem Symphony Assn. (N.C.) Peter J. Perret 1 Orchestra name = place name + Symphony Orchestra, unless otherwise noted; 2 General title; listed is highest-ranking member of conducting personnel; 3 As of mid-1990. Recordings & Music Videos The Recording Industry of America, Inc. confers Gold Awards on single records that sell 1 million units, albums and their tape equivalents that sell 500,000 units, and music videos that sell 25,000 units. Platinum Awards go to single records that sell 2 million units, to albums and tapes that sell 1 million, and to music videos that sell 50,000. Multi-Platinum Awards are conferred on single records that sell 3 million units or more, albums and tapes that sell 2 million or more, and music videos that sell 100,000 units or more. 1989 Multi-Platinum and Platinum Awards for music released in 1989 follow. Artists, Recording Titles Albums, Multi-Platinum (Number in parentheses-millions of albums sold) Fine Young Cannibals; The Raw and the Cooked (2) Debbie Gibson; Electric Youth (2) Great White; Twice Shy (2) Janet Jackson; Rhythm Nation 1814 (2) Billy Joel; Storm Front (2) Madonna; Like a Prayer (2) Richard Marx; Repeat Offender (3) Milli Vanilli; Girl You Know It's True (5) Motley Crue; Dr. Feelgood (2) New Kids on the Block; Merry, Merry Christmas (2) Tom Petty; Fool Moon Fever (2) Prince; Batman Soundtrack (2) Skid Row; Skid Row (2) Tone Loc; Loc'd After Dark (2) Albums, Platinum Aerosmith; Pump B-52's; Cosmic Thing Baby Face; Tender Lover Tracy Chapman; Crossroads Cher; Heart of Stone John Cougar Mellencamp; Big Daddy The Cure; Disintegration Gloria Estefan & Miami Sound Machine; Cuts Both Ways Heavy D and the Boyz; Big Tyme Don Henley; The End of the Innocence L.L Cool J; Walking with a Panther N.W.A.; Straight Outta Compton Roy Orbison; Mystery Girl The Rolling Stones; Steel Wheels Linda Ronstadt; Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind Ricky Van Shelton; Loving Proof Soul II Soul; Keep on Movin' Tears for Fears; The Seeds of Love Tesla; The Great Radio Controversy The 2 Live Crew; As Nasty As They Wanna Be Too Short; Life Is . . . Too Short Warrant; Dirty Rotten Filthy Stinking Rich Hank Williams Jr., Greatest Hits III M.C. Young; Stone Cold Rhymin' Singles, Platinum Bobby Brown; On Our Own Janet Jackson; Miss You Much Madonna; Like a Prayer Richard Marx; Right Here Waiting New Kids on the Block; Hangin' Tough Prince; Batdance Soul II Soul; Back to Life Soul II Soul; Keep on Movin' Technotronic; Pump Up the Jam Tone Loc; Funky Cold Medina Music Videos, Multi-Platinum Paula Abdul; Straight Up California Raisins; Meet the Raisins Def Leppard; Hysteria Def Leppard; In the Round in Your Face Live Michael Jackson; Moonwalker Metallica; Cliff 'Em All Milli Vanilli; In Motion Motley Crue; Uncensored Raffi; Raffi in Concert with Rise & Shine Band Bruce Springsteen; Video Anthology, 1978-1988 Music Videos, Platinum Phil Collins; No Jacket Required The Cure; Staring at the Sea--The Images The Doors; The Doors Live at the Hollywood Bowl The Doors; Dance on Fire Gloria Estefan & Miami Sound Machine; Homecoming Concert Debbie Gibson; Live in Concert--The Out of the Blue Tour Inxs; Kick the Video Flick Metallica; 2 of One Prince; Sign o' the Times Queensryche; Video Mindcrime Ratt: Ratt: The Video Rush; A Show of Hands George Strait; George Strait Live Stryper; Live in Japan Various; Natural States Top Ten Singles and Albums of 1989 Billboard Albums 1. Bobby Brown; Don't Be Cruel 2. New Kids on the Block; Hangin' Tough 3. Paula Abdul; Forever Your Girl 4. Bon Jovi; New Jersey 5. Guns 'N' Roses; Appetite for Destruction 6. Fine Young Cannibals; The Raw and the Cooked 7. Guns 'N' Roses; G 'N' R Lies 8. Traveling Wilburys; Traveling Wilburys 9. Def Leppard; Hysteria 10. Milli Vanilli; Girl You Know It's True Singles 1. Chicago; Look Away 2. Bobby Brown; My Prerogative 3. Poison; Every Rose Has Its Thorns 4. Paula Abdul; Straight Up 5. Janet Jackson; Miss You Much 6. Paula Abdul; Cold Hearted 7. Bette Midler; Wind Beneath My Wings 8. Milli Vanilli; Girl You Know It's True 9. Will to Power; Baby, I Love Your Way/Freebird Medley 10. Anita Baker; Giving You the Best That I Got America's Favorite Television Programs: 1989 Nielsen Media Research (Percent of TV households and persons in TV households) Regularly Scheduled Network Programs (February 1990) (Nielsen People Meter Average Audience Estimates) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴� Program TV Households Women Men Teens Children 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Program TV Households Women Men Teens Children 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Bill Cosby Show 23.2 17.1 11.8 18.8 20.1 Cheers 23.1 17.1 13.8 14.9 Roseanne 22.1 16.9 11.9 18.6 12.5 A Different World 21.6 15.9 10.6 19.0 19.4 America's Funniest Home Videos 20.8 15.9 14.7 20.1 19.5 Golden Girls 20.7 17.9 10.7 Wonder Years 19.7 13.9 19.2 14.6 Empty Nest 19.6 16.8 60 Minutes 18.9 14.7 13.5 Unsolved Mysteries 18.2 14.5 11.7 L.A. Law 18.2 14.0 11.6 Who's the Boss? 18.0 15.5 12.5 Grand 17.8 13.4 10.1 Murder, She Wrote 18.5 15.5 10.2 NBC Sunday Night Movie 17.2 11.5 Matlock 14.2 10.5 In The Heat Of The Night 13.7 10.8 ABC Sunday Movie 11.2 11.8 Coach 11.4 Program TV Households Women Men Teens Children 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Coach 11.4 Full House 12.2 16.9 Growing Pains 13.3 11.0 Family Matters 11.3 16.0 Hogan Family 11.2 12.5 Head of the Class 11.9 Doogie Howser, M.D. 15.4 Alf 14.3 Perfect Strangers 14.3 Just the Ten of Us 13.2 Magical World of Disney 14.4 Slimer & Real Ghosts.II 12.0 Favorite Syndicated Programs Nielsen Media Research, February, 1990 (Ratings based on Designated Market Area coverage as reported by Nielsen's Cassandra Report) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Program TV households Women Men Teens Children 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wheel of Fortune 15.9 13.4 9.3 4.1 4.3 Jeopardy 14.2 11.6 7.9 4.0 2.8 Oprah Winfrey Show 11.0 9.2 3.3 3.7 1.3 Star Trek Next Generation 10.5 6.4 8.6 6.1 5.5 Cosby Show 10.2 7.3 5.1 10.1 9.5 PM Magazine 9.5 7.3 5.6 2.3 1.9 Current Affair 9.5 7.2 5.8 3.0 1.9 Entertainment Tonight 9.4 7.3 5.3 2.9 1.7 Inside Edition 7.5 5.6 4.3 1.7 0.9 Cheers 7.3 4.9 5.0 3.8 2.1 Family Feud 7.3 5.8 3.6 4.0 3.3 Night Court 7.3 4.6 4.8 6.1 3.9 Who's The Boss? 7.3 4.8 3.4 8.3 6.2 Jeopardy Two 7.0 5.9 3.8 1.0 0.9 Program TV households Women Men Teens Children 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jeopardy Two 7.0 5.9 3.8 1.0 0.9 Donahue 6.7 5.2 2.5 0.9 0.4 Average Television Viewing Time Nielsen Media Research, Feb. 1990 (hours: minutes, per week) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴� Mon.-Fri. 10am-4:30pm Mon.-Fri. 4:30pm-7:30pm Mon.- 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total Persons age 2+ 4:29 4:13 8:47 Total Women age 18+ 5:55 4:44 9:49 18-24 4:55 3:18 6:43 25-54 5:06 3:52 9:18 Mon.-Fri. 10am-4:30pm Mon.-Fri. 4:30pm-7:30pm Mon.- 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  25-54 5:06 3:52 9:18 55+ 7:52 6:55 12:06 Total Men age 18+ 3:31 3:46 9:05 18-24 2:56 2:35 5:55 25-54 2:56 3:05 8:46 55+ 5:37 6:07 11:46 Female Teens 12-17 2:40 3:30 6:27 Male Teens 12-17 2:20 3:35 7:16 Children 2-5 6:30 4:38 6:04 Children 6-11 2:34 4:10 6:32 All-time Top Television Programs A.C. Nielsen estimates, Jan. 30, 1960 through Apr. 17, 1990, excluding unsponsored or joint network telecasts or programs under 30 minutes long. Ranked by percent of average audience. 露컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Program Date Network Households (000) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1 M*A*S*H Special 2/28/83 CBS 50,150 2 Dallas 11/21/80 CBS 41,470 3 Roots Pt. VIII 1/30/77 ABC 36,380 4 Super Bowl XVI 1/24/82 CBS 40,020 5 Super Bowl XVII 1/30/83 NBC 40,480 6 Super Bowl XX 1/26/86 NBC 41,490 7 Gone With The Wind-Pt. 1 11/7/76 NBC 33,960 8 Gone With The Wind-Pt. 2 11/8/76 NBC 33,750 9 Super Bowl XII 1/15/78 CBS 34,410 10 Super Bowl XIII 1/21/79 NBC 35,090 11 Bob Hope Christmas Show 1/15/70 NBC 27,260 12 Super Bowl XVIII 1/22/84 CBS 38,800 12 Super Bowl XIX 1/20/85 ABC 39,390 14 Super Bowl XIV 1/20/80 CBS 35,330 15 ABC Theater (The Day After) 11/20/83 ABC 38,550 16 Roots Pt. VI 1/28/77 ABC 32,680 Program Date Network Households (000) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 16 Roots Pt. VI 1/28/77 ABC 32,680 16 The Fugitive 8/29/67 ABC 25,700 18 Super Bowl XXI 1/25/87 CBS 40,030 19 Roots Pt. V 1/27/77 ABC 32,540 20 Ed Sullivan 2/9/64 CBS 23,240 21 Bob Hope Christmas Special 1/14/71 NBC 27,050 22 Roots Pt. III 1/25/77 ABC 31,900 23 Super Bowl XI 1/9/77 NBC 31,610 23 Super Bowl XV 1/25/81 NBC 34,540 25 Super Bowl VI 1/16/72 CBS 27,450 26 Roots Pt. II 1/24/77 ABC 31,400 27 Beverly Hillbillies 1/8/64 CBS 22,570 28 Roots Pt. IV 1/26/77 ABC 31,190 28 Ed Sullivan 2/16/64 CBS 22,445 30 Super Bowl XXIII 1/22/89 NBC 39,320 Top-Rated TV Shows of the Past A.C. Nielsen 露컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Program Program Network Avg. rating over decade 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1950s 1950s 1950s 1950s 1. A. Godfrey's Talent Scouts CBS 32.9 2. I Love Lucy CBS 31.6 3. You Bet Your Life NBC 30.1 4. Dragnet NBC 24.6 5. The Jack Benny Show CBS 22.3 6. A. Godfrey and Friends CBS 19.5 7. Gunsmoke CBS 15.6 8. The Red Skelton Show NBC 15.2 9. December Bride CBS 13.8 10. I've Got a Secret CBS 12.9 11. $64,000 Question CBS 11.2 12. Disneyland ABC 10.8 Program Program Network Avg. rating over decade 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 12. Disneyland ABC 10.8 13. The Ed Sullivan Show CBS 10.6 14. Have Gun--Will Travel CBS 10.3 15. The Danny Thomas Show CBS 9.9 1960s 1960s 1960s 1960s 1. Bonanza NBC 29.6 2. The Red Skelton Show CBS 26.4 3. The Andy Griffith Show CBS 22.4 4. The Beverly Hillbillies CBS 21.9 5. The Ed Sullivan Show CBS 21.7 6. The Lucy Show/Here's Lucy CBS 21.3 7. The Jackie Gleason Show CBS 16.5 8. Bewitched ABC 14.8 9. Gomer Pyle CBS 13.4 10. Candid Camera CBS 11.2 11. The Dick Van Dyke Show CBS 11.1 12. The Danny Thomas Show CBS 10.7 13. Family Affair CBS 9.8 14. Laugh-In NBC 7.9 Program Program Network Avg. rating over decade 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 14. Laugh-In NBC 7.9 15. Rawhide CBS 7.5 1970s 1970s 1970s 1970s 1. All in the Family CBS 23.1 2. M*A*S*H CBS 17.6 3. Hawaii Five-O CBS 16.5 4. Happy Days ABC 15.9 5. The Waltons CBS 14.0 6. The Mary Tyler Moore Show CBS 13.7 7. Sanford & Son NBC 13.4 8. One Day at a Time CBS 11.4 9. Three's Company ABC 10.8 10. 60 Minutes CBS 10.0 11. Maude CBS 9.8 12. Gunsmoke CBS 9.7 13. Charlie's Angels ABC 9.6 14. The Jeffersons CBS 9.4 15. Laverne & Shirley ABC 9.3 U.S. Television Sets and Stations Received Set Ownership (Nielsen est. as of Jan. 1, 1990) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total TV Households 92,100,000 (98% of U.S. households own at (98% of U.S. households own at least one TV set) least one TV set) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Homes with: Color TV sets 90,100,000 98% B&W only 2,000,000 2% 2 or more sets 59,865,000 65% One set 32,235,000 35% Cable (May 1990) 53,970,600 58.6% Total Persons 2+: 235,230,000 Total Women 18+: 94,600,000 Total Men 18+: 85,570,000 Total Teens 12-17: 19,570,000 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total Teens 12-17: 19,570,000 Total Children 2-11: 35,490,000 Stations Receivable (Nielsen, September 1989) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 % of TV homes receiving: 1-6 8% 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1-6 8% 7-10 33% 11-14 33% 15-19 19% 20-29 7% 30+ IFR IFR = Less than 1% 100 Leading U.S. Advertisers, 1988 Source: Advertising Age, Sept. 27, 1989 (C) Crain Communications Inc. 1989 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Rank Advertiser Ad spending (millions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Rank Advertiser Ad spending (millions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1 Philip Morris $2,058.2 2 Procter & Gamble 1,506.9 3 General Motors 1,294.0 4 Sears, Roebuck 1,045.2 5 RJR Nabisco 814.5 6 Grand Metropolitan 773.9 7 Eastman Kodak 735.9 8 McDonald's 728.3 9 PepsiCo 712.3 10 Kellogg 683.1 11 Anheuser-Busch 634.5 12 K mart 632.0 13 Warner-Lambert 609.2 14 Unilever 607.5 15 Nestle 573.8 16 Ford Motor 569.8 17 American Telephone & Telegraph 547.5 18 Chrysler 474.0 19 General Mills 470.1 Rank Advertiser Ad spending (millions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 19 General Mills 470.1 20 Johnson & Johnson 468.8 21 Bristol-Myers Squibb 430.7 22 J.C. Penney 426.6 23 Quaker Oats 423.4 24 Ralston Purina 421.0 25 Time Warner 409.7 26 May Department Stores 399.7 27 American Home Products 393.2 28 Coca-Cola 385.1 29 H.J. Heinz 340.1 30 Mars 339.7 31 Sara Lee 326.9 32 Macy 308.9 33 Colgate-Palmolive 306.6 34 Walt Disney 300.6 35 Hershey Foods 298.6 36 U.S. Government 295.1 37 General Electric 276.6 Rank Advertiser Ad spending (millions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 37 General Electric 276.6 38 Toyota Motor 272.9 39 SmithKline Beecham 264.2 40 Schering-Plough 262.2 41 Campeau 260.5 42 American Cyanamid 256.2 43 American Stores 250.5 44 American Express 247.2 45 Honda Motor 243.3 46 Tandy 232.0 47 Dayton Hudson 230.2 48 Pfizer 230.1 49 Nissan Motor 224.9 50 IBM 214.4 51 Hyundai 204.5 52 Campbell Soup 202.5 53 Adolph Coors 200.8 54 B.A.T. 184.1 55 BCI 180.2 Rank Advertiser Ad spending (millions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 55 BCI 180.2 56 Revlon 177.3 57 American Brands 168.7 58 Hasbro 164.5 59 Gillette 160.5 60 Nynex 160.4 61 Carter Hawley Hale 159.8 62 Dow Chemical 156.7 63 Mobil 155.9 64 Montgomery Ward & Co. 155.3 65 MCA 153.7 66 Clorox 148.3 67 Mazda Motor 146.7 68 Philips 144.3 69 Kroger 144.1 70 Seagram 143.1 71 Volkswagen 140.3 72 Paramount 139.2 73 News 139.1 Rank Advertiser Ad spending (millions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 73 News 139.1 74 CPC 134.4 75 Wm. Wrigley Jr. 134.2 76 Bayer 132.2 77 E.I. du Pont de Nemours 131.4 78 Texas Air 128.8 79 Noxell 126.7 80 American Dairy Farmers 126.6 81 Sony 125.9 82 Goodyear Tire & Rubber 124.6 83 Loews 123.8 84 Levi Strauss 123.1 85 Columbia Pictures 122.4 86 Dr Pepper/Seven-Up 121.9 87 AMR 120.7 88 Marriott 120.2 89 UAL 120.2 90 Hallmark Cards 119.8 91 Citicorp 118.4 Rank Advertiser Ad spending (millions) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 91 Citicorp 118.4 92 ITT 115.9 93 Franklin Mint 114.8 94 Wendy's 114.2 95 Bell Atlantic 113.2 96 Delta Air Lines 112.6 97 Whitman 111.7 98 S.C. Johnson & Son 111.6 99 Borden 110.5 100 Subaru 108.0 Media Spending by 35 Leading Advertisers Advertising Age, Sept. 27, 1989; copyright (C) Crain Communications Inc., 1989 (In thousands) 露컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rank Rank '88 '87 Advertiser '88-'87 % chg Estimated unmeasur 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 1 Philip Morris 7.2 $926,200 2 2 Procter & Gamble 2.8 678,100 3 3 General Motors 34.0 345,105 4 4 Sears, Roebuck 4.4 627,100 5 5 RJR Nabisco -3.4 356,100 6 40 Grand Metropolitan -2.0 410,800 7 7 Eastman Kodak 8.5 491,900 8 8 McDonald's 10.7 322,159 9 6 PepsiCo 1.4 252,900 10 17 Kellogg 21.8 281,200 11 10 Anheuser-Busch 4.4 222,100 12 11 K mart 0.0 422,050 13 15 Warner-Lambert 3.3 398,500 14 12 Unilever -4.0 243,000 15 28 Nestle 12.4 269,600 Rank Rank '88 '87 Advertiser '88-'87 % chg Estimated unmeasur 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 15 28 Nestle 12.4 269,600 16 9 Ford Motor 3.0 132,800 17 16 American Telephone & Telegraph 3.1 200,000 18 14 Chrysler 0.1 104,300 19 13 General Mills 3.0 110,000 20 20 Johnson & Johnson 5.8 233,700 21 26 Bristol-Myers Squibb 1.6 202,800 22 18 J.C. Penney -5.5 273,000 23 27 Quaker Oats 12.6 204,300 24 21 Ralston Purina -8.5 264,200 25 NA Time Warner 17.1 152,400 26 120 May Department Stores -4.5 139,900 27 23 American Home Products -0.3 168,300 28 25 Coca-Cola 15.2 154,100 29 38 H.J. Heinz 22.1 190,000 30 24 Mars -14.0 151,800 31 31 Sara Lee 19.6 170,500 32 NA Macy 2.8 108,100 Rank Rank '88 '87 Advertiser '88-'87 % chg Estimated unmeasur 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 32 NA Macy 2.8 108,100 33 30 Colgate-Palmolive 4.9 194,100 34 36 Walt Disney 26.6 144,300 35 69 Hershey Foods 17.5 200,100 AWARDS -- MEDALS -- PRIZES The Alfred B. Nobel Prize Winners Alfred B. Nobel, inventor of dynamite, bequeathed $9,000,000, the interest to be distributed yearly to those who had most benefited mankind in physics, chemistry, medicine-physiology, literature, and peace. The first Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics was awarded in 1969. No awards given for years omitted. In 1989, each prize was worth approximately $455,000 to $470,000. (For 1990, see Addenda.) Physics 1989 Norman F. Ramsey, U.S.; Hans G. Dehmelt, German-U.S. & Wolfgang Paul, German 1988 Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz, Jack Steinberger, all U.S. 1987 K. Alex Muller, Swiss; J. Georg Bednorz, W. German 1986 Ernest Ruska, German, Gerd Binnig, W. German, Heinrich Rohrer, Swiss 1985 Klaus von Klitzing, W. German 1984 Carlo Rubbia, Italian, Simon van der Meere, Dutch 1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, William A. Fowler, both U.S. 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson, U.S. 1981 Nicolass Bloembergen, Arthur Schaalow, both U.S.; Kai M. Siegbahn, Swedish 1980 James W. Cronin, Val L. Fitch, U.S. 1979 Steven Weinberg, Sheldon L. Glashow, both U.S.; Abdus Salam, Pakistani 1978 Pyotr Kapitsa, USSR; Arno Penzias, Robert Wilson, both U.S. 1977 John H. Van Vleck, Philip W. Anderson, both U.S.; Nevill F. Mott, British 1976 Burton Richter, U.S. Samuel C.C. Ting, U.S. 1975 James Rainwater, U.S. Ben Mottelson, U.S.-Danish, Aage Bohr, Danish 1974 Martin Ryle, British Antony Hewish, British 1973 Ivar Giaever, U.S. Leo Esaki, Japan Brian D. Josephson, British 1972 John Bardeen, U.S. Leon N. Cooper, U.S. John R. Schrieffer, U.S. 1971 Dennis Gabor, British 1970 Louis Neel, French Hannes Alfven, Swedish 1969 Murray Gell-Mann, U.S. 1968 Luis W. Alvarez, U.S. 1967 Hans A. Bethe, U.S. 1966 Alfred Kastler, French 1965 Richard P. Feynman, U.S. Julian S. Schwinger, U.S. Shinichiro Tomonaga, Japanese 1964 Nikolai G. Basov, USSR Aleksander M. Prochorov, USSR Charles H. Townes, U.S. 1963 Maria Goeppert-Mayer, U.S. J. Hans D. Jensen, German Eugene P. Wigner, U.S. 1962 Lev. D. Landau, USSR 1961 Robert Hofstadter, U.S. Rudolf L. Mossbauer, German 1960 Donald A. Glaser, U.S. 1959 Owen Chamberlain, U.S. Emilio G. Segre, U.S. 1958 Pavel Cherenkov, Ilya Frank, Igor Y. Tamm, all USSR 1957 Tsung-dao Lee, Chen Ning Yang, both U.S. 1956 John Bardeen, U.S. Walter H. Brattain, U.S. William Shockley, U.S. 1955 Polykarp Kusch, U.S. Willis E. Lamb, U.S. 1954 Max Born, British Walter Bothe, German 1953 Frits Zernike, Dutch 1952 Felix Bloch, U.S. Edward M. Purcell, U.S. 1951 Sir John D. Cockroft, British Ernest T. S. Walton, Irish 1950 Cecil F. Powell, British 1949 Hideki Yukawa, Japanese 1948 Patrick M. S. Blackett, British 1947 Sir Edward V. Appleton, British 1946 Percy Williams Bridgman, U.S. 1945 Wolfgang Pauli, U.S. 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi, U.S. 1943 Otto Stern, U.S. 1939 Ernest O. Lawrence, U.S. 1938 Enrico Fermi, U.S. 1937 Clinton J. Davisson, U.S. Sir George P. Thomson, British 1936 Carl D. Anderson, U.S. Victor F. Hess, Austrian 1935 Sir James Chadwick, British 1933 Paul A. M. Dirac, British Erwin Schrodinger, Austrian 1932 Werner Heisenberg, German 1930 Sir Chandrasekhara V. Raman, Indian 1929 Prince Louis-Victor de Broglie, French 1928 Owen W. Richardson, British 1927 Arthur H. Compton, U.S. Charles T. R. Wilson, British 1926 Jean B. Perrin, French 1925 James Franck, Gustav Hertz, both German 1924 Karl M. G. Siegbahn, Swedish 1923 Robert A. Millikan, U.S. 1922 Niels Bohr, Danish 1921 Albert Einstein, Ger.-U.S. 1920 Charles E. Guillaume, French 1919 Johannes Stark, German 1918 Max K. E. L. Planck, German 1917 Charles G. Barkla, British 1915 Sir William H. Bragg, British Sir William L. Bragg, British 1914 Max von Laue, German 1913 Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes, Dutch 1912 Nils G. Dalen, Swedish 1911 Wilhelm Wien, German 1910 Johannes D. van der Waals, Dutch 1909 Carl F. Braun, German Guglielmo Marconi, Italian 1908 Gabriel Lippmann, French 1907 Albert A. Michelson, U.S. 1906 Sir Joseph J. Thomson, British 1905 Philipp E. A. von Lenard, Ger. 1904 John W. Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, British 1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel, French Marie Curie, Polish-French Pierre Curie, French 1902 Hendrik A. Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman, both Dutch 1901 Wilhelm C. Roentgen, German Chemistry 1989 Thomas R. Cech, Sidney Altman, both U.S. 1988 Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel, all W. German 1987 Donald J. Cram, Charles J. Pederson, both U.S.; Jean-Marie Lehn, French 1986 Dudley Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, both U.S.; John C. Polanyi, Canadian 1985 Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle, both U.S. 1984 Bruce Merrifield, U.S. 1983 Henry Taube, Canadian 1982 Aaron Klug, S. African 1981 Kenichi Fukui, Japan., Roald Hoffmann, U.S. 1980 Paul Berg., U.S.; Walter Gilbert, U.S., Frederick Sanger, U.K. 1979 Herbert C. Brown, U.S. George Wittig, German 1978 Peter Mitchell, British 1977 Ilya Prigogine, Belgian 1976 William N. Lipscomb, U.S. 1975 John Cornforth, Austral.-Brit., Vladimir Prelog, Yugo.-Switz. 1974 Paul J. Flory, U.S. 1973 Ernst Otto Fischer, W. German Geoffrey Wilkinson, British 1972 Christian B. Anfinsen, U.S. Stanford Moore, U.S. William H. Stein, U.S. 1971 Gerhard Herzberg, Canadian 1970 Luis F. Leloir, Arg. 1969 Derek H. R. Barton, British Odd Hassel, Norwegian 1968 Lars Onsager, U.S. 1967 Manfred Eigen, German Ronald G. W. Norrish, British George Porter, British 1966 Robert S. Mulliken, U.S. 1965 Robert B. Woodward, U.S. 1964 Dorothy C. Hodgkin, British 1963 Giulio Natta, Italian Karl Ziegler, German 1962 John C. Kendrew, British Max F. Perutz, British 1961 Melvin Calvin, U.S. 1960 Willard F. Libby, U.S. 1959 Jaroslav Heyrovsky, Czech 1958 Frederick Sanger, British 1957 Sir Alexander R. Todd, British 1956 Sir Cyril N. Hinshelwood, British Nikolai N. Semenov, USSR 1955 Vincent du Vigneaud, U.S. 1954 Linus C. Pauling, U.S. 1953 Hermann Staudinger, German 1952 Archer J. P. Martin, British Richard L. M. Synge, British 1951 Edwin M. McMillan, U.S. Glenn T. Seaborg, U.S. 1950 Kurt Alder, German Otto P. H. Diels, German 1949 William F. Giauque, U.S. 1948 Arne W. K. Tiselius, Swedish 1947 Sir Robert Robinson, British 1946 James B. Sumner, John H. Northrop, Wendell M. Stanley, U.S. 1945 Artturi I. Virtanen, Finnish 1944 Otto Hahn, German 1943 Georg de Hevesy, Hungarian 1939 Adolf F. J. Butenandt, German Leopold Ruzicka, Swiss 1938 Richard Kuhn, German 1937 Walter N. Haworth, British Paul Karrer, Swiss 1936 Peter J. W. Debye, Dutch 1935 Frederic Joliot-Curie, French Irene Joliot-Curie, French 1934 Harold C. Urey, U.S. 1932 Irving Langmuir, U.S. 1931 Friedrich Bergius, German Karl Bosch, German 1930 Hans Fischer, German 1929 Sir Arthur Harden, British Hans von Euler-Chelpin, Swed. 1928 Adolf O. R. Windaus, German 1927 Heinrich O. Wieland, German 1926 Theodor Svedberg, Swedish 1925 Richard A. Zsigmondy, German 1923 Fritz Pregl, Austrian 1922 Francis W. Aston, British 1921 Frederick Soddy, British 1920 Walther H. Nernst, German 1918 Fritz Haber, German 1915 Richard M. Willstatter, German 1914 Theodore W. Richards, U.S. 1913 Alfred Werner, Swiss 1912 Victor Grignard, French Paul Sabatier, French 1911 Marie Curie, Polish-French 1910 Otto Wallach, German 1909 Wilhelm Ostwald, German 1908 Ernest Rutherford, British 1907 Eduard Buchner, German 1906 Henri Moissan, French 1905 Adolf von Baeyer, German 1904 Sir William Ramsay, British 1903 Svante A. Arrhenius, Swedish 1902 Emil Fischer, German 1901 Jacobus H. van't Hoff, Dutch Physiology or Medicine 1989 J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus, both U.S. 1988 Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings, both U.S; Sir James Black, Brit. 1987 Susumu Tonegawa, Japanese 1986 Rita Levi-Montalcini, It.-U.S., Stanley Cohen, U.S. 1985 Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein, both U.S. 1984 Cesar Milstein, Brit.-Argentina; Georges J. F. Koehler, German; Niels K. Jerne, Brit.-Danish 1983 Barbara McClintock, U.S. 1982 Sune Bergstrom, Bengt Samuelsson, both Swedish; John R. Vane, British. 1981 Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Tosten N. Wiesel, all U.S. 1980 Baruj Benacerraf, George Snell, both U.S.; Jean Dausset, France 1979 Alian M. Cormack, U.S. Geoffrey N. Hounsfield, British 1978 Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith, both U.S.; Werner Arber, Swiss 1977 Rosalyn S. Yalow, Roger C.L. Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally, U.S. 1976 Baruch S. Blumberg, U.S. Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, U.S. 1975 David Baltimore, Howard Temin, both U.S.; Renato Dulbecco, Ital.-U.S. 1974 Albert Claude, Lux.-U.S.; George Emil Palade, Rom.-U.S.; Christian Rene de Duve, Belg. 1973 Karl von Frisch, Ger.; Konrad Lorenz, Ger.-Austrian; Nikolaas Tinbergen, Brit. 1972 Gerald M. Edelman, U.S. Rodney R. Porter, British 1971 Earl W. Sutherland Jr., U.S. 1970 Julius Axelrod, U.S. Sir Bernard Katz, British Ulf von Euler, Swedish 1969 Max Delbruck, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador Luria, all U.S. 1968 Robert W. Holley, H. Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg, all U.S. 1967 Ragnar Granit, Swedish Haldan Keffer Hartline, U.S. George Wald, U.S. 1966 Charles B. Huggins, Francis Peyton Rous, both U.S. 1965 Francois Jacob, Andre Lwoff, Jacques Monod, all French 1964 Konrad E. Bloch, U.S. Feodor Lynen, German 1963 Sir John C. Eccles, Australian Alan L. Hodgkin, British Andrew F. Huxley, British 1962 Francis H. C. Crick, British James D. Watson, U.S. Maurice H. F. Wilkins, British 1961 Georg von Bekesy, U.S. 1960 Sir F. MacFarlane Bumet, Australian Peter B. Medawar, British 1959 Arthur Kornberg, U.S. Severo Ochoa, U.S. 1958 George W. Beadle, U.S. Edward L. Tatum, U.S. Joshua Lederberg, U.S. 1957 Daniel Bovet, Italian 1956 Andre F. Cournand, U.S. Werner Forssmann, German Dickinson W. Richards, Jr., U.S. 1955 Alex H. T. Theorell, Swedish 1954 John F. Enders, Frederick C. Robbins, Thomas H. Weller, all U.S. 1953 Hans A. Krebs, British Fritz A. Lipmann, U.S. 1952 Selman A. Waksman, U.S. 1951 Max Theiler, U.S. 1950 Philip S. Hench, Edward C. Kendall, both U.S. Tadeus Reichstein, Swiss 1949 Walter R. Hess, Swiss Antonio Moniz, Portuguese 1948 Paul H. Muller, Swiss 1947 Carl F. Cori, Gerty T. Cori, both U.S. Bernardo A. Houssay, Arg. 1946 Hermann J. Muller, U.S. 1945 Ernst B. Chain, British Sir Alexander Fleming, British Sir Howard W. Florey, British 1944 Joseph Erlanger, U.S. Herbert S. Gasser, U.S. 1943 Henrik C. P. Dam, Danish Edward A. Doisy, U.S. 1939 Gerhard Domagk, German 1938 Corneille J. F. Heymans, Belg. 1937 Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, Hung.-U.S. 1936 Sir Henry H. Dale, British Otto Loewi, U.S. 1935 Hans Spemann, German 1934 George R. Minot, Wm. P. Murphy, G. H. Whipple, all U.S. 1933 Thomas H. Morgan, U.S. 1932 Edgar D. Adrian, British Sir Charles S. Sherrington, Brit. 1931 Otto H. Warburg, German 1930 Karl Landsteiner, U.S. 1929 Christiaan Eijkman, Dutch Sir Frederick G. Hopkins, British 1928 Charles J. H. Nicolle, French 1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Aus. 1926 Johannes A. G. Fibiger, Danish 1924 Willem Einthoven, Dutch 1923 Frederick G. Banting, Canadian John J. R. Macleod, Scottish 1922 Archibald V. Hill, British Otto F. Meyerhof, German 1920 Schack A. S. Krogh, Danish 1919 Jules Bordet, Belgian 1914 Robert Barany, Austrian 1913 Charles R. Richet, French 1912 Alexis Carrel, French 1911 Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish 1910 Albrecht Kossel, German 1909 Emil T. Kocher, Swiss 1908 Paul Ehrlich, German Elie Metchnikoff, French 1907 Charles L. A. Laveran, French 1906 Camillo Golgi, Italian Santiago Ramon y Cajal, Sp. 1905 Robert Koch, German 1904 Ivan P. Pavlov, Russian 1903 Niels R. Finsen, Danish 1902 Sir Ronald Ross, British 1901 Emil A. von Behring, German Literature 1989 Camilo Jose Cela, Spanish 1988 Naguib Mahfouz, Egyptian 1987 Joseph Brodsky, USSR-U.S. 1986 Wole Soyinka, Nigerian 1985 Claude Simon, French 1984 Jaroslav Siefert, Czech. 1983 William Golding, British 1982 Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Colombian-Mex. 1981 Elias Canetti, Bulgarian-British 1980 Czeslaw Milosz, Polish-U.S. 1979 Odysseus Elytis, Greek 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer, U.S. (Yiddish) 1977 Vicente Aleixandre, Spanish 1976 Saul Bellow, U.S. 1975 Eugenio Montale, Ital. 1974 Eyvind Johnson, Harry Edmund Martinson, both Swedish 1973 Patrick White, Australian 1972 Heinrich Boll, W. German 1971 Pablo Neruda, Chilean 1970 Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, Russ. 1969 Samuel Beckett, Irish 1968 Yasunari Kawabata, Japanese 1967 Miguel Angel Asturias, Guate. 1966 Samuel Joseph Agnon, Israeli Nelly Sachs, Swedish 1965 Mikhail Sholokhov, Russian 1964 Jean Paul Sartre, French (Prize declined) 1963 Giorgos Seferis, Greek 1962 John Steinbeck, U.S. 1961 Ivo Andric, Yugoslavian 1960 Saint-John Perse, French 1959 Salvatore Quasimodo, Italian 1958 Boris L. Pasternak, Russian (Prize declined) 1957 Albert Camus, French 1956 Juan Ramon Jimenez, Span. 1955 Halldor K. Laxness, Icelandic 1954 Ernest Hemingway, U.S. 1953 Sir Winston Churchill, British 1952 Francois Mauriac, French 1951 Par F. Lagerkvist, Swedish 1950 Bertrand Russell, British 1949 William Faulkner, U.S. 1948 T.S. Eliot, British 1947 Andre Gide, French 1946 Hermann Hesse, Swiss 1945 Gabriela Mistral, Chilean 1944 Johannes V. Jensen, Danish 1939 Frans E. Sillanpaa, Finnish 1938 Pearl S. Buck, U.S. 1937 Roger Martin du Gard, French 1936 Eugene O'Neill, U.S. 1934 Luigi Pirandello, Italian 1933 Ivan A. Bunin, French 1932 John Galsworthy, British 1931 Erik A. Karlfeldt, Swedish 1930 Sinclair Lewis, U.S. 1929 Thomas Mann, German 1928 Sigrid Undset, Norwegian 1927 Henri Bergson, French 1926 Grazia Deledda, Italian 1925 George Bernard Shaw, British 1924 Wladyslaw S. Reymont, Polish 1923 William Butler Yeats, Irish 1922 Jacinto Benavente, Spanish 1921 Anatole France, French 1920 Knut Hamsun, Norwegian 1919 Carl F. G. Spitteler, Swiss 1917 Karl A. Gjellerup, Danish Henrik Pontoppidan, Danish 1916 Verner von Heidenstam, Swed. 1915 Romain Rolland, French 1913 Rabindranath Tagore, Indian 1912 Gerhart Hauptmann, German 1911 Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian 1910 Paul J. L. Heyse, German 1909 Selma Lagerlof, Swedish 1908 Rudolf C. Eucken, German 1907 Rudyard Kipling, British 1906 Giosue Carducci, Italian 1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz, Polish 1904 Frederic Mistral, French Jose Echegaray, Spanish 1903 Bjornsterne Bjornson, Norw. 1902 Theodor Mommsen, German 1901 Rene F. A Sully Prudhomme, French Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics 1989 Trygve Haavelmo, Norwegian 1988 Maurice Allais, French 1987 Robert M. Solow, U.S. 1986 James M. Buchanan, U.S. 1985 Franco Modigliani, It.-U.S. 1984 Richard Stone, British 1983 Gerard Debreu, Fr.-U.S. 1982 George J. Stigler, U.S. 1981 James Tobin, U.S. 1980 Lawrence R. Klein, U.S. 1979 Theodore W. Schultz, U.S., Sir Arthur Lewis, British 1978 Herbert A. Simon, U.S. 1977 Bertil Ohlin, Swedish James E. Meade, British 1976 Milton Friedman, U.S. 1975 Tjalling Koopmans, Dutch-U.S., Leonid Kantorovich, USSR 1974 Gunnar Myrdal, Swed., Friedrich A. von Hayek, Austrian 1973 Wassily Leontief, U.S. 1972 Kenneth J. Arrow, U.S. John R. Hicks, British 1971 Simon Kuznets, U.S. 1970 Paul A. Samuelson, U.S. 1969 Ragnar Frisch, Norwegian Jan Tinbergen, Dutch Peace 1989 Dalai Lama, Tibet 1988 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces 1987 Oscar Arias Sanchez, Costa Rican Elie Wiesel, Romania-U.S. 1985 Intl. Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, U.S. 1984 Bishop Desmond Tutu, So. African 1983 Lech Walesa, Polish 1982 Alva Myrdal, Swedish; Alfonso Garcia Robles, Mexican 1981 Office of U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees 1980 Adolfo Perez Esquivel, Argentine 1979 Mother Teresa of Calcutta, Albanian-Indian 1978 Anwar Sadat, Egyptian Menachem Begin, Israeli 1977 Amnesty International 1976 Mairead Corrigan, Betty Williams, N. Irish 1975 Andrei Sakharov, USSR 1974 Eisaku Sato, Japanese, Sean MacBride, Irish 1973 Henry Kissinger, U.S. Le Duc Tho, N. Vietnamese (Tho declined) 1971 Willy Brandt, W. German 1970 Norman E. Borlaug, U.S. 1969 Intl. Labor Organization 1968 Rene Cassin, French 1965 U.N. Children's Fund (UNICEF) 1964 Martin Luther King Jr., U.S. 1963 International Red Cross, League of Red Cross Societies 1962 Linus C. Pauling, U.S. 1961 Dag Hammarskjold, Swedish 1960 Albert J. Luthuli, South African 1959 Philip J. Noel-Baker, British 1958 Georges Pire, Belgian 1957 Lester B. Pearson, Canadian 1954 Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees 1953 George C. Marshall, U.S. 1952 Albert Schweitzer, French 1951 Leon Jouhaux, French 1950 Ralph J. Bunche, U.S. 1949 Lord John Boyd Orr of Brechin Mearns, British 1947 Friends Service Council, Brit. Amer. Friends Service Com. 1946 Emily G. Balch, John R. Mott, both U.S. 1945 Cordell Hull, U.S. 1944 International Red Cross 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees 1937 Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, Brit. 1936 Carlos de Saavedra Lamas, Arg. 1935 Carl von Ossietzky, German 1934 Arthur Henderson, British 1933 Sir Norman Angell, British 1931 Jane Addams, U.S. Nicholas Murray Butler, U.S. 1930 Nathan Soderblom, Swedish 1929 Frank B. Kellogg, U.S. 1927 Ferdinand E. Buisson, French Ludwig Quidde, German 1926 Aristide Briand, French Gustav Stresemann, German 1925 Sir J. Austen Chamberlain, Brit. Charles G. Dawes, U.S. 1922 Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian 1921 Karl H. Branting, Swedish Christian L. Lange, Norwegian 1920 Leon V.A. Bourgeois, French 1919 Woodrow Wilson, U.S. 1917 International Red Cross 1913 Henri La Fontaine, Belgian 1912 Elihu Root, U.S. 1911 Tobias M.C. Asser, Dutch Alfred H. Fried, Austrian 1910 Permanent Intl. Peace Bureau 1909 Auguste M. F. Beernaert, Belg. Paul H. B. B. d'Estournelles de Constant, French 1908 Klas P. Arnoldson, Swedish Fredrik Bajer, Danish 1907 Ernesto T. Moneta, Italian Louis Renault, French 1906 Theodore Roosevelt, U.S. 1905 Baroness Bertha von Suttner, Austrian 1904 Institute of International Law 1903 Sir William R. Cremer, British 1902 Elie Ducommun, Charles A. Gobat, both Swiss 1901 Jean H. Dunant, Swiss Frederic Passy, French Pulitzer Prizes in Journalism, Letters, and Music The Pulitzer Prizes were endowed by Joseph Pulitzer (1847-1911), publisher of The World, New York, N.Y., in a bequest to Columbia University, and are awarded annually by the president of the university on recommendation of the Pulitzer Prize Board for work done during the preceding year. The administrator is Robert C. Christopher of Columbia Univ. All prizes are $3,000 (originally $500) in each category, except Meritorious Public Service for which a gold medal is given. Journalism Meritorious Public Service For distinguished and meritorious public service by a United States newspaper. 1918 --New York Times. Also special award to Minna Lewinson and Henry Beetle Hough. 1919 --Milwaukee Journal. 1921 --Boston Post. 1922 --New York World. 1923 --Memphis (Tenn.) Commercial Appeal. 1924 --New York World. 1926 --Enquirer-Sun, Columbus, Ga. 1927 --Canton (Oh.) Daily News. 1928 --Indianapolis Times. 1929 --Evening World, New York. 1931 --Atlanta (Ga.) Constitution. 1932 --Indianapolis (Ind.) News. 1933 --New York World-Telegram. 1934 --Medford (Ore.) Mail-Tribune. 1935 --Sacramento (Cal.) Bee. 1936 --Cedar Rapids (Ia.) Gazette. 1937 --St.Louis Post-Dispatch. 1938 --Bismarck (N.D.) Tribune. 1939 --Miami (Fla.) Daily News. 1940 --Waterbury (Conn.) Republican and American. 1941 --St.Louis Post-Dispatch. 1942 --Los Angeles Times. 1943 --Omaha World Herald. 1944 --New York Times. 1945 --Detroit Free Press. 1946 --Scranton (Pa.) Times. 1947 --Baltimore Sun. 1948 --St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1949 --Nebraska State Journal. 1950 --Chicago Daily News; St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1951 --Miami (Fla.) Herald and Brooklyn Eagle. 1952 --St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1953 --Whiteville (N.C.) News Reporter; Tabor City (N.C.) Tribune. 1954 --Newsday (Long Island, N.Y.) 1955 --Columbus (Ga.) Ledger and Sunday Ledger-Enquirer. 1956 --Watsonville (Cal.) Register-Pajaronian. 1957 --Chicago Daily News. 1958 --Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock. 1959 --Utica (N.Y.) Observer-Dispatch and Utica Daily Press. 1960 --Los Angeles Times. 1961 --Amarillo (Tex.) Globe-Times. 1962 --Panama City (Fla.) News-Herald. 1963 --Chicago Daily News. 1964 --St.Petersburg (Fla.) Times. 1965 --Hutchinson (Kan.) News. 1966 --Boston Globe. 1967 --The Louisville Courier-Journal; The Milwaukee Journal. 1968 --Riverside (Cal.) Press-Enterprise. 1969 --Los Angeles Times. 1970 --Newsday (Long Island, N.Y.). 1971 --Winston Salem (N.C.) Journal & Sentinel. 1972 --New York Times. 1973 --Washington Post. 1974 --Newsday (Long Island, N.Y.). 1975 --Boston Globe. 1976 --Anchorage Daily News. 1977 --Lufkin (Tex.) News. 1978 --Philadelphia Inquirer. 1979 --Point Reyes (Cal.) Light. 1980 --Gannett News Service. 1981 --Charlotte (N.C.) Observer. 1982 --Detroit News. 1983 --Jackson (Miss.) Clarion-Ledger. 1984 --Los Angeles Times. 1985 --Ft. Worth (Tex.) Star-Telegram. 1986 --Denver Post. 1987 --Pittsburgh Press. 1988 --Charlotte Observer. 1989 --Anchorage Daily News. 1990 --The Philadelphia Inquirer for reporting by Gilbert M. Gaul; Washington (N.C.) Daily News. Reporting (1) General or Spot; (2) Special or Investigative This category originally embraced all fields, local, national, and international. Later separate categories were created for the different fields of reporting. 1917 --Herbert Bayard Swope, New York World. 1918 --Harold A. Littledale, New York Evening Post. 1920 --John J. Leary, Jr., New York World. 1921 --Louis Seibold, New York World. 1922 --Kirke L. Simpson, Associated Press. 1923 --Alva Johnston, New York Times. 1924 --Magner White, San Diego Sun. 1925 --James W. Mulroy and Alvin H. Goldstein, Chicago Daily News. 1926 --William Burke Miller, Louisville Courier-Journal. 1927 --John T. Rogers, St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1929 --Paul Y. Anderson, St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1930 --Russell D. Owens, New York Times. Also $500 to W.O. Dapping, Auburn (N.Y.) Citizen. 1931 --A.B. MacDonald, Kansas City (Mo.) Star. 1932 --W.C. Richards, D.D. Martin, J.S. Pooler, F.D. Webb, J.N.W. Sloan, Detroit Free Press. 1933 --Francis A. Jamieson, Associated Press. 1934 --Royce Brier, San Francisco Chronicle. 1935 --William H.Taylor, New York Herald Tribune. 1936 --Lauren D.Lyman, New York Times. 1937 --John J. O'Neill, N.Y.Herald Tribune; William L. Laurence, N.Y Times; Howard W. Blakeslee, A.P.; Gobind Behari Lal, Universal Service; and David Dietz, Scripps-Howard Newspapers. 1938 --Raymond Sprigle, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1939 --Thomas L. Stokes, Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance. 1940 --S.Burton Heath, New York World-Telegram. 1941 --Westbrook Pegler, New York World-Telegram. 1942 --Stanton Delaplane, San Francisco Chronicle. 1943 --George Weller, Chicago Daily News. 1944 --Paul Schoenstein, New York Journal-American. 1945 --Jack S. McDowell, San Francisco Call-Bulletin. 1946 --William L. Laurence, New York Times. 1947 --Frederick Woltman, New York World-Telegram. 1948 --George E. Goodwin, Atlanta Journal. 1949 --Malcolm Johnson, New York Sun. 1950 --Meyer Berger, New York Times. 1951 --Edward S. Montgomery, San Francisco Examiner. 1952 --Geo. de Carvalho, San Francisco Chronicle. 1953 --(1) Providence (R.I.) Journal and Evening Bulletin; (2) Edward J. Mowery, New York World-Telegram & Sun. 1954 --(1) Vicksburg (Miss.) Sunday Post-Herald; (2) Alvin Scott McCoy, Kansas City (Mo.) Star. 1955 --(1) Mrs. Caro Brown, Alice (Tex.) Daily Echo; (2) Roland K. Towery, Cuero (Tex.) Record. 1956 --(1) Lee Hills, Detroit Free Press; (2) Arthur Daley, New York Times. 1957 --(1) Salt Lake Tribune, Salt Lake City, Ut.; (2) Wallace Turner and William Lambert, Portland Oregonian. 1958 --(1) Fargo, (N.D.) Forum; (2) George Beveridge, Evening Star, Washington, D.C. 1959 --(1) Mary Lou Werner, Washington Evening Star; (2) John Harold Brislin, Scranton (Pa.) Tribune, and The Scrantonian. 1960 --(1) Jack Nelson, Atlanta Constitution; (2) Miriam Ottenberg, Washington Evening Star. 1961 --(1) Sanche de Gramont, New York Herald Tribune; (2) Edgar May, Buffalo Evening News. 1962 --(1) Robert D.Mullins, Deseret News, Salt Lake City; (2) George Bliss, Chicago Tribune. 1963 --(1) Shared by Sylvan Fox, William Longgood, and Anthony Shannon, New York World-Telegram & Sun; (2) Oscar Griffin, Jr., Pecos (Tex.) Independent and Enterprise. 1964 --(1) Norman C.Miller, Wall Street Journal; (2) Shared by James V. Magee, Albert V. Gaudiosi, and Frederick A. Meyer, Philadelphia Bulletin. 1965 --(1) Melvin H.Ruder, Hungry Horse News (Columbia Falls, Mon.); (2) Gene Goltz, Houston Post. 1966 --(1) Los Angeles Times Staff; (2) John A. Frasca, Tampa (Fla.) Tribune. 1967 --(1) Robert V.Cox, Chambersburg (Pa.) Public Opinion; (2) Gene Miller, Miami Herald. 1968 --Detroit Free Press Staff; (2) J. Anthony Lukas, New York Times. 1969 --(1) John Fetterman, Louisville Courier-Journal and Times; (2) Albert L.Delugach, St. Louis Globe Democrat, and Denny Walsh, Life. 1970 --(1) Thomas Fitzpatrick, Chicago Sun-Times; (2) Harold Eugene Martin, Montgomery Advertiser & Alabama Journal. 1971 --(1) Akron Beacon Journal Staff, (2) William Hugh Jones, Chicago Tribune. 1972 --(1) Richard Cooper and John Machacek, Rochester Times-Union; (2) Timothy Leland, Gerard M. O'Neill, Stephen A. Kurkjian and Anne De Santis, Boston Globe. 1973 --(1) Chicago Tribune; (2) Sun Newspapers of Omaha. 1974 --(1) Hugh F. Hough, Arthur M. Petacque, Chicago Sun-Times; (2) William Sherman, New York Daily News. 1975 --(1) Xenia (Oh.) Daily Gazette; (2) Indianapolis Star. 1976 --(1) Gene Miller, Miami Herald; (2) Chicago Tribune. 1977 --(1) Margo Huston, Milwaukee Journal; (2) Acel Moore, Wendell Rawls Jr., Philadelphia Inquirer. 1978 --(1) Richard Whitt, Louisville Courier-Journal; (2) Anthony R. Dolan, Stamford (Conn.) Advocate. 1979 --(1) San Diego (Cal.) Evening Tribune; (2) Gilbert M. Gaul, Elliot G.Jaspin, Pottsville (Pa.) Republican. 1980 --(1) Philadelphia Inquirer; (2) Stephen A. Kurkjian, Alexander B.Hawes Jr., Nils Bruzelius, Joan Vennochi, Robert M. Porterfield, Boston Globe. 1981 --(1) Longview (Wash.) Daily News staff; (2) Clark Hallas and Robert B. Lowe, Arizona Daily Star. 1982 --(1) Kansas City Star, Kansas City Times; (2) Paul Henderson, Seattle Times. 1983 --(1) Fort Wayne (Ind.) News-Sentinel; (2) Loretta Tofani, Washington Post. 1984 --(1) Newsday (N.Y.); (2) Boston Globe. 1985 --(1) Thomas Turcol, Virginian-Pilot and Ledger-Star, Norfolk, Va.; (2) William K.Marimow, Philadelphia Inquirer; Lucy Morgan & Jack Reed, St. Petersburg (Fla.) Times. 1986 --(1) Edna Buchanan, Miami Herald; (2) Jeffrey A. Marx & Michael M. York, Lexington (Ky.) Herald-Leader. 1987 --(1) Akron Beacon Journal; (2) Daniel R. Biddle, H.G. Bissinger, Fredric N. Tulsky, Philadelphia Inquirer; John Woestendiek, Philadelphia Inquirer. 1988 --(1) Alabama Journal; Lawrence (Mass.) Eagle-Tribune; (2) Walt Bogdanich, Wall Street Journal. 1989 --(1) Louisville Courier-Journal; (2) Bill Dedman, Atlanta Journal and Constitution. 1990 --(1) San Jose Mercury News; (2) Lon Kilzer, Chris Ison, Star Tribune, Minneapolis-St. Paul. Criticism or Commentary (1) Criticism; (2) Commentary 1970 --(1) Ada Louise Huxtable, New York Times; (2) Marquis W. Childs, St.Louis Post-Dispatch. 1971 --(1) Harold C.Schonberg, New York Times; (2) William A. Caldwell, The Record, Hackensack, N.J. 1972 --(1) Frank Peters Jr., St. Louis Post-Dispatch; (2) Mike Royko, Chicago Daily News. 1973 --(1) Ronald Powers, Chicago Sun-Times; (2) David S. Broder, Washington Post. 1974 --(1) Emily Genauer, Newsday, (N.Y.); (2) Edwin A. Roberts, Jr., National Observer. 1975 --(1) Roger Ebert, Chicago Sun Times; (2) Mary McGrory, Washington Star. 1976 --(1) Alan M.Kriegsman, Washington Post; (2) Walter W. (Red) Smith, New York Times. 1977 --(1) William McPherson, Washington Post; (2) George F. Will, Wash. Post Writers Group. 1978 --(1) Walter Kerr, New York Times; (2) William Safire, New York Times. 1979 --(1) Paul Gapp, Chicago Tribune; (2) Russell Baker, New York Times. 1980 --(1) William A. Henry III, Boston Globe; (2) Ellen Goodman, Boston Globe. 1981 --(1) Jonathan Yardley, Washington Star; (2) Dave Anderson, New York Times. 1982 --(1) Martin Bernheimer, Los Angeles Times; (2) Art Buchwald, Los Angeles Times Syndicate. 1983 --(1) Manuela Hoelterhoff, Wall St. Journal; (2) Claude Sitton, Raleigh (N.C.) News & Observer. 1984 --Paul Goldberger, New York Times; (2) Vermont Royster, Wall St. Journal 1985 --(1) Howard Rosenberg, Los Angeles Times; (2) Murray Kempton, Newsday (N.Y.). 1986 --(1) Donal J. Henahan, New York Times; (2) Jimmy Breslin, New York Daily News. 1987 --(1) Richard Eder, Los Angeles Times; (2) Charles Krauthammer, Washington Post. 1988 --(1) Tom Shales, Washington Post; (2) Dave Barry, Miami Herald. 1989 --(1) Michael Skube, News and Observer, Raleigh, N.C.; (2) Clarence Page, Chicago Tribune. 1990 --(1) Allan Temko, San Francisco Chronicle; (2) Jim Murray, Los Angeles Times National Reporting 1942 --Louis Stark, New York Times. 1944 --Dewey L. Fleming, Baltimore Sun. 1945 --James B. Reston, New York Times. 1946 --Edward A. Harris, St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1947 --Edward T. Folliard, Washington Post. 1948 --Bert Andrews, New York Herald Tribune; Nat S. Finney, Minneapolis Tribune. 1949 --Charles P. Trussell, New York Times. 1950 --Edwin O. Guthman, Seattle Times. 1952 --Anthony Leviero, New York Times. 1953 --Don Whitehead, Associated Press. 1954 --Richard Wilson, Des Moines Register. 1955 --Anthony Lewis, Washington Daily News. 1956 --Charles L. Bartlett, Chattanooga Times. 1957 --James Reston, New York Times. 1958 --Relman Morin, AP; Clark Mollenhoff, Des Moines Register & Tribune. 1959 --Howard Van Smith, Miami (Fla.) News. 1960 --Vance Trimble, Scripps-Howard, Washington, D.C. 1961 --Edward R. Cony, Wall Street Journal. 1962 --Nathan G. Caldwell and Gene S. Graham, Nashville Tennessean. 1963 --Anthony Lewis, New York Times. 1964 --Merriman Smith, UPI. 1965 --Louis M. Kohlmeier, Wall Street Journal. 1966 --Haynes Johnson, Washington Evening Star. 1967 --Monroe Karmin and Stanley Penn, Wall Street Journal. 1968 --Howard James, Christian Science Monitor; Nathan K. Kotz, Des Moines Register. 1969 --Robert Cahn, Christian Science Monitor. 1970 --William J. Eaton, Chicago Daily News. 1971 --Lucinda Franks & Thomas Powers, UPI. 1972 --Jack Anderson, United Feature Syndicate. 1973 --Robert Boyd and Clark Hoyt, Knight Newspapers. 1974 --James R. Polk, Washington Star-News; Jack White, Providence Journal-Bulletin. 1975 --Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele, Philadelphia Inquirer. 1976 --James Risser, Des Moines Register. 1977 --Walter Mears, Associated Press. 1978 --Gaylord D. Shaw, Los Angeles Times. 1979 --James Risser, Des Moines Register. 1980 --Charles Stafford, Bette Swenson Orsini, St. Petersburg (Fla.) Times. 1981 --John M. Crewdson, New York Times. 1982 --Rick Atkinson, Kansas City Times. 1983 --Boston Globe. 1984 --John Noble Wilford, New York Times. 1985 --Thomas J. Knudson, Des Moines (Ia.) Register. 1986 --Craig Flournoy & George Rodrigue, Dallas Morning News; Arthur Howe, Philadelphia Inquirer. 1987 --Miami Herald; and New York Times. 1988 --Tim Weiner, Philadelphia Inquirer. 1989 --Donald L. Barlett & James B. Steele, Philadelphia Inquirer. 1990 --Ross Anderson, Bill Dietrich, Mary Ann Gwinn, Eric Nalder, The Seattle Times. International Reporting 1942 --Laurence Edmund Allen, Associated Press. 1943 --Ira Wolfert, No. Am. Newspaper Alliance. 1944 --Daniel DeLuce, Associated Press. 1945 --Mark S. Watson, Baltimore Sun. 1946 --Homer W. Bigart, New York Herald Tribune. 1947 --Eddy Gilmore, Associated Press. 1948 --Paul W. Ward, Baltimore Sun. 1949 --Price Day, Baltimore Sun. 1950 --Edmund Stevens, Christian Science Monitor. 1951 --Keyes Beech and Fred Sparks, Chicago Daily News; Homer Bigart and Marguerite Higgins, New York Herald Tribune; Relman Morin and Don Whitehead, AP. 1952 --John M. Hightower, Associated Press. 1953 --Austin C. Wehrwein, Milwaukee Journal. 1954 --Jim G. Lucas, Scripps-Howard Newspapers. 1955 --Harrison Salisbury, New York Times. 1956 --William Randolph Hearst, Jr., Frank Conniff, Hearst Newspapers; Kingsbury Smith, INS. 1957 --Russell Jones, United Press. 1958 --New York Times. 1959 --Joseph Martin and Philip Santora, New York News. 1960 --A.M. Rosenthal, New York Times. 1961 --Lynn Heinzerling, Associated Press. 1962 --Walter Lippmann, New York Herald Tribune Synd. 1963 --Hal Hendrix, Miami (Fla.) News. 1964 --Malcolm W. Browne, AP; David Halberstam, New York Times. 1965 --J.A. Livingston, Philadelphia Bulletin. 1966 --Peter Arnett, AP. 1967 --R. John Hughes, Christian Science Monitor. 1968 --Alfred Friendly, Washington Post. 1969 --William Tuohy, Los Angeles Times. 1970 --Seymour M. Hersh, Dispatch News Service. 1971 --Jimmie Lee Hoagland, Washington Post. 1972 --Peter R. Kann, Wall Street Journal. 1973 --Max Frankel, New York Times. 1974 --Hedrick Smith, New York Times. 1975 --William Mullen and Ovie Carter, Chicago Tribune. 1976 --Sydney H. Schanberg, New York Times. 1978 --Henry Kamm, New York Times. 1979 --Richard Ben Cramer, Philadelphia Inquirer. 1980 --Joel Brinkley, Jay Mather, Louisville (Ky.) Courier-Journal. 1981 --Shirley Christian, Miami Herald. 1982 --John Darnton, New York Times. 1983 --Thomas L. Friedman, New York Times; Loren Jenkins, Washington Post. 1984 --Karen Elliot House, Wall St. Journal 1985 --Josh Friedman, Dennis Bell, Ozler Muhammad, Newsday (N.Y.). 1986 --Lewis M. Simons, Pete Carey, Katherine Ellison, San Jose (Calif.) Mercury News. 1987 --Michael Parks, Los Angeles Times. 1988 --Thomas L. Friedman, New York Times. 1989 --Glenn Frankel, Washington Post; Bill Keller, New York Times. 1990 --Nicholas D. Kirstof, Sheryl WuDunn, New York Times. Correspondence For Washington or foreign correspondence. Category was merged with those in national and international reporting in 1948. 1929 --Paul Scott Mowrer, Chicago Daily News. 1930 --Leland Stowe, New York Herald Tribune. 1931 --H.R. Knickerbocker, Philadelphia Public Ledger and New York Evening Post. 1932 --Walter Duranty, New York Times, and Charles G. Ross, St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1933 --Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Chicago Daily News. 1934 --Frederick T. Birchall, New York Times. 1935 --Arthur Krock, New York Times. 1936 --Wilfred C. Barber, Chicago Tribune. 1937 --Anne O'Hare McCormick, New York Times. 1938 --Arthur Krock, New York Times. 1939 --Louis P. Lochner, Associated Press. 1940 --Otto D. Tolischus, New York Times. 1941 --Bronze plaque to commemorate work of American correspondents on war fronts. 1942 --Carlos P. Romulo, Philippines Herald. 1943 --Hanson W. Baldwin, New York Times. 1944 --Ernest Taylor Pyle, Scripps-Howard Newspaper Alliance. 1945 --Harold V. (Hal) Boyle, Associated Press. 1946 --Arnaldo Cortesi, New York Times. 1947 --Brooks Atkinson, New York Times. Editorial Writing 1917 --New York Tribune. 1918 --Louisville (Ky.) Courier-Journal. 1920 --Harvey E. Newbranch, Omaha Evening World-Herald. 1922 --Frank M. O'Brien, New York Herald. 1923 --William Allen White, Emporia Gazette. 1924 --Frank Buxton, Boston Herald, Special Prize. Frank I. Cobb, New York World. 1925 --Robert Lathan, Charleston (S.C.) News and Courier. 1926 --Edward M. Kingsbury, New York Times. 1927 --F. Lauriston Bullard, Boston Herald. 1928 --Grover C. Hall, Montgomery Advertiser. 1929 --Louis Isaac Jaffe, Norfolk Virginian-Pilot. 1931 --Chas. Ryckman, Fremont (Neb.) Tribune. 1933 --Kansas City (Mo.) Star. 1934 --E. P. Chase, Atlantic (Ia.) News Telegraph. 1936 --Felix Morley, Washington Post. George B. Parker, Scripps-Howard Newspapers. 1937 --John W. Owens, Baltimore Sun. 1938 --W.W. Waymack. Des Moines (Ia.) Register and Tribune. 1939 --Ronald G. Callvert, Portland Oregonian. 1940 --Bart Howard, St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1941 --Reuben Maury, Daily News, N.Y. 1942 --Geoffrey Parsons, New York Herald Tribune. 1943 --Forrest W. Seymour, Des Moines (Ia.) Register and Tribune. 1944 --Henry J. Haskell, Kansas City (Mo.) Star. 1945 --George W. Potter, Providence (R.I.) Journal-Bulletin. 1946 --Hodding Carter, Greenville (Miss.) Delta Democrat-Times. 1947 --William H. Grimes, Wall Street Journal. 1948 --Virginius Dabney, Richmond (Va.) Times-Dispatch. 1949 --John H. Crider, Boston (Mass.) Herald, Herbert Elliston, Washington Post. 1950 --Carl M. Saunders, Jackson (Mich.) Citizen-Patriot. 1951 --William H. Fitzpatrick, New Orleans States. 1952 --Louis LaCoss, St. Louis Globe Democrat. 1953 --Vermont C. Royster, Wall Street Journal. 1954 --Don Murray, Boston Herald. 1955 --Royce Howes, Detroit Free Press. 1956 --Lauren K. Soth, Des Moines (Ia.) Register and Tribune. 1957 --Buford Boone, Tuscaloosa (Ala.) News. 1958 --Harry S. Ashmore, Arkansas Gazette. 1959 --Ralph McGill, Atlanta Constitution. 1960 --Lenoir Chambers, Norfolk Virginian-Pilot. 1961 --William J. Dorvillier, San Juan (Puerto Rico) Star. 1962 --Thomas M. Storke, Santa Barbara (Cal.) News-Press. 1963 --Ira B. Harkey, Jr., Pascagoula (Miss.) Chronicle. 1964 --Hazel Brannon Smith, Lexington (Miss.) Advertiser. 1965 --John R. Harrison, The Gainesville (Fla.) Sun. 1966 --Robert Lasch, St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1967 --Eugene C. Patterson, Atlanta Constitution. 1968 --John S. Knight, Knight Newspapers. 1969 --Paul Greenberg, Pine Bluff (Ark.) Commercial. 1970 --Philip L. Geyelin, Washington Post. 1971 --Horance G. Davis, Jr., Gainesville (Fla.) Sun. 1972 --John Strohmeyer, Bethlehem (Pa.) Globe-Times. 1973 --Roger B. Linscott, Berkshire Eagle, Pittsfield, Mass. 1974 --F. Gilman Spencer, Trenton (N.J.) Trentonian. 1975 --John D. Maurice, Charleston (W. Va.) Daily Mail. 1976 --Philip Kerby, Los Angeles Times. 1977 --Warren L. Lerude, Foster Church, and Norman F. Cardoza, Reno (Nev.) Evening Gazette and Nevada State Journal. 1978 --Meg Greenfield, Washington Post. 1979 --Edwin M. Yoder, Washington Star. 1980 --Robert L. Bartley, Wall Street Journal. 1982 --Jack Rosenthal, New York Times. 1983 --Editorial board, Miami Herald. 1984 --Albert Scardino, Georgia Gazette. 1985 --Richard Aregood, Philadelphia Daily News. 1986 --Jack Fuller, Chicago Tribune. 1987 --Jonathan Freedman, The Tribune (San Diego). 1988 --Jane Healy, Orlando Sentinel. 1989 --Lois Wille, Chicago Tribune. 1990 --Thomas J. Hylton, The Pottstown (Pa.) Mercury. Editorial Cartooning 1922 --Rollin Kirby, New York World. 1924 --Jay N. Darling, Des Moines Register. 1925 --Rollin Kirby, New York World. 1926 --D. R. Fitzpatrick, St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1927 --Nelson Harding, Brooklyn Eagle. 1928 --Nelson Harding, Brooklyn Eagle. 1929 --Rollin Kirby, New York World. 1930 --Charles Macauley, Brooklyn Eagle. 1931 --Edmund Duffy, Baltimore Sun. 1932 --John T. McCutcheon, Chicago Tribune. 1933 --H. M. Talburt, Washington Daily News. 1934 --Edmund Duffy, Baltimore Sun. 1935 --Ross A. Lewis, Milwaukee Journal. 1937 --C. D. Batchelor, New York Daily News. 1938 --Vaughn Shoemaker, Chicago Daily News. 1939 --Charles G. Werner, Daily Oklahoman. 1940 --Edmund Duffy, Baltimore Sun. 1941 --Jacob Burck, Chicago Times. 1942 --Herbert L. Block, Newspaper Enterprise Assn. 1943 --Jay N. Darling, Des Moines Register. 1944 --Clifford K. Berryman, Washington Star. 1945 --Bill Mauldin, United Feature Syndicate. 1946 --Bruce Alexander Russell, Los Angeles Times. 1947 --Vaughn Shoemaker, Chicago Daily News. 1948 --Reuben L. (Rube) Goldberg, N. Y. Sun. 1949 --Lute Pease, Newark (N.J.) Evening News. 1950 --James T. Berryman, Washington Star. 1951 --Reginald W. Manning, Arizona Republic. 1952 --Fred L. Packer, New York Mirror. 1953 --Edward D. Kuekes, Cleveland Plain Dealer. 1954 --Herbert L. Block, Washington Post & Times-Herald. 1955 --Daniel R. Fitzpatrick, St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1956 --Robert York, Louisville (Ky.) Times. 1957 --Tom Little, Nashville Tennessean. 1958 --Bruce M. Shanks, Buffalo Evening News. 1959 --Bill Mauldin, St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1961 --Carey Orr, Chicago Tribune. 1962 --Edmund S. Valtman, Hartford Times. 1963 --Frank Miller, Des Moines Register. 1964 --Paul Conrad, Denver Post. 1966 --Don Wright, Miami News. 1967 --Patrick B. Oliphant, Denver Post. 1968 --Eugene Gray Payne, Charlotte Observer. 1969 --John Fischetti, Chicago Daily News. 1970 --Thomas F. Darcy, Newsday. 1971 --Paul Conrad, L. A. Times. 1972 --Jeffrey K. MacNelly, Richmond News-Leader. 1974 --Paul Szep, Boston Globe. 1975 --Garry Trudeau, Universal Press Syndicate. 1976 --Tony Auth, Philadelphia Inquirer. 1977 --Paul Szep, Boston Globe. 1978 --Jeffrey K. MacNelly, Richmond News Leader. 1979 --Herbert L. Block, Washington Post. 1980 --Don Wright, Miami (Fla.) News. 1981 --Mike Peters, Dayton (Oh.) Daily News. 1982 --Ben Sargent, Austin American-Statesman. 1983 --Richard Lochner, Chicago Tribune. 1984 --Paul Conrad, Los Angeles Times. 1985 --Jeffrey K. MacNelly, Chicago Tribune. 1986 --Jules Feiffer, Village Voice (N.Y. City) 1987 --Berke Breathed, Washington Post. 1988 --Doug Marlette, Atlanta Constitution, Charlotte Observer. 1989 --Jack Higgins, Chicago Sun-Times. 1990 --Tom Toles, The Buffalo News. Spot News Photography 1942 --Milton Brooks, Detroit News. 1943 --Frank Noel, Associated Press. 1944 --Frank Filan, AP; Earl L. Bunker, Omaha World-Herald. 1945 --Joe Rosenthal, Associated Press, for photograph of planting American flag on Iwo Jima. 1947 --Arnold Hardy, amateur, Atlanta, Ga. 1948 --Frank Cushing, Boston Traveler. 1949 --Nathaniel Fein, New York Herald Tribune. 1950 --Bill Crouch, Oakland (Cal.) Tribune. 1951 --Max Desfor, Associated Press. 1952 --John Robinson and Don Ultang, Des Moines Register and Tribune. 1953 --William M. Gallagher, Flint (Mich.) Journal. 1954 --Mrs. Walter M. Schau, amateur. 1955 --John L. Gaunt, Jr., Los Angeles Times. 1956 --New York Daily News. 1957 --Harry A. Trask, Boston Traveler. 1958 --William C. Beall, Washington Daily News. 1959 --William Seaman, Minneapolis Star. 1960 --Andrew Lopez, UPI. 1961 --Yasushi Nagao, Mainichi Newspapers, Tokyo. 1962 --Paul Vathis, Associated Press. 1963 --Hector Rondon, La Republica, Caracas, Venezuela. 1964 --Robert H. Jackson, Dallas Times-Herald. 1965 --Horst Faas, Associated Press. 1966 --Kyoichi Sawada, UPI. 1967 --Jack R. Thornell, Associated Press. 1968 --Rocco Morabito, Jacksonville Journal. 1969 --Edward Adams, AP. 1970 --Steve Starr, AP. 1971 --John Paul Filo, Valley Daily News & Daily Dispatch of Tarentum & New Kensington, Pa. 1972 --Horst Faas and Michel Laurent, AP. 1973 --Huynh Cong Ut, AP. 1974 --Anthony K. Roberts, AP. 1975 --Gerald H. Gay, Seattle Times. 1976 --Stanley Forman, Boston Herald American. 1977 --Neal Ulevich, Associated Press; Stanley Forman, Boston Herald American. 1978 --John H. Blair, UPI. 1979 --Thomas J. Kelly III, Pottstown (Pa.) Mercury. 1980 --UPI. 1981 --Larry C. Price, Ft. Worth (Tex.) Star-Telegram. 1982 --Ron Edmonds, Associated Press. 1983 --Bill Foley, AP. 1984 --Stan Grossfeld, Boston Globe. 1985 --The Register, Santa Ana, Calif. 1986 --Carol Guzy & Michel duCille, Miami Herald. 1987 --Kim Komenich, San Francisco Examiner. 1988 --Scott Shaw, Odessa (Tex.) American. 1989 --Ron Olshwanger, St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1990 --The Oakland (Calif.) Tribune photo staff. Feature Photography 1968 --Toshio Sakai, UPI. 1969 --Moneta Sleet Jr., Ebony. 1970 --Dallas Kinney, Palm Beach Post. 1971 --Jack Dykinga, Chicago Sun-Times. 1972 --Dave Kennerly, UPI. 1973 --Brian Lanker, Topeka Capitol-Journal. 1974 --Slava Veder, AP. 1975 --Matthew Lewis, Washington Post. 1976 --Louisville Courier-Journal and Louisville Times. 1977 --Robin Hood, Chattanooga News-Free Press. 1978 --J. Ross Baughman, AP. 1979 --Staff Photographers, Boston Herald American. 1980 --Erwin H. Hagler, Dallas Times-Herald. 1981 --Taro M. Yamasaki, Detroit Free Press. 1982 --John H. White, Chicago Sun-Times. 1983 --James B. Dickman, Dallas Times-Herald. 1984 --Anthony Suad, Denver Post. 1985 --Stan Grossfeld, Boston Globe; Larry C. Price, Philadelphia Inquirer. 1986 --Tom Gralish, Philadelphia Inquirer. 1987 --David Peterson, Des Moines Register. 1988 --Michel duCille, Miami Herald. 1989 --Manny Crisostomo, Detroit Free Press. 1990 --David C. Turnley, Detroit Free Press. Special Citation 1938 --Edmonton (Alberta) Journal, bronze plaque. 1941 --New York Times. 1944 --Byron Price and Mrs. William Allen White. Also to Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein 2d, for musical, Oklahoma! 1945 --Press cartographers for war maps. 1947 --(Pulitzer centennial year.) Columbia Univ. and the Graduate School of Journalism, and St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1948 --Dr. Frank Diehl Fackenthal. 1951 --Cyrus L. Sulzberger, New York Times. 1952 --Max Kase, New York Journal-American, Kansas City Star. 1953 --The New York Times; Lester Markel. 1957 --Kenneth Roberts, for his historical novels. 1958 --Walter Lippmann, New York Herald Tribune. 1960 --Garrett Mattingly, for The Armada. 1961 --American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War. 1964 --The Gannett Newspapers. 1973 --James T. Flexner, for biography of George Washington. 1976 --John Hohenberg, for services to American journalism. 1977 --Alex Haley, for Roots. 1978 --Richard Lee Strout, Christian Science Monitor and New Republic. E.B. White. 1984 --Theodore Geisel ("Dr. Seuss"). 1985 --William Schuman, composer, educational leader. 1987 --Joseph Pulitzer Jr. Feature Writing 1979 --Jon D. Franklin, Baltimore Evening Sun. 1980 --Madeleine Blais, Miami Herald Tropic Magazine. Janet Cooke, Washington Post. 1981 --Teresa Carpenter, Village Voice, New York City. 1982 --Saul Pett, Associated Press. 1984 --Peter M. Rinearson, Seattle Times. 1985 --Alice Steinbach, Baltimore Sun. 1986 --John Camp, St. Paul Pioneer Press & Dispatch 1987 --Steve Twomey, Philadephia Inquirer. 1988 --Jacqui Banaszynski, St. Paul Pioneer Press Dispatch. 1989 --David Zucchino, Philadelphia Inquirer. 1990 --Dave Curtin, Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph. Explanatory Journalism 1985 --Jon Franklin, Baltimore Evening Sun. 1986 --New York Times Staff. 1987 --Jeff Lyon & Peter Gorner, Chicago Tribune. 1988 --Daniel Hertzberg, James B. Stewart, Wall Street Journal. 1989 --David Hanners, William Snyder, Karen Blessen, Dallas Morning News. 1990 --David A. Vise, Steve Coll, The Washington Post. Specialized Reporting 1985 --Randall Savage, Jackie Crosby, Macon (Ga.) Telegraph and News. 1986 --Andrew Schneider & Mary Pat Flaherty, Pittsburgh Press. 1987 --Alex S. Jones, New York Times. 1988 --Dean Baquet, William Gaines, Ann Marie Lipinski, Chicago Tribune. 1989 --Edward Humes, Orange County (Calif.) Register. 1990 --Tamar Stieber, Albuquerque Journal. Letters Fiction For fiction in book form by an American author, preferably dealing with American life. 1918 --Ernest Poole, His Family. 1919 --Booth Tarkington, The Magnificent Ambersons. 1921 --Edith Wharton, The Age of Innocence. 1922 --Booth Tarkington, Alice Adams. 1923 --Willa Cather, One of Ours. 1924 --Margaret Wilson, The Able McLaughlins. 1925 --Edna Ferber, So Big. 1926 --Sinclair Lewis, Arrowsmith. (Refused prize.) 1927 --Louis Bromfield, Early Autumn. 1928 --Thornton Wilder, Bridge of San Luis Rey. 1929 --Julia M. Peterkin, Scarlet Sister Mary. 1930 --Oliver LaFarge, Laughing Boy. 1931 --Margaret Ayer Barnes, Years of Grace. 1932 --Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth. 1933 --T. S. Stribling, The Store. 1934 --Caroline Miller, Lamb in His Bosom. 1935 --Josephine W. Johnson, Now in November. 1936 --Harold L. Davis, Honey in the Horn. 1937 --Margaret Mitchell, Gone with the Wind. 1938 --John P. Marquand, The Late George Apley. 1939 --Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, The Yearling. 1940 --John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath. 1942 --Ellen Glasgow, In This Our Life. 1943 --Upton Sinclair, Dragon's Teeth. 1944 --Martin Flavin, Journey in the Dark. 1945 --John Hersey, A Bell for Adano. 1947 --Robert Penn Warren, All the King's Men. 1948 --James A Michener, Tales of the South Pacific. 1949 --James Gould Cozzens, Guard of Honor. 1950 --A. B. Guthrie Jr., The Way West. 1951 --Conrad Richter, The Town. 1952 --Herman Wouk, The Caine Mutiny. 1953 --Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea. 1955 --William Faulkner, A Fable. 1956 --MacKinlay Kantor, Andersonville. 1958 --James Agee, A Death in the Family. 1959 --Robert Lewis Taylor, The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters. 1960 --Allen Drury, Advise and Consent. 1961 --Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird. 1962 --Edwin O'Connor, The Edge of Sadness. 1963 --William Faulkner, The Reivers. 1965 --Shirley Ann Grau, The Keepers of the House. 1966 --Katherine Anne Porter, Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter. 1967 --Bernard Malamud, The Fixer. 1968 --William Styron, The Confessions of Nat Turner. 1969 --N. Scott Momaday, House Made of Dawn. 1970 --Jean Stafford, Collected Stories. 1972 --Wallace Stegner, Angle of Repose. 1973 --Eudora Welty, The Optimist's Daughter. 1975 --Michael Shaara, The Killer Angels. 1976 --Saul Bellow, Humboldt's Gift. 1978 --James Alan McPherson, Elbow Room. 1979 --John Cheever, The Stories of John Cheever. 1980 --Norman Mailer, The Executioner's Song. 1981 --John Kennedy Toole, A Confederacy of Dunces. 1982 --John Updike, Rabbit is Rich. 1983 --Alice Walker, The Color Purple. 1984 --William Kennedy, Ironweed. 1985 --Alison Lurie, Foreign Affairs. 1986 --Larry McMurtry, Lonesome Dove. 1987 --Peter Taylor, A Summons to Memphis. 1988 --Toni Morrison, Beloved. 1989 --Anne Tyler, Breathing Lessons. 1990 --Oscar Hijuelos, The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love. Drama For an American play, preferably original and dealing with American life. 1918 --Jesse Lynch Williams, Why Marry? 1920 --Eugene O'Neill, Beyond the Horizon. 1921 --Zona Gale, Miss Lulu Bett. 1922 --Eugene O'Neill, Anna Christie. 1923 --Owen Davis, Icebound. 1924 --Hatcher Hughes, Hell-Bent for Heaven. 1925 --Sidney Howard, They Knew What They Wanted. 1926 --George Kelly, Craig's Wife. 1927 --Paul Green, In Abraham's Bosom. 1928 --Eugene O'Neill, Strange Interlude. 1929 --Elmer Rice, Street Scene. 1930 --Marc Connelly, The Green Pastures. 1931 --Susan Glaspell, Alison's House. 1932 --George S. Kaufman, Morrie Ryskind and Ira Gershwin, Of Thee I Sing. 1933 --Maxwell Anderson, Both Your Houses. 1934 --Sidney Kingsley, Men in White. 1935 --Zoe Akins, The Old Maid. 1936 --Robert E. Sherwood, Idiot's Delight. 1937 --George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart, You Can't Take It With You. 1938 --Thornton Wilder, Our Town. 1939 --Robert E. Sherwood, Abe Lincoln in Illinois. 1940 --William Saroyan, The Time of Your Life. 1941 --Robert E. Sherwood, There Shall Be No Night. 1943 --Thornton Wilder, The Skin of Our Teeth. 1945 --Mary Chase, Harvey. 1946 --Russel Crouse and Howard Lindsay, State of the Union. 1948 --Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar Named Desire. 1949 --Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman. 1950 --Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein 2d, and Joshua Logan, South Pacific. 1952 --Joseph Kramm, The Shrike. 1953 --William Inge, Picnic. 1954 --John Patrick, Teahouse of the August Moon. 1955 --Tennessee Williams, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. 1956 --Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, The Diary of Anne Frank. 1957 --Eugene O'Neill, Long Day's Journey Into Night. 1958 --Ketti Frings, Look Homeward, Angel. 1959 --Archibald MacLeish, J. B. 1960 --George Abbott, Jerome Weidman, Sheldon Harnick and Jerry Bock, Fiorello. 1961 --Tad Mosel, All the Way Home. 1962 --Frank Loesser and Abe Burrows, How To Succeed In Business Without Really Trying. 1965 --Frank D. Gilroy, The Subject Was Roses. 1967 --Edward Albee, A Delicate Balance. 1969 --Howard Sackler, The Great White Hope. 1970 --Charles Gordone, No Place to Be Somebody. 1971 --Paul Zindel, The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds. 1973 --Jason Miller, That Championship Season. 1975 --Edward Albee, Seascape. 1976 --Michael Bennett, James Kirkwood, Nicholas Dante, Marvin Hamlisch, Edward Kleban, A Chorus Line. 1977 --Michael Cristofer, The Shadow Box. 1978 --Donald L. Coburn, The Gin Game. 1979 --Sam Shepard, Buried Child. 1980 --Lanford Wilson, Talley's Folly. 1981 --Beth Henley, Crimes of the Heart. 1982 --Charles Fuller, A Soldier's Play. 1983 --Marsha Norman, 'night, Mother. 1984 --David Mamet, Glengarry Glen Ross. 1985 --Stephen Sondheim, James Lapine, Sunday in the Park with George. 1987 --August Wilson, Fences. 1988 --Alfred Uhry, Driving Miss Daisy. 1989 --Wendy Wasserstein, The Heidi Chronicles. 1990 --August Wilson, The Piano Lesson. History For a book on the history of the United States. 1917 --J. J. Jusserand, With Americans of Past and Present Days. 1918 --James Ford Rhodes, History of the Civil War. 1920 --Justin H. Smith, The War with Mexico. 1921 --William Sowden Sims, The Victory at Sea. 1922 --James Truslow Adams, The Founding of New England. 1923 --Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History. 1924 --Charles Howard McIlwain, The American Revolution: A Constitutional Interpretation. 1925 --Frederick L. Paxton, A History of the American Frontier. 1926 --Edward Channing, A History of the U.S. 1927 --Samuel Flagg Bemis, Pinckney's Treaty. 1928 --Vernon Louis Parrington, Main Currents in American Thought. 1929 --Fred A. Shannon, The Organization and Administration of the Union Army, 1861-65. 1930 --Claude H. Van Tyne, The War of Independence. 1931 --Bernadotte E. Schmitt, The Coming of the War, 1914. 1932 --Gen. John J. Pershing, My Experiences in the World War. 1933 --Frederick J. Turner, The Significance of Sections in American History. 1934 --Herbert Agar, The People's Choice. 1935 --Charles McLean Andrews, The Colonial Period of American History. 1936 --Andrew C. McLaughlin, The Constitutional History of the United States. 1937 --Van Wyck Brooks, The Flowering of New England. 1938 --Paul Herman Buck, The Road to Reunion, 1865-1900. 1939 --Frank Luther Mott, A History of American Magazines. 1940 --Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln: The War Years. 1941 --Marcus Lee Hansen, The Atlantic Migration, 1607-1860. 1942 --Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington. 1943 --Esther Forbes, Paul Revere and the World He Lived In. 1944 --Merle Curti, The Growth of American Thought. 1945 --Stephen Bonsal, Unfinished Business. 1946 --Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., The Age of Jackson. 1947 --James Phinney Baxter 3d, Scientists Against Time. 1948 --Bernard De Voto, Across the Wide Missouri. 1949 --Roy F. Nichols, The Disruption of American Democracy. 1950 --O. W. Larkin, Art and Life in America. 1951 --R. Carlyle Buley, The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period 1815-1840. 1952 --Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted. 1953 --George Dangerfield, The Era of Good Feelings. 1954 --Bruce Catton, A Stillness at Appomattox. 1955 --Paul Horgan, Great River: The Rio Grande in North American History. 1956 --Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform. 1957 --George F. Kennan, Russia Leaves the War. 1958 --Bray Hammond, Banks and Politics in America--From the Revolution to the Civil War. 1959 --Leonard D. White and Jean Schneider, The Republican Era; 1869-1901. 1960 --Margaret Leech, In the Days of McKinley. 1961 --Herbert Feis, Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference. 1962 --Lawrence H. Gibson, The Triumphant Empire: Thunderclouds Gather in the West. 1963 --Constance McLaughlin Green, Washington: Village and Capital, 1800-1878. 1964 --Sumner Chilton Powell, Puritan Village: The Formation of A New England Town. 1965 --Irwin Unger, The Greenback Era. 1966 --Perry Miller, Life of the Mind in America. 1967 --William H. Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire: the Explorer and Scientist in the Winning of the American West. 1968 --Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. 1969 --Leonard W. Levy, Origin of the Fifth Amendment. 1970 --Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department. 1971 --James McGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom. 1972 --Carl N. Degler, Neither Black Nor White. 1973 --Michael Kammen, People of Paradox: An Inquiry Concerning the Origins of American Civilization. 1974 --Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience. 1975 --Dumas Malone, Jefferson and His Time. 1976 --Paul Horgan, Lamy of Santa Fe. 1977 --David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis. 1978 --Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. 1979 --Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics. 1980 --Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long. 1981 --Lawrence A. Cremin, American Education: The National Experience, 1783-1876. 1982 --C. Vann Woodward, ed., Mary Chestnut's Civil War. 1983 --Rhys L. Issac, The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-1790. 1985 --Thomas K. McCraw, Prophets of Regulation. 1986 --Walter A. McDougall, . . . The Heavens and the Earth. 1987 --Bernard Bailyn, Voyagers to the West. 1988 --Robert V. Bruce, The Launching of Modern American Science 1846-1876. 1989 --Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-63; and James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. 1990 --Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines. Biography or Autobiography For a distinguished biography or autobiography by an American author. 1917 --Laura E. Richards and Maude Howe Elliott, assisted by Florence Howe Hall, Julia Ward Howe. 1918 --William Cabell Bruce, Benjamin Franklin, Self-Revealed. 1919 --Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams. 1920 --Albert J. Beveridge, The Life of John Marshall. 1921 --Edward Bok, The Americanization of Edward Bok. 1922 --Hamlin Garland, A Daughter of the Middle Border. 1923 --Burton J. Hendrick, The Life and Letters of Walter H. Page. 1924 --Michael Pupin, From Immigrant to Inventor. 1925 --M. A. DeWolfe Howe, Barrett Wendell and His Letters. 1926 --Harvey Cushing, Life of Sir William Osler. 1927 --Emory Holloway, Whitman: An Interpretation in Narrative. 1928 --Charles Edward Russell, The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas. 1929 --Burton J. Hendrick, The Training of an American: The Earlier Life and Letters of Walter H. Page. 1930 --Marquis James, The Raven (Sam Houston). 1931 --Henry James, Charles W. Eliot. 1932 --Henry F. Pringle, Theodore Roosevelt. 1933 --Allan Nevins, Grover Cleveland. 1934 --Tyler Dennett, John Hay. 1935 --Douglas Southall Freeman, R. E. Lee 1936 --Ralph Barton Perry, The Thought and Character of William James. 1937 --Allan Nevins, Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration. 1938 --Divided between Odell Shepard, Pedlar's Progress; Marquis James, Andrew Jackson. 1939 --Carl Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin. 1940 --Ray Stannard Baker, Woodrow Wilson, Life and Letters. 1941 --Ola Elizabeth Winslow, Jonathan Edwards. 1942 --Forrest Wilson, Crusader in Crinoline. 1943 --Samuel Eliot Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea (Columbus). 1944 --Carleton Mabee, The American Leonardo: The Life of Samuel F. B. Morse. 1945 --Russell Blaine Nye, George Bancroft; Brahmin Rebel. 1946 --Linny Marsh Wolfe, Son of the Wilderness. 1947 --William Allen White, The Autobiography of William Allen White. 1948 --Margaret Clapp, Forgotten First Citizen: John Bigelow. 1949 --Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins. 1950 --Samuel Flag Bemis, John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy. 1951 --Margaret Louise Colt, John C. Calhoun: American Portrait. 1952 --Merlo J. Pusey, Charles Evans Hughes. 1953 --David J. Mays, Edmund Pendleton, 1721-1803. 1954 --Charles A. Lindbergh, The Spirit of St. Louis. 1955 --William S. White, The Taft Story. 1956 --Talbot F. Hamlin, Benjamin Henry Latrobe. 1957 --John F. Kennedy, Profiles in Courage. 1958 --Douglas Southall Freeman (decd. 1953), George Washington, Vols. I-VI: John Alexander Carroll and Mary Wells Ashworth, Vol. VII. 1959 --Arthur Walworth, Woodrow Wilson: American Prophet. 1960 --Samuel Eliot Morison, John Paul Jones. 1961 --David Donald, Charles Sumner and The Coming of the Civil War. 1963 --Leon Edel, Henry James: Vol. II. The Conquest of London, 1870-1881; Vol. III, The Middle Years, 1881-1895. 1964 --Walter Jackson Bate, John Keats. 1965 --Ernest Samuels, Henry Adams. 1966 --Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., A Thousand Days. 1967 --Justin Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain. 1968 --George F. Kennan, Memoirs (1925-1950). 1969 --B. L. Reid, The Man from New York: John Quinn and his Friends. 1970 --T. Harry Williams, Huey Long. 1971 --Lawrence Thompson, Robert Frost: The Years of Triumph, 1915-1938. 1972 --Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin. 1973 --W. A. Swanberg, Luce and His Empire. 1974 --Louis Sheaffer, O'Neill, Son and Artist. 1975 --Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. 1976 --R.W.B. Lewis, Edith Wharton: A Biography. 1977 --John E. Mack, A Prince of Our Disorder, The Life of T.E. Lawrence. 1978 --Walter Jackson Bate, Samuel Johnson. 1979 --Leonard Baker, Days of Sorrow and Pain: Leo Baeck and the Berlin Jews. 1980 --Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. 1981 --Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great: His Life and World. 1982 --William S. McFeely, Grant: A Biography. 1983 --Russell Baker, Growing Up. 1984 --Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington. 1985 --Kenneth Silverman, The Life and Times of Cotton Mather. 1986 --Elizabeth Frank, Louise Bogan: A Portrait. 1987 --David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. 1988 --David Herbert Donald, Look Homeward: A Life of Thomas Wolfe. 1989 --Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde. 1990 --Sebastian de Grazia, Machiavelli in Hell. American Poetry Before this prize was established in 1922, awards were made from gifts provided by the Poetry Society: 1918--Love Songs, by Sara Teasdale.1919--Old Road to Paradise, by Margaret Widemer; Corn Huskers, by Carl Sandburg. 1922 --Edwin Arlington Robinson, Collected Poems. 1923 --Edna St. Vincent Millay, The Ballad of the Harp-Weaver; A Few Figs from Thistles; Eight Sonnets in American Poetry, 1922; A Miscellany. 1924 --Robert Frost, New Hampshire: A Poem with Notes and Grace Notes. 1925 --Edwin Arlington Robinson, The Man Who Died Twice. 1926 --Amy Lowell, What's O'Clock. 1927 --Leonora Speyer, Fiddler's Farewell. 1928 --Edwin Arlington Robinson, Tristram. 1929 --Stephen Vincent Benet, John Brown's Body. 1930 --Conrad Aiken, Selected Poems. 1931 --Robert Frost, Collected Poems. 1932 --George Dillon, The Flowering Stone. 1933 --Archibald MacLeish, Conquistador. 1934 --Robert Hillyer, Collected Verse. 1935 --Audrey Wurdemann, Bright Ambush. 1936 --Robert P. Tristram Coffin, Strange Holiness. 1937 --Robert Frost, A Further Range. 1938 --Marya Zaturenska, Cold Morning Sky. 1939 --John Gould Fletcher, Selected Poems. 1940 --Mark Van Doren, Collected Poems. 1941 --Leonard Bacon, Sunderland Capture. 1942 --William Rose Benet, The Dust Which Is God. 1943 --Robert Frost, A Witness Tree. 1944 --Stephen Vincent Benet, Western Star. 1945 --Karl Shapiro, V-Letter and Other Poems. 1947 --Robert Lowell, Lord Weary's Castle. 1948 --W. H. Auden, The Age of Anxiety. 1949 --Peter Viereck, Terror and Decorum. 1950 --Gwendolyn Brooks, Annie Allen. 1951 --Carl Sandburg, Complete Poems. 1952 --Marianne Moore, Collected Poems. 1953 --Archibald MacLeish, Collected Poems. 1954 --Theodore Roethke, The Waking. 1955 --Wallace Stevens, Collected Poems. 1956 --Elizabeth Bishop, Poems, North and South. 1957 --Richard Wilbur, Things of This World. 1958 --Robert Penn Warren, Promises: Poems 1954-1956. 1959 --Stanley Kunitz, Selected Poems 1928-1958. 1960 --W. D. Snodgrass, Heart's Needle. 1961 --Phyllis McGinley, Times Three: Selected Verse from Three Decades. 1962 --Alan Dugan, Poems. 1963 --William Carlos Williams, Pictures From Breughel. 1964 --Louis Simpson, At the End of the Open Road. 1965 --John Berryman, 77 Dream Songs. 1966 --Richard Eberhart, Selected Poems. 1967 --Anne Sexton, Live or Die. 1968 --Anthony Hecht, The Hard Hours. 1969 --George Oppen, Of Being Numerous. 1970 --Richard Howard, Untitled Subjects. 1971 --William S. Merwin, The Carrier of Ladders. 1972 --James Wright, Collected Poems. 1973 --Maxine Winokur Kumin, Up Country. 1975 --Gary Snyder, Turtle Island. 1976 --John Ashbery, Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror. 1977 --James Merrill, Divine Comedies. 1978 --Howard Nemerov, Collected Poems. 1979 --Robert Penn Warren, Now and Then: Poems 1976-1978. 1980 --Donald Justice, Selected Poems. 1981 --James Schuyler, The Morning of the Poem. 1982 --Sylvia Plath, The Collected Poems. 1983 --Galway Kinnell, Selected Poems. 1984 --Mary Oliver, American Primitive. 1985 --Carolyn Kizer, Yin. 1986 --Henry Taylor, The Flying Change. 1987 --Rita Dove, Thomas and Beulah. 1988 --William Meredith, Partial Accounts: New and Selected Poems. 1989 --Richard Wilbur, New and Collected Poems. 1990 --Charles Simic, The World Doesn't End General Non-Fiction 1962 --Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1960. 1963 --Barbara W. Tuchman, The Guns of August. 1964 --Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life. 1965 --Howard Mumford Jones, O Strange New World. 1966 --Edwin Way Teale, Wandering Through Winter. 1967 --David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture. 1968 --Will and Ariel Durant, Rousseau and Revolution. 1969 --Norman Mailer, The Armies of the Night; and Rene Jules Dubos, So Human an Animal: How We Are Shaped by Surroundings and Events. 1970 --Eric H. Erikson, Gandhi's Truth. 1971 --John Toland, The Rising Sun. 1972 --Barbara W. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911-1945. 1973 --Frances FitzGerald, Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam; Robert Coles, Children of Crisis, Volumes II & III. 1974 --Ernest Becker, The Denial of Death. 1975 --Annie Dillard, Pilgrim at Tinker Creek. 1976 --Robert N. Butler, Why Survive? Being Old in America. 1977 --William W. Warner, Beautiful Swimmers. 1978 --Carl Sagan, The Dragons of Eden. 1979 --Edward O. Wilson, On Human Nature. 1980 --Douglas R. Hofstadter, Godel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. 1981 --Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-Siecle Vienna: Politics and Culture. 1982 --Tracy Kidder, The Soul of a New Machine. 1983 --Susan Sheehan, Is There No Place on Earth for Me? 1984 --Paul Starr, Social Transformation of American Medicine. 1985 --Studs Terkel, The Good War. 1986 --Joseph Lelyveld, Move Your Shadow; J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground. 1987 --David K. Shipler, Arab and Jew. 1988 --Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb. 1989 --Neil Sheehan, A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam. 1990 --Dale Maharidge, Michael Williamson, And Their Children After Them. Music For composition by an American (before 1977, by a composer resident in the U.S.), in the larger forms of chamber, orchestra or choral music or for an operatic work including ballet. A special posthumous award was granted in 1976 to Scott Joplin. 1943 --William Schuman, Secular Cantata No. 2, A Free Song. 1944 --Howard Hanson, Symphony No. 4, Op. 34. 1945 --Aaron Copland, Appalachian Spring. 1946 --Leo Sowerby, The Canticle of the Sun. 1947 --Charles E. Ives, Symphony No. 3. 1948 --Walter Piston, Symphony No. 3. 1949 --Virgil Thomson, Louisiana Story. 1950 --Gian-Carlo Menotti, The Consul. 1951 --Douglas Moore, Giants in the Earth. 1952 --Gail Kubik, Symphony Concertante. 1954 --Quincy Porter, Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra. 1955 --Gian-Carlo Menotti, The Saint of Bleecker Street. 1956 --Ernest Toch, Symphony No. 3. 1957 --Norman Dello Joio, Meditations on Ecclesiastes. 1958 --Samuel Barber, Vanessa. 1959 --John La Montaine, Concerto for Piano and Orchestra. 1960 --Elliott Carter, Second String Quartet. 1961 --Walter Piston, Symphony No. 7. 1962 --Robert Ward, The Crucible. 1963 --Samuel Barber, Piano Concerto No. 1. 1966 --Leslie Bassett, Variations for Orchestra. 1967 --Leon Kirchner, Quartet No. 3. 1968 --George Crumb, Echoes of Time and The River. 1969 --Karel Husa, String Quartet No. 3. 1970 --Charles W. Wuorinen, Time's Encomium. 1971 --Mario Davidovsky, Synchronisms No. 6. 1972 --Jacob Druckman, Windows. 1973 --Elliott Carter, String Quartet No. 3. 1974 --Donald Martino, Notturno. (Special citation) Roger Sessions. 1975 --Dominick Argento, From the Diary of Virginia Woolf. 1976 --Ned Rorem, Air Music. 1977 --Richard Wernick, Visions of Terror and Wonder. 1978 --Michael Colgrass, Deja Vu for Percussion and Orchestra. 1979 --Joseph Schwantner, Aftertones of Infinity. 1980 --David Del Tredici, In Memory of a Summer Day. 1982 --Roger Sessions, Concerto For Orchestra. (Special Citation) Milton Babbitt. 1983 --Ellen T. Zwilich, Three Movements for Orchestra. 1984 --Bernard Rands, Canti del Sole. 1985 --Stephen Albert, Symphony, RiverRun. 1986 --George Perle, Wind Quintet IV. 1987 --John Harbison, The Flight Into Egypt. 1988 --William Bolcom, 12 New Etudes for Piano. 1989 --Roger Reynolds, Whispers Out of Time. 1990 --Mel Powell, Duplicates: A Concerto For Two Pianos and Orchestra. Special Awards Awarded in 1989 or 1990 Books, Allied Arts Academy of American Poets Fellowship for Distinguished Achievement, $20,000: William Meredith. Booker Prize: The Remains of the Day, Kazuo Ishiguro. Boston Globe-Horn Book Awards for Excellence in Children's Literature, $500 and engraved silver bowl: fiction: The Village by the Sea, Paula Fox; nonfiction: The Way Things Work, David Macaulay; picture book: Shy Charles, Rosemary Wells. Caldecott Medal, for distinguished American picture book for children: Lon Po Po: A Red-Riding Hood Story from China, Ed Young. Carey-Thomas Awards, by Publishers Weekly, for creative publishing: main prize: Thunder Mouth Press, alternative fiction and nonfiction; honor citations: Curbstone Press, for Latin American writers and issues & Seal Press, for feminist issues; special citation: Eridanos Press, for translations of 20th-century classics. Chicago Sun-Times Book of the Year Award: Noble Rot,Richard Stern. Golden Kite Awards, for children's books, by Society of Children's Book Writers: fiction: Jenny of the Tetons, Kristiana Gregory; nonfiction: Panama Canal: Gateway to the World, Judith St. George; picture book illustration: Tom Thumb, Richard Jesse Watson. National Arts Club Medal of Honor for Literature: Iris Murdoch. National Book Awards, by National Book Foundation, $10,000: fiction: Spartina, John Casey; nonfiction: From Beirut to Jerusalem, Thomas L. Friedman; distinguished contribution to American letters: Daniel J. Boorstin. National Book Critics Circle Awards: fiction: Billy Bathgate, E.L. Doctorow; general nonfiction: The Broken Cord, Michael Dorris; biography/autobiography: A First-Class Temperament: The Emergence of Franklin Roosevelt, Geoffrey C. Ward; poetry: Transparent Gestures, Rodney Jones; criticism: Not by Facts Alone: Essays on the Writing and Reading of History, John Clive; citation for excellence in book reviewing: Carol Anshaw, Voice Literary Supplement; contribution to book publishing: James Laughlin, New Directions. Newbery Medal, for children's literature: Number the Stars, Lois Lowry. O'Dell Award, for historical fiction, by Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books, $5,000: Shades of Gray, Carolyn Reeder. Whiting Foundation Writers' Awards, $25,000 each: Timberlake Wertenbaker, Ellen Atkins, Tobias Wolff, Mary Karr, C.D. Wright, Natalie Kusz, Russell Edson, Ian Frazier, Luc Sante. Journalism Awards Bernstein Award for Excellence in Journalism, by New York Public Library, $15,000: Thomas L. Friedman, From Beirut to Jerusalem. Catholic Press Assn. Awards: general excellence, national: Our Sunday Visitor, Huntington, Ind.; diocesan, circulation to 17,000: The Florida Catholic, Venice, Fla.; 17,001-40,000:The Catholic Observer, Springfield, Mass.; from 40,001: The Catholic Sun, Syracuse, N.Y. Magazine Merit Awards, by Society of Children's Book Writers: fiction: Elaine Marie Alphin, Young and Alive; nonfiction: Elizabeth R. Hennefrund, Ranger Rick; illustrations: Bianca Lavies, Ranger Rick. National Journalism Awards, by Scripps Howard Foundation, $41,000: college cartoonist: Nick Anderson, Ohio State Lantern, Columbus; editorial writing: Ann Daly Goodwin, St. Paul (Minn.) Pioneer Press Dispatch; environmental journalism: Sam Atwood, The (San Bernardino, Calif.) Sun; The Boston Globe; commitment to literacy: WFSB-TV, Hartford, Conn.; The San Antonio Light; human interest writing: Rose Post, The Salisbury (N.C.) Post; broadcast journalism: KWTO-TV, Springfield, Mo.; WSM Radio, Nashville, Tenn.; KARK-TV, Little Rock, Ark.; WCBS-TV, New York; First Amendment service: The San Francisco Chronicle: public service: The Charleston (W.Va.) Gazette; The Fort Worth (Tex.) Star-Telegram. National Magazine Awards, by American Society of Magazine Editors, bronze plaque and reproduction of Calder stabile each: general excellence, circulation of 1 million or more: Sports Illustrated; 400,000 to 1 million: Metropolitan Home; 100,000-400,000: Texas Monthly; less than 100,000: 7 Days; reporting: The New Yorker; fiction: The New Yorker: photography: Texas Monthly; essays and criticism: Vanity Fair; feature-writing: The Washingtonian; public interest: Southern Exposure; single-topic: National Geographic; personal service: Consumer Reports; special interests: Art & Antiques; design: Esquire. Polk Awards in Journalism, by Long Island University: career: Fred M. Hechinger, New York Times; foreign: Nicholas D. Kristof, Sheryl WuDunn, New York Times: international: Stephen Engelberg, Michael R. Gordon, New York Times; national: Rick Atkinson, Washington Post; political: Andrew Melnykovych, Casper (Wyo.) Star-Tribune; regional: Miranda Ewell, David Schrieberg, San Jose (Calif.) Mercury News; local: Hartford (Conn.) Courant; medical: John M. Crewdson, Chicago Tribune; network TV: CBS News; local TV: WCSC-TV, Charleston, S.C.; TV investigative: Jonathan Kwitny, "The Kwitny Report," WNYC-TV; radio: Robert Knight, "Undercurrents," WBAI-FM. Reuben Awards, by National Cartoonists Society: cartoonist of the year: Jim Davis, "Garfield," United Feature Syndicate; commercial: Roy Doty; electronic media: Chuck Jones; magazines and books: Sergio Aragones; editorial & sports: Pat Oliphant Universal Press Syndicate; strips & panels: Johnny Hart, "B.C.," Creators Syndicate. Movie, Radio, TV, and Theater Awards Audelco Recognition Awards, for black theater: outstanding pioneer: Cynthia Belgrave; play: "The Talented Tenth," Richard Wesley; musical: "Song of Sheba," Clarice Laverne Thompson, Elmo Terry Morgan; playwright: Richard Wesley; director: M. Neema Barnette; musical director: Clarice Laverne Thompson; actor: Alili Prince, "The Forbidden City;" actress: Marie Thomas, "The Talented Tenth;" musical actor: Anthony Cooper, "Song of Sheba;" musical actress: Johanna Daughtery, "Song of Sheba." Directors Guild of America Awards: feature film director: Oliver Stone, "Born on the Fourth of July;" TV directors: comedy: Barnet Kellman, Murphy Brown; drama special: Dan Curtis, "War and Remembrance;" drama series: Eric Laneuville, L.A. Law; daytime drama series: Victoria Hochberg, Wonderworks; musical variety: Don Mischer, Great Performances; documentary: Peter Rosen, "The Eighth Van Cliburn Intl. Piano Competition;" sports: Bob Fishman, "U.S. Open Tennis Tournament;" commercial: David Cornell, A.T.&.T.'s "Small Town." du Pont-Columbia Univ. Awards, for broadcast journalism: gold baton: Frontline, PBS; silver batons: CBS News, CNN, ABC News & Koppel Communications; WETA, Washington, D.C.; radio silver baton: National Public Radio; independent TV production: Appalshop, Kentucky; silver batons, major market TV stations: WFAA-TV, Dallas, KCET, Los Angeles; medium-size-market: Maryland Public Television; small-market: WJXT, Jacksonville, Fla.; WBRZ, Baton Rouge, La. Emmy Awards, by Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, for nighttime programs, 1988-89: Dramatic series: L.A. Law, NBC; actress, Dana Delany, China Beach, ABC; actor: Carroll O'Connor, In the Heat of the Night, NBC; supporting actress: Melanie Mayron, thirtysomething, ABC; supporting actor: Larry Drake, L.A. Law, NBC. Comedy series: Cheers, NBC; actress: Candice Bergen, Murphy Brown, CBS; actor: Richard Mulligan, Empty Nest, NBC; supporting actress: Rhea Perlman, Cheers, NBC; supporting actor: Woody Harrelson, Cheers, NBC. Miniseries: War and Remembrance, ABC; actress: Holly Hunter, Roe vs. Wade, NBC; actor: James Woods, Hallmark Hall of Fame: My Name Is Bill W., ABC; supporting actress: Colleen Dewhurst, Those She Left Behind, NBC; supporting actor: Derek Jacobi, Hallmark Hall of Fame: The Tenth Man, CBS. Drama-Comedy Special: (tie) Day One, CBS; Roe vs. Wade, NBC. Variety, Music or Comedy Program: The Tracey Ullman Show, Fox. Performance in a Variety or Musical Program: Linda Ronstadt, Great Performances: Can-ciones de mi Padre, PBS. Children's Program: Free to Be . . . a Family, ABC. Classical Program in Performing Arts: Great Performances: Bernstein at 70], PBS; Governor's Award: Lucille Ball. (For 1989-90, see Addenda.) Golden Globe Awards, by Hollywood Foreign Press Assn.: dramatic picture: "Born on the Fourth of July;" director: Oliver Stone, "Born on the Fourth of July;" actor: Tom Cruise, "Born on the Fourth of July;" actress: Michelle Pfeiffer, "The Fabulous Baker Boys;" musical or comic picture: "Driving Miss Daisy;" musical or comic actor: Morgan Freeman, "Driving Miss Daisy;" musical or comic actress: Jessica Tandy, "Driving Miss Daisy;" TV series, dramatic: China Beach, ABC; musical or comic: Murphy Brown, CBS; mini series: Lonesome Dove. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Awards, for lifetime achievement in the arts, gold medallions: Harry Belafonte, Claudette Colbert, Mary Martin, Alexandra Danilova, William Schuman. Kesserling Award for Playwrights, by National Arts Club, $10,000: Jo Carson, "Daytrips," Los Angeles Theater Center. New York Drama Critics Circle Awards: new play: "The Piano Lesson," August Wilson; new musical: "City of Angels," Larry Gelbart, Cy Coleman, David Zippel; new foreign play: "Privates on Parade," Peter Nichols. New York Film Critics Circle Awards: film: "My Left Foot;" actor: Daniel Day-Lewis, "My Left Foot;" actress: Michelle Pfeiffer, "The Fabulous Baker Boys;" director: Paul Mazursky, "Enemies, a Love Story;" supporting actor: Alan Alda, "Crimes and Misdemeanors;" supporting actress: Lena Olin, "Enemies, a Love Story;" foreign film: "Story of Women," Claude Chabrol; documentary: "Roger and Me," Michael Moore; new director: Kenneth Branagh, "Henry V;" cinematography: Ernest Dickerson, "Do the Right Thing;" screenplay: Daniel Yost, "Drugstore Cowboy." Tony (Antoinette Perry) Awards: play: "The Grapes of Wrath;" musical: "City of Angels;" revival: "Gypsy;" actor: Robert Morse, "Tru;" actress: Maggie Smith, "Lettice and Lovage;" actor, musical: James Naughton, "City of Angels;" actress, musical: Tyne Daly, "Gypsy;" featured actor: Charles Durning, "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof;" featured actress: Margaret Tyzack, "Lettice and Lovage;" featured actor, musical: Michael Jeter, "Grand Hotel;" featured actress, musical: Randy Graff, "City of Angels;" direction: Frank Galati, "The Grapes of Wrath;" direction, musical: Tommy Tune, "Grand Hotel;" book, musical: Larry Gelbert, "City of Angels;" original musical score: Cy Coleman, David Zippel, "City of Angels;" scenic design: Robin Wagner, "City of Angels;" lighting design: Jules Fisher, "Grand Hotel;" costume design: Santo Loquasto, "Grand Hotel;" choreography: Tommy Tune, "Grand Hotel." Miscellaneous Awards American Choreographer Awards, by The National Corporate Fund for Dance and The General Electric Foundation, for talented emerging choreographers, $5,000 each: David Dorfman, Miriam Mahdaviani, Sara Pearson, Daniel Shapiro & Joanie Smith, Liz Lerman. American Composers Alliance Awards, for contribution to American music: Frank Wigglesworth. American Institute of Architects Gold Medal for Lifetime Achievement: Fay Jones. Bard Awards, by City Club of New York, for architecture and urban design: Central Park Zoo, Kevin Roche, John Dinkeloo & Associates; Brooklyn Borough Hall, Conklin Rossant Architects; special awards: John Lindsay, Paul A. Crotty, Abraham Biderman. Carnegie Hall International American Music Competition for Violinists, $10,000 cash award, $20,000 career grand, recital and concerto soloist appearances at Carnegie Hall, New World Records contract, music reference works: Michelle Makarski, Santa Barbara, Calif. Candace Awards, by National Coalition of 100 Black Women, for leadership and achievement: Euzhan Palcy, film director; Judith Jamison, artistic director of Alvin Ailey Dance Theater; Maya Angelou, writer; Barbara Lamont, owner of WWCL TV in New Orleans; Hazel N. Dukes, pres. of NAACP board of directors; Sara Lawrence Lightfoot, professor, Harvard Graduate School of Education; Clara Hale, founder of Hale House for drug-addicted babies; Gay J. McDougall, director of Southern Africa Project Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights; Vivian W. Pinn-Wiggins, chairwoman of pathology at Howard Univ. College of Medicine; distinguished service: Derrick A. Bell Jr., Weld Professor of Law, Harvard Law School. Cleveland Prize, by Amer. Assn. for the Advancement of Science, $5,000 and bronze medal, to author of outstanding paper published in Science: William H. Landschulz, Peter F. Johnson, Steven L. McKnight, "The Leucine Zipper: A Hypothetical Structure Common to a New Class of DNA Binding Proteins," and "The DNA Binding Domain of the Rat Liver Nuclear Protein C/EBP Is Bipartite." Draper Prize, by National Academy of Engineering, $350,000: Jack S. Kilby and Robert N. Noyce, for coinventing the monolithic integrated circuit. Grawyemeyer Award, by University of Louisville, for original music composition, $150,000: "Silver Ladders," Joan Tower, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, N.Y. International Ballet Competition: Grand Prix City of Jackson Award, $10,000: Jose Manuel Carreno; gold medal, $7,000, senior female: Martha Butler; silver medal, $5,000 each: Luis Ortigoza, Pierre Quinn; Simona Noja, bronze medals, $3,000 each: Toomas Edue, Irma Nioradze. Lasker Awards, for medical research, $15,000 each: Etienne-Emile Baulieu, for abortion drug, RU 486; Michael J. Berridge, Alfred G. Gilman, Edwin G. Krebs, Yasutomi Nishizuka, for research on how cells receive information from hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters; public service award: Lewis Thomas, Cornell Univ. Medical College, New York. National Spelling Bee (See Language) New York State Governor's Arts Awards, bronze sculptures: Vivienne Anderson, Agnes de Mille; Avery Fisher; Maria Irene Fornes; Kurt Vonnegut; Brooklyn Museum; New York Chinatown History Project; DeWitt Historical Society of Tompkins County; Jamaica Arts Center; M&T Bank of Buffalo; Rockland County and the Arts Council of Rockland, Visual AIDS. Praemium Imperiale Award, by Japan Art Association, for lifetime achievement in the arts, $100,000 and medal each: composer Leonard Bernstein; film maker Federico Fellini; sculptor Arnaldo Pomodoro; architect James Stirling; painter Antoni Tapies. Scripps American Dance Festival Award, for lifetime contribution by choreographer, $25,000: Twyla Tharp. Songwriters Hall of Fame: Smokey Robinson, Michel Legrand, Jim Croce. Tucker Award, by Richard Tucker Music Foundation, $25,000: Renee Fleming; career grants: Ruth Ann Swenson, Susan Graham, Emily Manhart, Alan J. Held; study grant: Camellia Johnson; Ruth Richards Grant for promising tenor: John T. Keys; Robert M. Jacobson Study Grants: Angela Randell, Denyce Graves, Mark Oswald. Westinghouse Science Talent Search winners: first prize, $20,000 college scholarship: Matthew Peter Headrick, Chicago; second prize, $15,000: David Ruchien Liu, Riverside, Calif.; third prize, $15,000: David Michael Shull, Tacoma, Washington; fourth prize, $10,000: Soojin Ryu, New York City; fifth prize, $10,000: Joshua B. Fischman, Bethesda, Md.; sixth prize, $10,000: Royce Yung-Tze Peng, Rancho Palos Verdes, Calif.; seventh prize: $7,500: Laura Andrea Ascenzi, New York City; eighth prize, $7,500: Andrew M. Lines, Arlington, Va.; ninth prize, $7,500: Mina Kim Yu, Fairfax, Va.; tenth prize, $7,500: Bianca Denise Santomasso, New York City. The Spingarn Medal 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1946 Dr. Percy L. Julian 1947 Channing H. Tobias 1948 Ralph J. Bunche 1949 Charles Hamilton Houston 1950 Mabel Keaton Staupers 1951 Harry T. Moore 1952 Paul R. Williams 1953 Theodore K. Lawless 1954 Carl Murphy 1955 Jack Roosevelt Robinson 1956 Martin Luther King Jr. 1957 Mrs. Daisy Bates and the Little Rock Nine 1958 Edward Kennedy (Duke) Ellington 1959 Langston Hughes 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1959 Langston Hughes 1960 Kenneth B. Clark 1961 Robert C. Weaver 1962 Medgar Wiley Evers 1963 Roy Wilkins 1964 Leontyne Price 1965 John H. Johnson 1966 Edward W. Brooke 1967 Sammy Davis Jr. 1968 Clarence M. Mitchell Jr. 1969 Jacob Lawrence 1970 Leon Howard Sullivan 1971 Gordon Parks 1972 Wilson C. Riles 1973 Damon Keith 1974 Henry (Hank) Aaron 1975 Alvin Ailey 1976 Alex Haley 1977 Andrew Young 1978 Mrs. Rosa L. Parks 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1978 Mrs. Rosa L. Parks 1979 Dr. Rayford W. Logan 1980 Coleman Young 1981 Dr. Benjamin Elijah Mays 1982 Lena Horne 1983 Thomas Bradley 1984 Bill Cosby 1985 Dr. Benjamin L. Hooks 1986 Percy E. Sutton 1987 Frederick Douglass Patterson 1988 Jesse Jackson 1989 L. Douglas Wilder The Spingarn Medal has been awarded annually since 1914 by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People for the highest achievement by a black American. Miss America Winners 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1921 Margaret Gorman, Washington, D.C. 1922-23 Mary Campbell, Columbus, Ohio 1924 Ruth Malcolmson, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1925 Fay Lamphier, Oakland, California 1926 Norma Smallwood, Tulsa, Oklahoma 1927 Lois Delaner, Joliet, Illinois 1933 Marion Bergeron, West Haven, Connecticut 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1935 Henrietta Leaver, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1936 Rose Coyle, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1937 Bette Cooper, Bertrand Island, New Jersey 1938 Marilyn Meseke, Marion, Ohio 1939 Patricia Donnelly, Detroit, Michigan 1940 Frances Marie Burke, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1941 Rosemary LaPlanche, Los Angeles, California 1942 Jo-Caroll Dennison, Tyler, Texas 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1942 Jo-Caroll Dennison, Tyler, Texas 1943 Jean Bartel, Los Angeles, California 1944 Venus Ramey, Washington, D.C. 1945 Bess Myerson, New York City, N.Y. 1946 Marilyn Buferd, Los Angeles, California 1947 Barbara Walker, Memphis, Tennessee 1948 BeBe Shopp, Hopkins, Minnesota 1949 Jacque Mercer, Litchfield, Arizona 1951 Yolande Betbeze, Mobile, Alabama 1952 Coleen Kay Hutchins, Salt Lake City, Utah 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Utah 1953 Neva Jane Langley, Macon, Georgia 1954 Evelyn Margaret Ay, Ephrata, Pennsylvania 1955 Lee Meriwether, San Francisco, California 1956 Sharon Ritchie, Denver, Colorado 1957 Marian McKnight, Manning, South Carolina 1958 Marilyn Van Derbur, Denver, Colorado 1959 Mary Ann Mobley, Brandon, Mississippi 1960 Lynda Lee Mead, Natchez, Mississippi 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1961 Nancy Fleming, Montague, Michigan 1962 Maria Fletcher, Asheville, North Carolina 1963 Jacquelyn Mayer, Sandusky, Ohio 1964 Donna Axum, El Dorado, Arkansas 1965 Vonda Kay Van Dyke, Phoenix, Arizona 1966 Deborah Irene Bryant, Overland Park, Kansas 1967 Jane Anne Jayroe, Laverne, Oklahoma 1968 Debra Dene Barnes, Moran, Kansas 1969 Judith Anne Ford, Belvidere, Illinois 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1969 Judith Anne Ford, Belvidere, Illinois 1970 Pamela Anne Eldred, Birmingham, Michigan 1971 Phyllis Ann George, Denton, Texas 1972 Laurie Lea Schaefer, Columbus, Ohio 1973 Terry Anne Meeuwsen, DePere, Wisconsin 1974 Rebecca Ann King, Denver, Colorado 1975 Shirley Cothran, Fort Worth, Texas 1976 Tawney Elaine Godin, Yonkers, N.Y. 1977 Dorothy Kathleen Benham, Edina, Minnesota 1978 Susan Perkins, Columbus, Ohio 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1978 Susan Perkins, Columbus, Ohio 1979 Kylene Barker, Galax, Virginia 1980 Cheryl Prewitt, Ackerman, Mississippi 1981 Susan Powell, Elk City, Oklahoma 1982 Elizabeth Ward, Russellville, Arkansas 1983 Debra Maffett, Anaheim, California 1984 Vanessa Williams, Milwood, New York*Suzette Charles, Mays Landing, New Jersey 1985 Sharlene Wells, Salt Lake City, Utah 1986 Susan Akin, Meridian, Mississippi 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1987 Kellye Cash, Memphis, Tennessee 1988 Kaye Lani Rae Rafko, Monroe, Michigan 1989 Gretchen Carlson, Anoka, Minnesota 1990 Debbye Turner, Columbia, Missouri * Resigned July 23, 1984. Motion Picture Academy Awards (Oscars) 1927-28 Actor: Emil Jannings, The Way of All Flesh. Actress: Janet Gaynor, Seventh Heaven. Director: Frank Borzage, Seventh Heaven; Lewis Milestone, Two Arabian Knights. Picture: Wings, Paramount. 1928-29 Actor: Warner Baxter, In Old Arizona. Actress: Mary Pickford, Coquette. Director: Frank Lloyd, The Divine Lady. Picture: Broadway Melody, MGM. 1929-30 Actor: George Arliss, Disraeli. Actress: Norma Shearer, The Divorcee. Director: Lewis Milestone, All Quiet on the Western Front. Picture: All Quiet on the Western Front, Univ. 1930-31 Actor: Lionel Barrymore, Free Soul. Actress: Marie Dressler, Min and Bill. Director: Norman Taurog, Skippy. Picture: Cimarron, RKO. 1931-32 Actor: Fredric March, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde; Wallace Beery, The Champ (tie). Actress: Helen Hayes, Sin of Madelon Claudet. Director: Frank Borzage, Bad Girl. Picture: Grand Hotel, MGM.Special: Walt Disney, Mickey Mouse. 1932-33 Actor: Charles Laughton, Private Life of Henry VIII. Actress: Katharine Hepburn, Morning Glory. Director: Frank Lloyd, Cavalcade. Picture: Cavalcade, Fox. 1934 Actor: Clark Gable, It Happened One Night. Actress: Claudette Colbert, It Happened One Night. Director: Frank Capra, It Happened One Night. Picture: It Happened One Night, Columbia. 1935 Actor: Victor McLaglen, The Informer. Actress: Bette Davis, Dangerous. Director: John Ford, The Informer. Picture: Mutiny on the Bounty, MGM. 1936 Actor: Paul Muni, Story of Louis Pasteur. Actress: Luise Rainer, The Great Ziegfeld. Sup.Actor: Walter Brennan, Come and Get It. Sup.Actress: Gale Sondergaard, Anthony Adverse. Director: Frank Capra, Mr. Deeds Goes to Town. Picture: The Great Ziegfeld, MGM. 1937 Actor: Spencer Tracy, Captains Courageous. Actress: Luise Rainer, The Good Earth. Sup.Actor: Joseph Schildkraut, Life of Emile Zola. Sup.Actress: Alice Brady, In Old Chicago. Director: Leo McCarey, The Awful Truth. Picture: Life of Emile Zola, Warner. 1938 Actor: Spencer Tracy, Boys Town. Actress: Bette Davis, Jezebel. Sup.Actor: Walter Brennan, Kentucky. Sup.Actress: Fay Bainter, Jezebel. Director: Frank Capra, You Can't Take It With You. Picture: You Can't Take It With You, Columbia. 1939 Actor: Robert Donat, Goodbye Mr. Chips. Actress: Vivien Leigh, Gone With the Wind. Sup.Actor: Thomas Mitchell, Stage Coach. Sup.Actress: Hattie McDaniel, Gone With the Wind. Director: Victor Fleming, Gone With the Wind. Picture: Gone With the Wind, Selznick International. 1940 Actor: James Stewart, The Philadelphia Story. Actress: Ginger Rogers, Kitty Foyle. Sup.Actor: Walter Brennan, The Westerner. Sup.Actress: Jane Darwell, The Grapes of Wrath. Director: John Ford, The Grapes of Wrath. Picture: Rebecca, Selznick International. 1941 Actor: Gary Cooper, Sergeant York. Actress: Joan Fontaine, Suspicion. Sup.Actor: Donald Crisp, How Green Was My Valley. Sup.Actress: Mary Astor, The Great Lie. Director: John Ford, How Green Was My Valley. Picture: How Green Was My Valley, 20th Cent.-Fox. 1942 Actor: James Cagney, Yankee Doodle Dandy. Actress: Greer Garson, Mrs. Miniver. Sup.Actor: Van Heflin, Johnny Eager. Sup.Actress: Teresa Wright, Mrs. Miniver. Director: William Wyler, Mrs. Miniver. Picture: Mrs. Miniver, MGM. 1943 Actor: Paul Lukas, Watch on the Rhine. Actress: Jennifer Jones, The Song of Bernadette. Sup.Actor: Charles Coburn, The More the Merrier. Sup. Actress: Katina Paxinou, For Whom the Bell Tolls. Director: Michael Curtiz, Casablanca. Picture: Casablanca, Warner. 1944 Actor: Bing Crosby, Going My Way. Actress: Ingrid Bergman, Gaslight. Sup.Actor: Barry Fitzgerald, Going My Way. Sup. Actress: Ethel Barrymore, None But the Lonely Heart. Director: Leo McCarey, Going My Way. Picture: Going My Way, Paramount. 1945 Actor: Ray Milland, The Lost Weekend. Actress: Joan Crawford, Mildred Pierce. Sup.Actor: James Dunn, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. Sup.Actress: Anne Revere, National Velvet. Director: Billy Wilder, The Lost Weekend. Picture: The Lost Weekend, Paramount. 1946 Actor: Fredric March, Best Years of Our Lives. Actress: Olivia de Havilland, To Each His Own. Sup.Actor: Harold Russell, The Best Years of Our Lives. Sup.Actress: Anne Baxter, The Razor's Edge. Director: William Wyler, The Best Years of Our Lives. Picture: The Best Years of Our Lives, Goldwyn, RKO. 1947 Actor: Ronald Colman, A Double Life. Actress: Loretta Young, The Farmer's Daughter. Sup.Actor: Edmund Gwenn, Miracle on 34th Street. Sup.Actress: Celeste Holm, Gentleman's Agreement. Director: Elia Kazan, Gentleman's Agreement. Picture: Gentleman's Agreement, 20th Cent.-Fox. 1948 Actor: Laurence Olivier, Hamlet. Actress: Jane Wyman, Johnny Belinda. Sup.Actor: Walter Huston, Treasure of Sierra Madre. Sup.Actress: Claire Trevor, Key Largo. Director: John Huston, Treasure of Sierra Madre. Picture: Hamlet, Two Cities Film, Universal International. 1949 Actor: Broderick Crawford, All the King's Men. Actress: Olivia de Havilland, The Heiress. Sup.Actor: Dean Jagger, Twelve O'Clock High. Sup.Actress: Mercedes McCambridge, All the King's Men. Director: Joseph L. Mankiewicz, Letter to Three Wives. Picture: All the King's Men, Columbia. 1950 Actor: Jose Ferrer, Cyrano de Bergerac. Actress: Judy Holliday, Born Yesterday. Sup.Actor: George Sanders, All About Eve. Sup.Actress: Josephine Hull, Harvey. Director: Joseph L. Mankiewicz, All About Eve. Picture: All About Eve, 20th Century-Fox. 1951 Actor: Humphrey Bogart, The African Queen. Actress: Vivien Leigh, A Streetcar Named Desire. Sup.Actor: Karl Malden, A Streetcar Named Desire. Sup.Actress: Kim Hunter, A Streetcar Named Desire. Director: George Stevens, A Place in the Sun. Picture: An American in Paris, MGM. 1952 Actor: Gary Cooper, High Noon. Actress: Shirley Booth, Come Back, Little Sheba. Sup.Actor: Anthony Quinn, Viva Zapata! Sup.Actress: Gloria Grahame, The Bad and the Beautiful. Director: John Ford, The Quiet Man. Picture: Greatest Show on Earth, C.B. DeMille, Paramount. 1953 Actor: William Holden, Stalag 17. Actress: Audrey Hepburn, Roman Holiday. Sup.Actor: Frank Sinatra, From Here to Eternity. Sup.Actress: Donna Reed, From Here to Eternity. Director: Fred Zinnemann, From Here to Eternity. Picture: From Here to Eternity, Columbia. 1954 Actor: Marlon Brando, On the Waterfront. Actress: Grace Kelly, The Country Girl. Sup.Actor: Edmond 0'Brien, The Barefoot Contessa. Sup.Actress: Eva Marie Saint, On the Waterfront. Director: Elia Kazan, On the Waterfront. Picture: On the Waterfront, Horizon-American, Colum. 1955 Actor: Ernest Borgnine, Marty. Actress: Anna Magnani, The Rose Tattoo. Sup.Actor: Jack Lemmon, Mister Roberts. Sup.Actress: Jo Van Fleet, East of Eden. Director: Delbert Mann, Marty. Picture: Marty, Hecht and Lancaster's Steven Prods., U.A. 1956 Actor: Yul Brynner, The King and I. Actress: Ingrid Bergman, Anastasia. Sup.Actor: Anthony Quinn, Lust for Life. Sup.Actress: Dorothy Malone, Written on the Wind. Director: George Stevens, Giant. Picture: Around the World in 80 Days, Michael Todd, U.A. 1957 Actor: Alec Guinness, The Bridge on the River Kwai. Actress: Joanne Woodward, The Three Faces of Eve. Sup.Actor: Red Buttons, Sayonara. Sup.Actress: Miyoshi Umeki, Sayonara. Director: David Lean, The Bridge on the River Kwai. Picture: The Bridge on the River Kwai, Columbia. 1958 Actor: David Niven, Separate Tables. Actress: Susan Hayward, I Want to Live. Sup.Actor: Burl Ives, The Big Country. Sup.Actress: Wendy Hiller, Separate Tables. Director: Vincente Minnelli, Gigi. Picture: Gigi, Arthur Freed Production, MGM. 1959 Actor: Charlton Heston, Ben-Hur. Actress: Simone Signoret, Room at the Top. Sup.Actor: Hugh Griffith, Ben-Hur. Sup.Actress: Shelley Winters, Diary of Anne Frank. Director: William Wyler, Ben-Hur. Picture: Ben-Hur, MGM. 1960 Actor: Burt Lancaster, Elmer Gantry. Actress: Elizabeth Taylor, Butterfield 8. Sup.Actor: Peter Ustinov, Spartacus. Sup.Actress: Shirley Jones, Elmer Gantry. Director: Billy Wilder, The Apartment. Picture: The Apartment, Mirisch Co., U.A. 1961 Actor: Maximilian Schell, Judgment at Nuremberg. Actress: Sophia Loren, Two Women. Sup.Actor: George Chakiris, West Side Story. Sup.Actress: Rita Moreno, West Side Story. Director: Jerome Robbins, Robert Wise, West Side Story. Picture: West Side Story, United Artists. 1962 Actor: Gregory Peck, To Kill a Mockingbird. Actress: Anne Bancroft, The Miracle Worker. Sup.Actor: Ed Begley, Sweet Bird of Youth. Sup.Actress: Patty Duke, The Miracle Worker. Director: David Lean, Lawrence of Arabia. Picture: Lawrence of Arabia, Columbia. 1963 Actor: Sidney Poitier, Lilies of the Field. Actress: Patricia Neal, Hud. Sup.Actor: Melvyn Douglas, Hud. Sup.Actress: Margaret Rutherford, The V.I.P.s. Director: Tony Richardson, Tom Jones. Picture: Tom Jones, Woodfall Prod., UA-Lopert Pictures. 1964 Actor: Rex Harrison, My Fair Lady. Actress: Julie Andrews, Mary Poppins. Sup.Actor: Peter Ustinov, Topkapi. Sup.Actress: Lila Kedrova, Zorba the Greek. Director: George Cukor, My Fair Lady. Picture: My Fair Lady, Warner Bros. 1965 Actor: Lee Marvin, Cat Ballou. Actress: Julie Christie, Darling. Sup.Actor: Martin Balsam, A Thousand Clowns. Sup.Actress: Shelley Winters, A Patch of Blue. Director: Robert Wise, The Sound of Music. Picture: The Sound of Music, 20th Century-Fox. 1966 Actor: Paul Scofield, A Man for All Seasons. Actress: Elizabeth Taylor, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Sup.Actor: Walter Matthau, The Fortune Cookie. Sup.Actress: Sandy Dennis, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Director: Fred Zinnemann, A Man for All Seasons. Picture: A Man for All Seasons, Columbia. 1967 Actor: Rod Steiger, In the Heat of the Night. Actress: Katharine Hepburn, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner. Sup.Actor: George Kennedy, Cool Hand Luke. Sup.Actress: Estelle Parsons, Bonnie and Clyde. Director: Mike Nichols, The Graduate. Picture: In the Heat of the Night. 1968 Actor: Cliff Robertson, Charly. Actress: Katharine Hepburn, The Lion in Winter; Barbra Streisand, Funny Girl (tie). Sup.Actor: Jack Albertson, The Subject Was Roses. Sup.Actress: Ruth Gordon, Rosemary's Baby. Director: Sir Carol Reed, Oliver! Picture: Oliver! 1969 Actor: John Wayne, True Grit. Actress: Maggie Smith, The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie. Sup.Actor: Gig Young, They Shoot Horses, Don't They? Sup.Actress: Goldie Hawn, Cactus Flower. Director: John Schlesinger, Midnight Cowboy. Picture: Midnight Cowboy. 1970 Actor: George C. Scott, Patton (refused). Actress: Glenda Jackson, Women in Love. Sup.Actor: John Mills, Ryan's Daughter. Sup.Actress: Helen Hayes, Airport. Director: Franklin Schaffner, Patton. Picture: Patton. 1971 Actor: Gene Hackman, The French Connection. Actress: Jane Fonda, Klute. Sup.Actor: Ben Johnson, The Last Picture Show. Sup.Actress: Cloris Leachman, The Last Picture Show. Director: William Friedkin, The French Connection. Picture: The French Connection. 1972 Actor: Marlon Brando, The Godfather (refused). Actress: Liza Minnelli, Cabaret. Sup.Actor: Joel Grey, Cabaret. Sup.Actress: Eileen Heckart, Butterflies are Free. Director: Bob Fosse, Cabaret. Picture: The Godfather. 1973 Actor: Jack Lemmon, Save the Tiger. Actress: Glenda Jackson, A Touch of Class. Sup.Actor: John Houseman, The Paper Chase. Sup.Actress: Tatum O'Neal, Paper Moon. Director: George Roy Hill, The Sting. Picture: The Sting. 1974 Actor: Art Carney, Harry and Tonto. Actress: Ellen Burstyn, Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore. Sup.Actor: Robert DeNiro, The Godfather, Part II. Sup.Actress: Ingrid Bergman, Murder on the Orient Express. Director: Francis Ford Coppola, The Godfather, Part II. Picture: The Godfather, Part II. 1975 Actor: Jack Nicholson, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. Actress: Louise Fletcher, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. Sup.Actor: George Burns, The Sunshine Boys. Sup.Actress: Lee Grant, Shampoo. Director: Milos Forman, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. Picture: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. 1976 Actor: Peter Finch, Network. Actress: Faye Dunaway, Network. Sup.Actor: Jason Robards, All the President's Men. Sup.Actress: Beatrice Straight, Network. Director: John G. Avildsen, Rocky. Picture: Rocky. 1977 Actor: Richard Dreyfuss, The Goodbye Girl. Actress: Diane Keaton, Annie Hall. Sup.Actor: Jason Robards, Julia. Sup.Actress: Vanessa Redgrave, Julia. Director: Woody Allen, Annie Hall. Picture: Annie Hall. 1978 Actor: Jon Voight, Coming Home. Actress: Jane Fonda, Coming Home. Sup.Actor: Christopher Walken, The Deer Hunter. Sup.Actress: Maggie Smith, California Suite. Director: Michael Cimino, The Deer Hunter. Picture: The Deer Hunter. 1979 Actor: Dustin Hoffman, Kramer vs. Kramer. Actress: Sally Field, Norma Rae. Sup.Actor: Melvyn Douglas, Being There. Sup.Actress: Meryl Streep, Kramer vs. Kramer. Director: Robert Benton, Kramer vs. Kramer. Picture: Kramer vs. Kramer. 1980 Actor: Robert DeNiro, Raging Bull. Actress: Sissy Spacek, Coal Miner's Daughter. Sup.Actor: Timothy Hutton, Ordinary People. Sup.Actress: Mary Steenburgen, Melvin & Howard. Director: Robert Redford, Ordinary People . Picture: Ordinary People. 1981 Actor: Henry Fonda, On Golden Pond. Actress: Katharine Hepburn, On Golden Pond. Sup.Actor: John Gielgud, Arthur. Sup.Actress: Maureen Stapleton, Reds. Director: Warren Beatty, Reds. Picture: Chariots of Fire. 1982 Actor: Ben Kingsley, Gandhi. Actress: Meryl Streep, Sophie's Choice. Sup.Actor: Louis Gossett, Jr., An Officer and a Gentleman. Sup.Actress: Jessica Lange, Tootsie. Director: Richard Attenborough, Gandhi. Picture: Gandhi. 1983 Actor: Robert Duvall, Tender Mercies. Actress: Shirley MacLaine, Terms of Endearment. Sup.Actor: Jack Nicholson, Terms of Endearment. Sup.Actress: Linda Hunt, The Year of Living Dangerously. Director: James L. Brooks, Terms of Endearment. Picture: Terms of Endearment. 1984 Actor: F. Murray Abraham, Amadeus. Actress: Sally Field, Places in the Heart. Sup.Actor: Haing S. Ngor, The Killing Fields. Sup.Actress: Peggy Ashcroft, A Passage to India. Director: Milos Forman, Amadeus. Picture: Amadeus. 1985 Actor: William Hurt, Kiss of the Spider Woman. Actress: Geraldine Page, The Trip to Bountiful. Sup.Actor: Don Ameche, Cocoon. Sup.Actress: Anjelica Huston, Prizzi's Honor. Director: Sydney Pollack, Out of Africa. Picture: Out of Africa. 1986 Actor: Paul Newman, The Color of Money. Actress: Marlee Matlin, Children of a Lesser God. Sup.Actor: Michael Caine, Hannah and Her Sisters. Sup.Actress: Dianne Wiest, Hannah and Her Sisters. Director: Oliver Stone, Platoon. Picture: Platoon. 1987 Actor: Michael Douglas, Wall Street. Actress: Cher, Moonstruck. Sup.Actor: Sean Connery, The Untouchables. Sup.Actress: Olympia Dukakis, Moonstruck. Director: Bernardo Bertolucci, The Last Emperor. Picture: The Last Emperor. 1988 Actor: Dustin Hoffman, Rain Man. Actress: Jodie Foster, The Accused. Sup.Actor: Kevin Kline, A Fish Called Wanda. Sup.Actress: Geena Davis, The Accidental Tourist. Director: Barry Levinson, Rain Man. Picture: Rain Man. 1989 Picture: Driving Miss Daisy. Actor: Daniel Day-Lewis, My Left Foot. Actress: Jessica Tandy, Driving Miss Daisy. Sup.Actor: Denzel Washington, Glory. Sup.Actress: Brenda Fricker, My Left Foot. Director: Oliver Stone, Born on the Fourth of July. Foreign-Language Film: Cinema Paradiso, Italy. Original Screenplay: Tom Schulman, Dead Poets Society. Screenplay Adaptation: Alfred Uhry, Driving Miss Daisy. Cinematography: Freddie Francis, Glory. Editing: David Brenner, Joe Hutshing, Born on the Fourth of July. Original Score: Alan Menken, The Little Mermaid. Original Song: Alan Menken and Howard Ashman, "Under the Sea," The Little Mermaid. Art Direction: Anton Furst and Peter Young, Batman. Costume Design: Phyllis Dalton, Henry V. Sound: Donald O. Mitchell, Gregg C. Rudloff, Elliot Tyson, Russell Williams 2d, Glory. Sound Editing: Ben Burtt, Richard Hymns, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. Makeup: Manlio Rocchetti, Driving Miss Daisy. Visual Effects: John Bruno, Dennis Muren, Hoyt Yeatman, Dennis Skotak, The Abyss. Documentary Feature: Common Threads:] Stories from the Quilt. Documentary Short Subject: The Johnstown Flood. Short Film, Animated: Balance. Short Film, Live: Work Experience. Honorary Award, for lifetime achievement: Akira Kurosawa. Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award: Howard W. Koch. Gordon E. Sawyer Technical Award: Pierre Angenieux, for zoom lens invention. Grammy Awards National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences 1958 Record: Domenico Modugno, Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu (Volare). Album: Henry Mancini, The Music from Peter Gunn. 1959 Record: Bobby Darin, Mack the Knife. Album: Frank Sinatra, Come Dance With Me. 1960 Record: Percy Faith, Theme From A Summer Place. Album: Bob Newhart, Button Down Mind. 1961 Record: Henry Mancini, Moon River. Album: Judy Garland, Judy At Carnegie Hall. 1962 Record: Tony Bennett, I Left My Heart in San Francisco. Album: Vaughn Meader, The First Family. 1963 Record: Henry Mancini, The Days of Wine and Roses. Album: The Barbra Streisand Album. 1964 Record: Stan Getz and Astrud Gilberto, The Girl From Ipanema. Album: Getz/Gilberto. 1965 Record: Herb Alpert, A Taste Of Honey. Album: Frank Sinatra, September of My Years. 1966 Record: Frank Sinatra, Strangers in the Night. Album: Frank Sinatra, A Man and His Music. 1967 Record: 5th Dimension, Up, Up and Away. Album: The Beatles, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. 1968 Record: Simon & Garfunkel, Mrs. Robinson. Album: Glen Campbell, By the Time I Get to Phoenix. 1969 Record: 5th Dimension, Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In. Album: Blood, Sweat and Tears. 1970 Record: Simon & Garfunkel, Bridge Over Troubled Water. Album: Bridge Over Troubled Water. 1971 Record: Carole King, It's Too Late. Album: Carole King, Tapestry. 1972 Record: Roberta Flack, The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face. Album: The Concert For Bangla Desh. 1973 Record: Roberta Flack, Killing Me Softly with His Song. Album: Stevie Wonder, Innervisions. 1974 Record: Olivia Newton-John, I Honestly Love You. Album: Stevie Wonder, Fulfullingness' First Finale. 1975 Record: Captain & Tennille, Love Will Keep Us Together. Album: Paul Simon, Still Crazy After All These Years. 1976 Record: George Benson, This Masquerade. Album: Stevie Wonder, Songs in the Key of Life. 1977 Record: Eagles, Hotel California. Album: Fleetwood Mac, Rumours. 1978 Record: Billy Joel, Just the Way You Are. Album: Bee Gees, Saturday Night Fever. 1979 Record: The Doobie Brothers, What a Fool Believes. Album: Billy Joel, 52nd Street. 1980 Record: Christopher Cross, Sailing. Album: Christopher Cross, Christopher Cross. 1981 Record: Kim Carnes, Bette Davis Eyes. Album: John Lennon, Yoko Ono, Double Fantasy. 1982 Record: Toto, Rosanna. Album: Toto, Toto IV. 1983 Record: Michael Jackson, Beat It. Album: Michael Jackson, Thriller. 1984 Record: Tina Turner, What's Love Got to Do With It. Album: Lionel Richie, Can't Slow Down. 1985 Record: USA for Africa, We Are the World. Album: Phil Collins, No Jacket Required. 1986 Record: Steve Winwood, Higher Love. Album: Paul Simon, Graceland. 1987 Record: Paul Simon, Graceland. Album: U2, The Joshua Tree. 1988 Record: Bobby McFerrin, Don't Worry, Be Happy. Album: George Michael, Faith. 1989 Record: Bette Midler, Wind Beneath My Wings. Album: Bonnie Raitt, Nick of Time. Male Pop Vocal: Michael Bolton, How Am I Supposed to Live Without You? Female Pop Vocal: Bonnie Raitt, Nick of Time. Duo or Group Pop Vocal: Linda Ronstadt and Aaron Neville, Don't Know Much. Pop Instrumental: Neville Brothers, Healing Chant. New Artist: Milli Vanilli. Male Rock Vocal: Don Henley, The End of the Innocence. Female Rock Vocal: Bonnie Raitt, Nick of Time. Duo or Group Rock Vocal: The Travling Wilburys, The Traveling Wilburys, Vol. 1. Rock Instrumental: Jeff Beck's Guitar Shop with Terry Bozzio and Tony Humas. Rap: Young MC, Bust a Move. Male Country Vocal: Lyle Lovett, Lyle Lovett and His Large Band. Female Country Vocal: K.D. Laing, Absolute Torch and Twang. Duo or Group Country Vocal: Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, Will the Circle Be Unbroken? Vol. 2. Country Vocal Collaboration: Hank Williams Jr. and Hank Williams Sr., There's a Tear in My Beer. Country Instrumental: Randy Scruggs, Amazing Grace. Bluegrass: Bruce Hornsby and the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, The Valley Road. Male R&B Vocal: Bobby Brown, Every Little Step. Female R&B Vocal: Anita Baker, Giving You the Best That I Got. Duo or Group R&B: Soul II Soul, Back to Life. R&B Instrumental: Soul II Soul, African Dance. Male Jazz Vocal: Harry Connick Jr., When Harry Met Sally . . . Female Jazz Vocal: Ruth Brown, Blues on Broadway. Duo or Group Jazz Vocal: Dr. John and Rickie Lee Jones, Makin' Whoopee. Solo Jazz Instrumental: Miles Davis, Aura. Group Jazz Instrumental: Miles Davis, Aura. Big Band Jazz Instrumental: Chick Corea, Chick Corea Akoustic Band. New Age: Peter Gabriel, Passion--Music for the Last Temptation of Christ. Classical Album: Emerson String Quartet, Bartok: 6 String Quartets. Orchestral Recording: Leonard Bernstein, New York Philharmonic, Mahler:] Symphony No. 3 in D Minor. Chamber Music: Emerson String Quartet, Bartok: 6 String Quartets. Solo Classical Vocalist: Dawn Upshaw, Summer of 1915. Opera: James Levine, Metropolitan Opera Orchestra, Wagner:] Die Walkure. Musical Original Cast Album: Jerome Robbins' Broadway. Comedy: Prof. Peter Schickele, The Greater Hoople Area Off-Season Philharmonic, P.D.Q. Bach:] 1712 Overture and Other Musical Assaults. Non-Musical Spoken Word: Gilda Radner, It's Always Something. Children: Tanya Goodman, The Rock-a-Bye Collection, Vol. 1. NOTED PERSONALITIES Widely Known Americans of the Present Statesmen, authors of nonfiction, military men, and other prominent persons not listed in other categories; as of mid-1990. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Arledge, Roone (Forest Hills, N.Y.) 7/8/31 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Arledge, Roone (Forest Hills, N.Y.) 7/8/31 Anderson, Jack (Long Beach, Cal.) 10/19/22 Armstrong, Neil (Wapakoneta, Oh.) 8/5/30 Armstrong, William L. (Fremont, Neb.) 1937 Ash, Mary Kay (Hot Wells, Tex.) -- Aspin, Les (Milwaukee, Wis.) 7/21/38 Baker, James A. (Houston, Tex.) 4/28/30 Baker, Russell (Loudoun Co., Va.) 8/14/25 Barnes, Clive (London, England) 5/13/27 Barthelmy, Sidney K. (New Orleans, La.) 3/17/42 Bennett, William J. (Salem, Oh.) 5/4/44 Bentsen, Lloyd (Mission, Tex.) 2/11/21 Biden, Joseph R. Jr. (Scranton, Pa.) 11/20/42 Blackmun, Harry (Nashville, Ill.) 11/12/08 Blass, Bill (Ft. Wayne, Ind.) 6/22/22 Bombeck, Erma (Dayton, Oh.) 2/21/27 Boorstin, Daniel (Atlanta, Ga.) 10/1/14 Bradlee, Ben (Boston, Mass.) 8/26/21 Bradley, Bill (Crystal City, Mo.) 7/28/43 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bradley, Bill (Crystal City, Mo.) 7/28/43 Bradley, Ed (Philadelphia, Pa.) 6/22/41 Bradley, Thomas (Calvert, Tex.) 12/29/17 Brady, Nicholas (New York, N.Y.) 4/11/30 Brennan, William J. (Newark, N.J.) 4/25/06 Breslin, Jimmy (Jamaica, N.Y.) 10/17/30 Brinkley, David (Wilmington, N.C.) 7/10/20 Broder, David (Chicago Heights, Ill.) 9/11/29 Brody, Jane (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 5/19/41 Brokaw, Tom (Webster, S. Dak.) 2/6/40 Brothers, Joyce (New York, N.Y.) 9/20/28 Brown, Helen Gurley (Green Forest, Ark.) 2/18/22 Buchanan, Pat (Washington, D.C.) 11/2/38 Buchwald, Art (Mt. Vernon, N.Y.) 10/20/25 Buckley, William F. (New York, N.Y.) 11/24/25 Bumpers, Dale (Charleston, Ark.) 8/12/25 Buscaglia, Leo (Los Angeles, Cal.) 3/31/24 Bush, Barbara (Rye, N.Y.) 6/8/25 Byrd, Robert (N. Wilkesboro, N.C.) 11/20/17 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Byrd, Robert (N. Wilkesboro, N.C.) 11/20/17 Canby, Vincent (Chicago, Ill.) 7/27/24 Carter, Jimmy (Plains, Ga.) 10/1/24 Carter, Rosalynn (Plains, Ga.) 8/18/27 Chancellor, John (Chicago, Ill.) 7/14/27 Chavez, Cesar (Yuma, Ariz.) 3/31/27 Cheney, Richard B. (Lincoln, Neb.) 1/30/41 Child, Julia (Pasadena, Cal.) 8/15/12 Chisholm, Shirley (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 11/30/24 Chung, Connie (Washington, D.C.) 8/20/46 Claiborne, Craig (Sunflower, Miss.) 9/4/20 Clark, William (Dallas, Tex.) 12/11/30 Collins, Martha (Shelby Cty, Ky.) 12/7/36 Commager, Henry Steele (Pittsburgh, Pa.) 10/25/02 Cooney, Joan Ganz (Phoenix, Ariz.) 10/30/29 Cosell, Howard (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 3/25/20 Cousins, Norman (Union Hill, N.J.) 6/24/12 Cranston, Alan (Palo Alto, Cal.) 6/19/14 Crist, Judith (New York, N.Y.) 5/22/22 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Crist, Judith (New York, N.Y.) 5/22/22 Cronkite, Walter (St. Joseph, Mo.) 11/4/16 Cuomo, Mario (Queens, N.Y.) 6/15/32 Daley, Richard M. (Chicago, Ill.) 4/24/42 Dellums, Ronald (Oakland, Cal.) 11/24/35 Dingell, John D. Jr. (Colorado Spngs., Col.) 7/8/26 Dinkins, David (Trenton, N.J.) 7/10/27 Dodd, Christopher (Willimantic, Conn.) 5/27/44 Dole, Elizabeth (Salisbury, N.C.) 7/29/36 Dole, Robert (Russell, Kan.) 7/22/23 Domenici, Pete (Albuquerque, N.M.) 5/7/32 Donaldson, Sam (El Paso, Tex.) 3/11/34 Drew, Elizabeth (Cincinnati, Oh.) 11/16/35 Dukakis, Michael S. (Boston, Mass.) 11/3/33 Dymally, Mervyn (Trinidad, W.I.) 5/12/26 Eisner, Michael (New York, N.Y.) 3/7/42 Ephron, Nora (New York, N.Y.) 5/19/41 Falwell, Jerry (Lynchburg, Va.) 8/11/33 Feinstein, Dianne (San Francisco, Cal.) 6/22/33 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Feinstein, Dianne (San Francisco, Cal.) 6/22/33 Feldstein, Martin (New York, N.Y.) 11/25/39 Ferraro, Geraldine (Newburgh, N.Y.) 8/26/35 Fitzwater, Marlin (Salina, Kan.) 11/24/42 Florio, James J. (New York, N.Y.) 8/29/37 Foley, Thomas S. (Spokane, Wash.) 3/6/29 Ford, Betty (Chicago, Ill.) 4/8/18 Ford, Gerald R. (Omaha, Neb.) 7/14/13 Friedan, Betty (Peoria, Ill.) 2/4/21 Friedman, Milton (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 7/31/12 Galbraith, John Kenneth (Ontario, Can.) 10/15/08 Gephardt, Richard (St. Louis, Mo.) 1/31/41 Gingrich, Newt (Harrisburg, Pa.) 6/17/43 Ginsberg, Allen (Paterson, N.J.) 6/3/21 Glenn, John (Cambridge, Oh.) 7/18/21 Goldwater, Barry M. (Phoenix, Ariz.) 1/1/09 Goodman, Ellen (Newton, Mass.) 4/11/41 Gore, Albert Jr. (Washington, D.C.) 3/31/48 Gottlieb, Robert A. (New York) 4/9/31 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Gottlieb, Robert A. (New York) 4/9/31 Gould, Stephen Jay (New York, N.Y.) 9/10/41 Graham, Billy (Charlotte, N.C.) 11/7/18 Graham, Katharine (New York, N.Y.) 6/16/17 Gramm, Phil (Ft. Bennington, Ga.) 7/8/42 Gray, William H. 3d (Baton Rouge, La.) 8/20/41 Greenfield, Meg (Seattle, Wash.) 12/27/30 Greenspan, Alan (New York, N.Y.) 3/6/26 Gumble, Bryant (New Orleans, La.) 9/29/48 Halberstam, David (New York, N.Y.) 4/10/34 Hammer, Armand (New York, N.Y.) 5/21/98 Harvey, Paul (Tulsa, Okla.) 9/4/18 Hatch, Orrin (Homestead, Pa.) 3/22/34 Hatfield, Mark O. (Dallas, Ore.) 7/12/22 Heflin, Howell (Poulan, Ga.) 6/19/21 Hefner, Hugh (Chicago, Ill.) 4/9/26 Helms, Jesse (Monroe, N.C.) 10/18/21 Heloise (Waco, Tex.) 4/15/51 Hills, Carla (Los Angeles, Cal.) 1/3/34 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hills, Carla (Los Angeles, Cal.) 1/3/34 Hollings, Ernest (Charleston, S.C.) 1/1/22 Iacocca, Lee A. (Allentown, Pa.) 10/15/24 Icahn, Carl (New York, N.Y.) 1936 Inouye, Daniel K. (Honolulu, Ha.) 9/7/24 Jackson, Jesse (Greenville, S.C.) 10/8/41 Jennings, Peter (Toronto, Ont.) 8/29/38 Johnson, Lady Bird (Karnack, Tex.) 12/22/12 Jordan, Barbara (Houston, Tex.) 2/21/36 Kael, Pauline (Petaluma, Calif.) 6/19/19 Karan, Donna (Forest Hills, N.Y.) 10/2/48 Kassebaum, Nancy (Topeka, Kan.) 7/29/32 Keillor, Garrison (Anoka, Minn.) 8/7/42 Kemp, Jack (Los Angeles, Cal.) 7/13/35 Kennedy, Anthony (Sacramento, Cal.) 7/23/36 Kennedy, Edward M. (Brookline, Mass.) 2/22/32 Kennedy, Rose (Boston, Mass.) 7/22/90 Kerr, Walter (Evanston, Ill.) 7/8/13 King, Coretta Scott (Marion, Ala.) 4/27/27 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 King, Coretta Scott (Marion, Ala.) 4/27/27 King, Larry (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 11/19/34 Kirkland, Lane (Camden, S.C.) 3/12/22 Kirkpatrick, Jeane (Duncan, Okla.) 11/19/26 Kissinger, Henry (Fuerth, Germany) 5/27/23 Klein, Calvin (New York, N.Y.) 11/19/42 Koch, Edward I. (New York, N.Y.) 12/12/24 Koop, C. Everett (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 10/14/16 Koppel, Ted (Lancashire, Eng.) 2/8/40 Kuhn, Maggie (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1905 Kunstler, William (New York, N.Y.) 7/7/19 Landers, Ann (Sioux City, Ia.) 7/4/18 Lauder, Estee (New York, N.Y.) -- Lauren, Ralph (Bronx, N.Y.) 10/14/39 Leahy, Patrick (Montpelier, Vt.) 3/31/40 Lear, Norman (New Haven, Conn.) 7/27/22 Lehrer, Jim (Wichita, Kan.) 5/19/34 Lindbergh, Anne Morrow (Englewood, N.J.) 1906 Lorenzo, Frank (New York, N.Y.) 5/19/40 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Lorenzo, Frank (New York, N.Y.) 5/19/40 Lott, Trent (Grenada, Miss.) 10/9/41 Lugar, Richard G. (Indianapolis, Ind.) 4/4/32 Lukas, J. Anthony (New York, N.Y.) 4/25/33 MacNeil, Robert (Montreal, Que.) 1/19/31 Marshall, Thurgood (Baltimore, Md.) 7/2/08 Martinez, Bob (Tampa, Fla.) 12/25/34 Metzenbaum, Howard (Cleveland, Oh.) 6/4/17 Michel, Robert H. (Peoria, Ill.) 3/2/23 Mikulski, Barbara (Baltimore, Md.) 7/20/36 Mitchell, George (Waterville, Me.) 8/20/33 Mondale, Walter (Ceylon, Minn.) 1/5/28 Mosbacher, Robert (Mt. Vernon, N.Y.) 3/11/27 Moyers, Bill (Hugo, Okla.) 6/5/34 Moynihan, Daniel P. (Tulsa, Okla.) 3/16/27 Mudd, Roger (Washington, D.C.) 2/9/28 Murdoch, Rupert (Melbourne, Austr.) 5/11/31 Nader, Ralph (Winsted, Conn.) 2/27/34 Nidetch, Jean (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 10/12/23 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Nidetch, Jean (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 10/12/23 Nixon, Pat (Ely, Nev.) 3/16/12 Nixon, Richard (Yorba Linda, Cal.) 1/9/13 North, Oliver (San Antonio, Tex.) 10/7/43 Norton, Eleanor Holmes (Washington, D.C.) 6/13/37 Nunn, Sam (Perry, Ga.) 9/8/38 O'Connor, Cardinal John (Phila., Pa.) 1/15/20 O'Connor, Sandra Day (nr. Duncan, Ariz.) 3/26/30 Onassis, Jacqueline (Southampton, N.Y.) 7/28/29 O'Neill, Thomas P. (Cambridge, Mass.) 12/9/12 Packwood, Bob (Portland, Ore.) 9/11/32 Paley, William S. (Chicago, Ill.) 9/28/01 Pauley, Jane (Indianapolis, Ind.) 10/31/50 Pauling, Linus (Portland, Ore.) 2/28/01 Perot, H. Ross 1930 Pickens, T. Boone (Holdenville, Okla.) 5/22/28 Pickering, Thomas (Orange, N.J.) 11/5/31 Plimpton, George (New York, N.Y.) 3/18/27 Podhoretz, Norman (New York, N.Y.) 1/16/30 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Podhoretz, Norman (New York, N.Y.) 1/16/30 Porter, Sylvia (Patchogue, N.Y.) 6/18/13 Poussaint, Alvin F. (New York, N.Y.) 5/15/34 Powell, Colin (New York, N.Y.) 4/5/37 Quayle, Dan (Indianapolis, Ind.) 2/4/47 Quinn, Jane Bryant (Niagara Falls, N.Y.) 2/5/39 Rangel, Charles (New York, N.Y.) 6/11/30 Rather, Dan (Wharton, Tex.) 10/31/31 Reagan, Nancy (New York, N.Y.) 7/6/23 Reagan, Ronald (Tampico, Ill.) 2/6/11 Reasoner, Harry (Dakota City, Ia.) 4/17/23 Rehnquist, William (Milwaukee, Wis.) 10/1/24 Rich, Frank (Washington, D.C.) 6/2/49 Ride, Sally K. (Encino, Calif.) 1952 Roberts, Oral (nr. Ada, Okla.) 1/24/18 Robertson, Pat (Lexington, Va.) 3/22/30 Rockefeller, David (New York, N.Y.) 6/12/15 Rockefeller, John D. 4th "Jay" (New York, N.Y.) 6/18/37 Rockefeller, Laurance S. (New York, N.Y.) 5/26/10 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Rockefeller, Laurance S. (New York, N.Y.) 5/26/10 Roemer, Charles E. "Buddy" (Shreveport, La.) 10/4/43 Rooney, Andy (Albany, N.Y.) 1/14/19 Rostenkowski, Dan (Chicago, Ill.) 1/2/28 Rozelle, Pete (S. Gate, Calif.) 3/1/26 Rukeyser, Louis (New York, N.Y.) 1/30/33 Safer, Morley (Toronto, Ontario) 11/8/31 Safire, William (New York, N.Y.) 12/17/29 Sagan, Carl (New York, N.Y.) 11/9/34 Salk, Jonas (New York, N.Y.) 10/28/14 Sawyer, Diane (Glasgow, Ky.) 12/22/45 Scalia, Antonin (Trenton, N.J.) 3/11/36 Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. (Columbus, Oh.) 10/15/17 Schroeder, Patricia (Portland, Ore.) 7/30/40 Schuller, Robert (Alton, Ia.) 9/16/26 Scowcroft, Brent (Ogden, Ut.) 3/19/25 Sculley, John (New York, N.Y.) 4/6/39 Seaborg, Glenn T. (Ishpeming, Mich.) 4/19/12 Shanker, Albert (New York, N.Y.) 9/14/28 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Shanker, Albert (New York, N.Y.) 9/14/28 Shriver, Maria (Chicago, Ill.) 11/6/55 Shultz, George P. (New York, N.Y.) 12/13/20 Silverstein, Shel (Chicago, Ill.) 1932 Simmons, Richard (New Orleans, La.) 7/12/48 Simon, Paul (Eugene, Ore.) 11/29/28 Simpson, Alan K. (Cody, Wyo.) 9/2/31 Smith, Liz (Ft. Worth, Tex.) 2/2/23 Solarz, Stephen J. (New York, N.Y.) 9/2/40 Spock, Benjamin (New Haven, Conn.) 5/2/03 Stahl, Lesley (Lynn, Mass.) 12/16/41 Steinbrenner, George (Rocky River, Oh.) 7/4/30 Steinem, Gloria (Toledo, Oh.) 3/25/34 Stern, David J. (New York, N.Y.) 9/22/42 Stevens, John Paul (Chicago, Ill.) 4/20/20 Sullivan, Louis (Atlanta, Ga.) 11/3/33 Sulzberger, Arthur Ochs (New York, N.Y.) 2/5/26 Sununu, John H. (Havana, Cuba) 7/2/39 Terkel, Studs (New York, N.Y.) 5/16/12 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Terkel, Studs (New York, N.Y.) 5/16/12 Thornburgh, Dick (Pittsburgh, Pa.) 7/16/32 Thurmond, J. Strom (Edgefield, S.C.) 12/5/02 Tinker, Grant (Stamford, Conn.) 1/11/26 Tisch, Laurence (New York, N.Y.) 3/15/23 Toland, John (LaCrosse, Wis.) 6/29/12 Trillin, Calvin (Kansas City, Mo.) 12/5/35 Truman, Margaret (Independence, Mo.) 2/17/24 Trump, Donald (New York, N.Y.) 1946 Turner, Ted (Cincinnati, Oh.) 1938 Udall, Morris K. (St. Johns, Ariz.) 6/15/22 Ueberroth, Peter (Chicago, Ill.) 9/2/37 Van Buren, Abigail (Sioux City, Ia.) 7/4/18 Wallace, George (Clio, Ala.) 8/25/19 Wallace, Mike (Brookline, Mass.) 5/9/18 Walters, Barbara (Boston, Mass.) 9/25/31 Walton, Sam (Kingfisher, Okla.) 1920 Webster, William H. (St. Louis, Mo.) 3/6/24 Weicker, Lowell (Paris, France) 5/16/31 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Weicker, Lowell (Paris, France) 5/16/31 Wenner, Jann (New York, N.Y.) 1/7/46 Westheimer, Ruth (Germany) 1928 White, Bill (Lakewood, Fla.) 1/28/34 White, Byron (Ft. Collins, Col.) 6/8/17 Wicker, Tom (Hamlet, N.C.) 6/18/26 Wiesel, Elie (Sighet, Transyl.) 9/30/28 Wilder, L. Douglas (Richmond, Va.) 1/17/31 Will, George (Champaign, Ill.) 1941 Wright, James C. Jr. (Ft. Worth, Tex.) 12/22/22 Yard, Molly (Shanghai, China) -- Young, Andrew (New Orleans, La.) 3/12/32 Young, Coleman (Tuscaloosa, Ala.) 5/24/18 Ziegler, John (Grosse Point, Mich.) 2/9/34 Noted Black Americans Names of black athletes and entertainers are not included here as they are listed elsewhere in The World Almanac. The Rev. Dr. Ralph David Abernathy , 1926-1990, organizer, 1957, and president, 1968, of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Crispus Attucks , c. 1723-1770, agitator who led group that precipitated the "Boston Massacre," Mar. 5, 1770. James Baldwin , 1924-1987, author, playwright; The Fire Next Time, Blues for Mister Charlie, Just Above My Head. Benjamin Banneker , 1731-1806, inventor, astronomer, mathematician, and gazetteer; served on commission that surveyed and laid out Washington, D. C. Imamu Amiri Baraka , b. LeRoi Jones, 1934, poet, playwright. James P. Beckwourth , 1798-c. 1867, western fur-trader, scout, after whom Beckwourth Pass in northern California is named. Dr. Mary McCleod Bethune , 1875-1955, adviser to presidents Roosevelt, Truman; division administrator, Natl. Youth Administration, 1935; founder, pres. Bethune-Cookman College. Henry Blair , 19th century, obtained patents (believed the first issued to a black) for a corn-planter, 1834, and for a cotton-planter, 1836. Julian Bond , b. 1940, civil rights leader first elected to the Georgia state legislature, 1965; helped found Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. Edward Bouchet , 1852-1918, first black to earn a Ph.D., Yale, 1876, at a U. S. university; first black elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Thomas Bradley , b. 1917, elected mayor of Los Angeles, 1973. Andrew F. Brimmer , b. 1926, first black member, 1966, Federal Reserve Board. Edward W. Brooke , b. 1919, attorney general, 1962, of Massachusetts; first black elected to U. S. Senate, 1967, since 19th century Reconstruction. Gwendolyn Brooks , b. 1917, poet, novelist; first black to win a Pulitzer Prize, 1950, for Annie Allen. Sterling A. Brown , 1901-1989, poet, literature professor; helped establish Afro-American literary criticism. William Wells Brown , 1815-1884, novelist, dramatist; first American black to publish a novel. Dr. Ralph Bunche , 1904-1971, first black to win the Nobel Peace Prize, 1950; undersecretary of the UN, 1950. Sherian Grace Cadoria , b. 1940, brigadier general; highest ranking black woman in U.S. armed forces as of 1990. Alexa Canady , b. 1950, first black woman neurosurgeon in U.S. George E. Carruthers , b. 1940, physicist developed the Apollo 16 lunar surface ultraviolet camera/spectograph. George Washington Carver , 1861-1943, botanist, chemurgist, and educator; his extensive experiments in soil building and plant diseases revolutionized the economy of the South. Charles Waddell Chestnutt , 1858-1932, author known primarily for his short stories, including The Conjure Woman. Shirley Chisholm , b. 1924, first black woman elected to House of Representatives, Brooklyn, N. Y., 1968. Bishop Philip R. Cousin , b. 1933, Pres., Natl. Council of Churches of Christ in the USA, 1985-. Countee Cullen , 1903-1946, poet; won many literary prizes. Lt. Gen. Benjamin O. Davis Jr. b. 1912, West Point, 1936, first black Air Force general, 1954. Brig. Gen. Benjamin O. Davis Sr. , 1877-1970, first black general, 1940, in U. S. Army. William L. Dawson , 1886-1970, Illinois congressman, first black chairman of a major House of Representatives committee. David Dinkins , b. 1927, first black mayor of New York City, 1990-. Isaiah Dorman , 19th century, U. S. Army interpreter, killed with Custer, 1876, at Battle of the Little Big Horn. Aaron Douglas , 1900-1979, painter; called father of black American art. Frederick Douglass , 1817-1895, author, editor, orator, diplomat; edited the abolitionist weekly, The North Star, in Rochester, N. Y.; U.S. minister and consul general to Haiti. Dr. Charles Richard Drew , 1904-1950, pioneer in development of blood banks; director of American Red Cross blood donor project in World War II. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois , 1868-1963, historian, sociologist; a founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 1909, and founder of its magazine The Crisis; author, The Souls of Black Folk. Paul Laurence Dunbar , 1872-1906, poet, novelist; won fame with Lyrics of Lowly Life, 1896. Jean Baptiste Point du Sable , c. 1750-1818, pioneer trader and first settler of Chicago, 1779. Marian Wright Edelman , b. 1939, founder, pres. of Children's Defense Fund. Ralph Ellison , b. 1914, novelist, essayist, Invisible Man. James Farmer , b. 1920, a founder of the Congress of Racial Equality, 1942; asst. secretary, Dept. of HEW, 1969. Henry O. Flipper , 1856-1940, first black to graduate, 1877, from West Point. Charles Fuller , b. 1939, Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright; A Soldier's Play. Mary Hatwood Futrell , b. 1940, president, Natl. Education Assn., 1983-. Marcus Garvey , 1887-1940, founded Universal Negro Improvement Assn., 1911. Kenneth Gibson , b. 1932, Newark, N.J., mayor, 1970-1986. Charles Gordone , b. 1925, won 1970 Pulitzer Prize in Drama, with No Place to Be Somebody. Vice Adm. Samuel L. Gravely Jr. b. 1922, first black admiral, 1971, served in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam; commander, Third Fleet. William H. Gray 3d , b. 1941, U.S. representative from Pa., 1979--; chairman, Budget Committee, 1985-88; chairman, House Democratic Caucus, 1988-89; majority whip, 1989-. Ewart Guinier , 1911-1990, trade unionist, first chairman of Harvard Univ.'s Department of Afro-American Studies. Alex Haley , b. 1921, Pulitzer Prize-winning author; Roots, The Autobiography of Malcolm X. Jupiter Hammon , c. 1720-1800, poet; the first black American to have his works published, 1761. Lorraine Hansberry , 1930-1965, playwright; won New York Drama Critics Circle Award, 1959, with Raisin in the Sun. Barbara Harris , b. 1931, first woman Episcopal bishop. Patricia Roberts Harris , 1924-1985, U. S. ambassador to Luxembourg, 1965-67, secretary; Dept. of HUD, 1977-1979, Dept. of HHS, 1979-1981. William H. Hastie , 1904-1976 first black federal judge, appointed 1937; governor of Virgin Islands, 1946-49; judge, U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, 1949. Chester Himes , 1909-1984, novelist, Cotton Comes to Harlem. Matthew A. Henson , 1866-1955, member of Peary's 1909 expedition to the North Pole; placed U.S. flag at the Pole. Dr. William A. Hinton , 1883-1959, developed the Hinton and Davies-Hinton tests for detection of syphilis; first black professor, 1949, at Harvard Medical School. Benjamin L. Hooks , b. 1925, first black member, 1972-1979, Federal Communications Comm.; exec. dir., NAACP, 1977--. Nathan I. Huggins , 1927-1989, historian, scholar; Harvard professor from 1980, director of that university's Institute for Afro-American Research from 1981. Langston Hughes , 1902-1967, poet; story, song lyric author. Charlayne Hunter-Gault , b. 1942, first black woman admitted to Univ. of Ga., 1961; ran N.Y. Times Harlem Bureau, 1968-1977; broadcast journalist, 1978--. The Rev. Jesse Jackson , b. 1941, national director, Operation Bread Basket; campaigned for Democratic presidential nomination, 1984, 1988. Maynard Jackson , b. 1938, elected mayor of Atlanta, 1973. Gen. Daniel James Jr. 1920-1978, first black 4-star general, 1975; Commander, North American Air Defense Command. Pvt. Henry Johnson , 1897-1929, the first American decorated by France in World War I with the Croix de Guerre. James Weldon Johnson , 1871-1938, poet, lyricist, novelist; first black admitted to Florida bar; U.S. consul in Venezuela and Nicaragua. John H. Johnson , b. 1918, publisher, editor of Ebony, Jet, Ebony Jr. magazines, from 1942. Barbara Jordan , b. 1936, former congresswoman from Texas; member, House Judiciary Committee. Vernon E. Jordan , b. 1935, exec. dir. Natl. Urban League, 1972. Ernest E. Just , 1883-1941, marine biologist, studied egg development; author, Biology of Cell Surfaces, 1941. Leontine T.C. Kelly , b. 1920, United Methodist bishop; first black woman bishop of a major American denomination, 1989. The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , 1929-1968, led 382-day Montgomery, Ala., boycott that brought 1956 U.S. Supreme Court decision holding segregation on buses unconstitutional; founder, president, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1957; won Nobel Peace Prize, 1964. Lewis H. Latimer , 1848-1928, associate of Edison; supervised installation of first electric street lighting in N.Y.C. Mickey Leland, 1944-1989 , U.S. representative from Texas, 1978 until death; chairman of Congressional Black Caucus; guiding force behind House Select Committee on Hunger, which he chaired from its 1984 founding. Malcolm X, 1925-1965 , leading spokesman for black pride, founded, 1963, Organization of Afro-American Unity. Thurgood Marshall , b. 1908, first black U.S. solicitor general 1965; first black justice of the U. S. Supreme Court, 1967; as a lawyer led the legal battery that won the historic decision from the Supreme Court declaring racial segregation of public schools unconstitutional, 1954. Jan Matzeliger , 1852-1889, invented lasting machine, patented 1883, which revolutionized the shoe industry. Benjamin Mays , 1895-1984, educator, civil rights leader; headed Morehouse College, 1940-1967. Wade H. McCree Jr. , 1920-1987, solicitor general of the U.S., 1977-1981. Donald E. McHenry , b. 1936, U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, 1979-1981. Ronald McNair , 1950-1986, physicist, first black astronaut; killed in Challenger explosion. Dorie Miller , 1919-1943, Navy hero of Pearl Harbor attack; awarded the Navy Cross. Ernest N. Morial , b. 1929, elected first black mayor of New Orleans, 1977. Toni Morrison , novelist; Song of Solomon, Tar Baby; won 1988 Pulitzer prize for Beloved. Willard Motley , 1912-1965, novelist; Knock on Any Door. Elijah Muhammad , 1897-1975, founded Black Muslims, 1931. Pedro Alonzo Nino , navigator of the Nina, one of Columbus' 3 ships on his first voyage of discovery to the New World, 1492. Rosa Parks , b. 1913, Montgomery Ala. Citizen arrested for refusing to move to the back of the bus, Dec. 1, 1955, bringing a 382-day bus boycott led by Martin Luther King Jr. Frederick D. Patterson , 1901-1988, founder of United Negro College Fund, 1944; Tuskegee Institute's third pres., 1935-1953. Adam Clayton Powell , 1908-1972, early civil rights leader, congressman, 1945-1969; chairman, House Committee on Education and Labor, 1960-1967. Colin Powell , b. 1937, first black Natl. Security Advisor, 1987-88; first black chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1989-. Joseph H. Rainey , 1832-1887, first black elected to House of Representatives, 1869, from South Carolina. A. Philip Randolph , 1889-1979, organized the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 1925; organizer of 1941 and 1963 March on Washington movements; vice president, AFL-CIO. Charles Rangel , b. 1930, congressman from N.Y.C. from 1970; member, Ways and Means Committee; chairman, Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse & Control. Hiram R. Revels , 1822-1901, first black U.S. senator, elected in Mississippi, served 1870-1871. Lloyd Richards , b. 1922(?), first black to direct a Broadway play, 1959; dean, Yale Univ. School of Drama & artistic director of Yale Repertory Theatre, 1979-1991. Wilson C. Riles , b. 1917, elected, 1970, California State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Norbert Rillieux , 1806-1894; invented a vacuum pan evaporator, 1846, revolutionizing the sugar-refining industry. Paul Robeson , 1898-1976, actor and concert singer, graduated 1st in class at Rutgers, 1918, Phi Beta Kappa; grad. Columbia Univ. law school, 1923; associated with communist causes. Max Robinson , 1939-1988, TV journalist, first black to anchor network news, 1978. Carl T. Rowan , b. 1925, prize-winning journalist; director of the U.S. Information Agency, 1964, the first black to sit on the National Security Council; U. S. ambassador to Finland, 1963. John B. Russwurm , 1799-1851, with Samuel E. Cornish, 1793-1858, founded, 1827, the nation's first black newspaper, Freedom's Journal, in N.Y.C. Bayard Rustin , 1910-1987, organizer of the 1963 March on Washington; executive director, A. Philip Randolph Institute. Peter Salem , at the Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775, shot and killed British commander Maj. John Pitcairn. Ntozake Shange , b. 1948, writer, For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide/When the Rainbow is Enuf. Bishop Stephen Spottswood , 1897-1974, board chairman of NAACP, 1961-1974. The Rev. Leon H. Sullivan , b. 1922, economic development planner, first black on General Motors Bd. of Directors. Willard Townsend , 1895-1957, organized the United Transport Service Employees, 1935 (redcaps, etc.); vice pres. AFL-CIO. Sojourner Truth , 1797-1883, born Isabella Baumfree; preacher, abolitonist; raised funds for Union in Civil War; worked for black educational opportunities. Harriet Tubman , 1823-1913, Underground Railroad conductor served as nurse and spy for Union Army in the Civil War. Nat Turner , 1800-1831, led the most significant of over 200 slave revolts in U.S., in Southampton, Va.; hanged. Alice Walker , b. 1944, novelist, essayist, The Color Purple. Booker T. Washington , 1856-1915, founder, 1881, and first president of Tuskegee Institute; author, Up From Slavery. Harold Washington , 1922-1978, first black mayor of Chicago, from 1983 until death. Dr. Robert C. Weaver , b. 1907, first black member of the U.S. Cabinet, secretary, Dept. of HUD, 1966. Ida B. Wells (Barnett) , 1862-1931, journalist who waged anti-lynching crusade. Clifton R. Wharton Jr. , b. 1926, first black pres. of major U.S. univ.; chancellor, nation's largest univ. system, 8 yrs.; chairman & CEO, country's largest pension fund, 1987--. Phillis Wheatley , c. 1753-1784, poet; 2d American woman and first black woman to have her works published, 1770. Bill White , b. 1934, first black baseball league president; named Natl. League head, 1989. Walter White , 1893-1955, exec. secretary, NAACP, 1931-1955. L. Douglas Wilder , first black governor, elected Virginia chief executive 1989. Roy Wilkins , 1901-1981, exec. director, NAACP, 1955-1977. Dr. Daniel Hale Williams , 1858-1931, performed one of first 2 open-heart operations, 1893; founded Provident, Chicago's first Negro hospital; first black elected a fellow of the American College of Surgeons. August Wilson , b. 1945, playwright, won 1987 Pulitzer Prize for Fences, 1990 Pultizer for The Piano Lesson. Granville T. Woods , 1856-1910, invented the third-rail system now used in subways, a complex railway telegraph device that helped reduce train accidents, and an automatic air brake. Dr. Carter G. Woodson , 1875-1950, historian; founded Assn. for the Study of Negro Life and History, 1915, and Journal of Negro History, 1916. Richard Wright , 1908-1960, novelist; Native Son, Black Boy. Frank Yerby , b. 1916, first best-selling American black novelist; The Foxes of Harrow, Vixen. Andrew Young , b. 1932, civil rights leader, congressman from Georgia, U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, 1977-79; mayor of Atlanta, 1982-. Whitney M. Young Jr. , 1921-1971, exec. director, 1961, National Urban League; author, lecturer, newspaper columnist. About 5,000 blacks served in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, mostly in integrated units, some in all-black combat units. Some 200,000 blacks served in the Union Army during the Civil War; 38,000 gave their lives; 22 won the Medal of Honor, the nation's highest award. Of 367,000 blacks in the armed forces during World War I, 100,000 served in France. More than 1,000,000 blacks served in the armed forces during World War II; all-black fighter and bomber AAF units and infantry divisions gave distinguished service. In 1954 the policy of all-black units was finally abolished. Of 274,937 blacks who served in the armed forces during the Vietnam War (1965-1974), 5,681 were killed in combat. As of Jan., 1989, there were 299 black mayors, 2,882 members of municipal governing boards, 416 state legislators, and 24 U.S. representatives. There were then 7,226 blacks holding elected office in the U.S. and Virgin Islands, an increase of 5.8% over the previous year, according to a survey by the Joint Center for Political Studies, Washington, D.C. Notable Living American Fiction Writers and Playwrights 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Adams, Alice (Fredericksburg, Va.) 8/14/26 Albee, Edward (Washington, D.C.) 3/12/28 Asimov, Isaac (Petrovichi, Russia) 1/2/20 Auchincloss, Louis (Lawrence, N.Y.) 9/27/17 Barth, John (Cambridge, Md.) 5/27/30 Beattie, Ann (Washington, D.C.) 9/7/47 Bellow, Saul (Quebec, Canada) 7/10/15 Benchley, Peter (New York, N.Y.) 5/8/40 Berger, Thomas (Cincinnati, Oh.) 7/20/24 Blume, Judy (Elizabeth, N.J.) 2/12/38 Bradbury, Ray (Waukegan, Ill.) 8/22/20 Brooks, Gwendolyn (Topeka, Kan.) 6/7/17 Calisher, Hortense (New York, N.Y.) 12/20/11 Clark, Mary Higgins (New York, N.Y.) 12/24/31 Clavell, James (England) 10/10/24 Cleary, Beverly (McMinnville, Ore.) 1916 Connell, Evan S. (Kansas City, Mo.) 8/17/24 Conroy, Pat (Atlanta, Ga.) 10/26/45 Crews, Harry (Alma, Ga.) 6/6/35 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Crews, Harry (Alma, Ga.) 6/6/35 Crichton, Michael (Chicago, Ill.) 10/23/42 Dailey, Janet (Storm Lake, Ia.) 5/21/44 De Vries, Peter (Chicago, Ill.) 2/27/10 Didion, Joan (Sacramento, Cal.) 12/5/34 Doctorow, E. L. (New York, N.Y.) 1/6/31 Dunne, John Gregory (Hartford, Conn.) 5/25/32 Elkin, Stanley (New York, N.Y.) 5/11/30 Ellison, Ralph (Oklahoma City, Okla.) 3/1/14 Fast, Howard (New York, N.Y.) 11/11/14 Fox, Paula (New York, N.Y.) 4/22/23 French, Marilyn (New York, N.Y.) 11/21/29 Fuller, Charles (Philadelphia, Pa.) 3/5/39 Gaddis, William (New York, N.Y.) 1922 Geisel, Theodore ("Dr. Seuss," Springfield, Mass.) 3/2/04 Gilroy, Frank (New York, N.Y.) 10/13/25 Godwin, Gail (Birmingham, Ala.) 6/18/37 Gold, Herbert (Cleveland, Oh.) 3/9/24 Goldman, William (Chicago, Ill.) 8/12/31 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Goldman, William (Chicago, Ill.) 8/12/31 Gordon, Mary (Long Island, N.Y.) 12/8/49 Grau, Shirley Ann (New Orleans, La.) 7/8/29 Guare, John (New York, N.Y.) 2/5/38 Hailey, Arthur (Luton, England) 4/5/20 Haley, Alex (Ithaca, N.Y.) 8/11/21 Hawkes, John (Stamford, Conn.) 8/17/25 Heller, Joseph (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 5/1/23 Helprin, Mark (New York, N.Y.) 6/28/47 Hersey, John (Tientsin, China) 6/17/14 Hinton, S.E. (Tulsa, Okla.) 1948 Irving, John (Exeter, N.H.) 3/2/42 Jong, Erica (New York, N.Y.) 3/26/42 Kennedy, William (Albany, N.Y.) 1/16/28 Kerr, Jean (Scranton, Pa.) 7/10/23 King, Stephen (Portland, Me.) 9/21/47 Knowles, John (Fairmont, W. Va.) 9/16/26 Kosinski, Jerzy (Lodz, Poland) 6/14/33 Krantz, Judith (New York, N.Y.) 1/9/28 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Krantz, Judith (New York, N.Y.) 1/9/28 LeGuin, Ursula (Berkeley, Cal.) 10/21/29 L'Engle, Madeleine (New York, N.Y.) 11/29/18 Leonard, Elmore (New Orleans, La.) 10/11/25 Levin, Ira (New York, N.Y.) 8/27/29 Ludlum, Robert (New York, N.Y.) 5/25/27 Lurie, Alison (Chicago, Ill.) 9/3/26 Mailer, Norman (Long Branch, N.J.) 1/31/23 Mamet, David (Chicago, Ill.) 11/30/47 McGuane, Thomas (Wyandotte, Mich.) 12/11/39 McMurtry, Larry (Wichita Falls, Tex.) 6/3/36 Michener, James A. (New York, N.Y.) 2/3/07 Miller, Arthur (New York, N.Y.) 10/17/15 Morris, Wright (Central City, Neb.) 1/6/10 Morrison, Toni (Lorain, Oh.) -- Oates, Joyce Carol (Lockport, N.Y.) 6/16/38 Ozick, Cynthia (New York, N.Y.) 4/17/28 Paley, Grace (New York, N.Y.) 12/11/22 Percy, Walker (Birmingham, Ala.) 5/28/16 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Percy, Walker (Birmingham, Ala.) 5/28/16 Piercy, Marge (Detroit, Mich.) 3/31/36 Potok, Chaim (New York, N.Y.) 2/17/29 Price, Reynolds (Macon, N.C.) 2/1/33 Puzo, Mario (New York, N.Y.) 10/15/20 Pynchon, Thomas (Glen Cove, N.Y.) 5/8/37 Rabe, David (Dubuque, Ia.) 3/10/40 Reed, Ishmael (Chattanooga, Tenn.) 2/22/38 Roth, Henry (Austria-Hungary) 2/8/06 Roth, Philip (Newark, N.J.) 3/19/33 Salinger, J. D. (New York, N.Y.) 1/1/19 Sanders, Lawrence (New York, N.Y.) 1920 Sendak, Maurice (New York, N.Y.) 6/10/28 Shepard, Sam (Ft. Sheridan, Ill.) 11/5/43 Simon, Neil (New York, N.Y.) 7/4/27 Singer, Isaac Bashevis (Radzymin, Poland) 7/14/04 Spillane, Mickey (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 3/9/18 Stegner, Wallace (Lake Mills, Ia.) 2/18/09 Stern, Richard (New York, N.Y.) 2/25/28 Name (Birthplace) Birthdate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Stern, Richard (New York, N.Y.) 2/25/28 Stone, Irving (San Francisco, Cal.) 7/14/03 Stone, Robert (Brooklyn, N.Y.) 8/21/37 Taylor, Peter (Trenton, Tenn.) 1/8/17 Theroux, Paul (Medford, Mass.) 4/10/41 Tyler, Anne (Minneapolis, Minn.) 10/25/41 Updike, John (Shillington, Pa.) 3/18/32 Uris, Leon (Baltimore, Md.) 8/3/24 Vidal, Gore (West Point, N.Y.) 10/3/25 Vonnegut, Kurt Jr. (Indianapolis, Ind.) 11/11/22 Walker, Alice (Eatonton, Ga.) 1944 Wambaugh, Joseph (East Pittsburgh, Pa.) 1/22/37 Welty, Eudora (Jackson, Miss.) 4/13/09 Wilson, August (Pittsburgh, Pa.) 4/27/45 Wilson, Lanford (Lebanon, Mo.) 4/13/37 Wolfe, Tom (Richmond, Va.) 3/2/31 Wolff, Tobias (Birmingham, Ala.) 6/19/45 Wouk, Herman (New York, N.Y.) 5/27/15 American Architects and Some of Their Achievements Max Abramovitz, b. 1908, Avery Fisher Hall, Lincoln Center, N.Y.C. Henry Bacon, 1866-1924, Lincoln Memorial. Pietro Belluschi, b. 1899, Juilliard School of Music, Lincoln Center, N.Y.C. Marcel Breuer, 1902-1981, Whitney Museum of American Art, N.Y.C. (with Hamilton Smith). Charles Bulfinch, 1763-1844, State House, Boston; Capitol, Wash. D.C., (part). Gordon Bunshaft, b. 1909, Lever House, Park Ave, N.Y.C.; Hirshhorn Museum, Wash., D.C. Daniel H. Burnham, 1846-1912, Union Station, Wash. D.C.; Flatiron, N.Y.C. Irwin Chanin, 1892-1988, New York City theaters, skyscrapers. Ralph Adams Cram, 1863-1942, Cathedral of St. John the Divine, N.Y.C.; U.S. Military Academy (part). R. Buckminster Fuller, 1895-1983, U.S. Pavilion, Expo 67, Montreal (geodesic domes). Cass Gilbert, 1859-1934, Custom House, Woolworth Bldg., N.Y.C.; Supreme Court bldg., Wash., D.C. Bertram G. Goodhue, 1869-1924, Capitol, Lincoln, Neb.; St. Thomas, St. Bartholomew, N.Y.C. Walter Gropius, 1883-1969, Pan Am Building, N.Y.C. (with Pietro Belluschi). Peter Harrison, 1716-1775, Touro Synagogue, Redwood Library, Newport, R.I. Wallace K. Harrison, 1895-1981, Metropolitan Opera House, Lincoln Center, N.Y.C. Thomas Hastings, 1860-1929, Public Library, Frick Mansion, N.Y.C. James Hoban, 1762-1831, The White House. Raymond Hood, 1881-1934, Rockefeller Center, N.Y.C. (part); Daily News, N.Y.C.; Tribune, Chicago. Richard M. Hunt, 1827-1895, Metropolitan Museum, N.Y.C. (part); Natl. Observatory, Wash., D.C. William Le Baron Jenney, 1832-1907, Home Insurance, Chicago (demolished 1931). Philip C. Johnson, b. 1906, N.Y. State Theater, Lincoln Center, N.Y.C. Albert Kahn, 1869-1942, Athletic Club Bldg., General Motors Bldg., Detroit. Louis Kahn, 1901-1974, Salk Laboratory, La Jolla, Cal.; Yale Art Gallery. Christopher Grant LaFarge, 1862-1938, Roman Catholic Chapel, West Point. Benjamin H. Latrobe, 1764-1820, U.S. Capitol (part). William Lescaze, 1896-1969, Philadelphia Savings Fund Society; Borg-Warner Bldg., Chicago. Bernard R. Maybeck, 1862-1957, Hearst Hall, Chick House, Univ. of Cal., First Church of Christ Scientist, Berkeley. Charles F. McKim, 1847-1909, Public Library, Boston, Columbia Univ., N.Y.C. (part). Charles M. McKim, b. 1920, KUHT-TV Transmitter Building, Houston; Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, Houston. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, 1886-1969, Seagram Building, N.Y.C. (with Philip C. Johnson); National Gallery, Berlin. Robert Mills, 1781-1855, Washington Monument. Richard J. Neutra, 1892-1970, Mathematics Park, Princeton; Orange Co. Courthouse, Santa Ana, Cal. Gyo Obata, b. 1923, Natl. Air & Space Mus., Smithsonian Institution; Dallas-Ft. Worth Airport. Frederick L. Olmsted, 1822-1903, Central Park, N.Y.C.; Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. I(eoh) M(ing) Pei, b. 1917, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Col.; East Wing, Natl. Gallery of Art, Wash., D.C.; Pyramid, The Louvre, Paris. William Pereira, 1909-1985, Cape Canaveral; Transamerica Bldg., San Francisco. John Russell Pope, 1874-1937, National Gallery. George Browne Post, 1837-1913, New York Stock Exchange, Wisconsin state capitol. John Portman, b. 1924, Peachtree Center, Atlanta. James Renwick Jr., 1818-1895, Grace Church, St. Patrick's Cathedral, N.Y.C.; Smithsonian, Corcoran Galleries, Wash., D.C. Henry H. Richardson, 1838-1886, Trinity Church, Boston. Kevin Roche, b. 1922, Oakland Cal. Museum; Fine Arts Center, U. of Mass. James Gamble Rogers, 1867-1947, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, N.Y.C.; Northwestern Univ., Chicago. John Wellborn Root, 1887-1963, Palmolive Building, Chicago; Hotel Statler, Washington; Hotel Tamanaco, Caracas. Paul Rudolph, b. 1918, Jewitt Art Center, Wellesley College; Art & Architecture Bldg., Yale. Charles M. Russell, 1866-1926, Western life. Eero Saarinen, 1910-1961, Gateway to the West Arch, St. Louis; Trans World Flight Center, N.Y.C. Louis Skidmore, 1897-1962, AEC town site, Oak Ridge, Tenn.; Terrace Plaza Hotel, Cincinnati. Clarence S. Stein, 1882-1975, Temple Emanu-El, N.Y.C. Edward Durell Stone, 1902-1978, U.S. Embassy, New Delhi, India; (H. Hartford) Gallery of Modern Art, N.Y.C. Louis H. Sullivan, 1856-1924, Auditorium, Chicago. Richard Upjohn, 1802-1878, Trinity Church, N.Y.C. Ralph T. Walker, 1889-1973, N.Y. Telephone Hdqrs., N.Y.C.; IBM Research Lab., Poughkeepsie, N.Y. Roland A. Wank, 1898-1970, Cincinnati Union Terminal; head architect TVA, 1933-44. Stanford White, 1853-1906, Washington Arch; first Madison Square Garden, N.Y.C. Frank Lloyd Wright, 1867 (or 1869)-1959, Imperial Hotel, Tokyo; Guggenheim Museum, N.Y.C.; Unity Church, Oak Park, Ill; Robie House, Chicago; Taliesin, Wis. William Wurster, 1895-1973, Ghirardelli Sq., San Francisco; Cowell College, U. Cal., Berkeley. Minoru Yamasaki, 1912-1986, World Trade Center, N.Y.C. Noted American Cartoonists Charles Addams, 1912-1988, macabre cartoons. Brad Anderson, b. 1924, Marmaduke. Peter Arno, 1904-1968, urban characterizations. Tex Avery, 1908-1980, Friz Freleng, b. 1905?, Chuck Jones, b. 1912, animators of Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, Daffy Duck. George Baker, 1915-1975, The Sad Sack. C. C. Beck, b. 1910, Captain Marvel. Jim Berry, b. 1932, Berry's World. Herb Block (Herblock), b. 1909, leading political cartoonist. George Booth, b. 1926, New Yorker cartoonist. Berke Breathed, b. 1957, Bloom County. Clare Briggs, 1875-1930, Mr. & Mrs. Dik Browne, 1917-1989, Hi & Lois, Hagar the Horrible. Ernie Bushmiller, 1905-1982, Nancy. Milton Caniff, 1907-1988, Terry & the Pirates; Steve Canyon. Al Capp, 1909-1979, Li'l Abner. Paul Conrad, 1924, political cartoonist. Roy Crane, 1901-1977, Captain Easy; Buz Sawyer. Robert Crumb, b. 1943, "Underground" cartoonist. Jay N. Darling (Ding), 1876-1962, political cartoonist. Jim Davis, b. 1945, Garfield. Billy DeBeck, 1890-1942, Barney Google. Rudolph Dirks, 1877-1968, The Katzenjammer Kids. Walt Disney, 1901-1966, producer of animated cartoons; created Mickey Mouse & Donald Duck. Steve Ditko, b. 1927, Spider-Man. Mort Drucker, b. 1929, Mad magazine. Jules Feiffer, b. 1929, satirical Village Voice cartoonist. Bud Fisher, 1884-1954, Mutt & Jeff. Ham Fisher, 1900-1955, Joe Palooka. James Montgomery Flagg, 1877-1960, illustrator; created the famous Uncle Sam recruiting poster during WWI. Max Fleischer, 1883-1972, creator of Betty Boop, Popeye cartoons. Hal Foster, 1892-1982, Tarzan; Prince Valiant. Fontaine Fox, 1884-1964, Toonerville Folks. Rube Goldberg, 1883-1970, Boob McNutt. Chester Gould, 1900-1985, Dick Tracy. Harold Gray, 1894-1968, Little Orphan Annie. Matt Groenig, b. 1954, Life is Hell, The Simpsons. Cathy Guisewite, b. 1950, Cathy. Bill Hanna, b. 1910, & Joe Barbera, b. 1911, animators of Tom & Jerry, Huckleberry Hound, Yogi Bear, Flintstones. Johnny Hart, b. 1931, BC, Wizard of Id. Jimmy Hatlo, 1898-1963, Little Iodine. John Held Jr., 1889-1958, "Jazz Age" cartoonist. George Herriman, 1881-1944, Krazy Kat. Harry Hershfield, 1885-1974, Abie the Agent. Al Hirschfeld, b. 1903, N.Y. Times theater caricaturist. Burne Hogarth, b. 1911, Tarzan. Helen Hokinson, 1900-1949, satirized clubwomen. Bil Keane, b. 1922, The Family Circus. Walt Kelly, 1913-1973, Pogo. Hank Ketcham, b. 1920, Dennis the Menace. Ted Key, b. 1912, Hazel. Frank King, 1883-1969, Gasoline Alley. Jack Kirby, b. 1917, Fantastic Four. Rollin Kirby, 1875-1952, political cartoonist. B(ernard) Kliban, b. 1935, cat books. Edward Koren, b. 1935, New Yorker woolly characters. Walter Lantz, b. 1900, Woody Woodpecker. Gary Larson, b. 1950, The Far Side. Mell Lazarus, b. 1929, Momma, Miss Peach. Stan Lee, b. 1922, Marvel Comics. Don Martin, b. 1931, Mad magazine. Bill Mauldin, b. 1921, depicted squalid life of the G.I. in WWII. Jeff MacNelly, b. 1947, political cartoonist, and strip Shoe. Winsor McCay, 1872-1934, Little Nemo. John T. McCutcheon, 1870-1949, midwestern rural life. George McManus, 1884-1954, Bringing Up Father. Dale Messick, b. 1906, Brenda Starr. Norman Mingo, 1896-1980, Alfred E. Neuman. Bob Montana, 1920-1975, Archie. Dick Moores, 1909-1986, Gasoline Alley. Willard Mullin, 1902-1978, sports cartoonist; created Dodgers "Bum" and Mets "Kid". Russell Myers, b. 1938, Broom Hilda. Thomas Nast, 1840-1902, political cartoonist; created the Democratic donkey and Republican elephant. Pat Oliphant, b. 1935, political cartoonist. Frederick Burr Opper, 1857-1937, Happy Hooligan. Richard Outcault, 1863-1928, Yellow Kid; Buster Brown. Mike Peters, b. 1943, editorial cartoons; Mother Goose & Grimm. George Price, b. 1901, New Yorker lower-class life. Alex Raymond, 1909-1956, Flash Gordon; Jungle Jim. Art Sansom, b. 1920, The Born Loser. Charles Schulz, b. 1922, Peanuts. Elzie C. Segar, 1894-1938, Popeye. Jerry Siegel, b. 1914, & Joe Shuster, b. 1914, Superman. Sydney Smith, 1887-1935, The Gumps. Otto Soglow, 1900-1975, Little King; Canyon Kiddies. William Steig, b. 1907, New Yorker cartoonist. James Swinnerton, 1875-1974, Little Jimmy. Paul Terry, 1887-1971, animator of Mighty Mouse. Bob Thaves, b. 1924, Frank and Ernest. James Thurber, 1894-1961, New Yorker cartoonist. Garry Trudeau, b. 1948, Doonesbury. Mort Walker, b. 1923, Beetle Bailey. Bill Watterson, b. 1958, Calvin and Hobbes. Russ Westover, 1887-1966, Tillie the Toiler. Frank Willard, 1893-1958, Moon Mullins. J. R. Williams, 1888-1957, The Willets Family; Out Our Way. Gahan Wilson, b. 1930, cartoonist of the macabre. Tom Wilson, b. 1931, Ziggy. Art Young, 1866-1943, political radical and satirist. Chic Young, 1901-1973, Blondie. Noted Political Leaders of the Past (U.S. presidents and most vice presidents, Supreme Court justices, signers of Declaration of Independence, listed elsewhere.) Abu Bakr, 573-634, Mohammedan leader, first caliph, chosen successor to Mohammed. Dean Acheson, 1893-1971, (U.S.) secretary of state, chief architect of cold war foreign policy. Samuel Adams, 1722-1803, (U.S.) patriot, Boston Tea Party firebrand. Konrad Adenauer, 1876-1967, (G.) West German chancellor. Emilio Aguinaldo, 1869-1964, (Philip.) revolutionary, fought against Spain and the U.S. Akbar, 1542-1605, greatest Mogul emperor of India. Salvador Allende Gossens, 1908-1973, (Chil.) president, advocate of democratic socialism. Herbert H. Asquith, 1852-1928, (Br.) Liberal prime minister, instituted an advanced program of social reform. Atahualpa, ?-1533, Inca (ruling chief) of Peru. Kemal Ataturk, 1881-1938, (Turk.) founded modern Turkey. Clement Attlee, 1883-1967, (Br.) Labour party leader, prime minister, enacted national health, nationalized many industries. Stephen F. Austin, 1793-1836, (U.S.) led Texas colonization. Mikhail Bakunin, 1814-1876, (R.) revolutionary, leading exponent of anarchism. Arthur J. Balfour, 1848-1930, (Br.) as foreign secretary under Lloyd George issued Balfour Declaration expressing official British approval of Zionism. Bernard M. Baruch, 1870-1965, (U.S.) financier, gvt. adviser. Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar, 1901-1973, (Cub.) ruler overthrown by Castro. Lord Beaverbrook, 1879-1964, (Br.) financier, statesman, newspaper owner. Eduard Benes, 1884-1948, (Czech.) president during interwar and post-WW II eras. David Ben-Gurion, 1886-1973, (Isr.) first premier of Israel. Thomas Hart Benton, 1782-1858, (U.S.) Missouri senator, championed agrarian interests and westward expansion. Lavrenti Beria, 1899-1953, (USSR) Communist leader prominent in political purges under Stalin. Aneurin Bevan, 1897-1960, (Br.) Labour party leader. Ernest Bevin, 1881-1951, (Br.) Labour party leader, foreign minister, helped lay foundation for NATO. Otto von Bismarck, 1815-1898, (G.) statesman known as the Iron Chancellor, uniter of Germany, 1870. James G. Blaine, 1830-1893, (U.S.) Republican politician, diplomat, influential in launching Pan-American movement. Leon Blum, 1872-1950, (F.) socialist leader, writer, headed first Popular Front government. Simon Bolivar, 1783-1830, (Venez.) South American revolutionary who liberated much of the continent from Spanish rule. William E. Borah, 1865-1940, (U.S.) isolationist senator, instrumental in blocking U.S. membership in League of Nations and the World Court. Cesare Borgia, 1476-1507, (It.) soldier, politician, an outstanding figure of the Italian Renaissance. Leonid Brezhnev, 1906-1982, (USSR) leader of the Soviet Union, 1964-82. Aristide Briand, 1862-1932, (F.) foreign minister, chief architect of Locarno Pact and anti-war Kellogg-Briand Pact. William Jennings Bryan, 1860-1925, (U.S.) Democratic, populist leader, orator, 3 times lost race for presidency. Nikolai Bukharin, 1888-1938, (USSR) communist leader. William C. Bullitt, 1891-1967, (U.S.) diplomat, first ambassador to USSR, ambassador to France. Ralph Bunche, 1904-1971, (U.S.) a founder and key diplomat of United Nations for more than 20 years. John C. Calhoun, 1782-1850, (U.S.) political leader, champion of states' rights and a symbol of the Old South. Robert Castlereagh, 1769-1822, (Br.) foreign secy, guided Grand Alliance against Napoleon. Camillo Benso Cavour, 1810-1861, (It.) statesman, largely responsible for uniting Italy under the House of Savoy. Nicolae Ceausescu, 1918-1989, Rumanian Communist leader, head of state from 1967-1989. Austen Chamberlain, 1863-1937, (Br.) Conservative party leader, largely responsible for Locarno Pact of 1925. Neville Chamberlain, 1869-1940, (Br.) Conservative prime minister whose appeasement of Hitler led to Munich Pact. Salmon P. Chase, 1808-1873, (U.S.) public official, abolitionist, jurist, 6th Supreme Court chief justice. Chiang Kai-shek, 1887-1975, (Chin.) Nationalist Chinese president whose govt. was driven from mainland to Taiwan. Chou En-lai, 1898-1976, (Chin.) diplomat, prime minister, a leading figure of the Chinese Communist party. Winston Churchill, 1874-1965, (Br.) prime minister, soldier, author, guided Britain through WW II. Galeazzo Ciano, 1903-1944, (It.) fascist foreign minister, helped create Rome-Berlin Axis, executed by Mussolini. Henry Clay, 1777-1852, (U.S.) "The Great Compromiser," one of most influential pre-Civil War political leaders. Georges Clemenceau, 1841-1929, (F.) twice premier, Wilson's chief antagonist at Paris Peace Conference after WW I. DeWitt Clinton, 1769-1828, (U.S.) political leader, responsible for promoting idea of the Erie Canal. Robert Clive, 1725-1774, (Br.) first administrator of Bengal, laid foundation for British Empire in India. Jean Baptiste Colbert, 1619-1683, (F.) statesman, influential under Louis XIV, created the French navy. Oliver Cromwell, 1599-1658, (Br.) Lord Protector of England, led parliamentary forces during Civil War. Curzon of Kedleston, 1859-1925, (Br.) viceroy of India, foreign secretary, major force in dealing with post-WW I problems in Europe and Far East. Edouard Daladier, 1884-1970, (F.) radical socialist politician, arrested by Vichy, interned by Germans until liberation in 1945. Georges Danton, 1759-1794, (F.) a leading figure in the French Revolution. Jefferson Davis, 1808-1889, (U.S.) president of the Confederate States of America. Charles G. Dawes, 1865-1951, (U.S.) statesman, banker, advanced Dawes Plan to stabilize post-WW I German finances. Alcide De Gasperi, 1881-1954, (It.) premier, founder of the Christian Democratic party. Charles DeGaulle, 1890-1970, (F.) general, statesman, and first president of the Fifth Republic. Eamon De Valera, 1882-1975, (Ir.-U.S.) statesman, led fight for Irish independence. Thomas E. Dewey, 1902-1971, (U.S.) New York governor, twice loser in try for presidency. Ngo Dinh Diem, 1901-1963, (Viet.) South Vietnamese president, assassinated in government take-over. Everett M. Dirksen, 1896-1969, (U.S.) Senate Republican minority leader, orator. Benjamin Disraeli, 1804-1881, (Br.) prime minister, considered founder of modern Conservative party. Engelbert Dollfuss, 1892-1934, (Aus.) chancellor, assassinated by Austrian Nazis. Andrea Doria, 1466-1560, (It.) Genoese admiral, statesman, called "Father of Peace" and "Liberator of Genoa." Stephen A. Douglas, 1813-1861, (U.S.) Democratic leader, orator, opposed Lincoln for the presidency. John Foster Dulles, 1888-1959, (U.S.) secretary of state under Eisenhower, cold war policy maker. Friedrich Ebert, 1871-1925, (G.) Social Democratic movement leader, instrumental in bringing about Weimar constitution. Sir Anthony Eden, 1897-1977, (Br.) foreign secretary, prime minister during Suez invasion of 1956. Ludwig Erhard, 1897-1977, (G.) economist, West German chancellor, led nation's economic rise after WW II. Hamilton Fish, 1808-1893, (U.S.) secretary of state, successfully mediated disputes with Great Britain, Latin America. James V. Forrestal, 1892-1949, (U.S.) secretary of navy, first secretary of defense. Francisco Franco, 1892-1975, (Sp.) leader of rebel forces during Spanish Civil War and dictator of Spain. Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790, (U.S.) printer, publisher, author, inventor, scientist, diplomat. Louis de Frontenac, 1620-1698, (F.) governor of New France (Canada); encouraged explorations, fought Iroquois. Hugh Gaitskell, 1906-1963, (Br.) Labour party leader, major force in reversing its stand for unilateral disarmament. Albert Gallatin, 1761-1849, (U.S.) secretary of treasury who was instrumental in negotiating end of War of 1812. Leon Gambetta, 1838-1882, (F.) statesman, politician, one of the founders of the Third Republic. Indira Gandhi, 1917-1984, (Ind.) succeeded father, Jawaharlal Nehru, as prime minister, assassinated. Mohandas K. Gandhi, 1869-1948, (Ind.) political leader, ascetic, led nationalist movement against British rule. Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1807-1882, (It.) patriot, soldier, a leading figure in the Risorgimento, the Italian unification movement. Genghis Khan, c. 1167-1227, brilliant Mongol conqueror, ruler of vast Asian empire. William E. Gladstone, 1809-1898, (Br.) prime minister 4 times, dominant force of Liberal party from 1868 to 1894. Paul Joseph Goebbels, 1897-1945, (G.) Nazi propagandist, master of mass psychology. Klement Gottwald, 1896-1953, (Czech.) communist leader ushered communism into his country. Che (Ernesto) Guevara, 1928-1967, (Arg.) guerilla leader, prominent in Cuban revolution, killed in Bolivia. Haile Selassie, 1891-1975, (Eth.) emperor, maintained monarchy through invasion, occupation, internal resistance. Alexander Hamilton, 1755-1804, (U.S.) first treasury secretary, champion of strong central government. Dag Hammarskjold, 1905-1961, (Swed.) statesman, UN secretary general. John Hancock, 1737-1793, (U.S.) revolutionary leader, first signer of Declaration of Independence. John Hay, 1838-1905, (U.S.) secretary of state, primarily associated with Open Door Policy toward China. Patrick Henry, 1736-1799, (U.S.) major revolutionary figure, remarkable orator. Edouard Herriot, 1872-1957, (F.) Radical Socialist leader, twice premier, president of National Assembly. Theodor Herzl, 1860-1904, (Aus.) founder of modern Zionism. Heinrich Himmler, 1900-1945, (G.) chief of Nazi SS and Gestapo, primarily responsible for the Holocaust. Paul von Hindenburg, 1847-1934, (G.) field marshal, president. Hirohito, 1902-1989; emperor of Japan from 1926. Adolf Hitler, 1889-1945, (G.) dictator, founder of National Socialism. Ho Chi Minh, 1890-1969, (Viet.) North Vietnamese president, Vietnamese Communist leader, national hero. Harry L. Hopkins, 1890-1946, (U.S.) New Deal administrator, closest adviser to FDR during WW II. Edward M. House, 1858-1938, (U.S.) diplomat, confidential adviser to Woodrow Wilson. Samuel Houston, 1793-1863, (U.S.) leader of struggle to win control of Texas from Mexico. Cordell Hull, 1871-1955, (U.S.) secretary of state, initiated reciprocal trade to lower tariffs, helped organize UN. Hubert H. Humphrey, 1911-1978, (U.S.) Minnesota Democrat, senator, vice president, spent 32 years in public service. Ibn Saud, c. 1888-1953, (S. Arab.) founder of Saudi Arabia and its first king. Jacob Javits, 1904-1986 (U.S.) U.S. senator from New York for 24 years. Jinnah, Muhammed Ali, 1876-1948, (Pak.) founder, first governor-general of Pakistan. Benito Juarez, 1806-1872, (Mex.) rallied countrymen against foreign threats, sought to create democratic, federal republic. Kamehameha I, c. 1758-1819, (Haw.) founder, first monarch of unified Hawaii. Frank B. Kellogg, 1856-1937, (U.S.) secretary of state, negotiated Kellogg-Briand Pact to outlaw war. Robert F. Kennedy, 1925-1968, (U.S.) attorney general, senator, assassinated while seeking presidential nomination. Aleksandr Kerensky, 1881-1970, (R.) revolutionary, served as premier after Feb. 1917 revolution until Bolshevik overthrow. Ruhollah Khomeini, 1900-1989, (Iran), religious leader with Islamic title "ayatollah," directed overthrow of shah, 1979, became source of political authority in succeeding governments. Nikita Khrushchev, 1894-1971, (USSR) premier, first secretary of Communist party, initiated de-Stalinization. Lajos Kossuth, 1802-1894, (Hung.) principal figure in 1848 Hungarian revolution. Pyotr Kropotkin, 1842-1921, (R.) anarchist, championed the peasants but opposed Bolshevism. Kublai Khan, c. 1215-1294, Mongol emperor, founder of Yuan dynasty in China. Bela Kun, 1886-c.1939, (Hung.) communist, member of 3d International, tried to foment worldwide revolution. Robert M. LaFollette, 1855-1925, (U.S.) Wisconsin public official, leader of progressive movement. Pierre Laval, 1883-1945, (F.) politician, Vichy foreign minister, executed for treason. Andrew Bonar Law, 1858-1923, (Br.) Conservative party politician, led opposition to Irish home rule. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin (Ulyanov), 1870-1924, (USSR) revolutionary, founder of Bolshevism, Soviet leader 1917-1924. Ferdinand de Lesseps, 1805-1894, (F.) diplomat, engineer, conceived idea of Suez Canal. Rene Levesque, 1922-1987 (Can.) Premier of Quebec, 1976-85; led unsuccessful fight to separate from Canada. Liu Shao-ch'i, c.1898-1974, (Chin.) communist leader, fell from grace during "cultural revolution." Maxim Litvinov, 1876-1951, (USSR) revolutionary, commissar of foreign affairs, favored cooperation with Western powers. David Lloyd George, 1863-1945, (Br.) Liberal party prime minister, laid foundations for modern welfare state. Henry Cabot Lodge, 1850-1924, (U.S.) Republican senator, led opposition to participation in League of Nations. Huey P. Long, 1893-1935, (U.S.) Louisiana political demagogue, governor, assassinated. Rosa Luxemburg, 1871-1919, (G.) revolutionary, leader of the German Social Democratic party and Spartacus party. J. Ramsay MacDonald, 1866-1937, (Br.) first Labour party prime minister of Great Britain. Harold Macmillan, 1895-1987 (Br.) prime minister of Great Britain, 1957-63. Joseph R. McCarthy, 1908-1957, (U.S.) senator notorious for his witch hunt for communists in the government. Makarios III, 1913-1977, (Cypr.) Greek Orthodox archbishop, first president of Cyprus. Malcolm X (Malcolm Little), 1925-1965, (U.S.) black separatist leader, assassinated. Mao Tse-tung, 1893-1976, (Chin.) chief Chinese Marxist theorist, soldier, led Chinese revolution establishing his nation as an important communist state. Jean Paul Marat, 1743-1793, (F.) revolutionary, politician, identified with radical Jacobins, assassinated. Jose Marti, 1853-1895, (Cub.) patriot, poet, leader of Cuban struggle for independence. Jan Masaryk, 1886-1948, (Czech.) foreign minister, died by mysterious suicide following communist coup. Thomas G. Masaryk, 1850-1937, (Czech.) statesman, philosopher, first president of Czechoslovak Republic. Jules Mazarin, 1602-1661, (F.) cardinal, statesman, prime minister under Louis XIII and queen regent Anne of Austria. Giussepe Mazzini, 1805-1872, (It.), reformer dedicated to the Risorgimento, 19th-century movement for the political and social renewal of Italy. Tom Mboya, 1930-1969, (Kenyan) political leader, instrumental in securing independence for his country. Cosimo I de' Medici, 1519-1574, (It.) Duke of Florence, grand duke of Tuscany. Lorenzo de' Medici, the Magnificent, 1449-1492, (It.) merchant prince, a towering figure in Italian Renaissance. Catherine de Medicis, 1519-1589, (F.) queen consort of Henry II, regent of France, influential in Catholic-Huguenot wars. Golda Meir, 1898-1979, (Isr.) prime minister, 1969-74. Klemens W.N.L. Metternich, 1773-1859, (Aus.) statesman, arbiter of post-Napoleonic Europe. Anastas Mikoyan, 1895-1978, (USSR) prominent Soviet leader from 1917; president 1964-65. Guy Mollet, 1905-1975, (F.) social politician, resistance leader. Henry Morgenthau Jr., 1891-1967, (U.S.) secretary of treasury, raised funds to finance New Deal and U.S. WW II activities. Gouverneur Morris, 1752-1816, (U.S.) statesman, diplomat, financial expert who helped plan decimal coinage system. Wayne Morse, 1900-1974, (U.S.) senator, long-time critic of Vietnam War. Muhammad Ali, 1769?-1849, (Egypt), pasha, founder of dynasty that encouraged emergence of modern Egyptian state. Benito Mussolini, 1883-1945, (It.) dictator and leader of the Italian fascist state. Imre Nagy, c. 1895-1958, (Hung.) communist premier, assassinated after Soviets crushed 1956 uprising. Gamal Abdel Nasser, 1918-1970, (Egypt.) leader of Arab unification, second Egyptian president. Jawaharlal Nehru, 1889-1964, (Ind.) prime minister, guided India through its early years of independence. Kwame Nkrumah, 1909-1972, (Ghan.) dictatorial prime minister, deposed in 1966. Frederick North, 1732-1792, (Br.) prime minister, his inept policies led to loss of American colonies. Daniel O'Connell, 1775-1847, (Ir.) political leader, known as The Liberator. Omar, c.581-644, Mohammedan leader, 2d caliph, led Islam to become an imperial power. Ignace Paderewski, 1860-1941, (Pol.) statesman, pianist, composer, briefly prime minister, an ardent patriot. Viscount Palmerston, 1784-1865, (Br.) Whig-Liberal prime minister, foreign minister, embodied British nationalism. George Papandreou, 1888-1968, (Gk.) Republican politician, served three times as prime minister. Franz von Papen, 1879-1969, (G.) politician, played major role in overthrow of Weimar Republic and rise of Hitler. Charles Stewart Parnell, 1846-1891, (Ir.) nationalist leader, "uncrowned king of Ireland." Lester Pearson, 1897-1972, (Can.) diplomat, Liberal party leader, prime minister. Robert Peel, 1788-1850, (Br.) reformist prime minister, founder of Conservative party. Juan Peron, 1895-1974, (Arg.) president, dictator. Joseph Pilsudski, 1867-1935, (Pol.) statesman, instrumental in re-establishing Polish state in the 20th century. Charles Pinckney, 1757-1824, (U.S.) founding father, his Pinckney plan was largely incorporated into constitution. William Pitt, the Elder, 1708-1778, (Br.) statesman, called the "Great Commoner," transformed Britain into imperial power. William Pitt, the Younger, 1759-1806, (Br.) prime minister during French Revolutionary wars. Georgi Plekhanov, 1857-1918, (R.) revolutionary, social philosopher, called "father of Russian Marxism." Raymond Poincare, 1860-1934, (F.) 9th president of the Republic, advocated harsh punishment of Germany after WW I. Georges Pompidou, 1911-1974, (F.) Gaullist political leader, president from 1969 to 1974. Grigori Potemkin, 1739-1791, (R.) field marshal, favorite of Catherine II. Edmund Randolph, 1753-1813, (U.S.) attorney, prominent in drafting, ratification of constitution. John Randolph, 1773-1833, (U.S.) southern planter, strong advocate of states' rights. Jeannette Rankin, 1880-1973, (U.S.) pacifist, first woman member of U.S. Congress. Walter Rathenau, 1867-1922, (G.) industrialist, social theorist, statesman. Sam Rayburn, 1882-1961, (U.S.) Democratic leader, representative for 47 years, House speaker for 17. Paul Reynaud, 1878-1966, (F.) statesman, premier in 1940 at the time of France's defeat by Germany. Syngman Rhee, 1875-1965, (Kor.) first president of the Republic of Korea. Cecil Rhodes, 1853-1902, (Br.) imperialist, industrial magnate, established Rhodes scholarships in his will. Cardinal de Richelieu, 1585-1642, (F.) statesman, known as " red eminence," chief minister to Louis XIII. Maximilien Robespierre, 1758-1794, (F.) leading figure of French Revolution, responsible for much of Reign of Terror. Nelson Rockefeller, 1908-1979, (U.S.) Republican gov. of N.Y., 1959-73; U.S. vice president, 1974-77. Eleanor Roosevelt, 1884-1962, (U.S.) humanitarian, United Nations diplomat. Elihu Root, 1845-1937, (U.S.) lawyer, statesman, diplomat, leading Republican supporter of the League of Nations. John Russell, 1792-1878, (Br.) Liberal prime minister during the Irish potato famine. Anwar el-Sadat, 1918-1981, (Egypt) president, 1970-1981, promoted peace with Israel. Antonio de O. Salazar, 1899-1970, (Port.) statesman, long-time dictator. Jose de San Martin, 1778-1850, South American revolutionary, protector of Peru. Eisaku Sato, 1901-1975, (Jap.) prime minister, presided over Japan's post-WW II emergence as major world power. Philipp Scheidemann, 1865-1939, (G.) Social Democratic leader, first chancellor of the German republic. Robert Schuman, 1886-1963, (F.) statesman, founded European Coal and Steel Community. Carl Schurz, 1829-1906, (U.S.) German-American political leader, journalist, orator, dedicated reformer. Kurt Schuschnigg, 1897-1977, (Aus.) chancellor, unsuccessful in stopping his country's annexation by Germany. William H. Seward, 1801-1872, (U.S.) anti-slavery activist, as Lincoln's secretary of state purchased Alaska. Carlo Sforza, 1872-1952, (It.) foreign minister, anti-fascist. Alfred E. Smith, 1873-1944, (U.S.) New York Democratic governor, first Roman Catholic to run for presidency. Jan C. Smuts, 1870-1950, (S.Af.) statesman, philosopher, soldier, prime minister. Paul Henri Spaak, 1899-1972, (Belg.) statesman, socialist leader. Joseph Stalin, 1879-1953, (USSR) Soviet dictator, 1924-53. Edwin M. Stanton, 1814-1869, (U.S.) Lincoln's secretary of war during the Civil War. Edward R. Stettinius Jr., 1900-1949, (U.S.) industrialist, secretary of state who coordinated aid to WW II allies. Adlai E. Stevenson, 1900-1965, (U.S.) Democratic leader, diplomat, Illinois governor, presidential candidate. Henry L. Stimson, 1867-1950, (U.S.) statesman, served in 5 administrations, influenced foreign policy in 1930s and 1940s. Gustav Stresemann, 1878-1929, (G.) chancellor, foreign minister, dedicated to regaining friendship for post-WW I Germany. Sukarno, 1901-1970, (Indon.) dictatorial first president of the Indonesian republic. Sun Yat-sen, 1866-1925, (Chin.) revolutionary, leader of Kuomintang, regarded as the father of modern China. Robert A. Taft, 1889-1953, (U.S.) conservative Senate leader, called "Mr. Republican." Charles de Talleyrand, 1754-1838, (F.) statesman, diplomat, the major force of the Congress of Vienna of 1814-15. U Thant, 1909-1974 (Bur.) statesman, UN secretary-general. Norman M. Thomas, 1884-1968, (U.S.) social reformer, 6 times unsuccessful Socialist party presidential candidate. Josip Broz Tito, 1892-1980, (Yug.) president of Yugoslavia from 1953, World War II guerrilla chief, postwar rival of Stalin, leader of 3d world movement. Palmiro Togliatti, 1893-1964, (It.) major leader of Italian Communist party. Hideki Tojo, 1885-1948, (Jap.) statesman, soldier, prime minister during most of WW II. Francois Toussaint L'Ouverture, c. 1744-1803, (Hait.) patriot, martyr, thwarted French colonial aims. Leon Trotsky, 1879-1940, (USSR) revolutionary, founded Red Army, expelled from party in conflict with Stalin. Rafael L. Trujillo Molina, 1891-1961, (Dom.) absolute dictator, assassinated. Moise K. Tshombe, 1919-1969, (Cong.) politician, president of secessionist Katanga, premier of Republic of Congo (Zaire). William M. Tweed, 1823-1878, (U.S.) politician, absolute leader of Tammany Hall, NYC's Democratic political machine. Walter Ulbricht, 1893-1973, (G.) communist leader of German Democratic Republic. Arthur H. Vandenberg, 1884-1951, (U.S.) senator, proponent of anti-communist bipartisan foreign policy after WW II. Eleutherios Venizelos, 1864-1936, (Gk.) most prominent Greek statesman in early 20th century; expanded territory. Hendrik F. Verwoerd, 1901-1966, (S.Af.) prime minister, rigorously applied apartheid policy despite protest. Robert Walpole, 1676-1745, (Br.) statesman, generally considered Britain's first prime minister. Daniel Webster, 1782-1852, (U.S.) orator, politician, advocate of business interests during Jacksonian agrarianism. Chaim Weizmann, 1874-1952, Zionist leader, scientist, first Israeli president. Wendell L. Willkie, 1892-1944, (U.S.) Republican who tried to unseat FDR when he ran for his 3d term. Emiliano Zapata, c. 1879-1919, (Mex.) revolutionary, major influence on modern Mexico. Notable Military and Naval Leaders of the Past Creighton Abrams, 1914-1974, (U.S.) commanded forces in Vietnam, 1968-72. Harold Alexander, 1891-1969, (Br.) led Allied invasion of Italy, 1943. Ethan Allen, 1738-1789, (U.S.) headed Green Mountain Boys; captured Ft. Ticonderoga, 1775. Edmund Allenby, 1861-1936, (Br.) in Boer War, WW1; led Egyptian expeditionary force, 1917-18. Benedict Arnold, 1741-1801, (U.S.) victorious at Saratoga; tried to betray West Point to British. Henry "Hap" Arnold, 1886-1950, (U.S.) commanded Army Air Force in WW2. Petr Bagration, 1765-1812, (R.) hero of Napoleonic wars. John Barry, 1745-1803, (U.S.) won numerous sea battles during revolution. Pierre Beauregard, 1818-1893, (U.S.) Confederate general ordered bombardment of Ft. Sumter that began the Civil War. Gebhard v. Blucher, 1742-1819, (G.) helped defeat Napoleon at Waterloo. Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769-1821, (F.) defeated Russia and Austria at Austerlitz, 1805; invaded Russia, 1812; defeated at Waterloo, 1815. Edward Braddock, 1695-1755, (Br.) commanded forces in French and Indian War. Omar N. Bradley, 1893-1981, (U.S.) headed U.S. ground troops in Normandy invasion, 1944. John Burgoyne, 1722-1792, (Br.) defeated at Saratoga. Claire Chennault, 1890-1958, (U.S.) headed Flying Tigers in WW2. Mark Clark, 1896-1984, (U.S.) led forces in WW2 and Korean War. Karl v. Clausewitz, 1780-1831, (G.) wrote books on military theory. Henry Clinton, 1738-1795, (Br.) commander of forces in America, 1778-81. Lucius D. Clay, 1897-1978, (U.S.) led Berlin airlift, 1948-49. Charles Cornwallis, 1738-1805, (Br.) victorious at Brandywine, 1777; surrendered at Yorktown. Crazy Horse, 1849-1877, (U.S.) Sioux war chief victorious at Little Big Horn. George A. Custer, 1839-1876, (U.S.) defeated and killed at Little Big Horn. Moshe Dayan, 1915-1981, (Isr.) directed campaigns in the 1967, 1973 wars. Stephen Decatur, 1779-1820, (U.S.) naval hero of Barbary wars, War of 1812. Anton Denikin, 1872-1947, (R.) led White forces in Russian civil war. George Dewey, 1837-1917, (U.S.) destroyed Spanish fleet at Manila, 1898. Hugh C. Dowding, 1883-1970, (Br.) headed RAF, 1936-40. Jubal Early, 1816-1894, (U.S.) Confederate general led raid on Washington, 1864. Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1890-1969, (U.S.) commanded Allied forces in Europe, WW2. David Farragut, 1801-1870, (U.S.) Union admiral captured New Orleans, Mobile Bay. Ferdinand Foch, 1851-1929, (F.) headed victorious Allied armies, 1918. Nathan Bedford Forrest, 1821-1877, (U.S.) Confederate general led cavalry raids against Union supply lines. Frederick the Great, 1712-1786, (G.) led Prussia in The Seven Years War. Nathanael Greene, 1742-1786, (U.S.) defeated British in Southern campaign, 1780-81. Charles G. Gordon, 1833-1885, (Br.) led forces in China; killed at Khartoum. Horatio Gates, 1728-1806, (U.S.) commanded army at Saratoga. Ulysses S. Grant, 1822-1885, (U.S.) headed Union army, 1864-65; forced Lee's surrender, 1865. Heinz Guderian, 1888-1953, (G.) tank theorist led panzer forces in Poland, France, Russia. Douglas Haig, 1861-1928, (Br.) led British armies in France, 1915-18. William F. Halsey, 1882-1959, (U.S.) defeated Japanese fleet at Leyte Gulf, 1944. Sir Arthur Travers Harris, 1895-1984, (Br.) led Britain's WWII bomber command. Richard Howe, 1726-1799, (Br.) commanded navy in America, 1776-78; first of June victory against French, 1794. William Howe, 1729-1814, (Br.) commanded forces in America, 1776-78. Isaac Hull, 1773-1843, (U.S.) sunk British frigate Guerriere, 1812. Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson, 1824-1863, (U.S.) Confederate general led forces in the Shenandoah Valley campaign. Joseph Joffre, 1852-1931, (F.) headed Allied armies, won Battle of the Marne, 1914. John Paul Jones, 1747-1792, (U.S.) raided British coast; commanded Bonhomme Richard in victory over Serapis, 1779. Stephen Kearny, 1794-1848, (U.S.) headed Army of the West in Mexican War. Ernest J. King, 1878-1956, (U.S.) chief naval strategist in WW2. Horatio H. Kitchener, 1850-1916, (Br.) led forces in Boer War; victorious at Khartoum; organized army in WW1. Lavrenti Kornilov, 1870-1918, (R.) Commander-in-Chief, 1917; led counter-revolutionary march on Petrograd. Thaddeus Kosciusko, 1746-1817, (P.) aided American cause in revolution. Mikhail Kutuzov, 1745-1813, (R.) fought French at Borodino, 1812; abandoned Moscow; forced French retreat. Marquis de Lafayette, 1757-1834, (F.) aided American cause in the revolution. Thomas E. Lawrence (of Arabia), 1888-1935, (Br.) organ- ized revolt of Arabs against Turks in WW1. Henry (Light-Horse Harry) Lee, 1756-1818, (U.S.) cavalry officer in revolution. Robert E. Lee, 1807-1870, (U.S.) Confederate general defeated at Gettysburg; surrendered to Grant, 1865. Lyman Lemnitzer, 1899-1988, (U.S.) WWII hero, later general, chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff. James Longstreet, 1821-1904, (U.S.) aided Lee at Gettysburg. Douglas MacArthur, 1880-1964, (U.S.) commanded forces in SW Pacific in WW2; headed occupation forces in Japan, 1945-51; UN commander in Korean War. Francis Marion, 1733-1795, (U.S.) led guerrilla actions in S.C. during revolution. Duke of Marlborough, 1650-1722, (Br.) led forces against Louis XIV in War of the Spanish Sucession. George C. Marshall, 1880-1959, (U.S.) chief of staff in WW2; authored Marshall Plan. George B. McClellan, 1826-1885, (U.S.) Union general commanded Army of the Potomac, 1861-62. George Meade, 1815-1872; (U.S.) commanded Union forces at Gettysburg. Billy Mitchell, 1879-1936, (U.S.) air-power advocate; court-martialed for insubordination, later vindicated. Helmuth v. Moltke, 1800-1891; (G.) victorious in Austro-Prussian, Franco-Prussian wars. Louis de Montcalm, 1712-1759, (F.) headed troops in Canada; defeated at Quebec, 1759. Bernard Law Montgomery, 1887-1976, (Br.) stopped German offensive at Alamein, 1942; helped plan Normandy invasion. Daniel Morgan, 1736-1802, (U.S.) victorious at Cowpens, 1781. Louis Mountbatten, 1900-1979, (Br.) Supreme Allied Commander of SE Asia, 1943-46. Joachim Murat, 1767-1815, (F.) leader of cavalry at Marengo, 1800; Austerlitz, 1805; and Jena, 1806. Horatio Nelson, 1758-1805, (Br.) naval commander destroyed French fleet at Trafalgar. Michel Ney, 1769-1815, (F.) commanded forces in Switzerland, Austria, Russia; defeated at Waterloo. Chester Nimitz, 1885-1966, (U.S.) commander of naval forces in Pacific in WW2. George S. Patton, 1885-1945, (U.S.) led assault on Sicily, 1943; headed 3d Army invasion of German-occupied Europe. Oliver Perry, 1785-1819, (U.S.) won Battle of Lake Erie in War of 1812. John Pershing, 1860-1948, (U.S.) commanded Mexican border campaign, 1916; American expeditionary forces in WW1. Henri Philippe Petain, 1856-1951, (F.) defended Verdun, 1916; headed Vichy government in WW2. George E. Pickett, 1825-1875, (U.S.) Confederate general famed for "charge" at Gettysburg. Hyman Rickover, 1900-1986 (U.S.) father of the nuclear navy. Erwin Rommel, 1891-1944, (G.) headed Afrika Korps. Karl v. Rundstedt, 1875-1953, (G.) supreme commander in West, 1943-45. Aleksandr Samsonov, 1859-1914, (R.) led invasion of E. Prussia, defeated at Tannenberg, 1914. Winfield Scott, 1786-1866, (U.S.) hero of War of 1812; headed forces in Mexican war, took Mexico City. Philip Sheridan, 1831-1888, (U.S.) Union cavalry officer headed Army of the Shenandoah, 1864-65. William T. Sherman, 1820-1891, (U.S.) Union general sacked Atlanta during "march to the sea," 1864. Carl Spaatz, 1891-1974, (U.S.) directed strategic bombing against Germany, later Japan, in WW2. Raymond Spruance, 1886-1969, (U.S.) victorious at Midway Island, 1942. Joseph W. Stilwell, 1883-1946, (U.S.) headed forces in the China, Burma, India theater in WW2. J.E.B. Stuart, 1833-1864, (U.S.) Confederate cavalry commander. George H. Thomas, 1816-1870, (U.S.) saved Union army at Chattanooga, 1863; victorious at Nashville, 1864. Semyon Timoshenko, 1895-1970, (USSR) defended Moscow, Stalingrad; led winter offensive, 1942-43. Alfred v. Tirpitz, 1849-1930, (G.) responsible for submarine blockade in WW1. Jonathan M. Wainwright, 1883-1953, (U.S.) forced to surrender on Corregidor, 1942. George Washington, 1732-1799, (U.S.) led Continental army, 1775-83. Archibald Wavell, 1883-1950, (Br.) commanded forces in N. and E. Africa, and SE Asia in WW2. Anthony Wayne, 1745-1796, (U.S.) captured Stony Point, 1779; defeated Indians at Fallen Timbers, 1794. Duke of Wellington, 1769-1852, (Br.) defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. James Wolfe, 1727-1759, (Br.) captured Quebec from French, 1759. Georgi Zhukov, 1895-1974, (USSR) defended Moscow, 1941; led assault on Berlin. Poets Laureate of England There is no authentic record of the origin of the office of Poet Laureate of England. According to Warton, there was a Versificator Regis, or King's Poet, in the reign of Henry III (1216-1272), and he was paid 100 shillings a year. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) assumed the title of Poet Laureate, and in 1389 got a royal grant of a yearly allowance of wine. In the reign of Edward IV (1461-1483), John Kay held the post. Under Henry VII (1485-1509), Andrew Bernard was the Poet Laureate, and was succeeded under Henry VIII (1509-1547) by John Skelton. Next came Edmund Spenser, who died in 1599; then Samuel Daniel, appointed 1599, and then Ben Jonson, 1619. Sir William D'Avenant was appointed in 1637. He was a godson of William Shakespeare. Others were John Dryden, 1670; Thomas Shadwell, 1688; Nahum Tate, 1692; Nicholas Rowe, 1715; the Rev. Laurence Eusden, 1718; Colley Cibber, 1730; William Whitehead, 1757, on the refusal of Gray; Rev. Thomas Warton, 1785, on the refusal of Mason; Henry J. Pye, 1790; Robert Southey, 1813, on the refusal of Sir Walter Scott; William Wordsworth, 1843; Alfred, Lord Tennyson, 1850; Alfred Austin, 1896; Robert Bridges, 1913; John Masefield, 1930; Cecil Day Lewis, 1967; Sir John Betjeman, 1972; Ted Hughes, 1984. U.S. Poet Laureate Robert Penn Warren, the poet, novelist, and essayist, was named the country's first official Poet Laureate on Feb. 26, 1986. The only writer to have won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction and poetry (twice), Warren was chosen by Daniel J. Boorstin, the Librarian of Congress. The appointment began in September, 1986. On April 17, 1987, Richard Wilbur was named the second Poet Laureate. In May 1988, Howard Nemerov was named the third, and in May 1990 Mark Strand was named the fourth. Noted Writers of the Past Henry Adams, 1838-1918, (U.S.) historian, philosopher. The Education of Henry Adams. George Ade, 1866-1944, (U.S.) humorist. Fables in Slang. Conrad Aiken, 1889-1973, (U.S.) poet, critic. Louisa May Alcott, 1832-1888, (U.S.) novelist. Little Women. Sholom Aleichem, 1859-1916. (R.) Yiddish writer. Tevye's Daughter, The Great Fair. Vicente Aleixandre, 1898-1984, (Sp.) poet. 1977 Nobel Prize winner. Horatio Alger, 1832-1899, (U.S.) "rags-to-riches" books. Hans Christian Andersen, 1805-1875, (Den.) author of fairy tales. The Princess and the Pea, The Ugly Duckling. Maxwell Anderson, 1888-1959, (U.S.) playwright. What Price Glory?, High Tor, Winterset, Key Largo. Sherwood Anderson, 1876-1941, (U.S.) author. Winesburg, Ohio. Matthew Arnold, 1822-1888, (Br.) poet, critic. " Thrysis," "Dover Beach," "The Gypsy Scholar." Jane Austen, 1775-1817, (Br.) novelist. Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility, Emma, Mansfield Park, Persuasion. Isaac Babel, 1894-1941, (R.) short-story writer, playwright. Odessa Tales, Red Cavalry. James M. Barrie, 1860-1937, (Br.) playwright, novelist. Peter Pan, Dear Brutus, What Every Woman Knows. Honore de Balzac, 1799-1850, (Fr.) novelist. Le Pere Goriot, Cousine Bette, Eugenie Grandet, The Human Comedy. Charles Baudelaire, 1821-1867, (Fr.) symbolist poet. Les Fleurs du Mal. L. Frank Baum, 1856-1919, (U.S.) children's author. Wizard of Oz series. Simone de Beauvoir, 1908-1986, (Fr.) novelist, essayist. The Second Sex. Samuel Beckett, 1906-1989, (Ir.) novelist, playwright, in French and English. Waiting for Godot, Endgame (plays); Murphy, Watt, Molloy (novels). Brendan Behan, 1923-1964, (Ir.) playwright. The Quare Fellow, The Hostage, Borstal Boy. Robert Benchley, 1889-1945, (U.S.) humorist. From Bed to Worse, My Ten Years in a Quandary. Stephen Vincent Benet, 1898-1943, (U.S.) poet, novelist. John Brown's Body. John Berryman, 1914-1972, (U.S.) poet. Homage to Mistress Bradstreet. Ambrose Bierce, 1842-1914, (U.S.) short-story writer, journalist. In the Midst of Life, The Devil's Dictionary. William Blake, 1757-1827, (Br.) poet, artist. Songs of Innocence, Songs of Experience. Giovanni Boccaccio, 1313-1375, (It.) poet, storyteller. Decameron, Filostrato. Jorge Luis Borges, 1900-1986 (Arg.) short-story writer, poet, essayist, Labyrinths. James Boswell, 1740-1795, (Sc.) author. The Life of Samuel Johnson. Anne Bradstreet, c. 1612-1672, (U.S.) poet. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America. Bertolt Brecht, 1898-1956, (G.) dramatist, poet. The Threepenny Opera, Mother Courage and Her Children. Charlotte Bronte, 1816-1855, (Br.) novelist. Jane Eyre. Emily Bronte, 1818-1848, (Br.) novelist. Wuthering Heights. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 1806-1861, (Br.) poet. Sonnets from the Portuguese, Aurora Leigh. Robert Browning, 1812-1889, (Br.) poet. "My Last Duchess," "Fra Lippo Lippi," The Ring and The Book. Pearl Buck, 1892-1973, (U.S.) novelist. The Good Earth. Mikhail Bulgakov, 1891-1940, (R.) novelist, playwright. The Heart of a Dog, The Master and Margarita. John Bunyan, 1628-1688, (Br.) writer. Pilgrim's Progress. Robert Burns, 1759-1796, (Sc.) poet. "Flow Gently, Sweet Afton," "My Heart's in the Highlands," " Auld Lang Syne." Edgar Rice Burroughs, 1875-1950, (U.S.) novelist. Tarzan of the Apes. George Gordon Lord Byron, 1788-1824, (Br.) poet. Don Juan, Childe Harold. Italo Calvino, 1923-1985 (It.) novelist, short story writer. If on a Winter's Night a Traveler . . . Albert Camus, 1913-1960, (F.) novelist. The Plague, The Stranger, Caligula, The Fall. Lewis Carroll, 1832-1898, (Br.) writer, mathematician. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Through the Looking Glass. Karel Capek, 1890-1938, (Czech.) playwright, novelist, essayist. R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots). Giacomo Casanova, 1725-1798, (It.) Venetian adventurer, author, world famous for his memoirs. Willa Cather, 1876-1947, (U.S.) novelist, essayist. O Pioneers!, My Antonia. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, 1547-1616, (Sp.) novelist, dramatist, poet. Don Quixote de la Mancha. Raymond Chandler, 1888-1959, (U.S.) writer of detective fiction. Philip Marlowe series. Geoffrey Chaucer, c. 1340-1400, (Br.) poet. The Canterbury Tales. John Cheever, 1912-1982, (U.S.) short story writer, novelist. The Wapshot Scandal, "The Country Husband." Anton Chekhov, 1860-1904, (R.) short-story writer, dramatist. Uncle Vanya, The Cherry Orchard, The Three Sisters. G.K. Chesterton, 1874-1936, (Br.) author, Fr. Brown series. Agatha Christie, 1891-1976, (Br.) mystery writer. And Then There Were None, Murder on the Orient Express. Jean Cocteau, 1889-1963, (F.) writer, visual artist, filmmaker. The Beauty and the Beast, Enfants Terribles. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 1772-1834, (Br.) poet, man of letters. "Kubla Khan," "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner." (Sidonie) Colette, 1873-1954, (F.) novelist. Claudine, Gigi. Joseph Conrad, 1857-1924, (Br.) novelist. Lord Jim, Heart of Darkness, The Nigger of the Narcissus. James Fenimore Cooper, 1789-1851, (U.S.) novelist. Leather-Stocking Tales. Pierre Corneille, 1606-1684, (F.) Dramatist. Medee, Le Cid, Horace, Cinna, Polyeucte. Hart Crane, 1899-1932, (U.S.) poet. "The Bridge." Stephen Crane, 1871-1900, (U.S.) novelist. The Red Badge of Courage. e.e. cummings, 1894-1962, (U.S.) poet. Tulips and Chimneys. Gabriele D'Annunzio, 1863-1938, (It.) poet, novelist, dramatist. The Child of Pleasure, The Intruder, The Victim. Dante Alighieri, 1265-1321, (It.) poet. The Divine Comedy. Daniel Defoe, 1660-1731, (Br.) writer. Robinson Crusoe, Moll Flanders, Journal of the Plague Year. Charles Dickens, 1812-1870, (Br.) novelist. David Copperfield, Oliver Twist, Great Expectations, The Pickwick Papers. Emily Dickinson, 1830-1886, (U.S.) poet. Isak Dinesen (Karen Blixen), 1885-1962, (Dan.) author. Out of Africa, Seven Gothic Tales, Winter's Tales. John Donne, 1573-1631, (Br.) poet. Songs and Sonnets, Holy Sonnets, "Death Be Not Proud." John Dos Passos, 1896-1970, (U.S.) author. U.S.A. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, 1821-1881, (R.) author. Crime and Punishment, The Brothers Karamazov, The Possessed. Arthur Conan Doyle, 1859-1930, (Br.) author, created Sherlock Holmes. Theodore Dreiser, 1871-1945, (U.S.) novelist. An American Tragedy, Sister Carrie. John Dryden, 1631-1700, (Br.) poet, dramatist, critic. Fables, Ancient and Modern. Alexandre Dumas, 1802-1870, (F.) novelist, dramatist. The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo. Alexandre Dumas (fils), 1824-1895, (F.) dramatist, novelist. La Dame aux camelias, Le Demi-Monde. Ilya G. Ehrenburg, 1891-1967, (R.) novelist, journalist. The Thaw. George Eliot, 1819-1880, (Br.) novelist. Adam Bede, Silas Marner, The Mill on the Floss, Middlemarch. T.S. Eliot, 1888-1965, (Br.) poet, critic. The Waste Land, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," Murder in the Cathedral. Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1803-1882, (U.S.) poet, essayist. "The Concord Hymn," "Brahma," Nature. James T. Farrell, 1904-1979, (U.S.) novelist. Studs Lonigan trilogy. William Faulkner, 1897-1962, (U.S.) novelist. Sanctuary, Light in August, The Sound and the Fury, Absalom, Absalom! Edna Ferber, 1885-1968, (U.S.) novelist, dramatist. Show Boat, Saratoga Trunk, Giant, Dinner at Eight. Henry Fielding, 1707-1754, (Br.) novelist. Tom Jones. F. Scott Fitzgerald, 1896-1940, (U.S.) short-story writer, novelist. The Great Gatsby, Tender is the Night. Gustave Flaubert, 1821-1880, (F.) novelist. Madame Bovary. C.S. Forester, 1899-1966, (Br.) novelist. Horatio Hornblower series. E.M. Forster, 1879-1970, (Br.) novelist. A Passage to India. Anatole France, 1844-1924. (F.) writer. Penguin Island, My Friend's Book, Le Crime de Sylvestre Bonnard. Robert Frost, 1874-1963, (U.S.) poet. " Birches," "Fire and Ice," "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening." John Galsworthy, 1867-1933, (Br.) novelist, dramatist. The Forsyte Saga, A Modern Comedy. Erle Stanley Gardner, 1889-1970, (U.S.) author, lawyer. Perry Mason series. Jean Genet, 1911-1986, (Fr.) playwright, novelist. "The Blacks." Andre Gide, 1869-1951, (F.) writer, The Immoralist, The Pastoral Symphony, Strait is the Gate. Jean Giraudoux, 1882-1944, (F.) novelist, dramatist. Electra, The Madwoman of Chaillot, Ondine, Tiger at the Gate. Johann W. von Goethe, 1749-1832, (G.) poet, dramatist, novelist. Faust. Nikolai Gogol, 1809-1852, (R.) short-story writer, dramatist, novelist. Dead Souls, The Inspector General. Oliver Goldsmith, 1730?-1774, (Br.-Ir.) writer. The Vicar of Wakefield, She Stoops to Conquer. Maxim Gorky, 1868-1936, (R.) writer, founder of Soviet realism. Mother, The Lower Depths. Robert Graves, 1895-1985, (Br.) poet, classical scholar, novelist. The White Goddess. Thomas Gray, 1716-1771, (Br.) poet. "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard." Zane Grey, 1875-1939, (U.S.) writer of western stories. Jakob Grimm, 1785-1863, (G.) philologist, folklorist. German Methodology, Grimm's Fairy Tales. Wilhelm Grimm, 1786-1859, (G.) philologist, folklorist. Grimm's Fairy Tales. Edgar A. Guest, 1881-1959, (U.S.) poet. A Heap of Livin! Dashiell Hammett, 1894-1961, (U.S.) writer of detective fiction, created Sam Spade. Knute Hamsun, 1859-1952 (Nor.) novelist. Hunger. Thomas Hardy, 1840-1928, (Br.) novelist, poet. The Return of the Native, Tess of the D'Urbervilles, Jude the Obscure. Joel Chandler Harris, 1848-1908, (U.S.) short-story writer. Uncle Remus series. Moss Hart, 1904-1961, (U.S.) playwright. Once in a Lifetime, You Can't Take It With You, The Man Who Came to Dinner. Bret Harte, 1836-1902, (U.S.) short-story writer, poet. The Luck of Roaring Camp. Jaroslav Hasek, 1883-1923, (Czech.) writer. The Good Soldier Schweik. Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1804-1864, (U.S.) novelist, short story writer. The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables. Heinrich Heine, 1797-1856, (G.) poet. Book of Songs. Lillian Hellman, 1905-1984, (U.S.) playwright, author of memoirs, "The Little Foxes," An Unfinished Woman, Pentimento. Ernest Hemingway, 1899-1961, (U.S.) novelist, short-story writer. A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls. O. Henry (W.S. Porter), 1862-1910, (U.S.) short-story writer. "The Gift of the Magi." Hermann Hesse, 1877-1962, (G.) novelist, poet. Death and the Lover, Steppenwolf, Siddhartha. Oliver Wendell Holmes, 1809-1894, (U.S.) poet, novelist. The Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table. Alfred E. Housman, 1859-1936, (Br.) poet. A Shropshire Lad. William Dean Howells, 1837-1920, (U.S.) novelist, critic, dean of late 19th century American letters. Langston Hughes, 1902-1967, (U.S.) poet, playwright. The Weary Blues, One-Way Ticket, Shakespeare in Harlem. Victor Hugo, 1802-1885, (F.) poet, dramatist, novelist. Notre Dame de Paris, Les Miserables. Aldous Huxley 1894-1963, (Br.) author. Point Counter Point, Brave New World. Henrik Ibsen, 1828-1906, (Nor.) dramatist, poet. A Doll's House, Ghosts, The Wild Duck, Hedda Gabler. William Inge, 1913-1973, (U.S.) playwright. Come Back Little Sheba, Bus Stop, The Dark at the Top of the Stairs, Picnic. Washington Irving, 1783-1859, (U.S.) essayist, author. "Rip Van Winkle," "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." Shirley Jackson, 1919-1965, (U.S.) writer. "The Lottery." Henry James, 1843-1916, (U.S.) novelist, critic. Washington Square, Portrait of a Lady, The American, Daisy Miller. Robinson Jeffers, 1887-1962, (U.S.) poet, dramatist. Tamar and Other Poems, Medea. Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784, (Br.) author, scholar, critic. Dictionary of the English Language. Ben Jonson, 1572-1637, (Br.) dramatist, poet. Volpone. James Joyce, 1882-1941, (Ir.) novelist. Ulysses, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Finnegans Wake. Franz Kafka, 1883-1924, (G.) novelist, short-story writer. The Trial, Amerika, The Castle, The Metamorphosis. George S. Kaufman, 1889-1961, (U.S.) playwright. The Man Who Came to Dinner, You Can't Take It With You, Stage Door. Nikos Kazantzakis, 1883?-1957, (Gk.) novelist. Zorba the Greek, A Greek Passion. John Keats, 1795-1821, (Br.) poet. On a Grecian Urn, La Belle Dame Sans Merci. Joyce Kilmer, 1886-1918, (U.S.) poet, "Trees." Rudyard Kipling, 1865-1936, (Br.) author, poet. "The White Man's Burden," "Gunga Din," The Jungle Book. Jean de la Fontaine, 1621-1695, (F.) poet. Fables choisies. Par Lagerkvist, 1891-1974, (Swed.) poet, dramatist, novelist. Barabbas, The Sybil. Selma Lagerlof, 1858-1940, (Swed.) novelist. Jerusalem, The Ring of the Lowenskolds. Alphonse de Lamartine, 1790-1869, (F.) poet, novelist, statesman. Meditations poetiques. Charles Lamb, 1775-1834, (Br.) essayist. Specimens of English Dramatic Poets, Essays of Elia. Giuseppe di Lampedusa, 1896-1957, (It.) novelist. The Leopard. Ring Lardner, 1885-1933, (U.S.) short story writer, humorist. You Know Me, Al. D. H. Lawrence, 1885-1930, (Br.) novelist. Sons and Lovers, Women in Love, Lady Chatterley's Lover. Mikhail Lermontov, 1814-1841, (R.) novelist, poet. " Demon," Hero of Our Time. Alain-Rene Lesage, 1668-1747, (F.) novelist. Gil Blas de Santillane. Gotthold Lessing, 1729-1781, (G.) dramatist, philosopher, critic. Miss Sara Sampson, Minna von Barnhelm. Sinclair Lewis, 1885-1951, (U.S.) novelist, playwright. Babbitt, Arrowsmith, Dodsworth, Main Street. Vachel Lindsay, 1879-1931, (U.S.) poet. General William Booth Enters into Heaven, The Congo. Hugh Lofting, 1886-1947, (Br.) Dr. Doolittle series. Jack London, 1876-1916, (U.S.) novelist, journalist. Call of the Wild, The Sea-Wolf. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 1807-1882, (U.S.) poet. Evangeline, The Song of Hiawatha. Amy Lowell, 1874-1925, (U.S.) poet, critic. "Lilacs." James Russell Lowell, 1819-1891, (U.S.) poet, editor. Poems, The Bigelow Papers. Robert Lowell, 1917-1977, (U.S.) poet. "Lord Weary' s Castle," "For the Union Dead." Emil Ludwig, 1881-1948, (G.) biographer. Goethe, Beethoven, Napoleon, Bismarck. Niccolo Machiavelli, 1469-1527, (It.) author, statesman. The Prince, Discourses on Livy. Bernard Malamud, 1914-1986, (U.S.) short story writer, novelist. "The Magic Barrel," The Assistant, The Fixer. Stephane Mallarme, 1842-1898, (F.) poet. The Afternoon of a Faun. Thomas Malory, ?-1471, (Br.) writer. Morte d' Arthur. Andre Malraux, 1901-1976, (F.) novelist. Man's Fate. Osip Mandelstam, 1891-1938, (R.) Acmeist poet. Thomas Mann, 1875-1955, (G.) novelist, essayist. Buddenbrooks, Death in Venice, The Magic Mountain. Katherine Mansfield, 1888-1923, (Br.) short story writer. "Bliss," "The Garden Party." Christopher Marlowe, 1564-1593, (Br.) dramatist, poet. Tamburlaine the Great, Dr. Faustus, The Jew of Malta. John Masefield, 1878-1967, (Br.) poet. "Sea Fever," "Cargoes," Salt Water Ballads. Edgar Lee Masters, 1869-1950, (U.S.) poet, biographer. Spoon River Anthology. W. Somerset Maugham, 1874-1965, (Br.) author. Of Human Bondage, The Razor's Edge, The Moon and Sixpence. Guy de Maupassant, 1850-1893, (F.) novelist, short-story writer. "A Life," "Bel-Ami," "The Necklace." Francois Mauriac, 1885-1970, (F.) novelist, dramatist. Viper's Tangle, The Kiss to the Leper. Vladimir Mayakovsky, 1893-1930, (R.) poet, dramatist. The Cloud in Trousers. Mary McCarthy, 1912-1989, (U.S.) critic, novelist. Memories of a Catholic Girlhood. Carson McCullers, 1917-1967, (U.S.) novelist. The Heart is a Lonely Hunter, Member of the Wedding. Herman Melville, 1819-1891, (U.S.) novelist, poet. Moby Dick, Typee, Billy Budd, Omoo. H.L. Mencken, 1880-1956, (U.S.) author, critic, editor. Prejudices, The American Language. George Meredith, 1828-1909, (Br.) novelist, poet. The Ordeal of Richard Feverel, The Egoist. Prosper Merimee, 1803-1870, (F.) author. Carmen. Edna St. Vincent Millay, 1892-1950, (U.S.) poet. The Harp Weaver and Other Poems, A Few Figs from Thistles. A.A. Milne, 1882-1956, (Br.) author. Winnie-the-Pooh. John Milton, 1608-1674, (Br.) poet. Paradise Lost. Gabriela Mistral, 1889-1957, (Chil.) poet. Sonnets of Death, Desolacion, Tala, Lagar. Margaret Mitchell, 1900-1949, (U.S.) novelist. Gone With the Wind. Jean Baptiste Moliere, 1622-1673, (F.) dramatist. Le Tartuffe, Le Misanthrope, Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme. Ferenc Molnar, 1878-1952, (Hung.) dramatist, novelist. Liliom, The Guardsman, The Swan. Michel de Montaigne, 1533-1592, (F.) essayist. Essais. Eugenio Montale, 1896-1981, (It.) poet. Clement C. Moore, 1779-1863, (U.S.) poet, educator. " A Visit from Saint Nicholas." Marianne Moore, 1887-1972, (U.S.) poet. O to Be a Dragon. Thomas More, 1478-1535, (Br.) author. Utopia. H.H. Munro (Saki), 1870-1916, (Br.) author. Reginald, The Chronicles of Clovis, Beasts and Super-Beasts. Alfred de Musset, 1810-1857, (F.) poet, dramatist. Confession d'un enfant du siecle. Vladimir Nabokov, 1899-1977, (Rus.-U.S.) author. Lolita. Ogden Nash, 1902-1971, (U.S.) poet. Hard Lines, I' m a Stranger Here Myself, The Private Dining Room. Pablo Neruda, 1904-1973, (Chil.) poet. Twenty Love Poems and One Song of Despair, Toward the Splendid City. Sean O'Casey, 1884-1964, (Ir.) dramatist. Juno and the Paycock, The Plough and the Stars. Flannery O'Connor, 1925-1964, (U.S.) novelist, short story writer. Wise Blood, "A Good Man Is Hard to Find." Clifford Odets, 1906-1963, (U.S.) playwright. Waiting for Lefty, Awake and Sing, Golden Boy, The Country Girl. John O'Hara, 1905-1970, (U.S.) novelist. From the Terrace, Appointment in Samarra. Omar Khayyam, c. 1028-1122, (Per.) poet. Rubaiyat. Eugene O'Neill, 1888-1953, (U.S.) playwright. Emperor Jones, Anna Christie, Long Day's Journey into Night. George Orwell, 1903-1950, (Br.) novelist, essayist. Animal Farm, Nineteen Eighty-Four. Thomas (Tom) Paine, 1737-1809, (U.S.) author, political theorist. Common Sense. Dorothy Parker, 1893-1967, (U.S.) poet, short-story writer. Enough Rope, Laments for the Living. Boris Pasternak, 1890-1960, (R.) poet, novelist. Doctor Zhivago, My Sister, Life. Samuel Pepys, 1633-1703, (Br.) public official, author of the greatest diary in the English language. S. J. Perelman, 1904-1979, (U.S.) humorist. The Road to Miltown, Under the Spreading Atrophy. Francesco Petrarca, 1304-1374, (It.) poet, humanist. Africa, Trionfi, Canzoniere, On Solitude. Luigi Pirandello, 1867-1936, (It.) novelist, dramatist. Six Characters in Search of an Author. Edgar Allan Poe, 1809-1849, (U.S.) poet, short-story writer, critic. "Annabel Lee," "The Raven," " The Purloined Letter." Alexander Pope, 1688-1744, (Br.) poet. The Rape of the Lock, An Essay on Man. Katherine Anne Porter, 1890-1980, (U.S.) novelist, short story writer. Ship of Fools. Ezra Pound, 1885-1972, (U.S.) poet. Cantos. Marcel Proust, 1871-1922, (F.) novelist. A la recherche du temps perdu (Remembrance of Things Past). Aleksandr Pushkin, 1799-1837, (R.) poet, prose writer. Boris Godunov, Eugene Onegin, The Bronze Horseman. Francois Rabelais, 1495-1553, (F.) writer, physician. Gargantua, Pantagruel. Jean Racine, 1639-1699, (F.) dramatist. Andromaque, Phedre, Berenice, Britannicus. Ayn Rand, 1905-1982 (Rus.-U.S.) novelist, philosopher. The Fountainhead, Atlas Shrugged. Erich Maria Remarque, 1898-1970, (Ger.-U.S.) novelist. All Quiet on the Western Front. Samuel Richardson, 1689-1761, (Br.) novelist. Clarissa Harlowe, Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded. James Whitcomb Riley, 1849-1916, (U.S.) poet. "When the Frost is on the Pumpkin," "Little Orphant Annie." Rainer Maria Rilke, 1875-1926, (G.) poet. Life and Songs, Divine Elegies, Sonnets to Orpheus. Arthur Rimbaud, 1854-1891, (F.) A Season in Hell. Edwin Arlington Robinson, 1869-1935, (U.S.) poet. " Richard Cory," "Miniver Cheevy." Theodore Roethke, 1908-1963, (U.S.) poet. Open House, The Waking, The Far Field. Romain Rolland, 1866-1944, (F.) novelist, biographer. Jean-Christophe. Pierre de Ronsard, 1524-1585, (F.) poet. Sonnets pour Helene. Edmond Rostand, 1868-1918, (F.) poet, dramatist. Cyrano de Bergerac. Damon Runyon, 1880-1946, (U.S.) short-story writer, journalist. Guys and Dolls, Blue Plate Special. John Ruskin, 1819-1900, (Br.) critic, social theorist. Modern Painters, The Seven Lamps of Architecture. Antoine de Saint-Exupery, 1900-1944, (F.) writer, aviator. Wind, Sand and Stars, Le Petit Prince. George Sand, 1804-1876, (F.) novelist. Consuelo, The Haunted Pool, Les Maitres sonneurs. Carl Sandburg, 1878-1967, (U.S.) poet. Chicago Poems, Smoke and Steel, Harvest Poems. George Santayana, 1863-1952, (U.S.) poet, essayist, philosopher. The Sense of Beauty, The Realms of Being. William Saroyan, 1908-1981, (U.S.) playwright, novelist. The Time of Your Life, The Human Comedy. Jean-Paul Sartre, 1905-1980, (Fr.) philosopher, novelist, playwright, Nausea, No Exit. Friedrich von Schiller, 1759-1805, (G.) dramatist, poet, historian. Don Carlos, Maria Stuart, Wilhelm Tell. Sir Walter Scott, 1771-1832, (Sc.) novelist, poet. Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, The Bride of Lammermoor. Jaroslav Seifert, 1902-1986, (Cz.) poet. William Shakespeare, 1564-1616, (Br.) dramatist, poet. Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, King Lear, The Merchant of Venice. George Bernard Shaw, 1856-1950, (Ir.) playwright, critic. St. Joan, Pygmalion, Major Barbara, Man and Superman. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, 1797-1851, (Br.) author. Frankenstein. Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1792-1822, (Br.) poet. Prometheus Unbound, Adonais, "Ode to the West Wind," "To a Skylark." Richard B. Sheridan, 1751-1816, (Br.) dramatist. The Rivals, School for Scandal. Robert Sherwood, 1896-1955, (U.S.) playwright. The Petrified Forest, Abe Lincoln in Illinois, Reunion in Vienna. Mikhail Sholokhov, 1906-1984 (U.S.S.R.) author, 1965 Nobel laureate. And Quiet Flows the Don. Upton Sinclair, 1878-1968, (U.S.) novelist. The Jungle. Edmund Spenser, 1552-1599, (Br.) poet. The Faerie Queen. Christina Stead, 1903-1983 (Austral.) novelist, short-story writer. The Man Who Loved Children. Richard Steele, 1672-1729, (Br.) essayist, playwright, began the Tatler and Spectator. The Conscious Lovers. Lincoln Steffens, 1866-1936, (U.S.) editor, author. The Shame of the Cities. Gertrude Stein, 1874-1946, (U.S.) author. Three Lives. John Steinbeck, 1902-1968, (U.S.) novelist. Grapes of Wrath, Of Mice and Men, Winter of Our Discontent. Stendhal(Marie Henri Beyle), 1783-1842, (F.) poet, novelist. The Red and the Black, The Charterhouse of Parma. Laurence Sterne, 1713-1768, (Br.) novelist. Tristram Shandy. Wallace Stevens, 1879-1955, (U.S.) poet. Harmonium, The Man With the Blue Guitar, Transport to Summer. Robert Louis Stevenson, 1850-1894, (Br.) novelist, poet, essayist. Treasure Island, A Child's Garden of Verses. Rex Stout, 1886-1975, (U.S.) novelist, created Nero Wolfe. Harriet Beecher Stowe, 1811-1896, (U.S.) novelist. Uncle Tom's Cabin. Lytton Strachey, 1880-1932, (Br.) biographer, critic. Eminent Victorians, Queen Victoria, Elizabeth and Essex. August Strindberg, 1849-1912, (Swed.) dramatist, novelist. The Father, Miss Julie, The Creditors. Jonathan Swift, 1667-1745, (Br.) author. Gulliver' s Travels. Algernon C. Swinburne, 1837-1909, (Br.) poet, critic. Songs Before Sunrise. John M. Synge, 1871-1909, (Ir.) poet, dramatist. Riders to the Sea, The Playboy of the Western World. Rabindranath Tagore, 1861-1941, (Ind.), author, poet. Sadhana, The Realization of Life, Gitanjali. Booth Tarkington, 1869-1946, (U.S.) novelist. Seventeen, Alice Adams, Penrod. Sara Teasdale, 1884-1933, (U.S.) poet. Helen of Troy and Other Poems, Rivers to the Sea, Flame and Shadow. Alfred Lord Tennyson, 1809-1892, (Br.) poet. Idylls of the King, In Memoriam, "The Charge of the Light Brigade." William Makepeace Thackeray, 1811-1863, (Br.) novelist. Vanity Fair. Dylan Thomas, 1914-1953, (Welsh) poet. Under Milk Wood, A Child's Christmas in Wales. Henry David Thoreau, 1817-1862, (U.S.) transcendentalist thinker, writer. Walden. James Thurber, 1894-1961, (U.S.) humorist, artist. The New Yorker, The Owl in the Attic, Thurber Carnival. J.R.R. Tolkien, 1892-1973, (Br.) author. The Hobbit, Lord of the Rings. Leo Tolstoy, 1828-1910, (R.) novelist. War and Peace, Anna Karenina. Anthony Trollope, 1815-1882, (Br.) novelist. The Warden, Barchester Towers, The Palliser novels. Ivan Turgenev, 1818-1883, (R.) novelist, short-story writer. Fathers and Sons, First Love, A Month in the Country. Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens), 1835-1910, (U.S.) novelist, humorist. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer. Sigrid Undset, 1881-1949, (Nor.) novelist, poet. Kristin Lavransdatter. Paul Valery, 1871-1945, (F.) poet, critic. La Jeune Parque, The Graveyard by the Sea. Jules Verne, 1828-1905, (F.) novelist, originator of modern science fiction. Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. Francois Villon, 1431-1463?, (F.) poet. Le petit et le Grand, Testament. Evelyn Waugh, 1903-1966, (Br.) satirist. The Loved One. H.G. Wells, 1866-1946, (Br.) author. The Time Machine, The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds. Rebecca West, 1893-1983 (Br.) author. Black Lamb and Grey Falcon. Edith Wharton, 1862-1937, (U.S.) novelist. The Age of Innocence, The House of Mirth. E.B. White, 1899-1985 (U.S.), essayist, children's book author. Here is New York, Charlotte's Web, Stuart Little. T.H. White, 1906-1964, (Br.) author. The Once and Future King. Walt Whitman, 1819-1892, (U.S.) poet. Leaves of Grass. John Greenleaf Whittier, 1807-1892, (U.S.) poet, journalist. Snow-bound. Oscar Wilde, 1854-1900, (Ir.) author, wit. The Picture of Dorian Gray, The Importance of Being Earnest. Laura Ingalls Wilder, 1867-1957, (U.S.) children's books. Little House on the Prairie. Thornton Wilder, 1897-1975, (U.S.) playwright. Our Town, The Skin of Our Teeth, The Matchmaker. Tennessee Williams, 1912-1983 (U.S.) playwright. A Streetcar Named Desire, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, The Glass Menagerie. William Carlos Williams, 1883-1963, (U.S.) poet, physician. Tempers, Al Que Quiere!, Paterson. Edmund Wilson, 1895-1972, (U.S.) author, literary and social critic. Axel's Castle, To the Finland Station. P.G. Wodehouse, 1881-1975, (U.S.) poet, dramatist. The "Jeeves" novels, Anything Goes. Thomas Wolfe, 1900-1938, (U.S.) novelist. Look Homeward, Angel, You Can't Go Home Again, Of Time and the River. Virginia Woolf, 1882-1941, (Br.) novelist, essayist. Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, The Waves. William Wordsworth, 1770-1850, (Br.) poet. "Tintern Abbey," "Ode: Intimations of Immortality." William Butler Yeats, 1865-1939, (Ir.) poet, playwright. The Wild Swans at Coole, The Tower, Last Poems. Emile Zola, 1840-1902, (F.) novelist. Nana, The Dram Shop. Noted Artists and Sculptors of the Past Artists are painters unless otherwise indicated. Washington Allston, 1779-1843, (U.S.) landscapist. Belshazzar's Feast. Albrecht Altdorfer, 1480-1538, (Ger.) landscapist. Battle of Alexander. Andrea del Sarto, 1486-1530, frescoes. Madonna of the Harpies. Fra Angelico, c. 1400-1455, (It.) Renaissance muralist. Madonna of the Linen Drapers' Guild. Alexsandr Archipenko, 1887-1964, (U.S.) sculptor. Boxing Match, Medranos. John James Audubon, 1785-1851, (U.S.) Birds of America. Hans Baldung Grien, 1484-1545, (Ger.) Todentanz. Ernst Barlach, 1870-1938, (Ger.) Expressionist sculptor. Man Drawing a Sword. Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi, 1834-1904, (Fr.) Liberty Enlightening the World, Lion of Belfort. Fra Bartolommeo, 1472-1517, (It.) Vision of St. Bernard. Aubrey Beardsley, 1872-1898, (Br.) illustrator. Salome, Lysistrata. Max Beckmann, 1884-1950, (Ger.) Expressionist. The Descent from the Cross. Gentile Bellini, 1426-1507, (It.) Renaissance. Procession in St. Mark's Square. Giovanni Bellini, 1428-1516, (It.) St. Francis in Ecstasy. Jacopo Bellini, 1400-1470, (It.) Crucifixion. George Wesley Bellows, 1882-1925, (U.S.) sports artist. Stag at Sharkey's. Thomas Hart Benton, 1889-1975, (U.S.) American regionalist. Threshing Wheat, Arts of the West. Gianlorenzo Bernini, 1598-1680, (It.) Baroque sculpture. The Assumption. Albert Bierstadt, 1830-1902, (U.S.) landscapist. The Rocky Mountains, Mount Corcoran. George Caleb Bingham, 1811-1879, (U.S.) Fur Traders Descending the Missouri. William Blake, 1752-1827, (Br.) engraver. Book of Job, Songs of Innocence, Songs of Experience. Rosa Bonheur, 1822-1899, (Fr.) The Horse Fair. Pierre Bonnard, 1867-1947, (Fr.) Intimist. The Breakfast Room. Gutzon Borglum, 1871-1941, (U.S.) sculptor. Mt. Rushmore Memorial. Hieronymus Bosch, 1450-1516, (Flem.) religious allegories. The Crowning with Thorns. Sandro Botticelli, 1444-1510, (It.) Renaissance. Birth of Venus. Constantin Brancusi, 1876-1957, (Rum.) Nonobjective sculptor. Flying Turtle, The Kiss. Georges Braque, 1882-1963, (Fr.) Cubist. Violin and Palette. Pieter Bruegel the Elder, c. 1525-1569, (Flem.) The Peasant Dance. Pieter Bruegel the Younger, 1564-1638, (Flem.) Village Fair, The Crucifixion. Edward Burne-Jones, 1833-1898, (Br.) Pre-Raphaelite artist-craftsman. The Mirror of Venus. Alexander Calder, 1898-1976, (U.S.) sculptor. Lobster Trap and Fish Tail. Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, 1573-1610, (It.) Baroque. The Supper at Emmaus. Emily Carr, 1871-1945, (Can.) landscapist. Blunden Harbour, Big Raven. Carlo Carra, 1881-1966, (It.) Metaphysical school. Lot's Daughters. Mary Cassatt, 1845-1926, (U.S.) Impressionist. Woman Bathing. George Catlin, 1796-1872, (U.S.) American Indian life. Gallery of Indians. Benvenuto Cellini, 1500-1571, (It.) Mannerist sculptor, goldsmith. Perseus. Paul Cezanne, 1839-1906, (Fr.) Card Players, Mont-Sainte-Victoire with Large Pine Trees. Marc Chagall, 1887-1985, (Rus.) Jewish life and folklore. I and the Village. Jean Simeon Chardin, 1699-1779, (Fr.) still lifes. The Kiss, The Grace. Frederic Church, 1826-1900, (U.S.) Hudson River school. Niagara, Andes of Ecuador. Giovanni Cimabue, 1240-1302, (It.) Byzantine mosaicist. Madonna Enthroned with St. Francis. Claude Lorrain, 1600-1682, (Fr.) ideal-landscapist. The Enchanted Castle. Thomas Cole, 1801-1848, (U.S.) Hudson River school. The Ox-Bow. John Constable, 1776-1837, (Br.) landscapist. Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds. John Singleton Copley, 1738-1815, (U.S.) portraitist. Samuel Adams, Watson and the Shark. Lovis Corinth, 1858-1925, (Ger.) Expressionist. Apocalypse. Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, 1796-1875, (Fr.) landscapist. Souvenir de Mortefontaine, Pastorale. Correggio, 1494-1534, (It.) Renaissance muralist. Mystic Marriages of St. Catherine. Gustave Courbet, 1819-1877, (Fr.) Realist. The Artist's Studio. Lucas Cranach the Elder, 1472-1553, (Ger.) Protestant Reformation portraitist. Luther. Nathaniel Currier, 1813-1888, and James M. Ives, 1824-1895, (both U.S.) lithographers. A Midnight Race on the Mississippi. John Steuart Curry, 1897-1946, (U.S.) Americana, murals. Baptism in Kansas. Salvador Dali, 1904-1989, (Sp.) Surrealist. Persistence of Memory. Honore Daumier, 1808-1879, (Fr.) caricaturist. The Third-Class Carriage. Jacques-Louis David, 1748-1825, (Fr.) Neoclassicist. The Oath of the Horatii. Arthur Davies, 1862-1928, (U.S.) Romantic landscapist. Unicorns. Edgar Degas, 1834-1917, (Fr.) The Ballet Class. Eugene Delacroix, 1789-1863, (Fr.) Romantic. Massacre at Chios. Paul Delaroche, 1797-1856, (Fr.) historical themes. Children of Edward IV. Luca Della Robbia, 1400-1482, (It.) Renaissance terracotta artist. Cantoria (singing gallery), Florence cathedral. Donatello, 1386-1466, (It.) Renaissance sculptor. David, Gattamelata. Jean Dubuffet, 1902-1985, (Fr.) painter, sculptor, printmaker. Group of Four Trees. Marcel Duchamp, 1887-1968, (Fr.) Nude Descending a Staircase. Raoul Dufy, 1877-1953, (Fr.) Fauvist. Chateau and Horses. Asher Brown Durand, 1796-1886, (U.S.) Hudson River school. Kindred Spirits. Albrecht Durer, 1471-1528, (Ger.) Renaissance engraver, woodcuts. St. Jerome in His Study, Melancholia I, Apocalypse. Anthony van Dyck, 1599-1641, (Flem.) Baroque portraitist. Portrait of Charles I Hunting. Thomas Eakins, 1844-1916, (U.S.) Realist. The Gross Clinic. Jacob Epstein, 1880-1959, (Br.) religious and allegorical sculptor. Genesis, Ecce Homo. Jan van Eyck, 1380-1441, (Flem.) naturalistic panels. Adoration of the Lamb. Anselm Feuerbach, 1829-1880, (Ger.) Romantic Classicism. Judgement of Paris, Iphigenia. John Bernard Flannagan, 1895-1942, (U.S.) animal sculptor. Triumph of the Egg. Jean-Honore Fragonard, 1732-1806, (Fr.) Rococo. The Swing. Daniel Chester French, 1850-1931, (U.S.) The Minute Man of Concord; seated Lincoln, Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C. Caspar David Friedrich, 1774-1840, (Ger.) Romantic landscapes. Man and Woman Gazing at the Moon. Thomas Gainsborough, 1727-1788, (Br.) portraitist. The Blue Boy. Paul Gauguin, 1848-1903, (Fr.) Post-impressionist. The Tahitians. Lorenzo Ghiberti, 1378-1455, (It.) Renaissance sculptor. Gates of Paradise baptistry doors, Florence. Alberto Giacometti, 1901-1966, (It.) attenuated sculptures of solitary figures. Man Pointing. Giorgione, c. 1477-1510, (It.) Renaissance. The Tempest. Giotto di Bondone, 1267-1337, (It.) Renaissance. Presentation of Christ in the Temple. Francois Girardon, 1628-1715, (Fr.) Baroque sculptor of classical themes. Apollo Tended by the Nymphs. Vincent van Gogh, 1853-1890, (Dutch) The Starry Night, L' Arlesienne. Arshile Gorky, 1905-1948, (U.S.) Surrealist. The Liver Is the Cock's Comb. Francisco de Goya y Lucientes, 1746-1828, (Sp.) The Naked Maja, The Disasters of War (etchings). El Greco, 1541-1614, View of Toledo. Horatio Greenough, 1805-1852, (U.S.) Neo-classical sculptor. George Washington. Matthias Grunewald, 1480-1528, (Ger.) mystical religious themes. The Resurrection. Frans Hals, c. 1580-1666, (Dutch) portraitist. Laughing Cavalier, Gypsy Girl. Childe Hassam, 1859-1935, (U.S.) Impressionist. Southwest Wind. Edward Hicks, 1780-1849, (U.S.) folk painter. The Peaceable Kingdom. Hans Hofmann, 1880-1966, (U.S.) early Abstract Expressionist. Spring. The Gate. William Hogarth, 1697-1764, (Br.) caricaturist. The Rake's Progress. Katsushika Hokusai, 1760-1849, (Jap.) printmaker. Crabs. Hans Holbein the Elder, 1460-1524, (Ger.) late Gothic. Presentation of Christ in the Temple. Hans Holbein the Younger, 1497-1543, (Ger.) portraitist. Henry VIII. Winslow Homer, 1836-1910, (U.S.) marine themes. Marine Coast, High Cliff. Edward Hopper, 1882-1967, (U.S.) realistic urban scenes. Sunlight in a Cafeteria. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, 1780-1867, (Fr.) Classicist. Valpincon Bather. George Inness, 1825-1894, (U.S.) luminous landscapist. Delaware Water Gap. Vasily Kandinsky, 1866-1944, (Rus.) Abstractionist. Capricious Forms. Paul Klee, 1879-1940, (Swiss) Abstractionist. Twittering Machine. Oscar Kokoschka, 1886-1980, (Aus.) Expressionist. View of Prague. Kathe Kollwitz, 1867-1945, (Ger.) printmaker, social justice themes. The Peasant War. Gaston Lachaise, 1882-1935, (U.S.) figurative sculptor. Standing Woman. John La Farge, 1835-1910, (U.S.) muralist. Red and White Peonies. Fernand Leger, 1881-1955, (Fr.) machine art. The Cyclists. Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519, (It.) Mona Lisa, Last Supper, The Annunciation. Emanuel Leutze, 1816-1868, (U.S.) historical themes. Washington Crossing the Delaware. Jacques Lipchitz, 1891-1973, (Fr.) Cubist sculptor. Harpist. Filippino Lippi, 1457-1504, (It.) Renaissance. The Vision of St. Bernard. Fra Filippo Lippi, 1406-1469, (It.) Renaissance. Coronation of the Virgin. Morris Louis, 1912-1962, (U.S.) Abstract Expressionist. Signa, Stripes. Aristide Maillol, 1861-1944, (Fr.) sculptor. The Mediterranean. Edouard Manet, 1832-1883, (Fr.) forerunner of Impressionism. Luncheon on the Grass, Olympia. Andrea Mantegna, 1431-1506, (It.) Renaissance frescoes. Triumph of Caesar. Franz Marc, 1880-1916, (Ger.) Expressionist. Blue Horses. John Marin, 1870-1953, (U.S.) expressionist seascapes. Maine Island. Reginald Marsh, 1898-1954, (U.S.) satirical artist. Tattoo and Haircut. Masaccio, 1401-1428, (It.) Renaissance. The Tribute Money. Henri Matisse, 1869-1954, (Fr.) Fauvist. Woman with the Hat. Michelangelo Buonarroti, 1475-1564, (It.) Pieta, David, Moses, The Last Judgment, Sistine Ceiling. Jean-Francois Millet, 1814-1875, (Fr.) painter of peasant subjects. The Gleaners, The Man with a Hoe. Joan Mir, 1893-1983, (Sp.) Exuberant colors, playful images. Catalan landscape, Dutch Interior. Amedeo Modigliani, 1884-1920, (It.) Reclining Nude. Piet Mondrian, 1872-1944, (Dutch) Abstractionist. Composition. Claude Monet, 1840-1926, (Fr.) Impressionist. The Bridge at Argenteuil, Haystacks. Henry Moore, 1898-1986, (Br.) sculptor of large-scale, abstract works. Reclining Figure (several). Gustave Moreau, 1826-1898, (Fr.) Symbolist. The Apparition, Dance of Salome. James Wilson Morrice, 1865-1924, (Can.) landscapist. The Ferry, Quebec, Venice, Looking Over the Lagoon. Grandma Moses, 1860-1961, (U.S.) folk painter. Out for the Christmas Trees. Edvard Munch, 1863-1944, (Nor.) Expressionist. The Cry. Bartolome Murillo, 1618-1682, (Sp.) Baroque religious artist. Vision of St. Anthony. The Two Trinities. Barnett Newman, 1905-1970, (U.S.) Abstract Expressionist. Stations of the Cross. Isamu Noguchi, 1904-1988, (U.S.) trad. Japanese art, modern techniques. Georgia O'Keeffe, 1887-1986, (U.S.) Southwest motifs. Cow's Skull. Jose Clemente Orozco, 1883-1949, (Mex.) frescoes. House of Tears. Charles Willson Peale, 1741-1827, (U.S.) American Revolutionary portraitist. Washington, Franklin, Jefferson, John Adams. Rembrandt Peale, 1778-1860, (U.S.) portraitist. Thomas Jefferson. Pietro Perugino, 1446-1523, (It.) Renaissance. Delivery of the Keys to St. Peter. Pablo Picasso, 1881-1973, (Sp.) Guernica, Dove, Head of a Woman. Piero della Francesca, c. 1415-1492, (It.) Renaissance. Duke of Urbino, Flagellation of Christ. Camille Pissarro, 1830-1903, (Fr.) Impressionist. Morning Sunlight. Jackson Pollock, 1912-1956, (U.S.) Abstract Expressionist. Autumn Rhythm. Nicolas Poussin, 1594-1665, (Fr.) Baroque pictorial classicism. St. John on Patmos. Maurice B. Prendergast, c. 1860-1924, (U.S.) Post-impressionist water colorist. Umbrellas in the Rain. Pierre-Paul Prud'hon, 1758-1823, (Fr.) Romanticist. Crime pursued by Vengeance and Justice. Pierre Cecile Puvis de Chavannes, 1824-1898, (Fr.) muralist. The Poor Fisherman. Raphael Sanzio, 1483-1520, (It.) Renaissance. Disputa, School of Athens, Sistine Madonna. Man Ray, 1890-1976, (U.S.) Dadaist. Observing Time, The Lovers. Odilon Redon, 1840-1916, (Fr.) Symbolist lithographer. In the Dream. Rembrandt van Rijn, 1606-1669, (Dutch) The Bridal Couple, The Night Watch. Frederic Remington, 1861-1909, (U.S.) painter, sculptor, portrayer of the American West. Bronco Buster. Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1841-1919, (Fr.) Impressionist. The Luncheon of the Boating Party. Joshua Reynolds, 1723-1792, (Br.) portraitist. Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse. Diego Rivera, 1886-1957, (Mex.) frescoes. The Fecund Earth. Norman Rockwell, 1894-1978, (U.S.) illustrator. Saturday Evening Post covers. Auguste Rodin, 1840-1917, (Fr.) sculptor. The Thinker, The Burghers of Calais. Mark Rothko, 1903-1970, (U.S.) Abstract Expressionist. Light, Earth and Blue. Georges Rouault, 1871-1958, (Fr.) Expressionist. The Old King. Henri Rousseau, 1844-1910, (Fr.) primitive exotic themes. The Snake Charmer. Theodore Rousseau, 1812-1867, (Swiss-Fr.) landscapist. Under the Birches, Evening. Peter Paul Rubens, 1577-1640, (Flem.) Baroque. Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine. Jacob van Ruisdael, c. 1628-1682, (Dutch) landscapist. Jewish Cemetery. Salomon van Ruysdael, c. 1600-1670, (Dutch) landscapist. River with Ferry-Boat. Albert Pinkham Ryder, 1847-1917, (U.S.) seascapes and allegories. Toilers of the Sea. Augustus Saint-Gaudens, 1848-1907, (U.S.) memorial statues. Farragut, Mrs. Henry Adams (Grief). Andrea Sansovino, 1460-1529, (It.) Renaissance sculptor. Baptism of Christ. Jacopo Sansovino, 1486-1570, (It.) Renaissance sculptor. St. John the Baptist. John Singer Sargent, 1856-1925, (U.S.) Edwardian society portraitist. The Wyndham Sisters, Madam X. Georges Seurat, 1859-1891, (Fr.) Pointillist. Sunday Afternoon on the Island of Grande Jatte. Gino Severini, 1883-1966, (It.) Futurist and Cubist. Dynamic Hieroglyph of the Bal Tabarin. Ben Shahn, 1898-1969, (U.S.) social and political themes. Sacco and Vanzetti series, Seurat's Lunch, Handball. Charles Sheeler, 1883-1965, (U.S.) Abstractionist. Upper Deck. David Alfaro Siqueiros, 1896-1974, (Mex.) political muralist. March of Humanity. John F. Sloan, 1871-1951, (U.S.) depictions of New York City. Wake of the Ferry. David Smith, 1906-1965, (U.S.) welded metal sculpture. Hudson River Landscape, Zig, Cubi series. Gilbert Stuart, 1755-1828, (U.S.) portraitist. George Washington. Thomas Sully, 1783-1872, (U.S.) portraitist. Col. Thomas Handasyd Perkins, The Passage of the Delaware. Yves Tanguy, 1900-1955, (Fr.) Surrealist. Rose of the Four Winds. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, 1696-1770, (It.) Rococo frescoes. The Crucifixion. Jacopo Tintoretto, 1518-1594, (It.) Mannerist. The Last Supper. Titian, c. 1485-1576, (It.) Renaissance. Venus and the Lute Player, The Bacchanal. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, 1864-1901, (Fr.) At the Moulin Rouge. John Trumbull, 1756-1843, (U.S.) historical themes. The Declaration of Independence. J(oseph) M(allord) W(illiam) Turner, 1775-1851, (Br.) Romantic landscapist. Snow Storm. Paolo Uccello, 1397-1475, (It.) Gothic-Renaissance. The Rout of San Romano. Maurice Utrillo, 1883-1955, (Fr.) Impressionist. Sacre-Coeur de Montmartre. John Vanderlyn, 1775-1852, (U.S.) Neo-classicist. Ariadne Asleep on the Island of Naxos. Diego Velazquez, 1599-1660, (Sp.) Baroque. Las Meninas, Portrait of Juan de Pareja. Jan Vermeer, 1632-1675, (Dutch) interior genre subjects. Young Woman with a Water Jug. Paolo Veronese, 1528-1588, (It.) devotional themes, vastly peopled canvases. The Temptation of St. Anthony. Andrea del Verrocchio, 1435-1488, (It.) Florentine sculptor. Colleoni. Maurice de Vlaminck, 1876-1958, (Fr.) Fauvist landscapist. The Storm. Andy Warhol, 1928-1987 (U.S.) Pop Art, Campbell's Soup Cans. Antoine Watteau, 1684-1721, (Fr.) Rococo painter of "scenes of gallantry". The Embarkation for Cythera. George Frederic Watts, 1817-1904, (Br.) painter and sculptor of grandiose allegorical themes. Hope, Physical Energy. Benjamin West, 1738-1820, realistic historical themes. Death of General Wolfe. James Abbott McNeill Whistler, 1834-1903, (U.S.) Arrangement in Grey and Black, No. 1: The Artist's Mother. Archibald M. Willard, 1836-1918, (U.S.) The Spirit of '76. Grant Wood, 1891-1942, (U.S.) Midwestern regionalist. American Gothic, Daughters of Revolution. Ossip Zadkine, 1890-1967, (Rus.) School of Paris sculptor. The Destroyed City, Musicians, Christ. Noted Philosophers and Religionists of the Past Lyman Abbott, 1835-1922, (U.S.) clergyman, reformer; advocate of Christian Socialism. Pierre Abelard, 1079-1142, (F.) philosopher, theologian, and teacher, used dialectic method to support Christian dogma. Felix Adler, 1851-1933, (U.S.) German-born founder of the Ethical Culture Society. St. Augustine, 354-430, Latin bishop considered the founder of formalized Christian theology. Averroes, 1126-1198, (Sp.) Islamic philosopher. Roger Bacon, c.1214-1294, (Br.) philosopher and scientist. Karl Barth, 1886-1968, (Sw.) theologian, a leading force in 20th-century Protestantism. St. Benedict, c.480-547, (It.) founded the Benedictines. Jeremy Bentham, 1748-1832, (Br.) philosopher, reformer, founder of Utilitarianism. Henri Bergson, 1859-1941, (F.) philosopher of evolution. George Berkeley, 1685-1753, (Ir.) philosopher, churchman. John Biddle, 1615-1662, (Br.) founder of English Unitarianism. Jakob Boehme, 1575-1624, (G.) theosophist and mystic. William Brewster, 1567-1644, (Br.) headed Pilgrims, signed Mayflower Compact. Emil Brunner, 1889-1966, (Sw.) theologian. Giordano Bruno, 1548-1600, (It.) philosopher. Martin Buber, 1878-1965, (G.) Jewish philosopher, theologian, wrote I and Thou. Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama), c.563-c.483 BC, (Ind.) philosopher, founded Buddhism. John Calvin, 1509-1564, (F.) theologian, a key figure in the Protestant Reformation. Rudolph Carnap, 1891-1970, (U.S.) German-born philosopher, a founder of logical positivism. William Ellery Channing, 1780-1842, (U.S.) clergyman, early spokesman for Unitarianism. Auguste Comte, 1798-1857, (F.) philosopher, the founder of positivism. Confucius, 551-479 BC, (Chin.) founder of Confucianism. John Cotton, 1584-1652, (Br.) Puritan theologian. Thomas Cranmer, 1489-1556, (Br.) churchman, wrote much of Book of Common Prayer; promoter of English Reformation. Rene Descartes, 1596-1650, (F.) philosopher, mathematician. John Dewey, 1859-1952, (U.S.) philosopher, educator; helped inaugurate the progressive education movement. Denis Diderot, 1713-1784, (F.) philosopher, creator of first modern encyclopedia. Mary Baker Eddy, 1821-1910, (U.S.) founder of Christian Science. Jonathan Edwards, 1703-1758, (U.S.) preacher, theologian. (Desiderius) Erasmus, c.1466-1536, (Du.) Renaissance humanist. Johann Fichte, 1762-1814, (G.) philosopher, the first of the Transcendental Idealists. George Fox, 1624-1691, (Br.) founder of Society of Friends. St. Francis of Assisi, 1182-1226, (It.) founded Franciscans. al Ghazali, 1058-1111, Islamic philosopher. Georg W. Hegel, 1770-1831, (G.) Idealist philosopher. Martin Heidegger, 1889-1976, (G.) existentialist philosopher, affected fields ranging from physics to literary criticism. Johann G. Herder, 1744-1803, (G.) philosopher, cultural historian; a founder of German Romanticism. David Hume, 1711-1776, (Sc.) philosopher, historian. Jan Hus, 1369-1415, (Czech.) religious reformer. Edmund Husserl, 1859-1938, (G.) philosopher, founded the Phenomenological movement. Thomas Huxley, 1825-1895, (Br.) philosopher, educator. Ignatius of Loyola, 1491-1556, (Sp.) founder of the Jesuits. William Inge, 1860-1954, (Br.) theologian, explored the mystic aspects of Christianity. William James, 1842-1910, (U.S.) philosopher, psychologist; advanced theory of the pragmatic nature of truth. Karl Jaspers, 1883-1969, (G.) existentialist philosopher. Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804, (G.) metaphysician, preeminent founder of modern critical philosophy. Soren Kierkegaard, 1813-1855, (Den.) philosopher, considered the father of Existentialism. John Knox, 1505-1572, (Sc.) leader of the Protestant Reformation in Scotland. Lao-Tzu, 604-531 BC, (Chin.) philosopher, considered the founder of the Taoist religion. Gottfried von Leibniz, 1646-1716, (G.) philosopher, mathematician. Martin Luther, 1483-1546, (G.) leader of the Protestant Re-formation, founded Lutheran church. Maimonides, 1135-1204, (Sp.) Jewish philosopher. Jacques Maritain, 1882-1973, (F.) Neo-Thomist philosopher. Cotton Mather, 1663-1728, (U.S.) defender of orthodox Puritanism; founded Yale, 1701. Philipp Melanchthon, 1497-1560, (G.) theologian, humanist; an important voice in the Reformation. Thomas Merton, 1915-1968, (U.S.) Trappist monk, spiritual writer. Mohammed, c.570-632, Arab prophet of the religion of Islam. Dwight Moody, 1837-1899, (U.S.) evangelist. George E. Moore, 1873-1958, (Br.) ethical theorist. Elijah Muhammad, 1897-1975, (U.S.) leader of the Black Muslim sect. Heinrich Muhlenberg, 1711-1787, (G.) organized the Lutheran Church in America. John H. Newman, 1801-1890, (Br.) Roman Catholic cardinal, led Oxford Movement. Reinhold Niebuhr, 1892-1971, (U.S.) Protestant theologian, social and political critic. Friedrich Nietzsche, 1844-1900, (G.) moral philosopher. Blaise Pascal, 1623-1662, (F.) philosopher and mathematician. St. Patrick, c.389-c.461, brought Christianity to Ireland. St. Paul, ?-c.67, a founder of the Christian religion. Charles S. Peirce, 1839-1914, (U.S.) philosopher, logician; originated concept of Pragmatism, 1878. Josiah Royce 1855-1916, (U.S.) Idealist philosopher. Charles T. Russell, 1852-1916, (U.S.) founder of Jehovah's Witnesses. Fredrich von Schelling, 1775-1854, (G.) philosopher. Friedrich Schleiermacher, 1768-1834, (G.) theologian, a founder of modern Protestant theology. Arthur Schopenhauer, 1788-1860, (G.) philosopher. Joseph Smith, 1805-1844, (U.S.) founded Latter Day Saints (Mormon) movement, 1830. Herbert Spencer, 1820-1903, (Br.) philosopher of evolution. Baruch Spinoza, 1632-1677, (Du.) rationalist philosopher. Billy Sunday, 1862-1935, (U.S.) evangelist. Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, 1870-1966, (Jap.) Buddhist scholar. Emanuel Swedenborg, 1688-1722, (Swed.) philosopher, mystic. Thomas a Becket, 1118-1170, (Br.) archbishop of Canterbury, opposed Henry II. Thomas a Kempis, c.1380-1471, (G.) theologian probably wrote Imitation of Christ. Thomas Aquinas, 1225-1274, (It.) theologian, philosopher. Paul Tillich, 1886-1965, (U.S.) German-born philosopher and theologian. John Wesley, 1703-1791, (Br.) theologian, evangelist; founded Methodism. Alfred North Whitehead, 1861-1947, (Br.) philosopher, mathematician. William of Occam, c.1285-c.1349 (Br.) philosopher. Roger Williams, c.1603-1683, (U.S.) clergyman, championed religious freedom and separation of church and state. Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1889-1951, (Aus.) philosopher. John Wycliffe, 1320-1384, (Br.) theologian, reformer. Brigham Young, 1801-1877, (U.S.) Mormon leader, colonized Utah. Huldrych Zwingli, 1484-1531, (Sw.) theologian, led Swiss Protestant Reformation. Noted Social Reformers and Educators of the Past Jane Addams, 1860-1935, (U.S.) co-founder of Hull House; won Nobel Peace Prize, 1931. Susan B. Anthony, 1820-1906, (U.S.) a leader in temperance, anti-slavery, and women's suffrage movements. Henry Barnard, 1811-1900, (U.S.) public school reformer. Thomas Barnardo, 1845-1905, (Br.) social reformer, pioneered in the care of destitute children. Clara Barton, 1821-1912, (U.S.) organizer of the American Red Cross. Henry Ward Beecher, 1813-1887, (U.S.) clergyman, abolitionist. Sarah G. Blanding, 1899-1985, (U.S.), head of Vassar College, 1946-64. Amelia Bloomer, 1818-1894, (U.S.) social reformer, women's rights advocate. William Booth, 1829-1912, (Br.) founded the Salvation Army. Nicholas Murray Butler, 1862-1947, (U.S.) educator headed Columbia Univ., 1902-45; won Nobel Peace Prize, 1931. Frances X. (Mother) Cabrini, 1850-1917, (U.S.) Italian-born nun founded charitable institutions; first American canonized. Carrie Chapman Catt, 1859-1947, (U.S.) suffragette, helped win passage of the 19th amendment. Dorothy Day, 1897-1980, (U.S.) founder of Catholic Worker Movement. Eugene V. Debs, 1855-1926, (U.S.) labor leader, led Pullman strike, 1894; 4-time Socialist presidential candidate. Melvil Dewey, 1851-1931, (U.S.) devised decimal system of library-book classification. Dorothea Dix, 1802-1887, (U.S.) crusader for humane care of mentally ill. Frederick Douglass, 1817-1895, (U.S.) abolitionist. W.E.B. DuBois, 1868-1963, (U.S.) Negro-rights leader, educator, and writer. William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879, (U.S.) abolitionist, reformer. Giovanni Gentile, 1875-1944, (It.) philosopher, educator; reformed Italian educational system. Samuel Gompers, 1850-1924, (U.S.) labor leader; a founder and president of AFL. William Green, 1873-1952, (U.S.) president of AFL, 1924-52. Michael Harrington, 1928-1989, (U.S.) revealed poverty in affluent U.S. in The Other America, 1963. Sidney Hillman, 1887-1946, (U.S.) labor leader, helped organize CIO. John Holt, 1924-1985, (U.S.) educator and author, How Children Fail. Samuel G. Howe, 1801-1876, (U.S.) social reformer, changed public attitudes toward the handicapped. Helen Keller, 1880-1968, (U.S.) crusader for better treatment for the handicapped. Martin Luther King Jr., 1929-1968, (U.S.) civil rights leader; won Nobel Peace Prize, 1964. John L. Lewis, 1880-1969, (U.S.) labor leader, headed United Mine Workers, 1920-60. Horace Mann, 1796-1859, (U.S.) pioneered modern public school system. William H. McGuffey, 1800-1873, (U.S.) author of Reader, the mainstay of 19th century U.S. public education. Alexander Meiklejohn, 1872-1964, (U.S.) British-born educator, championed academic freedom and experimental curricula. Lucretia Mott, 1793-1880, (U.S.) reformer, pioneer feminist. Philip Murray, 1886-1952, (U.S.) Scotch-born labor leader. Florence Nightingale, 1820-1910, (Br.) founder of modern nursing. Emmeline Pankhurst, 1858-1928, (Br.) woman suffragist. Elizabeth P. Peabody, 1804-1894, (U.S.) education pioneer, founded 1st kindergarten in U.S., 1860. Walter Reuther, 1907-1970, (U.S.) labor leader, headed UAW. Jacob Riis, 1849-1914, (U.S.) crusader for urban reforms. Margaret Sanger, 1883-1966, (U.S.) social reformer, pioneered the birth control movement. Elizabeth Seton, 1774-1821, (U.S.) established parochial school education in U.S. Earl of Shaftesbury (A.A. Cooper), 1801-1885, (Br.) social reformer. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 1815-1902, (U.S.) women's suffrage pioneer. Lucy Stone, 1818-1893, (U.S.) feminist, abolitionist. Harriet Tubman, c.1820-1913, (U.S.) abolitionist, ran Underground Railroad. Booker T. Washington, 1856-1915, (U.S.) educator, reformer; championed vocational training for blacks. Walter F. White, 1893-1955, (U.S.) headed NAACP, 1931-55. William Wilberforce, 1759-1833, (Br.) social reformer, prominent in struggle to abolish the slave trade. Emma Hart Willard, 1787-1870, (U.S.) pioneered higher education for women. Frances E. Willard, 1839-1898, (U.S.) temperance, woman's rights leader. Whitney M. Young Jr., 1921-1971, (U.S.) civil rights leader, headed National Urban League, 1961-71. Noted Historians, Economists, and Social Scientists of the Past Brooks Adams, 1848-1927, (U.S.) historian, political theoretician. Francis Bacon, 1561-1626, (Br.) philosopher, essayist, and statesman. George Bancroft, 1800-1891, (U.S.) historian, wrote 10-volume History of the United States. Charles A. Beard, 1874-1948, (U.S.) historian, attacked motives of the Founding Fathers. Bede (the Venerable), c.673-735, (Br.) scholar, historian. Ruth Benedict, 1887-1948, (U.S.) anthropologist, studied Indian tribes of the Southwest. Bruno Bettleheim, 1903-1990, (Aust.-U.S.) psychoanalyst specializing in autistic children; The Uses of Enchantment. Louis Blanc, 1811-1882, (F.) Socialist leader and historian whose ideas were a link between utopian and Marxist socialism. Leonard Bloomfield, 1887-1949, (U.S.) linguist. Language. Franz Boas, 1858-1942, (U.S.) German-born anthropologist, studied American Indians. Van Wyck Brooks, 1886-1963, (U.S.) cultural historian, critic. Edmund Burke, 1729-1797, (Ir.) British parliamentarian and political philosopher; influenced many Federalists. Joseph Campbell, 1904-1987, (U.S.) authored books on mythology, folklore. Thomas Carlyle, 1795-1881, (Sc.) philosopher, historian, and critic. Edward Channing, 1856-1931, (U.S.) historian, wrote 6-volume A History of the United States. John R. Commons, 1862-1945, (U.S.) economist, labor historian. Benedetto Croce, 1866-1952, (It.) philosopher, statesman, and historian. Bernard A. De Voto, 1897-1955, (U.S.) historian, won Pulitzer prize in 1948 for Across the Wide Missouri. Ariel Durant, 1898-1981, (U.S.) historian, collaborated with husband on 11-volume The Story of Civilization. Will Durant, 1885-1981, (U.S.) historian. The Story of Civilization, The Story of Philosophy. Emile Durkheim, 1858-1917, (F.) a founder of modern sociology. Friedrich Engels, 1820-1895, (G.) political writer, with Marx wrote the Communist Manifesto. Irving Fisher, 1867-1947, (U.S.) economist, contributed to the development of modern monetary theory. John Fiske, 1842-1901, (U.S.) historian and lecturer, popularized Darwinian theory of evolution. Charles Fourier, 1772-1837, (F.) utopian socialist. Henry George, 1839-1897, (U.S.) economist, reformer, led single-tax movement. Edward Gibbon, 1737-1794, (Br.) historian, wrote The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Francesco Guicciardini, 1483-1540, (It.) historian, wrote Storia d'Italia, principal historical work of the 16th-century. Alvin Hansen, 1887-1975, (U.S.) economist. Thomas Hobbes, 1588-1679, (Br.) social philosopher. Richard Hofstadter, 1916-1970, (U.S.) historian, wrote The Age of Reform. John Maynard Keynes, 1883-1946, (Br.) economist, principal advocate of deficit spending. Alfred L. Kroeber, 1876-1960, (U.S.) cultural anthropologist, studied Indians of North and South America. James L. Laughlin, 1850-1933, (U.S.) economist, helped establish Federal Reserve System. Lucien Levy-Bruhl, 1857-1939, (F.) philosopher, studied the psychology of primitive societies. Kurt Lewin, 1890-1947, (U.S.) German-born psychologist, studied human motivation and group dynamics. John Locke, 1632-1704, (Br.) political philosopher. Konrad Lorenz, 1904-1989, (Aus.) ethologist, pioneer in study of animal behavior. Thomas B. Macauley, 1800-1859, (Br.) historian, statesman. Bronislaw Malinowski, 1884-1942, (Pol.) anthropologist, considered the father of social anthropology. Thomas R. Malthus, 1766-1834, (Br.) economist, famed for Essay on the Principle of Population. Karl Mannheim, 1893-1947, (Hung.) sociologist, historian. Karl Marx, 1818-1883, (G.) political philosopher, proponent of modern communism. Giuseppe Mazzini, 1805-1872, (It.) political philosopher. George H. Mead, 1863-1931, (U.S.) philosopher and social psychologist. Margaret Mead, 1901-1978, (U.S.) cultural anthropologist, popularized field. James Mill, 1773-1836, (Sc.) philosopher, historian, and economist; a proponent of Utilitarianism. John Stuart Mill, 1806-1873, (Br.) philosopher, political economist. Perry G. Miller, 1905-1963, (U.S.) historian, interpreted 17th-century New England. Theodor Mommsen, 1817-1903, (G.) historian, wrote The History of Rome. Charles-Louis Montesquieu, 1689-1755, (F.) social philosopher. Samuel Eliot Morison, 1887-1976, (U.S.) historian, chronicled voyages of early explorers. Lewis Mumford, 1895-1990, (U.S.) sociologist, critic, The Culture of Cities. Gunnar Myrdal, 1898-1987 (Swe.) economist, social scientist. Allan Nevins, 1890-1971, (U.S.) historian, biographer; twice won Pulitzer prize. Jose Ortega y Gasset, 1883-1955, (Sp.) philosopher and humanist; advocated control by an elite. Robert Owen, 1771-1858, (Br.) political philosopher, reformer. Vilfredo Pareto, 1848-1923, (It.) economist, sociologist. Francis Parkman, 1823-1893, (U.S.) historian, wrote 8-volume France and England in North America, 1851-92. Marco Polo, c.1254-1324, (It.) narrated an account of his travels to China. William Prescott, 1796-1859, (U.S.) early American historian. Pierre Joseph Proudhon, 1809-1865, (F.) social theorist, regarded as the father of anarchism. Francois Quesnay, 1694-1774, (F.) economic theorist, demonstrated circular flow of economic activity through society. David Ricardo, 1772-1823, (Br.) economic theorist, advocated free international trade. James H. Robinson, 1863-1936, (U.S.) historian, educator. Carl Rogers, 1902-1987, (U.S.) psychotherapist, author. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778, (F.) social philosopher, author. Edward Sapir, 1884-1939 (Ger.-U.S.) anthropologist, studied ethnology and linguistics of some U.S. Indian groups. Ferdinand de Saussure, 1857-1913, (Swiss) a founder of modern lingustics. Hjalmar Schacht, 1877-1970, (G.) economist. Joseph Schumpeter, 1883-1950, (U.S.) Czech.-born economist, championed big business, capitalism. Albert Schweitzer, 1875-1965, (Alsatian) social philosopher, theologian, and humanitarian. George Simmel, 1858-1918, (G.) sociologist, philosopher. Adam Smith, 1723-1790, (Br.) economist, advocated laissez-faire economy and free trade. Jared Sparks, 1789-1866, (U.S.) historian, among first to do research from original documents. Oswald Spengler, 1880-1936, (G.) philosopher and historian, wrote The Decline of the West. William G. Sumner, 1840-1910, (U.S.) social scientist, economist; championed laissez-faire economy, Social Darwinism. Hippolyte Taine, 1828-1893, (F.) historian. Frank W. Taussig, 1859-1940, (U.S.) economist, educator. Nikolaas Tinbergen, 1907-1988, (Dutch-Br.) ethologist, pioneer in study of animal behavior. Alexis de Tocqueville, 1805-1859, (F.) political scientist, historian. Francis E. Townsend, 1867-1960, (U.S.) author of old-age pension plan. Arnold Toynbee, 1889-1975, (Br.) historian, wrote 10-volume A Study of History. Heinrich von Treitschke, 1834-1896, (G.) historian, political writer. George Trevelyan, 1838-1928, (Br.) historian, statesman. Barbara Tuchman, 1912-1989, (U.S.) author of Pulitzer Prize-winning history books, The Guns of August. Frederick J. Turner, 1861-1932, (U.S.) historian, educator. Thorstein B. Veblen, 1857-1929, (U.S.) economist, social philosopher. Giovanni Vico, 1668-1744, (It.) historian, philosopher. Voltaire (F.M. Arouet), 1694-1778, (F.) philosopher, historian, and poet. Izaak Walton, 1593-1683, (Br.) author, wrote first biographical works in English literature. Sidney J., 1859-1947, and wife Beatrice, 1858-1943, Webb (Br.) leading figures in Fabian Society and British Labour Party. Walter P. Webb, 1888-1963, (U.S.) historian of the West. Max Weber, 1864-1920, (G.) sociologist. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Noted Scientists of the Past Howard H. Aiken, 1900-1973, (U.S.) mathematician, credited with designing forerunner of digital computer. Albertus Magnus, 1193-1280, (G.) theologian, philosopher, scientist, established medieval Christian study of natural science. Andre-Marie Ampere, 1775-1836, (F.) scientist known for contributions to electrodynamics. Amedeo Avogadro, 1776-1856, (It.) chemist, physicist, advanced important theories on properties of gases. A.C. Becquerel, 1788-1878, (F.) physicist, pioneer in electrochemical science. A.H. Becquerel, 1852-1908, (F.) physicist, discovered radioactivity in uranium. Alexander Graham Bell, 1847-1922, (U.S.) inventor, first to patent and commercially exploit the telephone, 1876. Daniel Bernoulli, 1700-1782, (Swiss) mathematician, advanced kinetic theory of gases and fluids. Jons Jakob Berzelius, 1779-1848, (Swed.) chemist, developed modern chemical symbols and formulas. Henry Bessemer, 1813-1898, (Br.) engineer, invented Bessemer steel-making process. Louis Bleriot, 1872-1936, (F.) engineer, pioneer aviator, invented and constructed monoplanes. Niels Bohr, 1885-1962, (Dan.) physicist, leading figure in the development of quantum theory. Max Born, 1882-1970, (G.) physicist known for research in quantum mechanics. Satyendranath Bose, 1894-1974, (In.) physicist, chemist, mathematician known for Bose statistics, forerunner of modern quantum theory. Walter Brattain, 1902-1987, (U.S.) inventor, worked on invention of transistor. Louis de Broglie, 1893-1987, (F.) physicist, best known for wave theory. Robert Bunsen, 1811-1899, (G.) chemist, invented Bunsen burner. Luther Burbank, 1849-1926, (U.S.) plant breeder whose work developed plant breeding into a modern science. Vannevar Bush, 1890-1974, (U.S.) electrical engineer, developed differential analyzer, first electronic analogue computer. Alexis Carrel, 1873-1944, (F.) surgeon, biologist, developed methods of suturing blood vessels and transplanting organs. George Washington Carver, 1860?-1943, (U.S.) agricultural chemist, experimenter, benefactor of South, a black hero. Henry Cavendish, 1731-1810, (Br.) chemist, physicist, discovered hydrogen. James Chadwick, 1891-1974, (Br.) physicist, discovered the neutron. Jean M. Charcot, 1825-1893, (F.) neurologist known for work on hysteria, hypnotism, sclerosis. Albert Claude, 1899-1983, (Belg.) a founder of modern cell biology. John D. Cockcroft, 1897-1967, (Br.) nuclear physicist, constructed first atomic particle accelerator with E.T.S. Walton. William Crookes, 1832-1919, (Br.) physicist, chemist, discovered thallium, invented a cathode-ray tube, radiometer. Marie Curie, 1867-1934, (Pol.-F.) physical chemist known for work on radium and its compounds. Pierre Curie, 1859-1906, (F.) physical chemist known for work with his wife on radioactivity. Gottlieb Daimler, 1834-1900, (G.) engineer, inventor, pioneer automobile manufacturer. John Dalton, 1766-1844, (Br.) chemist, physicist, formulated atomic theory, made first table of atomic weights. Charles Darwin, 1809-1882, (Br.) naturalist, established theory of organic evolution. Humphry Davy, 1778-1829, (Br.) chemist, research in electrochemistry led to isolation of potassium, sodium, calcium, barium, boron, magnesium, and strontium. Lee De Forest, 1873-1961, (U.S.) inventor, pioneer in development of wireless telegraphy, sound pictures, television. Max Delbruck, 1907-1981, (U.S.) pioneer in modern molecular genetics. Rudolf Diesel, 1858-1913, (G.) mechanical engineer, patented Diesel engine. Thomas Dooley, 1927-1961, (U.S.) "jungle doctor," noted for efforts to supply medical aid to underdeveloped countries. Christian Doppler, 1803-1853, (Aus.) physicist, demonstrated Doppler effect (change in energy wavelengths caused by motion). Thomas A. Edison, 1847-1931, (U.S.) inventor, held over 1,000 patents, including incandescent electric lamp, phonograph. Paul Ehrlich, 1854-1915, (G.) bacteriologist, pioneer in modern immunology and bacteriology. Albert Einstein, 1879-1955, (Ger.-U.S.) theoretical physicist, known for formulation of relativity theory. John F. Enders, 1897-1985, (U.S.) virologist who helped discover vaccines against polio, measles, and mumps. Leonhard Euler, 1707-1783, (Swiss), mathematician, physicist, authored first calculus book. Gabriel Fahrenheit, 1686-1736, (G.) physicist, introduced Fahrenheit scale for thermometers. Michael Faraday, 1791-1867, (Br.) chemist, physicist, known for work in field of electricity. Pierre de Fermat, 1601-1665, (F.) mathematician, discovered analytic geometry, founded modern theory of numbers and calculus of probabilities. Enrico Fermi, 1901-1954, (It.) physicist, one of chief architects of the nuclear age. Galileo Ferraris, 1847-1897, (It.) physicist, electrical engineer, discovered principle of rotary magnetic field. Richard Feynman, 1918-1988, (U.S.) a leading theoretical physicist of the postwar generation. Camille Flammarion, 1842-1925, (F.) astronomer, popularized study of astronomy. Alexander Fleming, 1881-1955, (Br.) bacteriologist, discovered penicillin. Jean B.J. Fourier, 1768-1830, (F.) mathematician, discovered theorem governing periodic oscillation. James Franck, 1882-1964, (G.) physicist, proved value of quantum theory. Sigmund Freud, 1856-1939, (Aus.) psychiatrist, founder of psychoanalysis. Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642, (It.) astronomer, physicist, a founder of the experimental method. Luigi Galvani, 1737-1798, (It.) physician, physicist, known as founder of galvanism. Carl Friedrich Gauss, 1777-1855, (G.) mathematician, astronomer, physicist, made important contributions to almost every field of physical science, founded a number of new fields. Joseph Gay-Lussac, 1778-1850, (F.) chemist, physicist, investigated behavior of gases, discovered law of combining volumes. Josiah W. Gibbs, 1839-1903, (U.S.) theoretical physicist, chemist, founded chemical thermodynamics. Robert H. Goddard, 1882-1945 (U.S.) physicist, father of modern rocketry. George W. Goethals, 1858-1928, (U.S.) army engineer, built the Panama Canal. William C. Gorgas, 1854-1920, (U.S.) sanitarian, U.S. army surgeon-general, his work to prevent yellow fever, malaria helped insure construction of Panama Canal. Ernest Haeckel, 1834-1919, (G.) zoologist, evolutionist, a strong proponent of Darwin. Otto Hahn, 1879-1968, (G.) chemist, worked on atomic fission. J.B.S. Haldane, 1892-1964, (Sc.) scientist, known for work as geneticist and application of mathematics to science. James Hall, 1761-1832, (Br.) geologist, chemist, founded experimental geology, geochemistry. Edmund Halley, 1656-1742, (Br.) astronomer, calculated the orbits of many planets. William Harvey, 1578-1657, (Br.) physician, anatomist, discovered circulation of the blood. Hermann v. Helmholtz, 1821-1894, (G.) physicist, anatomist, physiologist, made fundamental contributions to physiology, optics, electrodynamics, mathematics, meteorology, William Herschel, 1738-1822, (Br.) astronomer, discovered Uranus. Heinrich Hertz, 1857-1894, (G.) physicist, his discoveries led to wireless telegraphy. David Hilbert, 1862-1943, (G.) mathematician, formulated first satisfactory set of axioms for modern Euclidean geometry. Edwin P. Hubble, 1889-1953, (U.S.) astronomer, produced first observational evidence of expanding universe. Alexander v. Humboldt, 1769-1859, (G.) explorer, naturalist, propagator of earth sciences, originated ecology, geophysics. Julian Huxley, 1887-1975, (Br.) biologist, a gifted exponent and philosopher of science. Edward Jenner, 1749-1823, (Br.) physician, discovered vaccination. William Jenner, 1815-1898, (Br.) physician, pathological anatomist. Frederic Joliot-Curie, 1900-1958, (F.) physicist, with his wife continued work of Curies on radioactivity. Irene Joliot-Curie, 1897-1956, (F.) physicist, continued work of Curies in radioactivity. James P. Joule, 1818-1889, (Br.) physicist, determined relationship between heat and mechanical energy (conservation of energy). Carl Jung, 1875-1961, (Sw.) psychiatrist, founder of analytical psychology. Wm. Thomson Kelvin, 1824-1907, (Br.) mathematician, physicist, known for work on heat and electricity. Sister Elizabeth Kenny, 1886-1952, (Austral.) nurse, developed method of treatment for polio. Johannes Kepler, 1571-1630, (G.) astronomer, discovered important laws of planetary motion. Joseph Lagrange, 1736-1813, (F.) geometer, astronomer, worked in all fields of analysis, and number theory, and analytical and celestial mechanics. Jean B. Lamarck, 1744-1829, (F.) naturalist, forerunner of Darwin in evolutionary theory. Irving Langmuir, 1881-1957, (U.S.) physical chemist, his studies of molecular films on solid and liquid surfaces opened new fields in colloid research and biochemistry. Pierre S. Laplace, 1749-1827, (F.) astronomer, physicist, put forth nebular hypothesis of origin of solar system. Antoine Lavoisier, 1743-1794, (F.) chemist, founder of modern chemistry. Ernest O. Lawrence, 1901-1958, (U.S.) physicist, invented the cyclotron. Louis Leakey, 1903-1972, (Br.) anthropologist, discovered important fossils, remains of early hominids. Anton van Leeuwenhoek, 1632-1723, (Du.) microscopist, father of microbiology. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1646-1716, (G.) mathematician, developed theories of differential and integral calculus. Justus von Liebig, 1803-1873, (G.) chemist, established quantitative organic chemical analysis. Joseph Lister, 1827-1912, (Br.) pioneer of antiseptic surgery. Percival Lowell, 1855-1916, (U.S.) astronomer, predicted the existence of Pluto. Guglielmo Marconi, 1874-1937, (It.) physicist, known for his development of wireless telegraphy. James Clerk Maxwell, 1831-1879, (Sc.) physicist, known especially for his work in electricity and magnetism. Maria Goeppert Mayer, 1906-1972, (G.-U.S.) physicist, independently developed theory of structure of atomic nuclei. Lise Meitner, 1878-1968, (Aus.) physicist whose work contributed to the development of the atomic bomb. Gregor J. Mendel, 1822-1884, (Aus.) botanist, known for his experimental work on heredity. Franz Mesmer, 1734-1815, (G.) physician, developed theory of animal magnetism. Albert A. Michelson, 1852-1931, (U.S.) physicist, established speed of light as a fundamental constant. Robert A. Millikan, 1868-1953, (U.S.) physicist, noted for study of elementary electronic charge and photoelectric effect. Thomas Hunt Morgan, 1866-1945, (U.S.) geneticist, embryologist, established chromosome theory of heredity. Isaac Newton, 1642-1727, (Br.) natural philosopher, mathematician, discovered law of gravitation, laws of motion. J. Robert Oppenheimer, 1904-1967, (U.S.) physicist, director of Los Alamos during development of the atomic bomb. Wilhelm Ostwald, 1853-1932, (G.) physical chemist, philosopher, chief founder of physical chemistry. Louis Pasteur, 1822-1895, (F.) chemist, originated process of pasteurization. Max Planck, 1858-1947, (G.) physicist, originated and developed quantum theory. Henri Poincare, 1854-1912, (F.) mathematician, physicist, influenced cosmology, relativity, and topology. Joseph Priestley, 1733-1804, (Br.) chemist, one of the discoverers of oxygen. Rabi, Isidor Isaac, 1899-1988 (U.S.) physicist, pioneered atom exploration. Walter S. Reed, 1851-1902, (U.S.) army pathologist, bacteriologist, proved mosquitos transmit yellow fever. Bernhard Riemann, 1826-1866, (G.) mathematician, contributed to development of calculus, complex variable theory, and mathematical physics. Wilhelm Roentgen, 1845-1923, (G.) physicist, discovered X-rays. Bertrand Russell, 1872-1970, (Br.) logician, philosopher, one of the founders of modern logic, wrote Principia Mathematica. Ernest Rutherford, 1871-1937, (Br.) physicist, discovered the atomic nucleus. Giovanni Schiaparelli, 1835-1910, (It.) astronomer, hypothesized canals on the surface of Mars. Angelo Secchi, 1818-1878, (It.) astronomer, pioneer in classifying stars by their spectra. Harlow Shapley, 1885-1972, (U.S.) astronomer, noted for his studies of the galaxy. Charles P. Steinmetz, 1865-1923, (G.-U.S.) electrical engineer, developed basic ideas on alternating current systems. Leo Szilard, 1898-1964, (Hung.-U.S.) physicist, helped create first sustained nuclear reaction. Nikola Tesla, 1856-1943, (Croatia-U.S.) electrical engineer, contributed to most developments in electronics. Rudolf Virchow, 1821-1902, (G.) pathologist, a founder of cellular pathology. Alessandro Volta, 1745-1827, (It.) physicist, pioneer in electricity. Alfred Russell Wallace, 1823-1913, (Br.) naturalist, proposed concept of evolution similar to Darwin. August v. Wasserman, 1866-1925, (G.) bacteriologist, discovered reaction used as test for syphilis. James E. Watt, 1736-1819, (Sc.) mechanical engineer, inventor, invented modern steam condensing engine. Alfred L. Wegener, 1880-1930, (G.) meteorologist, geophysicist, postulated theory of continental drift. Norbert Wiener, 1894-1964, (U.S.) mathematician, founder of the science of cybernetics. Sewall Wright, 1890-1988 (U.S.) a leading evolutionary theorist. Ferdinand v. Zeppelin, 1838-1917 (G.) soldier, aeronaut, airship designer. Noted Business Leaders, Industrialists, and Philanthropistsof the Past Elizabeth Arden (F.N. Graham), 1884-1966, (U.S.) Canadian-born businesswoman founded and headed cosmetics empire. Philip D. Armour, 1832-1901, (U.S.) industrialist, streamlined meat packing. John Jacob Astor, 1763-1848, (U.S.) German-born fur trader, banker, real estate magnate; at death, richest in U.S. Francis W. Ayer, 1848-1923, (U.S.) ad industry pioneer. August Belmont, 1816-1890, (U.S.) German-born financier. James B. (Diamond Jim) Brady, 1856-1917, (U.S.) financier, philanthropist, legendary bon vivant. Adolphus Busch, 1839-1913, (U.S.) German-born businessman, established brewery empire. Asa Candler, 1851-1929, (U.S.) founded Coca-Cola Co. Andrew Carnegie, 1835-1919, (U.S.) Scots-born industrialist, founded U.S. Steel; financed over 2,800 libraries. William Colgate, 1783-1857, (U.S.) British-born businessman, philanthropist; founded soap-making empire. Jay Cooke, 1821-1905, (U.S.) financier, sold $1 billion in Union bonds during Civil War. Peter Cooper, 1791-1883, (U.S.) industrialist, inventor, philanthropist. Ezra Cornell, 1807-1874, (U.S.) businessman, philanthropist; headed Western Union, established univ. Erastus Corning, 1794-1872, (U.S.) financier, headed N.Y. Central. Charles Crocker, 1822-1888, (U.S.) railroad builder, financier. Samuel Cunard, 1787-1865, (Can.) pioneered trans-Atlantic steam navigation. Marcus Daly, 1841-1900, (U.S.) Irish-born copper magnate. Walt Disney, 1901-1966, (U.S.) pioneer in cinema animation, built entertainment empire. Herbert H. Dow, 1866-1930, (U.S.) Canadian-born founder of chemical co. James Duke, 1856-1925, (U.S.) founded American Tobacco, Duke Univ. Eleuthere I. du Pont, 1771-1834, (U.S.) French-born gunpowder manufacturer; founded one of world's largest business empires. Thomas C. Durant, 1820-1885, (U.S.) railroad official, financier. William C. Durant, 1861-1947, (U.S.) industrialist, formed General Motors. George Eastman, 1854-1932, (U.S.) inventor, manufacturer of photographic equipment. Marshall Field, 1834-1906, (U.S.) merchant, founded Chicago's largest department store. Harvey Firestone, 1868-1938, (U.S.) industrialist, founded tire co. Henry M. Flagler, 1830-1913, (U.S.) financier, helped form Standard Oil; developed Florida as resort state. Malcolm Forbes, 1919-1990, (U.S.) publisher of Fortune magazine. Henry Ford, 1863-1947, (U.S.) auto maker, developed first popular low-priced car. Henry Ford 2d, 1917-1987, (U.S.) headed auto company founded by grandfather. Henry C. Frick, 1849-1919, (U.S.) industrialist, helped organize U.S. Steel. Jakob Fugger (Jakob the Rich), 1459-1525, (G.) headed leading banking house, trading concern, in 16th-century Europe. Alfred C. Fuller, 1885-1973, (U.S.) Canadian-born businessman, founded brush co. Elbert H. Gary, 1846-1927, (U.S.) U.S. Steel head, 1903-27. Amadeo P. Giannini, 1870-1949, (U.S.) founded Bank of America. Stephen Girard, 1750-1831, (U.S.) French-born financier, philanthropist; richest man in U.S. at his death. Jean Paul Getty, 1892-1976, (U.S.) founded oil empire. Jay Gould, 1836-1892, (U.S.) railroad magnate, financier, speculator. Hetty Green, 1834-1916, (U.S.) financier, the "witch of Wall St."; richest woman in U.S in her day. William Gregg, 1800-1867, (U.S.) launched textile industry in the South. Meyer Guggenheim, 1828-1905, (U.S.) Swiss-born merchant, philanthropist; built merchandising, mining empires. Edward H. Harriman, 1848-1909, (U.S.) railroad financier, administrator; headed Union Pacific. William Randolph Hearst, 1863-1951, (U.S.) a dominant figure in American journalism; built vast publishing empire. Henry J. Heinz, 1844-1919, (U.S.) founded food empire. James J. Hill, 1838-1916, (U.S.) Canadian-born railroad magnate, financier; founded Great Northern Railway. Conrad N. Hilton, 1888-1979, (U.S.) intl. hotel chain founder. Howard Hughes, 1905-1976, (U.S.) industrialist, financier, movie maker. H.L. Hunt, 1889-1974, (U.S.) oil magnate. Collis P. Huntington, 1821-1900, (U.S.) railroad magnate. Henry E. Huntington, 1850-1927, (U.S.) railroad builder, philanthropist. Walter L. Jacobs, 1898-1985, (U.S.) founder of the first rental car agency, which later became Hertz. Howard Johnson, 1896-1972, (U.S.) founded restaurant chain. Henry J. Kaiser, 1882-1967, (U.S.) industrialist, built empire in steel, aluminum. Minor C. Keith, 1848-1929, (U.S.) railroad magnate; founded United Fruit Co. Will K. Kellogg, 1860-1951, (U.S.) businessman, philanthropist, founded breakfast food co. Richard King, 1825-1885, (U.S.) cattleman, founded half-million acre King Ranch in Texas. William S. Knudsen, 1879-1948, (U.S.) Danish-born auto industry executive. Samuel H. Kress, 1863-1955, (U.S.) businessman, art collector, philanthropist; founded "dime store" chain. Ray A. Kroc, 1902-1984, (U.S.) builder of McDonald's fast food empire; owner, San Diego Padres baseball team. Alfred Krupp, 1812-1887, (G.) armaments magnate. Albert Lasker, 1880-1952, (U.S.) businessman, philanthropist. Thomas Lipton, 1850-1931, (Scot.) merchant, built tea empire. James McGill, 1744-1813, (Can.) Scots-born fur trader, founded univ. Andrew W. Mellon, 1855-1937, (U.S.) financier, industrialist; benefactor of National Gallery of Art. Charles E. Merrill, 1885-1956, (U.S.) financier, developed firm of Merrill Lynch. John Pierpont Morgan, 1837-1913, (U.S.) most powerful figure in finance and industry at the turn-of-the-century. Malcolm Muir, 1885-1979, (U.S.) created Business Week magazine; headed Newsweek, 1937-61. Samuel Newhouse, 1895-1979, (U.S.) publishing and broadcasting magnate, built communications empire. Aristotle Onassis, 1900-1975, (Gr.) shipping magnate. George Peabody, 1795-1869, (U.S.) merchant, financier, philanthropist. James C. Penney, 1875-1971, (U.S.) businessman, developed department store chain. William C. Procter, 1862-1934, (U.S.) headed soap co. John D. Rockefeller, 1839-1937, (U.S.) industrialist, established Standard Oil; became world's wealthiest person. John D. Rockefeller Jr., 1874-1960, (U.S.) philanthropist, established foundation; provided land for United Nations. Meyer A. Rothschild, 1743-1812, (G.) founded international banking house. Thomas Fortune Ryan, 1851-1928, (U.S.) financier, dominated N.Y. City public transportation; helped found American Tobacco. Russell Sage, 1816-1906, (U.S.) financier. David Sarnoff, 1891-1971, (U.S.) broadcasting pioneer, established first radio network, NBC. Richard W. Sears, 1863-1914, (U.S.) founded mail-order co. (Ernst) Werner von Siemens, 1816-1892, (G.) industrialist, inventor. Alfred P. Sloan, 1875-1966, (U.S.) industrialist, philanthropist; headed General Motors. A. Leland Stanford, 1824-1893, (U.S.) railroad official, philanthropist; founded univ. Nathan Strauss, 1848-1931, (U.S.) German-born merchant, philanthropist; headed Macy's. Levi Strauss, c.1829-1902, (U.S.) pants manufacturer. Clement Studebaker, 1831-1901, (U.S.) wagon, carriage manufacturer. Gustavus Swift, 1839-1903, (U.S.) pioneer meat-packer; promoted refrigerated railroad cars. Gerard Swope, 1872-1957, (U.S.) industrialist, economist; headed General Electric. James Walter Thompson, 1847-1928, (U.S.) ad executive. Theodore N. Vail, 1845-1920, (U.S.) organized Bell Telephone system, headed ATT. Cornelius Vanderbilt, 1794-1877, (U.S.) financier, established steamship, railroad empires. Henry Villard, 1835-1900, (U.S.) German-born railroad executive, financier. Charles R. Walgreen, 1873-1939, (U.S.) founded drugstore chain. DeWitt Wallace, 1890-1981, (U.S.) and Lila Wallace, 1890-1984, (U.S.) co-founders of Reader's Digest magazine, philanthropists. John Wanamaker, 1838-1922, (U.S.) pioneered department-store merchandising. Aaron Montgomery Ward, 1843-1913, (U.S.) established first mail-order firm. Thomas J. Watson, 1874-1956, (U.S.) headed IBM, 1924-49. John Hay Whitney, 1905-1982, (U.S.) publisher, sportsman, philanthropist. Charles E. Wilson, 1890-1961, (U.S.) auto industry executive; public official. Frank W. Woolworth, 1852-1919, (U.S.) created 5 & 10 chain. William Wrigley Jr., 1861-1932, (U.S.) founded chewing gum co. Composers of the Western World Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, 1714-1788, (G.) Prussian and Wurtembergian Sonatas. Johann Christian Bach, 1735-1782, (G.) Concertos; sonatas. Johann Sebastian Bach, 1685-1750, (G.) St. Matthew Passion, The Well-Tempered Clavichord. Samuel Barber, 1910-1981, (U.S.) Adagio for Strings, Vanessa. Bela Bartok, 1881-1945, (Hung.) Concerto for Orchestra, The Miraculous Mandarin. Ludwig Van Beethoven, 1770-1827, (G.) Concertos (Emperor); sonatas (Moonlight, Pastorale, Pathetique); symphonies (Eroica). Vincenzo Bellini, 1801-1835, (It.) La Sonnambula, Norma, I Puritani. Alban Berg, 1885-1935, (Aus.) Wozzeck, Lulu. Hector Berlioz, 1803-1869, (F.) Damnation of Faust, Symphonie Fantastique, Requiem. Leonard Bernstein, b. 1918, (U.S.) Jeremiah, West Side Story. Georges Bizet, 1838-1875, (F.) Carmen, Pearl Fishers. Ernest Bloch, 1880-1959, (Swiss) Schelomo, Voice in the Wilderness, Sacred Service. Luigi Boccherini, 1743-1805, (It.) Cello Concerto in B Flat, Symphony in C. Alexander Borodin, 1833-1887, (R.) Prince Igor, In the Steppes of Central Asia. Johannes Brahms, 1833-1897, (G.) Liebeslieder Waltzes, Rhapsody in E Flat Major, Opus 119 for Piano, Academic Festival Overture; symphonies; quartets. Benjamin Britten, 1913-1976, (Br.) Peter Grimes, Turn of the Screw, Ceremony of Carols, War Requiem. Anton Bruckner, 1824-1896, (Aus.) Symphonies (Romantic), Intermezzo for String Quintet. Ferruccio Busoni, 1866-1924, (It.) Doctor Faust, Comedy Overture. Dietrich Buxtehude, 1637-1707, (D.) Cantatas, trio sonatas. William Byrd, 1543-1623, (Br.) Masses, sacred songs. (Alexis-) Emmanuel Chabrier, 1841-1894, (Fr.) Le Roi Malgre Lui, Espana. Gustave Charpentier, 1860-1956, (F.) Louise. Frederic Chopin, 1810-1849, (P.) Polonaises, mazurkas, waltzes, etudes, nocturnes. Polonaise No. 6 in A Flat Major (Heroic); sonatas. Aaron Copland, b. 1900, (U.S.) Appalachian Spring. (Achille-) Claude Debussy, 1862-1918, (F.) Pelleas et Melisande, La Mer, Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun. C.P. Leo Delibes, 1836-1891, (F.) Lakme, Coppelia, Sylvia. Norman Dello Joio, b. 1913, (U.S.), Triumph of St. Joan, Psalm of David. Gaetano Donizetti, 1797-1848, (It.) Elixir of Love, Lucia Di Lammermoor, Daughter of the Regiment. Paul Dukas, 1865-1935, (Fr.) Sorcerer's Apprentice. Antonin Dvorak, 1841-1904, (C.) Symphony in E Minor (From the New World). Edward Elgar, 1857-1934, (Br.) Pomp and Circumstance. Manuel de Falla, 1876-1946, (Sp.) La Vide Breve, El Amor Brujo. Gabriel Faure, 1845-1924, (Fr.) Requiem, Ballade. Friedrich von Flotow, 1812-1883, (G.) Martha. Cesar Franck, 1822-1890, (Belg.) D Minor Symphony. George Gershwin, 1898-1937, (U.S.) Rhapsody in Blue, American in Paris, Porgy and Bess. Umberto Giordano, 1867-1948, (It.) Andrea Chenier. Alexander K. Glazunoff, 1865-1936, (R.) Symphonies, Stenka Razin. Mikhail Glinka, 1804-1857, (R.) Ruslan and Ludmilla. Christoph W. Gluck, 1714-1787, (G.) Alceste, Iphigenie en Tauride. Charles Gounod, 1818-1893, (F.) Faust, Romeo and Juliet. Edvard Grieg, 1843-1907, (Nor.) Peer Gynt Suite, Concerto in A Minor. George Frederick Handel, 1685-1759, (G., Br.) Messiah, Xerxes, Berenice. Howard Hanson, 1896-1981, (U.S.) Symphonies No. 1 (Nordic) and 2 (Romantic). Roy Harris, 1898-1979, (U.S.) Symphonies, Amer. Portraits. Joseph Haydn, 1732-1809, (Aus.) Symphonies (Clock); oratorios; chamber music. Paul Hindemith, 1895-1963, (U.S.) Mathis Der Maler. Gustav Holst, 1874-1934, (Br.) The Planets. Arthur Honegger, 1892-1955, (Swiss) Judith, Le Roi David, Pacific 231. Alan Hovhaness, b. 1911, (U.S.) Symphonies, Magnificat. Engelbert Humperdinck, 1854-1921, (G.) Hansel and Gretel. Charles Ives, 1874-1954, (U.S.) Third Symphony. Aram Khachaturian, 1903-1978, (Armen.) Gayane (ballet), symphonies. Zoltan Kodaly, 1882-1967, (Hung.) Hary Janos, Psalmus Hungaricus. Fritz Kreisler, 1875-1962, (Aus.) Caprice Viennois, Tambourin Chinois. Rodolphe Kreutzer, 1766-1831, (F.) 40 etudes for violin. Edouard V.A. Lalo, 1823-1892, (F.) Symphonie Espagnole. Ruggiero Leoncavallo, 1857-1919, (It.) Pagliacci. Franz Liszt, 1811-1886, (Hung.) 20 Hungarian rhapsodies; symphonic poems. Edward MacDowell, 1861-1908, (U.S.) To a Wild Rose. Gustav Mahler, 1860-1911, (Aus.) Lied von der Erde. Pietro Mascagni, 1863-1945, (It.) Cavalleria Rusticana. Jules Massenet, 1842-1912, (F.) Manon, Le Cid, Thais. Felix Mendelssohn, 1809-1847, (G.) Midsummer Night's Dream, Songs Without Words. Gian-Carlo Menotti, b. 1911, (It.-U.S.) The Medium, The Consul, Amahl and the Night Visitors. Giacomo Meyerbeer, 1791-1864, (G.) Robert le Diable, Les Huguenots. Claudio Monteverdi, 1567-1643, (It.) Opera; masses; madrigals. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 1756-1791, (Aus.) Magic Flute, Marriage of Figaro; concertos; symphonies, etc. Modest Moussorgsky, 1835-1881, (R.) Boris Godunov, Pictures at an Exhibition. Jacques Offenbach, 1819-1880, (F.) Tales of Hoffmann. Carl Orff, 1895-1982, (G.) Carmina Burana. Ignace Paderewski, 1860-1941, (P.) Minuet in G. Giovanni P. da Palestrina, c. 1525-1594, (It.) Masses; madrigals. Amilcare Ponchielli, 1834-1886, (It.) La Gioconda. Francis Poulenc, 1899-1963, (F.) Dialogues des Carmelites. Serge Prokofiev, 1891-1953, (R.) Love for Three Oranges, Lt. Kije, Peter and the Wolf. Giacomo Puccini, 1858-1924, (It.) La Boheme, Manon Lescaut, Tosca, Madame Butterfly. Sergei Rachmaninov, 1873-1943, (R.) 24 preludes, E concerti, 4 symphonies. Prelude in C Sharp Minor. Maurice Ravel, 1875-1937, (Fr.) Bolero, Daphnis et Chloe, Rapsodie Espagnole. Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, 1844-1908, (R.) Golden Cockerel, Capriccio Espagnol, Scheherazade, Russian Easter Overture. Gioacchino Rossini, 1792-1868, (It.) Barber of Seville, Semiramide, William Tell. Chas. Camille Saint-Saens, 1835-1921, (F.) Samson and Delilah, Danse Macabre. Alessandro Scarlatti, 1660-1725, (It.) Cantatas; concertos. Domenico Scarlatti, 1685-1757, (It.) Harpsichord sonatas. Arnold Schoenberg, 1874-1951, (Aus.) Pelleas and Melisande, Transfigured Night, De Profundis. Franz Schubert, 1797-1828, (A.) Lieder; symphonies (Unfinished); overtures (Rosamunde). William Schuman, b. 1910, (U.S.) Credendum, New England Triptych. Robert Schumann, 1810-1856, (G.) Symphonies, songs. Aleksandr Scriabin, 1872-1915, (R.) Prometheus. Dimitri Shostakovich, 1906-1975, (R.) Symphonies, Lady Macbeth of Mzensk, The Nose. Jean Sibelius, 1865-1957, (Finn.) Finlandia, Karelia. Bedrich Smetana, 1824-1884, (Cz.). The Bartered Bride. Karlheinz Stockhausen, b. 1928, (G.) Kontrapunkte, Kontakte. Richard Strauss, 1864-1949, (G.) Salome, Elektra, Der Rosenkavalier, Thus Spake Zarathustra. Igor F. Stravinsky, 1882-1971, (R.-U.S.) Oedipus Rex, Le Sacre du Printemps, Petrushka. Peter I. Tchaikovsky, 1840-1893, (R.) Nutcracker Suite, Swan Lake, Eugene Onegin. Ambroise Thomas, 1811-1896, (F.) Mignon. Virgil Thomson, b. 1896, (U.S.) Opera, ballet; Four Saints in Three Acts. Ralph Vaughan Williams, 1872-1958, (Br.) Job, London Symphony, Symphony No. 7 (Antartica). Giuseppe Verdi, 1813-1901, (It.) Aida, Rigoletto, Don Carlo, II Trovatore, La Traviata, Falstaff, Macbeth. Heitor Villa-Lobos, 1887-1959, (Brazil) Choros. Antonio Vivaldi, 1678-1741, (It.) Concerti, The Four Seasons. Richard Wagner, 1813-1883, (G.) Rienzi, Tannhauser, Lohengrin, Tristan und Isolde. Carl Maria von Weber, 1786-1826, (G.) Der Freischutz. Composers of Operettas, Musicals, and Popular Music Richard Adler, b. 1921, (U.S.) Pajama Game; Damn Yankees. Milton Ager, 1893-1979, (U.S.) I Wonder What's Become of Sally; Hard Hearted Hannah; Ain't She Sweet? Leroy Anderson, 1908-1975, (U.S.) Syncopated Clock. Paul Anka, b. 1941, (Can.) My Way; She's a Lady; Tonight Show theme. Harold Arlen, 1905-1986, (U.S.) Stormy Weather; Over the Rainbow; Blues in the Night; That Old Black Magic. Burt Bacharach, b. 1928, (U.S.) Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head; Walk on By; What the World Needs Now is Love. Ernest Ball, 1878-1927, (U.S.) Mother Machree; When Irish Eyes Are Smiling. Irving Berlin, 1888-1989 (U.S.) This is the Army; Annie Get Your Gun; Call Me Madam; God Bless America; White Christmas. Leonard Bernstein, b. 1918, (U.S.) On the Town; Wonderful Town; Candide; West Side Story. Eubie Blake, 1883-1983, (U.S.) Shuffle Along; I'm Just Wild about Harry. Jerry Bock, b. 1928, (U.S.) Mr. Wonderful; Fiorello; Fiddler on the Roof; The Rothschilds. Carrie Jacobs Bond, 1862-1946, (U.S.) I Love You Truly. Nacio Herb Brown, 1896-1964, (U.S.) Singing in the Rain; You Were Meant for Me; All I Do Is Dream of You. Hoagy Carmichael, 1899-1981, (U.S.) Stardust; Georgia on My Mind; Old Buttermilk Sky. George M. Cohan, 1878-1942, (U.S.) Give My Regards to Broadway; You're A Grand Old Flag; Over There. Cy Coleman, b. 1929, (U.S.) Sweet Charity; Witchcraft. Noel Coward, 1899-1973 (Br.) Bitter Sweet; Mad Dogs and Englishmen; Mad About the Boy. Walter Donaldson, 1893-1947, (U.S.) My Buddy; Carolina in the Morning; You're Driving Me Crazy; Makin' Whoopee. Neil Diamond, b. 1941, (U.S.) I'm a Believer; Sweet Caroline. Vernon Duke, 1903-1969, (U.S.) April in Paris. Bob Dylan, b. 1941, (U.S.) Blowin' in the Wind. Gus Edwards, 1879-1945, (U.S.) School Days; By the Light of the Silvery Moon; In My Merry Oldsmobile. Sherman Edwards, 1919-1981, (U.S.) See You in September; Wonderful! Wonderful! Duke Ellington, 1899-1974, (U.S.) Sophisticated Lady; Satin Doll; It Don't Mean a Thing; Solitude. Sammy Fain, b. 1902, I'll Be Seeing You; Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing. Fred Fisher, 1875-1942, (U.S.) Peg O' My Heart; Chicago. Stephen Collins Foster, 1826-1864, (U.S.) My Old Kentucky Home; Old Folks At Home. Rudolf Friml, 1879-1972, (naturalized U.S.) The Firefly; Rose Marie; Vagabond King; Bird of Paradise. John Gay, 1685-1732, (Br.) The Beggar's Opera. George Gershwin, 1898-1937, (U.S.) Someone to Watch Over Me; I've Got a Crush on You; Embraceable You. Ferde Grofe, 1892-1972, (U.S.) Grand Canyon Suite. Marvin Hamlisch, b. 1944, (U.S.) The Way We Were, Nobody Does It Better, A Chorus Line. W. C. Handy, 1873-1958, (U.S.) St. Louis Blues. Ray Henderson, 1896-1970, (U.S.) George White's Scandals; That Old Gang of Mine; Five Foot Two, Eyes of Blue. Victor Herbert, 1859-1924, (Ir.-U.S.) Mlle. Modiste; Babes in Toyland; The Red Mill; Naughty Marietta; Sweethearts. Jerry Herman, b. 1932, (U.S.) Hello Dolly; Mame. Brian Holland, b. 1941, Lamont Dozier, b. 1941, Eddie Holland, b. 1939, (all U.S.) Heat Wave; Stop! In the Name of Love; Baby, I Need Your Loving. Scott Joplin, 1868-1917, (U.S.) Treemonisha. John Kander, b. 1927, (U.S.) Cabaret; Chicago; Funny Lady. Jerome Kern, 1885-1945, (U.S.) Sally; Sunny; Show Boat. Carole King, b. 1942, (U.S.) Will You Love Me Tomorrow?; Natural Woman; One Fine Day; Up on the Roof. Burton Lane, b. 1912, (U.S.) Finian's Rainbow. Franz Lehar, 1870-1948, (Hung.) Merry Widow. Jerry Leiber, & Mike Stoller, both b. 1933, (both U.S.) Hound Dog; Searchin'; Yakety Yak; Love Me Tender. Mitch Leigh, b. 1928, (U.S.) Man of La Mancha. John Lennon, 1940-1980, & Paul McCartney, b. 1942, (both Br.) I Want to Hold Your Hand; She Loves You; Hard Day's Night; Can't Buy Me Love; And I Love Her. Frank Loesser, 1910-1969, (U.S.) Guys and Dolls; Where's Charley?; The Most Happy Fella; How to Succeed . . . Frederick Loewe, 1901-1988, (Aust.-U.S.) The Day Before Spring; Brigadoon; Paint Your Wagon; My Fair Lady; Camelot. Henry Mancini, b. 1924, (U.S.) Moon River; Days of Wine and Roses; Pink Panther Theme. Barry Mann, b. 1939, & Cynthia Weil, b. 1937, (both U.S.) You've Lost That Loving Feeling, Saturday Night at the Movies. Jimmy McHugh, 1894-1969 (U.S.) Don't Blame Me; I'm in the Mood for Love; I Feel a Song Coming On. Joseph Meyer, 1894-1987, (U.S.) If You Knew Susie; California, Here I Come; Crazy Rhythm. Chauncey Olcott, 1860-1932, (U.S.) Mother Machree. Cole Porter, 1893-1964, (U.S.) Anything Goes; Kiss Me Kate; Can Can; Silk Stockings. Richard Rodgers, 1902-1979, (U.S.) Connecticut Yankee; Oklahoma!; Carousel; South Pacific; The King and I; The Sound of Music. Smokey Robinson, b. 1940, (U.S.) Shop Around; My Guy; My Girl; Get Ready. Sigmund Romberg, 1887-1951, (Hung.) Maytime; The Student Prince; Desert Song; Blossom Time. Harold Rome, b. 1908, (U.S.) Pins and Needles; Call Me Mister; Wish You Were Here; Fanny; Destry Rides Again. Vincent Rose, b. 1880-1944, (U.S.) Avalon; Whispering; Blueberry Hill. Harry Ruby, 1895-1974, (U.S.) Three Little Words; Who's Sorry Now? Arthur Schwartz, 1900-1984, (U.S.) The Band Wagon; Dancing in the Dark; By Myself; That's Entertainment. Neil Sedaka, b. 1939, (U.S.) Breaking Up Is Hard to Do. Paul Simon, b. 1942, (U.S.) Sounds of Silence; I Am a Rock; Mrs. Robinson; Bridge Over Troubled Waters. Stephen Sondheim, b. 1930, (U.S.) A Little Night Music; Company; Sweeney Todd; Sunday in the Park with George. John Philip Sousa. 1854-1932, (U.S.) El Capitan; Stars and Stripes Forever. Oskar Straus, 1870-1954, (Aus.) Chocolate Soldier. Johann Strauss, 1825-1899, (Aus.) Gypsy Baron; Die Fledermaus; waltzes: Blue Danube, Artist's Life. Charles Strouse, b. 1928, (U.S.) Bye Bye, Birdie; Annie. Jule Styne, b. 1905, (b. Br.-U.S.) Gentlemen Prefer Blondes; Bells Are Ringing; Gypsy; Funny Girl. Arthur S. Sullivan, 1842-1900, (Br.) H.M.S. Pinafore, Pirates of Penzance; The Mikado. Deems Taylor, 1885-1966, (U.S.) Peter Ibbetson. Egbert van Alstyne, 1882-1951, (U.S.) In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree; Memories; Pretty Baby. Jimmy Van Heusen, 1913-1990, (U.S.) Moonlight Becomes You; Swinging on a Star; All the Way; Love and Marriage. Albert von Tilzer, 1878-1956, (U.S.) I'll Be With You in Apple Blossom Time; Take Me Out to the Ball Game. Harry von Tilzer, 1872-1946, (U.S.) Only a Bird in a Gilded Cage; On a Sunday Afternoon. Fats Waller, 1904-1943, (U.S.) Honeysuckle Rose; Ain't Misbehavin'. Harry Warren, 1893-1981, (U.S.) You're My Everything; We're in the Money; I Only Have Eyes for You. Jimmy Webb, b. 1946, (U.S.) Up, Up and Away; By the Time I Get to Phoenix; Didn't We?; Wichita Lineman. Andrew Lloyd Webber, b. 1948, (Br.) Jesus Christ Superstar, Evita, Cats, The Phantom of the Opera. Kurt Weill, 1900-1950, (G.-U.S.) Threepenny Opera; Lady in the Dark; Knickerbocker Holiday; One Touch of Venus. Percy Wenrich, 1887-1952, (U.S.) When You Wore a Tulip; Moonlight Bay; Put On Your Old Gray Bonnet. Richard A. Whiting, 1891-1938, (U.S.) Till We Meet Again; Sleepytime Gal; Beyond the Blue Horizon; My Ideal. John Williams, b. 1932, (U.S.) Jaws, E.T., Star Wars series, Raiders of the Lost Ark series. Meredith Willson, 1902-1984, (U.S.) The Music Man. Stevie Wonder, b. 1950, (U.S.) You Are the Sunshine of My Life; Signed, Sealed, Delivered, I'm Yours. Vincent Youmans, 1898-1946, (U.S.) Two Little Girls in Blue; Wildflower; No, No, Nanette; Hit the Deck; Rainbow; Smiles. Lyricists Johnny Burke, 1908-1984, (U.S.) What's New?; Misty; Imagination; Polka Dots and Moonbeams. Sammy Cahn, b. 1913, (U.S.) High Hopes; Love and Marriage; The Second Time Around; It's Magic. Betty Comden, b. 1919 (U.S.) and Adolph Green, b. 1915 (U.S.) The Party's Over; Just in Time; New York, New York. Hal David, b. 1921 (U.S.) What the World Needs Now Is Love; Close to You. Buddy De Sylva, 1895-1950, (U.S.) When Day is Done; Look for the Silver Lining; April Showers. Howard Dietz, 1896-1983, (U.S.) Dancing in the Dark; You and the Night and the Music; That's Entertainment. Al Dubin, 1891-1945, (U.S.) Tiptoe Through the Tulips; Anniversary Waltz; Lullaby of Broadway. Fred Ebb, b. 1936 (U.S.) Cabaret, Zorba, Woman of the Year. Dorothy Fields, 1905-1974, (U.S.) On the Sunny Side of the Street; Don't Blame Me; The Way You Look Tonight. Ira Gershwin, 1896-1983, (U.S.) The Man I Love; Fascinating Rhythm; S'Wonderful; Embraceable You. William S. Gilbert, 1836-1911, (Br.) The Mikado; H.M.S. Pinafore, Pirates of Penzance. Gerry Goffin, b. 1939, (U.S.) Will You Love Me Tomorrow, Take Good Care of My Baby, Up on the Roof, One Fine Day. Mack Gordon, 1905-1959, (Pol.-U.S.) You'll Never Know; The More I See You; Chattanooga Choo-Choo; You Make Me Feel So Young. Oscar Hammerstein II, 1895-1960, (U.S.) Ol' Man River; Oklahoma; Carousel. E. Y. (Yip) Harburg, 1898-1981, (U.S.) Brother, Can You Spare a Dime; April in Paris; Over the Rainbow. Lorenz Hart, 1895-1943, (U.S.) Isn't It Romantic; Blue Moon; Lover; Manhattan; My Funny Valentine; Mountain Greenery. DuBose Heyward, 1885-1940, (U.S.) Summertime; A Woman Is A Sometime Thing. Gus Kahn, 1886-1941, (U.S.) Memories; Ain't We Got Fun. Alan J. Lerner, 1918-1986, (U.S.) Brigadoon; My Fair Lady; Camelot; Gigi.; On a Clear Day You Can See Forever. Johnny Mercer, 1909-1976, (U.S.) Blues in the Night; Come Rain or Come Shine; Laura; That Old Black Magic. Bob Merrill, b. 1921, (U.S.) People; Don't Rain on My Parade. Jack Norworth, 1879-1959, (U.S.) Take Me Out to the Ball Game; Shine On Harvest Moon. Mitchell Parish, b. 1901, (U.S.) Stairway to the Stars; Stardust. Andy Razaf, 1895-1973, (U.S.) Honeysuckle Rose, Ain't Misbehavin', S'posin'. Leo Robin, 1900-1984, (U.S.) Thanks for the Memory; Hooray for Love; Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend. Paul Francis Webster, b. 1907, (U.S.) I Got It Bad and That Ain't Good, Secret Love, The Shadow of Your Smile, Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing. Jack Yellen, b. 1892, (U.S.) Down by the O-Hi-O; Ain't She Sweet; Happy Days Are Here Again. Noted Jazz Artists Jazz has been called America's only completely unique contribution to Western culture. The following individuals have made major contributions in this field: Julian "Cannonball" Adderley, 1928-1975: alto sax. Louis "Satchmo" Armstrong, 1900-1971: trumpet, singer; originated the "scat" vocal. Mildred Bailey, 1907-1951: blues singer. Chet Baker, 1929-1988: trumpet. Count Basie, 1904-1984: orchestra leader, piano. Sidney Bechet, 1897-1959: early innovator, soprano sax. Bix Beiderbecke, 1903-1931: cornet, piano, composer. Bunny Berrigan, 1909-1942: trumpet, singer. Barney Bigard, 1906-1980: clarinet. Art Blakey, b. 1919: drums, leader. Jimmy Blanton, 1921-1942: bass. Charles "Buddy" Bolden, 1868-1931: cornet; formed the first jazz band in the 1890s. Big Bill Broonzy, 1893-1958: blues singer, guitar. Clifford Brown, 1930-1956: trumpet. Ray Brown, b. 1926: bass. Dave Brubeck, b. 1920: piano, combo leader. Don Byas, 1912-1972: tenor sax. Harry Carney, 1910-1974: baritone sax. Benny Carter, b. 1907: alto sax, trumpet, clarinet. Ron Carter, b. 1937: bass, cello. Sidney Catlett, 1910-1951: drums. Charlie Christian, 1919-1942: guitar. Kenny Clarke, 1914-1985: pioneer of modern drums. Buck Clayton, b. 1911: trumpet, arranger. Al Cohn, 1925-1988: tenor sax, composer. Cozy Cole, 1909-1981: drums. Ornette Coleman, b. 1930: saxophone; unorthodox style. John Coltrane, 1926-1967: tenor sax innovator. Eddie Condon, 1904-1973: guitar, band leader; promoter of Dixieland. Chick Corea, b. 1941: pianist, composer. Tadd Dameron, 1917-1965: piano, composer. Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, 1921-1986: tenor sax. Miles Davis, b. 1926: trumpet; pioneer of cool jazz. Wild Bill Davison, b. 1906: cornet, leader; prominent in early Chicago jazz. Buddy De Franco, b. 1933: clarinet. Paul Desmond, 1924-1977: alto sax. Vic Dickenson, 1906-1984: trombone, composer. Warren "Baby" Dodds, 1898-1959: Dixieland drummer. Johnny Dodds, 1892-1940: clarinet. Eric Dolphy, 1928-1964: alto sax, composer. Jimmy Dorsey, 1904-1957: clarinet, alto sax; band leader. Tommy Dorsey, 1905-1956: trombone; band leader. Roy Eldridge, 1911-1989: trumpet, drums, singer. Duke Ellington, 1899-1974: piano, band leader, composer. Bill Evans, 1929-1980: piano. Gil Evans, 1912-1988: composer, arranger, piano. Ella Fitzgerald, b. 1918: singer. "Red" Garland, 1923-1984; piano. Erroll Garner, 1921-1977: piano, composer, "Misty." Stan Getz, b. 1927: tenor sax. Dizzy Gillespie, b. 1917: trumpet, composer; bop developer. Benny Goodman, 1909-1986: clarinet, band and combo leader. Dexter Gordon, 1923-1990: tenor sax; bop-derived style. Stephane Grappelli, b. 1908: violin. Bobby Hackett, 1915-1976: trumpet, cornet. Lionel Hampton, b. 1913: vibes, drums, piano, combo leader. Herbie Hancock, b. 1940: piano, composer. W. C. Handy, 1873-1958: composer, "St. Louis Blues." Coleman Hawkins, 1904-1969: tenor sax; 1939 recording of "Body and Soul", a classic. Roy Haynes, b. 1926: drums. Fletcher Henderson, 1898-1952: orchestra leader, arranger; pioneered jazz and dance bands of the 30s. Woody Herman, 1913-87: clarinet, alto sax, band leader. Jay C. Higginbotham, 1906-1973: trombone. Earl "Fatha" Hines, 1905-1983: piano, songwriter. Johnny Hodges, 1906-1971: alto sax. Billie Holiday, 1915-1959: blues singer, "Strange Fruit." Sam "Lightnin'" Hopkins, 1912-1982: blues singer, guitar. Mahalia Jackson, 1911-1972: gospel singer. Milt Jackson, b. 1923: vibes, piano, guitar. Illinois Jacquet, b. 1922: tenor sax. Keith Jarrett, b. 1945: technically phenomenal pianist. Blind Lemon Jefferson, 1897-1930: blues singer, guitar. Bunk Johnson, 1879-1949: cornet, trumpet. James P. Johnson, 1891-1955: piano, composer. J. J. Johnson, b. 1924: trombone, composer. Elvin Jones, b. 1927: drums. Jo Jones, 1911-1985: drums. Philly Joe Jones, 1923-1985: drums. Quincy Jones, b. 1933: arranger. Thad Jones, 1923-1986: trumpet, cornet. Scott Joplin, 1868-1917: composer; "Maple Leaf Rag." Stan Kenton, 1912-1979: orchestra leader, composer, piano. Barney Kessel, b. 1923: guitar. Lee Konitz, b. 1927: alto sax. Gene Krupa, 1909-1973: drums, band and combo leader. Scott LaFaro, 1936-1961: bass. Huddie Ledbetter (Leadbelly), 1888-1949: blues singer, guitar. John Lewis, b. 1920: composer, piano, combo leader. Mel Lewis, b. 1929: drummer, orchestra leader. Jimmie Lunceford, 1902-1947: band leader, sax. Herbie Mann, b. 1930: flute. Wynton Marsalis, b. 1961: trumpet. Jimmy McPartland, b. 1907: trumpet. Marian McPartland, b. 1920: piano. Glenn Miller, 1904-1944: trombone, dance band leader. Charles Mingus, 1922-1979: bass, composer, combo leader. Thelonious Monk, 1920-1982: piano, composer, combo leader; a developer of bop. Wes Montgomery, 1925-1968: guitar. "Jelly Roll" Morton, 1885-1941: composer, piano, singer. Bennie Moten, 1894-1935: piano; an early organizer of large jazz orchestras. Gerry Mulligan, b. 1927: baritone sax, arranger, leader. Turk Murphy, 1915-1987: trombone, band leader. Theodore "Fats" Navarro, 1923-1950: trumpet. Red Nichols, 1905-1965: cornet, combo leader. Red Norvo, b. 1908: vibes, band leader. Anita O'Day, b. 1919: singer. King Oliver, 1885-1938: cornet, band leader; teacher of Louis Armstrong. Kid Ory, 1886-1973: trombone, "Muskrat Ramble". Charlie "Bird" Parker, 1920-1955: alto sax, composer; rated by many as the greatest jazz improviser. Art Pepper, 1925-1982: alto sax. Oscar Peterson, b. 1925: piano, composer, combo leader. Oscar Pettiford, 1922-1960: a leading bassist in the bop era. Bud Powell, 1924-1966: piano; modern jazz pioneer. Tito Puente, b. 1923: band leader. Sun Ra, b. 1915?: big band leader, pianist, composer. Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, 1886-1939: blues singer. Don Redman, 1900-1964: composer, arranger; pioneer in the evolution of the large orchestra. Django Reinhardt, 1910-1953: guitar; Belgian gypsy, first European to influence American jazz. Buddy Rich, 1917-1987: drums, band leader. Max Roach, b. 1925: drums. Sonny Rollins, b. 1929: tenor sax. Frank Rosollino, 1926-1978: trombone. Jimmy Rushing, 1903-1972: blues singer. George Russell, b. 1923: composer, piano. Pee Wee Russell, 1906-1969: clarinet. Artie Shaw, b. 1910: clarinet, combo leader. George Shearing, b. 1919: piano, composer, "Lullaby of Birdland." Horace Silver, b. 1928: piano, combo leader. Zoot Sims, 1925-1985: tenor, alto sax; clarinet. Zutty Singleton, 1898-1975: Dixieland drummer. Bessie Smith, 1894-1937: blues singer. Clarence "Pinetop" Smith, 1904-1929: piano, singer; pioneer of boogie woogie. Willie "The Lion" Smith, 1897-1973: stride style pianist. Muggsy Spanier, 1906-1967: cornet, band leader. Billy Strayhorn, 1915-67: composer, piano. Sonny Stitt, 1924-1982: alto, tenor sax. Art Tatum, 1910-1956: piano; technical virtuoso. Billy Taylor, b. 1921: piano, composer. Cecil Taylor, b. 1933: piano, composer. Jack Teagarden, 1905-1964: trombone, singer. Dave Tough, 1908-1948: drums. Lennie Tristano, 1919-1978: piano, composer. Joe Turner, 1911-1985: blues singer. McCoy Tyner, b. 1938: piano, composer. Sarah Vaughan, 1924-1990: singer. Joe Venuti, 1904-1978: first great jazz violinist. Thomas "Fats" Waller, 1904-1943: piano, singer, composer. "Ain't Misbehavin'". Dinah Washington, 1924-1963: singer. Chick Webb, 1902-1939: band leader, drums. Ben Webster, 1909-1973: tenor sax. Paul Whiteman, 1890-1967: orchestra leader; a major figure in the introduction of jazz to a large audience. Charles "Cootie" Williams, 1908-1985: trumpet, band leader. Mary Lou Williams, 1914-1981: piano, composer. Teddy Wilson, 1912-1986: piano, composer. Kai Winding, 1922-1983: trombone, composer. Jimmy Yancey, 1894-1951: piano. Lester "Pres" Young, 1909-1959: tenor sax, composer: a bop pioneer. Rock & Roll Notables For more than a quarter of a century, rock & roll has been an important force in American popular culture. The following individuals or groups have made a significant impact. Next to each is an associated single record or record album. The Allman Brothers Band: "Ramblin' Man" The Animals: "House of the Rising Sun" Paul Anka: "Lonely Boy" The Association: "Cherish" Frankie Avalon: "Venus" The Band: "The Weight" The Beach Boys: "Surfin' U.S.A." The Beastie Boys: "(You've Got to) Fight for Your Right to Party" The Beatles: "Hey Jude" The Bee Gees: "Stayin' Alive" Pat Benatar: "Hit Me With Your Best Shot" Chuck Berry: "Johnny B. Goode" The Big Bopper: "Chantilly Lace" Black Sabbath: "Paranoid" Blind Faith: "Can't Find My Way Home" Blondie: "Heart of Glass" Blood, Sweat and Tears: "Spinning Wheel" Bon Jovi: Slippery When Wet Gary "U.S." Bonds: "Quarter to Three" Booker T. and the MGs: "Green Onions" Earl Bostic: "Flamingo" David Bowie: "Let's Dance" James Brown: "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag" Jackson Browne: "Doctor My Eyes" Buffalo Springfield: "For What It's Worth" The Byrds: "Turn! Turn! Turn!" Canned Heat: "Going Up the Country" The Cars: "Shake It Up" Ray Charles: "Georgia on My Mind" Chubby Checker: "The Twist" Chicago: "Hard Habit to Break" Eric Clapton: "Layla" The Coasters: "Yakety Yak" Eddie Cochran: "Summertime Blues" Phil Collins: "Against All Odds" Sam Cooke: "You Send Me" Alice Cooper: "School's Out" Elvis Costello: "Allison" Cream: "Sunshine of Your Love" Credence Clearwater Revival: "Proud Mary" Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young: "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes" The Crystals: "Da Doo Ron Ron" Danny and the Juniors: "At the Hop" Bobby Darin: "Splish Splash" Spencer Davis Group: "Gimme Some Lovin'" Bo Diddley: "Who Do You Love?" Dion and the Belmonts: "A Teenager in Love" Dire Straits: Brothers in Arms Fats Domino: "Blueberry Hill" The Doobie Brothers: "What a Fool Believes" The Doors: "Light My Fire" The Drifters: "Save the Last Dance for Me" Duran Duran: "Hungry Like the Wolf" Bob Dylan: "Like a Rolling Stone" The Eagles: "Hotel California" Earth, Wind and Fire: "Shining Star" Emerson, Lake and Palmer: "From the Beginning" The Eurythmics: "Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" Everly Brothers: "Wake Up Little Susie" Jose Feliciano: "Light My Fire" The Five Satins: "In the Still of the Night" Fleetwood Mac: Rumours Dan Fogelberg: "Missing You" The Four Seasons: "Sherry" The Four Tops: "I Can't Help Myself" Aretha Franklin: "Respect" Marvin Gaye: "I Heard It through the Grapevine" Genesis: "Land of Confusion" The J. Geils Band: Freeze-Frame Grand Funk Railroad: "We're an American Band" The Grateful Dead: "Truckin'" Bill Haley and the Comets: "Rock Around the Clock" Hall and Oates: "Rich Girl" Jimi Hendrix: Are You Experienced? Buddy Holly and the Crickets: "That'll Be the Day" Whitney Houston: "The Greatest Love" Janis Ian: "At Seventeen" The Isley Brothers: "It's Your Thing" The Jackson 5/The Jacksons: "ABC" Janet Jackson: "Control" Michael Jackson: "Beat It" Jay and the Americans: "This Magic Moment" The Jefferson Airplane/Jefferson Starship: "White Rabbit" Jethro Tull: Aqualung Joan Jett: "I Love Rock' n' Roll" Billy Joel: "Uptown Girl" Elton John: "Sad Songs" Janis Joplin: "Me and Bobby McGee" Chaka Khan: "I Feel for You" B.B. King: "The Thrill Is Gone" Carole King: Tapestry The Kinks: "You Really Got Me" Kiss: "Rock' n' Roll All Night" Gladys Knight and the Pips: "Midnight Train to Georgia" Cyndi Lauper: "Girls Just Want to Have Fun" Led Zeppelin: "Stairway to Heaven" Brenda Lee: "I'm Sorry" Huey Lewis and the News: Sports Jerry Lee Lewis: "Whole Lotta Shakin' Going On" Little Anthony and the Imperials: "Tears on My Pillow" Little Richard: "Tutti Frutti" Lovin Spoonful: "Do You Believe in Magic?" Frankie Lymon: "Why Do Fools Fall in Love?" Lynyrd Skynyrd: "Freebird" Madonna: "Material Girl" The Mamas and the Papas: "Monday, Monday" Bob Marley: "Jamming" Martha and the Vandellas: "Dancin' in the Streets" The Marvelettes: "Please Mr. Postman" Clyde McPhatter: "Money Honey" John Cougar Mellencamp: "Hurt So Good" George Michael: "I Want Your Sex" Steve Miller Band: "Abracadabra" Joni Mitchell: "Big Yellow Taxi" The Monkees: "I'm a Believer" Moody Blues: "Nights in White Satin" Rick Nelson: "Hello Mary Lou" Roy Orbison: "Oh Pretty Woman" Ozzy Osbourne: "You Can't Kill Rock 'n' Roll" Carl Perkins: "Blue Suede Shoes" Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers: "Refugee" Pink Floyd: Dark Side of the Moon Poco: Deliverin' The Police: "Every Breath You Take" Iggy Pop: "Lust for Life" Elvis Presley: "Love Me Tender" The Pretenders: Learning to Crawl Lloyd Price: "Stagger Lee" Prince: "Purple Rain" Procul Harum: "A Whiter Shade of Pale" Gary Puckett and the Union Gap: "Young Girl" Queen: "Bohemian Rhapsody" The Rascals: "Good Lovin'" Otis Redding: "The Dock of the Bay" Lou Reed: "Walk on the Wild Side" REO Speedwagon: "Keep on Lovin' You" Righteous Brothers: "You've Lost that Lovin' Feeling" Johnny Rivers: "Poor Side of Town" Smokey Robinson and the Miracles: "Ooh Baby Baby" The Rolling Stones: "Satisfaction" The Ronettes: "Be My Baby" Linda Ronstadt: "You're No Good" Run D.M.C.: "Raisin' Hell" Sam and Dave: "Soul Man" Santana: "Black Magic Woman" Neil Sedaka: "Breaking Up is Hard to Do" Bob Seger: "Old Time Rock and Roll" Del Shannon: "Runaway" The Shirelles: "Soldier Boy" Simon and Garfunkel: "Bridge Over Troubled Water" Carly Simon: "You're So Vain" Sly and the Family Stone: "Everyday People" Patti Smith: "Because the Night" Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes: This Time Dusty Springfield: "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" Bruce Springsteen: "Born in the U.S.A." Steely Dan: "Rikki Don't Lose That Number" Steppenwolf: "Born to Be Wild" Cat Stevens: "Wild World" Rod Stewart: "Maggie Mae" Sting: "If You Love Somebody, Set Them Free" Donna Summer: "Bad Girls" The Supremes: "Stop! In the Name of Love" Talking Heads: "Wild Wild Life" James Taylor: "You've Got a Friend" The Temptations: "My Girl" Three Dog Night: "Joy to the World" Traffic: "Feelin' Alright" Big Joe Turner: "Shake, Rattle & Roll" Tina Turner: "What's Love Got to Do with It?" U2: "With or Without You" Van Halen: "Jump" Dionne Warwick: "I'll Never Fall in Love Again" Muddy Waters: "Rollin' Stone'" Mary Wells: "My Guy" The Who: "My Generation" Jackie Wilson: "That's Why" Stevie Wonder: "You Are the Sunshine of My Life" The Yardbirds: "For Your Love" Yes: "Owner of a Lonely Heart" Frank Zappa/Mothers of Invention: Sheik Yerbouti Entertainment Personalities -- Where and When Born Actors, Actresses, Dancers, Musicians, Producers, Radio-TV Performers, Singers (As of July, 1990) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Abbado, Claudio Milan, Italy 6/26/33 Abbott, George Forestville, N.Y. 6/25/87 Abraham, F. Murray Pittsburgh, Pa. 10/24/39 Acuff, Roy Maynardville, Tenn. 9/15/03 Adams, Don New York, N.Y. 4/19/26 Adams, Edie Kingston, Pa. 4/16/29 Adams, Joey New York, N.Y. 1/6/11 Adams, Mason New York, N.Y. 2/26/19 Adams, Maud Lulea, Sweden 2/12/45 Adjani, Isabelle W. Germany 6/27/55 Adler, Larry Baltimore, Md. 2/10/14 Agutter, Jenny London, England 12/20/52 Aiello, Danny New York, N.Y. 6/20/33 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Aiello, Danny New York, N.Y. 6/20/33 Aimee, Anouk Paris, France 4/27/32 Akins, Claude Nelson, Ga. 5/25/18 Albanese, Licia Bari, Italy 7/22/13 Alberghetti, Anna Maria Pesaro, Italy 5/15/36 Albert, Eddie Rock Island, Ill. 4/22/08 Albert, Edward Los Angeles, Cal. 2/20/51 Albright, Lola Akron, Oh. 7/20/24 Alda, Alan New York, N.Y. 1/28/36 Alexander, Jane Boston, Mass. 10/28/39 Allen, Debbie Houston, Tex. 1/16/51 Allen, Karen Carrollton, Ill. 10/5/51 Allen, Mel Birmingham, Ala. 2/14/13 Allen, Nancy New York, N.Y. 6/24/50 Allen, Peter Tenderfield, Australia 2/10/44 Allen, Steve New York, N.Y. 12/26/21 Allen, Woody Brooklyn, N.Y. 12/1/35 Alley, Kirstie Wichita, Kan. 1/12/55 Allman, Gregg Nashville, Tenn. 12/7/47 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Allman, Gregg Nashville, Tenn. 12/7/47 Allyson, June New York, N.Y. 10/7/17 Alonso, Maria Conchita Cuba 1957 Alpert, Herb Los Angeles, Cal. 3/31/35 Altman, Robert Kansas City, Mo. 2/20/25 Ameche, Don Kenosha, Wis. 5/31/08 Ames, Ed Boston, Mass. 7/9/27 Ames, Leon Portland, Ind. 1/20/03 Amos, John Newark, N.J. 12/27/41 Amsterdam, Morey Chicago, Ill. 12/14/14 Anderson, Harry Newport, R.I. 10/14/52 Anderson, Ian Dunfermline, Scotland 8/10/47 Anderson, Judith Adelaide, Australia 2/10/98 Anderson, Loni St. Paul, Minn. 8/5/46 Anderson, Lynn Grand Forks, N.D. 9/26/47 Anderson, Marian Philadelphia, Pa. 2/17/02 Anderson, Melissa Sue Berkeley, Cal. 9/26/62 Anderson, Richard Long Branch, N.J. 8/8/26 Anderson, Richard Dean Minneapolis, Minn. 1/23/53 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Anderson, Richard Dean Minneapolis, Minn. 1/23/53 Andersson, Bibi Stockholm, Sweden 11/11/35 Andress, Ursula Bern, Switzerland 3/19/36 Andrews, Anthony London, England 1948 Andrews, Dana Collins, Miss. 1/1/09 Andrews, Julie Walton, England 10/1/35 Andrews, Maxene Minneapolis, Minn. 1/3/18 Andrews, Patty Minneapolis, Minn. 2/16/20 Anka, Paul Ottawa, Ont. 7/30/41 Ann-Margret Stockholm, Sweden 4/28/41 Anspach, Susan New York, N.Y. 11/23/39 Ant, Adam London, England 11/3/54 Archer, Anne Los Angeles, Cal. 8/25/50 Arden, Eve Mill Valley, Cal. 4/30/12 Arkin, Alan New York, N.Y. 3/26/34 Arnaz, Desi Jr. Los Angeles, Cal. 1/19/53 Arnaz, Lucie Hollywood, Cal. 7/17/51 Arness, James Minneapolis, Minn. 5/26/23 Arnold, Eddy Henderson, Tenn. 5/15/18 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Arnold, Eddy Henderson, Tenn. 5/15/18 Arquette, Rosanna New York, N.Y. 8/10/59 Arrau, Claudio Chillau, Chile 2/6/03 Arroyo, Martina New York, N.Y. 2/2/37 Arthur, Beatrice New York, N.Y. 5/13/26 Arthur, Jean New York, N.Y. 10/17/05 Ashcroft, Peggy Croyden, England 12/22/07 Ashley, Elizabeth Ocala, Fla. 8/30/41 Asner, Ed Kansas City, Mo. 11/15/29 Assante, Armand New York, N.Y. 10/4/49 Astin, John Baltimore, Md. 3/30/30 Atherton, William New Haven, Conn. 7/30/47 Atkins, Chet Luttrell, Tenn. 6/20/24 Attenborough, Richard Cambridge, England 8/29/23 Auberjonois, Rene New York, N.Y. 6/1/40 Aumont, Jean-Pierre Paris, France 1/5/09 Austin, Patti New York, N.Y. 1948 Autry, Gene Tioga, Tex. 9/29/07 Avalon, Frankie Philadelphia, Pa. 9/18/40 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Avalon, Frankie Philadelphia, Pa. 9/18/40 Ax, Emmanuel Lvov, USSR 6/8/49 Aykroyd, Dan Ottawa, Ont. 7/1/52 Ayres, Lew Minneapolis, Minn. 12/28/08 Aznavour, Charles Paris, France 5/22/24 Bacall, Lauren New York, N.Y. 9/16/24 Bacon, Kevin Philadelphia, Pa. 7/8/58 Baez, Joan Staten Island, N.Y. 1/9/41 Bailey, Pearl Newport News, Va. 3/29/18 Bain, Conrad Lethbridge, Alta. 2/4/23 Baio, Scott Brooklyn, N.Y. 9/22/61 Baker, Anita Toledo, Oh. 1/26/58 Baker, Carroll Johnstown, Pa. 5/28/31 Baker, Joe Don Groesbeck, Tex. 2/12/36 Baldwin, Alec Massapequa, N.Y 4/3/58 Ballard, Kaye Cleveland, Oh. 11/20/26 Balsam, Martin New York, N.Y. 11/4/19 Bancroft, Anne New York, N.Y. 9/17/31 Banks, Jonathan Washington, D.C. 1/31/46 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Banks, Jonathan Washington, D.C. 1/31/46 Barber, Red Columbus, Miss. 2/17/08 Bardot, Brigitte Paris, France 9/28/34 Barker, Bob Darrington, Wash. 12/12/23 Barkin, Ellen New York, N.Y. 4/16/54 Barnes, Priscilla Ft. Dix, N.J. 12/7/56 Barr, Roseanne Salt Lake City, Ut. 11/3/52 Barrault, Jean-Louis Vesinet, France 9/8/10 Barrie, Barbara Chicago, Ill. 5/23/31 Barrie, Mona London, England 12/18/09 Barry, Gene New York, N.Y. 6/14/19 Bartholomew, Freddie London, England 3/28/24 Barty, Billy Millsboro, Pa. 10/25/24 Baryshnikov, Mikhail Riga, Latvia 1/28/48 Basinger, Kim Athens, Ga. 12/8/53 Bassey, Shirley Cardiff, Wales 1/8/37 Bateman, Jason Rye, N.Y. 1/14/69 Bateman, Justine Rye, N.Y. 2/19/66 Bates, Alan Allestree, England 2/17/34 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bates, Alan Allestree, England 2/17/34 Baxter-Birney, Meredith Los Angeles, Cal. 6/21/47 Beal, John Joplin, Mo. 8/13/09 Bean, Orson Burlington, Vt. 7/22/28 Beasley, Allyce New York, N.Y. 7/6/54 Beatty, Ned Louisville, Ky. 7/6/37 Beatty, Warren Richmond, Va. 3/30/37 Beck, John Chicago, Ill. 1/28/43 Bedelia, Bonnie New York, N.Y. 3/25/48 Bee Gees Gibb, Barry Isle of Man, England 9/1/46 Gibb, Robin " " 12/22/49 Gibb, Maurice " " 12/22/49 Beery, Noah Jr. New York, N.Y. 8/10/13 Begley, Ed Jr. Los Angeles, Cal. 9/16/49 Belafonte, Harry New York, N.Y. 3/1/27 Belafonte-Harper, Shari New York, N.Y. 9/22/54 Bel Geddes, Barbara New York, N.Y. 10/31/22 Bellamy, Ralph Chicago, Ill. 6/17/04 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bellamy, Ralph Chicago, Ill. 6/17/04 Belmondo, Jean-Paul Neuilly-sur-Seine, France 4/9/33 Belushi, Jim Chicago, Ill. 6/15/54 Benatar, Pat Brooklyn, N.Y. 1/10/53 Benedict, Dirk Helena, Mont. 3/1/45 Benjamin, Richard New York, N.Y. 5/22/38 Bennett, Joan Palisades, N.J. 2/27/10 Bennett, Tony New York, N.Y. 8/3/26 Benson, George Pittsburgh, Pa. 3/22/43 Benson, Robby Dallas, Tex. 1/21/55 Beradino, John Los Angeles, Cal. 5/1/17 Berenger, Tom Chicago, Ill. 5/31/50 Bergen, Candice Beverly Hills, Cal. 5/9/46 Bergen, Polly Knoxville, Tenn. 7/14/30 Bergerac, Jacques Biarritz, France 5/26/27 Bergman, Ingmar Uppsala, Sweden 7/14/18 Berle, Milton New York, N.Y. 7/12/08 Berlinger, Warren Brooklyn, N.Y. 8/31/37 Berman, Lazar Leningrad, USSR 2/26/30 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Berman, Lazar Leningrad, USSR 2/26/30 Berman, Shelley Chicago, Ill. 2/3/26 Bernsen, Corbin No. Hollywood, Cal. 9/7/54 Bernstein, Leonard Lawrence, Mass. 8/25/18 Berry, Chuck St. Louis, Mo. 10/18/26 Berry, Ken Moline, Ill. 11/3/33 Bertinelli, Valerie Wilmington, Del. 4/23/60 Bikel, Theodore Vienna, Austria 5/2/24 Birney, David Washington, D.C. 4/23/39 Bishop, Joey Bronx, N.Y. 2/3/18 Bisoglio, Val New York, N.Y. 5/7/26 Bisset, Jacqueline Weybridge, England 9/13/44 Bixby, Bill San Francisco, Cal. 1/22/34 Black, Karen Park Ridge, Ill. 7/1/42 Blackstone Jr., Harry Three Rivers, Mich. 6/30/34 Blades, Ruben Panama 1948 Blaine, Vivian Newark, N.J. 11/21/21 Blair, Linda St. Louis, Mo. 1/22/59 Blake, Robert Nutley, N.J. 9/18/33 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Blake, Robert Nutley, N.J. 9/18/33 Bledsoe, Tempestt Chicago, Ill. 8/1/73 Bloom, Claire London, England 2/15/31 Blyth, Ann Mt. Kisco, N.Y. 8/16/28 Bochco, Steven New York, N.Y. 12/16/43 Bogarde, Dirk London, England 3/28/20 Bogdanovich, Peter Kingston, N.Y. 7/30/39 Bonet, Lisa San Francisco, Cal. 11/16/67 Bonham-Carter, Helena England 1967 Bon Jovi, Jon Sayreville, N.J. 3/2/61 Bono, Sonny Detroit, Mich. 2/16/35 Booke, Sorrell Buffalo, N.Y. 1/4/30 Boone, Debby Hackensack, N.J. 9/22/56 Boone, Pat Jacksonville, Fla. 6/1/34 Booth, Shirley New York, N.Y. 8/30/07 Borge, Victor Copenhagen, Denmark 1/3/09 Borgnine, Ernest Hamden, Conn. 1/24/17 Bosco, Philip Jersey City, N.J. 9/26/30 Bosley, Tom Chicago, Ill. 10/1/27 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bosley, Tom Chicago, Ill. 10/1/27 Bosson, Barbara Charleroi, Pa. 11/1/39 Bostwick, Barry San Mateo, Cal. 2/24/46 Bottoms, Joseph Santa Barbara, Cal. 4/22/54 Bottoms, Timothy Santa Barbara, Cal. 8/30/51 Bowie, David London, England 1/8/47 Boxleitner, Bruce Elgin, Ill. 5/12/50 Boy George London, England 6/14/61 Boyle, Peter Philadelphia, Pa. 10/18/33 Bracco, Lorraine New York, N.Y. 1955 Bracken, Eddie New York, N.Y. 2/7/20 Branagh, Kenneth Belfast, No. Ireland 1961 Brand, Neville Kewanee, Ill. 8/13/21 Brando, Marlon Omaha, Neb. 4/3/24 Brazzi, Rossano Bologna, Italy 9/18/16 Brendel, Alfred Wiesenberg, Austria 1/5/31 Brennan, Eileen Los Angeles, Cal. 9/3/35 Brenner, David Philadelphia, Pa. 2/4/45 Brewer, Teresa Toledo, Oh. 5/7/31 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Brewer, Teresa Toledo, Oh. 5/7/31 Brian, David New York, N.Y. 8/5/14 Bridges, Beau Hollywood, Cal. 12/9/41 Bridges, Jeff Los Angeles, Cal. 12/4/49 Bridges, Lloyd San Leandro, Cal. 1/15/13 Brimley, Wilford Salt Lake City, Ut. 9/27/34 Broderick, Matthew New York, N.Y. 3/21/62 Brolin, James Los Angeles, Cal. 7/18/40 Bronson, Charles Ehrenfeld, Pa. 11/3/22 Brooks, Albert Beverly Hills, Cal. 7/22/47 Brooks, Avery Evansville, Ind. 10/2/- Brooks, Mel New York, N.Y. 6/28/26 Brooks, Stephen Columbus, Oh. 1942 Brosnan, Pierce Co. Meath, Ireland 5/15/53 Brown, Blair Washington, D.C. 1948 Brown, Bryan Australia 1947 Brown, James Pulaski, Tenn. 6/17/28 Brown, Jim St. Simons Island, Ga. 2/17/36 Brown, Les Reinerton, Pa. 3/14/12 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Brown, Les Reinerton, Pa. 3/14/12 Brown, Ray Pittsburgh, Pa. 10/13/26 Browne, Roscoe Lee Woodbury, N.J. 5/2/25 Bryant, Anita Barnsdall, Okla. 3/25/40 Buckley, Betty Ft. Worth, Tex. 7/3/47 Bujold, Genevieve Montreal, Que. 7/1/42 Bumbry, Grace St. Louis, Mo. 1/4/37 Burghoff, Gary Bristol, Conn. 5/24/40 Burke, Delta Orlando, Fla. 7/30/56 Burke, Paul New Orleans, La. 7/21/26 Burnett, Carol San Antonio, Tex. 4/26/33 Burns, George New York, N.Y. 1/20/96 Burr, Raymond New Westminster, B.C. 5/21/17 Burstyn, Ellen Detroit, Mich. 12/7/32 Burton, LeVar Landsthul, W. Germany 2/16/57 Busey, Gary Goose Creek, Tex. 6/29/44 Butkus, Dick Chicago, Ill. 12/9/42 Button, Dick Englewood, N.J. 7/18/29 Buttons, Red New York, N.Y. 2/5/19 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Buttons, Red New York, N.Y. 2/5/19 Buzzi, Ruth Westerly, R.I. 7/24/36 Byrne, David Dumbarton, Scotland 5/14/52 Caan, James New York, N.Y. 3/26/39 Caballe, Montserrat Barcelona, Spain 4/12/33 Caesar, Sid Yonkers, N.Y. 9/8/22 Cage, Nicolas Long Beach, Cal. 1965 Caine, Michael London, England 3/14/33 Caldwell, Sarah Maryville, Mo. 3/6/24 Caldwell, Zoe Melbourne, Australia 9/14/33 Calhoun, Rory Los Angeles, Cal. 8/8/23 Callas, Charlie Brooklyn, N.Y. 12/20/- Calloway, Cab Rochester, N.Y. 12/25/07 Cameron, Kirk Panorama City, Cal. 10/12/70 Camp, Hamilton London, England 10/30/34 Campanella, Joseph New York, N.Y. 11/21/27 Campbell, Glen Billstown, Ark. 4/22/36 Candy, John Toronto, Ont. 10/31/50 Cannell, Stephen J. Los Angeles, Cal. 2/5/42 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cannell, Stephen J. Los Angeles, Cal. 2/5/42 Cannon, Dyan Tacoma, Wash. 1/4/37 Cantrell, Lana Sydney, Australia 8/7/43 Capra, Frank Palermo, Italy 5/18/97 Cara, Irene New York, N.Y. 3/18/59 Carey, Macdonald Sioux City, Ia. 3/15/13 Cariou, Len Winnipeg, Canada 9/30/39 Carle, Frankie Providence, R.I. 3/25/03 Carlin, George New York, N.Y. 5/12/38 Carlisle, Kitty New Orleans, La 9/3/15 Carmen, Eric Cleveland, Oh. 8/11/49 Carmichael, Ian Hull, England 6/18/20 Carnes, Kim California 1948 Carney, Art Mt. Vernon, N.Y. 11/4/18 Carnovsky, Morris St. Louis, Mo. 9/5/97 Caron, Leslie Boulogne, France 7/1/31 Carpenter, John Carthage, N.Y. 1/16/48 Carr, Vikki El Paso, Tex. 7/19/41 Carradine, David Hollywood, Cal. 10/8/36 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Carradine, David Hollywood, Cal. 10/8/36 Carradine, Keith San Mateo, Cal. 8/8/50 Carreras, Jose Barcelona, Spain 12/5/47 Carroll, Diahann Bronx, N.Y. 7/17/35 Carroll, Pat Shreveport, La. 5/5/27 Carson, Johnny Corning, Ia. 10/23/25 Carter, Dixie McLemoresville, Tenn. 5/25/39 Carter, Jack New York, N.Y. 6/24/23 Carter, June Maces Spring, Va. 6/23/29 Carter, Lynda Phoenix, Ariz. 7/24/51 Carter, Nell Birmingham, Ala. 9/13/48 Carvey, Dana Missoula, Mont. 4/2/55 Casadesus, Gaby Marseilles, France 1902 Cash, Johnny Kingsland, Ark. 2/26/32 Cash, Rosanne Memphis, Tenn. 5/24/55 Cass, Peggy Boston, Mass. 5/21/24 Cassidy, David New York, N.Y. 4/12/50 Cassidy, Shaun Los Angeles, Cal. 9/27/58 Cates, Phoebe New York, N.Y. 1964 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cates, Phoebe New York, N.Y. 1964 Caulfield, Joan West Orange, N.J. 6/1/22 Cavallaro, Carmen New York, N.Y. 5/6/13 Cavett, Dick Gibbon, Neb. 11/19/36 Chamberlain, Richard Beverly Hills, Cal. 3/31/35 Champion, Marge Los Angeles, Cal. 9/2/23 Channing, Carol Seattle, Wash. 1/31/23 Channing, Stockard New York, N.Y. 2/13/44 Chaplin, Geraldine Santa Monica, Cal. 7/31/44 Chaplin, Sydney Beverly Hills, Cal. 3/31/26 Chapman, Tracy Cleveland, OH. 1964 Charisse, Cyd Amarillo, Tex. 3/8/21 Charles, Ray Albany, Ga. 9/23/30 Charo Murcia, Spain 1/15/51 Chase, Chevy New York, N.Y. 10/8/43 Checker, Chubby Philadelphia, Pa. 10/3/41 Cher El Centro, Cal. 5/20/46 Chong, Rae Dawn California 1961 Chong, Thomas Edmonton, Alta. 5/24/38 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Chong, Thomas Edmonton, Alta. 5/24/38 Christie, Julie Assam, India 4/14/40 Christopher, William Evanston, Ill. 10/20/32 Christy, June Springfield, Ill. 11/20/25 Clapton, Eric Surrey, England 3/30/45 Clark, Dane New York, N.Y. 2/18/13 Clark, Dick Mt. Vernon, N.Y. 11/30/29 Clark, Petula Ewell, Surrey, England 11/15/32 Clark, Roy Meherrin, Va. 4/15/33 Clark, Susan Sarnia, Ont. 3/8/44 Clary, Robert Paris, France 3/1/26 Clayburgh, Jill New York, N.Y. 4/30/44 Cleese, John England 10/27/39 Cleveland, James Chicago, Ill. 12/5/31 Cliburn, Van Shreveport, La. 7/12/34 Clooney, Rosemary Maysville, Ky. 5/23/28 Close, Glenn Greenwich, Conn. 3/19/47 Coburn, James Laurel, Neb. 8/31/28 Coca, Imogene Philadelphia, Pa. 11/18/08 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Coca, Imogene Philadelphia, Pa. 11/18/08 Cohn, Mindy Los Angeles, Cal. 5/20/66 Colbert, Claudette Paris, France 9/18/05 Cole, Gary Park Ridge, Ill. 9/20/57 Cole, Natalie Los Angeles, Cal. 2/6/50 Cole, Olivia Memphis, Tenn. 11/26/42 Coleman, Dabney Austin, Tex. 1/3/32 Coleman, Gary Zion, Ill. 2/8/68 Collins, Joan London, England 5/23/33 Collins, Judy Seattle, Wash. 5/1/39 Collins, Phil London, England 1/30/51 Comden, Betty Brooklyn, N.Y. 5/3/19 Como, Perry Canonsburg, Pa. 5/18/12 Conner, Nadine Compton, Cal. 2/20/13 Connery, Sean Edinburgh, Scotland 8/25/30 Conniff, Ray Attleboro, Mass. 11/6/16 Connors, Chuck Brooklyn, N.Y. 4/10/21 Connors, Mike Fresno, Cal. 8/15/25 Conrad, Robert Chicago, Ill. 3/1/35 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Conrad, Robert Chicago, Ill. 3/1/35 Conrad, William Louisville, Ky. 9/27/20 Constantine, Michael Reading, Pa. 5/22/27 Conti, Tom Paisley, Scotland 11/22/41 Convy, Bert St. Louis, Mo. 6/23/39 Conway, Tim Willoughby, Oh. 12/15/33 Cook, Barbara Atlanta, Ga. 10/25/27 Cook, Peter Torquay, England 11/17/37 Cooke, Alistair Manchester, England 11/20/08 Coolidge, Rita Nashville, Tenn. 5/1/45 Cooper, Alice Detroit, Mich. 2/4/48 Cooper, Jackie Los Angeles, Cal. 9/15/22 Copperfield, David Metuchen, N.J. 1957 Coppola, Francis Detroit, Mich. 4/7/39 Corby, Ellen Racine, Wis. 6/3/13 Cord, Alex New York, N.Y. 8/3/31 Corea, Chick Chelsea, Mass. 6/12/41 Corelli, Franco Ancona, Italy 4/8/23 Corey, Jeff New York, N.Y. 8/10/14 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Corey, Jeff New York, N.Y. 8/10/14 Cosby, Bill Philadelphia, Pa. 7/12/37 Costas, Bob New York, N.Y. 3/22/52 Costello, Elvis London, England 8/25/54 Costner, Kevin Los Angeles, Cal. 1/18/55 Cotten, Joseph Petersburg, Va. 5/15/05 Cougar, John Seymour, Ind. 10/7/51 Courtenay, Tom Hull, England 2/25/37 Cox, Ronny Cloudcroft, N.M. 8/23/38 Craddock, Crash Greensboro, N.C. 6/16/40 Crain, Jeanne Barstow, Cal. 5/25/25 Crawford, Michael Salisbury, England 1/19/42 Crenna, Richard Los Angeles, Cal. 11/30/27 Crespin, Regine Marseilles, France 2/23/26 Cronyn, Hume London, Ont. 7/18/11 Crosby, Bob Spokane, Wash. 8/23/13 Crosby, David Los Angeles, Cal. 8/14/41 Crosby, Norm Boston, Mass. 9/15/27 Crouse, Lindsay New York, N.Y. 5/12/48 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Crouse, Lindsay New York, N.Y. 5/12/48 Crowell, Rodney Houston, Tex. 8/17/50 Cruise, Tom Syracuse, N.Y. 7/3/62 Crystal, Billy Long Beach, N.Y. 3/14/47 Cugat, Xavier Barcelona, Spain 1/1/00 Cullum, John Knoxville, Tenn. 3/2/30 Culp, Robert Oakland, Cal. 8/16/30 Cummings, Constance Seattle, Wash. 5/15/10 Cummings, Robert Joplin, Mo. 6/9/10 Curtin, Jane Cambridge, Mass. 9/6/47 Curtis, Jamie Lee Los Angeles, Cal. 11/22/58 Curtis, Keene Salt Lake City, Ut. 2/15/23 Curtis, Ken Lamar, Col. 7/2/16 Curtis, Tony New York, N.Y. 6/3/25 Cusack, Cyril Durban, S. Africa 11/26/10 Cusack, Joan Evanston, Ill. 10/11/62 Cusack, John Chicago, Ill. 1967 Cushing, Peter Surrey, England 5/26/13 Dafoe, Willem Appleton, Wis. 7/22/55 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Dafoe, Willem Appleton, Wis. 7/22/55 Dahl, Arlene Minneapolis, Minn. 8/11/28 Dale, Jim Rothwell, England 8/15/35 Dalton, Abby Las Vegas, Nev. 8/15/32 Dalton, Timothy Wales 3/21/44 Daltrey, Roger London, England 3/1/44 Daly, John Johannesburg, S. Africa 2/20/14 Daly, Tyne Madison, Wis. 2/21/47 Damone, Vic Brooklyn, N.Y. 6/12/28 D'Angelo, Beverly Columbus, Oh. 1954 Dangerfield, Rodney Babylon, N.Y. 11/22/22 Daniels, Charlie Wilmington, N.C. 10/28/36 Daniels, Jeff Georgia 1955 Daniels, William Brooklyn, N.Y. 3/31/27 Danner, Blythe Philadelphia, Pa. 2/3/44 Danson, Ted San Diego, Cal. 12/29/47 Danza, Tony New York, N.Y. 4/21/50 Darby, Kim Hollywood, Cal. 7/8/48 D'Arby, Terence Trent New York, N.Y. 3/15/62 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 D'Arby, Terence Trent New York, N.Y. 3/15/62 Darren, James Philadelphia, Pa. 6/8/36 Davidson, John Pittsburgh, Pa. 12/13/41 Davis, Ann B. Schenectady, N.Y. 5/5/26 Davis, Clifton Chicago, Ill. 10/4/45 Davis, Geena Ware, Mass. 1/21/57 Davis, Judy Perth, Australia 1956 Davis, Mac Lubbock, Tex. 1/21/42 Davis, Ossie Cogdell, Ga. 12/18/17 Davis, Skeeter Dry Ridge, Ky. 12/30/31 Dawber, Pam Farmington Hills, Mich. 10/18/51 Dawson, Richard Hampshire, England 11/20/32 Day, Doris Cincinnati, Oh. 4/3/24 Day, Laraine Roosevelt, Ut. 10/13/20 Day-Lewis, Daniel England 1957 Dean, Jimmy Plainview, Tex. 8/10/28 De Camp, Rosemary Prescott, Ariz. 11/14/10 DeCarlo, Yvonne Vancouver, B.C. 9/1/22 Dee, Frances Los Angeles, Cal. 11/26/07 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Dee, Frances Los Angeles, Cal. 11/26/07 Dee, Ruby Cleveland, Oh. 10/27/23 Dee, Sandra Bayonne, N.J. 4/23/42 Defore, Don Cedar Rapids, Ia. 8/25/17 DeHaven, Gloria Los Angeles, Cal. 7/23/25 De Havilland, Olivia Tokyo, Japan 7/1/16 Delany, Dana New York, N.Y. 3/13/56 Della Chiesa, Vivienne Chicago, Ill. 10/9/20 Delon, Alain Sceaux, France 11/8/35 DeLuise, Dom Brooklyn, N.Y. 8/1/33 De Mille, Agnes New York, N.Y. 9/18/05 De Mornay, Rebecca Santa Rosa, Cal. 1962 Deneuve, Catherine Paris, France 10/22/43 De Niro, Robert New York, N.Y. 8/17/43 Dennehy, Brian Bridgeport, Conn. 7/9/40 Dennis, Sandy Hastings, Neb. 4/27/37 Denver, Bob New Rochelle, N.Y. 1/9/35 Denver, John Roswell, N.M. 12/31/43 DePalma, Brian Newark, N.J. 9/11/40 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 DePalma, Brian Newark, N.J. 9/11/40 Depp, Johnny Owensboro, KY. 6/9/63 Derek, Bo Long Beach, Cal. 11/20/56 Derek, John Hollywood, Cal. 8/12/26 Dern, Bruce Chicago, Ill. 6/4/36 Devane, William Albany, N.Y. 9/5/37 DeVito, Danny Neptune, N.J. 11/17/44 Dewhurst, Colleen Montreal, Que. 6/3/26 DeWitt, Joyce Wheeling, W.Va. 4/23/49 Dey, Susan Pekin, Ill. 12/10/52 Diamond, Neil Brooklyn, N.Y. 1/24/41 Dickinson, Angie Kulm, N.D. 9/30/31 Diddley, Bo McComb, Miss. 12/20/28 Dietrich, Marlene Berlin, Germany 12/27/01 Diller, Phyllis Lima, Oh. 7/17/17 Dillman, Bradford San Francisco, Cal. 4/14/30 Dillon, Matt New Rochelle, N.Y. 2/18/64 Dixon, Ivan New York, N.Y. 4/6/31 Dobson, Kevin New York, N.Y. 3/18/44 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Dobson, Kevin New York, N.Y. 3/18/44 Domingo, Placido Madrid, Spain 1/21/41 Domino, Fats New Orleans, La. 2/26/28 Donahue, Phil Cleveland, Oh. 12/21/35 Donahue, Troy New York, N.Y. 1/27/36 Donovan Glasgow, Scotland 5/10/43 Dotrice, Roy Guernsey, England 5/26/23 Douglas, Kirk Amsterdam, N.Y. 12/9/18 Douglas, Michael New Brunswick, N.J. 9/25/44 Douglas, Mike Chicago, Ill. 8/11/25 Down, Leslie-Ann London, England 3/17/54 Downey, Robert Jr. California 4/4/65 Downs, Hugh Akron, Oh. 2/14/21 Doyle, David Lincoln, Neb. 12/1/29 Dragon, Daryl Los Angeles, Cal. 8/27/42 Drake, Alfred Bronx, N.Y. 10/7/14 Drake, Larry Tulsa, Okla. 2/21/- Drew, Ellen Kansas City, Mo. 11/23/15 Dryer, Fred Hawthorne, Cal. 7/6/46 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Dryer, Fred Hawthorne, Cal. 7/6/46 Dreyfuss, Richard Brooklyn, N.Y. 10/29/47 Dru, Joanne Logan, W.Va. 1/31/23 Duchin, Peter New York, N.Y. 7/28/37 Duffy, Julia Minneapolis, Minn. 6/27/51 Duffy, Patrick Townsend, Mont. 3/17/49 Dufour, Val New Orleans, La. 2/5/27 Dukakis, Olympia Massachusetts 1932 Duke, Patty New York, N.Y. 12/14/46 Dullea, Keir Cleveland, Oh. 5/30/36 Dunaway, Faye Bascom, Fla. 1/14/41 Duncan, Sandy Henderson, Tex. 2/20/46 Dunham, Katherine Joliet, Ill. 6/22/10 Dunn, Nora Chicago, Ill. 4/29/52 Dunne, Griffin California 6/8/55 Dunne, Irene Louisville, Ky. 12/20/98 Dunnock, Mildred Baltimore, Md. 1/25/04 Durbin, Deanna Winnipeg, Man. 12/4/21 Durning, Charles Highland Falls, N.Y. 2/28/23 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Durning, Charles Highland Falls, N.Y. 2/28/23 Dussault, Nancy Pensacola, Fla. 6/30/36 Duvall, Robert San Diego, Cal. 1/5/31 Duvall, Shelley Houston, Tex. 1949 Dylan, Bob Duluth, Minn. 5/24/41 Dysart, Richard Augusta, Me. 3/30/- Easton, Sheena Bellshill, Scotland 4/27/59 Eastwood, Clint San Francisco, Cal. 5/31/30 Ebert, Roger Urbana, Ill. 6/18/42 Ebsen, Buddy Belleville, Ill. 4/2/08 Eckstine, Billy Pittsburgh, Pa. 7/8/14 Edelman, Herb Brooklyn, N.Y. 11/5/33 Eden, Barbara Tucson, Ariz. 8/23/34 Edwards, Anthony Santa Barbara, Cal. 1/19/62 Edwards, Blake Tulsa, Okla. 7/26/22 Edwards, Ralph Merino, Col. 6/13/13 Eggar, Samantha London, England 3/5/39 Eichhorn, Lisa Reading, Pa. 2/4/52 Eikenberry, Jill New Haven, Conn. 1/21/47 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Eikenberry, Jill New Haven, Conn. 1/21/47 Ekberg, Anita Malmo, Sweden 9/29/31 Ekland, Britt Stockholm, Sweden 10/6/42 Elam, Jack Miami, Ariz. 11/13/16 Elizondo, Hector New York, N.Y. 12/22/36 Elliott, Bob Boston, Mass. 3/26/23 Elliott, Denholm London, England 5/31/22 Elliott, Sam Sacramento, Cal. 8/9/44 Elvira (Cassandra Peterson) Manhattan, Kan. 9/17/51 Estevan, Gloria Cuba 1957 Estevez, Emilio New York, N.Y. 1962 Estrada, Erik New York, N.Y. 3/16/49 Evans, Dale Uvalde, Tex. 10/31/12 Evans, Gene Holbrook, Ariz. 7/11/24 Evans, Linda Hartford, Conn. 11/18/42 Evans, Robert New York, N.Y. 6/29/30 Everett, Chad South Bend, Ind. 6/11/36 Everly, Don Brownie, Ky. 2/1/37 Everly, Phil Chicago, Ill. 1/19/38 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Everly, Phil Chicago, Ill. 1/19/38 Evigan, Greg S. Amboy, N.J. 10/14/53 Ewell, Tom Owensboro, Ky. 4/29/09 Fabares, Shelley Santa Monica, Cal. 1/19/42 Fabian (Forte) Philadelphia, Pa. 2/6/43 Fabray, Nanette San Diego, Cal. 10/27/20 Fairbanks, Douglas Jr. New York, N.Y. 12/9/09 Fairchild, Morgan Dallas, Tex. 2/3/50 Falana, Lola Philadelphia, Pa. 9/11/46 Falk, Peter New York, N.Y. 9/16/27 Farentino, James Brooklyn, N.Y. 2/24/38 Fargo, Donna Mt. Airy, N.C. 11/10/45 Farr, Jamie Toledo, Oh. 7/1/34 Farrell, Eileen Willimantic, Conn. 2/13/20 Farrell, Mike St. Paul, Minn. 2/6/39 Farrow, Mia Los Angeles, Cal. 2/9/45 Fawcett, Farrah Corpus Christi, Tex. 2/2/47 Faye, Alice New York, N.Y. 5/5/12 Feld, Fritz Berlin, Germany 10/15/00 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Feld, Fritz Berlin, Germany 10/15/00 Feldon, Barbara Pittsburgh, Pa. 3/12/41 Feldshuh, Tovah New York, N.Y. 12/27/52 Feliciano, Jose Lares, Puerto Rico 9/10/45 Fell, Norman Philadelphia, Pa. 3/24/24 Fellini, Federico Rimini, Italy 1/20/20 Fender, Freddy San Benito, Tex. 6/4/37 Ferrell, Conchata Charleston, W. Va. 3/28/43 Ferrer, Jose Santurce, P.R. 1/8/12 Ferrer, Mel Elberon, N.J. 8/25/17 Ferrigno, Lou Brooklyn, N.Y. 11/9/52 Fiedler, John Platville, Wis. 2/3/25 Field, Sally Pasadena, Cal. 11/6/46 Fields, Kim Los Angeles, Cal. 5/12/69 Finney, Albert Salford, England 5/9/36 Firkusny, Rudolf Napajedla, Czechoslovakia 2/11/12 Firth, Peter Yorkshire, England 10/27/53 Fischer-Dieskau, Dietrich Berlin, Germany 5/28/25 Fisher, Carrie Beverly Hills, Cal. 10/21/56 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Fisher, Carrie Beverly Hills, Cal. 10/21/56 Fisher, Eddie Philadelphia, Pa. 8/10/28 Fitzgerald, Ella Newport News, Va. 4/25/18 Fitzgerald, Geraldine Dublin, Ireland 11/24/13 Flack, Roberta Black Mountain, N.C. 2/10/39 Flanagan, Fionnula Dublin, Ireland 12/10/41 Flanders, Ed Minneapolis, Minn. 12/29/34 Fleming, Rhonda Hollywood, Cal. 8/10/23 Fletcher, Louise Birmingham, Ala. 1936 Foch, Nina Leyden, Netherlands 4/20/24 Fogelberg, Dan Peoria, Ill. 8/13/51 Fonda, Jane New York, N.Y. 12/21/37 Fonda, Peter New York, N.Y. 2/23/40 Fontaine, Joan Tokyo, Japan 10/22/17 Fonteyn, Margot Reigate, England 5/18/19 Ford (Tenn.), Ernie Bristol, Tenn. 2/13/19 Ford, Glenn Quebec, Canada 5/1/16 Ford, Harrison Chicago, Ill. 7/13/42 Forrest, Steve Huntsville, Tex. 9/29/24 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Forrest, Steve Huntsville, Tex. 9/29/24 Forsythe, John Penns Grove, N.J. 1/29/18 Foster, Jodie New York, N.Y. 11/19/62 Fox, James London, England 5/19/39 Fox, Michael J. Edmonton, Alta. 6/9/61 Foxworth, Robert Houston, Tex. 11/1/41 Foxx, Redd St. Louis, Mo. 12/9/22 Frampton, Peter Kent, England 4/22/50 Francescatti, Zino Marseilles, France 8/9/05 Franciosa, Anthony New York, N.Y. 10/25/28 Francis, Anne Ossining, N.Y. 9/16/30 Francis, Arlene Boston, Mass. 10/20/08 Francis, Connie Newark, N.J. 12/12/38 Francis, Genie Los Angeles, Cal. 5/26/62 Frankenheimer, John Malba, N.Y. 2/19/30 Franklin, Aretha Memphis, Tenn. 3/25/42 Franklin, Bonnie Santa Monica, Cal. 1/6/44 Franklin, Joe New York, N.Y. 1929 Frann, Mary St. Louis, Mo. 2/27/43 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Frann, Mary St. Louis, Mo. 2/27/43 Franz, Dennis Chicago, Ill. 10/28/44 Freeman Jr., Al San Antonio, Tex. 3/21/34 Frick, Mr. (W. Groebli) Basel, Switzerland 4/21/15 Friedkin, William Chicago, Ill. 8/29/39 Frost, David Tenterden, England 4/7/39 Funicello, Annette Utica, N.Y. 10/22/42 Funt, Allen New York, N.Y. 9/16/14 Gabor, Eva Hungary 1921 Gabor, Zsa Zsa Hungary - Gabriel, John Niagara Falls, N.Y. 5/25/31 Gabriel, Peter London, England 5/13/50 Gail, Max Detroit, Mich. 4/5/43 Gallagher, Megan Reading, Pa. 2/6/- Galway, James Belfast, Ireland 12/8/39 Garagiola, Joe St. Louis, Mo. 2/12/26 Gardenia, Vincent Naples, Italy 1/7/22 Garfunkel, Art New York, N.Y. 10/13/41 Garland, Beverly Santa Cruz, Cal. 10/17/26 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Garland, Beverly Santa Cruz, Cal. 10/17/26 Garner, James Norman, Okla. 4/7/28 Garr, Teri Lakewood, Oh. 12/11/49 Garrett, Betty St. Joseph, Mo. 5/23/19 Garson, Greer Co. Down, N. Ireland 9/29/08 Gatlin, Larry Seminole, Tex. 5/2/48 Gayle, Crystal Paintsville, Ky. 1/9/51 Gaynor, Mitzi Chicago, Ill. 9/4/30 Gazzara, Ben New York, N.Y. 8/28/30 Gedda, Nicolai Stockholm, Sweden 7/11/25 Geldof, Bob Co. Dublin, Ire. 10/5/51 Gentry, Bobbie Chickasaw Co., Miss. 7/27/44 Gere, Richard Philadelphia, Pa. 8/31/49 Getty, Estelle New York, N.Y. 7/25/24 Ghostley, Alice Eve, Mo. 8/14/26 Giannini, Giancarlo Spezia, Italy 8/1/42 Gibb, Cynthia Bennington,Vt. 12/14/63 Gibbs, Marla Chicago, Ill. 6/14/31 Gibson, Debbie Merrick, N.Y. 8/31/70 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Gibson, Debbie Merrick, N.Y. 8/31/70 Gibson, Henry Germantown, Pa. 9/21/35 Gibson, Mel Peerskill, N.Y. 1/3/51 Gielgud, John London, England 4/14/04 Gifford, Frank Santa Monica, Cal. 8/16/30 Gilbert, Melissa Los Angeles, Cal. 5/8/64 Gilberto, Astrud Salvador, Brazil 3/30/40 Gillette, Anita Baltimore, Md. 8/16/38 Gilley, Mickey Natchez, Miss. 3/9/36 Ginty, Robert New York, N.Y. 11/14/48 Gish, Lillian Springfield, Oh. 10/14/96 Givens, Robin New York, N.Y. 11/27/64 Glaser, Paul Michael Cambridge, Mass. 3/25/43 Glass, Ron Evansville, Ind. 7/10/45 Glenn, Scott Pittsburgh, Pa. 1/26/42 Gless, Sharon Los Angeles, Cal. 5/31/43 Glover, Danny San Francisco, Cal. 1948 Glynn, Carlin Cleveland, Oh. 2/19/40 Gobel, George Chicago, Ill. 5/20/19 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Gobel, George Chicago, Ill. 5/20/19 Godard, Jean Luc Paris, France 12/3/30 Godunov, Alexander Sakhalin Is., USSR 11/28/49 Goldberg, Whoopi New York, N.Y. 1949 Goldblum, Jeff Pittsburgh, Pa. 10/22/53 Goldsboro, Bobby Marianna, Fla. 1/18/42 Goldthwait, Bob Syracuse, N.Y. 1962 Goodman, John St. Louis, Mo. 6/20/53 Gordon, Gale New York, N.Y. 2/2/06 Gorman, Cliff New York, N.Y. 10/13/36 Gorme, Eydie Bronx, N.Y. 8/16/32 Gorshin, Frank Pittsburgh, Pa. 4/5/34 Gossett Jr., Louis Brooklyn, N.Y. 5/27/36 Gould, Elliott Brooklyn, N.Y. 8/29/38 Gould, Harold Schenectady, N.Y. 12/10/23 Gould, Morton Richmond Hill, N.Y. 12/10/13 Goulet, Robert Lawrence, Mass. 11/26/33 Gowdy, Curt Green River, Wyo. 7/31/19 Graham, Martha Pittsburgh, Pa. 5/11/94 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Graham, Martha Pittsburgh, Pa. 5/11/94 Graham, Virginia Chicago, Ill. 7/4/12 Grammer, Kelsey Virgin Islands 2/20/- Granger, Farley San Jose, Cal. 7/1/25 Granger, Stewart London, England 5/6/13 Grant, Amy Augusta, Ga. 1961 Grant, Lee New York, N.Y. 10/31/29 Graves, Peter Minneapolis, Minn. 3/18/26 Gray, Coleen Staplehurst, Neb. 10/23/22 Gray, Erin Honolulu, Ha. 1/7/52 Gray, Linda Santa Monica, Cal. 9/12/40 Grayson, Kathryn Winston-Salem, N.C. 2/9/22 Greco, Buddy Philadelphia, Pa. 8/14/26 Greco, Jose Abruzzi, Italy 12/23/18 Green, Adolph New York, N.Y. 12/2/15 Green, Al Forest City, Ark. 4/13/46 Greene, Ellen New York, N.Y. 1950 Greene, Michele Las Vegas, Nev. 2/3/- Greene, Shecky Chicago, Ill. 4/8/26 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Greene, Shecky Chicago, Ill. 4/8/26 Gregory, Cynthia Los Angeles, Cal. 7/8/46 Gregory, Dick St. Louis, Mo. 10/12/32 Gregory, James Bronx, N.Y. 12/23/11 Grey, Joel Cleveland, Oh. 4/11/32 Griffin, Merv San Mateo, Cal. 7/6/25 Griffith, Andy Mount Airy, N.C. 6/1/26 Griffith, Melanie New York, N.Y. 8/9/57 Grimes, Tammy Lynn, Mass. 1/30/34 Grizzard, George Roanoke Rapids, N.C. 4/1/28 Grodin, Charles Pittsburgh, Pa. 4/21/35 Groh, David New York, N.Y. 5/21/41 Grosbard, Ulu Antwerp, Belgium 1/19/29 Gross, Michael Chicago, Ill. 6/21/47 Guardino, Harry New York, N.Y. 12/23/25 Guillaume, Robert St. Louis, Mo. 11/30/37 Guinness, Alec London, England 4/2/14 Guthrie, Arlo New York, N.Y. 7/10/47 Guttenberg, Steve New York, N.Y. 8/24/58 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Guttenberg, Steve New York, N.Y. 8/24/58 Guy, Jasmine Boston, Mass. 3/10/- Gwynne, Fred New York, N.Y. 7/10/26 Hackett, Buddy Brooklyn, N.Y. 8/31/24 Hackman, Gene San Bernardino, Cal. 1/30/30 Hagen, Uta Gottingen, Germany 6/12/19 Haggard, Merle Bakersfield, Cal. 4/6/37 Haggerty, Dan Hollywood, Cal. 11/19/41 Hagman, Larry Weatherford, Tex. 9/21/31 Hague, Albert Berlin, Germany 10/13/20 Haid, Charles San Francisco, Cal. 6/2/43 Hale, Barbara DeKalb, Ill. 4/18/22 Hall, Arsenio Cleveland, Oh. 2/12/58 Hall, Daryl Pottstown, Pa. 10/11/49 Hall, Deidre Milwaukee, Wis. 10/31/48 Hall, Huntz New York, N.Y. 8/15/19 Hall, Monty Winnipeg, Man. 8/25/25 Hall, Tom T. Olive Hill, Ky. 5/25/36 Hamel, Veronica Philadelphia, Pa. 11/20/43 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hamel, Veronica Philadelphia, Pa. 11/20/43 Hamill, Mark Oakland, Cal. 9/25/51 Hamilton, George Memphis, Tenn. 8/12/39 Hamlin, Harry Pasadena, Cal. 10/30/51 Hampton, Lionel Birmingham, Ala. 4/12/13 Hancock, Herbie Chicago, Ill. 4/12/40 Hanks, Tom Oakland, Cal. 7/9/56 Hannah, Daryl Chicago, Ill. 1961 Hardison, Kadeem New York, N.Y. 7/24/- Harmon, Mark Burbank, Cal. 9/2/51 Harper, Jessica Chicago, Ill. 1949 Harper, Tess Mammoth Springs, Ark. 1952 Harper, Valerie Suffern, N.Y. 8/22/40 Harrelson, Woody Midland, Tex. 7/23/- Harrington, Pat Jr. New York, N.Y. 8/13/29 Harris, Barbara Evanston, Ill. 7/25/35 Harris, Ed Englewood, N.J. 11/28/50 Harris, Emmylou Birmingham, Ala. 4/2/47 Harris, Julie Grosse Pte. Park, Mich. 12/2/25 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Harris, Julie Grosse Pte. Park, Mich. 12/2/25 Harris, Phil Linton, Ind. 6/24/04 Harris, Richard Co. Limerick, Ireland 10/1/33 Harris, Rosemary Ashby, England 9/19/30 Harrison, George Liverpool, England 2/25/43 Harrison, Gregory Avalon, Cal. 5/31/50 Harry, Deborah Miami, Fla. 7/1/45 Hart, Mary Sioux Falls, S.D. 1951 Hartley, Mariette New York, N.Y. 6/21/40 Hartman, David Pawtucket, R.I. 5/19/35 Hartman, Lisa Houston, Tex. 6/1/56 Hartman, Phil Ontario, Canada 9/24/48 Hasselhoff, David Baltimore, Md. 7/17/52 Hasso, Signe Stockholm, Sweden 8/15/10 Hauer, Rutger Netherlands 1/23/44 Haver, June Rock Island, Ill. 6/10/26 Havoc, June Seattle, Wash. 11/8/16 Hawn, Goldie Washington, D.C. 11/21/45 Hayden, Melissa Toronto, Ont. 4/25/23 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hayden, Melissa Toronto, Ont. 4/25/23 Hayes, Helen Washington, D.C. 10/10/00 Hayes, Isaac Covington, Tenn. 8/20/42 Hays, Robert Bethesda, Md. 7/24/47 Heard, John Washington, D.C. 5/7/47 Hearn, George Memphis, Tenn. 1935 Heatherton, Joey Rockville Centre, N.Y. 9/14/44 Heckart, Eileen Columbus, Oh. 3/29/19 Helmond, Katherine Galveston, Tex. 7/5/34 Hemingway, Margaux Portland, Ore. 2/19/55 Hemingway, Mariel Mill Valley, Cal. 11/21/61 Hemmings, David Guildford, England 11/18/41 Hemsley, Sherman Philadelphia, Pa. 2/1/38 Henderson, Florence Dale, Ind. 2/14/34 Henderson, Skitch Halstad, Minn. 1/27/18 Henner, Marilu Chicago, Ill. 4/6/52 Henning, Doug Ft. Garry, Man. 5/3/47 Henreid, Paul Trieste, Austria 1/10/08 Hepburn, Audrey Brussels, Belgium 5/4/29 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hepburn, Audrey Brussels, Belgium 5/4/29 Hepburn, Katharine Hartford, Conn. 11/8/09 Herman, Pee-wee Peekskill, N.Y. 1952 Herrmann, Edward Washington, D.C. 7/21/43 Hershey, Barbara Los Angeles, Cal. 2/5/48 Hesseman, Howard Lebanon, Ore. 2/27/40 Heston, Charlton Evanston, Ill. 10/4/23 Hewett, Christopher Sussex, England 4/5/- Higgins, Joel Bloomington, Ill. 9/28/43 Hildegarde Adell, Wis. 2/1/06 Hill, Arthur Melfort, Sask. 8/1/22 Hill, Benny Southampton, England 1/21/25 Hill, George Roy Minneapolis, Minn. 12/20/22 Hiller, Wendy Stockport, England 8/15/12 Hillerman, John Denison, Tex. 12/30/32 Hines, Gregory New York, N.Y. 2/14/46 Hines, Jerome Hollywood, Cal. 11/8/21 Hingle, Pat Miami, Fla. 7/19/23 Hirsch, Judd Bronx, N.Y. 3/15/35 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hirsch, Judd Bronx, N.Y. 3/15/35 Hirt, Al New Orleans, La. 11/7/22 Ho, Don Kakaako, Oahu, Ha. 8/13/30 Hoffman, Dustin Los Angeles, Cal. 8/8/37 Hogan, Paul New South Wales, Australia 1941 Holbrook, Hal Cleveland, Oh. 2/17/25 Holder, Geoffrey Trinidad 8/1/30 Holliday, Polly Jasper, Ala. 7/2/37 Holliman, Earl Delhi, La. 9/11/28 Holloway, Sterling Cedartown, Ga. 1/4/05 Holm, Celeste New York, N.Y. 4/29/19 Hooks, Jan Decatur, Ga. 4/23/57 Hooks, Robert Washington, D.C. 4/18/37 Hope, Bob London, England 5/29/03 Hopkins, Anthony Wales 12/31/37 Hopkins, Telma Louisville, Ky. 10/28/48 Hopper, Dennis Dodge City, Kan. 5/17/36 Horne, Lena Brooklyn, N.Y. 6/30/17 Horne, Marilyn Bradford, Pa. 1/16/34 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Horne, Marilyn Bradford, Pa. 1/16/34 Horsley, Lee Muleshoe, Tex. 5/15/55 Horton, Robert Los Angeles, Cal. 7/29/24 Hoskins, Bob Suffolk, England 10/26/42 Houston, Whitney E. Orange, N.J. 8/9/63 Howard, Ken El Centro, Cal. 3/28/44 Howard, Ron Duncan, Okla. 3/1/54 Howell, C. Thomas Los Angeles, Cal. 12/7/66 Howes, Sally Ann London, England 7/20/30 Hughes, Barnard Bedford Hills, N.Y. 7/16/15 Hulce, Tom Whitewater, Wis. 12/6/53 Humperdinck, Engelbert Madras, India 5/3/36 Hunt, Linda Morristown, N.J. 4/2/45 Hunter, Holly Conyers, Ga. 1959 Hunter, Kim Detroit, Mich. 11/12/22 Hunter, Ross Cleveland, Oh. 5/6/21 Hunter, Tab New York, N.Y. 7/11/31 Hurt, John Chesterfield, England 1/22/40 Hurt, Mary Beth Marshalltown, Ia. 9/26/46 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hurt, Mary Beth Marshalltown, Ia. 9/26/46 Hurt, William Washington, D.C. 3/20/50 Hussey, Ruth Providence, R.I. 10/30/14 Huston, Anjelica Ireland 1952 Hutton, Betty Battle Creek, Mich. 2/26/21 Hutton, Lauren Charleston, S.C. 11/17/43 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Hutton, Timothy Malibu, Cal. 8/16/61 Hyde-White, Wilfrid Gloucester, England 5/12/03 Hyman, Earle Rocky Mount, N.C. 10/11/26 Ian, Janis New York, N.Y. 4/7/51 Idol, Billy London, England 11/30/55 Iglesias, Julio Madrid, Spain 9/23/43 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Iglesias, Julio Madrid, Spain 9/23/43 Ireland, John Vancouver, B.C. 1/30/14 Irons, Jeremy Cowes, England 9/19/48 Irving, Amy Palo Alto, Cal. 9/10/53 Irving, George S. Springfield, Mass. 11/1/22 Ives, Burl Hunt Township, Ill. 6/14/09 Ivey, Judith El Paso, Tex. 9/4/51 Jackee Winston-Salem, N.C. 8/14/- Jackson, Anne Allegheny, Pa. 9/3/25 Jackson, Glenda Liverpool, England 5/9/36 Jackson, Janet Gary, Ind. 5/16/66 Jackson, Jermaine Gary, Ind. 12/11/54 Jackson, La Toya Gary, Ind. 1/29/56 Jackson, Kate Birmingham, Ala. 10/29/48 Jackson, Michael Gary, Ind. 8/29/58 Jackson, Victoria Miami, Fla. 8/2/59 Jacobi, Derek London, England 10/22/38 Jaeckel, Richard Long Beach, N.Y. 10/10/26 Jagger, Dean Lima, Oh. 11/7/03 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jagger, Dean Lima, Oh. 11/7/03 Jagger, Mick Dartford, England 7/26/43 James, Dennis Jersey City, N.J. 8/24/17 James, John Minneapolis, Minn. 4/18/56 Janis, Conrad New York, N.Y. 2/11/28 Jarreau, Al Milwaukee, Wis 3/12/40 Jeffreys, Anne Goldsboro, N.C. 1/26/23 Jenner, Bruce Mt. Kisco, N.Y. 10/28/49 Jennings, Waylon Littlefield, Tex. 6/15/37 Jett, Joan Philadelphia, Pa. 9/22/60 Jewison, Norman Toronto, Ont. 7/21/26 Jillian, Ann Cambridge, Mass. 1/29/50 Joel, Billy Bronx, N.Y. 5/9/49 John, Elton Middlesex, England 3/25/47 Johns, Glynis Durban, S. Africa 10/5/23 Johnson, Anne-Marie Los Angeles, Cal. 7/18/- Johnson, Arte Benton Harbor, Mich. 1/20/29 Johnson, Ben Foraker, Okla. 6/13/18 Johnson, Don Flatt Creek, Mo. 12/15/49 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Johnson, Don Flatt Creek, Mo. 12/15/49 Johnson, Van Newport, R.I. 8/25/16 Jones, Allan Scranton, Pa. 10/14/07 Jones, Charlie Ft. Smith, Ark. 11/9/30 Jones, Dean Morgan City, Ala. 1/25/35 Jones, George Saratoga, Tex. 9/12/31 Jones, Grace Spanishtown, Jamaica 5/19/52 Jones, Grandpa Niagara, Ky. 10/20/13 Jones, Henry Philadelphia, Pa. 8/1/12 Jones, Jack Hollywood, Cal. 1/14/38 Jones, James Earl Tate Co., Miss. 1/17/31 Jones, Jennifer Tulsa, Okla. 3/2/19 Jones, Shirley Smithton, Pa. 3/31/34 Jones, Tom Pontypridd, Wales 6/7/40 Jones, Tommy Lee San Saba, Tex. 9/15/46 Jordan, Richard New York, N.Y. 7/19/38 Jourdan, Louis Marseilles, France 6/19/21 Julia, Raul San Juan, P.R. 3/9/40 Jump, Gordon Dayton, Oh. 4/1/32 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jump, Gordon Dayton, Oh. 4/1/32 Kahn, Madeline Boston, Mass. 9/29/42 Kanaly, Steve Burbank, Cal. 3/14/46 Kane, Carol Cleveland, Oh. 6/18/52 Kaplan, Gabe Brooklyn, N.Y. 3/31/45 Karlen, John New York, N.Y. 5/28/33 Karras, Alex Gary, Ind. 7/15/35 Kasem, Casey Detroit, Mich. 1933 Katt, William Los Angeles, Cal. 2/16/51 Kavner, Julie Los Angeles, Cal. 9/7/51 Kazan, Elia Istanbul, Turkey 9/7/09 Kazan, Lainie New York, N.Y. 5/15/42 Keach, Stacy Savannah, Ga. 6/2/41 Keaton, Diane Santa Ana, Cal. 1/5/46 Keaton, Michael Pittsburgh, Pa. 9/9/51 Keel, Howard Gillespie, Ill. 4/13/17 Keeler, Ruby Halifax, N.S. 8/25/09 Keeshan, Bob Lynbrook, N.Y. 6/27/27 Keitel, Harvey Brooklyn, N.Y. 1947 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Keitel, Harvey Brooklyn, N.Y. 1947 Keith, Brian Bayonne, N.J. 11/14/21 Keith, David Knoxville, Tenn. 5/8/54 Kellerman, Sally Long Beach, Cal. 6/2/37 Kelley, DeForest Atlanta, Ga. 1/20/20 Kelly, Gene Pittsburgh, Pa. 8/23/12 Kelly, Jack Astoria, N.Y. 9/16/27 Kelly, Nancy Lowell, Mass. 3/25/21 Kennedy, George New York, N.Y. 2/18/26 Kennedy, Jayne Washington, D.C. 11/27/51 Kent, Allegra Los Angeles, Cal. 8/11/37 Kercheval, Ken Wolcottville, Ind. 7/15/35 Kerns, Joanna San Francisco, Cal. 2/12/53 Kerr, Deborah Helensburgh, Scotland 9/30/21 Kerr, John New York, N.Y. 11/15/31 Khan, Chaka Great Lakes, Ill. 3/23/53 Kidder, Margot Yellowknife, N.W.T. 10/17/48 Kiley, Richard Chicago, Ill. 3/31/22 King, Alan Brooklyn, N.Y. 12/26/27 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� King, Alan Brooklyn, N.Y. 12/26/27 King, B. B. Itta Bena, Miss. 9/16/25 King, Carole Brooklyn, N.Y. 2/9/42 King, Larry New York, N.Y. 11/19/33 King, Perry Alliance, Oh. 4/30/48 Kingsley, Ben Yorkshire, England 12/31/43 Kinski, Klaus Sopot, Poland 10/8/26 Kinski, Nastassia Berlin, W. Germany 1/24/60 Kirby, Durward Covington, Ky. 8/24/12 Kirkland, Gelsey Bethlehem, Pa. 12/29/53 Kirsten, Dorothy Montclair, N.J. 7/6/19 Kitt, Eartha North, S.C. 1/26/28 Klein, Robert New York, N.Y. 2/8/42 Klemperer, Werner Cologne, Germany 3/22/19 Kline, Kevin St. Louis, Mo. 10/24/47 Klugman, Jack Philadelphia, Pa. 4/27/22 Knight, Gladys Atlanta, Ga. 5/28/44 Knotts, Don Morgantown, W. Va. 7/21/24 Knox, Alexander Strathroy, Ont. 1/16/07 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Knox, Alexander Strathroy, Ont. 1/16/07 Kopell, Bernie New York, N.Y. 6/21/33 Korman, Harvey Chicago, Ill. 2/15/27 Kotero, Apollonia Santa Monica, Cal. 8/2/60 Kotto, Yaphet New York, N.Y. 11/15/44 Kramer, Stanley New York, N.Y. 9/29/13 Kramer, Stepfanie Los Angeles, Cal. 8/6/56 Kristofferson, Kris Brownsville, Tex. 6/22/36 Kubelik, Rafael Bychori, Czechoslovakia 6/29/14 Kubrick, Stanley Bronx, N.Y. 7/26/28 Kulp, Nancy Harrisburg, Pa. 8/28/21 Kurtz, Swoosie Omaha, Neb. 9/6/44 LaBelle, Patti Philadelphia, Pa. 10/4/44 Ladd, Cheryl Huron, S.D. 7/12/51 Ladd, Diane Meridian, Miss. 11/29/32 Lahti, Christine Detroit, Mich. 4/5/50 Laine, Cleo Middlesex, England 10/28/27 Laine, Frankie Chicago, Ill. 3/30/13 Lamarr, Hedy Vienna, Austria 11/9/13 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lamarr, Hedy Vienna, Austria 11/9/13 Lamas, Lorenzo Santa Monica, Cal. 1/20/58 Lamb, Gil Minneapolis, Minn. 6/14/06 Lamour, Dorothy New Orleans, La. 12/10/14 Lancaster, Burt New York, N.Y. 11/2/13 Landau, Martin New York, N.Y. 6/20/34 Landesberg, Steve New York, N.Y. 11/23/45 Landis, John Chicago, Ill. 8/3/50 Landon, Michael Forest Hills, N.Y. 10/21/36 Lane, Abbe Brooklyn, N.Y. 12/14/32 Lane, Diane New York, N.Y. 1/22/63 Lane, Priscilla Indianola, Ia. 6/12/17 Lang, K.D. Consort, Alberta 1962 Lang, Stephen New York, N.Y. 7/11/52 Lange, Hope Redding Ridge, Conn. 11/28/31 Lange, Jessica Cloquet, Minn. 4/20/49 Langella, Frank Bayonne, N.J. 1/1/40 Langford, Frances Lakeland, Fla. 4/4/13 Lansbury, Angela London, England 10/16/25 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lansbury, Angela London, England 10/16/25 Lansing, Robert San Diego, Cal. 6/5/28 Laredo, Ruth Detroit, Mich. 11/20/37 Larroquette, John New Orleans, La. 11/25/47 Lasser, Louise New York, N.Y. 4/11/39 Lauper, Cyndi New York, N.Y. 6/20/53 Laurie, Piper Detroit, Mich. 1/22/32 Lauter, Ed Long Beach, N.Y. 10/30/40 Lavin, Linda Portland, Me. 10/15/37 Lawrence, Carol Melrose Park, Ill. 9/5/34 Lawrence, Steve Brooklyn, N.Y. 7/8/35 Lawrence, Vicki Inglewood, Cal. 3/26/49 Leach, Robin London, England 8/29/41 Leachman, Cloris Des Moines, Ia. 4/4/26 Lean, David Croydon, England 3/25/08 Lear, Norman New Haven, Conn. 7/27/22 Learned, Michael Washington, D.C. 4/9/39 LeBon, Simon Bushey, England 10/27/58 Lee, Brenda Atlanta, Ga. 12/11/44 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lee, Brenda Atlanta, Ga. 12/11/44 Lee, Christopher London, England 5/27/22 Lee, Michele Los Angeles, Cal. 6/24/42 Lee, Peggy Jamestown, N.D. 5/26/20 Lee, Spike Atlanta, Ga. 3/20/57 Le Gallienne, Eva London, England 1/11/99 Legrand, Michel Paris, France 2/24/32 Leibman, Ron New York, N.Y. 10/11/37 Leifer, Carol E. Williston, N.Y. 1956 Leigh, Janet Merced, Cal. 7/6/27 Leinsdorf, Erich Vienna, Austria 2/4/12 Leisure, David San Diego, Cal. 11/16/- Lemmon, Chris Los Angeles, Cal. 1/22/54 Lemmon, Jack Boston, Mass. 2/8/25 Lennon, Julian London, England 4/8/63 Lennon Sisters Dianne Los Angeles, Cal. 12/1/39 Janet Culver City, Cal. 11/15/46 Kathy Santa Monica, Cal. 8/22/42 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Kathy Santa Monica, Cal. 8/22/42 Peggy Los Angeles, Cal. 4/8/41 Leno, Jay New Rochelle, N.Y. 4/28/50 Lenz, Kay Los Angeles, Cal. 3/4/53 Leonard, Sheldon New York, N.Y. 2/22/07 Leontovich, Eugenie Moscow, Russia 3/21/00 Leslie, Joan Detroit, Mich. 1/26/25 Letterman, David Indianapolis, Ind. 4/12/47 Levine, James Cincinnati, Oh. 6/23/43 Levinson, Barry Baltimore, Md. 1932 Lewis, Emmanuel New York, N.Y. 3/9/71 Lewis, Dawnn New York, N.Y. 8/13/- Lewis, Huey New York, N.Y. 1952 Lewis, Jerry Newark, N.J. 3/16/26 Lewis, Jerry Lee Ferriday, La. 9/29/35 Lewis, Richard New York, N.Y. 6/29/47 Lewis, Shari New York, N.Y. 1/17/34 Light, Judith Trenton, N.J. 2/9/50 Lightfoot, Gordon Orillia, Ont. 11/17/38 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lightfoot, Gordon Orillia, Ont. 11/17/38 Linden, Hal New York, N.Y. 3/20/31 Lindfors, Viveca Uppsala, Sweden 12/29/20 Linkletter, Art Saskatchewan, Canada 7/17/12 Linn-Baker, Mark St. Louis, Mo. 6/17/53 Lithgow, John Rochester, N.Y. 10/19/45 Little, Cleavon Chickasha, Okla. 6/1/39 Little, Rich Ottawa, Ont. 11/26/38 Little Richard Macon, Ga. 12/5/32 Lloyd, Christopher Stamford, Conn. 10/22/38 Lloyd, Emily England 9/29/70 Locke, Sondra Shelbyville, Tenn. 5/28/47 Lockhart, June New York, N.Y. 6/25/25 Locklear, Heather Los Angeles, Cal. 9/25/61 Loggia, Robert New York, N.Y. 1/3/30 Loggins, Kenny Everett, Wash. 1/7/48 Lollobrigida, Gina Subiaco, Italy 7/4/28 Lom, Herbert Prague, Czechoslovakia 1/9/17 London, Julie Santa Rosa, Cal. 9/26/26 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� London, Julie Santa Rosa, Cal. 9/26/26 Long, Shelley Ft. Wayne, Ind. 8/23/49 Lord, Jack New York, N.Y. - Loren, Sophia Rome, Italy 9/20/34 Loring, Gloria New York, N.Y. 12/10/46 Loudon, Dorothy Boston, Mass. 9/17/33 Louise, Tina New York, N.Y. 2/11/34 Lovitz, Jon Tarzana, Cal. 7/21/57 Lowe, Rob Charlottesville, Va. 3/17/64 Loy, Myrna Helena, Mon. 8/2/05 Lucas, George Modesto, Cal. 5/14/44 Lucci, Susan Westchester Co., N.Y. 12/23/49 Luckinbill, Laurence Ft. Smith, Ark. 11/21/34 Ludwig, Christa Berlin, Germany 3/16/28 Luke, Keye Canton, China 1904 Lumet, Sidney Philadelphia, Pa. 6/25/24 Lupino, Ida London, England 2/4/18 LuPone, Patti Northport, N.Y. 4/21/49 Lynn, Jeffrey Auburn, Mass. 2/16/09 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lynn, Jeffrey Auburn, Mass. 2/16/09 Lynch, David Missoula, Mont. 1/1/46 Lynn, Loretta Butcher Hollow, Ky. 4/14/- Maazel, Lorin Paris, France 3/6/30 MacArthur, James Los Angeles, Cal. 12/8/37 MacCorkindale, Simon Cambridge, England 2/12/53 MacGraw, Ali Pound Ridge, N.Y. 4/1/39 MacKenzie, Gisele Winnipeg, Man. 1/10/27 MacLaine, Shirley Richmond, Va. 4/24/34 MacLeod, Gavin Mt. Kisco, N.Y. 2/28/30 MacMurray, Fred Kankakee, Ill. 8/30/08 MacNee, Patrick London, England 2/6/22 MacNeil, Cornell Minneapolis, Minn. 9/24/22 Macchio, Ralph Long Island, N.Y. 11/4/62 Macy, Bill Revere, Mass. 5/18/22 Madden, John Austin, Minn. 4/10/36 Madonna (Ciccone) Bay City, Mich. 8/16/58 Majors, Lee Wyandotte, Mich. 4/23/40 Malbin, Elaine New York, N.Y. 5/24/32 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Malbin, Elaine New York, N.Y. 5/24/32 Malden, Karl Chicago, Ill. 3/22/13 Malfitano, Catherine New York, N.Y. 4/18/48 Malkovich, John Christopher, Ill. 12/9/53 Malle, Louis Thumeries, France 10/30/32 Malone, Dorothy Chicago, Ill. 1/30/25 Manchester, Melissa Bronx, N.Y. 2/15/51 Mancini, Henry Cleveland, Oh. 4/16/24 Mandel, Howie Toronto, Ont. 11/29/- Mandrell, Barbara Houston, Tex. 12/25/48 Mangione, Chuck Rochester, N.Y. 11/29/40 Manilow, Barry New York, N.Y. 6/17/46 Mann, Herbie New York, N.Y. 4/16/30 Manoff, Dinah New York, N.Y. 1/25/58 Marceau, Marcel Strasbourg, France 3/22/23 Marsalis, Wynton New Orleans, La. 10/18/61 Marchand, Nancy Buffalo, N.Y. 6/19/28 Margolin, Janet New York, N.Y. 7/25/43 Marin, Cheech Los Angeles, Cal. 7/13/46 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Marin, Cheech Los Angeles, Cal. 7/13/46 Markova, Alicia London, England 12/1/10 Marriner, Neville Lincoln, England 4/15/24 Marsh, Jean London, England 7/1/34 Marshall, E. G. Owatonna, Minn. 6/18/10 Marshall, Penny New York, N.Y. 10/15/43 Marshall, Peter Huntington, W.Va. 3/30/27 Martin, Dean Steubenville, Oh. 6/17/17 Martin, Dick Detroit, Mich. 1/30/23 Martin, Mary Weatherford, Tex. 12/1/13 Martin, Pamela Sue Westport, Conn. 1/5/54 Martin, Steve Waco, Tex. 1945 Martin, Tony San Francisco, Cal. 12/25/13 Martins, Peter Copenhagen, Denmark 10/27/46 Mason, Jackie Sheboygan, Wis. 6/9/31 Mason, Marsha St. Louis, Mo. 4/3/42 Mastrantonio, Mary Eliz. Lombard, Ill. 11/17/58 Mastroianni, Marcello Rome, Italy 9/28/24 Matheson, Tim Glendale, Cal. 12/31/47 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Matheson, Tim Glendale, Cal. 12/31/47 Mathis, Johnny San Francisco, Cal. 9/30/35 Matthau, Walter New York, N.Y. 10/1/20 Mature, Victor Louisville, Ky. 1/29/16 May, Elaine Philadelphia, Pa. 4/21/32 Mayfield, Curtis Chicago, Ill. 6/3/42 Mayo, Virginia St. Louis, Mo. 11/30/20 Mazurki, Mike Austria 12/25/09 Mazursky, Paul Brooklyn, N.Y. 4/25/30 McArdle, Andrea Philadelphia, Pa. 11/5/63 McBride, Patricia Teaneck, N.J. 8/23/42 McCallum, David Glasgow, Scotland 9/19/33 McCambridge, Mercedes Joliet, Ill. 3/17/18 McCarthy, Andrew New York, N.Y. 1963 McCarthy, Kevin Seattle, Wash. 2/15/14 McCartney, Paul Liverpool, England 6/18/42 McCarver, Tim Memphis, Tenn. 10/16/41 McClanahan, Rue Healdton, Okla. 2/21/36 McClure, Doug Glendale, Cal. 5/11/35 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� McClure, Doug Glendale, Cal. 5/11/35 McClurg, Edie Kansas City, Mo. 7/23/- McCoo, Marilyn Jersey City, N.J. 9/30/43 McCrea, Joel Los Angeles, Cal. 11/5/05 McDowall, Roddy London, England 9/28/28 McDowell, Malcolm Leeds, England 6/13/43 McEntire, Reba McAlester, Okla. 3/28/55 McFarland, Spanky Dallas, Tex. 10/2/28 McGavin, Darren Spokane, Wash. 5/7/22 McGillis, Kelly Newport, Cal. 1957 McGoohan, Patrick New York, N.Y. 3/19/28 McGovern, Elizabeth Evanston, Ill. 7/18/61 McGovern, Maureen Youngstown, Oh. 7/27/49 McGuire, Al New York, N.Y. 9/7/31 McGuire, Dorothy Omaha, Neb. 6/14/19 McIntire, John Spokane, Wash. 6/27/07 McKechnie, Donna Pontiac, Mich. 11/16/42 McKee, Lonette Detroit, Mich. 1954 McKellen, Ian Burnley, England 5/25/39 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� McKellen, Ian Burnley, England 5/25/39 McKeon, Nancy Westbury, N.Y. 4/4/66 McLean, Don New Rochelle, N.Y. 10/2/45 McLerie, Allyn Grand Mere, Que. 12/1/26 McMahon, Ed Detroit, Mich. 3/6/23 McNichol, Kristy Los Angeles, Cal. 9/11/62 McQueen, Butterfly Tampa, Fla. 1/7/11 McRaney, Gerald Collins, Miss. 8/19/47 Meadows, Audrey Wu Chang, China 2/8/24 Meadows, Jayne Wu Chang, China 9/27/20 Meara, Anne New York, N.Y. 9/20/29 Mehta, Zubin Bombay, India 4/29/36 Melanie New York, N.Y. 2/3/47 Mendes, Sergio Niteroi, Brazil 2/11/41 Menuhin, Yehudi New York, N.Y. 4/22/16 Mercer, Marian Akron, Oh. 11/26/35 Mercouri, Melina Athens, Greece 10/18/25 Meredith, Burgess Cleveland, Oh. 11/16/08 Merrick, David Hong Kong 11/27/12 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Merrick, David Hong Kong 11/27/12 Merrill, Dina New York, N.Y. 12/9/25 Merrill, Robert Brooklyn, N.Y. 6/4/19 Messina, Jim Maywood, Cal. 12/5/47 Meyers, Ari San Juan, Puerto Rico 4/6/69 Michael, George Watford, England 6/26/63 Michaels, Al New York, N.Y. 11/12/44 Midler, Bette Paterson, N.J. 12/1/45 Milano, Alyssa New York, N.Y. 12/19/73 Miles, Sarah Ingatestone, England 12/31/41 Miles, Vera near Boise City, Okla. 8/23/30 Miller, Ann Houston, Tex. 4/12/19 Miller, Dennis Pittsburgh, Pa. 11/3/53 Miller, Mitch Rochester, N.Y. 7/4/11 Miller, Roger Ft. Worth, Tex. 1/2/36 Mills, Donna Chicago, Ill. 12/11/43 Mills, John Suffolk, England 2/22/08 Mills, Juliet London, England 11/21/41 Milner, Martin Detroit, Mich. 12/28/27 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Milner, Martin Detroit, Mich. 12/28/27 Milnes, Sherrill Downers Grove, Ill. 1/10/35 Milsap, Ronnie Robinsville, N.C. 1/16/44 Milstein, Nathan Odessa, Russia 12/31/04 Mimieux, Yvette Hollywood, Cal. 1/8/39 Minnelli, Liza Los Angeles, Cal. 3/12/46 Mitchell, Cameron Dallastown, Pa. 4/11/18 Mitchell, James Sacramento, Cal. 2/29/20 Mitchell, Joni McLeod, Alta. 11/7/43 Mitchum, Robert Bridgeport, Conn. 8/6/17 Moffat, Donald Plymouth, England 12/26/30 Moffo, Anna Wayne, Pa. 6/27/27 Molinaro, Al. Kenosha, Wis. 6/24/19 Moll, Richard Pasadena, Cal. 1/13/43 Montalban, Ricardo Mexico City, Mexico 11/25/20 Montand, Yves Monsumagno, Italy 10/13/21 Montgomery, Elizabeth Hollywood, Cal. 4/15/33 Moody, Ron London, England 1/8/24 Moore, Clayton Chicago, Ill. 9/14/14 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Moore, Clayton Chicago, Ill. 9/14/14 Moore, Constance Sioux City, Ia. 1/18/22 Moore, Demi Roswell, N.M. 11/11/62 Moore, Dudley London, England 4/19/35 Moore, Garry Baltimore, Md. 1/31/15 Moore, Mary Tyler Brooklyn, N.Y. 12/29/37 Moore, Melba New York, N.Y. 10/29/45 Moore, Roger London, England 10/14/27 Moore, Terry Los Angeles, Cal. 1/1/29 Moranis, Rick Toronto, Ont. 4/18/- Moreau, Jeanne Paris, France 1/23/28 Moreno, Rita Humacao, P.R. 12/11/31 Morgan, Dennis Prentice, Wis. 12/10/10 Morgan, Harry Detroit, Mich. 4/10/15 Moriarty, Michael Detroit, Mich. 4/5/41 Morini, Erika Vienna, Austria 1/5/10 Morita, Pat Isleton, Cal. 6/28/32 Morley, Robert Wiltshire, England 5/26/08 Morris, Greg Cleveland, Oh. 9/27/34 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Morris, Greg Cleveland, Oh. 9/27/34 Morris, Howard New York, N.Y. 9/4/25 Morse, Robert Newton, Mass. 5/18/31 Moses, William Los Angeles, Cal. 11/17/59 Muldaur, Diana New York, N.Y. 8/19/38 Mulgrew, Kate Dubuque, Ia. 4/29/55 Mulhare, Edward Ireland 4/8/23 Mull, Martin Chicago, Ill. 8/18/43 Mulligan, Richard New York, N.Y. 11/13/32 Munsel, Patrice Spokane, Wash. 5/14/25 Murphy, Ben Jonesboro, Ark. 3/6/42 Murphy, Eddie Brooklyn, N.Y. 4/3/61 Murphy, George New Haven, Conn. 7/4/02 Murphy, Michael Los Angeles, Cal. 5/5/38 Murray, Anne Springhill, Nova Scotia 6/20/45 Murray, Arthur New York, N.Y. 4/4/95 Murray, Bill Evanston, Ill. 9/21/50 Murray, Don Hollywood, Cal. 7/31/29 Murray, Kathryn Jersey City, N.J. 9/15/06 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Murray, Kathryn Jersey City, N.J. 9/15/06 Musante, Tony Bridgeport, Conn. 6/30/36 Musburger, Brent Portland, Ore. 5/26/39 Muti, Riccardo Naples, Italy 7/28/41 Nabors, Jim Sylacauga, Ala. 6/12/33 Nash, Graham Blackpool, England 2/2/42 Natwick, Mildred Baltimore, Md. 6/19/08 Naughton, James Middletown, Conn. 7/6/46 Neal, Patricia Packard, Ky. 1/20/26 Nealon, Kevin Bridgeport, Conn. 11/18/53 Neill, Sam New Zealand 1948 Nelligan, Kate London, Ontario 3/16/51 Nelson, Craig T. Spokane, Wash. 4/4/46 Nelson, Ed New Orleans, La. 12/21/28 Nelson, Gene Seattle, Wash. 3/24/20 Nelson, Harriet (Hilliard) Des Moines, Ia. 7/18/14 Nelson, Judd Portland, Me. 1959 Nelson, Tracy Santa Monica, Cal. 10/25/63 Nelson, Willie Abbott, Tex. 4/30/33 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nelson, Willie Abbott, Tex. 4/30/33 Nero, Peter New York, N.Y. 5/22/34 New Kids On The Block Knight, Jonathan Worcester, Mass. 11/29/68 Knight, Jordan Worcester, Mass. 5/17/70 McIntyre, Joe Needham, Mass. 12/31/72 Wahlberg, Donnie Boston, Mass. 8/17/69 Wood, Danny Boston, Mass. 5/14/69 Newhart, Bob Oak Park, Ill. 9/29/29 Newley, Anthony Hackney, England 9/24/31 Newman, Laraine Los Angeles, Cal. 3/2/52 Newman, Paul Cleveland, Oh. 1/26/25 Newman, Phyllis Jersey City, N.J. 3/19/35 Newman, Randy Los Angeles, Cal. 11/28/43 Newton, Wayne Norfolk, Va. 4/3/42 Newton-John, Olivia Cambridge, England 9/26/47 Nichols, Mike Berlin, Germany 11/6/31 Nicholson, Jack Neptune, N.J. 4/28/37 Nicks, Stevie Phoenix, Ariz. 5/26/48 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nicks, Stevie Phoenix, Ariz. 5/26/48 Nielsen, Leslie Regina, Sask 2/11/26 Nilsson, Birgit Karup, Sweden 5/17/18 Nimoy, Leonard Boston, Mass. 3/26/31 Noble, James Dallas, Tex. 3/5/22 Nolte, Nick Omaha, Neb. 2/8/40 Norman, Jessye Augusta, Ga. 9/15/45 Norris, Chuck Ryan, Okla. 1939 North, Sheree Los Angeles, Cal. 1/17/33 Novak, Kim Chicago, Ill. 2/13/33 Novello, Don Ashtabula, Oh. 1/1/43 Nureyev, Rudolf Russia 3/17/38 Oates, John New York, N.Y. 4/7/48 O'Brian, Hugh Rochester, N.Y. 4/19/30 O'Brien, Margaret San Diego, Cal. 1/15/37 Ocean, Billy Trinidad 1/21/52 O'Connell, Helen Lima, Oh. 5/23/20 O'Connor, Carroll New York, N.Y. 8/2/24 O'Connor, Donald Chicago, Ill. 8/28/25 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� O'Connor, Donald Chicago, Ill. 8/28/25 Odetta Birmingham, Ala. 12/31/30 O'Hara, Maureen Dublin, Ireland 8/17/20 O'Herlihy, Dan Wexford, Ireland 5/1/19 Olin, Ken Chicago, Ill. 7/30/54 Olin, Lena Sweden 1956 Olmos, Edward James E. Los Angeles, Cal. 2/24/47 Olsen, Merlin Logan, Ut. 9/15/40 Olsin, K.T. Arkansas 1942 O'Neal, Patrick Ocala, Fla. 9/26/27 O'Neal, Ryan Los Angeles, Cal. 4/20/41 O'Neal, Tatum Los Angeles, Cal. 11/5/63 O'Neill, Ed Youngstown, Oh. 1946 O'Neill, Jennifer Brazil 2/20/47 Ontkean, Michael Vancouver, B.C. 1/24/46 Opatoshu, David New York, N.Y. 1/30/18 Orbach, Jerry New York, N.Y. 10/20/35 Orlando, Tony New York, N.Y. 4/3/44 Osbourne, Ozzy Birmingham, England 12/3/46 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Osbourne, Ozzy Birmingham, England 12/3/46 O'Shea, Milo Ireland 1926 Osmond, Donny Ogden, Ut. 12/9/57 Osmond, Marie Ogden, Ut. 10/13/59 O'Sullivan, Maureen Boyle, Ireland 5/17/11 O'Toole, Annette Houston, Tex. 4/1/52 O'Toole, Peter Connemara, Ireland 8/2/32 Owens, Buck Sherman, Tex. 8/12/29 Ozawa, Seiji Shenyang, China 9/1/35 Paar, Jack Canton, Oh. 5/1/18 Pacino, Al New York, N.Y. 4/25/40 Page, Patti Claremore, Okla. 11/8/27 Paige, Janis Tacoma, Wash. 9/16/22 Palance, Jack Lattimer, Pa. 2/18/20 Palin, Michael England 1943 Palmer, Betsy East Chicago, Ind. 11/1/29 Papas, Irene Greece 3/9/26 Papp, Joseph Brooklyn, N.Y. 6/22/21 Parker, Alan London, England 2/14/44 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Parker, Alan London, England 2/14/44 Parker, Eleanor Cedarville, Oh. 6/26/22 Parker, Fess Ft. Worth, Tex. 8/16/25 Parker, Jameson Baltimore, Md. 11/18/47 Parker, Jean Deer Lodge, Mon. 8/11/12 Parks, Bert Atlanta, Ga. 12/30/14 Parsons, Estelle Lynn, Mass. 11/20/27 Parton, Dolly Sevierville, Tenn. 1/19/46 Pasternak, Joseph Hungary 9/19/01 Patinkin, Mandy Chicago, Ill. 11/30/52 Pavarotti, Luciano Modena, Italy 10/12/35 Paycheck, Johnny Greenfield, Oh. 5/31/41 Pearl, Minnie Centerville, Tenn. 10/25/12 Peck, Gregory La Jolla, Cal. 4/5/16 Pendergrass, Teddy Philadelphia, Pa. 3/26/50 Penn, Arthur Philadelphia, Pa. 9/27/22 Penn, Sean Burbank, Cal. 8/17/60 Penny, Joe London, England 9/14/56 Peppard, George Detroit, Mich. 10/1/28 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Peppard, George Detroit, Mich. 10/1/28 Perkins, Elizabeth Vermont 1961 Perkins, Anthony New York, N.Y. 4/4/32 Perlman, Itzhak Tel Aviv, Israel 8/31/45 Perlman, Rhea Brooklyn, N.Y. 3/31/48 Perlman, Ron New York, N.Y. 4/13/- Perrine, Valerie Galveston, Tex. 9/3/43 Persoff, Nehemiah Jerusalem, Palestine 8/14/20 Peters, Bernadette New York, N.Y. 2/28/48 Peters, Brock New York, N.Y. 7/2/27 Peters, Jean Canton, Oh. 10/15/26 Peters, Roberta New York, N.Y. 5/4/30 Petty, Tom Gainesville, Fla. 10/20/53 Pfeiffer, Michelle Santa Ana, Cal. 4/29/57 Phillips, MacKenzie Alexandria, Va. 11/10/59 Phillips, Michelle Long Beach, Cal. 6/4/44 Phoenix, River Madras, Ore. 8/23/70 Pickett, Cindy Norman, Okla. 4/18/47 Picon, Molly New York, N.Y. 6/1/98 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Picon, Molly New York, N.Y. 6/1/98 Pinchot, Bronson New York, N.Y. 5/20/59 Piscopo, Joe Passaic, N.J. 6/17/51 Pleasence, Donald Worksop, England 10/5/19 Pleshette, Suzanne New York, N.Y. 1/31/37 Plowright, Joan Brigg, England 10/28/29 Plummer, Amanda New York, N.Y. 3/23/57 Plummer, Christopher Toronto, Ont. 12/13/29 Poitier, Sidney Miami, Fla. 2/20/27 Polanski, Roman Paris, France 8/18/33 Pollack, Sidney Lafayette, Ind. 7/1/34 Ponti, Carlo Milan, Italy 12/11/13 Porizkova, Paulina Czechoslovakia 4/9/65 Post, Markie Palo Alto, Cal. 11/4/50 Poston, Tom Columbus, Oh. 10/17/27 Potts, Annie Nashville, Tenn. 10/28/- Powell, Jane Portland, Ore. 4/1/28 Powers, Stefanie Hollywood, Cal. 11/2/42 Prentiss, Paula San Antonio, Tex. 3/4/39 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Prentiss, Paula San Antonio, Tex. 3/4/39 Presley, Priscilla New York, N.Y. 5/24/45 Preston, Billy Houston, Tex. 9/9/46 Previn, Andre Berlin, Germany 4/6/29 Price, Leontyne Laurel, Miss. 2/10/27 Price, Ray Perryville, Tex. 1/12/26 Price, Vincent St. Louis, Mo. 5/27/11 Pride, Charlie Sledge, Miss. 3/18/39 Prince Minneapolis, Minn. 6/7/58 Principal, Victoria Japan - Prosky, Robert Philadelphia, Pa. 12/13/30 Prowse, Juliet Bombay, India 9/25/37 Pryor, Richard Peoria, Ill. 12/1/40 Pulliam, Keshia Knight Newark, N.J. 4/9/79 Pyle, Denver Bethune, Col. 5/11/20 Quaid, Dennis Houston, Tex. 4/9/54 Quaid, Randy Houston, Tex. 10/1/50 Quinlan, Kathleen Pasadena, Cal. 11/19/54 Quinn, Anthony Chihuahua, Mexico 4/21/15 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Quinn, Anthony Chihuahua, Mexico 4/21/15 Quinn, Martha Albany, N.Y. 5/11/59 Rabb, Ellis Memphis, Tenn. 6/20/30 Rabbitt, Eddie Brooklyn, N.Y. 11/27/41 Rachins, Alan Cambridge, Mass. 10/10/- Rae, Charlotte Milwaukee, Wis. 4/22/26 Raffin, Deborah Los Angeles, Cal. 3/13/53 Rainer, Luise Vienna, Austria 1/12/09 Raitt, Bonnie Burbank, Cal. 11/8/49 Raitt, John Santa Ana, Cal. 1/19/17 Ralston, Esther Bar Harbor, Me. 9/17/02 Ralston, Vera Hruba Prague, Czechoslovakia 6/12/19 Rambo, Dack Delano, Cal. 11/13/41 Rampal, Jean-Pierre Marseilles, France 1/7/22 Randall, Tony Tulsa, Okla. 2/26/20 Randolph, John New York, N.Y. 6/1/15 Rashad, Phylicia Houston, Tex. 6/17/48 Ratzenberger, John Bridgeport, Conn. 4/6/47 Rawls, Lou Chicago, Ill. 12/1/36 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rawls, Lou Chicago, Ill. 12/1/36 Ray, Aldo Pen Argyl, Pa. 9/25/26 Rayburn, Gene Christopher, Ill. 12/22/17 Raye, Martha Butte, Mon. 8/27/16 Raymond, Gene New York, N.Y. 8/13/08 Reddy, Helen Melbourne, Australia 10/25/41 Redford, Robert Santa Monica, Cal. 8/18/37 Redgrave, Lynn London, England 3/8/43 Redgrave, Vanessa London, England 1/30/37 Reed, Jerry Atlanta, Ga. 3/20/37 Reed, Oliver London, England 2/13/38 Reed, Rex Ft. Worth, Tex. 10/2/38 Reed, Robert Highland Park, Ill. 10/19/32 Reese, Della Detroit, Mich. 7/6/31 Reeve, Christopher New York, N.Y. 9/25/52 Reid, Kate London, England 11/4/30 Reid, Tim Norfolk, Va. 12/19/44 Reilly, Charles Nelson New York, N.Y. 1/13/31 Reiner, Carl Bronx, N.Y. 3/20/22 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Reiner, Carl Bronx, N.Y. 3/20/22 Reiner, Rob Bronx, N.Y. 3/6/45 Reinhold, Judge Wilmington, Del. 1956 Reinking, Ann Seattle, Wash. 11/10/50 Remick, Lee Quincy, Mass. 12/14/35 Resnik, Regina New York, N.Y. 8/30/24 Reynolds, Burt Waycross, Ga. 2/11/36 Reynolds, Debbie El Paso, Tex. 4/1/32 Rhue, Madlyn Washington, D.C. 10/3/34 Rich, Charlie Forest City, Ark. 12/14/32 Richards, Keith Kent, England 12/18/43 Richardson, Tony Shipley, England 6/5/28 Richie, Lionel Tuskegee, Ala. 6/20/50 Rickles, Don New York, N.Y. 5/8/26 Riegert, Peter New York, N.Y. 1948 Rigg, Diana Doncaster, England 7/20/38 Ringwald, Molly Rosewood, Cal. 2/14/68 Ritter, John Burbank, Cal. 9/17/48 Rivera, Chita Washington, D.C. 1/23/33 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rivera, Chita Washington, D.C. 1/23/33 Rivera, Geraldo New York, N.Y. 7/4/43 Rivers, Joan Brooklyn, N.Y. 6/8/33 Robards, Jason Jr. Chicago, Ill. 7/26/22 Robbins, Jerome New York, N.Y. 10/11/18 Roberts, Doris St. Louis, Mo. 11/4/30 Roberts, Eric Biloxi, Miss. 4/18/56 Roberts, Julia Smyrna, Ga. 1967 Roberts, Pernell Waycross, Ga. 5/18/30 Roberts, Tony New York, N.Y. 10/22/39 Robertson, Cliff La Jolla, Cal. 9/9/25 Robertson, Dale Harrah, Okla. 7/14/23 Robinson, Charles Houston, Tex. 11/9/- Robinson, Holly Philadelphia, Pa. 1965 Robinson, Smokey Detroit, Mich. 2/19/40 Roche, Eugene Boston, Mass. 9/22/28 Rodgers, Jimmie Camas, Wash. 1933 Rodrigues, Percy Montreal, Que. 6/13/24 Rodriquez, Johnny Sabinal, Tex. 12/10/51 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rodriquez, Johnny Sabinal, Tex. 12/10/51 Rogers, Chas. (Buddy) Olathe, Kan. 8/13/04 Rogers, Fred Latrobe, Pa. 3/20/28 Rogers, Ginger Independence, Mo. 7/16/11 Rogers, Kenny Houston, Tex. 8/21/38 Rogers, Mimi Coral Gables, Fla. 1/27/- Rogers, Roy Cincinnati, Oh. 11/5/12 Rogers, Wayne Birmingham, Ala. 4/7/33 Roland, Gilbert Juarez, Mexico 12/11/05 Rolle, Esther Pompano Beach, Fla. 11/8/33 Rollins, Howard Baltimore, Md. 10/17/50 Romero, Cesar New York, N.Y. 2/15/07 Ronstadt, Linda Tucson, Ariz. 7/15/46 Rooney, Mickey Brooklyn, N.Y. 9/23/20 Rose Marie New York, N.Y. 8/15/25 Ross, Diana Detroit, Mich. 3/26/44 Ross, Katharine Hollywood, Cal. 1/29/43 Ross, Marion Albert Lea, Minn. 10/25/28 Rosselini, Isabella Rome, Italy 6/18/52 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rosselini, Isabella Rome, Italy 6/18/52 Rostropovich, Mstislav Baku, USSR 3/12/27 Roth, David Lee Bloomington, Ind. 10/10/55 Rourke, Mickey Miami, Fla. 1956 Rowlands, Gena Cambria, Wis. 6/19/34 Rubinstein, John Los Angeles, Cal. 12/8/46 Rush, Barbara Denver, Col. 1/4/30 Russell, Jane Bemidji, Minn. 6/21/21 Russell, Ken Southampton, England 7/3/27 Russell, Kurt Springfield, Mass. 3/17/51 Russell, Mark Buffalo, N.Y. 8/23/32 Russell, Nipsey Atlanta, Ga. 10/13/24 Russell, Theresa San Diego, Cal. 1957 Rutherford, Ann Toronto, Ont. 11/2/20 Ruttan, Susan Oregon City, Ore. 9/16/50 Ryan, Meg Fairfield, Conn. 1962 Ryan, Peggy Long Beach, Cal. 8/28/24 Ryan, Roz Detroit, Mich. 7/7/51 Rydell, Bobby Philadelphia, Pa. 4/26/42 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rydell, Bobby Philadelphia, Pa. 4/26/42 Sahl, Mort Montreal, Que. 5/11/27 Saint, Eva Marie Newark, N.J. 7/4/24 St. James, Susan Los Angeles, Cal. 8/14/46 St. John, Jill Los Angeles, Cal. 8/19/40 Sainte-Marie, Buffy Maine 2/20/41 Sajak, Pat Chicago, Ill. 10/26/47 Saks, Gene New York, N.Y. 11/8/21 Sales, Soupy Franklinton, N.C. 1/8/26 Samms, Emma London, England 8/28/60 Sanderson, William Memphis, Tenn. 1/10/48 Sandy, Gary Dayton, Oh. 12/25/45 Sanford, Isabel New York, N.Y. 8/29/17 Santana, Carlos Mexico 7/20/47 Sarandon, Chris Beckley, W.Va. 7/24/42 Sarandon, Susan New York, N.Y. 10/4/46 Sarnoff, Dorothy New York, N.Y. 5/25/17 Sarrazin, Michael Quebec City, Que. 5/22/40 Savage, Fred Highland Park, Ill. 7/9/66 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Savage, Fred Highland Park, Ill. 7/9/66 Savalas, Telly Garden City, N.Y. 1/21/24 Saxon, John Brooklyn, N.Y. 8/5/35 Sayles, John Schenetady, N.Y. 9/28/50 Scaggs, Boz Dallas, Tex. 6/8/44 Schallert, William Los Angeles, Cal. 7/6/22 Scheider, Roy Orange, N.J. 11/10/32 Schell, Maria Vienna, Austria 1/15/26 Schell, Maximilian Vienna, Austria 12/8/30 Schell, Ronnie Richmond, Cal. 12/23/31 Schenkel, Chris Bippus, Ind. 8/21/23 Schnabel, Stefan Berlin, Germany 2/2/12 Schneider, Alexander Vilna, Poland 10/21/08 Schneider, John Mt. Kisco, N.Y. 4/8/54 Schreiber, Avery Chicago, Ill. 4/9/35 Schroder, Rick Staten Island, N.Y. 4/3/70 Schwarzenegger, Arnold Graz, Austria 7/30/47 Schwarzkopf, Elisabeth Jarotschin, Poland 12/9/15 Scofield, Paul Hurst, Pierpont, England 1/21/22 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Scofield, Paul Hurst, Pierpont, England 1/21/22 Scolari, Peter New Rochelle, Ill. 9/12/54 Scorsese, Martin New York, N.Y. 11/17/42 Scott, George C. Wise, Va. 10/18/27 Scott, Lizabeth Scranton, Pa. 9/29/22 Scott, Martha Jamesport, Mo. 9/22/14 Scotto, Renata Savona, Italy 2/24/35 Scully, Vin New York, N.Y. 11/29/27 Sebastian, John New York N.Y. 3/17/44 Sedaka, Neil New York, N.Y. 3/13/39 Seeger, Pete New York, N.Y. 5/3/19 Segal, George Great Neck, N.Y. 2/13/34 Segal, Vivienne Philadelphia, Pa. 4/19/97 Seinfeld, Jerry New York, N.Y. 1954 Sellecca, Connie New York, N.Y. 5/25/55 Selleck, Tom Detroit, Mich. 1/29/45 Serkin, Rudolf Eger, Austria 3/28/03 Severinsen, Doc Arlington, Ore. 7/7/27 Seymour, Jane Middlesex, England 2/15/51 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Seymour, Jane Middlesex, England 2/15/51 Shackelford, Ted Oklahoma City, Okla. 6/23/46 Shaffer, Paul Thunder Bay, Ont. 11/28/49 Shandling, Garry Tucson, Ariz. 11/29/49 Shankar, Ravi India 4/7/20 Sharif, Omar Alexandria, Egypt 4/10/32 Shatner, William Montreal, Que. 3/22/31 Shearer, Moira Scotland 1/17/26 Sheedy, Ally New York, N.Y. 6/12/62 Sheen, Charlie Santa Monica, Cal. 1966 Sheen, Martin Dayton, Oh. 8/3/40 Shelley, Carole London, England 8/16/39 Shepard, Sam Ft. Sheridan, Ill. 11/5/43 Shepherd, Cybill Memphis, Tenn. 2/18/50 Shields, Brooke New York, N.Y. 5/31/65 Shire, Talia New York, N.Y. 4/25/46 Shirley, Ann New York, N.Y. 4/17/18 Shore, Dinah Winchester, Tenn. 3/1/17 Short, Bobby Danville, Ill. 9/15/24 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Short, Bobby Danville, Ill. 9/15/24 Short, Martin Hamilton, Ont. 3/26/51 Shull, Richard B. Evanston, Ill. 2/24/29 Sidney, Sylvia New York, N.Y. 8/8/10 Siepi, Cesare Milan, Italy 2/10/23 Sikking, James B. Los Angeles, Cal. 3/5/34 Sills, Beverly Brooklyn, N.Y. 5/25/29 Silver, Ron New York, N.Y. 7/2/46 Simmons, Gene Haifa, Israel 8/25/49 Simmons, Jean London, England 1/31/29 Simon, Carly New York, N.Y. 6/25/45 Simon, Paul Newark, N.J. 11/5/42 Simone, Nina Tyron, N.C. 2/21/33 Sinatra, Frank Hoboken, N.J. 12/12/15 Sinatra, Nancy Jersey City, N.J. 6/8/40 Sinbad Benton Harbor, Mich. 11/10/- Siskel, Gene Chicago, Ill. 1/26/46 Skelton, Red (Richard) Vincennes, Ind. 7/18/13 Skerritt, Tom Detroit, Mich. 8/25/33 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Skerritt, Tom Detroit, Mich. 8/25/33 Slater, Helen Massapequa, N.Y. 12/14/63 Slezak, Erika Hollywood, Cal. 8/5/46 Slick, Grace Chicago, Ill. 10/30/39 Smirnoff, Yakov Odessa, USSR 1/24/51 Smith, Allison New York, N.Y. 12/9/69 Smith, Alexis Penticton, B.C. 6/8/21 Smith, Buffalo Bob Buffalo, N.Y. 11/27/17 Smith, Connie Elkhart, Ind. 8/14/41 Smith, Jaclyn Houston, Tex. 10/26/47 Smith, Keely Norfolk, Va. 3/9/35 Smith, Maggie Ilford, England 12/28/34 Smith, Roger South Gate, Cal. 12/18/32 Smits, Jimmy New York, N.Y. 7/9/58 Smothers, Dick New York, N.Y. 11/20/39 Smothers, Tom New York, N.Y. 2/2/37 Snow, Hank Nova Scotia, Canada 5/9/14 Snyder, Tom Milwaukee, Wis. 5/12/36 Solti, Georg Budapest, Hungary 10/21/12 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Solti, Georg Budapest, Hungary 10/21/12 Somers, Suzanne San Bruno, Cal. 10/16/46 Somes, Michael nr. Stroud, England 9/28/17 Sommer, Elke Berlin, Germany 11/5/41 Sorvino, Paul New York, N.Y. 1939 Sothern, Ann Valley City, N.D. 1/22/09 Soul, David Chicago, Ill. 8/28/43 Spacek, Sissy Quitman, Tex. 12/25/49 Spano, Joe San Francisco, Cal. 7/7/46 Spelling, Aaron Dallas, Tex. 4/22/28 Spielberg, Steven Cincinnati, Oh. 12/18/47 Springfield, Dusty London, England 4/16/39 Springfield, Rick Sydney, Australia 8/23/49 Springsteen, Bruce Freehold, N.J. 9/23/49 Stack, Robert Los Angeles, Cal. 1/13/19 Stafford, Jo Coalinga, Cal. 11/12/18 Stahl, Richard Detroit, Mich. 1/4/32 Stallone, Sylvester New York, N.Y. 7/6/46 Stamos, John Cypress, Cal. 8/19/63 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Stamos, John Cypress, Cal. 8/19/63 Stamp, Terence Stepney, England 7/22/39 Stander, Lionel New York, N.Y. 1/11/08 Stang, Arnold New York, N.Y. 9/28/25 Stanley, Kim Tularosa, N.M. 2/11/25 Stanton, Harry Dean Kentucky 7/14/26 Stapleton, Jean New York, N.Y. 1/19/23 Stapleton, Maureen Troy, N.Y. 6/21/25 Starr, Kay Dougherty, Okla. 7/21/22 Starr, Ringo Liverpool, England 7/7/40 Steber, Eleanor Wheeling, W. Va. 7/17/14 Steenburgen, Mary Little Rock, Ark. 1953 Steiger, Rod W. Hampton, N.Y. 4/14/25 Stephens, James Mt. Kisco, N.Y.. 5/18/51 Sterling, Jan New York, N.Y. 4/3/23 Sterling, Robert New Castle, Pa. 11/13/17 Stern, Isaac Kreminiecz, Russia 7/21/20 Sternhagen, Frances Washington, D.C. 1/13/30 Stevens, Andrew Memphis, Tenn. 6/10/55 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Stevens, Andrew Memphis, Tenn. 6/10/55 Stevens, Cat London, England 7/21/48 Stevens, Connie Brooklyn, N.Y. 8/8/38 Stevens, Kaye E. Cleveland, Oh. 7/21/35 Stevens, Rise New York, N.Y. 6/11/13 Stevens, Stella Yazoo City, Miss. 10/1/36 Stevenson, McLean Normal, Ill. 11/14/29 Stevenson, Parker Philadelphia, Pa. 6/4/52 Stewart, James Indiana, Pa. 5/20/08 Stewart, Rod London, England 1/10/45 Stickney, Dorothy Dickinson, N.D. 6/21/00 Stiers, David Ogden Peoria, Ill. 10/31/42 Stiller, Jerry New York, N.Y. 6/8/29 Stills, Stephen Dallas, Tex. 1/3/45 Sting (G. Sumner) Newcastle, England 10/2/51 Stockwell, Dean Hollywood, Cal. 3/5/36 Stone, Oliver New York, N.Y. 9/15/46 Stookey, Paul Baltimore, Md. 12/30/37 Storch, Larry New York, N.Y. 1/8/23 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Storch, Larry New York, N.Y. 1/8/23 Storm, Gale Bloomington, Tex. 4/5/22 Straight, Beatrice Old Westbury, N.Y. 8/2/18 Strasser, Robin New York, N.Y. 5/7/45 Stratas, Teresa Toronto, Ont. 5/26/38 Strauss, Peter New York, N.Y. 2/20/47 Streep, Meryl Summit, N.J. 6/22/49 Streisand, Barbra Brooklyn, N.Y. 4/24/42 Stritch, Elaine Detroit, Mich. 2/2/26 Struthers, Sally Portland, Ore. 7/28/48 Stuarti, Enzo Rome, Italy 3/3/25 Sullivan, Barry New York, N.Y. 8/29/12 Sullivan, Susan New York, N.Y. 11/18/44 Sullivan, Tom Boston, Mass. 3/27/47 Sumac, Yma Ichocan, Peru 9/10/27 Summer, Donna Boston, Mass. 12/31/48 Sutherland, Donald St. John, New Brunswick 7/17/35 Sutherland, Joan Sydney, Australia 11/7/26 Swayze, Patrick Houston, Tex. 8/18/54 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Swayze, Patrick Houston, Tex. 8/18/54 Swenson, Inga Omaha, Neb. 12/29/34 Swit, Loretta Passaic, N.J. 11/4/37 Mr. T (Lawrence Tero) Chicago, Ill. 5/21/52 Talbot, Lyle Pittsburgh, Pa. 2/8/02 Tallchief, Maria Fairfax, Okla. 1/24/25 Tandy, Jessica London, England 6/7/09 Tarkenton, Fran Richmond, Va. 2/3/40 Tayback, Vic New York, N.Y. 1/6/29 Taylor, Elizabeth London, England 2/27/32 Taylor, James Boston, Mass. 3/12/48 Taylor, Rod Sydney, Australia 1/11/30 Te Kanawa, Kiri Gisborne, New Zealand 3/6/44 Tebaldi, Renata Pesaro, Italy 2/1/22 Temple, Shirley Santa Monica, Cal. 4/23/28 Tennille, Toni Montgomery, Ala. 5/8/43 Tharp, Twyla Portland, Ind. 7/1/41 Thaxter, Phyllis Portland, Me. 11/20/19 Thicke, Alan Kirkland Lake, Ont. 3/1/47 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Thicke, Alan Kirkland Lake, Ont. 3/1/47 Thomas, B.J. Hugo, Okla. 8/7/42 Thomas, Betty St. Louis, Mo. 7/27/48 Thomas, Danny Deerfield, Mich. 1/6/14 Thomas, Heather Greenwich, Conn. 9/8/57 Thomas, Marlo Detroit, Mich. 11/21/43 Thomas, Philip Michael Columbus, Oh. 5/26/49 Thomas, Richard New York, N.Y. 6/13/51 Thompson, Jack Sydney, Australia 8/31/40 Thompson, Lea Rochester, Minn. 5/31/61 Thompson, Sada Des Moines, Ia. 9/27/29 Thulin, Ingrid Sweden 1/27/29 Tiegs, Cheryl Minnesota 9/27/47 Tierney, Gene Brooklyn, N.Y. 11/20/20 Tiffany Norwalk, Cal. 10/2/71 Tillis, Mel Tampa, Fla. 8/8/32 Tiny Tim New York, N.Y. 4/12/23 Todd, Richard Dublin, Ireland 6/11/19 Tomlin, Lily Detroit, Mich. 9/1/39 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Tomlin, Lily Detroit, Mich. 9/1/39 Tomlinson, David Scotland 5/7/17 Toomey, Regis Pittsburgh, Pa. 8/13/02 Torme, Mel Chicago, Ill. 9/13/25 Torn, Rip Temple, Tex. 2/6/31 Tracy, Arthur Russia 6/25/03 Travanti, Daniel J. Kenosha, Wis. 3/7/40 Travers, Mary Louisville, Ky. 11/9/36 Travis, Randy Marshville, N.C. 1959 Travolta, John Englewood, N.J. 2/18/54 Trebek, Alex Sudbury, Ont. 7/22/40 Trevor, Claire New York, N.Y. 3/8/09 Troyanos, Tatiana New York, N.Y. 9/12/38 Tucker, Michael Baltimore, Md. 2/6/44 Tucker, Tanya Seminole, Tex. 10/10/58 Tune, Tommy Wichita Falls, Tex. 2/28/39 Turner, Ike Clarksdale, Miss. 11/5/39 Turner, Kathleen Springfield, Mo. 6/19/54 Turner, Lana Wallace, Ida. 2/8/20 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Turner, Lana Wallace, Ida. 2/8/20 Turner, Tina Nutbush, Tenn. 11/26/39 Tushingham, Rita Liverpool, England 3/14/40 Twiggy (Leslie Hornby) London, England 9/19/49 Twitty, Conway Friar's Point, Miss. 9/1/33 Tyson, Cicely New York, N.Y. 12/19/33 Uecker, Bob Milwaukee, Wis. 1/26/35 Uggams, Leslie New York, N.Y. 5/25/43 Ullman, Tracey Slough, England 1960 Ullmann, Liv Tokyo, Japan 12/16/38 Underwood, Blair Tacoma, Wash. 8/25/- Urich, Robert Toronto, Oh. 12/19/46 Ustinov, Peter London, England 4/16/21 Vaccaro, Brenda Brooklyn, N.Y. 11/18/39 Vale, Jerry New York, N.Y. 7/8/31 Valente, Caterina Paris, France 1/14/31 Valentine, Karen Santa Rosa, Cal. 5/25/47 Valli, Frankie Newark, N.J. 5/3/37 Van Ark, Joan New York, N.Y. 6/16/43 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Van Ark, Joan New York, N.Y. 6/16/43 Van Doren, Mamie Rowena, S.D. 2/6/33 Vandross, Luther New York, N.Y. 4/20/51 Van Dyke, Dick West Plains, Mo. 12/13/25 Van Dyke, Jerry Danville, Ill. 7/27/32 Van Fleet, Jo Oakland, Cal. 12/30/22 Van Halen, Eddie Nijmegan, Netherlands 1/26/57 Van Pallandt, Nina Copenhagen, Denmark 7/15/32 Van Patten, Dick New York, N.Y. 12/9/28 Vaughn, Robert New York, N.Y. 11/22/32 Venuta, Benay San Francisco, Cal. 1/27/11 Verdon, Gwen Los Angeles, Cal. 1/13/25 Vereen, Ben Miami, Fla. 10/10/46 Verrett, Shirley New Orleans, La. 5/31/31 Vickers, Jon Prince Albert, Sask. 10/26/26 Vigoda, Abe New York, N.Y. 2/24/21 Villella, Edward Long Island, N.Y. 10/1/36 Vincent, Jan-Michael Denver, Col. 7/15/44 Vinson, Helen Beaumont, Tex. 9/17/07 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Vinson, Helen Beaumont, Tex. 9/17/07 Vinton, Bobby Canonsburg, Pa. 4/16/35 Vitale, Dick E. Rutherford, N.J. 6/9/40 Voight, Jon Yonkers, N.Y. 12/29/38 Von Stade, Frederica Somerville, N.J. 6/1/45 Von Sydow, Max Lund, Sweden 4/10/29 Wagner, Lindsay Los Angeles, Cal. 6/22/49 Wagner, Robert Detroit, Mich. 2/10/30 Wagoner, Porter West Plains, Mo. 8/12/27 Wahl, Ken Chicago, Ill. 1956 Wain, Bea Bronx, N.Y. 4/30/17 Waite, Ralph White Plains, N.Y. 6/22/29 Walden, Robert New York, N.Y. 9/25/43 Walken, Christopher New York, N.Y. 3/31/43 Walker, Clint Hartford, Ill. 5/30/27 Walker, Nancy Philadelphia, Pa. 5/10/22 Wallach, Eli Brooklyn, N.Y. 12/7/15 Walston, Ray Laurel, Miss. 11/2/24 Walter, Jessica New York, N.Y. 1/31/44 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Walter, Jessica New York, N.Y. 1/31/44 Wanamaker, Sam Chicago, Ill. 6/14/19 Ward, Rachel London, England 1957 Ward, Simon London, England 10/19/41 Warden, Jack Newark, N.J. 9/18/20 Warfield, William W. Helena, Ark. 1/22/20 Warner, Malcolm-Jamal Jersey City, N.J. 8/18/70 Warren, Lesley Ann New York, N.Y. 8/16/46 Warren, Michael So. Bend, Ind. 3/5/46 Warrick, Ruth St. Joseph, Mo. 6/29/16 Warwick, Dionne E. Orange, N.J. 12/12/41 Washington, Denzel Mt. Vernon, N.Y. 12/28/54 Waterston, Sam Cambridge, Mass. 11/15/40 Watkins, Carlene Hartford, Conn. 6/4/52 Watts, Andre Nuremberg, Germany 6/20/46 Wayne, David Traverse City, Mich. 1/30/14 Waxman, Al Toronto, Ont. 3/2/35 Weaver, Dennis Joplin, Mo. 6/4/24 Weaver, Fritz Pittsburgh, Pa. 1/19/26 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Weaver, Fritz Pittsburgh, Pa. 1/19/26 Weaver, Sigourney New York, N.Y. 10/8/49 Weir, Peter Sydney, Australia 8/8/44 Weitz, Bruce Norwalk, Conn. 5/27/43 Welch, Raquel Chicago, Ill. 9/5/40 Weld, Tuesday New York, N.Y. 8/27/43 Welk, Lawrence nr. Strasburg, N.D. 3/11/03 Wells, Kitty Nashville, Tenn. 8/30/19 Wendt, George Chicago, Ill. 10/17/48 Weston, Jack Cleveland, Oh. 8/21/24 Whelchel, Lisa Ft. Worth, Tex. 5/29/63 White, Barry Galveston, Tex. 9/12/44 White, Betty Oak Park, Ill. 1/17/22 White, Jesse Buffalo, N.Y. 1/3/19 White, Vanna N. Myrtle Beach, S.C. 2/18/57 Whiting, Margaret Detroit, Mich. 7/22/24 Whitmore, James White Plains, N.Y. 10/1/21 Widmark, Richard Sunrise, Minn. 12/26/14 Wiest, Dianne Kansas City, Mo. 3/28/48 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wiest, Dianne Kansas City, Mo. 3/28/48 Wilder, Billy Vienna, Austria 6/22/06 Wilder, Gene Milwaukee, Wis. 6/11/35 Williams, Andy Wall Lake, Ia. 12/3/30 Williams, Billy Dee New York, N.Y. 4/6/37 Williams, Cindy Van Nuys, Cal. 8/22/47 Williams, Esther Los Angeles, Cal. 8/8/23 Williams, Hal Columbus, Oh. 12/14/38 Williams Jr., Hank Shreveport, La. 5/26/49 Williams, Joe Cordele, Ga. 12/12/18 Williams, JoBeth Houston, Tex. 1953 Williams, Paul Omaha, Neb. 9/19/40 Williams, Robin Chicago, Ill. 7/21/52 Williams, Treat Rowayton, Conn. 12/1/51 Williamson, Nicol Hamilton, Scotland 9/14/38 Willis, Bruce W. Germany 3/19/55 Wilson, Demond Valdosta, Ga. 10/13/46 Wilson, Elizabeth Grand Rapids, Mich. 4/4/25 Wilson, Flip Jersey City, N.J. 12/8/33 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wilson, Flip Jersey City, N.J. 12/8/33 Wilson, Nancy Chillicothe, Oh. 2/20/37 Windom, William New York, N.Y. 9/28/23 Winfield, Paul Los Angeles, Cal. 5/22/41 Winfrey, Oprah Kosciusko, Miss. 1/29/54 Winger, Debra Cleveland, Oh. 5/16/55 Winkler, Henry New York, N.Y. 10/30/45 Winters, Jonathan Dayton, Oh. 11/11/25 Winters, Shelley St. Louis, Mo. 8/18/22 Winwood, Steve Birmingham, England 5/12/48 Wiseman, Joseph Montreal, Que. 5/15/18 Withers, Jane Atlanta, Ga. 4/12/26 Wonder, Stevie Saginaw, Mich. 5/13/50 Woodard, Alfre Tulsa, Okla. 11/2/53 Woods, James Vernal, N.J. 4/18/47 Woodward, Edward Croyden, England 6/1/30 Woodward, Joanne Thomasville, Ga. 2/27/30 Worth, Irene Nebraska 6/23/16 Wray, Fay Alberta, Canada 9/10/07 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wray, Fay Alberta, Canada 9/10/07 Wright, Martha Seattle, Wash. 3/23/26 Wright, Max Detroit, Mich. 8/2/- Wright, Steven New York, N.Y. 12/6/55 Wright, Teresa New York, N.Y. 10/27/18 Wyatt, Jane Campgaw, N.J. 8/10/11 Wyman, Jane St. Joseph, Mo. 1/4/14 Wynette, Tammy Red Bay, Ala. 5/5/42 Yarborough, Glenn Milwaukee, Wis. 1/12/30 Yarrow, Peter New York, N.Y. 5/31/38 York, Michael Fulmer, England 3/27/42 York, Susannah London, England 1/9/42 Yothers, Tina Whittier, Cal. 9/5/73 Young, Alan Northumberland, England 11/19/19 Young, Burt New York, N.Y. 4/30/40 Young, Loretta Salt Lake City, Ut. 1/6/13 Young, Neil Toronto, Ont. 11/12/45 Young, Robert Chicago, Ill. 2/22/07 Youngman, Henny Liverpool, England 1/12/06 Name Birthplace Born 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Youngman, Henny Liverpool, England 1/12/06 Zappa, Frank Baltimore, Md. 12/21/40 Zeffirelli, Franco Florence, Italy 2/12/23 Zimbalist, Efrem Jr. New York, N.Y. 11/30/23 Zimbalist, Stephanie New York, N.Y. 10/6/56 Zmed, Adrian Chicago, Ill. 3/14/54 Zukerman, Pinchas Tel Aviv, Israel 7/16/48 Entertainment Personalities of the Past (as of mid-1990) 露컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1895 1974 Abbott, Bud 1872 1953 Adams, Maude 1855 1926 Adler, Jacob P. 1903 1984 Adler, Luther 1898 1933 Adoree, Renee 1902 1986 Aherne, Brian 1931 1989 Ailey, Alvin 1909 1964 Albertson, Frank 1907 1981 Albertson, Jack 1894 1956 Allen, Fred 1906 1964 Allen, Gracie 1883 1950 Allgood, Sara 1915 1967 Andrews, Laverne 1876 1958 Anglin, Margaret 1887 1933 Arbuckle, Fatty (Roscoe) 1900 1976 Arlen, Richard 1868 1946 Arliss, George 1888 1945 Armetta, Henry 1900 1971 Armstrong, Louis Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1900 1971 Armstrong, Louis 1917 1986 Arnaz, Desi 1890 1956 Arnold, Edward 1905 1974 Arquette, Cliff 1899 1987 Astaire, Fred 1906 1987 Astor, Mary 1885 1946 Atwill, Lionel 1845 1930 Auer, Leopold 1905 1967 Auer, Mischa 1900 1972 Austin, Gene 1898 1940 Ayres, Agnes 1913 1989 Backus, Jim 1892 1968 Bainter, Fay 1906 1975 Baker, Josephine 1904 1983 Balanchine, George 1911 1989 Ball, Lucille 1882 1956 Bancroft, George 1903 1968 Bankhead, Tallulah 1890 1952 Banks, Leslie Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1890 1952 Banks, Leslie 1890 1955 Bara, Theda 1810 1891 Barnum, Phineas T. 1879 1959 Barrymore, Ethel 1882 1942 Barrymore, John 1878 1954 Barrymore, Lionel 1848 1905 Barrymore, Maurice 1897 1963 Barthelmess, Richard 1890 1962 Barton, James 1914 1984 Basehart, Richard 1904 1984 Basie, Count 1923 1985 Baxter, Anne 1889 1951 Baxter, Warner 1880 1928 Bayes, Nora 1904 1965 Beatty, Clyde 1902 1962 Beavers, Louise 1884 1946 Beery, Noah 1889 1949 Beery, Wallace 1901 1970 Begley, Ed Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1901 1970 Begley, Ed 1854 1931 Belasco, David 1949 1982 Belushi, John 1906 1968 Benaderet, Bea 1906 1964 Bendix, William 1904 1965 Bennett, Constance 1943 1987 Bennett, Michael 1894 1974 Benny, Jack 1924 1970 Benzell, Mimi 1899 1966 Berg, Gertrude 1903 1978 Bergen, Edgar 1915 1982 Bergman, Ingrid 1895 1976 Berkeley, Busby 1923 1986 Bernardi, Herschel 1844 1923 Bernhardt, Sarah 1893 1943 Bernie, Ben 1889 1967 Bickford, Charles 1911 1960 Bjoerling, Jussi 1895 1973 Blackmer, Sidney Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1895 1973 Blackmer, Sidney 1908 1989 Blanc, Mel 1900 1943 Bledsoe, Jules 1928 1972 Blocker, Dan 1909 1979 Blondell, Joan 1888 1959 Blore, Eric 1901 1975 Blue, Ben 1899 1957 Bogart, Humphrey 1880 1965 Boland, Mary 1895 1969 Boles, John 1904 1987 Bolger, Ray 1903 1960 Bond, Ward 1892 1981 Bondi, Beulah 1917 1981 Boone, Richard 1833 1893 Booth, Edwin 1796 1852 Booth, Junius Brutus 1894 1953 Bordoni, Irene 1888 1960 Bori, Lucrezia 1905 1965 Bow, Clara Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1905 1965 Bow, Clara 1874 1946 Bowes, Maj. Edward 1928 1977 Boyd, Stephen 1898 1972 Boyd, William 1899 1978 Boyer, Charles 1893 1939 Brady, Alice 1894 1974 Brennan, Walter 1904 1979 Brent, George 1891 1951 Brice, Fanny 1891 1959 Broderick, Helen 1904 1951 Bromberg, J. Edward 1892 1973 Brown, Joe E. 1926 1966 Bruce, Lenny 1895 1953 Bruce, Nigel 1910 1982 Bruce, Virginia 1920 1985 Brynner, Yul 1903 1979 Buchanan, Edgar 1891 1957 Buchanan, Jack 1885 1957 Buck, Gene Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1885 1957 Buck, Gene 1938 1982 Buono, Victor 1885 1970 Burke, Billie 1911 1967 Burnette, Smiley 1902 1971 Burns, David 1925 1984 Burton, Richard 1897 1946 Busch, Mae 1883 1966 Bushman, Francis X. 1896 1946 Butterworth, Charles 1893 1971 Byington, Spring 1904 1972 Cabot, Bruce 1918 1977 Cabot, Sebastian 1899 1986 Cagney, James 1895 1956 Calhern, Louis 1923 1977 Callas, Maria 1933 1976 Cambridge, Godfrey 1865 1940 Campbell, Mrs. Patrick 1892 1964 Cantor, Eddie 1878 1947 Carey, Harry Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1878 1947 Carey, Harry 1950 1983 Carpenter, Karen 1906 1988 Carradine, John 1880 1961 Carrillo, Leo 1892 1972 Carroll, Leo G. 1905 1965 Carroll, Nancy 1910 1963 Carson, Jack 1862 1937 Carter, Mrs. Leslie 1873 1921 Caruso, Enrico 1876 1973 Casals, Pablo 1929 1989 Cassavetes, John 1893 1969 Castle, Irene 1887 1918 Castle, Vernon 1889 1960 Catlett, Walter 1887 1950 Cavanaugh, Hobart 1873 1938 Chaliapin, Feodor 1919 1980 Champion, Gower 1918 1961 Chandler, Jeff 1883 1930 Chaney, Lon Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1883 1930 Chaney, Lon 1905 1973 Chaney Jr., Lon 1942 1981 Chapin, Harry 1889 1977 Chaplin, Charles 1893 1940 Chase, Charlie 1893 1961 Chatterton, Ruth 1888 1972 Chevalier, Maurice 1888 1960 Clark, Bobby 1914 1968 Clark, Fred 1920 1966 Clift, Montgomery 1932 1963 Cline, Patsy 1898 1937 Clive, Colin 1892 1967 Clyde, Andy 1911 1976 Cobb, Lee J. 1877 1961 Coburn, Charles 1878 1942 Cohan, George M. 1902 1986 Cohen, Myron 1919 1965 Cole, Nat (King) 1890 1965 Collins, Ray Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1890 1965 Collins, Ray 1891 1958 Colman, Ronald 1908 1934 Columbo, Russ 1907 1944 Compton, Betty 1887 1940 Connolly, Walter 1917 1982 Conried, Hans 1914 1975 Conte, Richard 1914 1984 Coogan, Jackie 1935 1964 Cooke, Sam 1901 1961 Cooper, Gary 1888 1971 Cooper, Gladys 1896 1973 Cooper, Melville 1914 1968 Corey, Wendell 1893 1974 Cornell, Katherine 1890 1972 Correll, Charles (Andy) 1905 1979 Costello, Dolores 1904 1957 Costello, Helene 1908 1959 Costello, Lou 1877 1950 Costello, Maurice Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1877 1950 Costello, Maurice 1899 1973 Coward, Noel 1924 1973 Cox, Wally 1908 1983 Crabbe, Buster 1847 1924 Crabtree, Lotta 1928 1978 Crane, Bob 1911 1986 Crawford, Broderick 1908 1977 Crawford, Joan 1916 1944 Cregar, Laird 1880 1942 Crews, Laura Hope 1880 1974 Crisp, Donald 1942 1973 Croce, Jim 1903 1977 Crosby, Bing 1897 1975 Cross, Milton 1910 1986 Crothers, Scatman 1878 1968 Currie, Finlay 1914 1978 Dailey, Dan 1923 1965 Dandridge, Dorothy 1869 1941 Danforth, William Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1869 1941 Danforth, William 1894 1963 Daniell, Henry 1901 1971 Daniels, Bebe 1860 1935 Daniels, Frank 1936 1973 Darin, Bobby 1921 1965 Darnell, Linda 1879 1967 Darwell, Jane 1909 1986 Da Silva, Howard 1866 1949 Davenport, Harry 1908 1989 Davis, Bette 1907 1961 Davis, Joan 1925 1990 Davis Jr., Sammy 1931 1955 Dean, James 1905 1968 Dekker, Albert 1908 1983 Del Rio, Dolores 1892 1983 Demarest, William 1881 1959 DeMille, Cecil B. 1891 1967 Denny, Reginald 1901 1974 DeSica, Vittorio Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1901 1974 DeSica, Vittorio 1905 1977 Devine, Andy 1942 1972 De Wilde, Brandon 1907 1974 De Wolfe, Billy 1920 1985 Diamond, Selma 1879 1947 Digges, Dudley 1901 1966 Disney, Walt 1894 1949 Dix, Richard 1905 1958 Donat, Robert 1889 1972 Donlevy, Brian 1901 1981 Douglas, Melvyn 1907 1959 Douglas, Paul - 1980 Dragonette, Jessica 1889 1956 Draper, Ruth 1881 1965 Dresser, Louise 1869 1934 Dressler, Marie 1820 1897 Drew, Mrs. John 1853 1927 Drew, John (son) 1909 1951 Duchin, Eddy Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1909 1951 Duchin, Eddy 1890 1974 Dumbrille, Douglass 1889 1965 Dumont, Margaret 1878 1927 Duncan, Isadora 1905 1967 Dunn, James 1935 1973 Dunn, Michael 1893 1980 Durante, Jimmy 1907 1968 Duryea, Dan 1858 1924 Duse, Eleanora 1894 1929 Eagels, Jeanne 1901 1967 Eddy, Nelson 1897 1971 Edwards, Cliff 1879 1945 Edwards, Gus 1899 1974 Ellington, Duke 1941 1974 Elliot, Cass 1891 1967 Elman, Mischa 1881 1951 Errol, Leon 1888 1976 Evans, Edith 1901 1989 Evans, Maurice Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1901 1989 Evans, Maurice 1913 1967 Evelyn, Judith 1883 1939 Fairbanks, Douglas 1914 1970 Farmer, Frances 1870 1929 Farnum, Dustin 1876 1953 Farnum, William 1882 1967 Farrar, Geraldine 1904 1971 Farrell, Glenda 1868 1940 Faversham, William 1861 1939 Fawcett, George 1897 1961 Fay, Frank 1895 1962 Fazenda, Louise 1933 1982 Feldman, Marty 1898 1985 Fetchit, Stepin 1894 1979 Fiedler, Arthur 1918 1973 Field, Betty 1898 1979 Fields, Gracie 1879 1946 Fields, W.C. 1931 1978 Fields, Totie Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1931 1978 Fields, Totie 1916 1977 Finch, Peter 1865 1932 Fiske, Minnie Maddern 1888 1961 Fitzgerald, Barry 1895 1962 Flagstad, Kirsten 1900 1971 Flippen, Jay C. 1909 1959 Flynn, Errol 1925 1974 Flynn, Joe 1880 1942 Fokine, Michel 1910 1968 Foley, Red 1905 1982 Fonda, Henry 1920 1978 Fontaine, Frank 1887 1983 Fontanne, Lynn 1895 1973 Ford, John 1901 1976 Ford, Paul 1899 1966 Ford, Wallace 1927 1987 Fosse, Bob 1901 1970 Foster, Preston 1857 1928 Foy, Eddie Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1857 1928 Foy, Eddie 1903 1968 Francis, Kay 1887 1966 Frawley, William 1885 1938 Frederick, Pauline 1870 1955 Friganza, Trixie 1890 1958 Frisco, Joe 1901 1960 Gable, Clark 1889 1963 Galli-Curci, Amelita 1905 1990 Garbo, Greta 1877 1967 Garden, Mary 1922 1990 Gardner, Ava 1913 1952 Garfield, John 1922 1969 Garland, Judy 1939 1984 Gaye, Marvin 1906 1984 Gaynor, Janet 1902 1978 Geer, Will 1900 1954 George, Gladys 1892 1962 Gibson, Hoot 1894 1971 Gilbert, Billy Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1894 1971 Gilbert, Billy 1895 1936 Gilbert, John 1855 1937 Gillette, William 1879 1939 Gilpin, Charles 1897 1987 Gingold, Hermione 1898 1968 Gish, Dorothy 1916 1987 Gleason, Jackie 1886 1959 Gleason, James 1884 1938 Gluck, Alma 1905 1990 Goddard, Paulette 1903 1983 Godfrey, Arthur 1874 1955 Golden, John 1882 1974 Goldwyn, Samuel 1909 1986 Goodman, Benny 1915 1969 Gorcey, Leo 1896 1985 Gordon, Ruth 1899 1982 Gosden, Freeman (Amos) 1869 1944 Gottschalk, Ferdinand 1829 1869 Gottschalk, Louis Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1829 1869 Gottschalk, Louis 1916 1973 Grable, Betty 1925 1981 Grahame, Gloria 1904 1986 Grant, Cary 1915 1987 Greene, Lorne 1879 1954 Greenstreet, Sydney 1874 1948 Griffith, David Wark 1912 1980 Griffith, Hugh 1912 1967 Guthrie, Woody 1875 1959 Gwenn, Edmund 1888 1942 Hackett, Charles 1902 1958 Hackett, Raymond 1892 1950 Hale, Alan 1925 1981 Haley, Bill 1899 1979 Haley, Jack 1902 1985 Hamilton, Margaret 1847 1919 Hammerstein, Oscar 1893 1964 Hardwicke, Cedric 1892 1957 Hardy, Oliver Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1892 1957 Hardy, Oliver 1911 1937 Harlow, Jean 1844 1911 Harrigan, Edward 1908 1990 Harrison, Rex 1870 1946 Hart, William S. 1928 1973 Harvey, Laurence 1910 1973 Hawkins, Jack 1890 1973 Hayakawa, Sessue 1885 1969 Hayes, Gabby 1902 1971 Hayward, Leland 1917 1975 Hayward, Susan 1918 1987 Hayworth, Rita 1896 1937 Healy, Ted 1910 1971 Heflin, Van 1901 1987 Heifetz, Jascha 1873 1918 Held, Anna 1942 1970 Hendrix, Jimi 1936 1990 Henson, Jim 1910 1969 Henie, Sonja Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1910 1969 Henie, Sonja 1879 1942 Herbert, Henry 1887 1951 Herbert, Hugh 1886 1956 Hersholt, Jean 1899 1980 Hitchcock, Alfred 1914 1955 Hodiak, John 1894 1973 Holden, Fay 1918 1981 Holden, William 1922 1965 Holliday, Judy 1936 1959 Holly, Buddy 1888 1951 Holt, Jack 1918 1973 Holt, Tim 1898 1978 Homolka, Oscar 1902 1972 Hopkins, Miriam 1858 1935 Hopper, DeWolf 1874 1959 Hopper, Edna Wallace 1915 1970 Hopper, William 1904 1989 Horowitz, Vladimir 1886 1970 Horton, Edward Everett Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1886 1970 Horton, Edward Everett 1874 1926 Houdini, Harry 1902 1988 Houseman, John 1881 1965 Howard, Eugene 1867 1961 Howard, Joe 1890 1943 Howard, Leslie 1885 1955 Howard, Tom 1916 1988 Howard, Trevor 1885 1949 Howard, Willie 1925 1985 Hudson, Rock 1890 1977 Hull, Henry 1886 1957 Hull, Josephine 1895 1958 Humphrey, Doris 1927 1969 Hunter, Jeffrey 1901 1962 Husing, Ted 1906 1987 Huston, John 1884 1950 Huston, Walter 1892 1950 Ingram, Rex 1895 1969 Ingram, Rex Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1895 1969 Ingram, Rex 1895 1980 Iturbi, Jose 1838 1905 Irving, Henry 1871 1944 Irving, Isabel 1872 1914 Irving, Laurence 1875 1942 Jackson, Joe 1911 1972 Jackson, Mahalia 1891 1984 Jaffe, Sam 1916 1983 James, Harry 1889 1956 Janis, Elsie 1886 1950 Jannings, Emil 1930 1980 Janssen, David 1900 1974 Jenkins, Allen 1898 1981 Jessel, George 1892 1962 Johnson, Chic 1886 1950 Jolson, Al 1889 1942 Jones, Buck 1933 1983 Jones, Carolyn 1911 1965 Jones, Spike Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1911 1965 Jones, Spike 1943 1970 Joplin, Janis 1902 1982 Jory, Victor 1905 1981 Joslyn, Allyn 1910 1966 Kane, Helen 1887 1969 Karloff, Boris 1893 1970 Karns, Roscoe 1913 1987 Kaye, Danny 1811 1868 Kean, Charles 1806 1880 Kean, Mrs. Charles 1787 1833 Kean, Edmund 1895 1966 Keaton, Buster 1899 1960 Keith, Ian 1894 1973 Kellaway, Cecil 1898 1979 Kelly, Emmett 1929 1982 Kelly, Grace 1910 1981 Kelly, Patsy 1907 1968 Kelton, Pert 1823 1895 Kemble, Agnes Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1823 1895 Kemble, Agnes 1775 1854 Kemble, Charles 1809 1893 Kemble, Fannie 1926 1959 Kendall, Kay 1914 1990 Kennedy, Arthur 1890 1948 Kennedy, Edgar 1886 1956 Kibbee, Guy 1888 1964 Kilbride, Percy 1923 1986 Knight, Ted 1901 1980 Kostelanetz, Andre 1919 1962 Kovacs, Ernie 1885 1974 Kruger, Otto 1913 1964 Ladd, Alan 1895 1967 Lahr, Bert 1919 1973 Lake, Veronica 1915 1982 Lamas, Fernando 1902 1986 Lanchester, Elsa 1919 1948 Landis, Carole 1904 1972 Landis, Jessie Royce Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1904 1972 Landis, Jessie Royce 1884 1944 Langdon, Harry 1853 1929 Langtry, Lillie 1921 1959 Lanza, Mario 1870 1950 Lauder, Harry 1899 1962 Laughton, Charles 1890 1965 Laurel, Stan 1923 1984 Lawford, Peter 1898 1952 Lawrence, Gertrude 1940 1973 Lee, Bruce 1907 1952 Lee, Canada 1914 1970 Lee, Gypsy Rose 1888 1976 Lehmann, Lotte 1913 1967 Leigh, Vivien 1922 1976 Leighton, Margaret 1940 1980 Lennon, John 1898 1981 Lenya, Lotte 1870 1941 Leonard, Eddie 1900 1987 LeRoy Mervyn Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1900 1987 LeRoy Mervyn 1906 1972 Levant, Oscar 1905 1980 Levene, Sam 1902 1971 Lewis, Joe E. 1892 1971 Lewis, Ted 1919 1987 Liberace 1820 1887 Lind, Jenny 1894 1989 Lillie, Beatrice 1889 1968 Lindsay, Howard 1893 1971 Lloyd, Harold 1870 1922 Lloyd, Marie 1891 1957 Lockhart, Gene 1913 1969 Logan, Ella 1909 1942 Lombard, Carole 1902 1977 Lombardo, Guy 1927 1974 Long, Richard 1895 1975 Lopez, Vincent 1888 1968 Lorne, Marion 1904 1964 Lorre, Peter Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1904 1964 Lorre, Peter 1912 1962 Lovejoy, Frank 1890 1971 Lowe, Edmund 1892 1947 Lubitsch, Ernst 1882 1956 Lugosi, Bela 1894 1971 Lukas, Paul 1892 1977 Lunt, Alfred 1853 1932 Lupino, George 1893 1942 Lupino, Stanley 1926 1982 Lynde, Paul 1926 1971 Lynn, Diana 1903 1965 MacDonald, Jeanette 1902 1969 MacLane, Barton 1921 1986 MacRae, Gordon 1909 1973 Macready, George 1908 1973 Magnani, Anna 1896 1967 Mahoney, Will 1890 1975 Main, Marjorie 1933 1967 Mansfield, Jayne Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1933 1967 Mansfield, Jayne 1854 1907 Mansfield, Richard 1905 1980 Mantovani, Annunzio 1897 1975 March, Fredric 1945 1981 Marley, Bob 1890 1966 Marshall, Herbert 1920 1981 Martin, Ross 1885 1969 Martinelli, Giovanni 1924 1987 Marvin, Lee 1888 1964 Marx, Arthur (Harpo) 1890 1977 Marx, Julius (Groucho) 1887 1961 Marx, Leonard (Chico) 1909 1984 Mason, James 1896 1983 Massey, Raymond 1879 1948 May, Edna 1885 1957 Mayer, Louis B. 1895 1973 Maynard, Ken 1884 1945 McCormack, John 1895 1952 McDaniel, Hattie Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1895 1952 McDaniel, Hattie 1913 1975 McGiver, John 1899 1981 McHugh, Frank 1883 1959 McLaglen, Victor 1907 1971 McMahon, Horace 1930 1980 McQueen, Steve 1920 1980 Medford, Kay 1880 1946 Meek, Donald 1861 1931 Melba, Nellie 1890 1973 Melchior, Lauritz 1904 1961 Melton, James 1890 1963 Menjou, Adolphe 1902 1966 Menken, Helen 1908 1984 Merman, Ethel 1905 1986 Milland, Ray 1904 1944 Miller, Glenn 1860 1926 Miller, Henry 1898 1936 Miller, Marilyn 1939 1976 Mineo, Sal Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1939 1976 Mineo, Sal 1903 1955 Minnevitch, Borrah 1913 1955 Miranda, Carmen 1892 1962 Mitchell, Thomas 1880 1940 Mix, Tom 1926 1962 Monroe, Marilyn 1911 1973 Monroe, Vaughn 1917 1951 Montez, Maria 1904 1981 Montgomery, Robert 1901 1947 Moore, Grace 1876 1962 Moore, Victor 1906 1974 Moorehead, Agnes 1890 1949 Morgan, Frank 1900 1941 Morgan, Helen 1901 1970 Morris, Chester 1914 1959 Morris, Wayne 1943 1971 Morrison, Jim 1932 1982 Morrow, Vic 1915 1977 Mostel, Zero Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1915 1977 Mostel, Zero 1897 1969 Mowbray, Alan 1895 1967 Muni, Paul 1894 1953 Munn, Frank 1915 1970 Munshin, Jules 1924 1971 Murphy, Audie 1885 1965 Murray, Mae 1896 1970 Nagel, Conrad 1900 1973 Naish, J. Carroll 1898 1961 Naldi, Nita 1906 1975 Nelson, Ozzie 1940 1985 Nelson, Rick 1885 1967 Nesbit, Evelyn 1910 1983 Niven, David 1890 1950 Nijinsky, Vaslav 1893 1974 Nilsson, Anna Q. 1902 1985 Nolan, Lloyd 1894 1930 Normand, Mabel 1899 1968 Novarro, Ramon Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1899 1968 Novarro, Ramon 1893 1951 Novello, Ivor 1903 1978 Oakie, Jack 1860 1926 Oakley, Annie 1928 1982 Oates, Warren 1911 1979 Oberon, Merle 1915 1985 O'Brien, Edmond 1899 1983 O'Brien, Pat 1908 1981 O'Connell, Arthur 1880 1959 O'Connor, Una 1908 1968 O'Keefe, Dennis 1880 1938 Oland, Warner 1860 1932 Olcott, Chauncey 1883 1942 Oliver, Edna May 1907 1989 Olivier, Laurence 1892 1963 Olsen, Ole 1849 1920 O'Neill, James 1936 1988 Orbison, Roy 1899 1985 Ormandy, Eugene Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1899 1985 Ormandy, Eugene 1876 1949 Ouspenskaya, Maria 1887 1972 Owen, Reginald 1860 1941 Paderewski, Ignace 1924 1987 Page, Geraldine 1889 1954 Pallette, Eugene 1914 1986 Palmer, Lilli 1894 1958 Pangborn, Franklin 1914 1975 Parks, Larry 1881 1940 Pasternack, Josef A. 1837 1908 Pastor, Tony 1843 1919 Patti, Adelina 1840 1889 Patti, Carlotta 1885 1931 Pavlova, Anna 1900 1973 Paxinou, Katina 1904 1984 Peerce, Jan 1885 1950 Pemberton, Brock 1899 1967 Pendleton, Nat 1905 1941 Penner, Joe Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1905 1941 Penner, Joe 1892 1937 Perkins, Osgood 1915 1963 Piaf, Edith 1893 1979 Pickford, Mary 1897 1984 Pidgeon, Walter 1892 1957 Pinza, Ezio 1898 1963 Pitts, Zasu 1904 1976 Pons, Lily 1897 1981 Ponselle, Rosa 1904 1963 Powell, Dick 1912 1982 Powell, Eleanor 1892 1984 Powell, William 1913 1958 Power, Tyrone 1905 1986 Preminger, Otto 1935 1977 Presley, Elvis 1918 1987 Preston, Robert 1911 1978 Prima, Louis 1954 1977 Prinze, Freddie 1946 1989 Radner, Gilda Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1946 1989 Radner, Gilda 1895 1980 Raft, George 1890 1967 Rains, Claude 1889 1970 Rambeau, Marjorie 1892 1967 Rathbone, Basil 1897 1960 Ratoff, Gregory 1891 1943 Ray, Charles 1941 1967 Redding, Otis 1908 1985 Redgrave, Michael 1921 1986 Reed, Donna 1914 1959 Reeves, George 1923 1964 Reeves, Jim 1892 1923 Reid, Wallace 1873 1943 Reinhardt, Max 1909 1971 Rennie, Michael 1902 1983 Richardson, Ralph 1895 1972 Richman, Harry 1921 1985 Riddle, Nelson 1898 1977 Ritchard, Cyril Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1898 1977 Ritchard, Cyril 1907 1974 Ritter, Tex 1905 1969 Ritter, Thelma 1901 1965 Ritz, Al 1906 1986 Ritz, Harry 1903 1985 Ritz, Jimmy 1925 1982 Robbins, Marty 1898 1976 Robeson, Paul 1878 1949 Robinson, Bill 1893 1973 Robinson, Edward G. 1865 1942 Robson, May 1905 1977 Rochester (E. Anderson) 1897 1933 Rodgers, Jimmy 1879 1935 Rogers, Will 1880 1962 Rooney, Pat 1899 1966 Rose, Billy 1910 1980 Roth, Lillian 1922 1987 Rowan, Dan 1887 1982 Rubinstein, Artur Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1887 1982 Rubinstein, Artur 1878 1953 Ruffo, Titta 1886 1970 Ruggles, Charles 1924 1961 Russell, Gail 1861 1922 Russell, Lillian 1911 1976 Russell, Rosalind 1892 1972 Rutherford, Margaret 1903 1973 Ryan, Irene 1909 1973 Ryan, Robert 1924 1963 Sabu (Dastagir) 1877 1968 St. Denis, Ruth 1884 1955 Sakall, S.Z. 1885 1936 Sale (Chic), Charles 1906 1972 Sanders, George 1934 1973 Sands, Diana 1896 1960 Savo, Jimmy 1895 1964 Schildkraut, Joseph 1865 1930 Schildkraut, Rudolph 1889 1965 Schipa, Tito Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1889 1965 Schipa, Tito 1882 1951 Schnabel, Artur 1938 1982 Schneider, Romy 1920 1981 Scott, Hazel 1898 1987 Scott, Randolph 1914 1965 Scott, Zachary 1843 1896 Scott-Siddons, Mrs. 1938 1979 Seberg, Jean 1892 1974 Seeley, Blossom 1893 1987 Segovia, Andres 1925 1980 Sellers, Peter 1902 1965 Selznick, David O. 1884 1960 Sennett, Mack 1927 1978 Shaw, Robert 1891 1972 Shawn, Ted 1868 1949 Shean, Al 1902 1983 Shearer, Norma 1915 1967 Sheridan, Ann 1875 1953 Shubert, Lee Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1875 1953 Shubert, Lee 1755 1831 Siddons, Mrs. Sarah 1921 1985 Signoret, Simone 1912 1985 Silvers, Phil 1900 1976 Sim, Alastair 1858 1942 Skinner, Otis 1863 1948 Smith, C. Aubrey 1907 1986 Smith, Kate 1917 1979 Soo, Jack 1854 1932 Sousa, John Philip 1884 1957 Sparks, Ned 1876 1948 Speaks, Oley 1873 1937 Standing, Guy 1907 1990 Stanwyck, Barbara 1934 1970 Stevens, Inger 1882 1977 Stokowski, Leopold 1873 1959 Stone, Fred 1879 1953 Stone, Lewis 1904 1980 Stone, Milburn Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1904 1980 Stone, Milburn 1898 1959 Sturges, Preston 1911 1960 Sullavan, Margaret 1902 1974 Sullivan, Ed 1903 1956 Sullivan, Francis L. 1892 1946 Summerville, Slim 1899 1983 Swanson, Gloria 1904 1969 Swarthout, Gladys 1893 1957 Talmadge, Norma 1899 1972 Tamiroff, Akim 1878 1947 Tanguay, Eva 1885 1966 Taylor, Deems 1899 1958 Taylor, Estelle 1887 1946 Taylor, Laurette 1911 1969 Taylor, Robert 1878 1938 Tearle, Conway 1884 1953 Tearle, Godfrey 1892 1937 Tell, Alma 1864 1942 Tempest, Marie Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1864 1942 Tempest, Marie 1910 1963 Templeton, Alec 1847 1928 Terry, Ellen 1871 1940 Tetrazzini, Luisa 1899 1936 Thalberg, Irving 1892 1960 Thomas, John Charles 1882 1976 Thorndike, Sybil (Three Stooges) 1902 1975 Fine, Larry 1906 1952 Howard, Curly 1897 1975 Howard, Moe 1896 1960 Tibbett, Lawrence 1909 1958 Todd, Michael 1874 1947 Toler, Sidney 1905 1968 Tone, Franchot 1867 1957 Toscanini, Arturo 1898 1968 Tracy, Lee 1900 1967 Tracy, Spencer 1903 1972 Traubel, Helen Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1903 1972 Traubel, Helen 1894 1975 Treacher, Arthur 1853 1917 Tree, Herbert Beerbohm 1890 1973 Truex, Ernest 1932 1984 Truffaut, Francois 1919 1986 Tucker, Forrest 1915 1975 Tucker, Richard 1884 1966 Tucker, Sophie 1874 1940 Turpin, Ben 1908 1959 Twelvetrees, Helen 1894 1970 Ulric, Lenore 1933 1975 Ure, Mary 1895 1926 Valentino, Rudolph 1901 1986 Vallee, Rudy 1911 1979 Vance, Vivian 1924 1990 Vaughan, Sarah 1893 1943 Veidt, Conrad 1926 1981 Vera-Ellen 1885 1957 Von Stroheim, Erich Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1885 1957 Von Stroheim, Erich 1906 1981 Von Zell, Harry 1887 1969 Walburn, Raymond 1914 1951 Walker, Robert 1898 1983 Wallenstein, Alfred 1887 1980 Walsh, Raoul 1876 1962 Walter, Bruno 1876 1958 Warner, H. B. 1924 1963 Washington, Dinah 1900 1977 Waters, Ethel 1907 1979 Wayne, John 1891 1966 Webb, Clifton 1920 1982 Webb, Jack 1867 1942 Weber, Joe 1905 1973 Webster, Margaret 1915 1985 Welles, Orson 1896 1975 Wellman, William 1922 1984 Werner, Oskar 1892 1980 West, Mae Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1892 1980 West, Mae 1895 1968 Wheeler, Bert 1889 1938 White, Pearl 1891 1967 Whiteman, Paul 1865 1948 Whitty, May 1912 1979 Wilding, Michael 1895 1948 William, Warren 1877 1922 Williams, Bert 1923 1953 Williams, Hank 1905 1975 Wills, Bob 1903 1978 Wills, Chill 1894 1953 Wilson, Dooley 1917 1972 Wilson, Marie 1884 1969 Winninger, Charles 1904 1959 Withers, Grant 1907 1961 Wong, Anna May 1938 1981 Wood, Natalie 1892 1978 Wood, Peggy 1888 1963 Woolley, Monty Born Died Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1888 1963 Woolley, Monty 1902 1981 Wyler, William 1886 1966 Wynn, Ed 1916 1986 Wynn, Keenan 1890 1960 Young, Clara Kimball 1917 1978 Young, Gig 1887 1953 Young, Roland 1902 1979 Zanuck, Darryl F. 1869 1932 Ziegfeld, Florenz 1873 1976 Zukor, Adolph Original Names of Selected Entertainers Edie Adams: Elizabeth Edith Enke Eddie Albert: Edward Albert Heimberger Alan Alda: Alphonso D'Abruzzo Jane Alexander: Jane Quigley Fred Allen: John Sullivan Woody Allen: Allen Konigsberg Julie Andrews: Julia Wells Eve Arden: Eunice Quedens Beatrice Arthur: Bernice Frankel Jean Arthur: Gladys Greene Fred Astaire: Frederick Austerlitz Lauren Bacall: Betty Joan Perske Anne Bancroft: Anna Maria Italiano Brigitte Bardot: Camille Javal Gene Barry: Eugene Klass Orson Bean: Dallas Burrows Pat Benatar: Patricia Andrejewski Robbie Benson: Robert Segal Tony Bennett: Anthony Benedetto Busby Berkeley: William Berkeley Enos Jack Benny: Benjamin Kubelsky Joey Bishop: Joseph Gottlieb Robert Blake: Michael Gubitosi Victor Borge: Borge Rosenbaum David Bowie: David Robert Jones Boy George: George Alan O'Dowd Fanny Brice: Fanny Borach Morgan Brittany: Suzanne Cupito Charles Bronson: Charles Buchinski Albert Brooks: Albert Einstein Mel Brooks: Melvin Kaminsky George Burns: Nathan Birnbaum Ellen Burstyn: Edna Gilhooley Richard Burton: Richard Jenkins Red Buttons: Aaron Chwatt Nicolas Cage: Nicholas Coppola Michael Caine: Maurice Micklewhite Maria Callas: Maria Kalogeropoulos Vikki Carr: Florencia Casillas Diahann Carroll: Carol Diahann Johnson Cyd Charisse: Tula Finklea Ray Charles: Ray Charles Robinson Cher: Cherilyn Sarkisian Patsy Cline: Virginia Patterson Hensley Lee J. Cobb: Leo Jacoby Claudette Colbert: Lily Chauchoin Michael Connors: Kreker Ohanian Robert Conrad: Conrad Robert Falk Alice Cooper: Vincent Furnier David Copperfield: David Kotkin Howard Cosell: Howard Cohen Elvis Costello: Declan Patrick McManus Lou Costello: Louis Cristillo Joan Crawford: Lucille Le Sueur Michael Crawford: Michael Dumbell-Smith Tom Cruise: Thomas Mopother Tony Curtis: Bernard Schwartz Vic Damone: Vito Farinola Rodney Dangerfield: Jacob Cohen Bobby Darin: Walden Waldo Cassotto Doris Day: Doris von Kappelhoff Yvonne De Carlo: Peggy Middleton Sandra Dee: Alexandra Zuck John Denver: Henry John Deutschendorf Jr. Bo Derek: Cathleen Collins John Derek: Derek Harris Angie Dickinson: Angeline Brown Phyllis Diller: Phyllis Driver Diana Dors: Diana Fluck Melvyn Douglas: Melvyn Hesselberg Bob Dylan: Robert Zimmerman Sheena Easton: Sheena Shirley Orr Barbara Eden: Barbara Huffman Ron Ely: Ronald Pierce Chad Everett: Raymond Cramton Tom Ewell: S. Yewell Tompkins Douglas Fairbanks: Douglas Ullman Morgan Fairchild: Patsy McClenny Alice Faye: Ann Leppert Stepin Fetchit: Lincoln Perry W.C. Fields: William Claude Dukenfield Peter Finch: William Mitchell Barry Fitzgerald: William Joseph Shields Joan Fontaine: Joan de Havilland John Ford: Sean O'Fearna John Forsythe: John Freund Redd Foxx : John Sanford Anthony Franciosa: Anthony Papaleo Arlene Francis: Arlene Kazanjian Connie Francis: Concetta Franconero Greta Garbo: Greta Gustafsson Vincent Gardenia: Vincent Scognamiglio John Garfield: Julius Garfinkle Judy Garland: Frances Gumm James Garner: James Bumgarner Crystal Gayle: Brenda Gayle Webb Paulette Goddard: Marion Levy Eydie Gorme: Edith Gormezano Stewart Granger: James Stewart Cary Grant: Archibald Leach Lee Grant: Lyova Rosenthal Joel Grey: Joe Katz Buddy Hackett: Leonard Hacker Jean Harlow: Harlean Carpentier Rex Harrison: Reginald Carey Laurence Harvey: Larushka Skikne Helen Hayes: Helen Brown Susan Hayward: Edythe Marriner Rita Hayworth: Margarita Cansino Pee-Wee Herman: Paul Rubenfeld Barbara Hershey: Barbara Herzstine William Holden: William Beedle Judy Holliday: Judith Tuvim Harry Houdini: Ehrich Weiss Leslie Howard: Leslie Stainer Moe Howard: Moses Horowitz Rock Hudson: Roy Scherer Jr. (later Fitzgerald) Engelbert Humperdinck: Arnold Dorsey Kim Hunter: Janet Cole Mary Beth Hurt: Mary Supinger Betty Hutton: Betty Thornberg David Janssen: David Meyer Elton John: Reginald Dwight Don Johnson: Donald Wayne Jennifer Jones: Phyllis Isley Tom Jones: Thomas Woodward Louis Jourdan: Louis Gendre Boris Karloff: William Henry Pratt Danny Kaye: David Kaminsky Diane Keaton: Diane Hall Michael Keaton: Michael Douglas Howard Keel: Harold Leek Chaka Khan: Yvette Stevens Carole King: Carole Klein Ben Kingsley: Krishna Banji Nastassja Kinski: Nastassja Naksyznyski Ted Knight: Tadeus Wladyslaw Konopka Cheryl Ladd: Cheryl Stoppelmoor Veronica Lake: Constance Ockleman Dorothy Lamour: Mary Kaumeyer Michael Landon: Eugene Orowitz Mario Lanza: Alfredo Cocozza Stan Laurel: Arthur Jefferson Steve Lawrence: Sidney Leibowitz Brenda Lee: Brenda Mae Tarpley Bruce Lee: Lee Yuen Kam Gypsy Rose Lee: Rose Louise Hovick Michelle Lee: Michelle Dusiak Peggy Lee: Norma Egstrom Janet Leigh: Jeanette Morrison Vivien Leigh: Vivien Hartley Huey Lewis: Hugh Cregg Jerry Lewis: Joseph Levitch Hal Linden: Harold Lipshitz Carole Lombard: Jane Peters Jack Lord: John Joseph Ryan Sophia Loren: Sophia Scicoloni Peter Lorre: Laszio Lowenstein Myrna Loy: Myrna Williams Bela Lugosi: Bela Ferenc Blasko Moms Mabley: Loretta Mary Aitken Shirley MacLaine: Shirley Beaty Madonna: Madonna Louise Ciccone Lee Majors: Harvey Lee Yeary 2d Karl Malden: Malden Sekulovich Jayne Mansfield: Vera Jane Palmer Fredric March: Frederick Bickel Peter Marshall: Pierre LaCock Dean Martin: Dino Crocetti Ethel Merman: Ethel Zimmerman Ray Milland: Reginald Truscott-Jones Ann Miller: Lucille Collier Joni Mitchell: Roberta Joan Anderson Marilyn Monroe: Norma Jean Mortenson, (later) Baker Yves Montand: Ivo Levi Ron Moody: Ronald Moodnick Demi Moore: Demi Guynes Garry Moore: Thomas Garrison Morfit Rita Moreno: Rosita Alverio Harry Morgan: Harry Bratsburg Paul Muni: Muni Weisenfreund Mike Nichols: Michael Igor Peschowsky Sheree North: Dawn Bethel Hugh O'Brian: Hugh Krampke Maureen O'Hara: Maureen Fitzsimmons Patti Page: Clara Ann Fowler Jack Palance: Walter Palanuik Lilli Palmer: Lilli Peiser Bert Parks: Bert Jacobson Minnie Pearl: Sarah Ophelia Cannon Bernadette Peters: Bernadette Lazzaro Edith Piaf: Edith Gassion Slim Pickens: Louis Lindley Mary Pickford: Gladys Smith Stephanie Powers: Stefania Federkiewcz Paula Prentiss: Paula Ragusa Robert Preston: Robert Preston Meservey Prince: Prince Rogers Nelson Tony Randall: Leonard Rosenberg Martha Raye: Margaret O'Reed Donna Reed: Donna Belle Mullenger Della Reese: Delloreese Patricia Early Joan Rivers: Joan Sandra Molinsky Edward G. Robinson: Emmanuel Goldenberg Ginger Rogers: Virginia McMath Roy Rogers: Leonard Slye Mickey Rooney: Joe Yule Jr. Lillian Russell: Helen Leonard Susan St. James: Susan Miller Soupy Sales: Milton Hines Susan Sarandon: Susan Tomaling Randolph Scott: George Randolph Crane Jane Seymour: Joyce Frankenberg Omar Sharif: Michael Shalhoub Martin Sheen: Ramon Estevez Beverly Sills: Belle Silverman Talia Shire: Talia Coppola Phil Silvers: Philip Silversmith Suzanne Somers: Suzanne Mahoney Ann Sothern: Harriette Lake Barbara Stanwyck: Ruby Stevens Jean Stapleton: Jeanne Murray Ringo Starr: Richard Starkey Connie Stevens: Concetta Ingolia Sting: Gordon Sumner Donna Summers: LaDonna Gaines Robert Taylor: Spangler Arlington Brugh Danny Thomas: Amos Jacobs Sophie Tucker: Sophia Kalish Tina Turner: Annie Mae Bullock Conway Twitty: Harold Lloyd Jenkins Rudolph Valentino: Rudolpho D'Antonguolla Frankie Valli: Frank Castelluccio David Wayne: Wayne McMeekan John Wayne: Marion Morrison Clifton Webb: Webb Parmalee Hollenbeck Raquel Welch: Raquel Tejada Gene Wilder: Jerome Silberman Shelly Winters: Shirley Schrift Stevie Wonder: Stevland Morris Natalie Wood: Natasha Gurdin Jane Wyman: Sarah Jane Fulks Gig Young: Byron Barr Federal Aid to the Arts and Humanities U.S. National Endowment for the Arts; U.S National Endowment for the Humanities (annual reports) (millions of dollars) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴� Type of Fund and Program 1970 1975 1980 1982 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� National Endowment for the Arts: Funds available1 15.7 86.9 188.1 133.4 Program appropriation 6.3 67.3 97.0 103.3 Matching funds2 2.0 7.5 42.9 14.2 Grants awarded (number) 556 3,071 5,505 5,090 Funds obligated 12.9 81.7 166.4 131.8 Music 2.5 14.9 13.6 14.1 State programs 1.9 14.7 22.1 21.3 Museums NA 10.8 11.2 11.5 Theater 2.8 6.4 8.4 9.6 Type of Fund and Program 1970 1975 1980 1982 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Theater 2.8 6.4 8.4 9.6 Dance 1.7 6.1 8.0 8.5 Media arts 0.2 5.4 8.4 10.1 Challenge3 X X 50.8 14.4 Visual arts 1.0 3.2 7.3 6.5 Other 2.8 20.1 36.6 35.8 National Endowment for the Humanities: Funds available1 13.0 86.0 186.2 120.9 Program appropriation 6.1 67.3 100.3 90.4 Matching funds2 2.0 6.5 38.4 28.8 Grants awarded (number) 542 1,330 2,917 2,143 Funds obligated 10.5 73.1 185.5 115.8 Education programs 4.2 17.1 18.3 13.0 State programs X X 26.0 22.8 Research grants 2.0 13.4 32.0 25.7 Fellowship program 1.7 10.9 18.0 16.5 Challenge3 X X 53.5 20.7 General programs X X X 16.2 Preservation7 X X X X Type of Fund and Program 1970 1975 1980 1982 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Preservation7 X X X X National Capital Arts and Cultural Affairs Program X X X X Other 2.6 31.8 37.7 0.9 NA = Not available. X = Not applicable. 1 Includes other funds, not shown separately. Excludes administrative funds. Gifts are included through 1980; excluded thereafter. 2 Represents Federal funds appropriated only upon receipt or certification by Endowment of matching non-Federal gifts. 3 Program designed to stimulate new sources and higher levels of giving to institutions for the purpose of guaranteeing long-term stability and financial independence. Program requires a match of at least 3 private dollars to each Federal dollar. Funds for challenge grants are not allocated by program area because they are awarded on a grant-by-grant basis. 4 Excludes $5.2 million reappropriated to challenge grants in 1983. 5 Includes reappropriated funds from 1982. 6 Excludes National Capital Arts and Cultural Affairs Program. 7 Program designed to support projects which preserve and guarantee access to print and non-print media in danger of disintegration or deterioration. CABINETS OF THE U.S. Secretaries of State 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Washington Thomas Jefferson Va. 1789 " Edmund Randolph " 1794 " Timothy Pickering Pa. 1795 Adams, J. " " 1797 " John Marshall Va. 1800 Jefferson James Madison " 1801 Madison Robert Smith Md. 1809 " James Monroe Va. 1811 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� " James Monroe Va. 1811 Monroe John Quincy Adams Mass. 1817 Adams, J.Q. Henry Clay Ky. 1825 Jackson Martin Van Buren N.Y. 1829 " Edward Livingston La. 1831 " Louis McLane Del. 1833 " John Forsyth Ga. 1834 Van Buren " " 1837 Harrison, W.H. Daniel Webster Mass. 1841 Tyler " " 1841 " Abel P. Upshur Va. 1843 " John C. Calhoun S.C. 1844 Polk " " 1845 " James Buchanan Pa. 1845 Taylor " " 1849 John M. Clayton Del. 1849 Fillmore " " 1850 " Daniel Webster Mass. 1850 " Edward Everett " 1852 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� " Edward Everett " 1852 Pierce William L. Marcy N.Y. 1853 Buchanan " " 1857 " Lewis Cass Mich. 1857 " Jeremiah S. Black Pa. 1860 Lincoln " " 1861 " William H. Seward N.Y. 1861 Johnson, A. " " 1865 Grant Elihu B. Washburne Ill. 1869 " Hamilton Fish N.Y. 1869 Hayes " " 1877 " William M. Evarts " 1877 Garfield " " 1881 " James G. Blaine Me. 1881 Arthur " " 1881 " F.T. Frelinghuysen N.J. 1881 Cleveland F.T. Frelinghuysen N.J. 1885 " Thomas F. Bayard Del. 1885 Harrison, B. " " 1889 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Harrison, B. " " 1889 " James G. Blaine Me. 1889 Harrison, B. John W. Foster Ind. 1892 Cleveland Walter Q. Gresham Ill. 1893 " Richard Olney Mass. 1895 McKinley " " 1897 " John Sherman Oh. 1897 " William R. Day " 1898 " John Hay D.C. 1898 Roosevelt, T. " " 1901 " Elihu Root N.Y. 1905 " Robert Bacon " 1909 Taft " " 1909 " Philander C. Knox Pa. 1909 Wilson " " 1913 " William J. Bryan Neb. 1913 " Robert Lansing N.Y. 1915 " Bainbridge Colby " 1920 Harding Charles E. Hughes " 1921 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Harding Charles E. Hughes " 1921 Coolidge " " 1923 " Frank B. Kellogg Minn. 1925 Hoover " " 1929 " Henry L. Stimson N.Y. 1929 Roosevelt, F.D. Cordell Hull Tenn. 1933 " E.R. Stettinius Jr. Va. 1944 Truman " " 1945 " James F. Byrnes S.C. 1945 " George C. Marshall Pa. 1947 " Dean G. Acheson Conn. 1949 Eisenhower John Foster Dulles N.Y. 1953 " Christian A. Herter Mass. 1959 Kennedy Dean Rusk N.Y. 1961 Johnson, L.B. " " 1963 Nixon William P. Rogers N.Y. 1969 " Henry A. Kissinger D.C. 1973 Ford " " 1974 Carter Cyrus R. Vance N.Y. 1977 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Carter Cyrus R. Vance N.Y. 1977 " Edmund S. Muskie Me. 1980 Reagan Alexander M. Haig Jr. Conn. 1981 " George P. Shultz Cal. 1982 Bush James A. Baker 3d Tex. 1989 The Department of Foreign Affairs was created by act of CongressJuly 27, 1789, and the name changed to Department of State on Sept. 15. Secretaries of the Treasury The Treasury Department was organized by act of Congress Sept. 2, 1789. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 President Secretary Home Apptd. President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Washington Alexander Hamilton N.Y. 1789 " Oliver Wolcott Conn. 1795 Adams, J. " " 1797 " Samuel Dexter Mass. 1801 Jefferson " " 1801 " Albert Gallatin Pa. 1801 Madison " " 1809 " George W. Campbell Tenn. 1814 " Alexander J. Dallas Pa. 1814 " William H. Crawford Ga. 1816 Monroe " " 1817 Adams, J.Q. Richard Rush Pa. 1825 Jackson Samuel D. Ingham " 1829 " Louis McLane Del. 1831 " William J. Duane Pa. 1833 " Roger B. Taney Md. 1833 " Levi Woodbury N.H. 1834 Van Buren " " 1837 Harrison, W.H. Thomas Ewing Oh. 1841 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Harrison, W.H. Thomas Ewing Oh. 1841 Tyler " " 1841 " Walter Forward Pa. 1841 " John C. Spencer N.Y. 1843 Tyler George M. Bibb Ky. 1844 Polk Robert J. Walker Miss. 1845 Taylor William M. Meredith Pa. 1849 Fillmore Thomas Corwin Oh. 1850 Pierce James Guthrie Ky. 1853 Buchanan Howell Cobb Ga. 1857 " Phillip F. Thomas Md. 1860 " John A. Dix N.Y. 1861 Lincoln Salmon P. Chase Oh. 1861 Lincoln William P. Fessenden Me. 1864 " Hugh McCulloch Ind. 1865 Johnson, A. " " 1865 Grant George S. Boutwell Mass. 1869 " William A. Richardson Mass. 1873 " Benjamin H. Bristow Ky. 1874 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� " Benjamin H. Bristow Ky. 1874 " Lot M. Morrill Me. 1876 Hayes John Sherman Oh. 1877 Garfield William Windom Minn. 1881 Arthur Charles J. Folger N.Y. 1881 " Walter Q. Gresham Ind. 1884 " Hugh McCulloch Ind. 1884 Cleveland Daniel Manning N.Y. 1885 Cleveland Charles S. Fairchild " 1887 Harrison, B. William Windom Minn. 1889 " Charles Foster Oh. 1891 Cleveland John G. Carlisle Ky. 1893 McKinley Lyman J. Gage Ill. 1897 Roosevelt, T. " " 1901 " Leslie M. Shaw Ia. 1902 " George B. Cortelyou N.Y. 1907 Taft Franklin MacVeagh Ill. 1909 Wilson William G. McAdoo N.Y. 1913 " Carter Glass Va. 1918 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� " Carter Glass Va. 1918 " David F. Houston Mo. 1920 Harding Andrew W. Mellon Pa. 1921 Coolidge " " 1923 Hoover " " 1929 " Ogden L. Mills N.Y. 1932 Roosevelt, F.D. William H. Woodin " 1933 " Henry Morgenthau, Jr. " 1934 Truman Fred M. Vinson Ky. 1945 " John W. Snyder Mo. 1946 Eisenhower George M. Humphrey Oh. 1953 " Robert B. Anderson Conn. 1957 Kennedy C. Douglas Dillon N.J. 1961 Johnson, L.B. " " 1963 " Henry H. Fowler Va. 1965 " Joseph W. Barr Ind. 1968 Nixon David M. Kennedy Ill. 1969 " John B. Connally Tex. 1971 Nixon George P. Shultz Ill. 1972 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nixon George P. Shultz Ill. 1972 " William E. Simon N.J. 1974 Ford " " 1974 Carter W. Michael Blumenthal Mich. 1977 " G. William Miller R.I. 1979 Reagan Donald T. Regan N.Y. 1981 " James A. Baker 3d Tex. 1985 " Nicholas F. Brady N.J. 1988 Bush " " 1989 Secretaries of Defense 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 President Secretary Home Apptd. President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Truman James V. Forrestal N.Y. 1947 " Louis A. Johnson W.Va. 1949 " George C. Marshall Pa. 1950 " Robert A. Lovett N.Y. 1951 Eisenhower Charles E. Wilson Mich. 1953 " Neil H. McElroy Oh. 1957 " Thomas S. Gates Jr. Pa. 1959 Kennedy Robert S. McNamara Mich. 1961 Johnson, L.B. " " 1963 " Clark M. Clifford Md. 1968 Nixon Melvin R. Laird Wis. 1969 " Elliot L. Richardson Mass. 1973 " James R. Schlesinger Va. 1973 Ford " " 1974 " Donald H. Rumsfeld Ill. 1975 Carter Harold Brown Cal. 1977 Reagan Caspar W. Weinberger Cal. 1981 " Frank C. Carlucci Pa. 1987 Bush Richard B. Cheney Wyo. 1989 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bush Richard B. Cheney Wyo. 1989 The Department of Defense, originally designated the National MilitaryEstablishment, was created Sept. 18, 1947. It is headed by the secretaryof defense, who is a member of the president's cabinet. The departments of the army, of the navy, and of the air force functionwithin the Department of Defense, and their respective secretaries are nolonger members of the president's cabinet. Secretaries of War 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Washington Henry Knox Mass. 1789 " Timothy Pickering Pa. 1795 " James McHenry Md. 1796 Adams, J. " " 1797 " Samuel Dexter Mass. 1800 Jefferson Henry Dearborn " 1801 Madison William Eustis Mass. 1809 " John Armstrong N.Y. 1813 Madison James Monroe Va. 1814 " William H. Crawford Ga. 1815 Monroe John C. Calhoun S.C. 1817 Adams, J.Q. James Barbour Va. 1825 " Peter B. Porter N.Y. 1828 Jackson John H. Eaton Tenn. 1829 " Lewis Cass Mich. 1831 " Benjamin F. Butler N.Y. 1837 Van Buren Joel R. Poinsett S.C. 1837 Harrison, W.H. John Bell Tenn. 1841 Tyler John Bell Tenn 1841 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Tyler John Bell Tenn 1841 Tyler John C. Spencer N.Y. 1841 " James M. Porter Pa. 1843 " William Wilkins " 1844 Polk William L. Marcy N.Y. 1845 Taylor George W. Crawford Ga. 1849 Fillmore Charles M. Conrad La. 1850 Pierce Jefferson Davis Miss. 1853 Buchanan John B. Floyd Va. 1857 " Joseph Holt Ky. 1861 Lincoln Simon Cameron Pa. 1861 " Edwin M. Stanton Pa. 1862 Johnson, A. " " 1865 " John M. Schofield Ill. 1868 Grant John A. Rawlins Ill. 1869 " William T. Sherman Oh. 1869 " William W. Belknap Ia. 1869 " Alphonso Taft Oh. 1876 " James D. Cameron Pa. 1876 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� " James D. Cameron Pa. 1876 Hayes George W. McCrary Ia. 1877 " Alexander Ramsey Minn. 1879 Garfield Robert T. Lincoln Ill. 1881 Arthur " " 1881 Cleveland William C. Endicott Mass. 1885 Harrison, B. Redfield Proctor Vt. 1889 " Stephen B. Elkins W.Va. 1891 Cleveland Daniel S. Lamont N.Y. 1893 McKinley Russel A. Alger Mich. 1897 " Elihu Root N.Y. 1899 Roosevelt, T. " " 1901 " William H. Taft Oh. 1904 " Luke E. Wright Tenn. 1908 Taft Jacob M. Dickinson Tenn. 1909 " Henry L. Stimson N.Y. 1911 Wilson Lindley M. Garrison N.J. 1913 " Newton D. Baker Oh. 1916 Harding John W. Weeks Mass. 1921 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Harding John W. Weeks Mass. 1921 Coolidge " " 1923 " Dwight F. Davis Mo. 1925 Hoover James W. Good Ill. 1929 Hoover Patrick J. Hurley Okla. 1929 Roosevelt, F.D. George H. Dern Ut. 1933 " Harry H. Woodring Kan. 1937 Roosevelt, F.D. Henry L. Stimson N.Y. 1940 Truman Robert P. Patterson N.Y. 1945 " *Kenneth C. Royall N.C. 1947 The War (and Navy) Department was created by act of Congress Aug. 7,1789, and Gen. Henry Knox was commissioned secretary of war under that actSept. 12, 1789. Secretaries of the Navy The Navy Department was created by act of Congress Apr. 30, 1798. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adams, J. Benjamin Stoddert Md. 1798 Jefferson " " 1801 " Robert Smith " 1801 Madison Paul Hamilton S.C. 1809 " William Jones Pa. 1813 " Benjamin Williams Crowninshield Mass. 1814 Monroe " " 1817 " Smith Thompson N.Y. 1818 " Samuel L. Southard N.J. 1823 Adams, J.Q. " " 1825 Jackson John Branch N.C. 1829 " Levi Woodbury N.H. 1831 " Mahlon Dickerson N.J. 1834 Van Buren Mahlon Dickerson N.J. 1837 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Van Buren Mahlon Dickerson N.J. 1837 " James K. Paulding N.Y. 1838 Harrison, W.H. George E. Badger N.C. 1841 Tyler " " 1841 " Abel P. Upshur Va. 1841 " David Henshaw Mass. 1843 " Thomas W. Gilmer Va. 1844 " John Y. Mason " 1844 Polk George Bancroft Mass. 1845 " John Y. Mason Va. 1846 Taylor William B. Preston " 1849 Fillmore William A. Graham N.C. 1850 " John P. Kennedy Md. 1852 Pierce James C. Dobbin N.C. 1853 Buchanan Isaac Toucey Conn. 1857 Lincoln Gideon Welles Conn. 1861 Johnson, A. " " 1865 Grant Adolph E. Borie Pa. 1869 " George M. Robeson N.J. 1869 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� " George M. Robeson N.J. 1869 Hayes Richard W. Thompson Ind. 1877 " Nathan Goff Jr. W.Va. 1881 Garfield William H. Hunt La. 1881 Arthur William E. Chandler N.H. 1882 Cleveland William C. Whitney N.Y. 1885 Harrison, B. Benjamin F. Tracy N.Y. 1889 Cleveland Hilary A. Herbert Ala. 1893 McKinley John D. Long Mass. 1897 Roosevelt, T. " " 1901 " William H. Moody " 1902 Roosevelt, T. Paul Morton Ill. 1904 " Charles J. Bonaparte Md. 1905 " Victor H. Metcalf Cal. 1906 " Truman H. Newberry Mich. 1908 Taft George von L. Meyer Mass. 1909 Wilson Josephus Daniels N.C. 1913 Harding Edwin Denby Mich. 1921 Coolidge " " 1923 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Coolidge " " 1923 " Curtis D. Wilbur Cal. 1924 Hoover Charles Francis Adams Mass. 1929 Roosevelt, F.D. Claude A. Swanson Va. 1933 " Charles Edison N.J. 1940 " Frank Knox Ill. 1940 " *James V. Forrestal N.Y. 1944 Truman " " 1945 *Last members of Cabinet. The War Department became the Department of the Army and it and the Navy Department became branches of the Department of Defense, created Sept. 18, 1947. Attorneys General 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 President Attorney General Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Washington Edmund Randolph Va. 1789 " William Bradford Pa. 1794 " Charles Lee Va. 1795 Adams, J. " " 1797 Jefferson Levi Lincoln Mass. 1801 " John Breckenridge Ky. 1805 " Caesar A. Rodney Del. 1807 Madison " " 1809 " William Pinkney Md. 1811 " Richard Rush Pa. 1814 Monroe " " 1817 " William Wirt Va. 1817 Adams, J.Q. " " 1825 Jackson John M. Berrien Ga. 1829 " Roger B. Taney Md. 1831 " Benjamin F. Butler N.Y. 1833 Van Buren " " 1837 President Attorney General Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Van Buren " " 1837 " Felix Grundy Tenn. 1838 " Henry D. Gilpin Pa. 1840 Harrison, W.H. John J. Crittenden Ky. 1841 Tyler " " 1841 " Hugh S. Legare S.C. 1841 " John Nelson Md. 1843 Polk John Y. Mason Va. 1845 " Nathan Clifford Me. 1846 " Isaac Toucey Conn. 1848 Taylor Reverdy Johnson Md. 1849 Fillmore John J. Crittenden Ky. 1850 Pierce Caleb Cushing Mass. 1853 Buchanan Jeremiah S. Black Pa. 1857 " Edwin M. Stanton Pa. 1860 Lincoln Edward Bates Mo. 1861 " James Speed Ky. 1864 Johnson, A. " " 1865 " Henry Stanbery Oh. 1866 President Attorney General Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 " Henry Stanbery Oh. 1866 " William M. Evarts N.Y. 1868 Grant Ebenezer R. Hoar Mass. 1869 " Amos T. Akerman Ga. 1870 " George H. Williams Ore. 1871 " Edwards Pierrepont N.Y. 1875 " Alphonso Taft Oh. 1876 Hayes Charles Devens Mass. 1877 Garfield Wayne MacVeagh Pa. 1881 Arthur Benjamin H. Brewster " 1881 Cleveland Augustus Garland Ark. 1885 Harrison, B. William H. H. Miller Ind. 1889 Cleveland Richard Olney Mass. 1893 " Judson Harmon Oh. 1895 McKinley Joseph McKenna Cal. 1897 " John W. Griggs N.J. 1898 " Philander C. Knox Pa. 1901 Roosevelt, T. " " 1901 " William H. Moody Mass. 1904 President Attorney General Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 " William H. Moody Mass. 1904 " Charles J. Bonaparte Md. 1906 Taft George W. Wickersham N.Y. 1909 Wilson J.C. McReynolds Tenn. 1913 " Thomas W. Gregory Tex. 1914 " A. Mitchell Palmer Pa. 1919 Harding Harry M. Daugherty Oh. 1921 Coolidge " " 1923 " Harlan F. Stone N.Y. 1924 " John G. Sargent Vt. 1925 Hoover William D. Mitchell Minn. 1929 Roosevelt, F.D. Homer S. Cummings Conn. 1933 " Frank Murphy Mich. 1939 " Robert H. Jackson N.Y. 1940 " Francis Biddle Pa. 1941 Truman Thomas C. Clark Tex. 1945 " J. Howard McGrath R.I. 1949 " J.P. McGranery Pa. 1952 Eisenhower Herbert Brownell Jr. N.Y. 1953 President Attorney General Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Eisenhower Herbert Brownell Jr. N.Y. 1953 " William P. Rogers Md. 1957 Kennedy Robert F. Kennedy Mass. 1961 Johnson, L.B. " " 1963 " N. de B. Katzenbach Ill. 1964 " Ramsey Clark Tex. 1967 Nixon John N. Mitchell N.Y. 1969 " Richard G. Kleindienst Ariz. 1972 " Elliot L. Richardson Mass. 1973 " William B. Saxbe Oh. 1974 Ford " " 1974 " Edward H. Levi Ill. 1975 Carter Griffin B. Bell Ga. 1977 " Benjamin R. Civiletti Md. 1979 Reagan William French Smith Cal. 1981 " Edwin Meese 3d Cal. 1985 " Richard Thornburgh Pa 1988 Bush " " 1989 The office of attorney general was organized by act of Congress Sept. 24, 1789. The Department of Justice was created June 22, 1870. Secretaries of the Interior The Department of Interior was created by act of Congress Mar. 3, 1849. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Taylor Thomas Ewing Oh. 1849 Fillmore Thomas M. T. McKennan Pa. 1850 Fillmore Alex H. H. Stuart Va. 1850 Pierce Robert McClelland Mich. 1853 Buchanan Jacob Thompson Miss. 1857 Lincoln Caleb B. Smith Ind. 1861 " John P. Usher " 1863 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� " John P. Usher " 1863 Johnson, A. " " 1865 " James Harlan Ia. 1865 " Orville H. Browning Ill. 1866 Grant Jacob D. Cox Oh. 1869 " Columbus Delano " 1870 " Zachariah Chandler Mich. 1875 Hayes Carl Schurz Mo. 1877 Garfield Samuel J. Kirkwood Ia. 1881 Arthur Henry M. Teller Col. 1882 Cleveland Lucius Q.C. Lamar Miss. 1885 " William F. Vilas Wis. 1888 Harrison, B. John W. Noble Mo. 1889 Cleveland Hoke Smith Ga. 1893 Cleveland David R. Francis Mo. 1896 McKinley Cornelius N. Bliss N.Y. 1897 " Ethan A. Hitchcock Mo. 1898 Roosevelt, T. " " 1901 " James R. Garfield Oh. 1907 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� " James R. Garfield Oh. 1907 Taft Richard A. Ballinger Wash. 1909 " Walter L. Fisher Ill. 1911 Wilson Franklin K. Lane Cal. 1913 " John B. Payne Ill. 1920 Harding Albert B. Fall N.M. 1921 " Hubert Work Col. 1923 Coolidge " " 1923 " Roy O. West Ill. 1929 Hoover Ray Lyman Wilbur Cal. 1929 Roosevelt, F.D. Harold L. Ickes Ill. 1933 Truman " " 1945 Truman Julius A. Krug Wis. 1946 " Oscar L. Chapman Col. 1949 Eisenhower Douglas McKay Ore. 1953 " Fred A Seaton Neb. 1956 Kennedy Stewart L. Udall Ariz. 1961 Johnson, L.B. " " 1963 Nixon Walter J. Hickel Alas. 1969 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nixon Walter J. Hickel Alas. 1969 " Rogers C.B. Morton Md. 1971 Ford " " 1974 " Stanley K. Hathaway Wyo. 1975 " Thomas S. Kleppe N.D. 1975 Carter Cecil D. Andrus Ida. 1977 Reagan James G. Watt Col. 1981 " William P. Clark Cal. 1983 " Donald P. Hodel Ore. 1985 Bush Manuel Lujan N.M. 1989 Secretaries of Agriculture 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cleveland Norman J. Colman Mo. 1889 Harrison, B. Jeremiah M. Rusk Wis. 1889 Cleveland J. Sterling Morton Neb. 1893 McKinley James Wilson Ia. 1897 Roosevelt, T. " " 1901 Taft " " 1909 Wilson David F. Houston Mo. 1913 " Edwin T. Meredith Ia. 1920 Harding Henry C. Wallace Ia. 1921 Coolidge " " 1923 " Howard M. Gore W.Va. 1924 " William M. Jardine Kan. 1925 Hoover Arthur M. Hyde Mo. 1929 Roosevelt, F.D. Henry A. Wallace Ia. 1933 " Claude R. Wickard Ind. 1940 Truman Clinton P. Anderson N.M. 1945 " Charles F. Brannan Col. 1948 Eisenhower Ezra Taft Benson Ut. 1953 Kennedy Orville L. Freeman Minn. 1961 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Kennedy Orville L. Freeman Minn. 1961 Johnson, L.B. " " 1963 Nixon Clifford M. Hardin Ind. 1969 " Earl L. Butz Ind. 1971 Ford " " 1974 " John A. Knebel Va. 1976 Carter Bob Bergland Minn. 1977 Reagan John R. Block Ill. 1981 " Richard E. Lyng Cal. 1986 Bush Clayton K. Yeutter Neb. 1989 The Department of Agriculture was created by act of Congress May 15,1862. On Feb. 8, 1889, its commissioner was renamed secretary ofagriculture and became a member of the cabinet. Secretaries of Commerce and Labor 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴� President Secretary Home 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Secretaries of Commerce and Secretaries of Commerce and Secretaries of Labor Labor Labor Roosevelt, T. George B. Cortelyou N.Y. " Victor H. Metcalf Cal. " Oscar S. Straus N.Y. Taft Charles Nagel Mo. Secretaries of Labor Secretaries of Labor Secretaries of Wilson William B. Wilson Pa. President Secretary Home 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Harding James J. Davis Pa. Coolidge " " Hoover " " " William N. Doak Va. Roosevelt, F.D. Frances Perkins N.Y. Truman L.B. Schwellenbach Wash. " Maurice J. Tobin Mass. Eisenhower Martin P. Durkin Ill. " James P. Mitchell N.J. President Secretary Home 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Kennedy Arthur J. Goldberg Ill. " W. Willard Wirtz Ill. Johnson, L.B. " " Nixon George P. Shultz Ill " James D. Hodgson Cal. " Peter J. Brennan N.Y. Ford " " " John T. Dunlop Cal. " W.J. Usery Jr. Ga. President Secretary Home 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Carter F. Ray Marshall Tex. Reagan Raymond J. Donovan N.J. " William E. Brock Tenn. " Ann D. McLaughlin D.C. Bush Elizabeth Hanford Dole N.C. Secretaries of Commerce Secretaries of Commerce Secretaries of Wilson William C. Redfield N.Y. " Joshua W. Alexander Mo. Harding Herbert C. Hoover Cal. President Secretary Home 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Coolidge " " " William F. Whiting Mass. Hoover Robert P. Lamont Ill. " Roy D. Chapin Mich. Roosevelt, F.D. Daniel C. Roper S.C. " Harry L. Hopkins N.Y. " Jesse Jones Tex. " Henry A. Wallace Ia. Truman " " President Secretary Home 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  " W. Averell Harriman N.Y. " Charles Sawyer Oh. Eisenhower Sinclair Weeks Mass. " Lewis L. Strauss N.Y. " Frederick H. Mueller Mich. Kennedy Luther H. Hodges N.C. Johnson, L.B. " " " John T. Connor N.J. " Alex B. Trowbridge N.J. President Secretary Home 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  " Cyrus R. Smith N.Y. Nixon Maurice H. Stans Minn. " Peter G. Peterson Ill. " Frederick B. Dent S.C. Ford " " " Rogers C.B. Morton Md. " Elliot L. Richardson Mass. Carter Juanita M. Kreps N.C. " Philip M. Klutznick Ill. President Secretary Home 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Reagan Malcolm Baldrige Conn. " C. William Verity Jr. Oh. Bush Robert A. Mosbacher Tex. The Department of Commerce and Labor, created by Congress Feb. 14, 1903,was divided by Congress Mar. 4, 1913, into separate departments of Commerceand Labor. The secretary of each was made a cabinet member. Secretaries of Housing and Urban Development The Department of Housing and Urban Development was created by act of Congress Sept. 9, 1965. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Johnson, L.B. Robert C. Weaver Wash. 1966 " Robert C. Wood Mass. 1969 Nixon George W. Romney Mich. 1969 " James T. Lynn Oh. 1973 Ford " " 1974 Ford Carla Anderson Hills Cal. 1975 Carter Patricia Roberts Harris D.C. 1977 " Moon Landrieu La. 1979 Reagan Samuel R. Pierce Jr. N.Y. 1981 Bush Jack F. Kemp N.Y. 1989 Secretaries of Transportation The Department of Transportation was created by act of Congress Oct. 15, 1966. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Johnson, L.B. Alan S. Boyd Fla. 1966 Nixon John A. Volpe Mass. 1969 " Claude S. Brinegar Cal. 1973 Ford Claude S. Brinegar Cal. 1974 " William T. Coleman Jr. Pa. 1975 Carter Brock Adams Wash. 1977 Carter Neil E. Goldschmidt Ore. 1979 Reagan Andrew L. Lewis Jr. Pa. 1981 " Elizabeth Hanford Dole N.C. 1983 " James H. Burnley N.C. 1987 Bush Samuel K. Skinner Ill. 1989 Secretaries of Energy The Department of Energy was created by federal law Aug. 4, 1977. 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Carter James R. Schlesinger Va. 1977 " Charles Duncan Jr. Wyo. 1979 Reagan James B. Edwards S.C. 1981 Reagan Donald P. Hodel Ore. 1982 " John S. Herrington Cal. 1985 Bush James D. Watkins Cal. 1989 Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Eisenhower Oveta Culp Hobby Tex. 1953 " Marion B. Folsom N.Y. 1955 " Arthur S. Flemming Oh. 1958 Kennedy Abraham A. Ribicoff Conn. 1961 " Anthony J. Celebrezze Oh. 1962 Johnson, L.B. " " 1963 " John W. Gardner N.Y. 1965 Johnson, L.B. Wilbur J. Cohen Mich. 1968 Nixon Robert H. Finch Cal. 1969 " Elliot L. Richardson Mass. 1970 " Caspar W. Weinberger Cal. 1973 Ford " " 1974 " Forrest D. Mathews Ala. 1975 Carter Joseph A. Califano, Jr. D.C. 1977 " Patricia Roberts Harris D.C. 1979 The Department of Health, Education and Welfare, created by CongressApr. 11, 1953, was divided by Congress Sept. 27, 1979, into separatedepartments of Education, and Health and Human Services. The secretary ofeach is a cabinet member. Secretaries of Health and Human Services 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Carter Patricia Roberts Harris D.C. 1979 Reagan Richard S. Schweiker Pa. 1981 " Margaret M. Heckler Mass. 1983 Reagan Otis R. Bowen Ind. 1985 Bush Louis W. Sullivan Ga. 1989 Secretaries of Education 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Carter Shirley Hufstedler Cal. 1979 Reagan Terrel Bell Ut. 1981 Reagan William J. Bennett N.Y. 1985 Reagan Lauro F. Cavazos Tex. 1988 Bush " " 1989 Secretaries of Veterans Affairs 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 President Secretary Home Apptd. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bush Edward J. Derwinski Ill. 1989 The Department of Veterans Affairs was created Oct. 25, 1988 when Pres.Reagan signed a bill which made the Veterans Administration into a cabinetpost as of Mar. 15, 1989. Librarians of Congress 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Librarian Served Appointed by President 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� John J. Beckley 1802-1807 Jefferson Patrick Magruder 1807-1815 Jefferson George Watterston 1815-1829 Madison John Silva Meehan 1829-1861 Jackson John G. Stephenson 1861-1864 Lincoln Ainsworth Rand Spofford 1864-1897 Lincoln John Russell Young 1897-1899 McKinley Herbert Putnam 1899-1939 McKinley Archibald MacLeish 1939-1944 F. Roosevelt Luther H. Evans 1945-1953 Truman L. Quincy Mumford 1954-1974 Eisenhower Daniel J. Boorstin 1975-1987 Ford Librarian Served Appointed by President 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Daniel J. Boorstin 1975-1987 Ford James H. Billington 1987- Reagan Speakers of the House of Representatives Party designations: A, American; D, Democratic; DR, DemocraticRepublican; F, Federalist;R, Republican; W, Whig. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name Party State Tenure 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Frederick Muhlenberg F Pa. 1789-1791 Jonathan Trumbull F Conn. 1791-1793 Frederick Muhlenberg F Pa. 1793-1795 Name Party State Tenure 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Frederick Muhlenberg F Pa. 1793-1795 Jonathan Dayton F N.J. 1795-1799 Theodore Sedgwick F Mass. 1799-1801 Nathaniel Macon DR N.C. 1801-1807 Joseph B. Varnum DR Mass. 1807-1811 Henry Clay DR Ky. 1811-1814 Langdon Cheves DR S.C. 1814-1815 Henry Clay DR Ky. 1815-1820 John W. Taylor DR N.Y. 1820-1821 Philip P. Barbour DR Va. 1821-1823 Henry Clay DR Ky. 1823-1825 John W. Taylor D N.Y. 1825-1827 Andrew Stevenson D Va. 1827-1834 John Bell D Tenn. 1834-1835 James K. Polk D Tenn. 1835-1839 Robert M. T. Hunter D Va. 1839-1841 John White W Ky. 1841-1843 John W. Jones D Va. 1843-1845 John W. Davis D Ind. 1845-1847 Name Party State Tenure 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� John W. Davis D Ind. 1845-1847 Robert C. Winthrop W Mass. 1847-1849 Howell Cobb D Ga. 1849-1851 Linn Boyd D Ky. 1851-1855 Nathaniel P. Banks A Mass. 1856-1857 James L. Orr D S.C. 1857-1859 William Pennington R N.J. 1860-1861 Galusha A. Grow R Pa. 1861-1863 Schuyler Colfax R Ind. 1863-1869 *Theodore M. Pomeroy R N.Y. 1869-1869 James G. Blaine R Me. 1869-1875 Michael C. Kerr D Ind. 1875-1876 Samuel J. Randall D Pa. 1876-1881 Joseph W. Keifer R Oh. 1881-1883 John G. Carlisle D Ky. 1883-1889 Thomas B. Reed R Me. 1889-1891 Charles F. Crisp D Ga. 1891-1895 Thomas B. Reed R Me. 1895-1899 David B. Henderson R Ia. 1899-1903 Name Party State Tenure 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� David B. Henderson R Ia. 1899-1903 Joseph G. Cannon R Ill. 1903-1911 Champ Clark D Mo. 1911-1919 Frederick H. Gillett R Mass. 1919-1925 Nicholas Longworth R Oh. 1925-1931 John N. Garner D Tex. 1931-1933 Henry T. Rainey D Ill. 1933-1935 Joseph W. Byrns D Tenn. 1935-1936 William B. Bankhead D Ala. 1936-1940 Sam Rayburn D Tex. 1940-1947 Joseph W. Martin Jr. R Mass. 1947-1949 Sam Rayburn D Tex. 1949-1953 Joseph W. Martin Jr. R Mass. 1953-1955 Sam Rayburn D Tex. 1955-1961 John W. McCormack D Mass. 1962-1971 Carl Albert D Okla. 1971-1977 Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. D Mass. 1977-1987 James Wright D Tex. 1987-1989 Thomas S. Foley D Wash. 1989- Name Party State Tenure 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Thomas S. Foley D Wash. 1989- *Served only one day. Floor Leaders in the U.S. Senate 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name State Party Tenure 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Majority Leaders Majority Leaders Majority Leaders Majority Leaders Charles Curtis Kan. R 1925-1929 James E. Watson Ind. R 1929-1933 Joseph T. Robinson Ark. D 1933-1937 Alben W. Barkley Ky. D 1937-1947 Name State Party Tenure 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Alben W. Barkley Ky. D 1937-1947 Wallace H. White Me. R 1947-1949 Scott W. Lucas Ill. D 1949-1951 Ernest W. McFarland Ariz. D 1951-1953 Robert A. Taft Oh. R 1953 William F. Knowland Cal. R 1953-1955 Lyndon B. Johnson Tex. D 1955-1961 Mike Mansfield Mont. D 1961-1977 Robert C. Byrd W.Va. D 1977-1981 Howard H. Baker Jr. Tenn. R 1981-1985 Robert J. Dole Kan. R 1985-1987 Robert C. Byrd W.Va. D 1987-1989 George J. Mitchell Me. D 1989- Minority Leaders Minority Leaders Minority Leaders Minority Leaders Oscar W. Underwood Ala. D 1920-1923 Joseph T. Robinson Ark. D 1923-1933 Charles L. McNary Ore. R 1933-1944 Wallace H. White Me. R 1944-1947 Alben W. Barkley Ky. D 1947-1949 Name State Party Tenure 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Alben W. Barkley Ky. D 1947-1949 Kenneth S. Wherry Neb. R 1949-1951 Henry Styles Bridges N.H. R 1952-1953 Lyndon B. Johnson Tex. D 1953-1955 William F. Knowland Cal. R 1955-1959 Everett M. Dirksen Ill. R 1959-1969 Hugh D. Scott Penn. R 1969-1977 Howard H. Baker Jr. Tenn. R 1977-1981 Robert C. Byrd W.Va. D 1981-1987 Robert J. Dole Kan. R 1987- Federal Bureau of Investigation 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Director Assumed office 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Stanley W. Finch July 26, 1908 A(lexander) Bruce Bielaski Apr. 30, 1912 William E. Allen, act. Feb. 10, 1919 William J. Flynn July 1, 1919 William J. Burns Aug. 22, 1921 J. Edgar Hoover, act. May 10, 1924 J. Edgar Hoover Dec. 10, 1924 L. Patrick Gray, act. May 3, 1972 William D. Ruckelshaus, act. Apr. 27, 1973 Clarence M. Kelley July 9, 1973 William H. Webster Feb. 23, 1978 John E. Otto, act. May 27, 1987 William S. Sessions Nov. 2, 1987 The Federal Bureau of Investigation was created July 26, 1908 and wasreferred to as Office of Chief Examiner. It became the Bureau ofInvestigation (Mar. 26, 1909), United States Bureau of Investigation(July 1, 1932), Division of Investigation (Aug. 10, 1933), and FederalBureau of Investigation (July 1, 1935). Central Intelligence Agency 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Director Served Appointed by President 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adm. Sidney W. Souers 1946 Truman Gen. Hoyt S. Vandenberg 1946-1947 Truman Adm. Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter 1947-1950 Truman Gen. Walter Bedell Smith 1950-1953 Truman Allen W. Dulles 1953-1961 Eisenhower John A. McCone 1961-1965 Kennedy Adm. William F. Raborn Jr. 1965-1966 Johnson Richard Helms 1966-1973 Johnson James R. Schlesinger 1973 Nixon William E. Colby 1973-1976 Nixon Director Served Appointed by President 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� William E. Colby 1973-1976 Nixon George Bush 1976-1977 Ford Adm. Stansfield Turner 1977-1981 Carter William J. Casey 1981-1987 Reagan William H. Webster 1987- Reagan On June 13, 1942 President Roosevelt established the Office of StrategicServices (OSS) and maned William J. Donovan as its director. The OSS wasdisbanded Oct. 1, 1945 and its functions absorbed by the State and Wardepartments. President Truman, Jan. 22, 1946, established the CentralIntelligence Agency Group (CIG) to operate under the direction of theNational Intelligence Authority (NIA). The National Security Act of 1947replaced the NIA with the National Security Council and the CIG with theCentral Intelligence Agency. National Political Parties As of mid-1990 Republican Party National Headquarters --310 First St., SE, Washington, DC 20003. Chairman --Lee Atwater. Co-Chairman --Jeanie Austin. Vice Chairmen --Bernard M. Shanley, Jack Londen, Martha Moore, Nelda Barton, Ernest Angelo Jr., Kay Riddle, Elsie Vartanian, Duane Acklie. Secretary --Kit Mehrtens. Treasurer --William J. McManus. General Counsel --Jan Baran. Democratic Party National Headquarters --430 South Capitol St., SE, Washington, DC 20003. Chairman --Ronald H. Brown. Vice Chairpersons --Lynn Cutler, Jack Otero, Carmen Perez, James Ruvolo, Lottie Shackelford. Secretary --Kathleen M. Vick. Treasurer --Robert Farmer. Other Major Political Organizations American Party of the United States (P.O. Box 597, Provo, UT 84603) National Chairman --Arly Pedersen. Secretary --Doris Feimer. Treasurer --Florence Bale. Americans For Democratic Action (1511 K St., NW, Washington, DC 20005) President --Charles Rangel National Director --Amy Isaacs. Chair, Exec. Comm. --James Bishop. Communist Party U.S.A. (235 W. 23d St., New York, NY 10011) General Secretary --Gus Hall. Conservative Party of the State of N.Y. (486 78th St., Ft. Hamilton Sta., NY 11209) Chairman --Michael R. Long. Executive Director --Anthony Rudmann. Secretary --John J. Flynn. Liberal Party of New York State (18 W. 56th St., New York, NY 10019) Chairman --Frank Marin. Exec. Director --Carl F. Grillo. Libertarian Party (1528 Pennsylvania Ave SE, Wash., DC 20003) Chair --David Walter. Vice-Chair --Mary Gingell. Secretary --Joseph Dehn. National Director --D. Nick Dunbar. Prohibition National Committee (P.O. Box 2635, Denver, CO 80201) National Chairman --Earl F. Dodge. National Secretary --Margaret L. Storms. Socialist Labor Party In Minnesota: Industrial Gov't. Party(914 Industrial Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94303) National Secretary --Robert Bills. Socialist Workers Party (14 Charles Lane, New York, NY 10014) National Secretary --Jack Barnes. America's Third Parties Since 1860, there have been only 4 presidential elections in which all"third parties" together polled more than 10% of the vote: thePopulists (James Baird Weaver) in 1892, the National Progressives (TheodoreRoosevelt) in 1912, the La Follette Progressives in 1924, and GeorgeWallace's American Party in 1968. In 1948, the combined "thirdparties" (Henry Wallace's Progessives, Strom Thurmond's States'Rights party or Dixiecrats, Prohibition, Socialists, and others) receivedonly 5.75% of the vote. In most elections since 1860, fewer than one votein 20 has been cast for a third party. The only successful third party inAmerican history was the Republican Party in the election of AbrahamLincoln in 1860. Notable Third Parties 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Party Presidential nominee Election Issues 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Anti-Masonic William Wirt 1832 Against secret soci Liberty James G. Birney 1844 Anti-slavery Party Presidential nominee Election Issues 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Liberty James G. Birney 1844 Anti-slavery Free Soil Martin Van Buren 1848 Anti-slavery American (Know Nothing) Millard Fillmore 1856 Anti-immigrant Greenback Peter Cooper 1876 For "cheap money," Greenback James B. Weaver 1880 For "cheap money," Prohibition John P. St. John 1884 Anti-liquor Populist James B. Weaver 1892 For "cheap money," Socialist Eugene V. Debs 1900-20 For public ownershi Progressive (Bull Moose) Theodore Roosevelt 1912 Against high tariff Progressive Robert M. LaFollette 1924 Farmer & labor righ Socialist Norman Thomas 1928-48 Liberal reforms Union William Lemke 1936 Anti "New Deal" States' Rights Strom Thurmond 1948 For states' rights Progressive Henry Wallace 1948 Anti-cold war American Independent George Wallace 1968 For states' rights American John G. Schmitz 1972 For "law and order" None (Independent) John B. Anderson 1980 A 3d choice UNITED STATES FACTS Superlative U.S. Statistics U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Bureau of the Census 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Area for 50 states and Total 3,618,770 sq. mi. D. of C. Land 3,539,289 sq. mi. Water 79,481 sq. mi. Largest state Alaska 591,004 sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Smallest state Rhode Island 1,212 sq. mi. Largest county San Bernardino County, 20,064 sq. mi. (excludes Alaska) California Smallest county Kalawo, Hawaii 14 sq. mi. Northernmost city Barrow, Alaska 71 deg17'N. Northernmost point Point Barrow, Alaska 71 deg23'N. Southernmost city Hilo, Hawaii 19 deg43'N. Southernmost settlement Naalehu, Hawaii 19 deg03'N. Southernmost point Ka Lae (South Cape), 18 deg55'N. (155 Island of Hawaii deg41'W.) Easternmost city Eastport, Maine 66 deg59'02"W. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Easternmost city Eastport, Maine 66 deg59'02"W. Easternmost settlement Lubec, Maine 66 deg58'49"W. Easternmost point Quoddy Head, Maine 66 deg57'W. Westernmost city West Unalaska, Alaska 166 deg32'W. Westernmost settlement Adak, Alaska 176 deg39'W. Westernmost point Cape Wrangell, Alaska 172 deg27'E. Highest settlement Climax, Colorado 11,560 ft. Lowest settlement Calipatria, California -185 ft. Highest point on Cadillac Mountain, 1,530 ft. Atlantic coast Mount Desert Is., Maine Oldest national park Yellowstone National 3,468 sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Oldest national park Yellowstone National 3,468 sq. mi. Park (1872), Wyoming, Montana, Idaho Largest national park Wrangell-St. Elias, 13,018 sq. mi. Alaska Largest national Death Valley, 3,231 sq. mi. monument California, Nevada Highest waterfall Yosemite Falls--Total 2,425 ft. in three sections Upper Yosemite Fall 1,430 ft. Cascades in middle 675 ft. section Lower Yosemite Fall 320 ft. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Longest river Mississippi-Missouri 3,710 mi. Highest mountain Mount McKinley, Alaska 20,320 ft. Lowest point Death Valley, -282 ft. California Deepest lake Crater Lake, Oregon 1,932 ft. Rainiest spot Mt. Waialeale, Hawaii Annual aver. rainfall 460 inches Largest gorge Grand Canyon, Colorado 277 miles long, 600 ft. River, Arizona to 18 miles wide, 1 mile deep Deepest gorge Hell's Canyon, Snake 7,900 ft. River, Idaho-Oregon 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Strongest surface wind Mount Washington, New 231 mph Hampshire recorded 1934 Biggest dam New Cornelia Tailings, 274,026,000 cu. yds. Ten Mile Wash, Arizona material used Tallest building Sears Tower, Chicago, 1,454 ft. Illinois Largest building Boeing 747 205,600,000 cu. ft.; Manufacturing Plant, covers 47 acres. Everett, Washington Tallest structure TV tower, Blanchard, 2,063 ft. North Dakota Longest bridge span Verrazano-Narrows, New 4,260 ft. York 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Highest bridge Royal Gorge, Colorado 1,053 ft. above water Deepest well Gas well, Washita 31,441 ft. County, Oklahoma The 48 Contiguous States 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Area for 48 states Total 3,021,295 sq. mi. Land 2,962,031 sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Water 59,264 sq. mi. Largest state Texas 266,807 sq. mi Northernmost city International Falls, 48 deg36'N. Minnesota Northernmost settlement Angle Inlet, Minnesota 49 deg21'N. Northernmost point Northwest Angle, Minnesota 49 deg23'N. Southernmost city Key West, Florida 24 deg33'N. Southernmost mainland city Florida City, Florida 25 deg27'N. Southernmost point Key West, Florida 24 deg33'N. Westernmost town La Push, Washington 124 deg38'W. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Westernmost point Cape Alava, Washington 124 deg44'W. Highest mountain Mount Whitney, California 14,494 ft. Note to users: The distinction between cities and towns varies fromstate to state. In this table the U.S. Bureau of the Census usage wasfollowed. Geodetic Datum of North America In July 1986, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Geodetic Survey (NGS) completed the readjustment and redefinition of the North American Datum. This new datum is known as the North American Datum of 1983. Rapid advances in economic growth and scientific exploration in the United States after World War II resulted in an increasing need for accurate coordinate information. To facilitate the use of satellite surveying and navigation systems, the new datum was redefined using the Geodetic Reference System 1980 as the reference ellipsoid because this model more closely approximates the true size and shape of the Earth. The readjustment of the datum resulted in position changes of as much as 330 feet in the Continental United States and as much as 1/4 mile in Hawaii, the Aleutian Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Statistical Information about the U.S. In the Statistical Abstract of the United States the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, annually publishes a summary of social, political, and economic information. A book of almost 1,000 pages, it presents in 31 sections comprehensive data on population, housing, health, education, employment, income, prices, business, banking, energy, science, defense, trade, government finance, foreign country comparison, and other subjects. Special features include sections on State Rankings and Metropolitan Statistical Areas and a new section on computer technology in the office. The book is prepared under the direction of Glenn W. King, Chief, Statistical Compendia Staff, Bureau of the Census. Supplements to the Statistical Abstract are County and City Data Book, 1988; Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970; and State and Metropolitan Area Data Book, 1986 (1990 forthcoming). Information concerning these and other publications may be obtained from the Supt. of Documents, Government Printing Office, Wash., D.C. 20402, or from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Data User Services Division, Wash., D.C. 20233. Highest and Lowest Altitudes in the U.S. and Territories U.S. Geological Survey (Minus sign means below sea level; elevations are in feet.) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Highest Point Highest Point Highest Point Lo State Name County Elev. Na 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alabama Cheaha Mountain Cleburne 2,405 Gu Alaska Mount McKinley Mount McKinley 20,320 Pa Arizona Humphreys Peak Coconino 12,633 Co Arkansas Magazine Mountain Logan 2,753 Ou Highest Point Highest Point Highest Point Lo State Name County Elev. Na 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Arkansas Magazine Mountain Logan 2,753 Ou California Mount Whitney Inyo-Tulare 14,494 De Colorado Mount Elbert Lake 14,433 Ar Connecticut Mount Frissell Litchfield 2,380 L. Delaware On Ebright Road New Castle 442 At Dist. of Col. Tenleytown N. W. part 410 Po Florida Sec. 30, T 6N, R 20W. Walton 345 At Georgia Brasstown Bald Towns-Union 4,784 At Guam Mount Lamlam Agat District 1,332 Pa Hawaii Mauna Kea Hawaii 13,796 Pa Idaho Borah Peak Custer 12,662 Sn Illinois Charles Mound Jo Daviess 1,235 Mi Indiana Franklin Township Wayne 1,257 Oh Iowa Sec. 29, T 100N, R 41W. Osceola 1,670 Mi Kansas Mount Sunflower Wallace 4,039 Ve Kentucky Black Mountain Harlan 4,139 Mi Louisiana Driskill Mountain Bienville 535 Ne Maine Mount Katahdin Piscataquis 5,267 At Highest Point Highest Point Highest Point Lo State Name County Elev. Na 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Maine Mount Katahdin Piscataquis 5,267 At Maryland Backbone Mountain Garrett 3,360 At Massachusetts Mount Greylock Berkshire 3,487 At Michigan Mount Arvon Baraga 1,979 La Minnesota Eagle Mountain Cook 2,301 La Mississippi Woodall Mountain Tishomingo 806 Gu Missouri Taum Sauk Mt. Iron 1,772 St Montana Granite Peak Park 12,799 Ko Nebraska Johnson Township Kimball 5,426 Mi Nevada Boundary Peak Esmeralda 13,140 Mo New Hamp. Mt. Washington Coos 6,288 At New Jersey High Point Sussex 1,803 At New Mexico Wheeler Peak Taos 13,161 Re New York Mount Marcy Essex 5,344 At North Carolina Mount Mitchell Yancey 6,684 At North Dakota White Butte Slope 3,506 Re Ohio Campbell Hill Logan 1,549 Oh Oklahoma Black Mesa Cimarron 4,973 Li Highest Point Highest Point Highest Point Lo State Name County Elev. Na 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Oklahoma Black Mesa Cimarron 4,973 Li Oregon Mount Hood Clackamas-Hood R. 11,239 Pa Pennsylvania Mt. Davis Somerset 3,213 De Puerto Rico Cerro de Punta Ponce District 4,390 At Rhode Island Jerimoth Hill Providence 812 At Samoa Lata Mountain Tau Island 3,160 Pa South Carolina Sassafras Mountain Pickens 3,560 At South Dakota Harney Peak Pennington 7,242 Bi Tennessee Clingmans Dome Sevier 6,643 Mi Texas Guadalupe Peak Culberson 8,749 Gu Utah Kings Peak Duchesne 13,528 Be Vermont Mount Mansfield Lamoille 4,393 La Virginia Mount Rogers Grayson-Smyth 5,729 At Virgin Islands Crown Mountain St. Thomas Island 1,556 At Washington Mount Rainier Pierce 14,410 Pa West Virginia Spruce Knob Pendleton 4,861 Po Wisconsin Timms Hill Price 1,951 La Wyoming Gannett Peak Fremont 13,804 B. Highest Point Highest Point Highest Point Lo State Name County Elev. Na 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wyoming Gannett Peak Fremont 13,804 B. U.S. Coastline by States NOAA, U.S. Commerce Department (statute miles) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 State Coastline1 Shoreline2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Atlantic coast 2,069 28,673 Connecticut 0 618 Delaware 28 381 Florida 580 3,331 State Coastline1 Shoreline2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Florida 580 3,331 Georgia 100 2,344 Maine 228 3,478 Maryland 31 3,190 Massachusetts 192 1,519 New Hampshire 13 131 New Jersey 130 1,792 New York 127 1,850 North Carolina 301 3,375 Pennsylvania 0 89 Rhode Island 40 384 South Carolina 187 2,876 Virginia 112 3,315 Gulf coast 1,631 17,141 Alabama 53 607 Florida 770 5,095 Louisiana 397 7,721 Mississippi 44 359 Texas 367 3,359 State Coastline1 Shoreline2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Texas 367 3,359 Pacific coast 7,623 40,298 Alaska 5,580 31,383 California 840 3,427 Hawaii 750 1,052 Oregon 296 1,410 Washington 157 3,026 Arctic coast, Alaska 1,060 2,521 United States 12,383 88,633 1 Figures are lengths of general outline of seacoast. Measurementswere made with a unit measure of 30 minutes of latitude on charts as nearthe scale of 1:1,200,000 as possible. Coastline of sounds and bays isincluded to a point where they narrow to width of unit measure, andincludes the distance across at such point. 2 Figures obtainedin 1939-40 with a recording instrument on the largest-scale chartsand maps then available. Shoreline of outer coast, offshore islands,sounds, bays, rivers, and creeks is included to the head of tidewateror to a point where tidal waters narrow to a width of 100 feet. States: Settled, Capitals, Entry into Union, Area, Rank 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴� Entered Union Entered Union Entered Union State Settled* Capital Date Date Order 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ala. 1702 Montgomery Dec. 14, 1819 22 Alas. 1784 Juneau Jan. 3, 1959 49 Ariz. 1776 Phoenix Feb. 14, 1912 48 Ark. 1686 Little Rock June 15, 1836 25 Cal. 1769 Sacramento Sept. 9, 1850 31 Col. 1858 Denver Aug. 1, 1876 38 Conn. 1634 Hartford Jan. 9, 1788 5 Del. 1638 Dover Dec. 7, 1787 1 D.C. . . . Washington Entered Union Entered Union Entered Union State Settled* Capital Date Date Order 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� D.C. . . . Washington Fla. 1565 Tallahassee Mar. 3, 1845 27 Ga. 1733 Atlanta Jan. 2, 1788 4 Ha. 1820 Honolulu Aug. 21, 1959 50 Ida. 1842 Boise July 3, 1890 43 Ill. 1720 Springfield Dec. 3, 1818 21 Ind. 1733 Indianapolis Dec. 11, 1816 19 Ia. 1788 Des Moines Dec. 28, 1846 29 Kan. 1727 Topeka Jan. 29, 1861 34 Ky. 1774 Frankfort June 1, 1792 15 La. 1699 Baton Rouge Apr. 30, 1812 18 Me. 1624 Augusta Mar. 15, 1820 23 Md. 1634 Annapolis Apr. 28, 1788 7 Entered Union Entered Union Entered Union State Settled* Capital Date Date Order 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Miss. 1699 Jackson Dec. 10, 1817 20 Mo. 1735 Jefferson City Aug. 10, 1821 24 Mon. 1809 Helena Nov. 8, 1889 41 Neb. 1823 Lincoln Mar. 1, 1867 37 Nev. 1849 Carson City Oct. 31, 1864 36 N.H. 1623 Concord June 21, 1788 9 N.J. 1660 Trenton Dec. 18, 1787 3 N.M. 1610 Santa Fe Jan. 6, 1912 47 N.Y. 1614 Albany July 26, 1788 11 N.C. 1660 Raleigh Nov. 21, 1789 12 Entered Union Entered Union Entered Union State Settled* Capital Date Date Order 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� S.C. 1670 Columbia May 23, 1788 8 S.D. 1859 Pierre Nov. 2, 1889 40 Tenn. 1769 Nashville June 1, 1796 16 Tex. 1682 Austin Dec. 29, 1845 28 Ut. 1847 Salt Lake City Jan. 4, 1896 45 Vt. 1724 Montpelier Mar. 4, 1791 14 Va. 1607 Richmond June 11, 1788 10 Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina,New Hampshire, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island.The order for the original 13 states is the order in which they ratifiedthe Constitution. *First European permanent settlement. a Aleutian Islands andAlexander Archipelago are not considered in these lengths. The Continental Divide The Continental Divide: watershed, created by mountain ranges or table-lands of the Rocky Mountains, from which the drainage is easterly or westerly; the easterly flowing waters reaching the Atlantic Ocean chiefly through the Gulf of Mexico, and the westerly flowing waters reaching the Pacific Ocean through the Columbia River, or through the Colorado River, which flows into the Gulf of California. Beginning at point of crossing the United States-Mexican boundary, near long. 108 deg45'W., the Divide, in a northerly direction, crosses New Mexico along the western edge of the Rio Grande drainage basin, entering Colorado near long. 106 deg41'W. Thence by a very irregular route northerly across Colorado along the western summits of the Rio Grande and of the Arkansas, the South Platte, and the North Platte River basins, and across Rocky Mountain National Park, entering Wyoming near long. 106 deg52'W. Thence in a northwesterly direction, forming the western rims of the North Platte, Big Horn, and Yellowstone River basins, crossing the southwestern portion of Yellowstone National Park. Thence in a westerly and then a northerly direction forming the common boundary of Idaho and Montana, to a point on said boundary near long. 114 deg00'W. Thence northeasterly and northwesterly through Montana and the Glacier National Park, entering Canada near long. 114 deg04'W. Chronological List of Territories National Archives and Records Service 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Name of territory Date of Organic Act Date of Organic Act 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Northwest Territory(a) July 13, Territory southwest of River Ohio May 26, Mississippi Apr. 7, Indiana May 7, Orleans Mar. 26, Michigan Jan. 11, Louisiana-Missouri(e) Mar. 3, Illinois Feb. 3, Alabama Mar. 3, Arkansas Mar. 2, Florida Mar. 30, Wisconsin Apr. 20, Iowa June 12, Oregon Aug. 14, Name of territory Date of Organic Act Date of Organic Act 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Oregon Aug. 14, Minnesota Mar. 3, New Mexico Sept. 9, Utah Sept. 9, Washington Mar. 2, Nebraska May 30, Kansas May 30, Colorado Feb. 28, Nevada Mar. 2, Dakota Mar. 2, Arizona Feb. 24, Idaho Mar. 3, Montana May 26, Wyoming July 25, Alaska(f) May 17, Oklahoma May 2, Hawaii Apr. 30, a Included Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, easternMinnesota; b as the state of Ohio; c as the state of Tennessee;d as the state of Louisiana; e organic act for Missouri Territoryof June 4, 1812, became effective Dec. 7, 1812; f Although the May 17,1884 act actually constituted Alaska as a district, it was often referredto as a territory, and unofficially administered as such. The Territory ofAlaska was legally and formally organized by an act of Aug. 24, 1912. Geographic Centers, U.S. and Each State U.S. Geological Survey United States, including Alaska and Hawaii -- South Dakota; Butte County, W of Castle Rock, Approx. lat. 44 deg58'N. long. 103 deg46'W. Contiguous U. S. (48 states) -- Near Lebanon, Smith Co., Kansas, lat. 39 deg50'N. long. 98 deg35'W. North American continent -- The geographic center is in Pierce County, North Dakota, 6 miles W of Balta, latitude 48 deg10', longitude 100 deg10'W. State--county, locality Alabama --Chilton, 12 miles SW of Clanton. Alaska --lat. 63 deg50'N. long. 152 degW. Approx. 60 mi. NW of Mt. McKinley. Arizona --Yavapai, 55 miles ESE of Prescott. Arkansas --Pulaski, 12 miles NW of Little Rock. California --Madera, 38 miles E of Madera. Colorado --Park, 30 miles NW of Pikes Peak. Connecticut --Hartford, at East Berlin. Delaware --Kent, 11 miles S of Dover. District of Columbia --Near 4th and L Sts., NW. Florida --Hernando, 12 miles NNW of Brooksville. Georgia --Twiggs, 18 miles SE of Macon. Hawaii --Hawaii, 20 deg15'N, 156 deg20'W, off Maui Island. Idaho --Custer, at Custer, SW of Challis. Illinois --Logan, 28 miles NE of Springfield. Indiana --Boone, 14 miles NNW of Indianapolis. Iowa --Story, 5 miles NE of Ames. Kansas --Barton, 15 miles NE of Great Bend. Kentucky --Marion, 3 miles NNW of Lebanon. Louisiana --Avoyelles, 3 miles SE of Marksville. Maine --Piscataquis, 18 miles north of Dover. Maryland --Prince Georges, 4.5 miles NW of Davidsonville. Massachusetts --Worcester, north part of city. Michigan --Wexford, 5 miles NNW of Cadillac. Minnesota --Crow Wing, 10 miles SW of Brainerd. Mississippi --Leake, 9 miles WNW of Carthage. Missouri --Miller, 20 miles SW of Jefferson City. Montana --Fergus, 11 miles west of Lewistown. Nebraska --Custer, 10 miles NW of Broken Bow. Nevada --Lander, 26 miles SE of Austin. New Hampshire --Belknap, 3 miles E of Ashland. New Jersey --Mercer, 5 miles SE of Trenton. New Mexico --Torrance, 12 miles SSW of Willard. New York --Madison, 12 miles S of Oneida and 26 miles SW of Utica. North Carolina --Chatham, 10 miles NW of Sanford. North Dakota --Sheridan, 5 miles SW of McClusky. Ohio --Delaware, 25 miles NNE of Columbus. Oklahoma --Oklahoma, 8 miles N of Oklahoma City. Oregon --Crook, 25 miles SSE of Prineville. Pennsylvania --Centre, 2.5 miles SW of Bellefonte. Rhode Island --Kent, 1 mile SSW of Crompton. South Carolina --Richland, 13 miles SE of Columbia. South Dakota --Hughes, 8 miles NE of Pierre. Tennessee --Rutherford, 5 mi. NE of Murfreesboro. Texas --McCulloch, 15 miles NE of Brady. Utah --Sanpete, 3 miles N of Manti. Vermont --Washington, 3 miles E of Roxbury. Virginia --Buckingham, 5 miles SW of Buckingham. Washington --Chelan, 10 mi. WSW of Wenatchee. West Virginia --Braxton, 4 miles E of Sutton. Wisconsin --Wood, 9 miles SE of Marshfield. Wyoming --Fremont, 58 miles ENE of Lander. There is no generally accepted definition of geographic center, and no satisfactory method for determining it. The geographic center of an area may be defined as the center of gravity of the surface, or that point on which the surface of the area would balance if it were a plane of uniform thickness. No marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency as the geographic center of either the 50 states, the contiguous United States, or the North American continent. A monument was erected in Lebanon, Kan., contiguous U.S. center, by a group of citizens. A cairn in Rugby, N.D. marks the center of the North American continent. International Boundary Lines of the U.S. The length of the northern boundary of the contiguous U.S. -- the U.S.-Canadian border, excluding Alaska -- is 3,987 miles according to the U.S. Geological Survey, Dept. of the Interior. The length of the Alaskan-Canadian border is 1,538 miles. The length of the U.S.-Mexican border, from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean, is approximately 1,933 miles (1963 boundary agreement). Origin of the Names of U.S. States State officials, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Topographic Division, U.S. Geological Survey. Alabama--Indian for tribal town, later a tribe (Alabamas or Alibamons) of the Creek confederacy. Alaska--Russian version of Aleutian (Eskimo) word, alakshak, for "peninsula," "great lands," or "land that is not an island." Arizona--Spanish version of Pima Indian word for "little spring place," or Aztec arizuma, meaning "silver-bearing." Arkansas--French variant of Quapaw, a Siouan people meaning "downstream people." California--Bestowed by the Spanish conquistadors (possibly by Cortez). It was the name of an imaginary island, an earthly paradise, in "Las Serges de Esplandian," a Spanish romance written by Montalvo in 1510. Baja California (Lower California, in Mexico) was first visited by Spanish in 1533. The present U.S. state was called Alta (Upper) California. Colorado--Spanish, red, first applied to Colorado River. Connecticut--From Mohican and other Algonquin words meaning "long river place." Delaware--Named for Lord De La Warr, early governor of Virginia; first applied to river, then to Indian tribe (Lenni-Lenape), and the state. District of Columbia--For Columbus, 1791. Florida--Named by Ponce de Leon on Pascua Florida, "Flowery Easter," on Easter Sunday, 1513. Georgia--For King George II of England by James Oglethorpe, colonial administrator, 1732. Hawaii--Possibly derived from native word for homeland, Hawaiki or Owhyhee. Idaho--A coined name with an invented Indian meaning: "gem of the mountains;" originally suggested for the Pike's Peak mining territory (Colorado), then applied to the new mining territory of the Pacific Northwest. Another theory suggests Idaho may be a Kiowa Apache term for the Comanche. Illinois--French for Illini or land of Illini, Algonquin word meaning men or warriors. Indiana--Means "land of the Indians." Iowa--Indian word variously translated as "one who puts to sleep" or "beautiful land." Kansas--Sioux word for "south wind people." Kentucky--Indian word variously translated as "dark and bloody ground," "meadow land" and "land of tomorrow." Louisiana--Part of territory called Louisiana by Sieur de La Salle for French King Louis XIV. Maine--From Maine, ancient French province. Also: descriptive, referring to the mainland as distinct from the many coastal islands. Maryland--For Queen Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I of England. Massachusetts--From Indian tribe named after "large hill place" identified by Capt. John Smith as being near Milton, Mass. Michigan--From Chippewa words mici gama meaning "great water," after the lake of the same name. Minnesota--From Dakota Sioux word meaning "cloudy water" or "sky-tinted water" of the Minnesota River. Mississippi--Probably Chippewa; mici zibi, "great river" or "gathering-in of all the waters." Also: Algonquin word, "Messipi." Missouri--Algonquin Indian tribe named after Missouri River, meaning "muddy water." Montana--Latin or Spanish for "mountainous." Nebraska--From Omaha or Otos Indian word meaning "broad water" or "flat river," describing the Platte River. Nevada--Spanish, meaning snow-clad. New Hampshire--Named 1629 by Capt. John Mason of Plymouth Council for his home county in England. New Jersey--The Duke of York, 1664, gave a patent to John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret to be called Nova Caesaria, or New Jersey, after England's Isle of Jersey. New Mexico--Spaniards in Mexico applied term to land north and west of Rio Grande in the 16th century. New York--For Duke of York and Albany who received patent to New Netherland from his brother Charles II and sent an expedition to capture it, 1664. North Carolina--In 1619 Charles I gave a large patent to Sir Robert Heath to be called Province of Carolana, from Carolus, Latin name for Charles. A new patent was granted by Charles II to Earl of Clarendon and others. Divided into North and South Carolina, 1710. North Dakota--Dakota is Sioux for friend or ally. Ohio--Iroquois word for "fine or good river." Oklahoma--Choctaw coined word meaning red man, proposed by Rev. Allen Wright, Choctaw-speaking Indian. Oregon--Origin unknown. One theory holds that the name may have been derived from that of the Wisconsin River shown on a 1715 French map as "Ouaricon-sint." Pennsylvania--William Penn, the Quaker, who was made full proprietor by King Charles II in 1681, suggested Sylvania, or woodland, for his tract. The king's government owed Penn's father, Admiral William Penn, [pound ]16,000, and the land was granted as partial settlement. Charles II added the Penn to Sylvania, against the desires of the modest proprietor, in honor of the admiral. Puerto Rico--Spanish for Rich Port. Rhode Island--Exact origin is unknown. One theory notes that Giovanni de Verrazano recorded an island about the size of Rhodes in the Mediterranean in 1524, but others believe the state was named Roode Eylandt by Adriaen Block, Dutch explorer, because of its red clay. South Carolina--See North Carolina. South Dakota--See North Dakota. Tennessee--Tanasi was the name of Cherokee villages on the Little Tennessee River. From 1784 to 1788 this was the State of Franklin, or Frankland. Texas--Variant of word used by Caddo and other Indians meaning friends or allies, and applied to them by the Spanish in eastern Texas. Also written texias, tejas, teysas. Utah--From a Navajo word meaning upper, or higher up, as applied to a Shoshone tribe called Ute. Spanish form is Yutta, English Uta or Utah. Proposed name Deseret, "land of honeybees," from Book of Mormon, was rejected by Congress. Vermont--From French words vert (green) and mont (mountain). The Green Mountains were said to have been named by Samuel de Champlain. When the state was formed, 1777, Dr. Thomas Young suggested combining vert and mont into Vermont. Virginia--Named by Sir Walter Raleigh, who fitted out the expedition of 1584, in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen of England. Washington--Named after George Washington. When the bill creating the Territory of Columbia was introduced in the 32d Congress, the name was changed to Washington because of the existence of the District of Columbia. West Virginia--So named when western counties of Virginia refused to secede from the United States, 1863. Wisconsin--An Indian name, spelled Ouisconsin and Mesconsing by early chroniclers. Believed to mean "grassy place" in Chippewa. Congress made it Wisconsin. Wyoming--The word was taken from Wyoming Valley, Pa., which was the site of an Indian massacre and became widely known by Campbell's poem, "Gertrude of Wyoming." In Algonquin it means "large prairie place." Territorial Sea of the U.S. According to a December 27, 1988 proclamation by Pres. Ronald Reagan: "The territorial sea of the United States henceforth extends to 12 nautical miles from the baselines of the United States determined in accordance with international law. In accordance with international law, as reflected in the applicable provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, within the territorial sea of the United States, the ships of all countries enjoy the right of innocent passage and the ships and aircraft of all countries enjoy the right of transit passage through international straits." Accession of Territory by the U.S. U.S. Bureau of the Census 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Acquisition date Gross Area (Land and water) Sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Total U.S. (x) 3,623,434 United States (x) 3,618,770 Territory in 17901 (x) 891,364 Louisiana Purchase 1803 831,321 Purchase of Florida 1819 69,866 Texas 1845 384,958 Oregon 1846 283,439 Acquisition date Gross Area (Land and water) Sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Oregon 1846 283,439 Mexican Cession 1848 530,706 Gadsden Purchase 1853 29,640 Alaska 1867 591,004 Hawaii 1898 6,471 Other areas: Puerto Rico 21898 3,515 Guam 31898 209 American Samoa 41899 77 Acquisition date Gross Area (Land and water) Sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Virgin Islands of the U.S. 1917 132 Pacific Islands, Trust 1947 533 Territory of the5 No. Mariana Islands5 1947 184 All other6 (x) 14 x Not applicable. 1 Includes that part of drainage basin ofRed River of the North, south of 49th parallel, sometimes considered partof Louisiana Purchase. 2 Ceded by Spain in 1898, ratified in 1899,and became Commonwealth of Puerto Rico by Act of Congress on July 25,1952. 3 Acquired 1898; ratified 1899. 4 Acquired 1899; ratified1900. 5 Land area only. 6 Comprises the following islands withgross areas as indicated, in sq. mi.: Midway (2), Wake (3), Palmyra (4),Navassa (2), Baker, Howland, and Jarvis (combined area, 3), Johnston Atoll(combined area, less than .5), and Kingman Reef (less than .5). ExcludesCanton and Enderbury Islands (combined area 27 sq. mi.), which areconsidered to be under the jurisdiction of Kiribati since 1979, and SwanIslands (1 sq. mi.), which were returned to Honduras in 1972. Public Lands of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Interior Department Disposition of Public Lands 1781 to 1988 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Acres 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Disposition by methods not elsewhere classified1 303,500,000 Granted or sold to homesteaders 287,500,000 Acres 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Granted or sold to homesteaders 287,500,000 Granted to railroad corporations 94,400,000 Granted to veterans as military bounties 61,000,000 Confirmed as private land claims2 34,000,000 Sold under timber and stone law3 13,900,000 Granted or sold under timber culture law4 10,900,000 Sold under desert land law5 10,700,000 Granted to states for: Support of common schools 77,630,000 Reclamation of swampland 64,920,000 Construction of railroads 37,130,000 Support of misc. institutions6 21,700,000 Purposes not elsewhere classified7 117,600,000 Canals and rivers 6,100,000 Construction of wagon roads 3,400,000 Total granted to states 328,480,000 1 Chiefly public, private, and preemption sales, but includes mineralentries, scrip locations, sales of townsites and townlots. 2 TheGovernment has confirmed title to lands claimed under valid grantsmade by foreign governments prior to the acquisition of the publicdomain by the United States. 3 The law provided for the sale of landsvaluable for timber or stone and unfit for cultivation. 4 The lawprovided for the granting of public lands to settlers on conditionthat they plant and cultivate trees on the lands granted. 5 The lawprovided for the sale of arid agricultural public lands to settlers whoirrigate them and bring them under cultivation. 6 Universities,hospitals, asylums, etc. 7 For construction of various publicimprovements (individual items not specified in the granting act)reclamation of desert lands, construction of water reservoirs, etc. Public Lands Administered by Federal Agencies 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코� Agency (Acres, Sept. 30, 1989) Public domain Acquired Tot 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Agency (Acres, Sept. 30, 1989) Public domain Acquired Tot 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Forest Service 161,038,854.3 28,341,223.5 189 Bureau of Land Management 268,093,335.0 2,324,840.0 270 Bureau of Reclamation 3,533,817.5 1,969,275.9 5,5 Fish and Wildlife Service 81,321,344 10,097,347 91, National Park Service 64,325,741.0 8,517,114.8 72, Bureau of Indian Affairs 2,554,358.7 193,079.6 2,7 Tennessee Valley Authority 0 1,040,231.3 1,0 Corps of Engineers 604,971.2 4,869,200.0 5,4 U.S. Army 3,187,901.0 6,495,173.0 9,6 U.S. Navy 618,005.6 1,743,750.2 2,3 U.S. Air Force 6,858,510.0 1,255,022.0 8,1 Department of Energy 1,465,862.4 700,478.8 2,1 Total, all agencies (incl. those not shown) 660,976,655.8 63,089,515.1 724 National Parks, Other Areas Administered by Nat'l Park Service Figures given are date area initially protected by Congress or presidential proclamation, date given current designation, and gross area in acres 12/31/88. National Parks Acadia, Me. (1916/1929) 41,409. Includes Mount Desert Island, half of Isle au Haut, Schoodic Point on mainland. Highest elevation on Eastern seaboard. Arches, Ut. (1929/1971) 73,379. Contains giant red sandstone arches and other products of erosion. Badlands, S.D. (1929/1978) 243,244; eroded prairie, bison, bighorn and antelope. Contains animal fossils of 40 million years ago. Big Bend, Tex. (1935/1944) 802,541. Rio Grande, Chisos Mts. Biscayne, Fla. (1968/1980) 173,039. Aquatic park encompasses chain of islands south of Miami. Bryce Canyon, Ut. (1923/1928) 35,835. Spectacularly colorful and unusual display of erosion effects. Canyonlands, Ut. (1964) 337,570. At junction of Colorado and Green rivers, extensive evidence of prehistoric Indians. Capitol Reef, Ut. (1937/1971) 241,904. A 60-mile uplift of sandstone cliffs dissected by high-walled gorges. Carlsbad Caverns, N.M. (1923/1930) 46,755. Largest known caverns; not yet fully explored. Channel Islands, Cal. (1938/1980) 249,354. Seal lion breeding place, nesting sea birds, unique plants. Crater Lake, Ore. (1902) 183,224. Extraordinary blue lake in crater of extinct volcano encircled by lava walls 500 to 2,000 feet high. Denali, Alas. (1917/1980) 4,716,726. Name changed from Mt. McKinley NP. Contains highest mountain in U.S.; wildlife. Everglades, Fla. (1934) 1,508,939. Largest remaining subtropical wilderness in continental U.S. Gates of the Arctic, Alas. (1978/1980) 7,523,888. Vast wilderness in north central region. Glacier, Mon. (1910) 1,013,572. Superb Rocky Mt. scenery, numerous glaciers and glacial lakes. Part of Waterton-Glacier Intl. Peace Park established by U.S. and Canada in 1932. Glacier Bay, Alas. (1925/1980) 3,225,284. Great tidewater glaciers that move down mountain sides and break up into the sea; much wildlife. Grand Canyon, Ariz. (1908/1919) 1,218,375. Most spectacular part of Colorado River's greatest canyon. Grand Teton, Wy. (1929) 309,994. Most impressive part of the Teton Mountains, winter feeding ground of largest American elk herd. Great Basin, Nev. (1922/1986) 77,109. Wide basins and high mountain ranges. Great Smoky Mountains, N.C.-Tenn. (1926/1934) 520,269. Largest eastern mountain range, magnificent forests. Guadalupe Mountains, Tex. (1966/1972) 86,416. Extensive Permian limestone fossil reef; tremendous earth fault. Haleakala, Ha. (1916/1960) 28,655. Dormant volcano on Maui with large colorful craters. Hawaii Volcanoes, Ha. (1916/1961) 229,177. Contains Kilauea and Mauna Loa, active volcanoes. Hot Springs, Ark. (1832/1921) 5,839. Government supervised bath houses use waters of 45 of the 47 natural hot springs. Isle Royale, Mich. (1931) 571,790. Largest island in Lake Superior, noted for its wilderness area and wildlife. Katmai, Alas. (1918/1980) 3,716,000. Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, scene of 1912 volcanic eruption. Kenai Fjords, Alas. (1978/1980) 669,541. Abundant mountain goats, marine mammals, birdlife; the Harding Icefield, one of the major icecaps in U.S. Kings Canyon, Cal. (1890/1940) 461,901. Mountain wilderness, dominated by Kings River Canyons and High Sierra; contains giant sequoias. Kobuk Valley, Alas. (1978/1980) 1,750,421. Broad river is core of native culture. Lake Clark, Alas. (1978/1980) 2,636,839. Across Cook Inlet from Anchorage. A scenic wilderness rich in fish and wildlife. Lassen Volcanic, Cal. (1907/1916) 106,372. Contains Lassen Peak, recently active volcano, and other volcanic phenomena. Mammoth Cave, Ky. (1926/1941) 52,419. 144 miles of surveyed underground passages, beautiful natural formations, river 300 feet below surface. Mesa Verde, Col. (1906) 52,085. Most notable and best preserved prehistoric cliff dwellings in the United States. Mount Rainier, Wash. (1899) 235,404. Greatest single-peak glacial system in the lower 48 states. North Cascades, Wash. (1968) 504,781. Spectacular mountainous region with many glaciers, lakes. Olympic, Wash. (1909/1938) 921,942. Mountain wilderness containing finest remnant of Pacific Northwest rain forest, active glaciers, Pacific shoreline, rare elk. Petrified Forest, Ariz. (1906/1962) 93,533. Extensive petrified wood and Indian artifacts. Contains part of Painted Desert. Redwood, Cal. (1968) 110,132. Forty miles of Pacific coastline, groves of ancient redwoods and world's tallest trees. Rocky Mountain, Col. (1915) 265,200. On the continental divide, includes 107 named peaks over 11,000 feet. Samoa, American Samoa (1988) 8,000. Features the only paleotropical rain forest. Sequoia, Cal. (1890) 402,482. Groves of giant sequoias, highest mountain in contiguous United States -- Mount Whitney (14,494 feet). World's largest tree. Shenandoah, Va. (1926/1935) 195,382. Portion of the Blue Ridge Mountains; overlooks Shenandoah Valley; Skyline Drive. Theodore Roosevelt, N.D. (1947/1978) 70,416. Contains part of T.R.'s ranch and scenic badlands. Virgin Islands, V.I. (1956) 14,689. Covers 75% of St. John Island, lush growth, lovely beaches, Indian relics, evidence of colonial Danes. Voyageurs, Minn. (1971/1975) 218,036. Abundant lakes, forests, wildlife, canoeing, boating. Wind Cave, S.D. (1903) 28,292. Limestone caverns in Black Hills. Extensive wildlife includes a herd of bison. Wrangell-St. Elias, Alas. (1978/1980) 8,331,604. Largest area in park system, most peaks over 16,000 feet, abundant wildlife; day's drive east of Anchorage. Yellowstone, Ida., Mon., Wy., (1872) 2,219,791. Oldest national park. World's greatest geyser area has about 3,000 geysers and hot springs; spectacular falls and impressive canyons of the Yellowstone River; grizzly bear, moose, and bison. Yosemite, Cal. (1890) 761,170. Yosemite Valley, the nation's highest waterfall, 3 groves of sequoias, and mountainous. Zion, Ut. (1909/1919) 146,598. Unusual shapes and landscapes have resulted from erosion and faulting; Zion Canyon, with sheer walls ranging up to 2,500 feet, is readily accessible. National Historical Parks Appomattox Court House, Va. (1930/1954) 1,325. Where Lee surrendered to Grant. Boston, Mass. (1974) 41. Includes Faneuil Hall, Old North Church, Bunker Hill, Paul Revere House. Chaco Culture, N.M. (1907/1980) 33,974. Ruins of pueblos built by prehistoric Indians. Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, Md.-W.Va.-D.C. (1961/1971) 20,781. 184 mile historic canal; D.C. to Cumberland, Md. Colonial, Va. (1930/1936) 9,327. Includes most of Jamestown Island, site of first successful English colony; Yorktown, site of Cornwallis' surrender to George Washington; and the Colonial Parkway. Cumberland Gap, Ky.-Tenn.-Va. (1940) 20,274. Mountain pass of the Wilderness Road which carried the first great migration of pioneers into America's interior. George Rogers Clark, Vincennes, Ind. (1966) 26. Commemorates American defeat of British in west during Revolution. Harpers Ferry, Md., W. Va. (1944/1963) 2,239. At the confluence of the Shenandoah and Potomac rivers, the site of John Brown's 1859 raid on the Army arsenal. Independence, Pa. (1948/1956) 45. Contains several properties in Philadelphia associated with the Revolutionary War and the founding of the U.S. Includes Independence Hall. Jean Laffite (and preserve), La.(1939/1978) 20,020. Includes Chalmette, site of 1814 Battle of New Orleans; French Quarter. Kalaupapa, Ha. (1980) 10,779. Molokai's former leper colony site and other historic areas. Kaloko-Honokohau, Ha. (1978) 1,161. Culture center has 234 historic features and grave of first king, Kamehameha. Klondike Gold Rush, Alas.-Wash. (1976) 13,191. Alaskan Trails in 1898 Gold Rush. Museum in Seattle. Lowell, Mass. (1978) 137. Seven mills, canal, 19th C. structures, park to show planned city of Industrial Revolution. Lyndon B. Johnson, Tex. (1969/1980) 1,571. President's birthplace, boyhood home, ranch. Minute Man, Mass. (1959) 750. Where the colonial Minute Men battled the British, April 19, 1775. Also contains Nathaniel Hawthorne's home. Morristown, N.J. (1933) 1,671. Sites of important military encampments during the Revolutionary War; Washington's headquarters 1777, 1779-80. Natchez, Miss. (1988) 80. Mansions, townhouses, and villas concerning history of Natchez, Miss. Nez Perce, Ida. (1965) 2,109. Illustrates the history and culture of the Nez Perce Indian country. 20 separate sites. Pu'uhonua o Honaunau, Ha. (1955/1978) 182. Until 1819, a sanctuary for Hawaiians vanquished in battle, and those guilty of crimes or breaking taboos. San Antonio Missions, Tex. (1978/1983) 493. Four of finest Spanish missions in U.S., 18th C. irrigation system. San Francisco Maritime (1988) 50. Artifacts, photographs, and historic vessels related to the development of the Pacific Coast. San Juan Island, Wash. (1966) 1,752. Commemorates peaceful relations of the U.S., Canada and Great Britain since the 1872 boundary disputes. Saratoga, N.Y. (1938) 3,393. Scene of a major battle which became a turning point in the War of Independence. Sitka, Alas. (1910/1972) 107. Scene of last major resistance of the Tlingit Indians to the Russians, 1804. Valley Forge, Pa. (1976) 3,468. Continental Army campsite in 1777-78 winter. War in the Pacific, Guam (1978) 1,960. Scenic park memorial for WWII combatants in Pacific. Women's Rights, N.Y. (1980) 6. Seneca Falls site where Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton began rights movement in 1848. Zuni-Cibola, N. Mex. (1988) 800. Historical, archeological, and cultural site associated with the Zuni Tribe over its 1700-year cultural continuum. National Battlefields Antietam, Md. (1890/1978) 3,244. Battle ended first Confederate invasion of North, Sept. 17, 1862. Big Hole, Mon. (1910/1963) 656. Site of major battle with Nez Perce Indians. Cowpens, S.C. (1929/1972) 842. Revolutionary War battlefield. Fort Donelson, Tenn. (1928/1985) 536. Site of first major Union victory. Fort Necessity, Pa. (1931/1961) 903. First battle of French and Indian War. Monocacy, Md. (1934/1976) 1,647. Civil War battle in defense of Wash., D.C., July 9, 1864. Moores Creek, N.C. (1926/1980) 87. Pre-Revolutionary War battle. Petersburg, Va. (1926/1962) 2,735. Scene of 10-month Union campaign 1864-65. Stones River, Tenn. (1927/1960) 403. Civil War battle leading to Sherman's "March to the Sea." Tupelo, Miss. (1929/1961) 1. Crucial battle over Sherman's supply line. Wilson's Creek, Mo. (1960/1970) 1,750. Civil War battle for control of Missouri. National Battlefield Parks Kennesaw Mountain, Ga. (1917/1935) 2,885. Two major battles of Atlanta campaign in Civil War. Manassas, Va. (1940) 5,072. Two battles of Bull Run in Civil War, 1861 and 1862. Richmond, Va. (1936) 769. Site of battles defending Confederate capital. National Battlefield Site Brices Cross Roads, Miss. (1929) 1. Civil War battlefield. National Military Parks Chickamauga and Chattanooga, Ga.-Tenn. (1890) 8,106. Four Civil War battlefields. Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County, Va. (1927) 5,907. Sites of several major Civil War battles and campaigns. Gettysburg, Pa. (1895) 3,896. Site of decisive Confederate defeat in North. Gettysburg Address. Guilford Courthouse, N.C. (1917) 220. Revolutionary War battle site. Horseshoe Bend, Ala. (1956) 2,040. On Tallapoosa River, where Gen. Andrew Jackson broke the power of the Creek Indian Confederacy. Kings Mountain, S.C. (1931) 3,945. Revolutionary War battle. Pea Ridge, Ark. (1956) 4,300. Civil War battle. Shiloh, Tenn. (1894) 3,838. Major Civil War battle; site includes some well-preserved Indian burial mounds. Vicksburg, Miss. (1899) 1,620. Union victory gave North control of the Mississippi and split the Confederacy in two. National Memorials Arkansas Post, Ark. (1960) 389. First permanent French settlement in the lower Mississippi River valley. Arlington House, the Robert E. Lee Memorial, Va. (1925/1972) 28. Lee's home overlooking the Potomac. Chamizal, El Paso, Tex. (1966/1974) 55. Commemorates 1963 settlement of 99-year border dispute with Mexico. Coronado, Ariz. (1941/1952) 4,750. Commemorates first European exploration of the Southwest. DeSoto, Fla. (1948) 27. Commemorates 16th-century Spanish explorations. Federal Hall, N.Y. (1939/1955) 0.45. First seat of U.S. government under the Constitution. Fort Caroline, Fla. (1950) 138. On St. Johns River, overlooks site of second attempt by French Huguenots to colonize North America. Fort Clatsop, Ore. (1958) 125. Lewis and Clark encampment 1805-06. General Grant, N.Y. (1958) 0.76. Tombs of Pres. and wife. Hamilton Grange, N.Y. (1962) 0.11. Home of Alexander Hamilton. John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, D.C. (1958/1964) 18. Johnstown Flood, Pa. (1964) 164. Commemorates tragic flood of 1889. Lincoln Boyhood, Ind. (1962) 200. Lincoln grew up here. Lincoln Memorial, D.C. (1911) 110. Lyndon B. Johnson Grove on the Potomac, D.C. (1973) 17. Mount Rushmore, S.D. (1925) 1,278. World famous sculpture of 4 presidents. Roger Williams, R.I. (1965) 5. Memorial to founder of Rhode Island. Thaddeus Kosciuszko, Pa. (1972) 0.02. Memorial to Polish hero of American Revolution. Theodore Roosevelt Island, D.C. (1932) 89. Thomas Jefferson Memorial, D.C. (1934) 18. USS Arizona, Ha. (1980). 00. Memorializes American losses at Pearl Harbor. Washington Monument, D.C. (1848) 106. Wright Brothers , N.C. (1927/1953) 431. Site of first powered flight. National Historic Sites Abraham Lincoln Birthplace, Hodgenville, Ky. (1916/1959) 117. Adams, Quincy, Mass. (1946/1952) 10. Home of Presidents John Adams, John Quincy Adams, and celebrated descendants. Allegheny Portage Railroad, Pa. (1964) 1,247. Part of the Pennsylvania Canal system. Andersonville, Andersonville, Ga. (1970) 476. Noted Civil War prison. Andrew Johnson, Greeneville, Tenn. (1935/1963) 17. Home of the President. Bent's Old Fort, Col. (1960) 800. Old West fur-trading post. Boston African American (1980) Pre-Civil War black history structures. Carl Sandburg Home, N.C. (1968/1972) 264. Poet's home. Charles Pinckney, S.C. (1988) 25. Christiansted, St. Croix; V.I. (1952/1961) 27. Commemorates Danish colony. Clara Barton, Md. (1974) 9. Home of founder of American Red Cross. Edgar Allan Poe, Pa. (1978/1980) 1. Poet's home. Edison, West Orange, N.J. (1955/1962) 21. Home and laboratory. Eisenhower, Gettysburg, Pa. (1967/1969) 690. Home of 34th president. Eleanor Roosevelt, Hyde Park, N.Y. (1977) 181. Personal retreat. Eugene O'Neill, Danville, Cal. (1976) 13. Playwright's home. Ford's Theatre, Washington, D.C. (1866/1970) 0.29. Includes theater, now restored, where Lincoln was assassinated, house where he died, and Lincoln Museum. Fort Bowie, Ariz. (1964/1972) 1,000. Focal point of operations against Geronimo and the Apaches. Fort Davis, Tex. (1961/1963) 460. Frontier outpost battled Comanches and Apaches. Fort Laramie, Wy. (1938/1960) 833. Military post on Oregon Trail. Fort Larned, Kan. (1964/1966) 718. Military post on Santa Fe Trail. Fort Point, San Francisco, Cal. (1970) 29. Largest West Coast fortification. Fort Raleigh, N.C. (1941) 157. First English settlement. Fort Scott, Kan. (1965/1978) 17. Commemorates U.S. frontier of 1840-50. Fort Smith, Ark. (1961) 75. Active post from 1817 to 1890. Fort Union Trading Post, Mon., N.D. (1966) 442. Principal fur-trading post on upper Missouri, 1829-1867. Fort Vancouver, Wash. (1948/1961) 209. Hdqts. for Hudson's Bay Company in 1825. Early military and political seat. Frederick Douglass Home, D.C. (1962/1988) 9. Home of nation's leading black spokesman. Frederick Law Olmsted, Mass. (1979) 2. Home of famous park planner (1822-1903). Friendship Hill, Pa. (1978) 675. Home of Albert Gallatin, Jefferson's Sec'y of Treasury. Not open to public. Golden Spike, Utah (1957) 2,735. Commemorates completion of first transcontinental railroad in 1869. Grant-Kohrs Ranch, Mon. (1972) 1,498. Ranch house and part of 19th century ranch. Hampton, Md. (1948) 62. 18th-century Georgian mansion. Harry S Truman, Mo. (1983). 0.78. Home of Pres. Truman after 1919. Herbert Hoover, West Branch, Ia. (1965) 187. Birthplace and boyhood home of 31st president. Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Hyde Park, N.Y. (1944) 290. Birthplace, home and "Summer White House". Hopewell Furnace, Pa. (1938/1985) 848. 19th-century iron making village. Hubbell Trading Post, Ariz. (1965) 160. Indian trading post. James A. Garfield, Mentor, Oh. (1980) 8. President's home. Jefferson National Expansion, Mo. (1935/1954) 191. Commemorates westward expansion. Jimmy Carter, Ga. (1987) 70. Birthplace and home of 39th president. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Brookline, Mass. (1967) 0.09. Birthplace and childhood home of the President. John Muir, Martinez, Cal. (1964) 339. Home of early conservationist and writer. Knife River Indian Villages, N.D. (1974) 1,293. Remnants of 5 Hidatsa villages. Lincoln Home, Springfield, Ill. (1971) 12. Lincoln's residence when he was elected President, 1860. Longfellow, Cambridge, Mass. (1972) 2. Longfellow's home, 1837-82, and Washington's hq. during Boston Siege, 1775-76. Maggie L. Walker, Va. (1978) 1. Richmond home of black leader and 1903 founder of bank. Martin Luther King, Jr., Atlanta, Ga. (1980) 23. Birthplace, grave. Martin Van Buren, N.Y. (1974) 40. Lindenwald, home of 8th president, near Kinderhook. Ninety Six, S.C. (1976) 989. Colonial trading village. Palo Alto Battlefield, Tex. (1978) 50. One of 2 Mexican War battles fought in U.S. Pennsylvania Avenue, D.C. (1965) NA. Includes area between Capitol and White House, Ford's Theatre. Puukohola Heiau, Ha. (1972) 80. Ruins of temple built by King Kamehameha. Sagamore Hill, Oyster Bay, N.Y. (1962) 83. Home of President Theodore Roosevelt from 1885 until his death in 1919. Saint-Gaudens, Cornish, N.H. (1964/1977) 148. Home, studio and gardens of American sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens. Saint Paul's Church, N.Y. (1943/1978) 6. Eighteenth Century site of John Peter Zenger's "freedom of press" trial. Salem Maritime, Mass. (1938) 9. Only port never seized from the patriots by the British. Major fishing and whaling port. San Juan, P.R. (1949) 75. 16th-century Spanish fortifications. Saugus Iron Works, Mass. (1968) 9. Reconstructed 17th-century colonial ironworks. Springfield Armory, Mass. (1974) 55. Small arms manufacturing center for nearly 200 years. Steamtown, Pa. (1986) 42. Railyard, roadhouse and repair shops of former Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad. Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace, N.Y., N.Y. (1962) 0.11. Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural, Buffalo, N.Y. (1966) 1. Wilcox House where he took oath of office, 1901. Thomas Stone, Md. (1978) 328. Home of signer of Declaration, built in 1771. Not open to public. Tuskegee Institute, Ala. (1974) 74. College founded by Booker T. Washington in 1881 for blacks, includes student-made brick buildings. Ulysses S. Grant, St. Louis Co., Mo. (1989) 10. Home of Grant during pre-Civil War years. Vanderbilt Mansion, Hyde Park, N.Y. (1940) 212. Mansion of 19th-century financier. Whitman Mission, Wash. (1936/1963) 98. Site where Dr. and Mrs. Marcus Whitman ministered to the Indians until slain by them in 1847. William Howard Taft, Cincinnati, Oh. (1969) 3. Birthplace and early home of the 27th president. National Monuments 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴� Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Agate Fossil Beds Neb. 1965 3,055 Alibates Flint Quarries N.M.-Tex. 1965 1,371 Aniakchak Alas. 1978 137,176 Aztec Ruins N.M. 1923 319 Bandelier N.M. 1916 32,737 Black Canyon of the Gunnison Col. 1933 20,766 Booker T. Washington Va. 1956 224 Buck Island Reef V.I. 1961 880 Cabrillo Cal. 1913 137 Canyon de Chelly Ariz. 1931 83,840 Cape Krusenstern Alas. 1978 659,807 Capulin Volcano N.M. 1916 793 Casa Grande Ruins Ariz. 1892 473 Castillo de San Marcos Fla. 1924 20 Castle Clinton N.Y. 1946 1 Cedar Breaks Ut. 1933 6,155 Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cedar Breaks Ut. 1933 6,155 Chiricahua Ariz. 1924 11,985 Colorado Col. 1911 20,454 Congaree Swamp S.C. 1976 22,200 Craters of the Moon Ida. 1924 53,545 Custer Battlefield Mon. 1879 765 Death Valley Cal.-Nev. 1933 2,067,62 Devils Postpile Cal. 1911 798 Devils Tower Wy. 1906 1,347 Dinosaur Col.-Ut. 1915 210,844 Effigy Mounds Ia. 1949 1,481 El Malpais N.M. 1987 114,942 El Morro N.M. 1906 1,279 Florissant Fossil Beds** Col. 1969 5,998 Fort Frederica Ga. 1936 216 Fort Jefferson Fla. 1935 64,700 Fort Matanzas Fla. 1924 228 Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine Md. 1925 43 Fort Pulaski Ga. 1924 5,623 Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Fort Pulaski Ga. 1924 5,623 Fort Stanwix N.Y. 1935 16 Fort Sumter S.C. 1948 197 Fort Union N.M. 1954 721 Fossil Butte Wy. 1972 8,198 G. Washington Birthplace Va. 1930 538 George Washington Carver Mo. 1943 210 Gila Cliff Dwellings N.M. 1907 533 Grand Portage Minn. 1951 710 Great Sand Dunes Col. 1932 38,662 Hagerman Fossil Beds Ida. 1988 4,280 Hohokam Pima* Ariz. 1972 1,690 Homestead Nat'l. Monument of America Neb. 1936 195 Hovenweep Col.-Ut. 1923 785 Jewel Cave S.D. 1908 1,274 John Day Fossil Beds Ore. 1974 14,014 Joshua Tree Cal. 1936 559,955 Lava Beds Cal. 1925 46,560 Montezuma Castle Ariz. 1906 858 Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Montezuma Castle Ariz. 1906 858 Mound City Group Oh. 1923 270 Muir Woods Cal. 1908 554 Natural Bridges Ut. 1908 7,636 Navajo Ariz. 1909 360 Ocmulgee Ga. 1934 683 Oregon Caves Ore. 1909 488 Organ Pipe Cactus Ariz. 1937 330,689 Pecos N.M. 1965 365 Pinnacles Cal. 1908 16,265 Pipe Spring Ariz. 1923 40 Pipestone Minn. 1937 282 Poverty Point La. 1988 911 Rainbow Bridge Ut. 1910 160 Russell Cave Ala. 1961 310 Saguaro Ariz. 1933 83,574 Salinas N.M. 1909 1,077 Scotts Bluff Neb. 1919 2,997 Statue of Liberty N.J.-N.Y. 1924 58 Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Statue of Liberty N.J.-N.Y. 1924 58 Sunset Crater Ariz. 1930 3,040 Timpanogos Cave Ut. 1922 250 Tonto Ariz. 1907 1,120 Tumacacori Ariz. 1908 17 Tuzigoot Ariz. 1939 801 Walnut Canyon Ariz. 1915 2,249 White Sands N.M. 1933 143,733 Wupatki Ariz. 1924 35,253 Yucca House* Col. 1919 10 *Not open to the public. **No federal facilities. National Preserves 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Aniakchak Alas. 1978 465,603 Bering Land Bridge Alas. 1978 2,784,960 Big Cypress Fla. 1974 570,000 Big Thicket Tex. 1974 85,733 City of Rocks Ida. 1988 14,407 Denali Alas. 1917 1,311,365 Gates of the Arctic Alas. 1978 948,629 Glacier Bay Alas. 1925 57,884 Katmai Alas. 1918 374,000 Lake Clark Alas. 1978 1,407,293 Noatak Alas. 1978 6,574,481 Timucuan Ecological & Historic Preserve Fla. 1988 35,000 Wrangell-St. Elias Alas. 1978 4,856,721 Yukon-Charley Rivers Alas. 1978 2,523,509 National Seashores 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Assateague Island Md.-Va. 1965 39,631 Canaveral Fla. 1975 57,662 Cape Cod Mass. 1961 43,557 Cape Hatteras N.C. 1937 30,319 Cape Lookout** N.C. 1966 28,243 Cumberland Island Ga. 1972 36,415 Fire Island N.Y. 1964 19,579 Gulf Islands Fla.-Miss. 1971 139,775 Padre Island Tex. 1962 130,434 Point Reyes Cal. 1962 71,047 **No federal facilities. National Parkways 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Blue Ridge Va.-N.C. 1936 85,950 George Washington Memorial Va.-Md. 1930 7,131 John D. Rockefeller Jr. Mem. Wy. 1972 23,777 Natchez Trace Ala.-Miss.-Tenn. 1938 51,756 National Lakeshores 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Apostle Islands Wis. 1970 69,372 Indiana Dunes Ind. 1966 13,841 Pictured Rocks Mich. 1966 72,916 Sleeping Bear Dunes Mich. 1970 71,134 National Rivers 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Big South Fork Natl. R. and Recreation Tenn.-Ky. 1976 122,960 Buffalo Ark. 1972 94,219 New River Gorge W.Va. 1978 62,144 Ozark Mo. 1964 80,788 Mississippi Natl. R. and Recreation Minn. 1988 50,000 National Wild and Scenic Rivers 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alagnak Wild Alas. 1980 24,038 Bluestone W.Va. 1988 N.A. Delaware N.Y.-N.J.-Pa. 1978 1,973 Lower Saint Croix Minn.-Wis. 1972 9,475 Missouri Natl. Recreational River Neb. 1978 0 Obed Wild Tenn. 1976 5,075 Rio Grande Tex. 1978 9,600 Saint Croix Minn.-Wis. 1968 67,432 Upper Delaware N.Y.-N.J. 1978 75,000 Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Upper Delaware N.Y.-N.J. 1978 75,000 Parks (no other classification) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Catoctin Mountain Md. 1954 5,770 Constitution Gardens D.C. 1978 52 Fort Washington Md. 1930 341 Greenbelt Md. 1950 1,176 Perry's Victory Oh. 1936 25 Piscataway Md. 1961 4,263 Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Piscataway Md. 1961 4,263 Prince William Forest Va. 1948 18,572 Rock Creek D.C. 1890 1,754 Vietnam Veterans D.C. 1980 2 Wolf Trap Farm Park for the Performing Arts Va. 1966 130 National Recreation Areas 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Amistad Tex. 1965 57,292 Bighorn Canyon Mon.-Wy. 1966 120,296 Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bighorn Canyon Mon.-Wy. 1966 120,296 Chattahoochee R. Ga. 1978 9,268 Chickasaw Okla. 1902 9,522 Coulee Dam Wash. 1946 100,390 Curecanti Col. 1965 42,114 Cuyahoga Valley Oh. 1974 32,438 Delaware Water Gap N.J.-Pa. 1965 66,652 Gateway N.Y.-N.J. 1972 26,311 Gauley R. W.Va. 1988 N.A. Glen Canyon Ariz.-Ut. 1958 1,236,880 Golden Gate Cal. 1972 73,082 Lake Chelan Wash. 1968 61,883 Lake Mead Ariz.-Nev. 1936 1,495,666 Lake Meredith Tex. 1965 44,978 Ross Lake Wash. 1968 117,575 Santa Monica Mts. Cal. 1978 150,050 Whiskeytown Cal. 1965 42,503 National Mall Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 D.C. 1933 146 National Scenic Trails Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Appalachian Me. to Ga. 1968 161,546 Natchez Trace Ga.-Ala.-Tenn. 1983 10,995 Potomac Heritage Md.-D.C.-Va.-Pa. 1983 *** ***Undetermined. International Historic Sites Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Saint Croix Island Me. 1949 35 National Park Service Recreation Visits National Park Service 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Park Recreation Visits 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Acadia Natl. Park 5,440,952 Blue Ridge Natl. Parkway 16,176,170 Cape Cod Natl. Seashore 5,020,069 Castle Clinton Natl. Monument 3,285,976 Gateway Natl. Recreation Area 6,748,181 George Washington Memorial Parkway 3,048,161 Glen Canyon Natl. Recreation Area 3,452,847 Golden Gate Natl. Recreation Area 16,656,900 Grand Canyon Natl. Park 3,966,209 Great Smokey Mtns. Natl. Park 8,333,553 Gulf Islands Natl. Seashore 4,458,368 Independence Natl. Hist. Park 5,174,682 Jefferson Natl. Expansion Memorial Hist. Site 2,518,712 J.F.K. Center for the Performing Arts 3,450,734 Lake Mead Natl. Recreation Area 8,495,295 Natchez Trace Parkway 10,837,880 Park Recreation Visits 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Natchez Trace Parkway 10,837,880 National Capital Parks 8,934,149 Olympic Natl. Park 2,737,611 Rocky Mountain Natl. Park 2,502,915 San Francisco Maritime Natl. Hist. Park 5,203,302 Statue of Liberty Natl. Monument 2,655,797 Valley Forge Natl. Hist. Park 4,700,074 Vietnam Veterans Memorial 2,594,694 Yellowstone Natl. Park 2,644,442 Yosemite Natl. Park 3,308,159 The following places had more than 2.5 million recreation visitsin 1989: Attendance at all areas administered by the National Park Service in1989 was 269,399,900 recreation visits. National Recreation Areas Administered by Forest Service 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name State Year Acreage 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Allegheny Pa. 1984 23,063 Arapaho Col. 1978 34,928 Flaming Gorge Ut.-Wyo. 1968 201,114 Hell's Canyon Ida.-Ore. 1975 538,115 Mount Baker Wash. 1984 8,473 Mount Rogers Va. 1966 154,816 Oregon Dunes Ore. 1972 31,566 Rattlesnake Mon. 1980 61,000 Sawtooth Ida. 1972 756,019 Spruce Knob-Seneca Rocks W. Va. 1965 100,000 Whiskeytown Shasta-Trinity Cal. 1965 203,587 White Rocks Vt. 1984 36,400 Recreational Use of Public Lands Administered by Bureau of Land Management U.S. Bureau of Land Management (In thousands. For year ending Sept. 30.) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Type of Recreation Type of Recreation T Use (visitor hours) Use (visitor hours) Land-based Land-based L recreation recreation r activities activities a Motorized travel Motorized travel M Year Number of visits Total Off road vehicle Other motorized N travel travel t 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Type of Recreation Type of Recreation T Use (visitor hours) Use (visitor hours) Land-based Land-based L recreation recreation r activities activities a Motorized travel Motorized travel M Year Number of visits Total Off road vehicle Other motorized N travel travel t 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1983 56,270 334,010 24,397 35,534 1 1984 59,228 271,373 21,348 25,433 9 1985 51,739 244,612 36,995 24,053 1 1986 54,253 284,142 49,688 25,866 1 1987 56,427 514,7161 123,325 34,325 1 1989 60,957 493,214 65,808 74,075 3 Type of Recreation Type of Recreation T Use (visitor hours) Use (visitor hours) Land-based Land-based L recreation recreation r activities activities a Motorized travel Motorized travel M Year Number of visits Total Off road vehicle Other motorized N travel travel t  1 Increase due to an estimated longer length of stay per visit,especially in California. Federal Indian Reservations and Trust Lands1 Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Interior Department (data as of 1988) The total American Indian population according to the 1980 Census is 1.534 million. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� State No of Reser. Tribally-owned acreage2 Individually-owned acr 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alabama 1 230 0 Alaska 15 86,773 884,100 Arizona 20 19,766,911 256,927 California 83 513,005 67,175 Colorado 2 785,411 2,964 Connecticut 1 1,201 0 Florida 4 153,840 0 Idaho 4 464,077 327,301 State No of Reser. Tribally-owned acreage2 Individually-owned acr 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Idaho 4 464,077 327,301 Iowa 1 4,164 0 Kansas 4 7,620 22,058 Louisiana 3 567 0 Maine 3 212,699 0 Michigan 8 12,433 9,224 Minnesota 14 714,271 51,011 Mississippi 1 17,715 19 Montana 7 2,327,347 2,881,339 Nebraska 3 21,657 43,186 State No of Reser. Tribally-owned acreage2 Individually-owned acr 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nebraska 3 21,657 43,186 Nevada 22 1,147,163 78,566 New Mexico 24 7,174,491 675,968 New York 8 87,058 0 North Carolina 1 56,461 0 North Dakota 3 217,049 634,950 Oklahoma 110 94,488 1,018,738 Oregon 6 643,561 135,052 Rhode Island 1 1,800 0 State No of Reser. Tribally-owned acreage2 Individually-owned acr 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  South Dakota 9 2,660,995 2,421,092 Texas 3 4,574 0 Utah 4 2,298,302 33,343 Washington 27 2,102,097 467,785 Wisconsin 11 337,330 80,671 Wyoming 1 1,793,420 93,842 1 As of 1988 the federal government recognized and acknowledged thatit had a special relationship with, and a trust responsibility for, 307federally recognized Indian entities in the continental U.S., plus some200 tribal entities in Alaska. The term "Indian entities"encompasses Indian tribes, bands, villages, groups, pueblos, Eskimos,and Aleuts, eligible for federal services and classified in the following3 categories: (a) Officially approved Indian organizations pursuant tofederal statutory authority (Indian Reorganization Act; Oklahoma IndianWelfare Act and Alaska Native Act.) (b) Officially approved Indianorganizations outside of specified federal statutory authority.(c) Traditional Indian organizations recognized without formal federalapproval of organizational structure. Some reservation boundariestranscend state boundaries (e.g., Navajo which is in Arizona, New Mexico,and Utah). For statistical convenience under "Number ofReservations," such reservations are counted in the state wherepopulation is predominant and/or tribal headquarters is located. 2 The acreages refer only to Indian lands which are either ownedby the tribes or individual Indians, and held in trust by the U.S.government. Many of these parcels are located off reservations. Not alllands within reservation boundaries are necessarily trust lands. Manyparcels are privately-owned by tribes, individual Indians, and non-Indians.Also, some internal lands are the property of various governmental agencies. 3 Number of Indians living on or adjacent to federally recognizedreservations comprising the BIA service population. 4 Unemployment rate of Indian work force consisting of all those16 years old and over who are able and actively seeking work. 5 Alaskan Indian Affairs are carried out under the Alaska NativeClaims Settlement Act (Dec. 18, 1971). The Act provided for theestablishment of regional and village corporations to conduct businessfor profit and non-profit purposes. There are 13 such regionalcorporations, each one with organized village corporations. The AnnetteIsland Reservation remains the only federally recognized reservation inAlaska in the sense of specific reservation boundaries, trust lands, etc. 6 Aleuts and Eskimos are racially and linguistically related.Athapascans are related to the Navaho and Apache Indians. 7 "Seminole" means "runaways" and theseIndians from various tribes were originally refugees from whites in theCarolinas and Georgia. Later joined by runaway slaves, the Seminole wereunited by their hostility to the United States. Formal peace with theSeminoles in Florida was not achieved until 1934. The Miccosukee are abranch of the Seminole; they retain their Indian religion and have not madeformal peace with the United States. 8 Once two tribes, the Sac and Fox formed a political alliance in1734. 9 These 4 tribes along with the Cayuga andTuscarora made up the Iroquois League, which ruled large portions ofNew York, New England and Pennsylvania and ranged into the Midwest andSouth. The Onondaga, who traditionally provide the president of the league,maintain that they are a foreign nation within New York and the UnitedStates. 10 Indian land status in Oklahoma is unique andthere are no reservations except for Osage in the sense that the term isused elsewhere in the U.S. Likewise, many of the Oklahoma tribes are uniquein their high degree of assimilation to the white culture. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS Popular and Electoral Vote, 1984 and 1988 News Election Service 露컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴� 1988 1988 1988 1988 1984 Electoral Vote Electoral Vote Democrat Republican Electoral Vot States Dukakis Bush Dukakis Bush Mondale 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ala. 0 9 549,506 815,576 0 1988 1988 1988 1988 1984 Electoral Vote Electoral Vote Democrat Republican Electoral Vot States Dukakis Bush Dukakis Bush Mondale 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ala. 0 9 549,506 815,576 0 Alas. 0 3 72,584 119,251 0 Ariz. 0 7 454,029 702,541 0 Ark. 0 6 349,237 466,578 0 Cal. 0 47 4,702,233 5,054,917 0 Col. 0 8 621,453 728,177 0 Conn. 0 8 676,584 750,241 0 Del. 0 3 108,647 139,639 0 D.C. 3 0 159,407 27,590 3 Fla. 0 21 1,655,851 2,616,597 0 Ga. 0 12 714,792 1,081,331 0 Ha. 4 0 192,364 158,625 0 Ida. 0 4 147,272 253,881 0 Ill. 0 24 2,215,940 2,310,939 0 Ind. 0 12 860,643 1,297,763 0 Ia. 8 0 670,557 545,355 0 Kan. 0 7 422,636 554,049 0 1988 1988 1988 1988 1984 Electoral Vote Electoral Vote Democrat Republican Electoral Vot States Dukakis Bush Dukakis Bush Mondale 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Kan. 0 7 422,636 554,049 0 Ky. 0 9 580,368 734,281 0 La. 0 10 717,460 883,702 0 Me. 0 4 243,569 307,131 0 Md. 0 10 826,304 876,167 0 Mass. 13 0 1,401,415 1,194,635 0 Mich. 0 20 1,675,783 1,965,486 0 Minn. 10 0 1,109,471 962,337 10 Miss. 0 7 363,921 557,890 0 Mo. 0 11 1,001,619 1,084,953 0 Mon. 0 4 168,936 190,412 0 Neb. 0 5 259,235 397,956 0 Nev. 0 4 132,738 206,040 0 N.H. 0 4 163,696 281,537 0 N.J. 0 16 1,317,541 1,740,604 0 N.M. 0 5 244,497 270,341 0 N.Y. 36 0 3,347,882 3,081,871 0 1988 1988 1988 1988 1984 Electoral Vote Electoral Vote Democrat Republican Electoral Vot States Dukakis Bush Dukakis Bush Mondale 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� N.Y. 36 0 3,347,882 3,081,871 0 N.C. 0 13 890,167 1,237,258 0 N.D. 0 3 127,739 166,559 0 Oh. 0 23 1,939,629 2,416,549 0 Okla. 0 8 483,423 678,367 0 Ore. 7 0 616,206 560,126 0 Pa. 0 25 2,194,944 2,300,087 0 R.I. 4 0 225,123 177,761 0 S.C. 0 8 370,554 606,443 0 S.D. 0 3 145,560 165,415 0 Tenn. 0 11 679,794 947,233 0 Tex. 0 29 2,352,748 3,036,829 0 Ut. 0 5 207,352 428,442 0 Vt. 0 3 115,775 124,331 0 Va. 0 12 859,799 1,309,162 0 Wash. 10 0 933,516 903,835 0 W.Va. 6 0 341,016 310,065 0 1988 1988 1988 1988 1984 Electoral Vote Electoral Vote Democrat Republican Electoral Vot States Dukakis Bush Dukakis Bush Mondale 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� W.Va. 6 0 341,016 310,065 0 Wis. 11 0 1,126,794 1,047,499 0 Wyo. 0 3 67,113 106,867 0 Total 112 426 41,805,422 48,881,221 13 Presidential Election Returns by Counties News Election Service All results are official. Results for New England states are forselected cities or towns due to unavailability of county results.Totals are always statewide. Alabama 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Autauga 3,667 7,828 3,366 8,350 Baldwin 9,271 25,933 7,272 24,964 Barbour 3,836 4,958 4,591 5,459 Bibb 2,244 2,885 2,167 3,487 Blount 4,485 8,754 3,738 8,508 Bullock 3,122 1,421 3,537 1,697 Butler 3,465 3,923 3,641 4,941 Calhoun 12,451 19,806 12,752 23,291 Chambers 5,103 7,694 5,302 8,024 Cherokee 3,176 2,868 3,029 3,225 Chilton 3,820 8,761 3,924 8,243 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Chilton 3,820 8,761 3,924 8,243 Choctaw 3,491 3,629 3,373 3,960 Clarke 4,217 5,708 4,452 6,282 Clay 1,602 3,496 1,456 3,432 Cleburne 1,383 3,071 1,238 3,259 Coffee 4,319 8,890 4,370 10,558 Colbert 10,397 7,775 11,008 9,530 Conecuh 3,022 3,256 2,737 3,538 Coosa 1,860 2,405 1,781 2,585 Covington 3,845 8,130 3,812 9,944 Crenshaw 1,836 2,617 1,904 3,261 Cullman 8,517 14,351 7,989 14,782 Dale 3,476 9,266 3,215 10,319 Dallas 9,660 7,630 10,955 9,585 DeKalb 7,333 11,478 7,212 12,098 Elmore 4,501 10,852 4,198 11,694 Escambia 4,020 6,807 3,853 8,694 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Escambia 4,020 6,807 3,853 8,694 Etowah 17,762 17,828 19,074 19,243 Fayette 3,186 4,338 2,533 4,654 Franklin 4,961 5,146 4,601 5,304 Geneva 2,685 5,703 2,330 6,308 Greene 3,295 1,048 3,675 1,361 Hale 3,187 2,414 3,289 2,691 Henry 2,206 3,613 2,231 3,952 Houston 7,001 19,989 6,488 20,834 Jackson 7,418 6,090 7,635 6,730 Jefferson 107,766 148,879 107,506 158,362 Lamar 2,274 3,214 1,910 3,943 Lauderdale 12,862 12,942 12,907 15,354 Lawrence 4,646 3,616 4,866 4,466 Lee 9,078 17,180 9,077 16,757 Limestone 5,455 9,086 5,410 8,423 Lowndes 3,328 1,405 3,567 1,629 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Lowndes 3,328 1,405 3,567 1,629 Macon 6,351 1,304 7,857 1,543 Madison 25,800 53,575 26,889 50,428 Marengo 4,402 4,241 4,811 5,261 Marion 4,505 5,955 3,918 6,771 Marshall 7,357 12,148 7,704 12,330 Mobile 45,524 72,203 47,252 81,923 Monroe 3,509 5,379 3,725 5,917 Montgomery 28,709 41,131 31,206 43,328 Morgan 10,594 18,679 11,324 24,103 Perry 3,574 2,107 3,731 2,600 Pickens 3,107 3,851 3,586 4,685 Pike 3,813 5,897 3,541 6,231 Randolph 2,462 4,625 2,439 4,940 Russell 6,589 6,333 7,610 6,654 St. Clair 4,335 10,604 4,000 10,408 Shelby 7,138 27,052 5,884 21,858 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Shelby 7,138 27,052 5,884 21,858 Sumter 4,390 2,212 4,478 2,493 Talladega 8,291 12,973 8,490 14,067 Tallapoosa 4,598 8,502 4,458 9,045 Tuscaloosa 18,166 27,396 16,066 28,075 Walker 11,338 11,011 10,591 12,852 Washington 3,402 3,741 3,081 4,434 Wilcox 3,369 1,739 2,663 2,337 Winston 2,954 6,235 2,624 6,845 Totals 549,506 815,576 551,899 872,849 Alabama Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 250,726; Willkie, Rep., 42,174; Babson, Proh., 698; Browder, Com., 509; Thomas, Soc., 100. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 198,918; Dewey, Rep., 44,540; Watson, Proh., 1,095; Thomas, Soc., 190. 1948, Thurmond, States' Rights, 171,443; Dewey, Rep., 40,930; Wallace, Prog., 1,522; Watson, Proh., 1,085. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 149,231; Stevenson, Dem., 275,075; Hamblen, Proh., 1,814. 1956, Stevenson, Dem., 290,844; Eisenhower, Rep. 195,694; Independent electors, 20,323. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 324,050; Nixon, Rep., 237,981; Faubus, States' Rights, 4,367; Decker, Proh., 2,106; King, Afro-Americans, 1,485; scattering, 236. 1964, Dem. 209,848 (electors unpledged); Goldwater, Rep., 479,085; scattering, 105. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 146,923; Humphrey, Dem., 196,579; Wallace, 3d party, 691,425; Munn, Proh., 4,022. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 728,701; McGovern, Dem., 219,108 plus 37,815 Natl. Demo. Party of Alabama; Schmitz, Conservative, 11,918; Munn., Proh., 8,551. 1976, Carter, Dem., 659,170; Ford, Rep., 504,070; Maddox, Am. Ind., 9,198; Bubar, Proh., 6,669; Hall, Com., 1,954; MacBride, Libertarian, 1,481. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 654,192; Carter, Dem., 636,730; Anderson, Independent, 16,481; Rarick, Amer. Ind., 15,010; Clark, Libertarian, 13,318; Bubar, Statesman, 1,743; Hall, Com., 1,629; DeBerry, Soc. Work., 1,303; McReynolds, Socialist, 1,006; Commoner, Citizens, 517. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 872,849; Mondale, Dem., 551,899; Bergland, Libertarian, 9,504. 1988, Bush, Rep., 815,576; Dukakis, Dem., 549,506; Paul, Lib., 8,460; Fulani, Ind., 3,311. Alaska 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan Election District (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� No. 1 3,167 4,564 2,937 5,256 No. 2 1,879 2,274 1,857 2,645 No. 3 1,884 2,313 1,561 2,540 No. 4 6,057 5,963 5,293 7,322 No. 5 3,696 6,874 2,896 8,188 No. 6 1,543 2,347 1,261 2,883 No. 7 2,088 3,806 1,539 4,363 No. 8 3,815 7,629 2,752 8,603 No. 9 3,980 6,876 3,186 8,361 No. 10 3,786 6,241 3,034 7,634 No. 11 2,590 3,189 2,621 5,176 No. 12 3,733 3,511 4,063 5,348 No. 13 2,643 4,968 2,616 6,106 No. 14 3,387 6,164 2,843 7,465 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan Election District (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� No. 14 3,387 6,164 2,843 7,465 No. 15 3,726 8,949 2,749 8,993 No. 16 4,174 8,851 2,935 9,942 No. 17 1,302 3,093 1,014 3,793 No. 18 1,674 5,998 967 4,858 No. 19 2,737 4,485 1,905 3,880 No. 20 3,389 5,225 2,914 6,538 No. 21 2,816 3,127 2,433 3,629 No. 22 1,377 1,861 1,319 2,075 No. 23 1,390 1,898 1,546 2,165 No. 24 1,381 1,818 1,473 2,321 No. 25 1,430 1,611 1,825 2,004 No. 26 1,568 2,959 1,216 3,019 No. 27 1,372 2,657 1,252 3,270 Totals 72,584 119,251 62,007 138,377 Alaska Vote Since 1960 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 29,809; Nixon, Rep. 30,953. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 44,329; Goldwater, Rep., 22,930. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 37,600; Humphrey, Dem., 35,411; Wallace, 3d party, 10,024. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 55,349; McGovern, Dem., 32,967; Schmitz, American, 6,903. 1976, Carter, Dem., 44,058; Ford, Rep., 71,555; MacBride, Libertarian, 6,785. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 86,112; Carter, Dem., 41,842; Clark, Libertarian, 18,479; Anderson, Ind., 11,155; Write-in, 857. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 138,377; Mondale, Dem., 62,007; Bergland, Libertarian, 6,378. 1988, Bush, Rep., 119,251; Dukakis, Dem., 72,584; Paul, Lib., 5,484; Fulani, New. Alliance, 1,024. Arizona 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Apache 8,944 5,347 7,277 5,638 Cochise 11,812 15,815 9,671 16,405 Coconino 14,660 16,649 11,528 17,581 Gila 7,147 7,861 6,509 8,543 Graham 3,407 5,120 3,080 5,247 Greenlee 1,733 1,526 1,963 1,801 La Paz 1,746 2,562 1,502 2,757 Maricopa 230,952 442,337 154,833 411,902 Mohave 10,197 17,651 7,436 17,364 Navajo 9,023 10,393 8,017 11,379 Pima 113,824 117,899 91,585 123,830 Pinal 13,850 14,966 11,923 16,464 Santa Cruz 3,268 3,320 2,463 3,855 Yavapai 14,514 27,842 9,609 24,802 Yuma 8,952 13,253 6,458 13,848 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Yuma 8,952 13,253 6,458 13,848 Totals 454,029 702,541 333,854 681,416 Arizona Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 95,267; Willkie, Rep., 54,030; Babson, Proh., 742. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 80,926; Dewey, Rep., 56,287; Watson, Proh., 421. 1948, Truman, Dem., 95,251; Dewey, Rep., 77,597; Wallace, Prog., 3,310; Watson, Proh., 786; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 121. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 152,042; Stevenson, Dem., 108,528. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 176,990; Stevenson, Dem., 112,880; Andrews, Ind. 303. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 176,781; Nixon, Rep., 221,241; Hass, Soc. Labor, 469. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 237,753; Goldwater, Rep., 242,535; Hass, Soc. Labor, 482. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 266,721; Humphrey, Dem., 170,514; Wallace, 3d party, 46,573; McCarthy, New Party, 2,751; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 85; Cleaver, Peace and Freedom, 217; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 75. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 402,812; McGovern, Dem., 198,540; Schmitz, Amer., 21,208; Soc. Workers, 30,945. (Due to ballot peculiarities in 3 counties (particularly Pima), thousands of voters cast ballots for the Socialist Workers Party and one of the major candidates. Court ordered both votes counted as official. 1976, Carter, Dem., 295,602; Ford, Rep., 418,642; McCarthy, Ind., 19,229; MacBride, Libertarian, 7,647; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 928; Anderson, Amer., 564; Maddox, Am. Ind., 85. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 529,688; Carter, Dem., 246,843; Anderson, Ind., 76,952; Clark, Libertarian, 18,784; De Berry, Soc. Workers, 1,100; Commoner, Citizens, 551; Hall, Com., 25; Griswold, Workers World, 2. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 681,416; Mondale, Dem., 333,854; Bergland, Libertarian, 10,585. 1988, Bush, Rep., 702,541; Dukakis, Dem., 454,029; Paul, Lib., 13,351; Fulani, New Alliance, 1,662. Arkansas 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Arkansas 3,075 4,007 3,153 4,804 Ashley 4,466 4,111 3,373 5,675 Baxter 4,808 8,614 4,528 10,870 Benton 9,399 24,295 7,306 24,296 Boone 3,998 7,567 3,356 7,961 Bradley 2,167 2,089 2,313 2,690 Calhoun 1,024 1,316 1,058 1,474 Carroll 2,632 4,553 2,263 5,041 Chicot 2,426 1,901 3,407 2,502 Clark 4,675 3,389 4,638 4,185 Clay 3,442 2,766 3,279 3,767 Cleburne 3,404 4,932 3,172 5,769 Cleveland 1,404 1,462 1,378 1,773 Columbia 3,706 5,810 3,680 6,526 Conway 4,134 4,066 3,742 5,049 Craighead 9,083 11,887 8,035 14,047 Crawford 3,582 9,092 3,071 9,551 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Crawford 3,582 9,092 3,071 9,551 Crittenden 6,702 7,441 6,520 6,663 Cross 2,989 3,186 2,701 3,917 Dallas 1,990 1,947 2,035 2,361 Desha 2,859 2,334 2,918 2,696 Drew 2,578 2,995 2,638 3,407 Faulkner 7,302 10,678 7,169 11,595 Franklin 2,458 3,588 2,399 4,382 Fulton 2,018 1,918 1,864 2,329 Garland 11,406 19,281 11,484 21,213 Grant 2,142 2,717 2,148 3,167 Greene 5,065 5,161 4,730 6,179 Hempstead 3,841 3,938 3,327 4,904 Hot Spring 5,090 4,181 5,836 5,629 Howard 1,818 2,510 1,746 3,079 Independence 4,523 6,637 4,415 7,428 Izard 2,652 2,824 2,346 2,726 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Izard 2,652 2,824 2,346 2,726 Jackson 4,199 3,049 4,038 3,901 Jefferson 16,664 12,520 18,082 14,514 Johnson 2,818 4,046 3,056 4,720 Lafayette 1,915 1,860 1,695 2,290 Lawrence 3,179 3,205 2,594 4,039 Lee 2,878 1,863 2,541 2,101 Lincoln 2,204 1,557 2,406 1,860 Little River 2,740 2,347 2,090 3,155 Logan 1,254 2,203 3,206 5,663 Lonoke 4,786 7,215 4,636 8,425 Madison 2,106 3,067 2,133 3,516 Marion 2,033 2,993 1,945 3,545 Miller 5,437 7,110 4,686 8,302 Mississippi 6,759 7,841 7,548 10,180 Monroe 2,052 1,862 2,413 2,508 Montgomery 1,362 1,752 1,497 2,221 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Montgomery 1,362 1,752 1,497 2,221 Nevada 1,732 1,714 1,783 2,352 Newton 1,489 2,504 1,414 2,749 Ouachita 5,229 6,297 5,858 6,700 Perry 1,470 1,627 1,404 2,047 Phillips 5,580 3,892 5,946 4,686 Pike 1,681 2,105 1,443 2,665 Poinsett 3,873 3,644 3,906 5,622 Polk 2,390 4,099 2,101 5,181 Pope 4,941 10,084 5,082 10,667 Prairie 1,688 1,947 1,437 2,407 Pulaski 55,857 70,562 54,237 77,651 Randolph 2,781 2,560 2,507 3,188 St. Francis 4,656 4,298 4,866 5,378 Saline 8,436 12,353 5,977 11,709 Scott 1,707 2,507 1,609 3,066 Searcy 1,340 2,743 1,313 2,819 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Searcy 1,340 2,743 1,313 2,819 Sebastian 9,684 24,426 8,688 27,595 Sevier 2,037 2,254 1,942 3,302 Sharp 2,955 3,623 2,492 4,392 Stone 1,728 2,186 1,654 2,325 Union 5,931 10,581 6,208 12,333 Van Buren 2,607 3,562 2,529 4,060 Washington 12,557 23,601 11,319 24,993 White 6,957 11,094 6,603 12,566 Woodruff 1,924 1,097 2,055 1,675 Yell 2,763 3,535 2,679 4,051 Totals 349,237 466,578 338,646 534,774 Arkansas Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 158,622; Willkie, Rep., 42,121; Babson, Proh., 793; Thomas, Soc., 305. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 148,965; Dewey, Rep., 63,551; Thomas, Soc. 438. 1948, Truman, Dem., 149,659; Dewey, Rep., 50,959; Thurmond, States' Rights, 40,068; Thomas, Soc., 1,037; Wallace, Prog., 751; Watson, Proh., 1. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 177,155; Stevenson, Dem., 226,300; Hamblen, Proh., 886; MacArthur, Christian Nationalist, 458; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1. 1956, Stevenson, Dem., 213,277; Eisenhower, Rep., 186,287; Andrews, Ind., 7,008. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 215,049; Nixon, Rep., 184,508; Nat'l. States' Rights, 28,952. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 314,197; Goldwater, Rep., 243,264; Kasper, Nat'l. States Rights, 2,965. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 189,062; Humphrey, Dem., 184,901; Wallace, 3d party, 235,627. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 445,751; McGovern, Dem., 198,899; Schmitz, Amer. , 3,016. 1976, Carter, Dem., 498,604; Ford, Rep., 267,903; McCarthy, Ind., 639; Anderson, Amer., 389. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 403,164; Carter, Dem., 398,041; Anderson, Ind., 22,468; Clark, Libertarian, 8,970; Commoner, Citizens, 2,345; Bubar, Statesman, 1,350; Hall, Comm., 1,244. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 534,774; Mondale, Dem., 338,646; Bergland, Libertarian, 2,220. 1988, Bush, Rep., 466,578; Dukakis, Dem., 349,237; Duke, Chr. Pop., 5,146; Paul, Lib., 3,297. California 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alameda 310,283 162,815 279,281 190,029 Alpine 230 306 194 264 Amador 5,197 6,893 4,166 6,970 Butte 30,406 40,143 25,126 44,836 Calaveras 5,674 7,640 3,919 7,339 Colusa 2,022 3,077 1,715 3,362 Contra Costa 169,411 158,652 137,941 167,797 Del Norte 3,587 3,714 2,693 3,989 El Dorado 19,801 30,021 13,969 26,900 Fresno 92,635 94,835 83,416 101,156 Glenn 2,894 4,944 2,480 5,994 Humboldt 29,781 21,460 24,870 27,495 Imperial 10,243 12,889 8,231 13,816 Inyo 2,653 5,042 2,348 5,811 Kern 55,083 90,550 44,523 85,872 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Kern 55,083 90,550 44,523 85,872 Kings 9,142 12,118 7,317 13,357 Lake 9,828 9,366 8,292 10,291 Lassen 3,446 5,157 3,253 5,338 Los Angeles 1,372,352 1,239,716 1,114,578 1,370,813 Madera 10,642 13,255 8,701 13,853 Marin 69,394 46,855 56,796 55,845 Mariposa 2,998 3,768 2,121 3,571 Mendocino 17,152 12,979 14,172 16,107 Merced 20,105 21,717 16,875 25,003 Modoc 1,416 2,518 1,219 2,995 Mono 1,284 2,177 944 2,630 Monterey 48,998 50,022 39,676 54,440 Napa 22,283 23,235 18,234 25,715 Nevada 14,980 21,383 10,941 19,440 Orange 269,013 586,230 200,477 615,099 Placer 27,516 42,096 20,527 36,565 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Placer 27,516 42,096 20,527 36,565 Plumas 4,251 4,603 3,709 5,079 Riverside 133,122 199,979 99,853 178,397 Sacramento 188,557 201,832 153,450 197,957 San Benito 4,559 5,578 3,454 5,530 San Bernardino 151,118 235,167 114,710 217,556 San Diego 333,264 523,143 251,134 487,362 San Francisco 201,887 72,503 190,396 88,683 San Joaquin 61,699 75,309 53,441 81,084 San Luis Obispo 35,667 46,613 26,626 48,331 San Mateo 141,859 109,261 120,853 133,912 Santa Barbara 63,586 77,524 49,505 85,458 Santa Clara 277,810 254,442 224,032 280,425 Santa Cruz 63,133 37,728 47,240 39,862 Shasta 21,171 32,402 19,178 32,854 Sierra 791 860 781 1,078 Siskiyou 8,365 9,056 7,130 10,544 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Siskiyou 8,365 9,056 7,130 10,544 Solano 54,344 50,314 41,435 50,867 Sonoma 91,262 67,725 69,383 74,014 Stanislaus 44,685 51,648 36,599 54,085 Sutter 6,557 14,100 5,526 14,425 Tehama 7,213 9,854 6,511 11,536 Trinity 2,518 3,267 2,204 3,525 Tulare 30,711 46,891 27,707 50,262 Tuolumne 8,717 10,646 7,212 10,376 Ventura 89,065 147,604 64,623 146,647 Yolo 30,429 22,358 25,264 23,604 Yuba 5,444 8,937 4,996 9,265 Totals 4,702,233 5,054,917 3,815,947 5,305,410 California Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,877,618; Willkie, Rep., 1,351,419; Thomas, Prog., 16,506; Browder, Com., 13,586; Babson, Proh., 9,400. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,988,564; Dewey, Rep., 1,512,965; Watson, Proh., 14,770; Thomas, Soc., 3,923; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 327. 1948, Truman, Dem., 1,913,134; Dewey, Rep., 1,895,269; Wallace, Prog., 190,381; Watson, Proh., 16,926; Thomas, Soc., 3,459; Thurmond, States' Rights, 1,228; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 195; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 133. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 2,897,310; Stevenson, Dem., 2,197,548; Hallinan, Prog., 24,106; Hamblen, Proh., 15,653; MacArthur, (Tenny Ticket), 3,326; (Kellems Ticket) 178; Hass, Soc. Labor, 273; Hoopes, Soc., 206; scattered, 3,249. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 3,027,668; Stevenson, Dem., 2,420,136; Holtwick, Proh., 11,119; Andrews, Constitution, 6,087; Hass, Soc. Labor, 300; Hoopes, Soc., 123; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 96; Smith, Christian Nat'l., 8. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 3,224,099; Nixon, Rep., 3,259,722; Decker, Proh., 21,706; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,051. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 4,171,877; Goldwater, Rep., 2,879,108; Hass, Soc. Labor, 489; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 378; Munn, Proh., 305; Hensley, Universal, 19. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 3,467,664; Humphrey, Dem., 3,244,318; Wallace, 3d party, 487,270; Peace and Freedom party, 27,707; McCarthy, Alternative, 20,721; Gregory, write-in, 3,230; Mitchell, Com., 260; Munn, Proh., 59; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 341; Soeters, Defense, 17. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 4,602,096; McGovern, Dem., 3,475,847; Schmitz, Amer., 232,554; Spock, Peace and Freedom, 55,167; Hall, Com., 373; Hospers, Libertarian, 980; Munn, Proh., 53; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 197; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 574; Green, Universal, 21. 1976, Carter, Dem., 3,742,284; Ford, Rep., 3,882,244; MacBride, Libertarian, 56,388; Maddox, Am. Ind., 51,098; Wright, People's, 41,731; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 17,259; Hall, Com., 12,766; write-in, McCarthy, 58,412; other write-in, 4,935. 1980, Reagan, Rep. 4,524,858; Carter, Dem., 3,083,661; Anderson, Ind., 739,833; Clark, Libertarian, 148,434; Commoner, Ind. 61,063; Smith, Peace & Freedom, 18,116; Rarick, Amer. Ind., 9,856. 1984, Reagan, Rep. 5,305,410; Mondale, Dem., 3,815,947; Bergland, Libertarian, 48,400. 1988, Bush, Rep., 5,054,917; Dukakis, Dem., 4,702,233; Paul, Lib., 70,105; Fulani, Ind., 31,181. Colorado 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adams 49,464 43,163 35,285 55,092 Alamosa 2,146 2,567 1,720 2,953 Arapahoe 61,113 95,926 39,891 107,556 Archuleta 795 1,440 584 1,557 Baca 851 1,670 580 1,903 Bent 1,088 1,032 859 1,314 Boulder 57,265 48,174 42,195 53,535 Chaffee 2,548 3,080 1,779 3,680 Cheyenne 399 760 307 892 Clear Creek 1,698 1,820 1,089 2,151 Conejos 1,976 1,445 1,553 1,669 Costilla 1,120 454 997 621 Crowley 630 862 517 993 Custer 310 753 241 832 Delta 3,521 5,449 2,835 6,678 Denver 127,173 77,753 110,200 105,096 Dolores 230 488 173 667 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dolores 230 488 173 667 Douglas 6,931 17,035 3,011 12,249 Eagle 3,314 4,366 2,032 4,500 Elbert 1,566 2,805 802 2,605 El Paso 39,995 96,965 28,185 88,377 Fremont 5,278 7,623 3,895 8,250 Garfield 4,620 6,358 3,076 7,111 Gilpin 804 728 634 896 Grand 1,451 2,306 1,017 2,865 Gunnison 1,897 2,520 1,424 3,100 Hinsdale 111 295 98 310 Huerfano 1,876 1,079 1,602 1,581 Jackson 294 584 191 722 Jefferson 81,824 110,820 53,700 124,496 Kiowa 398 645 265 850 Kit Carson 1,196 2,262 778 2,762 Lake 1,516 969 1,324 1,364 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lake 1,516 969 1,324 1,364 La Plata 5,443 7,714 4,040 8,719 Larimer 35,703 45,967 23,896 49,883 Las Animas 4,075 2,162 3,670 2,992 Lincoln 874 1,356 587 1,661 Logan 3,382 4,485 2,155 5,883 Mesa 14,372 22,150 9,938 23,736 Mineral 174 217 117 333 Moffat 1,634 2,757 1,228 3,630 Montezuma 2,233 4,208 1,665 4,753 Montrose 3,748 6,012 2,864 7,162 Morgan 3,728 4,795 2,331 6,097 Otero 3,910 4,265 3,005 5,373 Ouray 439 814 366 914 Park 1,343 1,909 782 2,041 Philips 923 1,317 651 1,689 Pitkin 3,420 2,801 2,293 3,117 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Pitkin 3,420 2,801 2,293 3,117 Prowers 2,207 2,978 1,467 3,501 Pueblo 32,788 20,119 27,126 24,634 Rio Blanco 803 1,821 484 2,131 Rio Grande 1,545 2,626 1,104 3,122 Routt 2,922 3,264 2,051 4,239 Saguache 1,033 945 867 1,201 San Juan 192 210 183 320 San Miguel 961 798 654 833 Sedgwick 611 921 429 1,146 Summit 2,595 2,893 1,588 3,253 Teller 1,656 3,760 1,043 3,460 Washington 958 1,707 568 2,080 Weld 20,548 26,497 13,863 31,293 Yuma 1,835 2,513 1,121 3,394 Total 621,453 728,177 454,975 821,817 Colorado Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 265,554; Willkie, Rep., 279,576; Thomas, Soc., 1,899; Babson, Proh., 1,597; Browder, Com., 378. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 234,331; Dewey, Rep., 268,731; Thomas, Soc., 1,977. 1948, Truman, Dem., 267,288; Dewey, Rep., 239,714; Wallace, Prog., 6,115; Thomas, Soc., 1,678; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 228; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 214. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 379,782; Stevenson, Dem., 245,504; MacArthur, Constitution, 2,181; Hallinan, Prog., 1,919; Hoopes, Soc., 365; Hass, Soc. Labor, 352. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 394,479; Stevenson, Dem., 263,997; Hass, Soc. Lab., 3,308; Andrews, Ind., 759; Hoopes, Soc., 531. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 330,629; Nixon, Rep., 402,242; Hass, Soc. Labor, 2,803; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 572. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 476,024; Goldwater, Rep., 296,767; Hass, Soc. Labor, 302; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 2,537; Munn, Proh., 1,356. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 409,345; Humphrey, Dem., 335,174; Wallace, 3d party, 60,813; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 3,016; Gregory, New-party, 1,393; Munn, Proh., 275; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 235. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 597,189; McGovern, Dem., 329,980; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 4,361; Hospers, Libertarian, 1,111; Hall, Com., 432; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 555; Munn, Proh., 467; Schmitz, Amer., 17,269; Spock, Peoples, 2,403. 1976, Carter, Dem., 460,353; Ford, Rep., 584,367; McCarthy, Ind., 26,107; MacBride, Libertarian, 5,330; Bubar, Proh., 2,882. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 652,264; Carter, Dem., 367,973; Anderson, Ind., 130,633; Clark, Libertarian, 25,744; Commoner, Citizens, 5,614; Bubar, Statesman, 1,180; Pulley, Socialist, 520; Hall, Com., 487. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 821,817; Mondale, Dem., 454,975; Bergland, Libertarian, 11,257. 1988, Bush, Rep., 728,177; Dukakis, Dem., 621,453; Paul, Lib., 15,482; Dodge, Proh., 4,604. Connecticut 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan City (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Bridgeport 23,831 17,084 24,332 24,256 Hartford 27,295 8,100 29,327 11,621 New Britain 15,843 9,569 14,608 13,723 New Haven 31,951 11,616 32,518 16,483 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan City (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� New Haven 31,951 11,616 32,518 16,483 Norwalk 14,518 18,618 12,509 22,447 Stamford 20,773 24,877 19,432 29,167 Waterbury 18,202 20,018 18,217 24,764 West Hartford 19,311 16,482 16,882 20,517 Totals 676,584 750,241 569,597 890,877 Connecticut Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 417,621; Willkie, Rep., 361,021; Browder, Com., 1,091; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 971; Willkie, Union, 798. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 435,146; Dewey, Rep., 390,527; Thomas, Soc., 5,097; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 1,220. 1948, Truman, Dem., 423,297; Dewey, Rep., 437,754; Wallace, Prog., 13,713; Thomas, Soc., 6,964; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 1,184; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 606. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 611,012; Stevenson, Dem., 481,649; Hoopes, Soc., 2,244; Hallinan, Peoples, 1,466; Hass, Soc. Labor, 535; write-in, 5. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 711,837; Stevenson, Dem., 405,079; scattered, 205. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 657,055; Nixon, Rep., 565,813. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 826,269; Goldwater, Rep., 390,996; scattered, 1,313. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 556,721; Humphrey, Dem., 621,561; Wallace, 3d party, 76,650; scattered, 1,300. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 810,763; McGovern, Dem., 555,498; Schmitz, Amer., 17,239; scattered, 777. 1976, Carter, Dem., 647,895; Ford, Rep., 719,261; Maddox, George Wallace Party, 7,101; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 1,789. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 677,210; Carter, Dem., 541,732; Anderson, Ind., 171,807; Clark, Libertarian, 8,570; Commoner, Citizens, 6,130; scattered, 836. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 890,877; Mondale, Dem., 569,597. 1988, Bush, Rep., 750,241; Dukakis, Dem., 676,584; Paul, Lib., 14,071; Fulani; New Alliance, 2,491. Delaware 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Kent 12,996 19,923 11,789 21,531 New Castle 79,147 92,587 76,238 102,322 Sussex 16,504 27,129 13,629 28,337 Totals 108,647 139,639 101,656 152,190 Delaware Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 74,559; Willkie, Rep., 61,440; Babson, Proh., 220; Thomas, Soc., 115. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 68,166; Dewey, Rep., 56,747; Watson, Proh., 294; Thomas, Soc., 154. 1948, Truman, Dem., 67,813; Dewey, Rep., 69,688; Wallace, Prog., 1,050; Watson, Proh., 343; Thomas, Soc., 250; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 29. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 90,059; Stevenson, Dem., 83,315; Hass, Soc. Labor, 242; Hamblen, Proh., 234; Hallinan, Prog., 155; Hoopes, Soc., 20. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 98,057; Stevenson, Dem., 79,421; Oltwick, Proh., 400; Hass, Soc. Labor, 110. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 99,590; Nixon, Rep., 96,373; Faubus, States' Rights, 354; Decker, Proh., 284; Hass, Soc. Labor, 82. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 122,704; Goldwater, Rep., 78,078; Hass, Soc. Labor, 113; Munn, Proh., 425. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 96,714; Humphrey, Dem., 89,194; Wallace, 3d party, 28,459. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 140,357; McGovern, Dem., 92,283; Schmitz, Amer., 2,638; Munn, Proh., 238. 1976, Carter, Dem., 122,596; Ford, Rep., 109,831; McCarthy, non-partisan, 2,437; Anderson, Amer., 645; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 136; Bubar, Proh., 103; Levin, Soc. Labor, 86. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 111,252; Carter, Dem., 105,754; Anderson, Ind., 16,288; Clark, Libertarian, 1,974; Greaves, American, 400. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 152,190; Mondale, Dem., 101,656; Bergland, Libertarian, 268. 1988, Bush, Rep., 139,639; Dukakis, Dem., 108,647; Paul, Lib., 1,162; Fulani, New Alliance, 443. District of Columbia 露컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Totals 159,407 27,590 180,408 29,009 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Totals 159,407 27,590 180,408 29,009 District of Columbia Vote Since 1964 1964, Johnson, Dem., 169,796; Goldwater, Rep., 28,801. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 31,012; Humphrey, Dem., 139,566. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 35,226; McGovern, Dem., 127,627; Reed, Soc. Workers, 316; Hall, Com., 252. 1976, Carter, Dem., 137,818; Ford, Rep., 27,873; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 545; MacBride, Libertarian, 274; Hall, Com., 219; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 157. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 23,313; Carter, Dem., 130,231; Anderson, Ind., 16,131; Commoner, Citizens, 1,826; Clark, Libertarian, 1,104; Hall, Com., 369; De Berry, Soc. Work., 173; Griswold, Workers World, 52; write-ins, 690. 1984, Mondale, Dem., 180,408; Reagan, Rep., 29,009; Bergland, Libertarian, 279. 1988, Bush, Rep., 27,590; Dukakis, Dem., 159,407; Fulani, New Alliance, 2,901; Paul, Lib., 554. Florida 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alachua 29,375 30,124 26,551 30,582 Baker 1,353 3,414 1,381 3,485 Bay 11,582 31,712 9,381 29,322 Bradford 2,386 4,218 2,341 4,128 Brevard 42,967 104,721 36,963 102,339 Broward 218,211 220,196 194,542 254,501 Calhoun 1,329 2,420 1,312 2,493 Charlotte 15,967 28,879 11,303 27,464 Citrus 12,177 21,052 10,463 20,754 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Citrus 12,177 21,052 10,463 20,754 Clay 7,766 25,882 5,488 21,545 Collier 12,768 38,910 9,065 33,603 Columbia 4,072 7,759 4,261 8,807 Dade 216,847 270,672 223,793 324,216 De Soto 2,181 4,237 2,302 4,822 Dixie 1,366 2,027 1,224 2,204 Duval 74,832 127,875 77,459 128,653 Escambia 29,934 64,774 26,798 66,638 Flagler 4,241 6,494 2,999 4,907 Franklin 1,283 1,911 1,089 2,218 Gadsden 6,368 5,987 7,399 5,805 Gilchrist 1,137 1,854 1,051 2,056 Glades 1,034 1,546 1,070 1,987 Gulf 1,687 3,040 1,783 3,573 Hamilton 1,314 2,062 1,401 1,921 Hardee 1,688 3,636 1,536 3,957 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Hardee 1,688 3,636 1,536 3,957 Hendry 2,036 3,962 2,018 4,524 Hernando 15,432 21,179 12,204 21,273 Highlands 8,087 16,713 7,217 16,465 Hillsborough 98,969 150,065 86,189 157,827 Holmes 1,639 4,221 1,231 4,547 Indian River 10,447 24,619 8,731 23,694 Jackson 5,002 8,392 4,956 9,086 Jefferson 2,055 2,326 2,055 2,244 Lafayette 722 1,450 862 1,513 Lake 16,762 37,314 12,215 35,304 Lee 40,709 87,247 30,011 85,006 Leon 33,446 36,032 29,654 36,301 Levy 3,433 5,250 3,103 5,561 Liberty 709 1,419 649 1,409 Madison 1,950 2,556 2,101 2,816 Manatee 26,618 51,160 20,887 55,775 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Manatee 26,618 51,160 20,887 55,775 Marion 20,679 41,488 16,221 37,796 Martin 11,486 31,270 8,976 28,897 Monroe 10,151 15,919 7,771 16,316 Nassau 4,138 8,366 3,483 8,033 Okaloosa 9,726 40,295 7,289 36,963 Okeechobee 3,007 4,733 2,226 4,447 Orange 53,991 117,141 48,737 122,007 Osceola 9,811 21,350 6,627 18,344 Palm Beach 144,143 181,408 116,071 186,755 Pasco 50,369 63,788 40,961 66,609 Pinellas 152,374 210,971 128,547 240,535 Polk 38,236 77,065 35,505 84,174 Putnam 8,569 11,621 7,821 11,424 St. Johns 7,999 19,164 6,652 16,493 St. Lucie 17,427 32,241 13,039 28,189 Santa Rosa 5,251 18,948 4,646 21,237 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Santa Rosa 5,251 18,948 4,646 21,237 Sarasota 42,095 84,585 30,512 87,713 Seminole 22,627 60,328 17,789 56,229 Sumter 3,900 5,933 3,460 6,252 Suwannee 3,126 5,859 2,788 6,079 Taylor 1,762 4,054 1,728 4,030 Union 691 1,643 761 1,804 Volusia 55,437 74,116 43,811 68,317 Wakulla 1,605 3,157 1,469 3,087 Walton 3,231 7,481 2,500 7,117 Washington 2,139 4,366 1,916 4,603 Totals 1,655,851 2,616,597 1,448,344 2,728,775 Florida Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 359,334; Willkie, Rep., 126,158. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 339,377; Dewey, Rep., 143,215. 1948, Truman, Dem., 281,988; Dewey, Rep., 194,280; Thurmond, States' Rights, 89,755; Wallace, Prog., 11,620. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 544,036; Stevenson, Dem., 444,950; scattered, 351. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 643,849; Stevenson, Dem., 480,371. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 748,700; Nixon, Rep., 795,476. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 948,540; Goldwater, Rep., 905,941. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 886,804; Humphrey, Dem., 676,794; Wallace, 3d party, 624,207. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 1,857,759; McGovern, Dem., 718,117; scattered, 7,407. 1976, Carter, Dem., 1,636,000; Ford, Rep., 1,469,531; McCarthy, Ind., 23,643; Anderson, Amer., 21,325. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 2,046,951; Carter, Dem., 1,419,475; Anderson, Ind., 189,692; Clark, Libertarian, 30,524; write-ins, 285. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 2,728,775; Mondale, Dem., 1,448,344. 1988, Bush, Rep., 2,616,597; Dukakis, Dem., 1,655,851; Paul, Lib., 19,796, Fulani, New Alliance, 6,655. Georgia 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Appling 1,837 3,000 1,958 2,929 Atkinson 887 1,126 901 944 Bacon 780 1,407 1,010 1,778 Baker 707 629 691 675 Baldwin 4,008 5,852 3,853 5,717 Banks 984 1,590 1,063 1,549 Barrow 2,442 4,738 2,367 4,123 Bartow 4,884 8,039 4,780 7,104 Ben Hill 1,867 2,005 1,859 2,313 Berrien 1,381 2,030 1,670 2,395 Bibb 22,084 22,179 26,427 24,170 Bleckley 1,175 1,950 1,465 1,912 Brantley 1,450 1,539 1,517 1,679 Brooks 1,500 2,136 1,661 2,229 Bryan 1,423 2,802 1,398 2,265 Bulloch 3,417 6,354 3,644 6,117 Burke 2,861 2,988 3,127 3,137 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Burke 2,861 2,988 3,127 3,137 Butts 1,730 2,184 1,820 2,141 Calhoun 901 644 1,077 776 Camden 2,090 2,913 2,164 2,841 Candler 877 1,261 1,014 1,497 Carroll 4,706 10,754 5,590 11,436 Catoosa 3,588 9,319 3,089 7,908 Charlton 943 1,327 1,111 1,368 Chatham 25,063 35,623 28,271 38,482 Chattahoochee 362 454 428 459 Chattooga 2,206 3,665 2,576 2,953 Cherokee 4,378 14,593 3,499 11,146 Clarke 11,154 11,150 10,132 11,503 Clay 595 398 750 419 Clayton 14,689 28,225 11,763 31,553 Clinch 594 863 625 862 Cobb 39,297 106,621 28,414 97,429 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cobb 39,297 106,621 28,414 97,429 Coffee 2,777 4,019 2,633 4,200 Colquitt 2,998 5,653 3,208 5,815 Columbia 4,617 16,401 3,727 12,294 Cook 1,226 1,555 1,510 1,860 Coweta 4,212 9,668 3,650 7,981 Crawford 1,340 1,235 1,423 1,298 Crisp 1,690 2,916 2,128 2,895 Dade 1,120 2,539 1,150 2,750 Dawson 761 1,908 643 1,322 Decatur 2,348 3,866 2,656 4,134 DeKalb 92,521 90,179 77,329 104,697 Dodge 2,164 2,677 2,513 2,765 Dooly 1,613 1,386 1,726 1,435 Dougherty 12,579 15,520 12,904 16,920 Douglas 5,086 13,493 4,371 12,428 Early 1,359 1,918 1,494 2,239 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Early 1,359 1,918 1,494 2,239 Echols 245 422 227 453 Effingham 1,905 3,933 2,055 4,266 Elbert 2,118 2,796 2,670 3,366 Emanuel 2,387 3,530 2,458 3,920 Evans 1,023 1,707 1,193 1,601 Fannin 2,123 4,271 1,965 4,159 Fayette 4,593 16,443 2,861 12,575 Floyd 8,548 14,697 8,873 15,437 Forsyth 2,347 7,947 2,275 6,841 Franklin 1,842 2,615 1,838 2,549 Fulton 120,752 91,785 125,567 95,149 Gilmer 1,363 3,353 1,234 2,972 Glascock 210 580 317 827 Glynn 6,339 11,126 6,574 11,724 Gordon 2,369 6,051 2,607 5,566 Grady 1,883 2,989 2,261 3,886 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Grady 1,883 2,989 2,261 3,886 Greene 1,818 1,432 1,992 1,599 Gwinnett 20,948 66,372 14,139 54,749 Habersham 2,114 4,871 2,125 4,647 Hall 7,782 17,415 7,421 15,076 Hancock 1,947 621 2,109 644 Haralson 2,404 4,529 1,938 3,945 Harris 1,905 3,414 2,096 3,138 Hart 2,476 3,044 2,496 2,842 Heard 874 1,551 810 1,492 Henry 4,348 10,882 4,096 9,142 Houston 8,664 15,748 9,226 14,255 Irwin 918 1,226 905 1,330 Jackson 2,607 4,407 2,717 4,202 Jasper 1,188 1,474 1,122 1,431 Jeff Davis 1,242 2,050 1,380 2,233 Jefferson 2,346 2,788 2,816 2,999 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Jefferson 2,346 2,788 2,816 2,999 Jenkins 953 1,288 1,108 1,399 Johnson 927 1,567 1,199 1,733 Jones 2,662 3,618 2,781 3,401 Lamar 1,416 2,035 1,605 2,198 Lanier 698 725 741 852 Laurens 4,879 6,929 5,471 7,181 Lee 995 2,875 1,284 2,972 Liberty 2,906 3,100 2,803 3,229 Lincoln 893 1,417 1,115 1,357 Long 681 858 816 1,099 Lowndes 6,427 10,855 6,167 10,437 Lumpkin 1,286 2,688 1,110 1,991 McDuffie 1,704 3,231 2,006 3,284 McIntosh 1,527 1,273 1,796 1,512 Macon 2,268 1,412 2,521 1,515 Madison 1,639 3,724 1,690 3,768 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Madison 1,639 3,724 1,690 3,768 Marion 844 804 951 846 Meriwether 2,934 3,101 2,864 3,195 Miller 515 1,105 526 1,348 Mitchell 2,260 2,590 2,791 2,737 Monroe 1,970 2,570 2,189 2,420 Montgomery 903 1,228 950 1,365 Morgan 1,508 2,108 1,714 2,301 Murray 1,679 3,996 1,649 3,521 Muscogee 18,772 23,058 20,835 23,816 Newton 3,111 5,809 3,389 5,810 Oconee 1,990 4,265 1,467 3,471 Oglethorpe 1,154 1,951 1,238 2,122 Paulding 2,717 7,329 2,621 6,048 Peach 2,972 2,782 3,369 2,652 Pickens 1,430 3,021 1,329 2,801 Pierce 1,558 1,947 1,501 1,978 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Pierce 1,558 1,947 1,501 1,978 Pike 1,176 2,074 1,203 1,855 Polk 2,977 5,454 3,262 5,435 Pulaski 1,476 1,400 1,440 1,509 Putnam 1,532 2,111 1,336 1,830 Quitman 436 296 490 361 Rabun 1,301 2,278 1,267 2,191 Randolph 1,369 1,319 1,454 1,578 Richmond 20,489 27,566 21,208 29,869 Rockdale 4,330 12,413 3,291 10,121 Schley 439 635 403 614 Screven 1,461 2,178 1,747 2,583 Seminole 1,171 1,469 1,350 1,636 Spalding 4,318 7,730 4,878 8,571 Stephens 2,185 4,329 2,272 4,057 Stewart 1,136 832 1,308 805 Sumter 3,332 4,289 3,725 4,607 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Sumter 3,332 4,289 3,725 4,607 Talbot 1,248 802 1,494 778 Taliaferro 469 306 550 318 Tattnall 1,694 3,172 1,954 3,641 Taylor 1,134 1,145 1,340 1,292 Telfair 1,765 1,805 2,049 1,980 Terrell 1,383 1,517 1,598 1,744 Thomas 3,530 6,572 4,039 6,427 Tift 2,446 4,760 2,736 4,429 Toombs 1,152 4,433 2,385 4,470 Towns 942 1,783 1,007 1,960 Treutlen 726 970 843 1,086 Troup 4,562 9,484 5,272 9,340 Turner 1,122 1,312 1,270 1,329 Twiggs 1,730 1,261 1,755 1,143 Union 1,258 2,396 1,112 1,914 Upson 2,666 4,614 2,943 4,803 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Upson 2,666 4,614 2,943 4,803 Walker 4,753 10,487 5,000 10,734 Walton 3,091 5,974 2,481 4,995 Ware 4,292 4,819 4,435 5,547 Warren 1,091 897 1,258 1,087 Washington 2,615 2,752 3,034 2,887 Wayne 2,417 3,340 2,434 3,698 Webster 427 361 534 402 Wheeler 658 709 774 833 White 1,028 2,648 1,090 2,369 Whitfield 4,618 12,761 5,284 11,957 Wilcox 1,079 1,235 1,212 1,218 Wilkes 1,549 1,810 1,586 1,837 Wilkinson 1,831 1,546 2,102 1,756 Worth 1,311 2,668 1,685 2,910 Totals 714,792 1,081,331 706,628 1,068,722 Georgia Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 265,194; Willkie, Rep., 23,934; Ind. Dem., 22,428; total, 46,362; Babson, Proh., 983. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 268,187; Dewey, Rep., 56,506; Watson, Proh., 36. 1948, Truman, Dem., 254,646; Dewey, Rep., 76,691; Thurmond, States' Rights, 85,055; Wallace, Prog., 1,636; Watson, Proh., 732. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 198,979; Stevenson, Dem., 456,823; Liberty Party, 1. 1956, Stevenson, Dem., 444,388; Eisenhower, Rep., 222,778; Andrews, Ind., write-in, 1,754. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 458,638; Nixon, Rep., 274,472; write-in, 239. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 522,557; Goldwater, Rep., 616,600. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 380,111; Humphrey, Dem., 334,440; Wallace, 3d party, 535,550; write-in, 162. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 881,496; McGovern, Dem., 289,529; Schmitz, Amer., 2,288; scattered. 1976, Carter, Dem., 979,409; Ford, Rep., 483,743; write-in, 4,306. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 654,168; Carter, Dem., 890,955; Anderson, Ind., 36,055; Clark, Libertarian, 15,627. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 1,068,722; Mondale, Dem., 706,628. 1988, Bush, Rep., 1,081,331; Dukakis, Dem., 714,792; Paul, Lib., 8,435; Fulani, New Alliance, 5,099. Hawaii 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hawaii 24,091 17,125 17,866 20,707 Honolulu 138,971 120,258 107,404 140,258 Kauai 11,770 8,298 8,862 9,249 Maui 17,532 12,944 12,966 14,720 Totals 192,364 158,625 147,098 184,934 Hawaii Vote Since 1960 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 92,410; Nixon, Rep., 92,295. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 163,249; Goldwater, Rep., 44,022. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 91,425; Humphrey, Dem., 141,324; Wallace, 3d party, 3,469. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 168,865; McGovern, Dem., 101,409. 1976, Carter, Dem., 147,375; Ford, Rep., 140,003; MacBride, Libertarian, 3,923. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 130,112; Carter, Dem., 135,879; Anderson, Ind., 32,021; Clark, Libertarian, 3,269; Commoner, Citizens, 1,548; Hall, Com., 458. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 184,934; Mondale, Dem., 147,098; Bergland, Libertarian, 2,167. 1988, Bush, Rep., 158,625; Dukakis, Dem., 192,364; Paul, Lib., 1,999; Fulani, New Alliance, 1,003. Idaho 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ada 30,525 54,951 21,760 60,036 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ada 30,525 54,951 21,760 60,036 Adams 643 1,107 540 1,381 Bannock 13,074 14,986 9,399 18,742 Bear Lake 867 2,084 481 2,760 Benewah 1,518 1,650 1,447 2,039 Bingham 4,346 10,131 3,064 11,900 Blaine 2,498 3,130 1,971 3,603 Boise 620 1,044 436 1,249 Bonner 5,555 5,721 4,628 6,889 Bonneville 7,032 22,613 4,877 24,392 Boundary 1,336 1,800 1,158 2,159 Butte 521 899 429 1,245 Camas 136 288 123 364 Canyon 10,207 21,426 7,527 24,613 Caribou 867 2,239 535 3,032 Cassias 1,833 5,345 1,036 6,503 Clark 133 281 59 353 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Clark 133 281 59 353 Clearwater 1,861 1,659 1,608 2,176 Custer 616 1,253 461 1,653 Elmore 2,078 3,756 1,458 4,595 Franklin 806 2,992 439 3,261 Fremont 1,178 3,401 818 4,006 Gem 2,064 2,926 1,607 3,644 Gooding 1,872 2,908 1,247 3,819 Idaho 2,198 3,541 1,996 4,219 Jefferson 1,198 5,295 743 5,770 Jerome 1,985 3,830 1,284 4,913 Kootenai 11,621 15,093 9,004 17,330 Latah 6,544 6,367 5,571 7,709 Lemhi 1,157 2,378 852 2,810 Lewis 807 786 648 1,000 Lincoln 574 918 386 1,211 Madison 1,009 6,197 483 6,798 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Madison 1,009 6,197 483 6,798 Minidoka 2,290 4,623 1,398 5,938 Nez Perce 7,754 7,027 5,981 8,153 Oneida 508 1,269 360 1,528 Owyhee 848 1,707 574 2,141 Payette 1,900 3,786 1,410 4,605 Power 1,095 1,838 678 2,298 Shoshone 3,379 2,134 3,033 3,156 Teton 531 982 370 1,242 Twin Falls 7,078 13,243 4,567 16,974 Valley 1,251 1,897 945 2,299 Washington 1,359 2,380 1,119 3,015 Totals 147,272 253,881 108,510 297,523 Idaho Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 127,842; Willkie, Rep., 106,553; Thomas, Soc., 497; Browder, Com., 276. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 107,399; Dewey, Rep., 100,137; Watson, Proh., 503; Thomas, Soc., 282. 1948, Truman, Dem., 107,370; Dewey, Rep., 101,514; Wallace, Prog., 4,972; Watson, Proh., 628; Thomas, Soc., 332. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 180,707; Stevenson Dem., 95,081; Hallinan, Prog., 443; write-in, 23. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 166,979; Stevenson, Dem., 105,868; Andrews, Ind., 126; write-in, 16. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 138,853; Nixon, Rep., 161,597. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 148,920; Goldwater, Rep., 143,557. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 165,369; Humphrey, Dem., 89,273; Wallace, 3d party, 36,541. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 199,384; McGovern, Dem., 80,826; Schmitz, Amer., 28,869; Spock, Peoples, 903. 1976, Carter, Dem., 126,549; Ford, Rep., 204,151; Maddox, Amer., 5,935; MacBride, Libertarian, 3,558; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 739. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 290,699; Carter, Dem., 110,192; Anderson, Ind., 27,058; Clark, Libertarian, 8,425; Rarick, Amer., 1,057. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 297,523; Mondale, Dem., 108,510; Bergland, Libertarian, 2,823. 1988, Bush, Rep., 253,881; Dukakis, Dem., 147,272; Paul, Lib., 5,313; Fulani, Ind., 2,502. Illinois 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adams 13,768 15,831 10,336 20,225 Alexander 2,693 1,954 2,872 2,574 Bond 3,459 3,608 2,870 4,240 Boone 4,234 6,923 3,717 7,536 Brown 1,267 1,373 959 1,478 Bureau 7,354 8,896 6,925 11,741 Calhoun 1,544 1,238 1,443 1,648 Carroll 2,990 4,464 2,398 5,237 Cass 3,316 2,916 2,937 3,435 Champaign 29,733 33,247 27,266 39,224 Christian 8,295 7,040 7,541 8,534 Clark 3,275 4,508 3,032 5,318 Clay 2,761 3,494 2,524 4,562 Clinton 5,935 7,681 4,628 9,233 Coles 8,327 11,043 7,156 14,044 Cook 1,129,973 878,582 1,112,641 1,055,558 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cook 1,129,973 878,582 1,112,641 1,055,558 Crawford 3,555 4,951 3,130 6,261 Cumberland 1,904 2,667 1,733 3,002 DeKalb 11,811 17,182 10,942 20,294 DeWitt 2,660 3,942 2,352 4,534 Douglas 3,184 4,378 2,886 5,691 DuPage 94,285 217,907 71,430 227,141 Edgar 3,880 5,538 3,241 6,821 Edwards 1,218 2,212 1,057 2,778 Effingham 4,553 8,431 3,841 9,617 Fayette 4,632 5,452 3,844 6,607 Ford 2,026 4,059 1,763 4,871 Franklin 11,023 7,677 10,667 9,656 Fulton 9,046 6,999 9,131 9,147 Gallatin 2,455 1,580 2,164 1,939 Greene 3,020 3,136 2,563 4,057 Grundy 5,525 8,743 4,671 9,595 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Grundy 5,525 8,743 4,671 9,595 Hamilton 2,618 2,622 2,251 3,074 Hancock 4,740 4,568 3,713 6,251 Hardin 1,308 1,504 1,205 1,689 Henderson 2,085 1,726 1,969 2,289 Henry 11,594 11,358 10,679 14,504 Iroquois 4,221 9,596 3,300 11,327 Jackson 11,334 9,687 12,105 13,609 Jasper 2,135 3,024 1,750 3,673 Jefferson 7,729 7,624 7,200 9,642 Jersey 4,376 4,343 3,762 5,146 JoDaviess 4,141 4,923 3,348 5,877 Johnson 1,872 2,797 1,647 3,424 Kane 36,366 66,283 31,875 72,655 Kankakee 15,147 20,316 15,246 23,807 Kendall 4,347 10,653 3,789 10,872 Knox 12,752 10,842 12,027 14,974 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Knox 12,752 10,842 12,027 14,974 Lake 64,327 114,115 53,947 118,401 LaSalle 22,271 22,166 20,532 27,388 Lawrence 3,140 3,655 2,924 4,686 Lee 4,608 8,903 3,919 11,178 Livingston 5,009 10,324 4,567 12,291 Logan 4,727 8,490 4,052 9,932 McDonough 5,247 7,173 4,561 9,383 McHenry 18,919 46,135 14,420 47,282 McLean 18,659 30,572 15,880 32,221 Macon 25,364 23,862 25,463 30,457 Macoupin 12,195 9,362 10,602 12,282 Madison 54,175 44,907 48,352 57,021 Marion 8,592 8,695 7,599 11,300 Marshall 2,742 3,588 2,386 4,060 Mason 3,406 3,424 3,354 4,109 Massac 3,227 3,507 3,194 3,827 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Massac 3,227 3,507 3,194 3,827 Menard 2,103 3,560 1,826 3,925 Mercer 4,204 3,683 3,982 4,907 Monroe 4,529 6,275 3,256 6,936 Montgomery 7,293 6,388 6,360 8,191 Morgan 6,032 8,808 5,361 10,683 Moultrie 3,013 3,167 2,458 3,593 Ogle 5,641 11,644 4,803 13,503 Peoria 35,253 37,605 36,830 45,607 Perry 5,167 4,576 4,584 5,852 Piatt 3,099 4,137 2,840 5,000 Pike 4,614 3,965 3,965 5,295 Pope 996 1,202 940 1,545 Pulaski 1,793 1,666 1,724 1,923 Putnam 1,601 1,516 1,487 1,912 Randolph 7,844 7,396 6,355 9,415 Richland 2,863 4,264 2,182 5,665 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Richland 2,863 4,264 2,182 5,665 Rock Island 40,174 27,412 40,208 35,121 St. Clair 55,465 41,439 52,294 51,046 Saline 6,676 5,798 6,038 7,176 Sangamon 37,729 50,175 34,059 54,086 Schuyler 1,866 2,178 1,533 2,515 Scott 1,243 1,535 943 1,976 Shelby 4,650 5,370 4,317 6,372 Stark 1,274 1,841 1,072 2,228 Stephenson 7,460 11,342 6,723 14,237 Tazewell 24,603 28,861 23,095 33,782 Union 4,197 4,244 3,815 4,721 Vermilion 17,918 16,943 16,530 22,932 Wabash 2,241 3,453 1,795 3,639 Warren 3,617 4,584 3,318 5,846 Washington 2,689 4,127 2,363 5,129 Wayne 3,135 5,481 2,621 6,298 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wayne 3,135 5,481 2,621 6,298 White 4,144 4,354 3,457 5,500 Whiteside 11,328 12,978 11,226 16,743 Will 49,816 73,129 45,193 78,684 Williamson 12,712 12,274 11,614 14,930 Winnebago 45,280 55,699 44,629 64,203 Woodford 4,604 9,474 4,425 10,758 Totals 2,215,940 2,310,939 2,086,499 2,707,103 Illinois Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 2,149,934; Willkie, Rep., 2,047,240; Thomas, Soc., 10,914; Babson, Proh., 9,190. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 2,079,479; Dewey, Rep., 1,939,314; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 9,677; Watson, Proh., 7,411; Thomas, Soc., 180. 1948, Truman, Dem., 1,994,715; Dewey, Rep., 1,961,103; Watson, Proh., 11,959; Thomas, Soc., 11,522; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 3,118. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 2,457,327; Stevenson, Dem., 2,013,920; Hass, Soc. Labor, 9,363; write-in, 448. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 2,623,327; Stevenson, Dem., 1,775,682; Hass, Soc. Labor, 8,342; write-in, 56. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 2,377,846; Nixon, Rep., 2,368,988; Hass, Soc. Labor, 10,560; write-in, 15. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 2,796,833; Goldwater, Rep., 1,905,946; write-in, 62. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 2,174,774; Humphrey, Dem., 2,039,814; Wallace, 3d party, 390,958; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 13,878; write-in, 325. 1972, Nixon, Rep. 2,788,179; McGovern, Dem., 1,913,472; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 12,344; Schmitz, Amer., 2,471; Hall, Com., 4,541; others, 2,229. 1976, Carter, Dem., 2,271,295; Ford, Rep., 2,364,269; McCarthy, Ind., 55,939; Hall, Com., 9,250; MacBride, Libertarian, 8,057; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 3,615; Levin, Soc. Labor, 2,422; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 2,018; write-in, 1,968. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 2,358,049; Carter, Dem., 1,981,413; Anderson, Ind., 346,754; Clark, Libertarian, 38,939; Commoner, Citizens, 10,692; Hall, Com., 9,711; Griswold, Workers World, 2,257; DeBerry, Socialist Workers, 1,302; write-ins, 604. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 2,707,103; Mondale, Dem., 2,086,499; Bergland, Libertarian, 10,086. 1988, Bush, Rep., 2,310,939; Dukakis, Dem., 2,215,940; Paul, Lib., 14,944; Fulani, Solid., 10,276. Indiana 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adams 3,811 8,137 3,923 7,958 Allen 39,238 74,638 38,462 75,505 Bartholomew 8,804 17,364 8,075 18,704 Benton 1,349 2,698 1,357 3,281 Blackford 2,253 3,336 2,395 3,787 Boone 4,168 11,608 3,982 11,790 Brown 2,115 3,348 2,657 3,517 Carroll 2,952 4,981 2,774 5,528 Cass 5,784 10,970 5,521 12,355 Clark 14,528 16,544 14,138 19,419 Clay 3,724 5,852 3,707 6,957 Clinton 4,412 8,570 4,329 8,969 Crawford 2,036 2,532 2,256 2,633 Daviess 3,483 6,768 3,545 7,721 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Daviess 3,483 6,768 3,545 7,721 Dearborn 5,066 8,195 4,920 9,149 Decatur 2,979 6,245 2,766 6,551 Dekalb 4,657 9,018 4,617 8,769 Delaware 20,548 27,348 19,791 30,092 Dubois 5,954 9,995 5,423 9,391 Elkhart 14,236 33,793 13,240 34,621 Fayette 4,118 5,949 4,122 7,142 Floyd 11,024 14,291 10,616 15,466 Fountain 3,279 5,113 2,897 5,450 Franklin 2,472 4,777 2,225 5,202 Fulton 2,788 5,234 2,527 6,057 Gibson 7,031 7,610 7,082 8,618 Grant 10,799 18,441 9,986 20,482 Greene 5,979 7,689 5,267 8,438 Hamilton 8,853 36,654 6,364 30,254 Hancock 5,355 13,374 4,550 12,880 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Hancock 5,355 13,374 4,550 12,880 Harrison 4,933 6,702 4,634 7,255 Hendricks 7,643 22,090 6,659 21,307 Henry 7,779 11,280 7,064 11,926 Howard 11,518 19,971 10,458 22,386 Huntington 3,873 11,675 4,598 10,805 Jackson 5,550 9,470 5,163 9,879 Jasper 3,237 6,009 2,821 6,537 Jay 3,212 5,363 3,174 5,975 Jefferson 5,221 6,949 4,952 7,482 Jennings 3,667 5,636 3,264 6,356 Johnson 9,001 24,654 7,715 23,482 Knox 7,006 9,813 6,417 10,872 Kosciusko 5,321 17,761 4,877 17,560 LaGrange 2,029 4,495 1,884 4,772 Lake 105,026 79,929 117,984 94,870 LaPorte 17,585 20,537 15,904 23,346 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� LaPorte 17,585 20,537 15,904 23,346 Lawrence 5,787 10,742 5,608 11,440 Madison 24,443 32,596 22,254 36,510 Marion 128,627 184,519 130,185 184,880 Marshall 5,488 10,490 4,931 11,100 Martin 2,132 3,066 1,937 3,363 Miami 4,613 8,533 4,224 9,551 Monroe 15,855 20,756 14,719 21,772 Montgomery 3,623 10,793 3,626 11,119 Morgan 5,375 14,284 4,627 14,884 Newton 1,744 3,274 1,596 3,560 Noble 4,143 7,889 4,237 8,459 Ohio 1,113 1,412 1,068 1,503 Orange 2,739 5,245 D2,571 5,909 Owen 2,484 3,837 2,082 4,204 Parke 2,563 4,458 2,205 5,052 Perry 4,804 4,720 4,760 4,785 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Perry 4,804 4,720 4,760 4,785 Pike 3,037 3,294 3,231 3,689 Porter 19,390 29,790 17,862 32,505 Posey 4,468 5,987 4,452 6,472 Pulaski 2,213 3,677 2,008 4,167 Putnam 3,850 7,119 3,392 7,820 Randolph 3,990 6,856 3,805 7,793 Ripley 3,605 6,414 3,336 7,143 Rush 2,451 5,112 2,307 5,429 St. Joseph 48,056 49,481 47,513 54,404 Scott 3,378 3,455 3,460 4,110 Shelby 5,382 10,176 5,357 11,056 Spencer 4,061 4,964 4,005 5,816 Starke 4,104 4,458 3,674 5,104 Steuben 3,114 6,855 2,441 6,424 Sullivan 4,320 4,246 4,006 4,771 Switzerland 1,479 1,572 1,484 1,857 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Switzerland 1,479 1,572 1,484 1,857 Tippecanoe 16,256 27,897 15,789 29,706 Tipton 2,485 5,148 2,328 5,687 Union 946 1,814 816 1,970 Vanderburgh 31,270 38,928 31,049 40,994 Vermillion 4,044 3,674 3,666 4,428 Vigo 19,192 21,929 18,429 26,259 Wabash 4,168 9,153 4,077 9,862 Warren 1,542 2,243 1,309 2,525 Warrick 7,999 10,504 6,345 10,202 Washington 3,370 4,998 3,334 5,874 Wayne 10,209 16,388 10,173 18,955 Wells 3,437 7,712 3,274 7,579 White 3,256 6,220 3,157 7,279 Whitley 3,642 7,679 3,690 7,763 Totals 860,643 1,297,763 841,481 1,377,230 Indiana Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 874,063; Willkie, Rep., 899,466; Babson, Proh., 6,437; Thomas, Soc., 2,075; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 706. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 781,403; Dewey, Rep., 875,891; Watson, Proh., 12,574; Thomas, Soc., 2,223. 1948, Truman, Dem., 807,833; Dewey, Rep., 821,079; Watson, Proh., 14,711; Wallace, Prog., 9,649; Thomas, Soc., 2,179; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 763. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,136,259; Stevenson, Dem., 801,530; Hamblen, Proh., 15,335; Hallinan, Prog., 1,222; Hass, Soc. Labor, 979. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,182,811; Stevenson, Dem., 783,908; Holtwick, Proh., 6,554; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,334. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 952,358; Nixon, Rep., 1,175,120; Decker, Proh., 6,746; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,136. 1964, Johnson, Dem. 1,170,848; Goldwater, Rep., 911,118; Munn, Proh., 8,266; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,374. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 1,067,885; Humphrey, Dem., 806,659; Wallace, 3d party, 243,108; Munn, Proh., 4,616; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 1,293; Gregory, write-in, 36. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 1,405,154; McGovern, Dem., 708,568; Reed, Soc. Workers, 5,575; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 1,688; Spock, Peace & Freedom, 4,544. 1976, Carter, Dem., 1,014,714; Ford, Rep., 1,185,958; Anderson, Amer., 14,048; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 5,695; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 1,947. 1980 Reagan, Rep., 1,255,656; Carter, Dem., 844,197; Anderson, Ind., 111,639; Clark, Libertarian, 19,627; Commoner, Citizens, 4,852; Greaves, American, 4,750; Hall, Com., 702; DeBerry, Soc., 610. 1984 Reagan, Rep., 1,377,230; Mondale, Dem., 841,481; Bergland, Libertarian, 6,741. 1988, Bush, Rep., 1,297,763; Dukakis, Dem., 860,643; Fulani, New Alliance, 10,215. Iowa 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adair 2,261 1,833 1,979 2,615 Adams 1,283 1,080 1,221 1,706 Allamakee 2,768 3,186 2,282 3,997 Appanoose 3,209 2,779 3,289 3,412 Audubon 1,863 1,478 1,854 2,306 Benton 5,873 4,011 4,993 5,566 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Benton 5,873 4,011 4,993 5,566 Black Hawk 31,657 24,112 31,467 32,262 Boone 7,232 4,381 6,485 5,746 Bremer 4,961 5,079 4,084 6,895 Buchanan 4,778 3,495 4,129 4,965 Buena Vista 4,580 4,170 4,109 5,193 Butler 2,593 3,523 2,323 4,570 Calhoun 2,990 2,474 2,541 3,311 Carroll 5,437 3,701 4,960 5,021 Cass 2,934 3,962 2,417 5,053 Cedar 4,032 3,373 3,086 4,617 Cerro Gordo 12,857 9,358 11,570 11,214 Cherokee 3,574 3,218 3,349 4,046 Chickasaw 3,530 2,549 3,186 3,661 Clarke 2,262 1,631 2,030 2,262 Clay 4,173 3,641 3,774 4,450 Clayton 4,320 3,839 3,446 5,029 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Clayton 4,320 3,839 3,446 5,029 Clinton 12,549 10,243 11,240 13,914 Crawford 3,868 3,375 3,396 4,552 Dallas 7,501 4,858 6,564 6,080 Davis 2,246 1,563 2,187 1,956 Decatur 2,192 1,406 2,098 2,104 Delaware 3,947 3,425 3,158 4,769 Des Moines 11,593 7,652 11,173 9,559 Dickinson 3,342 3,678 3,025 4,064 Dubuque 23,797 14,530 21,876 19,239 Emmet 2,778 2,173 2,746 2,946 Fayette 5,304 4,921 4,677 6,505 Floyd 4,377 3,266 4,154 4,341 Franklin 2,594 2,320 2,349 3,129 Fremont 1,547 1,946 1,426 2,686 Greene 3,011 2,091 2,831 2,579 Grundy 2,211 3,433 1,915 4,527 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Grundy 2,211 3,433 1,915 4,527 Guthrie 2,910 2,005 2,517 2,783 Hamilton 4,156 3,277 3,330 4,279 Hancock 2,831 2,731 2,539 3,362 Hardin 5,088 3,856 4,477 5,195 Harrison 2,883 3,108 2,495 4,352 Henry 3,754 3,951 3,377 4,516 Howard 2,330 1,970 2,135 2,718 Humboldt 2,713 2,594 2,406 3,396 Ida 1,787 1,951 1,559 2,618 Iowa 3,338 3,247 2,815 4,352 Jackson 4,864 3,237 4,400 4,811 Jasper 8,940 6,703 8,023 8,576 Jefferson 3,594 3,614 2,961 4,727 Johnson 28,759 15,453 26,000 18,677 Jones 4,641 3,496 3,825 4,907 Keokuk 2,899 2,278 2,649 2,913 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Keokuk 2,899 2,278 2,649 2,913 Kossuth 5,088 3,938 4,838 4,872 Lee 10,911 6,228 8,912 8,756 Linn 42,993 33,129 38,528 41,061 Louisa 2,268 2,060 1,927 2,623 Lucas 2,454 1,776 2,422 2,630 Lyon 1,706 3,517 1,401 4,178 Madison 3,421 2,410 3,067 3,168 Mahaska 4,451 4,798 4,107 6,086 Marion 6,922 5,914 6,313 7,259 Marshall 9,760 7,657 8,809 10,839 Mills 2,092 3,212 1,434 3,994 Mitchell 2,870 2,338 2,531 3,144 Monona 2,408 2,068 2,159 2,746 Monroe 2,338 1,313 2,342 1,927 Montgomery 1,898 3,166 1,661 4,224 Muscatine 7,059 6,904 5,986 9,069 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Muscatine 7,059 6,904 5,986 9,069 O'Brien 2,768 4,241 2,479 5,008 Osceola 1,277 1,951 1,146 2,285 Page 2,185 4,583 1,914 5,876 Palo Alto 3,377 2,041 3,018 2,715 Plymouth 4,220 5,316 3,464 6,482 Pocahontas 2,722 1,871 2,481 2,627 Polk 84,476 57,854 75,413 71,413 Pottawattamie 14,958 17,193 12,329 21,527 Poweshiek 4,876 3,683 4,103 4,715 Ringgold 1,609 1,110 1,593 1,512 Sac 2,613 2,411 2,363 3,298 Scott 34,415 31,025 32,550 38,034 Shelby 2,806 3,019 2,291 4,200 Sioux 2,923 10,270 2,585 11,665 Story 19,051 13,782 18,277 19,804 Tama 4,584 3,362 4,061 4,882 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Tama 4,584 3,362 4,061 4,882 Taylor 1,671 1,647 1,499 2,496 Union 3,236 2,751 2,875 3,583 Van Buren 1,612 1,692 1,606 2,138 Wapello 10,177 5,350 10,545 7,098 Warren 9,627 6,424 8,171 8,277 Washington 3,776 3,741 3,079 4,613 Wayne 1,988 1,467 1,927 2,061 Webster 10,267 6,926 9,930 9,619 Winnebago 2,804 2,863 2,669 3,616 Winneshiek 4,443 4,194 3,724 5,277 Woodbury 20,153 18,790 18,951 23,002 Worth 2,440 1,488 2,263 1,985 Wright 3,353 2,658 2,980 3,675 Totals 670,557 545,355 605,620 703,088 Iowa Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 578,800; Willkie, Rep., 632,370; Babson, Proh., 2,284; Browder, Com., 1,524; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 452. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 499,876; Dewey, Rep., 547,267; Watson, Proh., 3,752; Thomas, Soc., 1,511; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 193. 1948, Truman, Dem., 522,380; Dewey, Rep., 494,018; Wallace, Prog., 12,125; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 4,274; Watson, Proh., 3,382; Thomas, Soc., 1,829; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 26. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 808,906; Stevenson, Dem., 451,513; Hallinan, Prog., 5,085; Hamblen, Proh., 2,882; Hoopes, Soc., 219; Hass, Soc. Labor, 139; scattering 29. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 729,187; Stevenson, Dem., 501,858; Andrews (A.C.P. of Iowa), 3,202; Hoopes, Soc., 192; Hass, Soc. Labor, 125. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 550,565; Nixon, Rep., 722,381; Hass, Soc. Labor, 230; write-in, 634. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 733,030; Goldwater, Rep., 449,148; Hass, Soc. Labor, 182; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 159; Munn, Proh., 1,902. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 619,106; Humphrey, Dem., 476,699; Wallace, 3d party, 66,422; Munn, Proh., 362; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 3,377; Cleaver, Peace and Freedom, 1,332; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 241. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 706,207; McGovern, Dem., 496,206; Schmitz, Amer., 22,056; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 488; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 195; Hall, Com. 272; Green, Universal, 199; scattered, 321. 1976, Carter, Dem., 619,931; Ford, Rep., 632,863; McCarthy, Ind., 20,051; Anderson, Amer., 3,040; MacBride, Libertarian, 1,452. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 676,026; Carter, Dem., 508,672; Anderson, Ind., 115,633; Clark, Libertarian, 13,123; Commoner, Citizens, 2,273; McReynolds, Socialist, 534; Hall Com., 298; DeBerry, Soc. Work., 244; Greaves, American, 189; Bubar, Statesman, 150; scattering, 519. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 703,088; Mondale, Dem., 605,620; Bergland, Libertarian, 1,844. 1988, Bush, Rep., 545,355; Dukakis, Dem., 670,557; LaRouche, Ind., 3,526; Paul, Lib., 2,494. Kansas 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Allen 2,392 3,429 1,779 4,266 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Allen 2,392 3,429 1,779 4,266 Anderson 1,466 1,781 1,155 2,462 Atchison 3,177 3,243 2,641 4,536 Barber 1,118 1,539 805 2,111 Barton 5,024 7,741 3,111 10,234 Bourbon 2,623 3,660 2,174 4,856 Brown 1,719 3,059 1,303 3,894 Butler 7,690 10,976 6,352 12,920 Chase 538 884 393 1,162 Chautauqua 661 1,247 497 1,688 Cherokee 4,069 4,281 3,663 5,081 Cheyenne 594 1,105 356 1,442 Clark 409 876 324 1,075 Clay 1,112 2,997 919 3,559 Cloud 2,022 3,043 1,878 3,856 Coffey 1,246 2,581 1,037 3,063 Comanche 375 738 285 993 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Comanche 375 738 285 993 Cowley 6,186 7,778 5,153 9,930 Crawford 7,783 6,940 6,722 9,518 Decatur 793 1,291 467 1,769 Dickinson 2,870 5,121 2,168 6,487 Doniphan 1,312 2,162 962 2,818 Douglas 15,752 16,149 12,877 18,804 Edwards 792 993 606 1,352 Elk 608 1,075 452 1,301 Ellis 5,289 5,194 3,457 7,509 Ellsworth 1,219 1,711 905 2,353 Finney 3,408 5,381 2,398 6,943 Ford 3,817 5,685 2,914 6,738 Franklin 3,592 4,777 2,524 6,283 Geary 2,721 3,782 2,301 4,475 Gove 663 966 426 1,310 Graham 702 1,139 480 1,423 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Graham 702 1,139 480 1,423 Grant 907 1,654 615 2,043 Gray 696 1,180 514 1,580 Greeley 317 506 227 699 Greenwood 1,421 2,217 1,173 2,900 Hamilton 517 801 408 1,037 Harper 1,235 1,941 893 2,696 Harvey 5,503 6,893 4,599 8,507 Haskell 427 964 281 1,151 Hodgeman 439 732 306 939 Jackson 2,261 2,759 1,667 3,464 Jefferson 2,810 3,605 1,990 4,524 Jewell 684 1,546 583 1,992 Johnson 55,183 95,591 37,782 101,042 Kearny 524 1,073 321 1,214 Kingman 1,420 2,205 1,047 2,826 Kiowa 485 1,276 361 1,537 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Kiowa 485 1,276 361 1,537 Labette 4,433 5,125 3,631 6,542 Lane 450 768 282 1,008 Leavenworth 8,797 9,913 6,583 11,018 Lincoln 796 1,229 551 1,723 Linn 1,497 2,163 1,152 2,794 Logan 503 988 331 1,235 Lyon 5,314 6,820 4,188 9,796 McPherson 4,354 6,563 3,185 8,630 Marion 2,024 3,685 1,633 4,407 Marshall 2,560 3,140 1,813 4,097 Meade 664 1,322 491 1,804 Miami 4,427 4,807 3,076 5,877 Mitchell 1,145 2,257 919 3,036 Montgomery 5,429 9,067 4,933 12,023 Morris 1,165 1,682 820 2,240 Morton 569 1,074 322 1,353 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Morton 569 1,074 322 1,353 Nemaha 2,261 2,849 1,761 3,653 Neosho 3,402 3,739 2,679 4,968 Ness 887 1,230 539 1,779 Norton 855 1,923 611 2,515 Osage 2,840 3,496 2,072 4,288 Osborne 943 1,541 686 2,171 Ottawa 953 1,836 698 2,343 Pawnee 1,474 1,825 1,092 2,570 Phillips 960 2,316 626 2,810 Pottawatomie 2,544 3,897 1,798 4,596 Pratt 1,651 2,505 1,253 3,240 Rawlins 612 1,318 412 1,625 Reno 11,545 12,753 9,229 16,621 Republic 1,069 2,346 966 2,974 Rice 2,033 2,503 1,559 3,598 Riley 7,283 9,507 5,974 11,306 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Riley 7,283 9,507 5,974 11,306 Rooks 1,012 1,938 699 2,604 Rush 1,020 1,045 718 1,758 Russell 1,448 2,403 1,055 3,673 Saline 7,998 11,371 6,527 15,242 Scott 717 1,590 427 2,017 Sedgwick 65,618 86,124 55,060 95,972 Seward 1,655 4,089 1,198 5,047 Shawnee 33,940 35,489 26,307 43,435 Sheridan 600 901 429 1,274 Sherman 1,082 1,929 714 2,702 Smith 1,004 1,951 684 2,330 Stafford 1,121 1,532 844 2,062 Stanton 310 592 205 783 Stevens 612 1,642 386 1,862 Summer 4,417 5,394 3,713 6,942 Thomas 1,408 2,342 887 3,106 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Thomas 1,408 2,342 887 3,106 Trego 795 979 598 1,491 Wabaunsee 1,166 1,737 805 2,276 Wallace 257 655 152 838 Washington 1,063 2,269 889 2,979 Wichita 399 721 232 916 Wilson 1,545 2,743 1,343 3,660 Woodson 761 1,062 596 1,408 Wyandotte 38,678 19,097 35,887 27,267 Totals 422,636 554,049 332,471 674,646 Kansas Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 364,725; Willkie, Rep., 489,169; Babson, Proh., 4,056; Thomas, Soc., 2,347. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 287,458; Dewey, Rep., 442,096; Watson, Proh., 2,609; Thomas, Soc., 1,613. 1948, Truman, Dem., 351,902; Dewey, Rep., 423,039; Watson, Proh., 6,468; Wallace, Prog., 4,603; Thomas, Soc., 2,807. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 616,302; Stevenson, Dem., 273,296; Hamblen, Proh., 6,038; Hoopes, Soc., 530. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 566,878; Stevenson. Dem., 296,317; Holtwick, Proh., 3,048. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 363,213; Nixon, Rep., 561,474; Decker, Proh., 4,138. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 464,028; Goldwater, Rep., 386,579; Munn, Proh., 5,393; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,901. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 478,674; Humphrey, Dem., 302,996; Wallace, 3d, 88,921; Munn, Proh., 2,192. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 619,812; McGovern, Dem., 270,287; Schmitz, Cons., 21,808; Munn, Proh., 4,188. 1976, Carter, Dem., 430,421; Ford, Rep., 502,752; McCarthy, Ind., 13,185; Anderson, Amer., 4,724; MacBride, Libertarian, 3,242; Maddox, Cons., 2,118; Bubar, Proh., 1,403. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 566,812; Carter, Dem., 326,150; Anderson, Ind., 68,231; Clark, Libertarian, 14,470; Shelton, American, 1,555; Hall, Com., 967; Bubar, Statesman, 821; Rarick, Conservative, 789. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 674,646; Mondale, Dem., 332,471; Bergland, Libertarian, 3,585. 1988, Bush, Rep., 554,049; Dukakis, Dem., 422,636; Paul, Ind., 12,553; Fulani, Ind., 3,806. Kentucky 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Adair 1,723 4,346 1,812 4,500 Allen 1,573 3,342 1,521 3,427 Anderson 2,176 3,225 1,717 3,425 Ballard 2,162 1,460 2,002 1,663 Barren 4,799 6,653 4,503 7,717 Bath 2,099 1,614 1,781 2,020 Bell 5,182 5,759 5,490 7,249 Boone 5,382 12,667 4,853 12,690 Bourbon 2,793 3,308 2,649 3,836 Boyd 9,552 9,379 9,601 10,925 Boyle 3,575 4,746 3,378 5,675 Bracken 1,176 1,630 1,136 1,812 Breathitt 3,387 2,149 3,435 2,855 Breckinridge 2,765 3,841 2,669 4,432 Bullitt 6,005 8,859 5,005 9,556 Butler 1,245 3,278 1,055 3,121 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Butler 1,245 3,278 1,055 3,121 Caldwell 2,564 2,952 2,427 3,162 Calloway 5,287 6,225 5,028 6,442 Campbell 9,553 19,387 9,068 21,473 Carlisle 1,428 1,104 1,277 1,308 Carroll 1,913 1,702 1,564 1,824 Carter 4,570 4,325 3,985 4,656 Casey 1,216 3,857 1,122 4,356 Christian 5,704 9,250 5,432 10,708 Clark 4,252 5,329 3,595 6,130 Clay 1,709 4,156 1,634 4,772 Clinton 899 3,248 838 3,459 Crittenden 1,443 2,211 1,483 2,167 Cumberland 753 2,231 766 2,729 Daviess 14,815 17,356 13,347 19,495 Edmonson 1,243 2,555 1,200 3,001 Elliott 1,797 550 1,683 601 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Elliott 1,797 550 1,683 601 Estill 1,692 3,077 1,593 3,512 Fayette 32,554 48,065 28,961 51,993 Fleming 2,086 2,409 1,616 2,824 Floyd 12,327 5,296 10,259 5,218 Franklin 9,271 9,805 7,790 11,057 Fulton 1,531 1,474 1,534 1,780 Gallatin 1,060 881 1,042 1,042 Garrard 1,710 2,681 1,566 3,284 Grant 1,896 2,835 1,685 2,840 Graves 7,153 6,274 6,759 7,287 Grayson 2,575 5,186 2,200 5,524 Green 1,595 3,139 1,611 3,210 Greenup 6,956 6,559 6,923 7,451 Hancock 1,478 1,733 1,287 1,967 Hardin 7,262 13,240 6,329 14,293 Harlan 7,341 5,166 7,663 6,959 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Harlan 7,341 5,166 7,663 6,959 Harrison 2,748 2,983 2,405 3,467 Hart 2,519 2,927 2,278 3,065 Henderson 7,648 6,911 6,795 7,389 Henry 2,544 2,286 2,279 2,802 Hickman 1,158 1,142 1,049 1,380 Hopkins 7,453 7,979 6,743 9,368 Jackson 678 3,926 542 3,806 Jefferson 127,936 139,711 119,350 161,283 Jessamine 2,955 7,057 2,379 7,081 Johnson 3,538 4,619 3,078 5,225 Kenton 14,838 30,738 14,642 34,304 Knott 5,185 1,691 4,487 1,728 Knox 2,919 4,903 2,932 5,730 Larue 1,822 2,590 1,514 2,873 Laurel 3,620 9,296 3,267 9,621 Lawrence 2,198 2,294 2,223 2,713 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Lawrence 2,198 2,294 2,223 2,713 Lee 984 1,588 768 1,862 Leslie 1,105 3,280 1,075 3,385 Letcher 4,697 3,601 4,153 3,676 Lewis 1,568 3,108 1,484 3,445 Lincoln 2,677 3,530 2,498 3,996 Livingston 2,052 1,834 2,007 1,866 Logan 3,379 4,295 3,347 4,889 Lyon 1,337 1,077 1,272 969 McCracken 12,208 12,160 12,535 12,903 McCreary 1,644 3,477 1,609 4,028 McLean 2,269 1,829 1,917 1,942 Madison 6,672 9,958 6,509 11,309 Magoffin 2,895 2,158 2,942 2,343 Marion 3,152 2,500 2,835 3,305 Marshall 5,888 5,256 5,725 5,152 Martin 1,581 2,587 1,471 3,248 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Martin 1,581 2,587 1,471 3,248 Mason 2,721 3,158 2,663 2,751 Meade 3,079 3,441 2,503 3,820 Menifee 1,096 670 956 785 Mercer 2,832 3,904 2,516 4,592 Metcalfe 1,705 2,179 1,575 2,349 Monroe 1,025 4,214 1,052 4,670 Montgomery 3,082 3,435 2,490 3,864 Morgan 2,329 1,452 2,481 1,834 Muhlenberg 6,912 5,369 6,157 6,094 Nelson 4,788 5,283 4,199 6,044 Nicholas 1,242 1,271 1,107 1,535 Ohio 3,612 4,910 3,253 5,119 Oldham 4,025 8,716 2,857 8,112 Owen 1,823 1,468 1,575 1,735 Owsley 345 1,266 375 1,466 Pendleton 1,576 2,487 1,529 2,767 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Pendleton 1,576 2,487 1,529 2,767 Perry 5,557 5,154 5,258 5,218 Pike 16,339 9,976 15,817 11,869 Powell 2,113 2,128 1,575 2,269 Pulaski 4,788 13,482 4,384 14,434 Robertson 515 511 467 567 Rockcastle 1,041 3,880 1,089 4,328 Rowan 2,968 3,093 2,748 3,698 Russell 1,455 4,292 1,448 4,476 Scott 3,380 4,482 2,606 4,461 Shelby 3,834 4,998 3,326 5,390 Simpson 2,138 2,699 2,140 3,073 Spencer 1,121 1,368 910 1,456 Taylor 2,879 5,362 3,286 5,932 Todd 1,632 2,282 1,505 2,364 Trigg 1,991 2,427 1,905 2,512 Trimble 1,342 1,083 1,088 1,389 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Trimble 1,342 1,083 1,088 1,389 Union 3,316 2,292 3,090 2,524 Warren 9,684 16,703 7,937 16,167 Washington 1,950 2,445 1,786 2,804 Wayne 2,057 3,672 2,277 4,449 Webster 3,019 2,159 3,042 2,504 Whitley 3,794 7,337 3,575 7,851 Wolfe 1,516 916 1,394 1,257 Woodford 2,653 4,512 2,290 4,746 Totals 580,368 734,281 536,756 815,345 Kentucky Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 557,222; Willkie, Rep., 410,384; Babson, Proh., 1,443; Thomas, Soc., 1,014. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 472,589; Dewey, Rep., 392,448; Watson, Proh., 2,023; Thomas, Soc., 535; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 326. 1948, Truman, Dem., 466,756; Dewey, Rep., 341,210; Thurmond, States' Rights, 10,411; Wallace, Prog., 1,567; Thomas, Soc., 1,284; Watson, Proh., 1,245; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 185. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 495,029; Stevenson, Dem., 495,729; Hamblen, Proh., 1,161; Hass, Soc. Labor, 893; Hallinan, Proh., 336. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 572,192; Stevenson, Dem., 476,453; Byrd, States' Rights, 2,657; Holtwick, Proh., 2,145; Hass, Soc. Labor, 358. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 521,855; Nixon, Rep., 602,607. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 669,659; Goldwater, Rep., 372,977; John Kasper, Nat'l. States Rights, 3,469. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 462,411; Humphrey, Dem., 397,547; Wallace, 3d p., 193,098; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 2,843. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 676,446; McGovern, Dem., 371,159; Schmitz, Amer., 17,627; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 685; Hall, Com., 464; Spock, Peoples, 1,118. 1976, Carter, Dem., 615,717; Ford, Rep., 531,852; Anderson, Amer., 8,308; McCarthy, Ind., 6,837; Maddox, Amer. Ind., 2,328; MacBride, Libertarian, 814. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 635,274; Carter, Dem., 616,417; Anderson, Ind., 31,127; Clark, Libertarian, 5,531; McCormack, Respect For Life, 4,233; Commoner, Citizens, 1,304; Pulley, Socialist, 393; Hall, Com., 348. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 815,345; Mondale, Dem., 536,756. 1988, Bush, Rep., 734,281; Dukakis, Dem., 580,368; Duke, Pop., 4,494; Paul, Lib., 2,118. Louisiana 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan Parish (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Acadia 11,510 11,319 9,262 14,906 Allen 5,204 3,674 4,842 4,474 Ascension 12,147 10,726 11,048 11,945 Assumption 5,610 4,017 4,660 5,433 Avoyelles 7,353 7,659 6,808 9,402 Beauregard 4,704 6,466 4,199 7,353 Bienville 3,705 3,680 3,530 4,587 Bossier 9,035 20,807 7,006 22,638 Caddo 39,204 54,498 35,727 63,429 Calcasieu 33,932 29,649 33,214 35,566 Caldwell 1,423 2,997 1,348 3,341 Cameron 2,257 1,775 1,608 2,265 Catahoula 1,916 2,862 1,649 3,640 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan Parish (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Catahoula 1,916 2,862 1,649 3,640 Claiborne 3,158 3,756 2,788 4,349 Concordia 3,461 5,037 3,332 6,177 DeSoto 5,366 5,022 4,642 5,989 E. Baton Rouge 59,270 86,791 56,673 95,704 East Carroll 1,809 1,536 2,089 1,974 East Feliciana 3,659 3,527 4,122 4,166 Evangeline 7,693 7,437 6,981 8,680 Franklin 3,043 5,520 2,937 6,708 Grant 2,628 4,402 2,588 5,334 Iberia 12,166 15,438 10,170 17,727 Iberville 8,678 5,855 8,587 6,455 Jackson 2,842 4,251 2,568 5,034 Jefferson 53,035 110,942 41,183 123,997 Jefferson Davis 6,799 5,851 5,962 8,296 Lafayette 24,133 36,648 19,265 44,344 Lafourche 15,013 16,152 10,186 20,930 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan Parish (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Lafourche 15,013 16,152 10,186 20,930 LaSalle 1,622 4,559 1,318 5,404 Lincoln 5,427 8,853 5,432 9,087 Livingston 9,659 15,779 8,913 17,465 Madison 2,416 2,334 2,906 2,849 Morehouse 4,496 7,335 4,829 8,585 Natchitoches 6,151 7,224 5,806 8,836 Orleans 116,851 64,763 119,478 86,316 Ouachita 15,429 33,858 15,525 37,270 Plaquemines 3,997 6,084 3,261 7,655 Pointe Coupee 6,308 4,333 6,732 5,477 Rapides 17,928 29,977 16,121 32,879 Red River 2,254 2,266 1,958 3,060 Richland 2,833 5,226 2,918 5,980 Sabine 3,532 4,767 2,980 6,295 St. Bernard 11,406 19,609 8,076 24,428 St. Charles 7,973 9,685 6,784 10,185 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan Parish (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 St. Charles 7,973 9,685 6,784 10,185 St. Helena 3,013 2,006 2,956 2,366 St. James 6,707 3,799 5,989 4,627 St. John The Baptist 8,366 7,464 7,646 9,093 St. Landry 19,091 15,790 17,950 19,055 St. Martin 10,148 7,541 8,589 9,698 St. Mary 10,364 11,540 9,411 15,275 St. Tammany 15,638 38,334 11,719 38,664 Tangipahoa 13,527 16,669 12,799 19,580 Tensas 1,556 1,645 1,628 1,956 Terrebonne 12,686 18,745 9,640 23,696 Union 3,210 5,900 2,916 6,585 Vermilion 12,180 9,224 9,033 12,721 Vernon 4,998 7,453 4,076 9,035 Washington 8,369 9,374 7,680 11,185 Webster 7,434 10,204 6,509 12,055 W. Baton Rouge 4,686 3,972 4,631 4,189 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan Parish (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 W. Baton Rouge 4,686 3,972 4,631 4,189 West Carroll 1,607 3,077 1,474 3,874 West Feliciana 2,146 1,854 2,296 2,097 Winn 2,699 4,165 2,633 4,934 Totals 717,460 883,702 651,586 1,037,299 Louisiana Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 319,751; Willkie, Rep., 52,446. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 281,564; Dewey, Rep., 67,750. 1948, Thurmond, States' Rights, 204,290; Truman, Dem., 136,344; Dewey, Rep., 72,657; Wallace, Prog., 3,035. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 306,925, Stevenson, Dem., 345,027. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 329,047; Stevenson, Dem., 243,977; Andrews, States' Rights, 44,520. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 407,339; Nixon, Rep., 230,890; States' Rights (unpledged) 169,572. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 387,068; Goldwater, Rep., 509,225. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 257,535; Humphrey, Dem., 309,615; Wallace, 3d party, 530,300. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 686,852; McGovern, Dem., 298,142; Schmitz, Amer., 52,099; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 14,398. 1976, Carter, Dem., 661,365; Ford, Rep., 587,446; Maddox, Amer., 10,058; Hall, Com., 7,417; McCarthy, Ind., 6,588; MacBride, Libertarian, 3,325. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 792,853; Carter, Dem., 708,453; Anderson, Ind., 26,345; Rarick, Amer. Ind., 10,333; Clark, Libertarian, 8,240; Commoner, Citizens, 1,584; DeBerry, Soc. Work., 783. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 1,037,299; Mondale, Dem., 651,586; Bergland, Libertarian, 1,876. 1988, Bush, Rep., 883,702; Dukakis, Dem., 717,460; Duke, Pop., 18,612; Paul, Lib., 4,115. Maine 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan City (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Auburn 4,629 5,947 4,430 6,994 Augusta 4,576 5,182 4,451 5,995 Bangor 6,534 7,194 6,155 8,389 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan City (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Bangor 6,534 7,194 6,155 8,389 Bath 1,838 2,543 1,714 2,899 Bidderford 5,017 4,375 5,489 4,147 Brewer 1,784 2,908 1,461 3,093 Gardiner 1,395 1,609 1,216 1,942 Lewiston 9,225 7,265 9,853 9,480 Old Town 2,220 1,640 2,217 2,087 Portland 18,234 11,676 17,543 13,315 Rockland 1,198 1,850 1,051 2,169 Saco 3,169 3,852 3,094 3,761 Sanford 3,456 4,541 3,517 4,578 South Portland 5,820 5,744 5,377 6,653 Waterville 4,031 3,158 4,075 3,873 Westbrook 3,648 4,086 3,345 4,456 Totals 243,569 307,131 214,515 336,500 Maine Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 156,478; Willkie, Rep., 165,951; Browder, Com., 411. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 140,631; Dewey, Rep., 155,434; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 335. 1948, Truman, Dem., 111,916; Dewey, Rep., 150,234; Wallace, Prog., 1,884; Thomas, Soc., 547; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 206. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 232,353; Stevenson, Dem., 118,806; Hallinan, Prog., 332; Hass, Soc. Labor, 156; Hoopes, Soc., 138; scattered, 1. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 249,238; Stevenson, Dem., 102,468. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 181,159; Nixon, Rep., 240,608. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 262,264; Goldwater, Rep., 118,701. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 169,254; Humphrey, Dem., 217,312; Wallace, 3d party, 6,370. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 256,458; McGovern, Dem., 160,584; scattered, 229. 1976, Carter, Dem., 232,279; Ford, Rep., 236,320; McCarthy, Ind., 10,874; Bubar, Proh., 3,495. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 238,522; Carter, Dem., 220,974; Anderson, Ind., 53,327; Clark, Libertarian, 5,119; Commoner, Citizens, 4,394; Hall, Com., 591; write-ins, 84. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 336,500; Mondale, Dem., 214,515. 1988, Bush, Rep., 307,131; Dukakis, Dem., 243,569; Paul, Lib., 2,700; Fulani, New Alliance, 1,405. Maryland 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Allegany 11,844 17,462 11,143 19,763 Anne Arundel 55,440 98,540 47,565 94,171 Baltimore 121,570 163,881 106,908 171,929 Calvert 6,376 10,956 5,455 8,303 Caroline 2,440 4,661 2,198 4,876 Carroll 12,368 31,224 8,898 27,230 Cecil 7,807 13,224 6,681 13,111 Charles 11,823 20,828 10,264 16,132 Dorchester 3,709 6,343 3,160 6,699 Frederick 17,061 32,575 13,411 29,606 Garrett 2,557 6,665 2,386 7,042 Harford 19,803 38,493 17,133 37,382 Howard 34,007 44,153 25,713 35,641 Kent 2,925 3,761 2,390 3,897 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Kent 2,925 3,761 2,390 3,897 Montgomery 165,187 154,191 146,036 146,924 Prince George's 133,816 86,545 136,063 95,121 Queen Anne's 3,857 7,803 2,938 6,784 St. Mary's 7,434 12,767 6,420 11,201 Somerset 2,911 4,222 2,439 4,508 Talbot 3,948 8,170 3,198 8,028 Washington 14,408 25,912 13,329 27,118 Wicomico 9,413 16,272 8,160 16,124 Worcester 4,787 8,430 3,770 8,208 Totals 826,304 876,167 787,935 879,918 Maryland Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 384,546; Willkie, Rep., 269,534; Thomas, Soc., 4,093; Browder, Com., 1,274; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 657. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 315,490; Dewey, Rep., 292,949. 1948, Truman, Dem., 286,521; Dewey, Rep., 294,814; Wallace, Prog., 9,983; Thomas, Soc., 2,941; Thurmond, States' Rights, 2,476; Wright, write-in, 2,294. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 499,424; Stevenson, Dem., 395,337; Hallinan, Prog., 7,313. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 559,738; Stevenson, Dem., 372,613. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 565,800; Nixon, Rep., 489,538. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 730,912; Goldwater, Rep., 385,495; write-in, 50. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 517,995; Humphrey, Dem., 538,310; Wallace, 3d party, 178,734. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 829,305; McGovern, Dem., 505,781; Schmitz, Amer., 18,726. 1976, Carter, Dem., 759,612; Ford, Rep., 672,661. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 680,606; Carter, Dem., 726,161; Anderson, Ind., 119,537; Clark, Libertarian, 14,192. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 879,918; Mondale, Dem., 787,935; Bergland, Libertarian, 5,721. 1988, Bush, Rep., 876,167; Dukakis, Dem., 826,304; Paul, Lib., 6,748; Fulani, Alliance, 5,115. Massachusetts 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan City (D) (R) (D) (R) 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan City (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Boston 122,349 62,202 131,745 75,311 Brockton 14,776 16,056 14,130 17,161 Cambridge 32,027 8,770 32,582 10,007 Fall River 20,184 8,394 20,722 11,463 Framingham 15,826 12,745 14,368 15,074 Lawrence 9,255 8,265 10,986 9,877 Lowell 16,391 13,998 15,042 16,834 Lynn 18,540 12,182 17,103 14,445 New Bedford 22,609 9,901 22,070 13,147 Newton 29,039 13,892 27,343 16,184 Quincy 20,911 18,403 18,971 20,123 Somerville 21,612 8,931 21,065 11,318 Springfield 30,113 16,244 29,376 21,431 Worcester 34,369 24,355 32,525 27,348 Totals 1,401,415 1,194,635 1,239,606 1,310,936 Massachusetts Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,076,522; Willkie, Rep., 939,700; Thomas, Soc., 4,091; Browder, Com., 3,806; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 1,492; Babson, Proh., 1,370. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,035,296; Dewey, Rep., 921,350; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 2,780; Watson, Proh., 973. 1948, Truman, Dem., 1,151,788; Dewey, Rep., 909,370; Wallace, Prog., 38,157; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 5,535; Watson, Proh., 1,663. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,292,325; Stevenson, Dem., 1,083,525; Hallinan, Prog., 4,636; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,957; Hamblen, Proh., 886; scattered, 69; blanks, 41,150. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,393,197; Stevenson, Dem., 948,190; Hass, Soc. Labor, 5,573; Holtwick, Proh., 1,205; others, 341. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 1,487,174; Nixon, Rep., 976,750; Hass, Soc. Labor, 3,892; Decker, Proh., 1,633; others, 31; blank and void, 26,024. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 1,786,422; Goldwater, Rep., 549,727; Hass, Soc. Labor, 4,755; Munn, Proh., 3,735; scattered, 159; blank, 48,104. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 766,844; Humphrey, Dem., 1,469,218; Wallace, 3d party, 87,088; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 6,180; Munn, Proh., 2,369; scattered, 53; blanks, 25,394. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 1,112,078; McGovern, Dem., 1,332,540; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 10,600; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 129; Schmitz, Amer., 2,877; Spock, Peoples, 101; Hall, Com., 46; Hospers, Libertarian, 43; scattered, 342. 1976, Carter, Dem., 1,429,475; Ford, Rep., 1,030,276; McCarthy, Ind., 65,637; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 8,138; Anderson, Amer., 7,555; La Rouche, U.S. Labor, 4,922; MacBride, Libertarian, 135. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 1,057,631; Carter, Dem., 1,053,802; Anderson, Ind., 382,539; Clark, Libertarian, 22,038; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 3,735; Commoner, Citizens, 2,056; McReynolds, Socialist, 62; Bubar, Statesman, 34; Griswold, Workers World, 19; scattered, 2,382. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 1,310,936; Mondale, Dem., 1,239,606. 1988, Bush, Rep., 1,194,635; Dukakis, Dem., 1,401,415; Paul, Lib., 24,251; Fulani, New Alliance, 9,561. Michigan 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alcona 1,918 2,966 1,616 3,223 Alger 2,210 1,830 2,018 2,175 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alger 2,210 1,830 2,018 2,175 Allegan 10,785 22,163 8,389 23,762 Alpena 6,341 6,664 5,136 8,212 Antrim 3,159 5,231 2,507 5,726 Arenac 3,211 3,064 2,436 3,483 Baraga 1,753 1,630 1,818 1,965 Barry 7,983 12,546 5,898 14,245 Bay 28,225 20,710 22,597 26,198 Benzie 2,437 3,240 1,866 3,590 Berrien 21,948 37,799 21,228 43,160 Branch 5,231 9,225 3,860 11,004 Calhoun 22,717 26,771 20,313 34,470 Cass 7,444 10,229 6,634 11,647 Charlevoix 3,875 5,802 3,175 6,355 Cheboygan 3,943 5,395 3,358 6,053 Chippewa 5,222 6,786 4,575 8,135 Clare 4,710 5,661 3,764 6,587 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Clare 4,710 5,661 3,764 6,587 Clinton 9,225 15,497 6,226 17,387 Crawford 1,825 3,097 1,558 3,303 Delta 8,891 7,114 7,934 8,952 Dickinson 6,129 6,158 5,614 6,880 Eaton 15,322 24,193 10,290 27,720 Emmet 4,170 7,105 3,254 7,760 Genesee 104,880 70,922 89,491 92,943 Gladwin 4,164 4,746 3,368 5,401 Gogebic 5,151 3,509 5,554 4,006 Grand Traverse 10,098 17,191 7,271 18,036 Gratiot 5,719 8,447 4,000 10,456 Hillsdale 4,763 10,571 3,616 12,063 Houghton 6,510 7,098 6,434 8,652 Huron 5,714 9,419 3,966 11,073 Ingham 55,984 58,363 46,411 68,753 Ionia 8,160 12,028 5,735 14,162 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ionia 8,160 12,028 5,735 14,162 Iosco 4,929 7,234 3,850 7,907 Iron 3,774 2,866 3,559 3,468 Isabella 7,960 10,362 6,435 12,215 Jackson 21,865 33,885 18,340 40,133 Kalamazoo 39,457 50,205 32,460 58,327 Kalkaska 2,092 3,369 1,595 3,623 Kent 73,467 131,910 66,238 137,417 Keweenaw 631 536 628 599 Lake 1,958 1,713 1,845 2,125 Lapeer 10,736 16,670 7,800 19,222 Leelanau 3,331 5,215 2,498 5,356 Lenawee 13,690 19,115 11,012 22,409 Livingston 13,749 31,331 10,720 31,846 Luce 864 1,528 833 1,715 Mackinac 2,093 3,127 1,949 3,627 Macomb 112,856 175,632 97,816 194,300 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Macomb 112,856 175,632 97,816 194,300 Manistee 4,765 5,368 3,917 6,328 Marquette 15,418 11,704 14,074 14,196 Mason 4,531 6,800 3,803 8,202 Mecosta 4,736 8,181 4,048 9,023 Menominee 4,918 5,440 4,425 6,618 Midland 13,452 19,994 10,769 21,521 Missaukee 1,621 3,566 1,256 3,970 Monroe 21,847 26,189 19,617 29,419 Montcalm 7,664 10,963 5,491 13,109 Montmorency 1,563 2,514 1,387 2,913 Muskegon 28,977 33,567 25,247 39,355 Newaygo 5,389 9,896 4,496 10,636 Oakland 174,745 283,359 150,286 306,050 Oceana 3,356 5,693 2,865 6,405 Ogemaw 4,012 4,091 3,132 4,901 Ontonagon 2,517 2,023 2,350 2,464 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ontonagon 2,517 2,023 2,350 2,464 Osceola 2,860 5,218 2,127 5,923 Oscoda 1,170 1,972 951 2,239 Otsego 2,635 4,620 2,117 4,639 Ottawa 18,769 61,515 15,000 60,142 Presque Isle 3,025 3,614 2,481 4,207 Roscommon 4,394 5,866 3,359 6,419 Saginaw 45,616 42,401 38,420 51,495 St. Clair 20,909 32,336 16,998 36,114 St. Joseph 7,017 13,084 5,795 15,405 Sanilac 5,445 10,653 4,126 12,627 Schoolcraft 2,071 1,802 1,920 2,139 Shiawassee 13,056 15,506 9,514 18,756 Tuscola 9,060 12,093 6,212 14,698 Van Buren 10,668 14,522 8,853 16,426 Washtenaw 61,799 55,029 55,084 58,736 Wayne 450,222 291,996 496,632 367,391 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wayne 450,222 291,996 496,632 367,391 Wexford 4,287 6,043 3,398 7,279 Totals 1,675,783 1,965,486 1,529,638 2,251,571 Michigan Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,032,991; Willkie, Rep., 1,039,917; Thomas, Soc., 7,593; Browder, Com., 2,834; Babson, Proh., 1,795; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 795. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,106,899; Dewey, Rep., 1,084,423; Watson, Proh., 6,503; Thomas, Soc., 4,598; Smith, America First, 1,530; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 1,264. 1948, Truman, Dem., 1,003,448; Dewey, Rep., 1,038,595; Wallace, Prog., 46,515; Watson, Proh., 13,052; Thomas, Soc. 6,063; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 1,263; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 672. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,551,529; Stevenson, Dem., 1,230,657; Hamblen, Proh., 10,331; Hallinan, Prog., 3,922; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,495; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 655; scattered, 3. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,713,647; Stevenson, Dem., 1,359,898; Holtwick, Proh., 6,923. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 1,687,269; Nixon, Rep., 1,620,428; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 4,347; Decker, Proh., 2,029; Daly, Tax Cut, 1,767; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,718; Ind. American, 539. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 2,136,615; Goldwater, Rep., 1,060,152; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 3,817; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,704; Proh. (no candidate listed), 699, scattering, 145. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 1,370,665; Humphrey, Dem., 1,593,082; Wallace, 3d party, 331,968; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 4,099; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 1,762; Cleaver, New Politics, 4,585; Munn, Proh., 60; scattering, 29. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 1,961,721; McGovern, Dem., 1,459,435; Schmitz, Amer., 63,321; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 2,437; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 1,603; Hall, Com., 1,210. 1976, Carter, Dem., 1,696,714; Ford, Rep., 1,893,742; McCarthy, Ind., 47,905; MacBride, Libertarian, 5,406; Wright, People's, 3,504, Camejo, Soc. Workers, 1,804; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 1,366; Levin, Soc. Labor, 1,148; scattering, 2,160. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 1,915,225; Carter, Dem., 1,661,532; Anderson, Ind., 275,223; Clark, Libertarian, 41,597; Commoner, Citizens, 11,930; Hall, Com., 3,262; Griswold, Workers World, 30; Greaves, American, 21; Bubar, Statesman, 9. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 2,251,571; Mondale, Dem., 1,529,638; Bergland, Libertarian, 10,055. 1988, Bush, Rep., 1,965,486; Dukakis, Dem., 1,675,783; Paul, Lib., 18,336; Fulani, Ind., 2,513. Minnesota 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Aitkin 3,863 3,011 3,943 3,422 Anoka 57,953 46,853 50,305 46,578 Becker 5,787 6,738 5,456 7,553 Beltrami 7,566 6,652 7,481 7,414 Benton 5,861 6,060 4,922 6,830 Big Stone 2,026 1,469 1,994 1,821 Blue Earth 12,375 11,959 11,877 14,298 Brown 5,109 6,898 4,469 8,399 Carlton 8,790 4,626 9,189 4,877 Carver 8,439 12,560 6,725 11,963 Cass 5,127 5,895 4,773 6,619 Chippewa 3,238 3,190 3,047 3,964 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Chippewa 3,238 3,190 3,047 3,964 Chisago 7,875 6,163 6,683 6,279 Clay 11,186 10,380 10,294 11,565 Clearwater 1,769 1,763 1,917 2,066 Cook 1,080 1,078 1,129 1,219 Cottonwood 3,095 3,390 3,073 4,275 Crow Wing 9,674 11,017 8,719 11,362 Dakota 61,942 61,606 49,125 55,119 Dodge 2,925 3,848 2,786 4,428 Douglas 5,803 7,898 5,444 9,005 Faribault 3,879 4,846 3,993 5,690 Fillmore 4,114 5,004 4,351 6,342 Freebom 8,836 7,226 9,338 8,413 Goodhue 9,438 9,455 8,679 11,171 Grant 1,950 1,693 1,867 2,111 Hennepin 292,909 240,209 272,401 253,921 Houston 3,936 4,777 3,512 5,645 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Houston 3,936 4,777 3,512 5,645 Hubbard 3,306 4,365 2,806 4,621 Isanti 6,075 5,246 5,378 5,660 Itasca 10,517 8,358 11,455 9,306 Jackson 3,275 2,629 3,437 3,131 Kanabec 2,970 2,571 2,660 3,027 Kandiyohi 8,962 8,634 8,402 9,539 Kittson 1,650 1,381 1,610 1,716 Koochiching 3,867 2,842 4,238 3,466 LacQuiParle 2,805 2,116 2,685 2,731 Lake 3,887 1,838 4,468 2,003 Lake O'Woods 798 984 824 1,094 Le Sueur 5,410 5,415 5,070 6,033 Lincoln 1,891 1,479 1,827 1,905 Lyon 5,657 5,969 5,389 7,170 McLeod 5,736 7,967 4,864 8,728 Mahnomen 1,277 1,051 1,241 1,328 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mahnomen 1,277 1,051 1,241 1,328 Marshall 3,001 2,752 2,705 3,433 Martin 4,922 5,724 4,673 7,308 Meeker 4,544 4,999 4,156 5,511 Mille Lacs 4,327 3,862 4,011 4,307 Morrison 6,469 6,598 6,225 7,556 Mower 11,893 6,969 12,498 8,054 Murray 2,840 2,316 2,741 2,780 Nicollet 6,786 6,878 5,789 7,472 Nobles 4,953 4,348 4,619 4,876 Norman 2,149 1,789 2,202 2,152 Olmsted 19,423 27,683 16,335 28,129 Otter Tail 10,373 14,015 9,714 15,664 Pennington 3,105 2,920 2,913 3,536 Pine 5,540 3,857 5,223 4,493 Pipestone 2,382 2,760 2,391 3,043 Polk 7,523 7,032 7,033 8,617 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Polk 7,523 7,032 7,033 8,617 Pope 3,074 2,627 2,757 3,064 Ramsey 143,767 88,736 141,623 95,667 Red Lake 1,229 918 1,294 1,184 Redwood 3,178 5,076 2,957 6,020 Renville 4,454 4,356 3,972 5,571 Rice 11,570 9,460 10,880 10,456 Rock 2,435 2,737 2,188 2,971 Roseau 2,630 3,500 2,319 3,445 St. Louis 70,344 31,799 77,683 34,162 Scott 11,405 13,050 9,452 12,573 Sherburne 7,959 8,360 6,140 7,738 Sibley 3,154 3,655 2,761 4,638 Stearns 23,798 27,529 20,944 30,216 Steele 5,496 7,981 5,060 8,780 Stevens 2,721 2,679 2,451 3,251 Swift 3,579 2,156 3,531 2,893 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Swift 3,579 2,156 3,531 2,893 Todd 5,023 5,633 4,657 6,585 Traverse 1,399 1,061 1,325 1,399 Wabasha 4,442 4,681 3,872 5,299 Wadena 2,484 3,733 2,454 4,306 Waseca 3,721 4,471 3,527 5,509 Washington 34,952 30,850 28,527 29,046 Watonwan 2,544 2,821 2,425 3,526 Wilkin 1,486 1,933 1,410 2,367 Winona 10,310 11,012 9,577 11,981 Wright 14,177 14,987 12,486 15,399 Yellow Med 3,282 2,925 3,018 3,819 Totals 1,109,471 962,337 1,036,364 1,032,603 Minnesota Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 644,196; Willkie, Rep., 596,274; Thomas, Soc., 5,454; Browder, Com., 2,711; Aiken, Ind., 2,553. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 589,864; Dewey, Rep., 527,416; Thomas, Soc., 5,073; Teichert, Ind. Gov't., 3,176. 1948, Truman, Dem., 692,966; Dewey, Rep., 483,617; Wallace, Prog., 27,866; Thomas, Soc., 4,646; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 2,525; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 606. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 763,211; Stevenson, Dem., 608,458; Hallinan, Prog., 2,666; Hass, Soc. Labor, 2,383; Hamblen, Proh., 2,147; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 618. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 719,302; Stevenson, Dem., 617,525; Hass, Soc. Labor (Ind. Gov.), 2,080; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 1,098. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 779,933; Nixon, Rep., 757,915; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 3,077; Industrial Gov., 962. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 991,117; Goldwater, Rep., 559,624; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 1,177; Hass, Industrial Gov., 2,544. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 658,643; Humphrey, Dem., 857,738; Wallace, 3d party, 68,931; scattered, 2,443; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 808; Blomen, Ind. Gov't., 285; Mitchell, Com., 415; Cleaver, Peace, 935; McCarthy, write-in, 585; scattered, 170. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 898,269; McGovern, Dem., 802,346; Schmitz, Amer., 31,407; Spock, Peoples, 2,805; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 4,261; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 940; Hall, Com., 662; scattered, 962. 1976, Carter, Dem., 1,070,440; Ford, Rep., 819,395; McCarthy, Ind., 35,490; Anderson, Amer., 13,592; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 4,149; MacBride, Libertarian, 3,529; Hall, Com., 1,092. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 873, 268; Carter, Dem., 954,173; Anderson, Ind., 174,997; Clark, Libertarian, 31,593; Commoner, Citizens, 8,406; Hall, Com., 1,117; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 711; Griswold, Workers World, 698; McReynolds, Socialist, 536; write-ins, 281. 1984, Mondale, Dem., 1,036,364; Reagan, Rep., 1,032,603; Bergland, Libertarian, 2,996. 1988, Bush., 962,337; Dukakis, Dem., 1,109,471; McCarthy, Minn. Prog., 5,403; Paul, Lib., 5,109. Mississippi 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Adams 7,732 8,116 7,849 9,440 Alcom 5,335 6,641 4,862 7,203 Amite 2,834 3,333 2,569 3,463 Attala 2,997 4,524 3,327 4,870 Benton 1,718 1,565 1,715 1,737 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Benton 1,718 1,565 1,715 1,737 Bolivar 7,606 6,105 8,769 6,939 Calhoun 2,086 3,375 1,749 3,579 Carroll 1,560 2,628 1,462 2,823 Chickasaw 2,713 3,390 2,329 3,605 Choctaw 1,335 2,297 1,166 2,491 Claiborne 3,083 1,233 3,179 1,294 Clarke 2,576 4,522 2,262 4,551 Clay 3,849 3,645 4,046 4,112 Coahoma 6,139 4,939 6,839 5,759 Copiah 4,175 5,100 4,591 5,806 Covington 2,591 4,005 2,219 4,165 DeSoto 5,449 14,681 4,369 12,576 Forrest 6,953 14,249 6,786 15,719 Franklin 1,563 2,376 1,494 2,564 George 2,435 4,545 1,655 4,346 Greene 1,637 2,837 1,297 2,744 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Greene 1,637 2,837 1,297 2,744 Grenada 3,683 5,352 3,325 5,181 Hancock 3,760 7,763 2,630 7,662 Harrison 14,439 32,892 12,495 33,995 Hinds 41,058 52,749 42,373 56,953 Holmes 5,350 2,737 5,641 3,102 Humphreys 2,644 2,018 2,596 2,309 Issaquena 511 424 501 512 Itawamba 3,143 4,535 2,674 4,587 Jackson 10,328 29,830 8,821 29,585 Jasper 3,184 3,368 3,104 3,727 Jefferson 2,693 702 3,049 856 Jefferson Davis 2,948 2,745 2,644 2,884 Jones 7,383 16,764 7,298 17,586 Kemper 2,069 2,128 2,089 2,354 Lafayette 3,967 5,841 3,646 6,006 Lamar 2,535 9,145 1,964 7,929 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Lamar 2,535 9,145 1,964 7,929 Lauderdale 7,967 18,302 7,534 18,807 Lawrence 2,517 3,682 2,274 3,970 Leake 2,787 4,168 2,845 4,663 Lee 6,604 13,767 6,208 13,312 Leflore 5,830 6,409 7,443 7,550 Lincoln 4,534 8,710 4,458 8,898 Lowndes 5,993 11,258 6,078 12,049 Madison 8,242 11,399 8,002 9,298 Marion 4,240 7,019 3,757 7,355 Marshall 6,982 4,668 5,845 4,389 Monroe 4,669 6,447 4,437 7,387 Montgomery 1,893 2,504 1,881 3,093 Neshoba 2,942 6,363 2,630 6,715 Newton 2,332 5,658 2,127 5,911 Noxubee 2,722 1,870 2,928 2,123 Oktibbeha 5,100 7,126 5,097 7,574 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Oktibbeha 5,100 7,126 5,097 7,574 Panola 5,222 5,382 5,465 5,850 Pearl River 3,939 10,220 3,085 9,978 Perry 1,326 2,983 1,415 3,098 Pike 6,531 7,637 6,137 8,254 Pontotoc 2,772 4,939 2,434 5,182 Prentiss 3,429 4,348 2,897 4,821 Quitman 2,497 1,832 2,343 2,198 Rankin 6,201 22,937 5,874 22,393 Scott 2,939 5,522 3,274 5,763 Sharkey 1,609 1,277 1,723 1,487 Simpson 3,016 6,151 2,894 5,983 Smith 1,660 4,573 1,573 5,116 Stone 1,452 3,007 1,185 2,980 Sunflower 4,898 4,362 4,913 5,178 Tallahatchie 2,881 2,633 2,725 2,901 Tate 2,872 4,553 2,846 4,677 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Tate 2,872 4,553 2,846 4,677 Tippah 2,958 4,593 2,566 4,706 Tishomingo 3,378 3,646 2,879 3,527 Tunica 1,510 896 1,621 1,109 Union 3,044 5,511 2,766 5,837 Walthall 2,354 3,103 2,219 3,305 Warren 7,437 12,507 8,054 12,959 Washington 10,222 10,229 10,617 12,454 Wayne 2,889 4,496 2,818 5,000 Webster 1,550 3,061 1,397 3,390 Wilkinson 2,678 1,528 2,627 1,722 Winston 3,851 5,317 3,543 5,192 Yalobusha 2,402 2,660 2,337 2,934 Yazoo 4,989 5,538 5,037 6,275 Totals 363,921 557,890 352,192 582,377 Mississippi Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 168,252; Willkie, Ind. Rep., 4,550; Rep., 2,814; total, 7,364; Thomas, Soc., 103. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 158,515; Dewey, Rep., 3,742; Reg. Dem., 9,964; Ind. Rep., 7,859. 1948, Thurmond, States' Rights, 167,538; Truman, Dem., 19,384; Dewey, Rep., 5,043; Wallace, Prog., 225. 1952, Eisenhower, Ind. vote pledged to Rep. candidate, 112,966; Stevenson, Dem., 172,566. 1956, Stevenson, Dem., 144,498; Eisenhower, Rep., 56,372; Black and Tan Grand Old Party, 4,313; total, 60,685; Byrd, Ind., 42,966. 1960, Democratic unpledged electors, 116,248; Kennedy, Dem., 108,362; Nixon, Rep., 73,561. Mississippi's victorious slate of 8 unpledged Democratic electors cast their votes for Sen. Harry F. Byrd (D-Va.). 1964, Johnson, Dem., 52,618; Goldwater, Rep., 356,528. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 88,516; Humphrey, Dem., 150,644; Wallace, 3d party, 415,349. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 505,125; McGovern, Dem., 126,782; Schmitz, Amer., 11,598; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 2,458. 1976, Carter, Dem., 381,309; Ford, Rep., 366,846; Anderson, Amer., 6,678; McCarthy, Ind., 4,074; Maddox, Ind., 4,049; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 2,805; MacBride, Libertarian, 2,609. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 441,089; Carter, Dem., 429,281; Anderson, Ind., 12,036; Clark, Libertarian, 5,465; Griswold, Workers World, 2,402; Pulley, Soc. Worker, 2,347. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 582,377; Mondale, Dem., 352,192; Bergland, Libertarian, 2,336. 1988, Bush, Rep., 557,890; Dukakis, Dem., 363,921; Duke, Ind., 4,232; Paul, Lib., 3,329. Missouri 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adair 3,571 5,721 3,119 6,430 Andrew 3,108 3,407 2,457 4,252 Atchison 1,468 1,761 1,219 2,277 Audrain 5,226 5,072 4,662 7,261 Barry 4,210 7,231 3,483 7,683 Barton 1,603 3,339 1,348 3,996 Bates 3,332 3,574 2,889 4,223 Benton 2,654 3,467 2,251 3,805 Bollinger 1,883 2,710 1,923 2,778 Boone 24,370 22,948 19,364 26,600 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Boone 24,370 22,948 19,364 26,600 Buchanan 18,601 15,336 15,369 19,735 Butler 5,751 7,968 4,699 8,712 Caldwell 1,726 2,074 1,382 2,678 Callaway 5,209 6,687 4,327 8,262 Camden 3,930 7,773 3,088 8,057 Cape Girardeau 7,904 16,583 7,346 17,404 Carroll 2,330 2,811 1,980 3,495 Carter 1,087 1,429 916 1,402 Cass 10,092 12,799 7,517 14,456 Cedar 1,774 2,966 1,440 3,539 Chariton 2,347 2,193 2,244 2,744 Christian 4,724 7,670 3,223 7,634 Clark 1,925 1,493 1,627 2,068 Clay 29,620 30,293 22,586 36,529 Clinton 3,653 3,282 2,778 4,226 Cole 8,359 18,023 6,702 20,366 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cole 8,359 18,023 6,702 20,366 Cooper 2,510 3,737 2,219 4,603 Crawford 3,107 3,856 2,610 4,716 Dade 1,315 2,154 1,100 2,600 Dallas 2,293 2,898 1,902 3,577 Daviess 1,743 1,765 1,526 2,414 DeKalb 1,970 1,863 1,464 2,188 Dent 2,421 2,975 2,544 3,490 Douglas 1,735 3,225 1,536 3,662 Dunklin 5,281 5,026 4,967 6,092 Franklin 11,891 16,611 8,319 18,669 Gasconade 1,621 4,216 1,130 4,678 Gentry 1,872 1,554 1,600 2,047 Greene 35,475 52,211 27,965 57,250 Grundy 2,052 2,668 1,861 3,156 Harrison 1,776 2,271 1,649 2,844 Henry 4,135 4,167 3,741 5,419 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Henry 4,135 4,167 3,741 5,419 Hickory 1,677 2,043 1,212 2,190 Holt 1,258 1,583 1,026 2,087 Howard 2,446 1,865 2,014 2,360 Howell 4,324 7,277 3,767 8,204 Iron 2,283 1,877 2,023 2,316 Jackson 147,964 107,810 135,067 132,271 Jasper 11,159 19,934 9,259 23,066 Jefferson 27,738 29,279 20,026 34,525 Johnson 5,373 7,512 4,238 8,413 Knox 1,255 1,212 1,097 1,513 Laclede 3,442 6,070 2,665 6,406 Lafayette 5,654 6,825 4,848 8,581 Lawrence 4,432 6,911 3,720 8,370 Lewis 2,460 1,803 1,977 2,438 Lincoln 4,605 5,305 3,290 6,137 Linn 3,150 3,061 3,112 3,822 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Linn 3,150 3,061 3,112 3,822 Livingston 3,077 3,462 2,699 4,090 McDonald 2,299 3,812 2,109 4,521 Macon 3,215 3,406 3,037 4,542 Madison 2,167 2,528 1,862 2,808 Maries 1,552 1,919 1,388 2,267 Marion 5,617 5,034 4,666 6,831 Mercer 877 875 875 1,229 Miller 2,555 5,662 2,054 6,706 Missouri 2,814 2,218 2,524 2,502 Moniteau 1,936 3,502 1,614 4,197 Monroe 2,461 1,542 1,992 2,163 Montgomery 2,064 2,714 1,668 3,261 Morgan 2,604 3,958 2,169 4,392 New Madrid 3,812 3,387 3,776 4,323 Newton 5,798 10,617 4,623 11,709 Nodaway 4,240 4,103 3,615 5,471 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nodaway 4,240 4,103 3,615 5,471 Oregon 2,042 1,717 2,026 1,979 Osage 1,771 3,885 1,343 4,381 Ozark 1,329 2,404 1,110 2,614 Pemiscot 3,288 3,066 3,293 3,733 Perry 2,136 3,836 1,837 4,493 Pettis 5,486 9,648 5,413 10,991 Phelps 5,867 8,329 5,074 9,012 Pike 3,816 3,271 3,313 3,933 Platte 11,225 11,838 7,668 12,859 Polk 3,419 5,030 2,819 5,467 Pulaski 3,446 4,642 2,865 5,330 Putnam 803 1,365 797 1,540 Ralls 2,489 1,494 2,011 2,067 Randolph 5,291 4,384 4,471 5,735 Ray 4,879 3,763 3,979 4,875 Reynolds 1,864 1,162 2,026 1,330 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Reynolds 1,864 1,162 2,026 1,330 Ripley 1,961 2,647 1,883 2,927 St. Charles 29,286 50,005 17,617 47,784 St. Clair 1,864 2,312 1,655 2,667 St. Francois 8,158 7,923 7,137 9,792 Ste. Genevieve 3,612 2,532 2,723 3,245 St. Louis 216,534 262,784 173,144 307,684 Saline 5,039 4,625 4,281 6,042 Schuyler 1,013 1,063 1,141 1,250 Scotland 1,117 1,248 1,075 1,485 Scott 5,914 8,013 5,569 8,727 Shannon 1,796 1,696 1,580 1,779 Shelby 1,818 1,586 1,573 2,243 Stoddard 4,701 5,822 4,294 6,701 Stone 2,889 5,080 2,119 5,706 Sullivan 1,562 1,897 1,784 2,306 Taney 3,888 7,043 2,912 7,082 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Taney 3,888 7,043 2,912 7,082 Texas 3,887 4,584 3,662 5,591 Vernon 3,402 4,149 2,984 5,181 Warren 2,935 4,452 1,964 5,150 Washington 3,744 3,240 2,987 3,755 Wayne 2,456 2,648 2,363 2,867 Webster 3,890 5,123 2,982 5,529 Worth 732 677 734 921 Wright 2,232 4,151 1,973 4,687 Totals 1,001,619 1,084,953 848,583 1,274,188 Missouri Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 958,476; Willkie, Rep., 871,009; Thomas, Soc., 2,226; Babson, Proh., 1,809; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 209. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 807,357; Dewey, Rep., 761,175; Thomas, Soc., 1,750; Watson, Proh., 1,175; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 221. 1948, Truman, Dem., 917,315; Dewey, Rep., 655,039; Wallace, Prog., 3,998; Thomas, Soc., 2,222. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 959,429; Stevenson, Dem., 929,830; Hallinan, Prog., 987; Hamblen, Proh., 885; MacArthur, Christian Nationalist, 302; America First, 233; Hoopes, Soc., 227; Hass, Soc. Labor, 169. 1956, Stevenson, Dem., 918,273; Eisenhower, Rep., 914,299. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 972,201; Nixon, Rep., 962,221. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 1,164,344; Goldwater, Rep., 653,535. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 811,932; Humphrey, Dem., 791,444; Wallace, 3d party, 206,126. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 1,154,058; McGovern, Dem., 698,531. 1976, Carter, Dem., 999,163; Ford, Rep., 928,808; McCarthy, Ind., 24,329. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 1,074,181; Carter, Dem., 931,182; Anderson, Ind., 77,920; Clark, Libertarian, 14,422; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 1,515; Commoner, Citizens, 573; write-ins, 31. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 1,274,188; Mondale, Dem., 848,583. 1988, Bush, Rep., 1,084,953; Dukakis, Dem., 1,001,619; Fulani, New Alliance, 6,656; Paul, write-in, 434. Montana 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Beaverhead 1,274 2,668 942 3,044 Big Horn 2,233 1,711 2,681 2,390 Blaine 1,460 1,402 1,229 1,736 Broadwater 592 1,054 458 1,345 Carbon 2,039 2,360 1,657 2,877 Carter 242 686 194 823 Cascade 15,718 15,946 14,252 19,846 Chouteau 1,166 1,980 896 2,425 Custer 2,343 3,007 1,982 3,879 Daniels 571 802 473 984 Dawson 2,120 2,658 1,776 3,468 Deer Lodge 3,185 1,168 3,539 1,901 Fallon 612 1,002 569 1,237 Fergus 2,052 3,948 1,804 4,585 Flathead 10,202 14,461 8,310 17,012 Gallatin 9,527 13,214 8,163 15,643 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Gallatin 9,527 13,214 8,163 15,643 Garfield 196 631 134 770 Glacier 2,151 1,728 2,167 2,228 Golden Valley 203 335 211 384 Granite 511 789 417 880 Hill 4,219 3,467 3,657 4,635 Jefferson 1,746 2,007 1,324 2,226 Judith Basin 590 902 483 1,050 Lake 4,109 4,883 3,473 5,754 Lewis & Clark 11,932 10,946 8,768 13,569 Liberty 418 771 323 895 Lincoln 3,601 3,500 2,959 4,080 Madison 878 2,045 708 2,308 McCone 567 814 459 1,015 Meagher 337 656 283 771 Mineral 789 616 718 943 Missoula 19,178 15,965 16,540 19,777 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Missoula 19,178 15,965 16,540 19,777 Musselshell 898 1,280 781 1,541 Park 2,526 3,823 2,387 4,115 Petroleum 91 204 86 258 Phillips 905 1,462 787 1,934 Pondera 1,245 1,795 1,039 2,239 Powder River 395 815 346 1,066 Powell 1,174 1,574 1,066 1,877 Prairie 343 541 289 693 Ravalli 4,763 7,418 3,825 8,161 Richland 1,824 2,628 1,382 3,847 Roosevelt 2,083 1,957 1,962 2,431 Rosebud 1,869 1,822 1,920 2,413 Sanders 1,959 2,152 1,654 2,467 Sheridan 1,354 1,381 1,087 1,774 Silver Bow 11,422 5,043 11,095 6,637 Stillwater 1,407 1,920 1,100 2,118 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Stillwater 1,407 1,920 1,100 2,118 Sweet Grass 462 1,242 378 1,417 Teton 1,303 1,876 1,102 2,257 Toole 1,070 1,505 789 1,949 Treasure 231 291 209 353 Valley 2,163 2,467 1,849 3,123 Wheatland 443 667 407 753 Wibaux 258 358 216 423 Yellowstone 21,987 28,069 19,437 34,124 Totals 168,936 190,412 146,742 232,450 Montana Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 145,698; Willkie, Rep., 99,579; Thomas, Soc., 1,443; Babson, Proh., 664; Browder, Com., 489. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 112,556; Dewey, Rep., 93,163; Thomas, Soc., 1,296; Watson, Proh., 340. 1948, Truman, Dem., 119,071; Dewey, Rep., 96,770; Wallace, Prog., 7,313; Thomas, Soc., 695; Watson, Proh., 429. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 157,394; Stevenson, Dem., 106,213; Hallinan, Prog., 723; Hamblen, Proh., 548; Hoopes, Soc., 159. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 154,933; Stevenson, Dem., 116,238. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 134,891; Nixon, Rep., 141,841; Decker, Proh., 456; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 391. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 164,246; Goldwater, Rep., 113,032; Kasper, Nat'l States Rights, 519; Munn, Proh., 499; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 332. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 138,835; Humphrey, Dem., 114,117; Wallace, 3d party, 20,015; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 457; Munn, Proh., 510; Caton, New Reform, 470. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 183,976; McGovern, Dem., 120,197; Schmitz, Amer., 13,430. 1976, Carter, Dem., 149,259; Ford, Rep., 173,703; Anderson, Amer., 5,772. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 206,814; Carter, Dem., 118,032; Anderson, Ind., 29,281; Clark, Libertarian, 9,825. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 232,450; Mondale, Dem., 146,742; Bergland, Libertarian, 5,185. 1988, Bush, Rep., 190,412; Dukakis, Dem., 168,936; Paul, Lib., 5,047; Fulani, New Alliance, 1,279. Nebraska 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adams 4,145 8,063 2,940 9,092 Antelope 933 2,626 697 3,222 Arthur 58 210 33 248 Banner 112 361 58 457 Blaine 72 338 48 363 Boone 976 2,160 690 2,508 Box Butte 2,466 3,253 1,471 4,011 Boyd 480 967 308 1,173 Brown 435 1,335 312 1,513 Buffalo 4,700 9,980 3,083 11,343 Burt 1,458 2,050 1,054 2,645 Butler 1,715 2,083 1,192 2,555 Cass 3,674 4,658 2,495 5,451 Cedar 1,759 2,462 1,201 3,298 Chase 597 1,446 367 1,687 Cherry 642 2,240 463 2,720 Cheyenne 1,333 2,862 857 3,159 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cheyenne 1,333 2,862 857 3,159 Clay 1,097 2,352 811 2,919 Colfax 1,542 2,329 981 2,998 Cuming 1,238 3,201 779 3,931 Custer 1,496 4,202 1,090 4,749 Dakota 2,941 2,744 2,510 3,467 Dawes 1,122 2,618 864 3,325 Dawson 2,184 5,529 1,487 6,878 Deuel 302 769 198 961 Dixon 1,166 1,802 985 2,154 Dodge 6,116 8,412 4,259 10,167 Douglas 76,444 99,806 58,867 112,557 Dundy 333 828 225 992 Fillmore 1,433 1,952 1,009 2,474 Franklin 768 1,294 522 1,597 Frontier 384 1,057 258 1,351 Furnas 791 1,830 579 2,363 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Furnas 791 1,830 579 2,363 Gage 4,008 5,114 2,699 6,102 Garden 366 986 180 1,158 Garfield 234 803 196 899 Gosper 331 694 201 802 Grant 89 301 51 404 Greeley 670 763 485 948 Hall 6,822 12,020 4,615 13,082 Hamilton 1,289 3,019 840 3,417 Harlan 725 1,403 493 1,692 Hayes 160 512 100 591 Hitchcock 480 1,132 341 1,391 Holt 1,327 4,081 893 4,611 Hooker 91 378 55 433 Howard 1,186 1,526 887 1,899 Jefferson 1,819 2,470 1,366 3,114 Johnson 1,162 1,182 821 1,536 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Johnson 1,162 1,182 821 1,536 Kearney 1,056 2,120 726 2,505 Keith 1,067 2,879 631 3,423 Keya Paha 145 446 126 505 Kimball 540 1,321 339 1,732 Knox 1,477 2,644 1,149 3,364 Lancaster 44,260 44,605 32,780 48,627 Lincoln 6,070 8,395 4,483 10,692 Logan 93 373 66 445 Loup 97 295 79 323 McPherson 60 229 57 295 Madison 2,779 9,135 1,755 9,786 Merrick 1,192 2,376 818 2,696 Morrill 753 1,554 463 1,888 Nance 794 1,185 524 1,391 Nemaha 1,457 2,293 1,004 2,752 Nuckolls 1,114 1,750 947 2,132 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nuckolls 1,114 1,750 947 2,132 Otoe 2,616 3,724 1,868 4,679 Pawnee 767 975 552 1,306 Perkins 467 1,117 307 1,418 Phelps 1,047 3,316 739 3,739 Pierce 914 2,474 545 3,016 Platte 3,285 9,029 2,057 10,035 Polk 944 1,768 610 2,149 Red Willow 1,505 3,325 1,022 4,101 Richardson 1,926 2,702 1,422 3,634 Rock 198 756 147 873 Saline 3,119 2,352 2,385 2,941 Sarpy 10,936 20,179 6,831 20,155 Saunders 3,524 4,454 2,467 5,217 Scotts Bluff 4,454 8,594 3,060 10,676 Seward 2,682 3,467 1,905 3,969 Sheridan 612 2,251 377 2,661 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sheridan 612 2,251 377 2,661 Sherman 839 914 701 1,144 Sioux 194 568 121 732 Stanton 637 1,709 410 2,080 Thayer 1,322 1,981 946 2,578 Thomas 81 383 73 298 Thurston 1,225 1,105 1,077 1,410 Valley 873 1,603 739 2,052 Washington 2,552 4,567 1,561 5,163 Wayne 1,111 2,473 833 3,075 Webster 891 1,314 645 1,694 Wheeler 141 309 97 365 York 1,748 4,744 1,114 5,012 Totals 259,235 397,956 187,475 459,135 Nebraska Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 263,677; Willkie, Rep., 352,201. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 233,246; Dewey, Rep., 329,880. 1948, Truman, Dem., 224,165; Dewey, Rep., 264,774. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 421,603; Stevenson Dem., 188,057. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 378,108; Stevenson, Dem., 199,029. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 232,542; Nixon, Rep., 380,553. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 307,307; Goldwater, Rep., 276,847. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 321,163; Humphrey, Dem., 170,784; Wallace, 3d party, 44,904. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 406,298; McGovern, Dem., 169,991; scattered 817. 1976, Carter, Dem., 233,287; Ford, Rep., 359,219; McCarthy, Ind., 9,383; Maddox, Amer. Ind., 3,378; MacBride, Libertarian, 1,476. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 419,214; Carter, Dem., 166,424; Anderson, Ind., 44,854; Clark, Libertarian, 9,041. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 459,135; Mondale, Dem., 187,475; Bergland, Libertarian, 2,075. 1988, Bush, Rep., 397,956; Dukakis, Dem., 259,235; Paul, Lib., 2,534; Fulani, New Alliance, 1,740. Nevada 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Churchill 1,481 4,578 1,304 4,479 Clark 78,359 108,110 53,386 94,133 Douglas 3,107 7,074 1,877 6,385 Elko 2,310 5,722 1,566 5,110 Esmeralda 143 380 158 453 Eureka 151 413 124 439 Humboldt 1,024 2,378 862 2,498 Lander 439 1,214 301 1,222 Lincoln 466 1,035 397 1,175 Lyon 2,301 4,390 1,673 4,370 Mineral 978 1,480 766 1,645 Nye 1,748 3,619 1,269 3,573 Pershing 458 867 333 956 Storey 432 651 252 570 Washoe 32,902 52,654 22,321 50,418 White Pine 1,351 1,774 1,276 1,917 Totals 132,738 206,040 91,655 188,770 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Totals 132,738 206,040 91,655 188,770 Nevada Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 31,945; Willkie, Rep., 21,229. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 29,623; Dewey, Rep., 24,611. 1948, Truman, Dem., 31,291; Dewey, Rep., 29,357; Wallace, Prog., 1,469. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 50,502; Stevenson, Dem., 31,688. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 56,049; Stevenson, Dem., 40,640. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 54,880; Nixon, Rep., 52,387. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 79,339; Goldwater, Rep., 56,094. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 73,188; Humphrey, Dem., 60,598; Wallace, 3d party, 20,432. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 115,750; McGovern, Dem. 66,016. 1976, Carter Dem., 92,479; Ford, Rep., 101,273; MacBride, Libertarian, 1,519; Maddox, Amer. Ind., 1,497; scattered 5,108. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 155,017; Carter, Dem., 66,666; Anderson, Ind., 17,651; Clark, Libertarian, 4,358. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 188,770; Mondale, Dem., 91,655; Bergland, Libertarian, 2,292. 1988, Bush, Rep., 206,040; Dukakis, Dem., 132,738; Paul, Lib., 3,520; Fulani, New Alliance, 835. New Hampshire 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan City (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Berlin City 2,271 2,529 1,863 3,261 Claremont 2,254 2,513 2,006 2,868 Concord 6,698 7,439 5,172 7,190 Dover 4,803 5,357 3,826 5,397 Keene 4,466 4,535 3,238 4,975 Laconia 2,111 3,835 1,552 4,151 Manchester 12,567 23,893 10,283 24,780 Nashua 12,833 19,369 9,305 16,961 Portsmith 5,377 4,827 4,418 4,967 Rochester 3,591 5,368 2,622 5,457 Totals 163,696 281,537 120,377 267,051 New Hampshire Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 125,292; Willkie, Rep., 110,127. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 119,663; Dewey, Rep., 109,916; Thomas, Soc., 46. 1948, Truman, Dem., 107,995; Dewey, Rep., 121,299; Wallace, Prog., 1,970; Thomas, Soc., 86; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 83; Thurmond, States' Rights, 7. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 166,287; Stevenson, Dem., 106,663. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 176,519; Stevenson, Dem., 90,364; Andrews, Const., 111. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 137,772; Nixon, Rep., 157,989. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 182,065; Goldwater, Rep., 104,029. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 154,903; Humphrey, Dem., 130,589; Wallace, 3d party, 11,173; New Party, 421; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 104. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 213,724; McGovern, Dem., 116,435; Schmitz, Amer., 3,386; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 368; scattered, 142. 1976, Carter, Dem., 147,645; Ford, Rep., 185,935; McCarthy, Ind., 4,095; MacBride, Libertarian, 936; Reagan, write-in, 388; La Rouche, U.S. Labor, 186; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 161, Levin, Soc. Labor, 66; scattered, 215. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 221,705; Carter, Dem., 108,864; Anderson, Ind., 49,693; Clark, Libertarian, 2,067; Commoner, Citizens, 1,325; Hall, Com., 129; Griswold, Workers World, 76; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 72; scattered, 68. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 267,051; Mondale, Dem., 120,377; Bergland, Libertarian, 735. 1988, Bush, Rep., 281,537; Dukakis, Dem., 163,696; Paul, Lib., 4,502; Fulani, New Alliance, 790. New Jersey 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Atlantic 34,047 44,748 33,240 49,158 Bergen 160,655 226,885 155,039 268,507 Burlington 61,140 87,416 57,467 89,815 Camden 90,704 100,072 90,233 109,749 Cape May 15,105 28,738 13,378 28,768 Cumberland 21,869 26,024 21,141 29,398 Essex 156,098 111,491 173,295 136,798 Gloucester 35,479 51,708 32,702 54,041 Hudson 95,696 81,807 94,304 112,834 Hunterdon 13,758 31,907 10,972 29,737 Mercer 68,712 65,384 66,398 71,195 Middlesex 117,149 143,361 104,905 160,221 Monmouth 91,844 147,320 79,382 152,595 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Monmouth 91,844 147,320 79,382 152,595 Morris 58,721 127,420 53,201 137,719 Ocean 64,474 124,587 51,012 124,391 Passaic 66,254 88,070 69,590 101,951 Salem 9,956 15,240 8,935 17,368 Somerset 37,406 67,658 31,924 66,303 Sussex 13,676 36,086 11,502 35,680 Union 93,158 112,967 92,056 135,446 Warren 11,640 21,715 10,647 21,938 Totals 1,317,541 1,740,604 1,261,323 1,933,630 New Jersey Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,016,404; Willkie, Rep., 944,876; Browder, Com., 8,814; Thomas, Soc., 2,823; Babson, Proh., 851; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 446. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 987,874; Dewey, Rep., 961,335; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 6,939; Watson, Nat'l. Proh., 4,255; Thomas, Soc., 3,385. 1948, Truman, Dem., 895,455; Dewey, Rep., 981,124; Wallace, Prog., 42,683; Watson, Proh., 10,593; Thomas, Soc., 10,521; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 5,825; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 3,354. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,373,613; Stevenson, Dem., 1,015,902; Hoopes, Soc., 8,593; Hass, Soc. Labor, 5,815; Hallinan, Prog., 5,589; Krajewski, Poor Man's, 4,203; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 3,850; Hamblen, Proh., 989. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,606,942; Stevenson Dem., 850,337; Holtwick, Proh., 9,147; Hass, Soc. Labor, 6,736; Andrews, Conservative, 5,317; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 4,004; Krajewski, American Third Party, 1,829. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 1,385,415; Nixon, Rep., 1,363,324; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 11,402; Lee, Conservative, 8,708; Hass, Soc. Labor, 4,262. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 1,867,671; Goldwater, Rep., 963,843; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 8,181; Hass, Soc. Labor, 7,075. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 1,325,467; Humphrey, Dem., 1,264,206; Wallace, 3d party, 262,187; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 8,667; Gregory, Peace Freedom, 8,084; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 6,784. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 1,845,502; McGovern, Dem., 1,102,211; Schmitz, Amer., 34,378; Spock, Peoples, 5,355; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 4,544; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 2,233; Mahalchik, Amer. First, 1,743; Hall, Com., 1,263. 1976, Carter, Dem., 1,444,653; Ford, Rep., 1,509,688; McCarthy, Ind., 32,717; MacBride, Libertarian, 9,449; Maddox, Amer., 7,716; Levin, Soc. Labor, 3,686; Hall, Com., 1,662; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 1,650; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 1,184; Wright, People's, 1,044; Bubar, Proh., 554; Zeidler, Soc., 469. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 1,546,557; Carter, Dem., 1,147,364; Anderson, Ind., 234,632; Clark, Libertarian, 20,652; Commoner, Citizens, 8,203; McCormack, Right to Life, 3,927; Lynen, Middle Class, 3,694; Hall, Com., 2,555; Pulley, Soc. Workers, 2,198; McReynolds, Soc., 1,973; Gahres, Down With Lawyers, 1,718; Griswold, Workers World, 1,288; Wendelken, Ind., 923. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 1,933,630; Mondale, Dem., 1,261,323; Bergland, Libertarian, 6,416. 1988, Bush, Rep., 1,740,604; Dukakis, Dem., 1,317,541; Lewin, Peace & Freedom, 9,953; Paul, Lib., 8,421. New Mexico 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bernalillo 78,346 92,830 67,789 104,694 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bernalillo 78,346 92,830 67,789 104,694 Catron 490 925 418 970 Chaves 6,730 13,367 5,332 15,248 Cibola 3,458 2,640 3,140 3,578 Colfax 2,785 2,256 2,435 2,994 Curry 3,995 8,032 3,108 9,188 De Baca 480 643 386 756 Dona Ana 19,608 21,582 13,878 22,153 Eddy 8,544 9,805 7,364 11,810 Grant 5,443 4,196 5,755 4,979 Guadalupe 1,243 861 946 990 Harding 291 377 224 401 Hidalgo 901 1,100 860 1,282 Lea 5,879 11,309 4,558 14,569 Lincoln 1,690 3,511 1,134 3,992 Los Alamos 3,275 6,622 2,859 6,882 Luna 3,066 3,415 2,557 4,145 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Luna 3,066 3,415 2,557 4,145 McKinley 9,595 5,694 7,915 6,557 Mora 1,601 923 1,235 1,017 Otero 5,284 9,984 4,167 9,751 Quay 1,901 2,454 1,368 2,842 Rio Arriba 7,503 3,024 6,938 4,116 Roosevelt 2,033 3,589 1,696 4,598 Sandoval 9,332 9,411 7,080 9,005 San Juan 11,094 16,202 8,963 18,690 San Miguel 6,131 2,763 5,227 3,485 Santa Fe 23,581 12,891 18,262 15,886 Sierra 1,595 2,507 1,335 2,663 Socorro 2,960 3,114 2,541 3,403 Taos 6,271 2,897 5,144 4,154 Torrance 1,618 2,252 1,274 2,326 Union 638 1,291 488 1,503 Valencia 7,136 7,874 5,393 8,474 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Valencia 7,136 7,874 5,393 8,474 Totals 244,497 270,341 201,769 307,101 New Mexico Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 103,699; Willkie, Rep., 79,315. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 81,389; Dewey, Rep., 70,688; Watson, Proh., 148. 1948, Truman, Dem., 105,464; Dewey, Rep., 80,303; Wallace, Prog., 1,037; Watson, Proh., 127; Thomas, Soc., 83; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 49. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 132,170; Stevenson, Dem., 105,661; Hamblen, Proh., 297; Hallinan, Ind. Prog., 225; MacArthur, Christian National, 220; Hass, Soc. Labor, 35. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 146,788; Stevenson, Dem., 106,098; Holtwick, Proh., 607; Andrews, Ind., 364; Hass, Soc. Labor, 69. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 156,027; Nixon, Rep., 153,733; Decker, Proh., 777; Hass, Soc. Labor, 570. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 194,017; Goldwater, Rep., 131,838; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,217; Munn, Proh., 543. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 169,692; Humphrey, Dem., 130,081; Wallace, 3d party, 25,737; Chavez, 1,519; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 252. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 235,606; McGovern, Dem., 141,084; Schmitz, Amer., 8,767; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 474. 1976, Carter, Dem., 201,148; Ford, Rep., 211,419; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 2,462; MacBride, Libertarian, 1,110; Zeidler, Soc., 240; Bubar, Proh., 211. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 250,779; Carter, Dem., 167,826; Anderson, Ind., 29,459; Clark, Libertarian, 4,365; Commoner, Citizens, 2,202; Bubar, Statesman, 1,281; Pulley, Soc. Worker, 325. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 307,101; Mondale, Dem., 201,769; Bergland, Libertarian, 4,459. 1988, Bush, Rep., 270,341; Dukakis, Dem., 244,497; Paul, Lib., 3,268; Fulani, New Alliance, 2,237. New York 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Albany 86,564 59,534 75,447 74,542 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Albany 86,564 59,534 75,447 74,542 Allegany 5,614 11,880 4,720 14,527 Bronx 218,245 76,043 223,112 109,308 Broome 48,130 47,610 37,658 58,109 Cattaraugus 12,447 19,691 10,194 24,162 Cayuga 15,044 16,934 12,207 21,451 Chautauqua 25,814 31,642 22,986 39,597 Chemung 15,966 20,951 14,638 24,909 Chenango 8,021 11,727 6,343 14,254 Clinton 12,670 15,702 10,804 19,549 Columbia 11,585 15,111 8,960 18,814 Cortland 7,673 10,934 6,438 13,691 Delaware 7,463 11,391 5,745 14,002 Dutchess 38,968 62,165 32,867 70,324 Erie 238,779 188,796 237,631 222,882 Essex 6,623 10,350 5,119 12,114 Franklin 7,928 9,135 6,400 10,617 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Franklin 7,928 9,135 6,400 10,617 Fulton 9,012 11,757 7,644 14,887 Genesee 9,945 14,182 8,549 16,582 Greene 7,265 11,874 5,858 14,150 Hamilton 976 2,320 737 2,637 Herkimer 12,694 15,104 10,346 18,827 Jefferson 14,137 19,304 10,960 23,445 Kings 363,916 178,961 368,518 230,064 Lewis 4,252 5,787 2,757 7,069 Livingston 9,506 14,004 7,399 16,389 Madison 10,665 14,902 8,291 17,568 Monroe 153,650 155,271 132,109 182,696 Montgomery 11,371 11,128 9,044 14,398 Nassau 250,130 337,430 240,697 392,017 New York 385,675 115,927 379,521 144,281 Niagara 43,801 42,537 41,368 51,289 Oneida 47,665 55,039 42,603 65,377 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Oneida 47,665 55,039 42,603 65,377 Onondaga 94,751 104,080 81,777 121,857 Ontario 17,341 21,780 12,844 24,507 Orange 38,465 65,446 32,663 69,413 Orleans 5,913 9,028 4,429 10,453 Oswego 18,430 25,362 14,437 31,481 Otsego 11,069 13,021 9,582 16,777 Putnam 12,158 24,086 9,473 25,707 Queens 325,147 217,049 328,379 285,477 Rensselaer 33,066 35,412 26,755 43,892 Richmond 47,812 77,427 44,345 83,187 Rockland 47,634 63,825 44,687 70,020 St. Lawrence 18,921 20,290 15,963 26,062 Saratoga 31,684 43,498 22,166 47,394 Schenectady 36,483 33,364 30,612 42,808 Schoharie 5,389 7,008 3,996 8,692 Schuyler 2,900 4,291 2,422 5,207 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Schuyler 2,900 4,291 2,422 5,207 Seneca 6,215 7,221 4,825 9,420 Steuben 12,824 25,359 10,471 28,848 Suffolk 199,215 311,242 171,295 335,485 Sullivan 11,635 15,713 10,475 18,037 Tioga 8,102 12,670 5,860 14,856 Tompkins 21,455 14,932 19,357 18,255 Ulster 30,744 41,173 26,445 47,372 Warren 8,580 15,860 5,886 17,616 Washington 8,201 14,103 5,909 16,580 Wayne 12,959 20,613 9,700 24,171 Westchester 169,860 197,956 160,225 229,005 Wyoming 5,228 9,451 4,381 11,199 Yates 3,507 5,488 2,670 6,367 Totals 3,347,882 3,081,871 3,119,609 3,664,763 New York Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 2,834,500; American Lab., 417,418; total, 3,251,918; Willkie, Rep., 3,027,478; Thomas, Soc., 18,950; Babson, Proh., 3,250. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 2,478,598; American Lab., 496,405; Liberal, 329,325; total, 3,304,238; Dewey, Rep., 2,987,647; Teichert, Ind. Gov't., 14,352; Thomas, Soc., 10,553. 1948, Truman, Dem., 2,557,642; Liberal, 222,562; total, 2,780,204; Dewey, Rep., 2,841,163; Wallace, Amer. Lab., 509,559; Thomas, Soc., 40,879; Teichert, Ind. Gov't., 2,729; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 2,675. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 3,952,815; Stevenson, Dem., 2,687,890, Liberal, 416,711; total, 3,104,601; Hallinan, American Lab., 64,211; Hoopes, Soc., 2,664; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 2,212; Hass, Ind. Gov't., 1,560; scattering, 178; blank and void, 87,813. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 4,340,340; Stevenson, Dem., 2,458,212; Liberal, 292,557; total, 2,750,769; write-in votes for Andrews, 1,027; Werdel, 492; Hass, 150; Hoopes, 82; others, 476. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 3,423,909; Liberal, 406,176; total, 3,830,085; Nixon, Rep., 3,446,419; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 14,319; scattering, 256; blank and void, 88,896. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 4,913,156; Goldwater, Rep., 2,243,559; Hass, Soc. Labor, 6,085; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 3,215; scattering, 188; blank and void, 151,383. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 3,007,932; Humphrey, Dem., 3,378,470; Wallace, 3d party, 358,864; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 8,432; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 11,851; Gregory, Freedom and Peace, 24,517; blank, void, and scattering, 171,624. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 3,824,642; Conservative, 368,136; McGovern, Dem., 2,767,956; Liberal, 183,128; Reed, Soc. Workers, 7,797; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 4,530; Hall, Com., 5,641; blank, void, or scattered, 161,641. 1976, Carter, Dem., 3,389,558; Ford, Rep., 3,100,791; MacBride, Libertarian, 12,197; Hall, Com., 10,270; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 6,996; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 5,413; blank, void, or scattered, 143,037. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 2,893,831; Carter, Dem., 2,728,372; Anderson, Lib., 467,801; Clark, Libertarian, 52,648; McCormack, Right To Life, 24,159; Commoner, Citizens, 23,186; Hall, Com., 7,414; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 2,068; Griswold, Workers World, 1,416; scattering, 1,064. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 3,664,763; Mondale, Dem., 3,119,609; Bergland, Libertarian, 11,949. 1988, Bush, Rep., 3,081,871; Dukakis, Dem., 3,347,882; Marra, Right to Life, 20,497; Fulani, New Alliance, 15,845. North Carolina 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Alamance 12,642 24,131 11,230 26,063 Alexander 4,148 7,968 3,581 8,502 Alleghany 2,087 2,174 2,013 2,589 Anson 4,831 2,782 5,015 3,719 Ashe 4,034 6,019 4,009 6,611 Avery 1,367 4,277 1,159 4,702 Beaufort 5,352 8,190 5,987 9,284 Bertie 3,762 2,145 3,953 2,879 Bladen 5,031 3,770 5,064 4,701 Brunswick 7,881 10,007 6,774 9,673 Buncombe 26,964 36,828 23,337 37,698 Burke 10,848 15,933 10,353 18,766 Cabarrus 10,686 22,524 8,477 22,528 Caldwell 7,862 15,176 7,311 17,024 Camden 1,081 1,144 1,075 1,282 Carteret 6,859 11,076 5,882 11,637 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Carteret 6,859 11,076 5,882 11,637 Caswell 4,189 3,299 4,157 3,992 Catawba 12,922 28,872 11,700 31,476 Chatham 7,600 6,999 7,458 8,595 Cherokee 2,567 4,557 2,776 4,894 Chowan 1,756 1,884 1,736 2,171 Clay 1,289 2,174 1,340 2,259 Cleveland 10,321 14,039 10,288 17,095 Columbus 9,172 6,659 8,728 9,150 Craven 7,313 12,057 7,186 12,893 Cumberland 23,789 27,057 22,614 31,602 Currituck 1,555 2,443 1,668 2,885 Dare 2,806 5,234 1,839 4,738 Davidson 13,215 28,374 11,469 30,471 Davie 3,166 7,988 2,911 8,201 Duplin 5,945 5,774 6,830 7,708 Durham 35,441 29,928 32,244 29,185 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Durham 35,441 29,928 32,244 29,185 Edgecombe 9,044 6,831 10,545 9,635 Forsyth 39,726 57,688 36,814 59,208 Franklin 5,438 5,499 4,766 5,984 Gaston 14,582 34,775 14,142 39,167 Gates 2,024 1,451 2,225 1,694 Graham 1,313 2,091 1,494 2,514 Granville 5,280 4,880 5,217 6,302 Greene 2,729 2,498 2,772 3,195 Guilford 50,351 66,060 46,027 73,096 Halifax 8,726 7,462 9,278 8,832 Harnett 7,259 9,749 7,106 11,198 Haywood 9,010 8,957 7,958 10,146 Henderson 9,338 19,711 7,222 19,369 Hertford 4,943 2,977 4,498 3,176 Hoke 3,281 2,020 3,214 2,449 Hyde 1,316 940 1,004 1,195 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hyde 1,316 940 1,004 1,195 Iredell 10,530 21,536 9,999 23,641 Jackson 4,933 5,166 4,367 5,582 Johnston 8,717 15,563 7,833 16,210 Jones 1,946 1,649 2,025 2,062 Lee 4,231 7,104 3,925 8,198 Lenoir 7,649 10,669 8,556 13,321 Lincoln 6,444 11,651 5,996 12,621 McDowell 4,449 6,526 4,076 7,639 Macon 3,773 6,026 3,570 6,661 Madison 3,033 3,453 2,988 3,666 Martin 3,598 3,149 3,870 4,266 Mecklenburg 71,907 106,236 63,190 106,754 Mitchell 1,377 4,620 1,286 4,737 Montgomery 3,995 4,504 3,831 5,109 Moore 7,642 14,543 7,063 14,681 Nash 8,740 15,906 8,588 17,295 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Nash 8,740 15,906 8,588 17,295 New Hanover 15,401 23,807 12,591 23,771 Northampton 4,599 2,415 5,094 3,198 Onslow 7,162 12,253 5,713 13,928 Orange 22,326 14,503 20,564 15,585 Pamlico 2,188 2,297 2,152 2,554 Pasquotank 3,860 4,006 3,854 4,646 Pender 4,377 4,926 4,354 5,079 Perquimans 1,543 1,781 1,441 1,939 Person 3,777 4,832 3,528 5,854 Pitt 14,777 18,245 13,481 18,983 Polk 2,534 3,874 2,169 4,046 Randolph 8,641 23,881 7,511 25,759 Richmond 7,151 5,073 7,494 6,807 Robeson 16,988 9,908 15,257 12,947 Rockingham 11,551 14,591 10,605 17,895 Rowan 12,127 23,192 10,643 25,207 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Rowan 12,127 23,192 10,643 25,207 Rutherford 6,926 10,337 6,862 11,369 Sampson 8,009 8,524 9,115 10,665 Scotland 3,865 3,199 4,028 4,077 Stanly 6,627 11,885 6,138 13,116 Stokes 5,319 8,661 4,950 9,515 Surry 7,245 11,393 7,188 13,340 Swain 1,821 1,795 2,000 2,012 Transylvania 4,280 7,009 3,733 6,956 Tyrrell 785 637 807 774 Union 8,820 17,015 7,048 16,885 Vance 5,631 5,625 5,880 6,836 Wake 61,352 81,613 50,323 81,251 Warren 4,249 2,163 3,946 2,664 Washington 2,806 2,186 3,114 2,731 Watauga 6,048 8,662 5,163 9,370 Wayne 9,135 15,292 10,011 17,961 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Wayne 9,135 15,292 10,011 17,961 Wilkes 7,230 15,231 6,852 18,670 Wilson 8,214 10,997 8,343 12,243 Yadkin 3,195 7,918 3,075 8,976 Yancey 3,803 4,160 3,651 4,296 Totals 890,167 1,237,258 824,287 1,346,481 North Carolina Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 609,015; Willkie, Rep., 213,633. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 527,399; Dewey, Rep., 263,155. 1948, Truman, Dem., 459,070; Dewey, Rep., 258,572; Thurmond, States' Rights, 69,652; Wallace, Prog., 3,915. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 558,107; Stevenson, Dem., 652,803. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 575,062; Stevenson, Dem., 590,530. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 713,136; Nixon, Rep., 655,420. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 800,139; Goldwater Rep., 624,844. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 627,192; Humphrey, Dem., 464,113; Wallace, 3d party, 496,188. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 1,054,889; McGovern, Dem., 438,705; Schmitz, Amer., 25,018. 1976, Dem., 927,365; Ford, Rep., 741,960; Anderson, Amer., 5,607; MacBride, Libertarian, 2,219; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 755. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 915,018; Carter, Dem., 875,635; Anderson, Ind., 52,800; Clark, Libertarian, 9,677; Commoner, Citizens, 2,287; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 416. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 1,346,481; Mondale, Dem., 824,287; Bergland, Libertarian, 3,794. 1988, Bush, Rep., 1,237,258; Dukakis, Dem., 890,167; Fulani, New Alliance, 5,682; Paul, write-in, 1,263. North Dakota 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adams 708 1,018 530 1,343 Barnes 2,858 3,631 2,507 4,348 Benson 1,691 1,316 1,599 1,729 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Benson 1,691 1,316 1,599 1,729 Billings 211 437 133 505 Bottineau 1,684 2,530 1,279 3,356 Bowman 737 1,111 562 1,559 Burke 693 971 543 1,298 Burleigh 10,760 18,000 8,781 19,913 Cass 22,107 26,699 18,054 29,221 Cavalier 1,333 2,096 1,110 2,661 Dickey 1,249 2,064 1,051 2,460 Divide 875 869 626 1,165 Dunn 892 1,263 716 1,583 Eddy 748 891 796 1,049 Emmons 925 1,634 620 1,885 Foster 837 1,218 765 1,422 Golden Valley 388 781 325 964 Grand Forks 12,494 14,801 10,050 15,898 Grant 654 1,351 507 1,607 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Grant 654 1,351 507 1,607 Griggs 846 1,020 828 1,254 Hettinger 698 1,395 524 1,646 Kidder 678 1,039 506 1,240 La Moure 1,223 1,642 1,086 1,978 Logan 540 1,111 401 1,222 McHenry 1,665 1,888 1,283 2,485 McIntosh 598 1,726 427 2,047 McKenzie 1,273 1,949 974 2,610 McLean 2,428 2,906 2,062 3,673 Mercer 1,843 3,013 1,729 3,705 Morton 4,708 5,588 3,996 7,146 Mountrail 1,977 1,443 1,565 1,959 Nelson 1,151 1,078 1,026 1,445 Oliver 526 696 419 915 Pembina 1,616 2,471 1,367 2,895 Pierce 1,008 1,422 691 1,883 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Pierce 1,008 1,422 691 1,883 Ramsey 2,665 3,103 2,304 4,150 Ransom 1,459 1,362 1,222 1,706 Renville 837 893 592 1,163 Richland 3,523 4,670 3,047 5,980 Rolette 2,426 1,126 2,179 1,479 Sargent 1,306 1,119 1,295 1,385 Sheridan 428 885 306 1,075 Sioux 701 325 655 442 Slope 202 315 174 419 Stark 3,678 6,137 2,759 7,641 Steele 895 690 781 941 Stutsman 4,214 5,375 3,495 6,591 Towner 970 946 789 1,242 Traill 1,940 2,562 1,580 3,037 Walsh 2,646 3,250 2,264 4,347 Ward 9,906 13,179 7,336 16,077 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ward 9,906 13,179 7,336 16,077 Wells 1,317 1,901 1,036 2,426 Williams 4,004 5,653 3,177 8,166 Totals 127,739 166,559 104,429 200,336 North Dakota Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 124,036; Willkie, Rep., 154,590; Thomas, Soc., 1,279; Knutson, Com., 545; Babson, Proh., 325. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 100,144; Dewey, Rep., 118,535; Thomas, Soc., 943, Watson, Proh., 549. 1948, Truman, Dem., 95,812; Dewey, Rep., 115,139; Wallace, Prog., 8,391; Thomas, Soc., 1,000, Thurmond, States' Rights, 374. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 191,712; Stevenson, Dem., 76,694; MacArthur, Christian Nationalist, 1,075; Hallinan, Prog., 344; Hamblen, Proh., 302. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 156,766; Stevenson, Dem., 96,742; Andrews, Amer., 483. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 123,963; Nixon, Rep., 154,310; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 158. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 149,784; Goldwater, Rep., 108,207; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 224; Munn, Proh., 174. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 138,669; Humphrey, Dem., 94,769; Wallace, 3d party, 14,244; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 128; Munn, Prohibition, 38; Troxell, Ind., 34. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 174,109; McGovern, Dem., 100,384; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 288; Hall, Com., 87; Schmitz, Amer., 5,646. 1976, Carter, Dem., 136,078; Ford, Rep., 153,470; Anderson, Amer., 3,698; McCarthy, Ind., 2,952; Maddox, Amer. Ind., 269; MacBride, Libertarian, 256; scattering, 371. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 193,695; Carter, Dem., 79,189; Anderson, Ind., 23,640; Clark, Libertarian, 3,743; Commoner, Libertarian, 429; McLain, Nat'l People's League, 296; Greaves, American, 235; Hall, Com., 93; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 89; McReynolds, Soc., 82; Bubar, Statesman, 54. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 200,336; Mondale, Dem., 104,429; Bergland, Libertarian, 703. 1988, Bush, Rep., 166,559; Dukakis, Dem., 127,739; Paul, Lib., 1,315; LaRouche, Natl. Econ. Recovery, 905. Ohio 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Adams 3,740 5,916 3,534 6,113 Allen 13,727 31,021 12,176 33,506 Ashland 6,072 12,726 4,786 14,339 Ashtabula 20,536 17,654 19,344 21,669 Athens 10,795 9,314 10,201 11,548 Auglaize 4,756 13,562 4,102 14,766 Belmont 19,515 12,214 19,458 15,170 Brown 5,047 7,539 4,067 8,221 Butler 33,770 75,725 27,700 76,216 Carroll 4,667 6,179 3,771 6,703 Champaign 4,272 8,995 3,544 9,935 Clark 23,247 32,729 21,154 35,831 Clermont 15,352 37,417 11,713 35,316 Clinton 3,746 8,856 3,332 9,603 Columbiana 21,581 21,175 20,155 24,552 Coshocton 6,020 8,282 4,392 9,842 Crawford 6,018 12,472 4,932 14,682 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Crawford 6,018 12,472 4,932 14,682 Cuyahoga 353,401 242,439 362,626 284,094 Darke 6,851 14,914 5,904 16,379 Defiance 5,448 9,566 5,004 10,951 Delaware 7,590 20,693 5,773 19,050 Erie 15,097 16,670 13,508 19,174 Fairfield 12,504 29,208 9,817 30,843 Fayette 2,623 6,186 2,126 6,838 Franklin 147,585 226,265 131,530 250,360 Fulton 5,076 10,230 4,217 11,412 Gallia 4,834 7,399 4,251 8,194 Geauga 11,874 22,339 9,954 22,369 Greene 18,025 34,432 17,129 34,267 Guemsey 5,926 8,507 4,967 10,252 Hamilton 140,354 227,004 140,350 246,288 Hancock 7,435 19,896 5,758 22,169 Hardin 4,145 7,291 3,813 8,722 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hardin 4,145 7,291 3,813 8,722 Harrison 3,881 3,298 3,370 4,276 Henry 3,764 8,618 2,779 9,317 Highland 4,278 8,776 3,784 9,000 Hocking 3,706 5,426 3,280 6,071 Holmes 2,179 5,064 1,737 5,146 Huron 7,794 12,633 6,609 14,388 Jackson 4,505 6,671 4,369 7,411 Jefferson 22,095 14,141 22,832 17,105 Knox 6,882 12,180 5,730 14,062 Lake 39,667 52,963 36,711 54,587 Lawrence 11,628 12,937 11,431 14,973 Licking 16,793 34,540 13,995 37,560 Logan 4,484 11,099 3,645 12,230 Lorain 55,600 50,410 52,970 57,379 Lucas 99,755 83,788 97,293 100,285 Madison 3,421 8,303 2,928 8,979 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Madison 3,421 8,303 2,928 8,979 Mahoning 75,524 43,722 76,514 53,424 Marion 9,596 14,864 8,827 17,392 Medina 19,505 29,962 15,897 30,690 Meigs 3,699 5,486 3,549 6,307 Mercer 4,978 11,162 4,422 11,542 Miami 11,138 24,915 9,695 26,300 Monroe 4,269 2,557 3,611 3,302 Montgomery 95,737 131,596 94,016 137,053 Morgan 2,085 3,713 1,868 3,994 Morrow 3,515 7,130 2,839 8,116 Muskingum 11,691 19,736 10,037 21,821 Noble 2,079 3,155 1,777 3,853 Ottawa 8,038 9,352 7,053 10,920 Paulding 3,114 5,381 2,811 5,545 Perry 5,011 6,602 3,961 7,548 Pickaway 4,905 10,796 4,110 11,942 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Pickaway 4,905 10,796 4,110 11,942 Pike 5,191 5,611 4,895 6,318 Portage 25,607 26,334 21,719 29,536 Preble 4,937 10,297 4,198 11,065 Putnam 4,004 11,183 3,194 11,936 Richland 19,617 30,047 16,141 35,299 Ross 9,271 14,563 8,020 17,015 Sandusky 9,709 14,203 8,564 17,214 Scioto 14,442 16,029 14,120 18,818 Seneca 9,504 13,704 7,905 16,520 Shelby 5,065 12,198 4,315 13,509 Stark 69,639 87,087 65,157 98,434 Summit 112,612 101,155 109,569 115,637 Trumbull 58,674 38,815 56,902 45,623 Tuscarawas 14,185 17,145 13,149 19,366 Union 3,130 8,846 2,579 9,336 Van Wert 3,848 9,410 3,338 9,570 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Van Wert 3,848 9,410 3,338 9,570 Vinton 2,385 2,652 1,990 3,041 Warren 11,145 31,419 9,031 29,848 Washington 9,967 14,767 7,920 16,529 Wayne 13,571 22,320 11,323 24,475 Williams 4,666 10,782 3,624 10,804 Wood 18,579 26,013 15,907 29,750 Wyandot 2,936 6,178 2,342 7,204 Totals 1,939,629 2,416,549 1,825,440 2,678,559 Ohio Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,733,139; Willkie, Rep., 1,586,773. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,570,763; Dewey, Rep., 1,582,293. 1948, Truman, Dem., 1,452,791; Dewey, Rep., 1,445,684; Wallace, Prog., 37,596. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 2,100,391; Stevenson, Dem., 1,600,367. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 2,262,610; Stevenson, Dem., 1,439,655. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 1,944,248; Nixon, Rep., 2,217,611. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 2,498,331; Goldwater, Rep., 1,470,865. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 1,791,014; Humphrey, Dem., 1,700,586; Wallace, 3d party, 467,495; Gregory, 372; Munn, Proh., 19; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 120; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 69; Mitchell, Com., 23. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 2,441,827; McGovern, Dem., 1,558,889; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 7,107; Hall, Com., 6,437; Schmitz, Amer., 80,067; Wallace, Ind., 460. 1976, Carter, Dem., 2,011,621; Ford, Rep., 2,000,505; McCarthy, Ind., 58,258; Maddox, Amer. Ind., 15,529; MacBride, Libertarian, 8,961; Hall, Com., 7,817; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 4,717; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 4,335; scattered, 130. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 2,206,545; Carter, Dem., 1,752,414; Anderson, Ind., 254,472; Clark, Libertarian, 49,033; Commoner, Citizens, 8,564; Hall, Com., 4,729; Congress, Ind. 4,029; Griswold, Workers World, 3,790; Bubar, Statesman, 27. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 2,678,559; Mondale, Dem., 1,825,440; Bergland, Libertarian, 5,886. 1988, Bush, Rep., 2,416,549; Dukakis, Dem., 1,939,629; Fulani, Ind., 12,017; Paul, Ind., 11,926. Oklahoma 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Adair 2,624 3,558 2,266 4,423 Alfalfa 1,117 1,960 866 2,715 Atoka 2,565 1,971 2,047 2,361 Beaver 777 2,013 536 2,689 Beckham 3,388 3,463 2,601 5,005 Blaine 1,775 2,889 1,484 4,037 Bryan 6,849 4,615 5,475 6,246 Caddo 5,387 4,689 4,463 6,811 Canadian 7,453 17,872 5,245 20,929 Carter 7,988 8,430 6,161 11,578 Cherokee 6,483 5,838 5,307 7,614 Choctaw 3,362 2,217 2,801 3,155 Cimarron 470 1,153 359 1,420 Cleveland 22,067 36,313 16,512 42,806 Coal 1,365 891 1,284 1,259 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Coal 1,365 891 1,284 1,259 Comanche 11,441 17,464 8,890 21,382 Cotton 1,482 1,266 1,264 1,796 Craig 2,940 2,463 2,515 3,629 Creek 9,512 11,308 7,465 15,011 Custer 3,697 6,735 2,700 8,191 Delaware 4,889 5,248 3,789 6,690 Dewey 963 1,543 664 2,098 Ellis 786 1,422 562 1,881 Garfield 8,067 15,248 5,730 19,642 Garvin 5,438 5,109 4,215 7,505 Grady 6,689 7,994 4,846 11,042 Grant 1,249 1,690 825 2,470 Greer 1,256 1,225 1,220 1,664 Harmon 890 611 785 1,009 Harper 593 1,281 373 1,748 Haskell 2,963 1,822 2,535 2,417 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Haskell 2,963 1,822 2,535 2,417 Hughes 3,259 2,037 2,901 2,663 Jackson 3,542 4,423 2,996 5,773 Jefferson 1,767 1,063 1,496 1,656 Johnston 2,042 1,518 1,820 2,195 Kay 7,751 12,646 6,044 16,731 Kingfisher 1,777 4,011 1,125 5,528 Kiowa 2,296 2,030 2,016 2,951 Latimer 2,365 1,830 1,858 2,210 Le Flore 6,594 6,964 5,990 8,604 Lincoln 4,225 6,409 3,020 8,088 Logan 4,603 6,947 3,551 8,356 Love 1,889 1,361 1,359 1,833 McClain 3,594 4,771 2,549 6,056 McCurtain 4,928 4,920 3,994 6,381 McIntosh 4,041 2,665 3,479 3,646 Major 982 2,638 619 3,385 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Major 982 2,638 619 3,385 Marshall 2,730 1,911 2,039 2,488 Mayes 6,691 6,115 5,154 8,585 Murray 2,697 2,056 2,229 3,073 Muskogee 13,760 11,147 12,343 14,652 Noble 1,661 3,015 1,238 4,018 Nowata 2,203 2,000 1,687 3,030 Okfuskee 2,209 1,851 1,684 2,443 Oklahoma 75,812 135,376 60,235 159,974 Okmulgee 8,262 5,674 7,380 8,704 Osage 7,778 7,162 6,095 10,083 Ottawa 6,658 5,026 5,781 7,666 Pawnee 2,781 3,324 2,165 4,699 Payne 10,568 16,027 7,653 20,811 Pittsburg 8,623 7,594 6,860 9,778 Pontotoc 6,484 6,609 5,526 8,301 Pottawatomie 8,873 12,099 6,966 16,143 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Pottawatomie 8,873 12,099 6,966 16,143 Pushmataha 2,430 1,841 2,079 2,499 Roger Mills 866 1,132 680 1,550 Rogers 8,771 12,940 6,013 16,137 Seminole 4,911 4,078 3,957 6,009 Sequoyah 4,951 5,710 4,202 7,042 Stephens 7,833 9,844 6,359 12,871 Texas 1,717 4,971 1,033 5,968 Tillman 2,148 1,754 1,674 2,637 Tulsa 69,044 127,512 58,274 159,549 Wagoner 7,378 10,219 5,271 12,534 Washington 6,971 14,613 5,476 19,043 Washita 2,290 2,402 1,547 3,847 Woods 1,735 2,835 1,231 3,741 Woodward 2,408 4,996 1,647 6,376 Totals 483,423 678,367 385,080 861,530 Oklahoma Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 474,313; Willkie, Rep., 348,872; Babson, Proh., 3,027. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 401,549; Dewey, Rep., 319,424; Watson, Proh., 1,663. 1948, Truman, Dem., 452,782; Dewey, Rep., 268,817. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 518,045; Stevenson, Dem., 430,939. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 473,769; Stevenson, Dem., 385,581. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 370,111; Nixon, Rep., 533,039. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 519,834; Goldwater, Rep. 412,665. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 449,697; Humphrey, Dem., 301,658; Wallace, 3d party, 191,731. 1972, Nixon, Rep. 759,025; McGovern, Dem., 247,147; Schmitz, Amer., 23,728. 1976, Carter, Dem., 532,442; Ford, Rep., 545,708; McCarthy, Ind., 14,101. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 695,570; Carter, Dem., 402,026; Anderson, Ind., 38,284; Clark, Libertarian, 13,828. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 861,530; Mondale, Dem., 385,080; Bergland, Libertarian, 9,066. 1988, Bush, Rep., 678,367; Dukakis, Dem., 483,423; Paul., Lib., 6,261; Fulani, New Alliance, 2,985. Oregon 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Baker 2,896 3,696 2,591 5,204 Benton 16,930 14,004 16,073 17,836 Clackamas 59,799 61,381 47,254 68,630 Clatsop 8,074 5,956 7,525 7,522 Columbia 8,983 6,424 8,219 7,811 Coos 13,996 10,153 13,582 13,637 Crook 2,719 3,049 2,268 3,773 Curry 4,015 4,761 3,423 5,363 Deschutes 14,264 16,425 11,671 19,323 Douglas 17,255 20,120 14,609 25,243 Gilliam 417 470 369 700 Grant 1,437 2,264 1,344 2,695 Harney 1,379 1,833 1,290 2,197 Hood River 3,275 3,257 3,022 4,531 Jackson 28,028 32,516 22,230 37,895 Jefferson 2,346 2,509 1,920 3,283 Josephine 10,646 15,876 8,539 19,470 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Josephine 10,646 15,876 8,539 19,470 Klamath 8,429 13,484 7,575 17,686 Lake 1,237 2,161 1,184 2,466 Lane 69,883 47,563 63,999 61,493 Lincoln 9,598 7,364 8,637 9,110 Linn 17,007 18,312 16,161 23,463 Malheur 2,965 6,285 2,611 8,441 Marion 41,193 45,292 36,440 54,535 Morrow 1,375 1,529 1,254 2,130 Multnomah 161,361 95,561 144,179 119,932 Polk 9,626 10,553 8,709 12,678 Sherman 435 555 398 828 Tillamook 5,529 4,297 4,988 5,267 Umatilla 8,327 10,254 8,246 14,211 Union 4,682 5,061 4,134 6,645 Wallowa 1,425 1,993 1,204 2,619 Wasco 5,141 4,462 5,526 6,905 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Wasco 5,141 4,462 5,526 6,905 Washington 59,837 67,018 44,602 75,877 Wheeler 274 367 253 504 Yamhill 11,423 13,321 9,450 15,797 Totals 616,206 560,126 536,479 685,700 Oregon Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 258,415; Willkie, Rep., 219,555; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 2,487; Thomas, Soc., 398; Browder, Com., 191; Babson, Proh., 154. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 248,635; Dewey, Rep., 225,365; Thomas, Soc., 3,785; Watson, Proh., 2,362. 1948, Truman, Dem., 243,147; Dewey, Rep., 260,904; Wallace, Prog., 14,978; Thomas, Soc., 5,051. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 420,815; Stevenson, Dem., 270,579; Hallinan, Ind., 3,665. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 406,393; Stevenson, Dem., 329,204. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 367,402; Nixon, Rep., 408,060. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 501,017; Goldwater, Rep., 282,779; write-in, 2,509. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 408,433; Humphrey, Dem., 358,866; Wallace, 3d party, 49,683; write-in, McCarthy, 1,496; N. Rockefeller, 69; others, 1,075. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 486,686; McGovern, Dem., 392,760, Schmitz, Amer., 46,211; write-in, 2,289. 1976, Carter, Dem., 490,407; Ford, Rep., 492,120; McCarthy, Ind., 40,207; write-in, 7,142. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 571,044; Carter, Dem., 456,890; Anderson, Ind., 112,389; Clark, Libertarian, 25,838; Commoner, Citizens, 13,642; scattered, 1,713. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 658,700; Mondale, Dem., 536,479. 1988, Bush, Rep., 560,126; Dukakis, Dem., 616,206; Paul, Lib., 14,811; Fulani, Ind., 6,487. Pennsylvania 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Adams 8,299 15,650 7,289 16,786 Allegheny 348,814 231,137 372,576 284,692 Armstrong 13,892 11,509 14,525 13,709 Beaver 50,327 25,764 54,765 32,052 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Beaver 50,327 25,764 54,765 32,052 Bedford 5,754 11,123 5,424 13,085 Berks 41,040 70,153 37,849 74,605 Blair 15,588 25,623 15,651 30,104 Bradford 6,635 13,568 5,474 14,808 Bucks 82,472 127,563 74,568 130,119 Butler 22,341 27,777 24,735 31,676 Cambria 38,517 25,626 39,865 32,173 Cameron 901 1,731 990 2,031 Carbon 9,104 10,232 8,836 10,701 Centre 18,357 23,875 16,194 27,802 Chester 44,853 93,522 38,870 92,221 Clarion 5,616 8,026 5,407 9,836 Clearfield 12,235 14,296 11,963 18,653 Clinton 5,759 5,735 4,525 6,678 Columbia 7,767 12,114 8,254 14,402 Crawford 13,021 17,249 12,792 20,181 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Crawford 13,021 17,249 12,792 20,181 Cumberland 24,613 47,292 21,374 49,282 Dauphin 35,079 48,917 33,576 54,330 Delaware 96,144 147,656 98,207 161,754 Elk 5,879 6,737 5,486 8,470 Erie 53,913 48,306 52,471 55,860 Fayette 33,098 16,915 35,098 21,314 Forest 895 1,159 839 1,468 Franklin 12,368 27,086 11,480 27,243 Fulton 1,532 3,086 1,309 3,254 Greene 9,126 4,879 9,365 6,376 Huntingdon 4,752 8,800 4,430 10,220 Indiana 16,514 14,983 15,791 18,845 Jefferson 6,235 9,743 5,950 11,334 Juniata 2,834 4,881 2,624 5,059 Lackawanna 45,591 42,083 45,851 48,132 Lancaster 38,982 96,979 31,308 99,090 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Lancaster 38,982 96,979 31,308 99,090 Lawrence 21,884 15,829 23,981 19,277 Lebanon 11,912 24,415 10,520 27,008 Lehigh 42,801 56,363 41,089 61,799 Luzerne 58,553 59,059 58,482 69,169 Lycoming 13,528 24,792 13,147 28,498 McKean 5,300 9,323 4,818 10,963 Mercer 24,278 21,301 24,658 24,211 Mifflin 4,790 8,170 5,178 9,106 Monroe 9,859 17,185 8,193 16,109 Montgomery 109,834 170,294 99,741 181,426 Montour 2,031 3,617 2,055 4,174 Northampton 39,264 42,748 37,979 44,648 Northumberland 14,255 20,207 13,748 22,109 Perry 3,910 8,545 3,692 9,365 Philadelphia 449,566 219,053 501,369 267,178 Pike 3,097 6,659 2,503 6,343 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Pike 3,097 6,659 2,503 6,343 Potter 2,119 4,432 1,789 5,164 Schuylkill 24,797 32,666 25,758 37,330 Snyder 2,658 9,054 2,383 8,968 Somerset 13,815 16,809 13,900 19,502 Sullivan 1,091 1,808 952 1,926 Susquehanna 4,871 9,077 4,471 10,566 Tioga 4,807 9,471 4,060 10,532 Union 3,163 7,912 2,747 7,792 Venango 8,624 11,468 9,114 13,507 Warren 6,790 8,991 6,244 10,838 Washington 47,527 28,651 50,911 34,782 Wayne 3,775 9,926 3,155 10,061 Westmoreland 76,710 61,472 79,906 71,377 Wyoming 2,797 6,607 2,518 7,230 York 37,691 72,408 33,359 75,020 Totals 2,194,944 2,300,087 2,228,131 2,584,323 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Totals 2,194,944 2,300,087 2,228,131 2,584,323 Pennsylvania Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 2,171,035; Willkie, Rep., 1,889,848; Thomas, Soc., 10,967; Browder, Com., 4,519; Aiken, Ind. Gov., 1,518. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 1,940,479; Dewey, Rep., 1,835,054; Thomas, Soc., 11,721; Watson, Proh., 5,750; Teichert, Ind. Gov., 1,789. 1948, Truman, Dem., 1,752,426; Dewey, Rep., 1,902,197; Wallace, Prog., 55,161; Thomas, Soc., 11,325; Watson, Proh., 10,338; Dobbs, Militant Workers, 2,133; Teichert, Ind. Gov., 1,461. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 2,415,789; Stevenson, Dem., 2,146,269; Hamblen, Proh., 8,771; Hallinan, Prog., 4,200; Hoopes, Soc., 2,684; Dobbs, Militant Workers, 1,502; Hass, Ind. Gov., 1,347; scattered, 155. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 2,585,252; Stevenson, Dem., 1,981,769; Hass, Soc. Labor, 7,447; Dobbs, Militant Workers, 2,035. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 2,556,282; Nixon, Rep., 2,439,956; Hass, Soc. Labor, 7,185; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 2,678; scattering, 440. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 3,130,954; Goldwater, Rep., 1,673,657; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 10,456; Hass, Soc. Labor, 5,092; scattering, 2,531. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 2,090,017; Humphrey, Dem., 2,259,405; Wallace, 3d party, 378,582; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 4,977; Halstead, Soc. Workers, 4,862; Gregory, 7,821; others, 2,264. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 2,714,521; McGovern, Dem., 1,796,951; Schmitz, Amer., 70,593; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 4,639; Hall, Com., 2,686; others, 2,715. 1976, Carter, Dem., 2,328,677; Ford, Rep., 2,205,604; McCarthy, Ind., 50,584; Maddox, Constitution, 25,344; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 3,009; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 2,744; Hall, Com., 1,891; others, 2,934. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 2,261,872; Carter, Dem., 1,937,540; Anderson, Ind., 292,921; Clark, Libertarian, 33,263; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 20,291; Commoner, Consumer, 10,430; Hall, Com., 5,184. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 2,584,323; Mondale, Dem., 2,228,131; Bergland, Libertarian, 6,982. 1988, Bush, Rep., 2,300,087; Dukakis, Dem., 2,194,944; McCarthy, Consumer, 19,158; Paul, Lib., 12,051. Rhode Island 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan City (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cranston 19,711 17,129 17,742 19,517 East Providence 11,948 8,181 11,064 10,332 Pawtucket 15,985 9,359 14,109 12,460 Providence 34,806 15,310 35,751 19,748 Warwick 21,662 18,052 19,278 22,276 Totals 225,123 177,761 197,106 212,080 Rhode Island Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 182,182; Willkie, Rep., 138,653; Browder, Com., 239; Babson, Proh., 74. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 175,356; Dewey, Rep., 123,487; Watson, Proh., 433. 1948, Truman, Dem., 188,736; Dewey, Rep., 135,787; Wallace, Prog., 2,619; Thomas, Soc., 429; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 131. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 210,935; Stevenson, Dem., 203,293; Hallinan, Prog., 187; Hass, Soc. Labor, 83. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 225,819; Stevenson, Dem., 161,790. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 258,032; Nixon, Rep., 147,502. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 315,463; Goldwater, Rep., 74,615. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 122,359; Humphrey, Dem., 246,518; Wallace, 3d party, 15,678; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 383. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 220,383; McGovern, Dem., 194,645; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 729. 1976, Carter, Dem., 227,636; Ford, Rep., 181,249; MacBride, Libertarian, 715; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 462; Hall, Com., 334; Levin, Soc. Labor, 188. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 154,793; Carter, Dem., 198,342; Anderson, Ind., 59,819; Clark, Libertarian, 2,458; Hall, Com., 218; McReynolds, Socialist, 170; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 90; Griswold, Workers World, 77. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 212,080; Mondale, Dem., 197,106; Bergland, Libertarian, 277. 1988, Bush, Rep., 177,761; Dukakis, Dem., 225,123; Paul, Lib., 825; Fulani, New Alliance, 280. South Carolina 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Abbeville 3,629 3,738 3,051 3,798 Aiken 10,598 27,665 9,872 25,872 Allendale 1,796 1,295 2,170 1,570 Anderson 12,281 25,939 10,324 24,123 Bamberg 2,830 2,403 2,892 2,908 Barnwell 2,564 4,467 2,811 4,346 Beaufort 8,691 16,184 7,347 13,668 Berkeley 9,312 16,779 7,380 16,972 Calhoun 2,175 2,585 2,315 2,742 Charleston 32,977 49,149 29,470 53,779 Cherokee 4,322 7,763 4,101 8,655 Chester 3,737 3,968 3,559 4,441 Chesterfield 4,699 4,999 4,593 5,451 Clarendon 5,030 4,337 5,591 5,102 Colleton 4,508 4,962 4,910 6,200 Darlington 7,625 9,854 7,456 11,100 Dillon 3,251 3,793 3,360 4,646 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Dillon 3,251 3,793 3,360 4,646 Dorchester 7,371 14,756 7,037 15,289 Edgefield 3,020 3,814 3,227 3,224 Fairfield 3,827 2,714 4,117 3,147 Florence 12,531 19,490 14,639 22,753 Georgetown 5,402 7,032 6,392 7,370 Greenville 27,188 67,371 24,137 66,766 Greenwood 6,511 9,096 6,339 10,887 Hampton 3,435 2,826 3,736 3,464 Horry 13,316 24,843 8,940 20,396 Jasper 2,894 2,004 3,753 3,102 Kershaw 4,494 8,877 4,323 8,822 Lancaster 6,181 9,152 5,804 10,383 Laurens 5,930 9,731 5,312 9,729 Lee 3,423 2,936 3,912 3,548 Lexington 11,366 41,467 8,828 38,628 McCormick 1,722 1,172 1,526 1,186 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 McCormick 1,722 1,172 1,526 1,186 Marion 5,008 4,403 5,043 4,698 Marlboro 3,937 2,921 4,294 3,951 Newberry 3,825 6,427 3,790 7,176 Oconee 4,299 10,184 3,333 8,625 Orangeburg 14,655 13,281 15,121 14,286 Pickens 6,103 17,448 4,481 15,155 Richland 36,420 43,841 32,212 46,773 Saluda 1,984 3,225 1,962 3,515 Spartanburg 22,964 40,801 20,130 41,553 Sumter 9,502 13,161 9,566 12,909 Union 4,420 6,019 4,424 6,331 Williamsburg 7,343 5,914 7,586 6,492 York 11,458 21,657 9,273 20,008 Totals 370,554 606,443 344,459 615,539 South Carolina Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 95,470; Willkie, Rep., 1,727. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 90,601; Dewey, Rep., 4,547; Southern Democrats, 7,799; Watson, Proh., 365; Rep. Tolbert faction, 63. 1948, Thurmond, States' Rights, 102,607; Truman, Dem., 34,423; Dewey, Rep., 5,386; Wallace, Prog., 154; Thomas, Soc., 1. 1952, Eisenhower ran on two tickets. Under state law vote cast for two Eisenhower slates of electors could not be combined. Eisenhower, Ind., 158,289; Rep., 9,793; total, 168,082; Stevenson, Dem., 173,004; Hamblen, Proh., 1. 1956, Stevenson, Dem., 136,372; Byrd, Ind., 88,509; Eisenhower, Rep., 75,700; Andrews, Ind., 2. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 198,129; Nixon, Rep., 188,558; write-in, 1. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 215,700; Goldwater, Rep., 309,048; write-ins: Nixon, 1, Wallace, 5; Powell, 1; Thurmond, 1. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 254,062; Humphrey, Dem., 197,486; Wallace, 3d party, 215,430. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 477,044; McGovern, Dem., 184,559, United Citizens, 2,265; Schmitz, Amer., 10,075; write-in, 17. 1976, Carter, Dem., 450,807; Ford, Rep., 346,149; Anderson, Amer., 2,996; Maddox, Amer. Ind., 1,950; write-in, 681. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 439,277; Carter, Dem., 428,220; Anderson, Ind., 13,868; Clark, Libertarian, 4,807; Rarick, Amer. Ind., 2,086. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 615,539; Mondale, Dem., 344,459; Bergland, Libertarian, 4,359. 1988, Bush, Rep., 606,443; Dukakis, Dem., 370,554; Paul, Lib., 4,935; Fulani, United Citizens, 4,077. South Dakota 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Aurora 987 856 840 1,029 Beadle 4,523 4,611 3,523 5,876 Bennett 579 663 453 856 Bon Homme 1,574 1,826 1,408 2,478 Brookings 4,860 5,394 4,089 6,679 Brown 8,673 8,537 6,852 10,541 Brule 991 971 961 1,578 Buffalo 334 151 236 253 Butte 1,256 2,291 784 2,865 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Butte 1,256 2,291 784 2,865 Campbell 334 909 214 1,035 Chas. Mix 2,205 1,966 1,879 2,660 Clark 1,164 1,247 960 1,748 Clay 2,859 2,307 2,711 3,057 Codington 4,570 5,050 3,528 6,108 Corson 722 710 792 955 Custer 1,180 1,806 858 2,183 Davison 3,705 4,024 3,248 4,783 Day 2,137 1,616 1,932 2,150 Deuel 1,246 1,251 941 1,537 Dewey 1,007 765 772 941 Douglas 695 1,438 536 1,713 Edmunds 1,259 1,327 1,007 1,553 Fall River 1,380 2,002 1,135 2,748 Faulk 714 842 579 1,124 Grant 1,988 2,148 1,606 2,738 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Grant 1,988 2,148 1,606 2,738 Gregory 1,138 1,566 780 1,777 Haakon 379 958 237 1,168 Hamlin 1,258 1,380 963 1,782 Hand 1,101 1,461 846 2,030 Hanson 776 786 625 898 Harding 259 633 186 723 Hughes 2,853 4,545 2,072 4,985 Hutchinson 1,594 2,700 1,237 3,372 Hyde 436 546 350 797 Jackson 450 671 365 903 Jerauld 751 777 542 1,012 Jones 261 521 206 689 Kingsbury 1,472 1,592 1,249 2,121 Lake 2,663 2,439 2,367 3,027 Lawrence 3,705 5,570 2,565 5,949 Lincoln 3,190 3,537 2,626 3,988 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Lincoln 3,190 3,537 2,626 3,988 Lyman 631 843 478 1,120 McCook 1,492 1,501 1,448 1,902 McPherson 571 1,358 418 1,813 Marshall 1,372 1,142 1,111 1,529 Meade 3,212 5,189 2,093 5,908 Mellette 385 460 303 616 Miner 955 795 960 1,004 Minnehaha 29,135 26,765 23,042 29,908 Moody 1,715 1,161 1,586 1,633 Pennington 12,068 19,510 8,224 21,947 Perkins 851 1,326 714 1,686 Potter 701 1,175 482 1,551 Roberts 2,267 2,012 2,063 2,767 Sanborn 770 815 611 1,080 Shannon 1,206 256 1,489 324 Spink 2,071 1,969 1,680 2,627 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Spink 2,071 1,969 1,680 2,627 Stanley 511 698 351 942 Sully 393 571 266 836 Todd 1,117 535 1,022 679 Tripp 1,219 2,113 935 2,483 Turner 1,780 2,436 1,486 3,086 Union 2,612 1,907 2,221 2,431 Walworth 1,094 1,940 779 2,396 Yankton 3,777 4,186 2,932 5,161 Ziebach 427 362 359 429 Totals 145,560 165,415 116,113 200,267 South Dakota Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 131,862; Willkie, Rep., 177,065. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 96,711; Dewey, Rep., 135,365. 1948, Truman, Dem., 117,653; Dewey, Rep., 129,651; Wallace, Prog., 2,801. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 203,857; Stevenson, Dem., 90,426. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 171,569; Stevenson, Dem., 122,288. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 128,070; Nixon, Rep., 178,417. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 163,010; Goldwater, Rep., 130,108. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 149,841; Humphrey, Dem., 118,023; Wallace, 3d party, 13,400. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 166,476; McGovern, Dem., 139,945; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 994. 1976, Carter, Dem., 147,068; Ford, Rep., 151,505; MacBride, Libertarian, 1,619; Hall, Com., 318; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 168. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 198,343; Carter, Dem., 103,855; Anderson, Ind., 21,431; Clark, Libertarian, 3,824; Pulley, Soc. Workers, 250. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 200,267; Mondale, Dem., 116,113. 1988, Bush, Rep., 165,415; Dukakis, Dem., 145,560; Paul, Lib., 1,060; Fulani, New Alliance, 730. Tennessee 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Anderson 9,589 15,056 10,415 16,783 Bedford 4,046 4,856 4,499 4,699 Benton 2,826 2,167 3,398 2,481 Bledsoe 1,274 1,858 1,316 1,950 Blount 9,602 20,027 9,188 20,525 Bradley 6,122 15,829 6,085 16,322 Campbell 4,188 5,197 4,692 5,685 Cannon 1,726 1,604 1,846 1,669 Carroll 4,151 5,635 4,568 6,017 Carter 4,634 12,036 4,642 13,153 Cheatham 3,067 4,132 3,007 4,109 Chester 1,757 2,781 1,854 2,793 Claiborne 2,977 4,071 2,870 4,474 Clay 1,183 1,291 1,281 1,338 Cocke 2,115 5,430 2,068 6,665 Coffee 5,686 7,837 5,691 7,695 Crockett 1,742 2,214 1,937 2,479 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Crockett 1,742 2,214 1,937 2,479 Cumberland 3,964 7,557 3,605 7,083 Davidson 89,270 98,599 89,498 98,115 Decatur 1,880 2,286 2,031 2,390 De Kalb 2,452 2,098 2,645 2,337 Dickson 5,129 5,343 5,809 5,846 Dyer 3,690 6,508 3,991 6,610 Fayette 3,292 3,573 3,634 3,733 Fentress 1,856 3,103 1,755 2,922 Franklin 5,442 5,381 5,846 5,705 Gibson 7,542 8,415 8,334 9,484 Giles 3,918 3,518 3,812 3,875 Grainger 1,423 2,734 1,565 3,212 Greene 5,077 11,947 4,763 13,215 Grundy 2,415 1,429 2,596 1,396 Hamblen 5,061 10,418 4,922 11,144 Hamilton 40,990 68,111 41,449 69,626 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hamilton 40,990 68,111 41,449 69,626 Hancock 737 1,303 619 1,491 Hardeman 3,526 3,547 3,797 3,712 Hardin 2,808 4,252 3,051 4,632 Hawkins 5,212 9,356 4,802 9,863 Haywood 2,923 2,687 3,308 2,839 Henderson 2,296 5,418 2,426 5,362 Henry 5,138 4,784 5,407 5,376 Hickman 2,643 2,246 2,941 2,370 Houston 1,467 882 1,716 882 Humphreys 3,037 2,132 3,668 2,249 Jackson 1,962 1,168 2,894 1,544 Jefferson 3,168 6,832 3,185 7,721 Johnson 1,329 3,715 999 3,853 Knox 41,829 73,092 43,448 76,965 Lake 935 806 1,191 878 Lauderdale 3,296 3,308 3,506 3,566 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Lauderdale 3,296 3,308 3,506 3,566 Lawrence 4,903 6,273 5,458 6,034 Lewis 1,419 1,324 1,556 1,733 Lincoln 3,672 4,288 4,103 3,982 Loudon 3,480 7,122 3,227 7,113 McMinn 4,568 8,462 5,141 9,604 McNairy 3,510 4,625 3,825 4,776 Macon 1,538 2,962 1,747 3,330 Madison 11,001 16,952 12,006 17,819 Marion 4,175 4,407 3,942 4,337 Marshall 2,795 2,975 2,935 3,416 Maury 6,280 8,397 6,950 9,008 Meigs 1,048 1,507 1,012 1,575 Monroe 4,000 6,355 4,223 6,665 Montgomery 9,145 12,599 9,939 13,228 Moore 731 786 808 863 Morgan 1,941 2,576 2,121 2,903 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Morgan 1,941 2,576 2,121 2,903 Obion 4,785 6,037 4,769 6,384 Overton 2,511 1,873 2,749 2,054 Perry 1,208 854 1,316 948 Pickett 634 1,118 706 1,246 Polk 2,073 2,297 2,112 2,785 Putnam 6,606 9,547 7,443 8,999 Rhea 2,595 5,144 2,804 5,692 Roane 6,535 10,881 6,623 11,882 Robertson 5,884 5,714 5,756 5,445 Rutherford 12,245 20,397 11,618 19,503 Scott 1,611 2,562 1,810 3,107 Sequatchie 1,196 1,659 1,238 1,785 Sevier 3,643 11,920 3,384 12,517 Shelby 149,759 157,457 169,717 165,947 Smith 2,522 2,138 3,258 2,393 Stewart 1,979 1,302 2,174 1,285 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Stewart 1,979 1,302 2,174 1,285 Sullivan 17,396 32,996 16,925 36,516 Sumner 11,702 19,523 11,535 18,442 Tipton 3,824 6,052 3,895 5,945 Trousdale 1,193 969 1,142 781 Unicoi 1,794 3,664 1,696 4,249 Union 1,431 2,110 1,495 2,447 Van Buren 796 780 810 718 Warren 4,646 4,529 4,813 4,811 Washington 10,087 19,615 9,452 21,762 Wayne 1,516 3,405 1,534 3,332 Weakley 4,239 5,701 4,752 6,480 White 2,562 2,646 3,033 2,895 Williamson 7,864 20,847 6,929 17,975 Wilson 8,360 13,317 8,433 12,858 Totals 679,794 947,233 711,714 990,212 Tennessee Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 351,601; Willkie, Rep., 169,153; Babson, Proh., 1,606; Thomas, Soc., 463. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 308,707; Dewey, Rep., 200,311; Watson, Proh., 882; Thomas, Soc., 892. 1948, Truman, Dem., 270,402; Dewey, Rep., 202,914; Thurmond, States' Rights, 73,815; Wallace, Prog., 1,864; Thomas, Soc., 1,288. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 446,147; Stevenson, Dem., 443,710; Hamblen, Proh., 1,432; Hallinan, Prog., 885; MacArthur, Christian Nationalist, 379. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 462,288; Stevenson, Dem., 456,507; Andrews, Ind., 19,820; Holtwick, Proh., 789. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 481,453; Nixon, Rep., 556,577; Faubus, States' Rights, 11,304; Decker, Proh., 2,458. 1964, Johnson, Dem. 635,047; Goldwater, Rep., 508,965; write-in, 34. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 472,592; Humphrey, Dem., 351,233; Wallace, 3d party, 424,792. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 813,147; McGovern, Dem., 357,293; Schmitz, Amer., 30,373; write-in, 369. 1976, Carter, Dem., 825,879; Ford, Rep., 633,969; Anderson, Amer., 5,769; McCarthy, Ind., 5,004; Maddox, Am. Ind., 2,303; MacBride, Libertarian, 1,375; Hall, Com., 547; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 512; Bubar, Proh., 442; Miller, Ind., 316; write-in, 230. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 787,761; Carter, Dem., 783,051; Anderson, Ind., 35,991; Clark, Libertarian, 7,116; Commoner, Citizens, 1,112; Bubar, Statesman, 521; McReynolds, Socialist, 519; Hall, Com., 503; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 490; Griswold, Workers World, 400; write-ins, 152. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 990,212; Mondale, Dem., 711,714; Bergland, Libertarian, 3,072. 1988, Bush, Rep., 947,233; Dukakis, Dem., 679,794; Paul, Ind., 2,041; Duke, Ind., 1,807. Texas 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Anderson 6,128 7,858 4,747 8,634 Andrews 1,122 3,052 820 3,918 Angelina 10,849 12,738 9,054 14,685 Aransas 2,305 3,858 1,696 4,352 Archer 1,627 2,010 1,089 2,487 Armstrong 314 720 238 791 Atascosa 4,657 4,777 3,547 5,279 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Atascosa 4,657 4,777 3,547 5,279 Austin 2,593 4,524 1,941 4,872 Bailey 876 1,459 684 1,888 Bandera 1,251 3,435 771 3,152 Bastrop 8,004 5,991 4,744 6,439 Baylor 1,153 914 1,019 1,314 Bee 4,616 4,620 3,659 5,377 Bell 17,751 29,382 13,322 31,117 Bexar 174,036 193,192 136,947 203,319 Blanco 1,012 1,680 700 1,957 Borden 169 283 140 325 Bosque 2,670 3,458 2,046 3,923 Bowie 12,331 15,454 10,077 18,244 Brazoria 23,436 34,028 18,609 39,166 Brazos 14,885 29,369 12,348 34,733 Brewster 1,569 1,708 1,462 2,066 Briscoe 574 464 471 538 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Briscoe 574 464 471 538 Brooks 2,859 608 2,702 896 Brown 4,763 6,810 4,070 8,468 Burleson 3,085 2,242 2,578 3,076 Burnet 4,343 5,120 2,983 5,895 Caldwell 4,649 3,553 3,401 4,315 Calhoun 3,314 3,183 2,586 4,434 Callahan 2,017 2,887 1,305 3,538 Cameron 30,972 24,263 26,394 29,545 Camp 2,121 1,908 1,917 2,238 Carson 1,034 2,100 826 2,412 Cass 5,941 5,305 5,053 6,677 Castro 1,436 1,604 1,009 2,026 Chambers 3,035 3,694 2,632 4,322 Cherokee 5,604 7,520 4,494 8,187 Childress 1,060 1,201 900 1,574 Clay 2,288 2,043 1,844 2,569 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Clay 2,288 2,043 1,844 2,569 Cochran 681 771 557 1,117 Coke 674 863 532 1,060 Coleman 1,978 2,340 1,420 2,790 Collin 22,934 67,776 13,604 61,095 Collingsworth 809 872 742 1,396 Colorado 2,847 3,723 2,428 4,528 Comal 5,716 13,994 4,179 13,452 Comanche 2,622 2,120 2,248 2,678 Concho 643 617 580 821 Cooke 4,217 7,196 3,278 8,260 Coryell 4,026 7,461 3,113 9,056 Cottle 690 379 623 507 Crane 596 1,219 392 1,473 Crockett 881 932 589 1,094 Crosby 1,435 1,121 1,212 1,376 Culberson 557 417 407 509 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Culberson 557 417 407 509 Dallam 645 1,205 496 1,594 Dallas 243,198 347,094 203,592 405,444 Dawson 2,155 3,154 1,781 3,685 Deaf Smith 1,930 3,744 1,485 4,762 Delta 1,244 849 973 1,024 Denton 26,204 57,444 16,772 52,865 DeWitt 2,579 3,628 1,882 4,401 Dickens 696 435 692 594 Dimmit 2,735 900 2,546 1,338 Donley 661 1,043 529 1,297 Duval 4,177 907 3,748 1,201 Eastland 3,215 3,929 2,522 4,841 Ector 10,825 23,155 8,913 31,228 Edwards 368 556 159 626 Ellis 11,169 16,422 8,029 16,873 El Paso 62,622 55,573 51,917 66,114 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� El Paso 62,622 55,573 51,917 66,114 Erath 4,113 5,427 3,234 6,122 Falls 2,877 2,344 2,834 3,133 Fannin 5,163 4,024 4,399 4,692 Fayette 3,390 4,551 2,379 5,711 Fisher 1,516 721 1,384 965 Floyd 1,391 1,741 1,023 2,092 Foard 513 306 448 472 Fort Bend 23,351 39,818 18,729 41,370 Franklin 1,453 1,439 1,104 1,836 Freestone 2,916 3,159 2,489 3,624 Frio 3,016 1,505 2,656 2,003 Gaines 1,310 2,265 797 2,714 Galveston 38,633 34,913 36,092 40,262 Garza 989 1,183 521 1,219 Gillespie 1,588 5,662 1,137 5,496 Glasscock 143 384 128 403 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Glasscock 143 384 128 403 Goliad 1,358 1,427 836 1,540 Gonzales 2,897 2,983 2,196 3,962 Gray 2,460 7,259 2,003 8,955 Grayson 14,347 18,825 11,803 22,554 Gregg 12,486 26,465 10,700 29,697 Grimes 2,735 2,820 2,370 3,365 Guadalupe 7,111 13,265 5,060 14,382 Hale 3,502 6,284 3,202 7,670 Hall 1,029 714 984 1,058 Hamilton 1,355 1,718 1,130 2,118 Hansford 443 1,967 259 2,213 Hardeman 1,143 855 927 1,238 Hardin 8,245 6,897 6,782 8,380 Harris 342,919 464,217 334,135 536,029 Harrison 8,974 11,957 7,773 12,618 Hartley 505 1,229 356 1,419 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Hartley 505 1,229 356 1,419 Haskell 1,715 1,193 1,434 1,701 Hays 11,187 11,716 6,663 12,467 Hemphill 527 1,170 413 1,650 Henderson 9,819 11,005 7,302 12,725 Hidalgo 54,330 29,246 44,147 35,059 Hill 4,381 4,796 3,420 5,344 Hockley 2,850 4,368 2,044 5,462 Hood 4,255 7,400 3,063 6,817 Hopkins 4,984 5,133 3,707 5,772 Houston 3,846 3,882 3,275 4,542 Howard 4,445 6,024 4,115 7,519 Hudspeth 406 405 362 557 Hunt 8,820 12,331 6,971 14,303 Hutchinson 2,950 7,526 2,052 9,078 Irion 326 539 199 619 Jack 1,521 1,542 945 1,825 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jack 1,521 1,542 945 1,825 Jackson 2,141 2,954 1,804 3,661 Jasper 6,613 4,985 5,787 5,965 Jeff Davis 325 524 299 511 Jefferson 55,649 35,754 54,846 45,124 Jim Hogg 1,630 510 1,703 608 Jim Wells 8,495 4,335 7,795 5,896 Johnson 12,507 17,509 9,148 18,254 Jones 2,898 3,000 2,343 4,017 Karnes 2,529 2,383 1,802 3,068 Kaufman 7,358 8,466 5,554 9,343 Kendall 1,446 4,875 938 4,568 Kenedy 119 76 110 96 Kent 398 274 253 332 Kerr 3,587 11,207 3,102 11,829 Kimble 551 1,061 442 1,333 King 64 111 53 141 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� King 64 111 53 141 Kinney 669 771 486 774 Kleberg 5,367 4,443 4,924 5,712 Knox 1,013 765 921 1,027 Lamar 7,553 8,021 5,504 9,273 Lamb 2,230 3,064 1,919 3,892 Lampasas 1,954 3,000 1,356 3,285 LaSalle 1,651 693 1,504 1,007 Lavaca 3,531 4,377 2,464 5,058 Lee 2,527 2,513 1,659 2,967 Leon 2,316 2,778 1,821 3,207 Liberty 8,343 8,524 6,292 10,504 Limestone 3,476 3,257 3,228 4,063 Lipscomb 377 1,111 241 1,461 Live Oak 1,573 2,277 1,260 2,481 Llano 2,629 3,550 1,894 4,042 Loving 23 54 16 57 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Loving 23 54 16 57 Lubbock 22,202 50,760 18,793 57,151 Lynn 1,086 1,279 1,009 1,617 McCulloch 1,665 1,618 1,433 2,060 McLennan 27,545 38,606 23,206 42,232 McMullen 94 302 61 337 Madison 1,835 1,896 1,384 2,158 Marion 2,255 1,857 2,111 2,336 Martin 632 1,017 512 1,218 Mason 671 975 570 1,168 Matagorda 5,675 6,787 5,201 8,452 Maverick 4,395 1,592 3,063 1,783 Medina 4,227 5,722 3,053 5,737 Menard 614 552 394 725 Midland 8,487 30,618 7,214 33,706 Milam 4,865 3,512 3,734 4,384 Mills 842 1,043 688 1,262 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mills 842 1,043 688 1,262 Mitchell 1,773 1,596 1,332 2,007 Montague 3,689 3,475 2,602 4,406 Montgomery 18,394 40,360 13,293 41,230 Moore 1,537 3,710 1,129 4,649 Morris 3,522 2,104 2,925 2,778 Motley 262 429 282 533 Nacogdoches 6,886 11,767 5,694 13,063 Navarro 6,749 6,445 5,672 7,816 Newton 3,640 1,659 3,296 2,123 Nolan 2,853 2,734 2,524 3,608 Nueces 49,209 46,337 46,721 54,333 Ochiltree 579 2,928 419 3,492 Oldham 303 691 226 762 Orange 17,834 11,959 16,816 15,386 Palo Pinto 3,930 4,649 3,349 5,701 Panola 4,123 4,642 3,179 5,676 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Panola 4,123 4,642 3,179 5,676 Parker 8,517 14,090 6,050 13,647 Parmer 764 2,061 567 2,524 Pecos 1,960 2,483 1,596 3,451 Polk 5,943 5,831 3,898 5,987 Potter 9,563 16,400 8,365 20,396 Presidio 1,176 586 992 837 Rains 1,448 1,281 1,027 1,560 Randall 8,492 27,986 6,044 30,249 Reagan 418 935 243 1,079 Real 483 795 360 1,004 Red River 3,165 2,475 2,518 2,979 Reeves 2,812 1,724 2,396 2,461 Refugio 1,831 1,883 1,559 2,421 Roberts 135 441 106 539 Robertson 3,630 2,184 3,339 2,663 Rockwall 2,659 7,214 1,639 6,688 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rockwall 2,659 7,214 1,639 6,688 Runnels 1,720 2,417 1,179 2,968 Rusk 5,140 9,117 4,599 11,081 Sabine 2,053 1,925 1,940 2,045 San Augustine 2,118 1,946 1,583 1,937 San Jacinto 2,972 2,691 2,466 3,174 San Patricio 9,920 9,159 8,838 11,074 San Saba 1,165 1,099 1,070 1,566 Schleicher 494 653 326 854 Scurry 2,119 3,749 1,564 5,028 Shackelford 681 865 415 1,181 Shelby 4,261 3,999 3,610 4,863 Sherman 340 1,145 246 1,269 Smith 18,719 34,658 15,227 40,740 Somervell 983 1,304 635 1,422 Starr 6,958 1,218 5,047 1,658 Stephens 1,519 2,342 1,046 2,898 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Stephens 1,519 2,342 1,046 2,898 Sterling 188 464 129 577 Stonewall 724 421 643 599 Sutton 571 996 465 1,251 Swisher 1,893 1,271 1,642 1,611 Tarrant 151,310 242,660 120,147 248,050 Taylor 13,073 28,563 9,628 34,444 Terrell 390 296 289 407 Terry 1,941 2,645 1,535 3,181 Throckmorton 534 455 388 586 Titus 4,357 4,247 3,631 5,069 Tom Green 12,283 21,463 8,981 23,847 Travis 127,783 105,915 94,124 124,944 Trinity 2,657 2,448 2,115 2,599 Tyler 4,198 3,070 3,119 3,638 Upshur 5,242 5,991 4,614 7,325 Upton 544 1,189 380 1,603 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Upton 544 1,189 380 1,603 Uvalde 3,684 4,266 2,482 4,790 Val Verde 5,044 5,109 3,857 5,909 Van Zandt 6,153 7,371 4,506 8,474 Victoria 8,923 15,056 7,037 18,787 Walker 5,826 8,473 4,263 8,809 Waller 3,957 3,607 3,828 4,116 Ward 1,858 2,709 1,188 3,474 Washington 2,960 6,041 2,483 6,506 Webb 16,227 7,528 12,308 8,582 Wharton 5,935 6,978 5,072 8,495 Wheeler 1,067 1,703 805 2,251 Wichita 17,956 23,324 16,009 28,932 Wilbarger 2,248 2,669 2,011 3,644 Willacy 3,165 1,750 3,037 2,340 Williamson 19,589 27,322 9,911 25,774 Wilson 3,953 4,436 2,829 4,588 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wilson 3,953 4,436 2,829 4,588 Winkler 947 1,656 752 2,213 Wise 5,288 6,064 3,856 6,958 Wood 4,553 6,216 3,449 7,144 Yoakum 727 1,762 456 2,204 Young 3,007 4,156 2,203 5,282 Zapata 2,171 958 1,577 1,214 Zavala 3,338 628 2,937 924 Totals 2,352,748 3,036,829 1,949,276 3,433,428 Texas Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 840,151; Willkie, Rep., 199,152; Babson, Proh., 925; Thomas, Soc., 728; Browder, Com., 212. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 821,605; Dewey, Rep., 191,425; Texas Regulars, 135,439; Watson, Proh., 1,017; Thomas, Soc., 594; America First, 250. 1948, Truman, Dem., 750,700; Dewey, Rep., 282,240; Thurmond, States' Rights, 106,909; Wallace, Prog., 3,764; Watson, Proh., 2,758; Thomas, Soc., 874. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,102,878; Stevenson, Dem., 969,228; Hamblen, Proh., 1,983; MacArthur, Christian Nationalist, 833; MacArthur, Constitution, 730; Hallinan, Prog., 294. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 1,080,619; Stevenson, Dem., 859,958; Andrews, Ind., 14,591. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 1,167,932; Nixon, Rep., 1,121,699; Sullivan, Constitution, 18,169; Decker, Proh., 3,870; write-in, 15. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 1,663,185; Goldwater, Rep., 958,566; Lightburn, Constitution, 5,060. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 1,227,844; Humphrey, Dem., 1,266,804; Wallace, 3d party, 584,269; write-in, 489. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 2,298,896; McGovern, Dem., 1,154,289; Schmitz, Amer., 6,039; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 8,664; others, 3,393. 1976, Carter, Dem., 2,082,319; Ford, Rep., 1,953,300; McCarthy, Ind., 20,118; Anderson, Amer., 11,442; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 1,723; write-in, 2,982. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 2,510,705; Carter, Dem., 1,881,147; Anderson, Ind., 111,613; Clark, Libertarian, 37,643; write-in, 528. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 3,433,428; Mondale, Dem., 1,949,276. 1988, Bush, Rep., 3,036,829; Dukakis, Dem., 2,352,748; Paul, Lib., 30,355; Fulani, New Alliance, 7,208. Utah 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Beaver 816 1,286 708 1,516 Box Elder 2,736 12,585 1,983 13,243 Cache 5,871 21,766 4,123 22,127 Carbon 5,521 3,019 4,357 4,393 Daggett 132 272 227 296 Davis 16,868 50,469 11,727 49,863 Duchesne 1,227 3,118 746 4,437 Emery 1,788 2,322 1,326 3,081 Garfield 370 1,470 315 1,609 Grand 1,287 1,895 876 2,463 Iron 1,736 6,038 1,342 6,856 Juab 974 1,505 917 1,902 Kane 398 1,788 294 1,710 Millard 1,124 3,515 1,192 4,345 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Millard 1,124 3,515 1,192 4,345 Morgan 647 1,889 481 1,934 Piute 206 476 151 606 Rich 234 621 131 797 Salt Lake 107,453 163,557 78,488 183,536 San Juan 1,407 2,377 1,145 2,598 Sanpete 1,822 4,579 1,227 5,507 Sevier 1,403 4,747 1,072 5,736 Summit 2,545 3,881 1,539 4,093 Tooele 4,166 5,539 3,584 6,478 Uintah 1,799 5,341 1,186 7,337 Utah 18,533 68,134 14,801 72,284 Wasatch 1,451 2,487 1,015 2,789 Washington 3,054 13,306 1,846 12,049 Wayne 353 784 224 930 Weber 21,431 39,676 18,346 44,590 Totals 207,352 428,442 155,369 469,105 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Totals 207,352 428,442 155,369 469,105 Utah Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 154,277; Willkie, Rep., 93,151; Thomas, Soc., 200; Browder, Com., 191. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 150,088; Dewey, Rep., 97,891; Thomas, Soc., 340. 1948, Truman, Dem., 149,151; Dewey, Rep., 124,402; Wallace, Prog., 2,679; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 73. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 194,190; Stevenson, Dem., 135,364. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 215,631; Stevenson, Dem., 118,364. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 169,248; Nixon, Rep., 205,361; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 100. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 219,628; Goldwater, Rep., 181,785. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 238,728; Humphrey, Dem., 156,665; Wallace, 3d party, 26,906; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 89; Peace and Freedom, 180. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 323,643; McGovern, Dem., 126,284; Schmitz, Amer., 28,549. 1976, Carter, Dem., 182,110; Ford, Rep., 337,908; Anderson, Amer., 13,304; McCarthy, Ind., 3,907; MacBride, Libertarian, 2,438; Maddox, Am. Ind., 1,162; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 268; Hall, Com., 121. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 439,687; Carter, Dem., 124,266; Anderson, Ind., 30,284; Clark, Libertarian, 7,226; Commoner, Citizens, 1,009; Greaves, American, 965; Rarick, Amer. Ind., 522; Hall, Com., 139; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 124. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 469,105; Mondale, Dem., 155,369; Bergland, Libertarian, 2,447. 1988, Bush, Rep., 428,442; Dukakis, Dem., 207,352; Paul, Lib., 7,473; Dennis, American, 2,158. Vermont 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan City (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Barre City 2,132 2,100 1,903 2,195 Bennington 3,180 2,748 2,879 3,237 Brattleboro 3,136 2,044 2,741 2,645 Burlington 9,748 6,382 10,080 7,857 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan City (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Burlington 9,748 6,382 10,080 7,857 Montpelier 2,351 2,013 2,120 2,257 Rutland City 3,590 3,631 3,298 3,970 St. Albans City 1,441 1,295 1,346 1,748 St. Johnsbury 1,188 1,974 915 2,152 South Burlington 3,373 3,136 2,728 3,443 Winooski 1,426 1,014 1,361 1,264 Totals 115,775 124,331 95,730 135,865 Vermont Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 64,269; Willkie, Rep., 78,371; Browder, Com., 411. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 53,820; Dewey, Rep., 71,527. 1948, Truman, Dem., 45,557; Dewey, Rep., 75,926; Wallace, Prog., 1,279; Thomas, Soc., 585. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 109,717; Stevenson, Dem., 43,355; Hallinan, Prog., 282; Hoopes, Soc., 185. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 110,390; Stevenson, Dem., 42,549; scattered, 39. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 69,186; Nixon, Rep., 98,131. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 107,674; Goldwater, Rep., 54,868. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 85,142; Humphrey, Dem., 70,255; Wallace, 3d party, 5,104; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 295; Gregory, New Party, 579. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 117,149; McGovern, Dem., 68,174; Spock, Liberty Union, 1,010; Jenness, Soc. Workers, 296; scattered, 318. 1976, Carter, Dem., 77,798; Carter, Ind. Vermonter, 991; Ford, Rep., 100,387; McCarthy, Ind., 4,001; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 430; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 196; scattered, 99. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 94,598; Carter, Dem., 81,891; Anderson, Ind., 31,760; Commoner, Citizens, 2,316; Clark, Libertarian, 1,900; McReynolds, Liberty Union, 136; Hall, Com. 118; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 75; scattering, 413. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 135,865; Mondale, Dem., 95,730; Bergland, Libertarian, 1,002. 1988, Bush, Rep., 124,331; Dukakis, Dem., 115,775; Paul, Lib., 1,000; LaRouche, Ind., 275. Virginia 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Accomack 4,443 6,926 4,355 8,047 Albemarle 10,363 15,117 7,982 14,455 Alleghany 2,316 2,555 1,932 3,067 Amelia 1,359 2,187 1,432 2,336 Amherst 3,567 6,507 3,409 7,004 Appomattox 1,740 3,205 1,498 3,386 Arlington 40,314 34,191 37,031 34,848 Augusta 4,170 13,251 3,899 15,308 Bath 881 1,273 727 1,434 Bedford 5,406 10,702 4,754 10,371 Bland 937 1,556 867 1,812 Botetourt 3,763 5,687 3,243 5,959 Brunswick 3,070 2,742 3,040 2,950 Buchanan 6,935 3,912 7,828 5,053 Buckingham 1,941 2,481 1,879 2,627 Campbell 4,574 12,713 4,380 13,388 Caroline 3,186 3,065 3,111 2,949 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Caroline 3,186 3,065 3,111 2,949 Carroll 3,190 6,377 2,914 7,056 Charles City 1,839 826 1,776 776 Charlotte 1,923 2,699 1,811 2,999 Chesterfield 18,723 58,828 13,739 54,896 Clarke 1,478 2,502 1,215 2,529 Craig 864 1,112 845 1,173 Culpeper 2,555 5,896 2,255 5,596 Cumberland 1,132 1,978 1,237 2,027 Dickenson 4,461 3,091 4,848 3,921 Dinwiddie 3,405 4,165 3,485 4,547 Essex 1,294 2,038 1,300 2,120 Fairfax 125,711 200,631 107,295 183,181 Fauquier 4,837 11,733 4,056 10,319 Floyd 1,727 2,921 1,599 3,431 Fluvanna 1,562 2,447 1,332 2,247 Franklin 5,734 7,391 4,903 7,684 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Franklin 5,734 7,391 4,903 7,684 Frederick 3,707 9,921 2,671 9,542 Giles 3,042 3,490 3,047 4,340 Gloucester 3,372 7,646 2,830 7,109 Goochland 2,209 3,765 2,178 3,404 Grayson 2,441 3,968 2,319 4,508 Greene 899 2,234 760 2,216 Greensville 2,083 1,610 2,352 2,304 Halifax 4,282 5,671 4,231 6,726 Hanover 5,985 20,570 4,831 18,800 Henrico 26,980 62,284 21,336 63,864 Henry 7,536 10,871 6,976 12,693 Highland 456 807 398 997 Isle of Wight 3,747 5,779 3,650 5,664 James City 4,642 8,945 3,486 7,104 King George 1,519 2,587 1,450 2,356 King and Queen 1,309 1,376 1,201 1,449 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 King and Queen 1,309 1,376 1,201 1,449 King William 1,561 2,735 1,448 2,803 Lancaster 1,551 3,380 1,559 3,416 Lee 4,906 4,080 5,085 5,365 Loudoun 10,101 20,448 8,227 17,765 Louisa 2,789 3,831 2,703 3,789 Lunenburg 1,870 2,530 1,754 2,713 Madison 1,427 2,501 1,302 2,723 Mathews 1,235 2,752 1,106 2,868 Mecklenburg 3,275 5,887 3,438 6,777 Middlesex 1,361 2,571 1,206 2,612 Montgomery 8,909 12,326 7,202 12,428 Nelson 2,272 2,502 2,021 2,777 New Kent 1,427 2,917 1,204 2,679 Northampton 2,242 2,562 2,226 2,906 Northumberland 1,506 2,984 1,407 3,166 Nottoway 2,217 3,161 2,296 3,418 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Nottoway 2,217 3,161 2,296 3,418 Orange 2,592 4,319 2,285 4,483 Page 2,499 5,013 2,437 5,021 Patrick 2,093 3,990 1,908 4,703 Pittsylvania 6,612 12,229 7,791 15,743 Powhatan 1,467 4,040 1,381 3,921 Prince Edward 2,434 3,147 2,589 3,454 Prince George 2,469 4,982 2,136 4,999 Prince William 19,198 39,654 15,631 34,992 Pulaski 4,686 6,844 4,364 8,242 Rappahannock 1,003 1,657 999 1,696 Richmond 924 1,862 830 1,869 Roanoke 12,938 22,011 10,569 23,348 Rockbridge 2,412 3,541 2,098 4,067 Rockingham 4,716 13,241 4,220 13,480 Russell 6,222 4,374 6,760 5,738 Scott 3,616 4,986 3,904 5,804 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Scott 3,616 4,986 3,904 5,804 Shenandoah 3,276 8,612 2,771 9,048 Smyth 3,989 7,446 4,102 8,593 Southampton 3,000 3,439 3,300 4,669 Spotsylvania 5,486 10,978 4,012 8,207 Stafford 5,380 12,234 4,429 10,283 Surry 1,602 1,246 1,875 1,462 Sussex 1,958 1,822 2,408 2,183 Tazewell 8,098 7,165 8,014 9,645 Warren 2,769 4,700 2,551 5,016 Washington 5,819 10,722 5,573 12,132 Westmoreland 2,311 2,974 2,363 3,219 Wise 7,017 6,189 7,303 7,909 Wythe 3,201 5,827 2,996 6,773 York 4,639 11,103 4,063 10,214 City Alexandria 24,358 20,913 23,552 21,166 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Alexandria 24,358 20,913 23,552 21,166 Bedford 960 1,322 997 1,553 Bristol 2,446 4,407 2,429 5,012 Buena Vista 828 1,121 724 1,335 Charlottesville 7,671 5,817 7,317 6,947 Chesapeake 18,828 29,738 16,740 27,542 Clifton Forge 961 759 896 965 Colonial Heights 1,581 6,001 1,218 6,387 Covington 1,567 1,274 1,391 1,722 Danville 7,353 12,221 5,846 12,141 Emporia 977 1,289 807 1,252 Fairfax 3,430 5,576 3,263 6,234 Falls Church 2,484 2,470 2,398 2,684 Franklin 1,630 1,557 1,537 1,561 Fredericksburg 2,683 3,401 2,439 3,500 Galax 907 1,278 814 1,548 Hampton 19,106 24,034 18,180 25,537 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hampton 19,106 24,034 18,180 25,537 Harrisonburg 2,799 5,376 2,384 5,221 Hopewell 2,566 4,672 2,564 5,661 Lexington 997 994 946 1,197 Lynchburg 8,279 15,323 8,542 17,447 Manassas 2,658 5,980 1,824 4,615 Manassas Park 434 993 375 975 Martinsville 2,794 3,360 2,942 4,234 Newport News 21,413 32,570 21,834 33,614 Norfolk 37,778 30,538 38,913 36,360 Norton 795 608 842 806 Petersburg 8,177 4,231 9,248 5,753 Poquoson 877 3,840 647 3,667 Portsmouth 19,698 16,087 21,623 18,940 Radford 1,855 2,481 1,781 2,855 Richmond 42,155 31,586 49,408 38,754 Roanoke 17,185 15,389 17,300 19,008 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Roanoke 17,185 15,389 17,300 19,008 Salem 3,760 5,694 3,347 6,419 South Boston 936 1,694 974 1,899 Staunton 2,457 5,775 2,012 6,137 Suffolk 8,080 9,742 8,842 10,128 Virginia Beach 33,780 76,481 24,703 72,571 Waynesboro 2,038 4,672 1,579 4,465 Williamsburg 1,534 1,648 1,469 1,913 Winchester 2,300 4,497 2,064 5,055 Total 859,799 1,309,162 796,250 1,337,078 Virginia Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 235,961; Willkie, Rep., 109,363; Babson, Proh., 882; Thomas, Soc., 282; Browder, Com., 71; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 48. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 242,276; Dewey, Rep., 145,243; Watson, Proh., 459; Thomas, Soc., 417; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 90. 1948, Truman, Dem., 200,786; Dewey, Rep., 172,070; Thurmond, States' Rights, 43,393; Wallace, Prog., 2,047; Thomas, Soc., 726; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 234. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 349,037; Stevenson, Dem., 268,677; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,160; Hoopes, Social Dem., 504; Hallinan, Prog., 311. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 386,459; Stevenson, Dem., 267,760; Andrews, States' Rights, 42,964; Hoopes, Soc. Dem., 444; Hass, Soc. Labor, 351. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 362,327; Nixon, Rep., 404,521; Coiner, Conservative, 4,204; Hass, Soc. Labor, 397. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 558,038; Goldwater, Rep., 481,334; Hass, Soc. Labor, 2,895. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 590,319; Humphrey, Dem., 442,387; Wallace, 3d party, *320,272; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 4,671; Munn, Proh., 601; Gregory, Peace and Freedom, 1,680. *10,561 votes for Wallace were omitted in the count. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 988,493; McGovern, Dem., 438,887; Schmitz, Amer., 19,721; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 9,918. 1976, Carter, Dem., 813,896; Ford, Rep., 836,554; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 17,802; Anderson, Amer., 16,686; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 7,508; MacBride, Libertarian, 4,648. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 989,609; Carter, Dem., 752,174; Anderson, Ind., 95,418; Commoner, Citizens, 14,024; Clark, Libertarian, 12,821; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 1,986. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 1,337,078; Mondale, Dem., 796,250. 1988, Bush, Rep., 1,309,162; Dukakis, Dem., 859,799; Fulani, Ind., 14,312; Paul, Lib., 8,336. Washington 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Adams 1,612 2,612 1,311 3,449 Asotin 3,422 2,874 3,042 3,876 Benton 14,817 28,688 13,784 32,307 Chelan 8,183 11,601 6,978 13,667 Clallam 11,123 11,200 9,701 13,605 Clark 40,021 37,285 35,248 40,681 Columbia 730 1,172 673 1,404 Cowlitz 16,090 12,009 15,361 14,858 Douglas 3,760 5,378 3,127 6,443 Ferry 972 972 935 1,232 Franklin 4,772 6,488 4,328 7,724 Garfield 593 714 493 913 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Garfield 593 714 493 913 Grant 7,564 10,859 6,298 12,888 Grays Harbor 14,097 8,860 14,050 11,286 Island 8,510 12,552 6,850 13,548 Jefferson 5,270 4,184 4,602 4,543 King 349,663 290,574 289,620 332,987 Kitsap 33,748 34,743 29,681 36,101 Kittitas 5,318 5,048 4,830 6,580 Klickitat 2,991 2,920 2,712 3,910 Lewis 8,629 14,184 7,634 15,846 Lincoln 1,884 2,689 1,671 3,474 Mason 7,826 7,426 7,007 8,410 Okanogan 5,630 5,856 5,330 7,476 Pacific 5,017 3,073 4,679 3,613 Pend Oreille 1,925 1,802 1,655 2,374 Pierce 96,688 94,167 79,498 112,877 San Juan 3,008 2,660 2,514 2,900 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 San Juan 3,008 2,660 2,514 2,900 Skagit 15,159 16,550 13,947 18,840 Skamania 1,748 1,356 1,552 1,736 Snohomish 80,694 84,158 66,728 90,362 Spokane 68,520 68,787 59,620 88,043 Stevens 5,068 6,576 4,304 8,211 Thurston 33,860 31,980 26,840 34,442 Wahkiakum 961 629 930 776 Walla Walla 7,448 9,683 6,804 12,361 Whatcom 25,571 23,820 22,670 27,228 Whitman 7,403 7,680 6,621 10,021 Yakima 23,221 30,026 24,724 40,678 Totals 933,516 903,835 798,352 1,051,670 Washington Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 462,145; Willkie, Rep., 322,123; Thomas, Soc., 4,586; Browder, Com., 2,626; Babson, Proh., 1,686; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 667. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 486,774; Dewey, Rep., 361,689; Thomas, Soc., 3,824; Watson, Proh., 2,396; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 1,645. 1948, Truman, Dem., 476,165; Dewey, Rep., 386,315; Wallace, Prog., 31,692; Watson, Proh., 6,117; Thomas, Soc., 3,534; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 1,133; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 103. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 599,107; Stevenson, Dem., 492,845; MacArthur, Christian Nationalist, 7,290; Hallinan, Prog., 2,460; Hass, Soc. Labor, 633; Hoopes, Soc., 254; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 119. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 620,430; Stevenson, Dem., 523,002; Hass, Soc. Labor, 7,457. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 599,298; Nixon, Rep., 629,273; Hass, Soc. Labor, 10,895; Curtis, Constitution, 1,401; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 705. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 779,699; Goldwater, Rep., 470,366; Hass, Soc. Labor, 7,772; DeBerry, Freedom Soc., 537. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 588,510; Humphrey, Dem., 616,037; Wallace, 3d party, 96,990; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 488; Cleaver, Peace and Freedom, 1,609; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 270; Mitchell, Free Ballot, 377. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 837,135; McGovern, Dem., 568,334; Schmitz, Amer., 58,906; Spock, Ind., 2,644; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 1,102; Jenness, Soc. Worker, 623; Hall, Com., 566; Hospers, Libertarian, 1,537. 1976, Carter, Dem., 717,323; Ford, Rep., 777,732; McCarthy, Ind., 36,986; Maddox, Amer. Ind., 8,585; Anderson, Amer., 5,046; MacBride, Libertarian, 5,042; Wright, People's, 1,124; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 905; LaRouche, U.S. Labor, 903; Hall, Com., 817; Levin, Soc. Labor, 713; Zeidler, Soc., 358. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 865,244; Carter, Dem., 650,193; Anderson, Ind., 185,073; Clark, Libertarian, 29,213; Commoner, Citizens, 9,403; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 1,137; McReynolds, Socialist, 956; Hall, Com., 834; Griswold, Workers World, 341. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 1,051,670; Mondale, Dem., 798,352; Bergland, Libertarian, 8,844. 1988, Bush, Rep., 903,835; Dukakis, Dem., 933,516; Paul, Lib., 17,240; LaRouche, Ind., 4,412. West Virginia 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Barbour 3,221 3,023 3,108 3,877 Berkeley 6,313 10,761 6,181 12,887 Boone 6,539 2,786 7,121 4,656 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Boone 6,539 2,786 7,121 4,656 Braxton 3,377 2,024 3,350 2,902 Brooke 6,258 4,006 6,636 4,819 Cabell 15,368 17,197 15,513 21,815 Calhoun 1,644 1,395 1,473 1,765 Clay 2,263 1,536 2,117 1,667 Doddridge 955 1,880 836 2,343 Fayette 11,009 5,143 11,650 7,360 Gilmer 1,661 1,387 1,494 1,953 Grant 893 3,215 828 3,715 Greenbrier 6,091 5,395 5,599 7,337 Hampshire 2,085 3,253 2,102 4,065 Hancock 8,338 5,882 8,708 7,326 Hardy 1,689 2,581 1,641 2,938 Harrison 17,005 13,364 14,969 19,400 Jackson 4,573 5,696 4,147 7,117 Jefferson 4,334 5,349 4,216 5,884 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Jefferson 4,334 5,349 4,216 5,884 Kanawha 41,144 38,140 37,832 51,499 Lewis 3,272 3,602 2,693 5,297 Lincoln 5,049 3,457 5,467 4,405 Logan 11,317 4,244 10,892 6,425 McDowell 7,204 2,463 8,546 4,284 Marion 14,441 9,229 13,833 13,106 Marshall 7,903 6,793 7,947 8,615 Mason 5,468 5,332 5,701 6,648 Mercer 10,152 10,221 9,164 13,910 Mineral 4,059 6,015 3,832 7,291 Mingo 7,429 2,896 8,434 4,275 Monongalia 14,178 12,091 13,236 14,972 Monroe 2,427 2,719 2,333 3,612 Morgan 1,545 3,002 1,457 3,469 Nicholas 5,173 3,731 4,588 4,656 Ohio 10,121 10,341 10,163 13,447 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ohio 10,121 10,341 10,163 13,447 Pendleton 1,595 1,901 1,464 2,047 Pleasants 1,421 1,761 1,458 2,255 Pocahontas 1,958 1,876 1,903 2,479 Preston 4,357 5,804 4,054 6,955 Putnam 6,640 8,163 5,208 9,238 Raleigh 14,302 10,395 14,442 14,571 Randolph 5,233 4,746 4,839 6,100 Ritchie 1,446 2,874 1,231 3,355 Roane 2,447 2,861 2,468 3,751 Summers 3,072 2,231 2,670 2,975 Taylor 2,852 2,816 2,754 4,007 Tucker 1,869 1,699 1,766 2,240 Tyler 1,501 2,365 1,395 3,170 Upshur 3,065 4,813 2,468 5,951 Wayne 8,621 7,123 8,378 8,811 Webster 2,185 1,016 2,355 1,565 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Webster 2,185 1,016 2,355 1,565 Wetzel 3,928 3,381 3,549 4,626 Wirt 929 1,125 868 1,450 Wood 12,959 19,450 11,357 24,821 Wyoming 6,138 3,516 5,691 5,379 Totals 341,016 310,065 328,125 405,483 West Virginia Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 495,662; Willkie, Rep., 372,414. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 392,777; Dewey, Rep., 322,819. 1948, Truman, Dem., 429,188; Dewey, Rep., 316,251; Wallace, Prog., 3,311. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 419,970; Stevenson, Dem., 453,578. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 449,297; Stevenson, Dem., 381,534. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 441,786; Nixon, Rep., 395,995. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 538,087; Goldwater, Rep., 253,953. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 307,555; Humphrey, Dem., 374,091; Wallace, 3d party, 72,560. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 484,964; McGovern, Dem., 277,435. 1976, Carter, Dem., 435,864; Ford, Rep., 314,726. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 334,206; Carter, Dem., 367,462; Anderson, Ind., 31,691; Clark, Libertarian, 4,356. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 405,483; Mondale, Dem., 328,125. 1988, Bush, Rep., 310,065; Dukakis, Dem., 341,016; Fulani, New Alliance, 2,230. Wisconsin 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adams 3,598 3,258 2,713 3,644 Ashland 4,526 2,926 4,680 3,517 Barron 8,951 8,527 8,060 9,587 Bayfield 4,323 3,095 4,034 3,474 Brown 41,788 43,625 30,208 51,186 Buffalo 3,481 2,783 2,921 3,325 Burnet 3,537 2,884 3,328 3,528 Calumet 6,481 8,107 4,735 8,969 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Calumet 6,481 8,107 4,735 8,969 Chippewa 11,447 9,757 10,200 10,983 Clark 6,642 6,296 5,647 8,098 Columbia 9,132 10,475 8,124 11,658 Crawford 3,608 3,238 3,435 4,411 Dane 105,414 69,143 94,638 74,009 Dodge 12,663 17,003 11,052 20,455 Door 5,425 6,907 3,915 8,264 Douglas 13,907 6,440 14,290 7,066 Dunn 9,205 7,273 7,709 8,472 Eau Claire 21,150 17,664 19,344 20,394 Florence 1,018 1,106 870 1,227 Fond duLac 15,887 21,985 13,982 26,067 Forest 2,142 1,845 2,213 2,296 Grant 9,421 10,049 7,890 13,427 Green 5,153 6,636 4,367 7,826 Green Lake 3,033 5,205 2,441 6,198 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Green Lake 3,033 5,205 2,441 6,198 Iowa 4,268 4,240 3,842 4,982 Iron 2,090 1,599 1,967 1,667 Jackson 3,924 3,555 3,427 4,383 Jefferson 11,816 14,309 10,788 17,779 Juneau 3,734 4,869 3,151 5,627 Kenosha 30,089 21,661 29,233 26,112 Kewaunee 4,786 4,330 3,444 5,705 La Crosse 22,204 21,548 17,787 25,717 La Fayette 3,521 3,665 2,959 4,582 Langlade 4,254 4,884 3,675 5,828 Lincoln 5,819 5,257 5,352 6,681 Manitowoc 19,680 16,020 17,249 19,635 Marathon 24,658 24,482 20,126 27,077 Marinette 8,030 9,637 6,798 11,439 Marquette 2,463 3,059 2,031 3,404 Menominee 1,028 381 832 392 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Menominee 1,028 381 832 392 Milwaukee 268,287 168,363 259,134 196,259 Monroe 6,437 7,073 5,564 8,225 Oconto 6,549 7,084 5,288 8,713 Oneida 7,414 8,130 6,416 9,782 Outagamie 27,771 33,113 19,789 36,765 Ozaukee 12,661 22,899 10,763 23,896 Pepin 1,906 1,311 1,629 1,555 Pierce 8,659 6,045 7,285 7,611 Polk 8,981 6,866 8,033 8,101 Portage 16,317 12,057 14,399 13,603 Price 3,987 3,450 3,479 4,286 Racine 39,631 36,342 36,953 42,085 Richland 3,643 4,026 2,844 4,857 Rock 29,576 28,178 26,430 32,483 Rusk 3,888 3,063 3,843 4,061 St. Croix 11,392 9,960 10,126 11,365 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� St. Croix 11,392 9,960 10,126 11,365 Sauk 8,324 10,225 7,157 11,067 Sawyer 3,231 3,260 2,981 3,911 Shawano 6,587 8,362 5,469 10,635 Sheboygan 23,429 23,471 21,111 26,343 Taylor 3,785 4,254 3,271 4,918 Trempealeau 6,212 4,902 5,405 6,007 Vernon 5,754 5,226 5,051 6,468 Vilas 3,781 5,842 2,940 5,963 Walworth 12,203 18,259 9,876 20,590 Washburn 3,393 3,074 3,188 3,847 Washington 15,907 24,328 12,966 25,278 Waukesha 57,598 90,467 47,308 92,415 Waupaca 7,078 11,559 5,894 13,097 Waushara 3,535 4,953 2,782 5,768 Winnebago 28,508 35,085 22,791 39,014 Wood 16,074 16,549 12,118 20,525 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wood 16,074 16,549 12,118 20,525 Totals 1,126,794 1,047,499 995,740 1,198,584 Wisconsin Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 704,821; Willkie, Rep., 679,260; Thomas, Soc., 15,071; Browder, Com., 2,394; Babson, Proh., 2,148; Aiken, Soc. Labor, 1,882. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 650,413; Dewey, Rep., 674,532; Thomas, Soc., 13,205; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 1,002. 1948, Truman, Dem., 647,310; Dewey, Rep., 590,959; Wallace, Prog., 25,282; Thomas, Soc., 12,547; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 399; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 303. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 979,744; Stevenson, Dem., 622,175; Hallinan, Ind., 2,174; Dobbs, Ind., 1,350; Hoopes, Ind., 1,157; Hass, Ind., 770. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 954,844; Stevenson, Dem., 586,768; Andrews, Ind., 6,918; Hoopes, Soc., 754; Hass, Soc. Labor, 710; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 564. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 830,805; Nixon, Rep., 895,175; Dobbs, Soc. Workers, 1,792; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,310. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 1,050,424; Goldwater, Rep., 638,495; DeBerry, Soc. Worker, 1,692; Hass, Soc. Labor, 1,204. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 809,997; Humphrey, Dem., 748,804; Wallace, 3d party, 127,835; Blomen, Soc. Labor, 1,338; Halstead, Soc. Worker, 1,222; scattered, 2,342. 1972 Nixon, Rep., 989,430; McGovern, Dem., 810,174; Schmitz, Amer., 47,525; Spock, Ind., 2,701; Fisher, Soc. Labor, 998; Hall, Com., 663; Reed, Ind., 506; scattered, 893. 1976, Carter, Dem., 1,040,232; Ford, Rep., 1,004,987; McCarthy, Ind., 34,943; Maddox, Amer. Ind., 8,552; Zeidler, Soc., 4,298; MacBride, Libertarian, 3,814; Camejo, Soc. Workers, 1,691; Wright, People's, 943; Hall, Com., 749; LaRouche, U.S. Lab., 738; Levin, Soc. Labor, 389; scattered, 2,839. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 1,088,845; Carter, Dem., 981,584; Anderson, Ind., 160,657; Clark, Libertarian, 29,135; Commoner, Citizens, 7,767; Rarick, Constitution, 1,519; McReynolds, Socialist, 808; Hall, Com., 772; Griswold, Workers World, 414; DeBerry, Soc. Workers, 383; scattering, 1,337. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 1,198,584; Mondale, Dem., 995,740; Bergland, Libertarian, 4,883. 1988, Bush, Rep., 1,047,499; Dukakis, Dem., 1,126,794; Paul, Lib., 5,157; Duke, Pop., 3,056. Wyoming 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Albany 5,486 5,653 4,708 7,452 Big Horn 1,469 3,258 1,175 4,019 Campbell 2,288 6,702 1,525 8,387 Carbon 2,555 3,336 2,295 4,557 Converse 1,301 2,885 929 3,542 Crook 553 1,939 450 2,286 Fremont 5,020 7,681 3,969 9,885 Goshen 1,875 3,075 1,364 3,776 Hot Springs 800 1,490 672 1,943 Johnson 707 2,081 558 2,634 Laramie 11,851 15,561 10,110 19,348 Lincoln 1,592 3,237 1,021 3,854 Natrona 9,148 14,005 7,598 18,488 Niobrara 354 825 239 1,098 Park 2,646 6,884 1,965 7,994 Platte 1,482 2,253 1,232 2,813 1988 1988 1984 1984 Dukakis Bush Mondale Reagan County (D) (R) (D) (R) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Platte 1,482 2,253 1,232 2,813 Sheridan 4,655 5,980 3,648 7,460 Sublette 576 1,636 389 1,976 Sweetwater 6,720 6,780 5,230 8,308 Teton 2,217 3,616 1,565 3,487 Uinta 1,922 3,464 1,276 4,075 Washakie 1,197 2,538 970 3,245 Weston 699 1,988 482 2,614 Totals 67,113 106,867 53,370 133,241 Wyoming Vote Since 1940 1940, Roosevelt, Dem., 59,287; Willkie, Rep., 52,633; Babson, Proh., 172; Thomas, Soc., 148. 1944, Roosevelt, Dem., 49,419; Dewey, Rep., 51,921. 1948, Truman, Dem., 52,354; Dewey, Rep., 47,947; Wallace, Prog., 931; Thomas, Soc., 137; Teichert, Soc. Labor, 56. 1952, Eisenhower, Rep., 81,047; Stevenson, Dem., 47,934; Hamblen, Proh., 194; Hoopes, Soc., 40; Haas, Soc. Labor, 36. 1956, Eisenhower, Rep., 74,573; Stevenson, Dem., 49,554. 1960, Kennedy, Dem., 63,331; Nixon, Rep., 77,451. 1964, Johnson, Dem., 80,718; Goldwater, Rep., 61,998. 1968, Nixon, Rep., 70,927; Humphrey, Dem., 45,173; Wallace, 3d party, 11,105. 1972, Nixon, Rep., 100,464; McGovern, Dem., 44,358; Schmitz, Amer., 748. 1976, Carter, Dem., 62,239; Ford, Rep., 92,717; McCarthy, Ind., 624; Reagan, Ind., 307; Anderson, Amer., 290; MacBride, Libertarian, 89; Brown, Ind., 47; Maddox, Amer. Ind., 30. 1980, Reagan, Rep., 110,700; Carter, Dem., 49,427; Anderson, Ind., 12,072; Clark, Libertarian, 4,514. 1984, Reagan, Rep., 133,241; Mondale, Dem., 53,370; Bergland, Libertarian, 2,357. 1988, Bush, Rep., 106,867; Dukakis, Dem., 67,113; Paul, Lib., 2,026; Fulani, New Alliance, 545. Official 1988 Presidential General Election Results Federal Election Commission 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴� Candidate Party1 Official Popular Vote Total Percen 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� George Bush Republican 48,886,097 53.37 Michael S. Dukakis Democratic 41,809,074 45.65 Candidate Party1 Official Popular Vote Total Percen 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Michael S. Dukakis Democratic 41,809,074 45.65 Delmar Dennis American 3,475 0.00 Earl Dodge Prohibition 8,002 0.01 David Duke Populist 47,047 0.05 Lenora B. Fulani New Alliance 217,219 0.24 James C. Griffin American Independent 27,818 0.03 Jack Herer GrassRoots 1,949 0.00 Larry Holmes Workers World 7,846 0.01 Willa Kenoyer Socialist 3,882 0.00 Lyndon H. LaRouche National Economic 25,542 0.03 Herbert Lewin Peace & Freedom 10,370 0.01 William A. Marra Right to Life 20,504 0.02 John G. Martin Third World Assembly 236 0.00 Eugene J. McCarthy Consumer 30,905 0.03 Ronald E. Paul Libertarian 432,116 0.47 James Mac Warren Socialist Workers 15,604 0.02 Edward Winn Workers League 18,662 0.02 Louie G. Youngkeit Independent 372 0.00 Write-In Write-In 21,039 0.02 Candidate Party1 Official Popular Vote Total Percen 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Write-In Write-In 21,039 0.02 None of Above (Nevada Option) 6,934 0.01 Total Votes Total Votes 91,594,693 1 Party designations may vary from one state to another. Voting Age Population: 182,628,000 (Census Bureau Estimate) Major Parties' Popular and Electoral Vote for President (F) Federalist; (D) Democrat; (R) Republican; (DR) Democrat Republican; (NR) National Republican;(W) Whig; (P) People's; (PR) Progressive; (SR) States' Rights; (LR) Liberal Republican; Asterisk (*)--See notes. 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year President elected Popular Elec. Losing candidate Year President elected Popular Elec. Losing candidate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1789 George Washington (F) Unknown 69 No opposition 1792 George Washington (F) Unknown 132 No opposition 1796 John Adams (F) Unknown 71 Thomas Jefferson (DR) 1800* Thomas Jefferson (DR) Unknown 73 Aaron Burr (DR) 1804 Thomas Jefferson (DR) Unknown 162 Charles Pinckney (F) 1808 James Madison (DR) Unknown 122 Charles Pinckney (F) 1812 James Madison (DR) Unknown 128 DeWitt Clinton (F) 1816 James Monroe (DR) Unknown 183 Rufus King (F) 1820 James Monroe (DR) Unknown 231 John Quincy Adams (DR) 1824* John Quincy Adams (DR) 105,321 84 Andrew Jackson (DR) Henry Clay (DR) William H. Crawford (DR) 1828 Andrew Jackson (D) 647,231 178 John Quincy Adams (NR) 1832 Andrew Jackson (D) 687,502 219 Henry Clay (NR) 1836 Martin Van Buren (D) 762,678 170 William H. Harrison (W) 1840 William H. Harrison (W) 1,275,017 234 Martin Van Buren (D) 1844 James K. Polk (D) 1,337,243 170 Henry Clay (W) 1848 Zachary Taylor (W) 1,360,101 163 Lewis Cass (D) 1852 Franklin Pierce (D) 1,601,474 254 Winfield Scott (W) Year President elected Popular Elec. Losing candidate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1852 Franklin Pierce (D) 1,601,474 254 Winfield Scott (W) 1856 James C. Buchanan (D) 1,927,995 174 John C. Fremont (R) 1860 Abraham Lincoln (R) 1,866,352 180 Stephen A. Douglas (D) John C. Breckinridge (D) John Bell (Const. Union) 1864 Abraham Lincoln (R) 2,216,067 212 George McClellan (D) 1868 Ulysses S. Grant (R) 3,015,071 214 Horatio Seymour (D) 1872* Ulysses S. Grant (R) 3,597,070 286 Horace Greeley (D-LR) 1876* Rutherford B. Hayes (R) 4,033,950 185 Samuel J. Tilden (D) 1880 James A. Garfield (R) 4,449,053 214 Winfield S. Hancock (D) 1884 Grover Cleveland (D) 4,911,017 219 James G. Blaine (R) 1888* Benjamin Harrison (R) 5,444,337 233 Grover Cleveland (D) 1892 Grover Cleveland (D) 5,554,414 277 Benjamin Harrison (R) James Weaver (P) 1896 William McKinley (R) 7,035,638 271 William J. Bryan (D-P) 1900 William McKinley (R) 7,219,530 292 William J. Bryan (D) 1904 Theodore Roosevelt (R) 7,628,834 336 Alton B. Parker (D) 1908 William H. Taft (R) 7,679,006 321 William J. Bryan (D) 1912 Woodrow Wilson (D) 6,286,214 435 Theodore Roosevelt (PR) Year President elected Popular Elec. Losing candidate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1912 Woodrow Wilson (D) 6,286,214 435 Theodore Roosevelt (PR) William H. Taft (R) 1916 Woodrow Wilson (D) 9,129,606 277 Charles E. Hughes (R) 1920 Warren G. Harding (R) 16,152,200 404 James M. Cox (D) 1924 Calvin Coolidge (R) 15,725,016 382 John W. Davis (D) Robert M. LaFollette (PR 1928 Herbert Hoover (R) 21,392,190 444 Alfred E. Smith (D) 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) 22,821,857 472 Herbert Hoover (R) Norman Thomas (Socialist 1936 Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) 27,751,597 523 Alfred Landon (R) 1940 Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) 27,243,466 449 Wendell Willkie (R) 1944 Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) 25,602,505 432 Thomas E. Dewey (R) 1948 Harry S. Truman(D) 24,105,812 303 Thomas E. Dewey (R) J. Strom Thurmond (SR) Henry A. Wallace (PR) 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) 33,936,252 442 Adlai E. Stevenson (D) 1956* Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) 35,585,316 457 Adlai E. Stevenson (D) 1960* John F. Kennedy (D) 34,227,096 303 Richard M. Nixon (R) 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson (D) 43,126,506 486 Barry M. Goldwater (R) Year President elected Popular Elec. Losing candidate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson (D) 43,126,506 486 Barry M. Goldwater (R) 1968 Richard M. Nixon (R) 31,785,480 301 Hubert H. Humphrey (D) George C. Wallace (3d pa 1972* Richard M. Nixon (R) 47,165,234 520 George S. McGovern (D) 1976* Jimmy Carter (D) 40,828,929 297 Gerald R. Ford (R) 1980 Ronald Reagan (R) 43,899,248 489 Jimmy Carter (D) John B. Anderson (indepe 1984 Ronald Reagan (R) 54,281,858 525 Walter F. Mondale (D) 1988* George Bush (R) 48,881,221 426 Michael S. Dukakis (D) 1800-Elected by House of Representatives because of tied electoral vote.1824-Elected by House of Representatives. No candidate polled a majority. In 1824,the Democrat Republicans had become a loose coalition of competing political groups.By 1828, the supporters of Jackson were known as Democrats, and the J.Q. Adams and Henry Claysupporters as National Republicans. 1872-Greeley died Nov. 29, 1872. His electoral voteswere split among 4 individuals. 1876-Fla., La., Ore., and S. C. election returns weredisputed. Congress in joint session (Mar. 2, 1877) declared Hayes and Wheeler elected Presidentand Vice-President. 1888-Cleveland had more votes than Harrison but the 233 electoralvotes cast for Harrison against the 168 for Cleveland elected Harrison president.1956-Democrats elected 74 electors but one from Alabama refused to vote for Stevenson.1960-Sen. Harry F. Byrd (D-Va.) received 15 electoral votes. 1972-John Hospers ofCal. and Theodora Nathan of Ore. received one vote from an elector of Virginia. 1976-RonaldReagan of Cal. received one vote from an elector of Washington. 1988-Sen. Lloyd Bentsen(D.-Tex.) received 1 electoral vote. The Electoral College The president and the vice president of the United States are the only elective federal officials not elected by direct vote of the people. They are elected by the members of the Electoral College, an institution that has survived since the founding of the nation despite repeated attempts in Congress to alter or abolish it. In the elections of 1824, 1876 and 1888 the presidential candidate receiving the largest popular vote failed to win a majority of the electoral votes. On presidential election day, the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November of every 4th year, each state chooses as many electors as it has senators and representatives in Congress. In 1964, for the first time, as provided by the 23d Amendment to the Constitution, the District of Columbia voted for 3 electors. Thus, with 100 senators and 435 representatives, there are 538 members of the Electoral College, with a majority of 270 electoral votes needed to elect the president and vice president. Political parties customarily nominate their lists of electors at their respective state conventions. An elector cannot be a member of Congress or any person holding federal office. Some states print the names of the candidates for president and vice president at the top of the November ballot while others list only the names of the electors. In either case, the electors of the party receiving the highest vote are elected. The electors meet on the first Monday after the 2d Wednesday in December in their respective state capitals or in some other place prescribed by state legislatures. By long-established custom they vote for their party nominees, although the Constitution does not require them to do so. All of the state's electoral votes are then awarded to the winners. The only Constitutional requirement is that at least one of the persons each elector votes for shall not be an inhabitant of that elector's home state. Certified and sealed lists of the votes of the electors in each state are mailed to the president of the U.S. Senate. He opens them in the presence of the members of the Senate and House of Representatives in a joint session held on Jan. 6 (the next day if that falls on a Sunday), and the electoral votes of all the states are then counted. If no candidate for president has a majority, the House of Representatives chooses a president from among the 3 highest candidates, with all representatives from each state combining to cast one vote for that state. If no candidate for vice president has a majority, the Senate chooses from the top 2, with the senators voting as individuals. Voting for President Federal Election Commission; Commission for Study of American Electorate 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Candidates Voter Participation(% of voting-age population) Candidates Voter Participation(% of voting-age population) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1932 Roosevelt-Hoover 52.4 1936 Roosevelt-Landon 56.0 1940 Roosevelt-Willkie 58.9 1944 Roosevelt-Dewey 56.0 1948 Truman-Dewey 51.1 1952 Stevenson-Eisenhower 61.6 1956 Stevenson-Eisenhower 59.3 1960 Kennedy-Nixon 62.8 1964 Johnson-Goldwater 61.9 1968 Humphrey-Nixon 60.9 Candidates Voter Participation(% of voting-age population) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1968 Humphrey-Nixon 60.9 1972 McGovern-Nixon 55.2a 1976 Carter-Ford 53.5 1980 Carter-Reagan 54.0 1984 Mondale-Reagan 53.1 1988 Dukakis-Bush 50.1 a The sharp drop in 1972 reflects the expansion of eligibility with the enfranchisementof 18 to 21 year olds. Party Nominees for President and Vice President 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Democratic Democratic Republican Year President Vice President President 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1844 James K. Polk* George M. Dallas Henry Clay (Whig) 1848 Lewis Cass William Butler Zachary Taylor* (Whig) 1852 Franklin Pierce* William King Winfield Scott (Whig) 1856 James Buchanan* John Breckinridge John Freemont 1860 John Breckinridge Joseph Lane Abraham Lincoln* 1864 George McClellan G.H. Pendleton Abraham Lincoln* 1868 Horatio Seymour Francis Blair Ulysses S. Grant* 1872 Horace Greeley B. Gratz Brown Ulysses S. Grant* 1876 Samuel J. Tilden Thomas Hendricks Rutherford B. Hayes* 1880 Winfield Hancock William English James A. Garfield* 1884 Grover Cleveland* Thomas Hendricks James Blaine 1888 Grover Cleveland A.G. Thurman Benjamin Harrison* 1892 Grover Cleveland* Adlai Stevenson Benjamin Harrison Democratic Democratic Republican Year President Vice President President 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1892 Grover Cleveland* Adlai Stevenson Benjamin Harrison 1896 William J. Bryan Adlai Stevenson William McKinley* 1900 William J. Bryan Adlai Stevenson William McKinley* 1904 Alton Parker Henry Davis Theodore Roosevelt* 1908 William J. Bryan John Kern William H. Taft* 1912 Woodrow Wilson* Thomas Marshall William H. Taft 1916 Woodrow Wilson* Thomas Marshall Charles Hughes 1920 James M. Cox Franklin D. Roosevelt Warren G. Harding* 1924 John W. Davis Charles W. Bryan Calvin Coolidge* 1928 Alfred E. Smith Joseph T. Robinson Herbert Hoover* 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt* John N. Garner Herbert Hoover 1936 Franklin D. Roosevelt* John N. Garner Alfred M. Landon 1940 Franklin D. Roosevelt* Henry A. Wallace Wendell L. Willkie 1944 Franklin D. Roosevelt* Harry S. Truman Thomas E. Dewey 1948 Harry S. Truman* Alben W. Barkley Thomas E. Dewey 1952 Adlai E. Stevenson John J. Sparkman Dwight D. Eisenhower* 1956 Adlai E. Stevenson Estes Kefauver Dwight D. Eisenhower* 1960 John F. Kennedy* Lyndon B. Johnson Richard M. Nixon Democratic Democratic Republican Year President Vice President President 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1960 John F. Kennedy* Lyndon B. Johnson Richard M. Nixon 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson* Hubert H. Humphrey Barry M. Goldwater 1968 Hubert H. Humphrey Edmund S. Muskie Richard M. Nixon* 1972 George S. McGovern R. Sargent Shriver Jr. Richard M. Nixon* 1976 Jimmy Carter* Walter F. Mondale Gerald R. Ford 1980 Jimmy Carter Walter F. Mondale Ronald Reagan* 1984 Walter F. Mondale Geraldine Ferraro Ronald Reagan* 1988 Michael S. Dukakis Lloyd Bentsen George Bush* *Asterisk denotes winning ticket 1 Died Oct. 30; replaced on ballot by Nicholas Butler. Presidents of the U.S. 露컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴� No. Name Politics Born in Inaug. at a 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 George Washington Fed. 1732, Feb. 22 Va. 1789 2 John Adams Fed. 1735, Oct. 30 Mass. 1797 3 Thomas Jefferson Dem.-Rep. 1743, Apr. 13 Va. 1801 4 James Madison Dem.-Rep. 1751, Mar. 16 Va. 1809 5 James Monroe Dem.-Rep. 1758, Apr. 28 Va. 1817 6 John Quincy Adams Dem.-Rep. 1767, July 11 Mass. 1825 7 Andrew Jackson Dem. 1767, Mar. 15 S.C. 1829 8 Martin Van Buren Dem. 1782, Dec. 5 N.Y. 1837 9 William Henry Harrison Whig 1773, Feb. 9 Va. 1841 10 John Tyler Whig 1790, Mar. 29 Va. 1841 11 James Knox Polk Dem. 1795, Nov. 2 N.C. 1845 12 Zachary Taylor Whig 1784, Nov. 24 Va. 1849 13 Millard Fillmore Whig 1800, Jan. 7 N.Y. 1850 14 Franklin Pierce Dem. 1804, Nov. 23 N.H. 1853 15 James Buchanan Dem. 1791, Apr. 23 Pa. 1857 16 Abraham Lincoln Rep. 1809, Feb. 12 Ky. 1861 17 Andrew Johnson (1) 1808, Dec. 29 N.C. 1865 No. Name Politics Born in Inaug. at a 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 17 Andrew Johnson (1) 1808, Dec. 29 N.C. 1865 18 Ulysses Simpson Grant Rep. 1822, Apr. 27 Oh. 1869 19 Rutherford Birchard Hayes Rep. 1822, Oct. 4 Oh. 1877 20 James Abram Garfield Rep. 1831, Nov. 19 Oh. 1881 21 Chester Alan Arthur Rep. 1829, Oct. 5 Vt. 1881 22 Grover Cleveland Dem. 1837, Mar. 18 N.J. 1885 23 Benjamin Harrison Rep. 1833, Aug. 20 Oh. 1889 24 Grover Cleveland Dem. 1837, Mar. 18 N.J. 1893 25 William McKinley Rep. 1843, Jan. 29 Oh. 1897 26 Theodore Roosevelt Rep. 1858, Oct. 27 N.Y. 1901 27 William Howard Taft Rep. 1857, Sept. 15 Oh. 1909 28 Woodrow Wilson Dem. 1856, Dec. 28 Va. 1913 29 Warren Gamaliel Harding Rep. 1865, Nov. 2 Oh. 1921 30 Calvin Coolidge Rep. 1872, July 4 Vt. 1923 31 Herbert Clark Hoover Rep. 1874, Aug. 10 Ia. 1929 32 Franklin Delano Roosevelt Dem. 1882, Jan. 30 N.Y. 1933 33 Harry S. Truman Dem. 1884, May 8 Mo. 1945 34 Dwight David Eisenhower Rep. 1890, Oct. 14 Tex. 1953 35 John Fitzgerald Kennedy Dem. 1917, May 29 Mass. 1961 No. Name Politics Born in Inaug. at a 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 35 John Fitzgerald Kennedy Dem. 1917, May 29 Mass. 1961 36 Lyndon Baines Johnson Dem. 1908, Aug. 27 Tex. 1963 37 Richard Milhous Nixon (2) Rep. 1913, Jan. 9 Cal. 1969 38 Gerald Rudolph Ford Rep. 1913, July 14 Neb. 1974 39 Jimmy (James Earl) Carter Dem. 1924, Oct. 1 Ga. 1977 40 Ronald Reagan Rep. 1911, Feb. 6 Ill. 1981 41 George Bush Rep. 1924, June 12 Mass. 1989 1 Andrew Johnson -- a Democrat, nominated vice president by Republicans and elected withLincoln on National Union ticket. 2 Resigned Aug. 9, 1974. Presidents, Vice Presidents, Congresses 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴� President President Service Vice Pres 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 George Washington Apr. 30, 1789--Mar. 3, 1797 1 2 John Adams Mar. 4, 1797--Mar. 3, 1801 2 3 Thomas Jefferson Mar. 4, 1801--Mar. 3, 1805 3 " Mar. 4, 1805--Mar. 3, 1809 4 4 James Madison Mar. 4, 1809--Mar. 3, 1813 " Mar. 4, 1813--Mar. 3, 1817 5 5 James Monroe Mar. 4, 1817--Mar. 3, 1825 6 6 John Quincy Adams Mar. 4, 1825--Mar. 3, 1829 7 7 Andrew Jackson Mar. 4, 1829--Mar. 3, 1833 " Mar. 4, 1833--Mar. 3, 1837 8 8 Martin Van Buren Mar. 4, 1837--Mar. 3, 1841 9 9 William Henry Harrison4 Mar. 4, 1841--Apr. 4, 1841 10 10 John Tyler Apr. 6, 1841--Mar. 3, 1845 11 James K. Polk Mar. 4, 1845--Mar. 3, 1849 11 12 Zachary Taylor4 Mar. 5, 1849--July 9, 1850 12 13 Millard Fillmore July 10, 1850--Mar. 3, 1853 14 Franklin Pierce Mar. 4, 1853--Mar. 3, 1857 13 15 James Buchanan Mar. 4, 1857--Mar. 3, 1861 14 16 Abraham Lincoln Mar. 4, 1861--Mar. 3, 1865 15 President President Service Vice Pres 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 16 Abraham Lincoln Mar. 4, 1861--Mar. 3, 1865 15 "4 Mar. 4, 1865--Apr. 15, 1865 16 17 Andrew Johnson Apr. 15, 1865--Mar. 3, 1869 18 Ulysses S. Grant Mar. 4, 1869--Mar. 3, 1873 17 " Mar. 4, 1873--Mar. 3, 1877 18 19 Rutherford B. Hayes Mar. 4, 1877--Mar. 3, 1881 19 20 James A. Garfield4 Mar. 4, 1881--Sept. 19, 1881 20 21 Chester A. Arthur Sept. 20, 1881--Mar. 3, 1885 22 Grover Cleveland7 Mar. 4, 1885--Mar. 3, 1889 21 23 Benjamin Harrison Mar. 4, 1889--Mar. 3, 1893 22 24 Grover Cleveland7 Mar. 4, 1893--Mar. 3, 1897 23 25 William McKinley Mar. 4, 1897--Mar. 3, 1901 24 "4 Mar. 4, 1901--Sept. 14, 1901 25 26 Theodore Roosevelt Sept. 14, 1901--Mar. 3, 1905 " Mar. 4, 1905--Mar. 3, 1909 26 27 William H. Taft Mar. 4, 1909--Mar. 3, 1913 27 28 Woodrow Wilson Mar. 4, 1913--Mar. 3, 1921 28 29 Warren G. Harding4 Mar. 4, 1921--Aug. 2, 1923 29 30 Calvin Coolidge Aug. 3, 1923--Mar. 3, 1925 President President Service Vice Pres 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 30 Calvin Coolidge Aug. 3, 1923--Mar. 3, 1925 " Mar. 4, 1925--Mar. 3, 1929 30 31 Herbert C. Hoover Mar. 4, 1929--Mar. 3, 1933 31 32 Franklin D. Roosevelt16 Mar. 4, 1933--Jan. 20, 1941 32 " Jan. 20, 1941--Jan. 20, 1945 33 "4 Jan. 20, 1945--Apr. 12, 1945 34 33 Harry S. Truman Apr. 12, 1945--Jan. 20, 1949 " Jan. 20, 1949--Jan. 20, 1953 35 34 Dwight D. Eisenhower Jan. 20, 1953--Jan. 20, 1961 36 35 John F. Kennedy4 Jan. 20, 1961--Nov. 22, 1963 37 36 Lyndon B. Johnson Nov. 22, 1963--Jan. 20, 1965 " Jan. 20, 1965--Jan. 20, 1969 38 37 Richard M. Nixon Jan. 20, 1969--Jan. 20, 1973 39 "12 Jan. 20, 1973--Aug. 9, 1974 40 38 Gerald R. Ford14 Aug. 9, 1974--Jan. 20, 1977 41 39 Jimmy (James Earl) Carter Jan. 20, 1977--Jan. 20, 1981 42 40 Ronald Reagan Jan. 20, 1981--Jan. 20, 1989 43 41 George Bush Jan. 20, 1989-- 44 1 Died Apr. 20, 1812. 2 Died Nov. 23, 1814. 3 Resigned Dec. 28, 1832, tobecome U.S. Senator. 4 Died in office. 5 Died Apr. 18, 1853. 6 Died Nov. 22, 1875.7 Terms not consecutive. 8 Died Nov. 25, 1885. 9 Died Nov. 21, 1899. 10 DiedOct. 30, 1912. 11 Resigned Oct. 10, 1973. 12 Resigned Aug. 9, 1974. 13 Firstnon-elected vice president, chosen under 25th Amendment procedure. 14 First non-electedpresident. 15 2d non-elected vice president. 16 First president to be inaugurated under20th Amendment, Jan. 20, 1937. Vice Presidents of the U.S. 露컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴코컴� Name Birthplace Year Home Inaug. Polit 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 John Adams Quincy, Mass. 1735 Mass. 1789 Fed. 2 Thomas Jefferson Shadwell, Va. 1743 Va. 1797 Dem.- 3 Aaron Burr Newark, N.J. 1756 N.Y. 1801 Dem.- Name Birthplace Year Home Inaug. Polit 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 3 Aaron Burr Newark, N.J. 1756 N.Y. 1801 Dem.- 4 George Clinton Ulster Co., N.Y. 1739 N.Y. 1805 Dem.- 5 Elbridge Gerry Marblehead, Mass. 1744 Mass. 1813 Dem.- 6 Daniel D. Tompkins Scarsdale, N.Y. 1774 N.Y. 1817 Dem.- 7 John C. Calhoun1 Abbeville, S.C. 1782 S.C. 1825 Dem.- 8 Martin Van Buren Kinderhook, N.Y. 1782 N.Y. 1833 Dem. 9 Richard M. Johnson Louisville, Ky. 1780 Ky. 1837 Dem. 10 John Tyler Greenway, Va. 1790 Va. 1841 Whig 11 George M. Dallas Philadelphia, Pa. 1792 Pa. 1845 Dem. 12 Millard Fillmore Summerhill, N.Y. 1800 N.Y. 1849 Whig 13 William R. King Sampson Co., N.C. 1786 Ala. 1853 Dem. 14 John C. Breckinridge Lexington, Ky. 1821 Ky. 1857 Dem. 15 Hannibal Hamlin Paris, Me. 1809 Me. 1861 Rep. 16 Andrew Johnson Raleigh, N.C. 1808 Tenn. 1865 2 17 Schuyler Colfax New York, N.Y. 1823 Ind. 1869 Rep. 18 Henry Wilson Farmington, N.H. 1812 Mass. 1873 Rep. 19 William A. Wheeler Malone, N.Y. 1819 N.Y. 1877 Rep. 20 Chester A. Arthur Fairfield, Vt. 1829 N.Y. 1881 Rep. 21 Thomas A. Hendricks Muskingum Co., Oh. 1819 Ind. 1885 Dem. Name Birthplace Year Home Inaug. Polit 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 21 Thomas A. Hendricks Muskingum Co., Oh. 1819 Ind. 1885 Dem. 22 Levi P. Morton Shoreham, Vt. 1824 N.Y. 1889 Rep. 23 Adlai E. Stevenson3 Christian Co., Ky. 1835 Ill. 1893 Dem. 24 Garret A. Hobart Long Branch, N.J. 1844 N.J. 1897 Rep. 25 Theodore Roosevelt New York, N.Y. 1858 N.Y. 1901 Rep. 26 Charles W. Fairbanks Unionville Centre, Oh. 1852 Ind. 1905 Rep. 27 James S. Sherman Utica, N.Y. 1855 N.Y. 1909 Rep. 28 Thomas R. Marshall N. Manchester, Ind. 1854 Ind. 1913 Dem. 29 Calvin Coolidge Plymouth, Vt. 1872 Mass. 1921 Rep. 30 Charles G. Dawes Marietta, Oh. 1865 Ill. 1925 Rep. 31 Charles Curtis Topeka, Kan. 1860 Kan. 1929 Rep. 32 John Nance Garner Red River Co., Tex. 1868 Tex. 1933 Dem. 33 Henry Agard Wallace Adair County, Ia. 1888 Iowa 1941 Dem. 34 Harry S. Truman Lamar, Mo. 1884 Mo. 1945 Dem. 35 Alben W. Barkley Graves County, Ky. 1877 Ky. 1949 Dem. 36 Richard M. Nixon Yorba Linda, Cal. 1913 Cal. 1953 Rep. 37 Lyndon B. Johnson Johnson City, Tex. 1908 Tex. 1961 Dem. 38 Hubert H. Humphrey Wallace, S.D. 1911 Minn. 1965 Dem. 39 Spiro T. Agnew4 Baltimore, Md. 1918 Md. 1969 Rep. Name Birthplace Year Home Inaug. Polit 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 39 Spiro T. Agnew4 Baltimore, Md. 1918 Md. 1969 Rep. 40 Gerald R. Ford Omaha, Neb. 1913 Mich. 1973 Rep. 41 Nelson A. Rockefeller Bar Harbor, Me. 1908 N.Y. 1974 Rep. 42 Walter F. Mondale Ceylon, Minn. 1928 Minn. 1977 Dem. 43 George Bush Milton, Mass. 1924 Tex. 1981 Rep. 44 Dan Quayle Indianapolis, Ind. 1947 Ind. 1989 Rep. The numerals given vice presidents do not coincide with those given presidents, becausesome presidents had none and some had more than one. 1 John C. Calhoun resigned Dec. 28, 1832, having been elected to the Senate to fill a vacancy.2 Andrew Johnson -- a Democrat nominated by Republicans and elected with Lincoln on the NationalUnion Ticket. 3 Adlai E. Stevenson, 23d vice president, was grandfather of Democratic candidatefor president, 1952 and 1956. 4 Resigned Oct. 10, 1973. BIOGRAPHIES OF U.S. PRESIDENTS George Washington (1789-1797) George Washington, first president, was born Feb. 22, 1732 (Feb. 11, 1731, old style), the son of Augustine Washington and Mary Ball, at Wakefield on Pope's Creek, Westmoreland Co., Va. His early childhood was spent on the Ferry farm, near Fredericksburg. His father died when George was 11. He studied mathematics and surveying and when 16 went to live with his half brother Lawrence, who built and named Mount Vernon. George surveyed the lands of William Fairfax in the Shenandoah Valley, keeping a diary. He accompanied Lawrence to Barbados, West Indies, contracted small pox, and was deeply scarred. Lawrence died in 1752 and George acquired his property by inheritance. He valued land and when he died owned 70,000 acres in Virginia and 40,000 acres in what is now West Virginia. Washington's military service began in 1753 when Gov. Dinwiddie of Virginia sent him on missions deep into Ohio country. He clashed with the French and had to surrender Fort Necessity July 3, 1754. He was an aide to Braddock and at his side when the army was ambushed and defeated on a march to Ft. Duquesne, July 9, 1755. He helped take Fort Duquesne from the French in 1758. After his marriage to Martha Dandridge Custis, a widow, in 1759, Washington managed his family estate at Mount Vernon. Although not at first for independence, he opposed British exactions and took charge of the Virginia troops before war broke out. He was made commander-in-chief by the Continental Congress June 15, 1775. The successful issue of a war filled with hardships was due to his leadership. He was resourceful, a stern disciplinarian, and the one strong, dependable force for unity. He favored a federal government and became chairman of the Constitutional Convention of 1787. He helped get the Constitution ratified and was unanimously elected president by the electoral college and inaugurated, Apr. 30, 1789, on the balcony of New York's Federal Hall. He was reelected 1792, but refused to consider a 3d term and retired to Mount Vernon. He suffered acute laryngitis after a ride in snow and rain around his estate, was bled profusely, and died Dec. 14, 1799. John Adams (1797-1801) John Adams, 2d president, Federalist, was born in Braintree (Quincy), Mass., Oct. 30, 1735 (Oct. 19, o. s.), the son of John Adams, a farmer, and Susanna Boylston. He was a great-grandson of Henry Adams who came from England in 1636. He was graduated from Harvard, 1755, taught school, studied law. In 1765 he argued against taxation without representation before the royal governor. In 1770 he defended in court the British soldiers who fired on civilians in the "Boston Massacre." He was a delegate to the first Continental Congress, and signed the Declaration of Independence. He was a commissioner to France, 1778, with Benjamin Franklin and Arthur Lee; won recognition of the U.S. by The Hague, 1782; was first American minister to England, 1785-1788, and was elected vice president, 1788 and 1792. In 1796 Adams was chosen president by the electors. Intense antagonism to America by France caused agitation for war, led by Alexander Hamilton. Adams, breaking with Hamilton, opposed war. To fight alien influence and muzzle criticism Adams supported the Alien and Sedition laws of 1798, which led to his defeat for reelection. He died July 4, 1826, on the same day as Jefferson (the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence). Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) Thomas Jefferson, 3d president, was born Apr. 13, 1743 (Apr. 2, o. s.), at Shadwell, Va., the son of Peter Jefferson, a civil engineer of Welsh descent who raised tobacco, and Jane Randolph. His father died when he was 14, leaving him 2,750 acres and his slaves. Jefferson attended the College of William and Mary, 1760-1762, read classics in Greek and Latin and played the violin. In 1769 he was elected to the House of Burgesses. In 1770 he began building Monticello, near Charlottesville. He was a member of the Virginia Committee of Correspondence and the Continental Congress. Named a member of the committee to draw up a Declaration of Independence, he wrote the basic draft. He was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, 1776-79, elected governor to succeed Patrick Henry, 1779, reelected 1780, resigned June 1781, amid charges of ineffectual military preparation. During his term he wrote the statute on religious freedom. In the Continental Congress, 1783, he drew up an ordinance for the Northwest Territory, forbidding slavery after 1800; its terms were put into the Ordinance of 1787. He was sent to Paris with Benjamin Franklin and John Adams to negotiate commercial treaties, 1784; made minister to France, 1785. Washington appointed him secretary of state, 1789. Jefferson's strong faith in the consent of the governed, as opposed to executive control favored by Hamilton, secretary of the treasury, often led to conflict: Dec. 31, 1793, he resigned. He was the Democrat Republican candidate for president in 1796; beaten by John Adams, he became vice president. In 1800, Jefferson and Aaron Burr received equal electoral college votes for president. The House of Representatives elected Jefferson. Major events of his administration were the Louisiana Purchase, 1803, and the Lewis and Clark Expedition. He established the Univ. of Virginia and designed its buildings. He died July 4, 1826, on the same day as John Adams. James Madison (1809-1817) James Madison, 4th president, Democrat Republican, was born Mar. 16, 1751 (Mar. 5, 1750, o. s.) at Port Conway, King George Co., Va., eldest son of James Madison and Eleanor Rose Conway. Madison was graduated from Princeton, 1771; studied theology, 1772; sat in the Virginia Constitutional Convention, 1776. He was a member of the Continental Congress. He was chief recorder at the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and supported ratification in the Federalist Papers, written with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1789, helped frame the Bill of Rights and fought the Alien and Sedition Acts. He became Jefferson's secretary of state, 1801. Elected president in 1808, Madison was a "strict constructionist," opposed to the free interpretation of the Constitution by the Federalists. He was reelected in 1812 by the votes of the agrarian South and recently admitted western states. Caught between British and French maritime restrictions, the U.S. drifted into war, declared June 18, 1812. The war ended in a stalemate. He retired in 1817 to his estate at Montpelier. There he edited his famous papers on the Constitutional Convention. He became rector of the Univ. of Virginia, 1826. He died June 28, 1836. James Monroe (1817-1825) James Monroe, 5th president, Democrat Republican, was born Apr. 28, 1758, in Westmoreland Co., Va., the son of Spence Monroe and Eliza Jones, who were of Scottish and Welsh descent, respectively. He attended the College of William and Mary, fought in the 3d Virginia Regiment at White Plains, Brandywine, Monmouth, and was wounded at Trenton. He studied law with Thomas Jefferson, 1780, was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and of Congress, 1783-86. He opposed ratification of the Constitution because it lacked a bill of rights; was U.S. senator, 1790; minister to France, 1794-96; governor of Virginia, 1799-1802, and 1811. Jefferson sent him to France as minister, 1803. He helped Robert Livingston negotiate the Louisiana Purchase, 1803. He ran against Madison for president in 1808. He was elected to the Virginia Assembly, 1810-1811; was secretary of state under Madison, 1811-1817. In 1816 Monroe was elected president; in 1820 reelected with all but one electoral college vote. Monroe's administration became the "Era of Good Feeling." He obtained Florida from Spain; settled boundaries with Canada, and eliminated border forts. He supported the anti-slavery position that led to the Missouri Compromise. His most significant contribution was the "Monroe Doctrine," which became a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy. Monroe retired to Oak Hill, Va. Financial problems forced him to sell his property. He moved to New York City to live with a daughter. He died there July 4, 1831. John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) John Quincy Adams, 6th president, independent Federalist, was born July 11, 1767, at Braintree (Quincy), Mass., the son of John and Abigail Adams. His father was the 2d president. He was educated in Paris, Leyden, and Harvard, graduating in 1787. He served as American minister in various European capitals, and helped draft the War of 1812 peace treaty. He was U.S. Senator, 1803-08. President Monroe made him secretary of state, 1817, and he negotiated the cession of the Floridas from Spain, supported exclusion of slavery in the Missouri Compromise, and helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine. In 1824 he was elected president by the House after he failed to win an electoral college majority. His expansion of executive powers was strongly opposed and he was beaten in 1828 by Jackson. In 1831 he entered Congress and served 17 years with distinction. He opposed slavery, the annexation of Texas, and the Mexican War. He helped establish the Smithsonian Institution. He had a stroke in the House and died in the Speaker's Room, Feb. 23, 1848. Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) Andrew Jackson, 7th president, was a Jeffersonian-Republican, later a Democrat. He was born in the Waxhaws district, New Lancaster Co., S.C., Mar. 15, 1767, the posthumous son of Andrew Jackson and Elizabeth Hutchinson, who were Irish immigrants. At 13, he joined the militia in the Revolution and was captured. He read law in Salisbury, N.C., moved to Nashville, Tenn., speculated in land, married, and practiced law. In 1796 he helped draft the constitution of Tennessee and for a year occupied its one seat in Congress. He was in the Senate in 1797, and again in 1823. He defeated the Creek Indians at Horseshoe Bend, Ala., 1814. With 6,000 backwoods fighters he defeated Pakenham's 12,000 British troops at the Chalmette, outside New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815. In 1818 he briefly invaded Spanish Florida to quell Seminoles and outlaws who harassed frontier settlements. In 1824 he ran for president against John Quincy Adams and had the most popular and electoral votes but not a majority; the election was decided by the House, which chose Adams. In 1828 he defeated Adams, carrying the West and South. He was a noisy debater and a duelist and introduced rotation in office called the "spoils system." Suspicious of privilege, he ruined the Bank of the United States by depositing federal funds with state banks. Though "Let the people rule" was his slogan, he at times supported strict constructionist policies against the expansionist West. He killed the congressional caucus for nominating presidential candidates and substituted the national convention, 1832. When South Carolina refused to collect imports under his protective tariff he ordered army and naval forces to Charleston. Jackson recognized the Republic of Texas, 1836. He died at the Hermitage, June 8, 1845. Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) Martin Van Buren, 8th president, Democrat, was born Dec. 5, 1782, at Kinderhook, N.Y., the son of Abraham Van Buren, a Dutch farmer, and Mary Hoes. He was surrogate of Columbia County, N.Y., state senator and attorney general. He was U.S. senator 1821, reelected, 1827, elected governor of New York, 1828. He helped swing eastern support to Jackson in 1828 and was his secretary of state 1829-31. In 1832 he was elected vice president. He was a consummate politician, known as "the little magician," and influenced Jackson's policies. In 1836 he defeated William Henry Harrison for president and took office as the Panic of 1837 initiated a 5-year nationwide depression. He inaugurated the independent treasury system. His refusal to spend land revenues led to his defeat by Harrison in 1840. He lost the Democratic nomination in 1844 to Polk. In 1848 he ran for president on the Free Soil ticket and lost. He died July 24, 1862, at Kinderhook. William Henry Harrison (1841) William Henry Harrison, 9th president, Whig, who served only 31 days, was born in Berkeley, Charles City Co., Va., Feb. 9, 1773, the 3d son of Benjamin Harrison, signer of the Declaration of Independence. He attended Hampden Sydney College. He was secretary of the Northwest Territory, 1798; its delegate in Congress, 1799; first governor of Indiana Territory, 1800; and superintendent of Indian affairs. With 900 men he routed Tecumseh's Indians at Tippecanoe, Nov. 7, 1811. A major general, he defeated British and Indians at Battle of the Thames, Oct. 5, 1813. He served in Congress, 1816-19; Senate, 1825-28. In 1840, he was elected president with a "log cabin and hard cider" slogan. He caught pneumonia during the inauguration and died Apr. 4, 1841. John Tyler (1841-1845) John Tyler, 10th president, independent Whig, was born Mar. 29, 1790, in Greenway, Charles City Co., Va., son of John Tyler and Mary Armistead. His father was governor of Virginia, 1808-11. Tyler was graduated from William and Mary, 1807; member of the House of Delegates, 1811; in congress, 1816-21; in Virginia legislature, 1823-25; governor of Virginia, 1825-26; U.S. senator, 1827-36. In 1840 he was elected vice president and, on Harrison's death, succeeded him. He favored pre-emption, allowing settlers to get government land; rejected a national bank bill and thus alienated most Whig supporters; refused to honor the spoils system. He signed the resolution annexing Texas, Mar. 1, 1845. He accepted renomination, 1844, but withdrew before election. In 1861, he chaired an unsuccessful Washington conference called to avert civil war. After its failure he supported secession, sat in the provisional Confederate Congress, became a member of the Confederate House, but died in Richmond, Jan. 18, 1862, before it met. James Knox Polk (1845-1849) James Knox Polk, 11th president, Democrat, was born in Mecklenburg Co., N.C., Nov. 2, 1795, the son of Samuel Polk, farmer and surveyor of Scotch-Irish descent, and Jane Knox. He graduated from the Univ. of North Carolina, 1818; member of the Tennessee state legislature, 1823-25. He served in Congress 1825-39 and as speaker 1835-39. He was governor of Tennessee 1839-41, but was defeated 1841 and 1843. In 1844, when both Clay and Van Buren announced opposition to annexing Texas, the Democrats made Polk the first dark horse nominee because he demanded control of all Oregon and annexation of Texas. Polk re-established the independent treasury system originated by Van Buren. His expansionist policy was opposed by Clay, Webster, Calhoun; he sent troops under Zachary Taylor to the Mexican border and, when Mexicans attacked, declared war existed. The Mexican war ended with the annexation of California and much of the Southwest as part of America's "manifest destiny." He compromised on the Oregon boundary ("54-40 or fight!") by accepting the 49th parallel and giving Vancouver to the British. Polk died in Nashville, June 15, 1849. Zachary Taylor (1849-1850) Zachary Taylor, 12th president, Whig, who served only 16 months, was born Nov. 24, 1784, in Orange Co., Va., the son of Richard Taylor, later collector of the port of Louisville, Ky., and Sarah Strother. Taylor was commissioned first lieutenant, 1808; fought in the War of 1812; the Black Hawk War, 1832; and the second Seminole War, 1837. He was called Old Rough and Ready. He settled on a plantation near Baton Rouge, La. In 1845 Polk sent him with an army to the Rio Grande. When the Mexicans attacked him, Polk declared war. Taylor was successful at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, 1846; occupied Monterrey. Polk made him major general but sent many of his troops to Gen. Winfield Scott. Outnumbered 4-1, he defeated Santa Anna at Buena Vista, 1847. A national hero, he received the Whig nomination in 1848, and was elected president. He resumed the spoils system and though once a slave-holder worked to have California admitted as a free state. He died in office July 9, 1850. Millard Fillmore (1850-1853) Millard Fillmore, 13th president, Whig, was born Jan. 7, 1800, in Cayuga Co., N.Y., the son of Nathaniel Fillmore and Phoebe Millard. He taught school and studied law; admitted to the bar, 1823. He was a member of the state assembly, 1829-32; in Congress, 1833-35 and again 1837-43. He opposed the entrance of Texas as slave territory and voted for a protective tariff. In 1844 he was defeated for governor of New York. In 1848 he was elected vice president and succeeded as president July 10, 1850, after Taylor's death. Fillmore favored the Compromise of 1850 and signed the Fugitive Slave Law. His policies pleased neither expansionists nor slave-holders and he was not renominated in 1852. In 1856 he was nominated by the American (Know-Nothing) party and accepted by the Whigs, but defeated by Buchanan. He died in Buffalo, Mar. 8, 1874. Franklin Pierce (1853-1857) Franklin Pierce, 14th president, Democrat, was born in Hillsboro, N. H., Nov. 23, 1804, the son of Benjamin Pierce, veteran of the Revolution and governor of New Hampshire, 1827. He graduated from Bowdoin, 1824. A lawyer, he served in the state legislature 1829-33; in Congress, supporting Jackson, 1833-37; U.S. senator, 1837-42. He enlisted in the Mexican War, became brigadier general under Gen. Winfield Scott. In 1852 Pierce was nominated on the 49th ballot over Lewis Cass, Stephen A. Douglas, and James Buchanan, and defeated Gen. Scott, Whig. Though against slavery, Pierce was influenced by pro-slavery Southerners. He ignored the Ostend Manifesto that the U.S. either buy or take Cuba. He approved the Kansas-Nebraska Act, leaving slavery to popular vote ("squatter sovereignty"), 1854. He signed a reciprocity treaty with Canada and approved the Gadsden Purchase from Mexico, 1853. Denied renomination by the Democrats, he spent most of his remaining years in Concord, N.H., where he died Oct. 8, 1869. James Buchanan (1857-1861) James Buchanan, 15th president, Federalist, later Democrat, was born of Scottish descent near Mercersburg, Pa., Apr. 23, 1791. He graduated from Dickinson, 1809; was a volunteer in the War of 1812; member, Pennsylvania legislature, 1814-16, Congress, 1820-31; Jackson's minister to Russia, 1831-33; U.S. senator 1834-45. As Polk's secretary of state, 1845-49, he ended the Oregon dispute with Britain, supported the Mexican War and annexation of Texas. As minister to Britain, 1853, he signed the Ostend Manifesto. Nominated by Democrats, he was elected, 1856, over John C. Fremont (Republican) and Millard Fillmore (American Know-Nothing and Whig tickets). On slavery he favored popular sovereignty and choice by state constitutions; he accepted the pro-slavery Dred Scott decision as binding. He denied the right of states to secede. A strict constructionist, he desired to keep peace and found no authority for using force. He died at Wheatland, near Lancaster, Pa., June 1, 1868. Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) Abraham Lincoln, 16th president, Republican, was born Feb. 12, 1809, in a log cabin on a farm then in Hardin Co., Ky., now in Larue. He was the son of Thomas Lincoln, a carpenter, and Nancy Hanks. The Lincolns moved to Spencer Co., Ind., near Gentryville, when Abe was 7. When his mother died his father married Mrs. Sarah Bush Johnston, 1819; she had a favorable influence on Abe. In 1830 the family moved to Macon Co., Ill. Lincoln lost election to the Illinois General Assembly, 1832, but later won 4 times, beginning in 1834. He enlisted in the militia for the Black Hawk War, 1832. In New Salem he ran a store, surveyed land, and was postmaster. In 1837 Lincoln was admitted to the bar and became partner in a Springfield, Ill., law office. He was elected to Congress, 1847-49. He opposed the Mexican War. He supported Zachary Taylor, 1848. He opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act and extension of slavery, 1854. He failed, in his bid for the Senate, 1855. He supported John C. Fremont, 1856. In 1858 Lincoln had Republican support in the Illinois legislature for the Senate but was defeated by Stephen A. Douglas, Dem., who had sponsored the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Lincoln was nominated for president by the Republican party on an anti-slavery platform, 1860. He ran against Douglas, a northern Democrat; John C. Breckinridge, southern pro-slavery Democrat; John Bell, Constitutional Union party. When he won the election, South Carolina seceded from the Union Dec. 20, 1860, followed in 1861 by 10 Southern states. The Civil War erupted when Fort Sumter was attacked Apr. 12, 1861. On Sept. 22, 1862, 5 days after the battle of Antietam, he announced that slaves in territory then in rebellion would be free Jan. 1, 1863, date of the Emancipation Proclamation, His speeches, including his Gettysburg and Inaugural addresses, are remembered for their eloquence. Lincoln was reelected, 1864, over Gen. George B. McClellan, Democrat. Lee surrendered Apr. 9, 1865. On Apr. 14, Lincoln was shot by actor John Wilkes Booth in Ford's Theatre, Washington. He died the next day. Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) Andrew Johnson, 17th president, Democrat, was born in Raleigh, N.C., Dec. 29, 1808, the son of Jacob Johnson, porter at an inn and church sexton, and Mary McDonough. He was apprenticed to a tailor but ran away and eventually settled in Greeneville, Tenn. He became an alderman, 1828; mayor, 1830; state representative and senator, 1835-43; member of Congress, 1843-53; governor of Tennessee, 1853-57; U.S. senator, 1857-62. He supported John C. Breckinridge against Lincoln in 1860. He had held slaves, but opposed secession and tried to prevent his home state, Tennessee, from seceding. In Mar. 1862, Lincoln appointed him military governor of occupied Tennessee. In 1864 he was nominated for vice president with Lincoln on the National Union ticket to win Democratic support. He succeeded Lincoln as president Apr. 15, 1865. In a controversy with Congress over the president's power over the South, he proclaimed, May 26, 1865, an amnesty to all Confederates except certain leaders if they would ratify the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery. States doing so added anti-Negro provisions that enraged Congress, which restored military control over the South. When Johnson removed Edwin M. Stanton, secretary of war, without notifying the Senate, thus repudiating the Tenure of Office Act, the House impeached him for this and other reasons. He was tried by the Senate, and acquitted by only one vote, May 26, 1868. He returned to the Senate in 1875. Johnson died July 31, 1875. Ulysses Simpson Grant (1869-1877) Ulysses S. Grant, 18th president, Republican, was born at Point Pleasant, Oh., Apr. 27, 1822, son of Jesse R. Grant, a tanner, and Hannah Simpson. The next year the family moved to Georgetown, Oh. Grant was named Hiram Ulysses, but on entering West Point, 1839, his name was entered as Ulysses Simpson and he adopted it. He was graduated in 1843; served under Gens. Taylor and Scott in the Mexican War; resigned, 1854; worked in St. Louis until 1860, then went to Galena, Ill. With the start of the Civil War, he was named colonel of the 21st Illinois Vols., 1861, then brigadier general; took Forts Henry and Donelson; fought at Shiloh, took Vicksburg. After his victory at Chattanooga, Lincoln placed him in command of the Union Armies. He accepted Lee's surrender at Appomattox, Apr., 1865. President Johnson appointed Grant secretary of war when he suspended Stanton, but Grant was not confirmed. He was nominated for president by the Republicans in 1868 and elected over Horatio Seymour, Democrat. The 15th Amendment, amnesty bill, and civil service reform were events of his administration. The Liberal Republicans and Democrats opposed him with Horace Greeley, 1872, but he was reelected. An attempt by the Stalwarts (Old Guard) to nominate him in 1880 failed. In 1884 the collapse of Grant & Ward, investment house, left him penniless. He wrote his personal memoirs while ill with cancer and completed them 4 days before his death at Mt. McGregor, N.Y., July 23, 1885. The book realized over $450,000. Rutherford Birchard Hayes (1877-1881) Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th president, Republican, was born in Delaware, Oh., Oct. 4, 1822, the posthumous son of Rutherford Hayes, a farmer, and Sophia Birchard. He was raised by his uncle Sardis Birchard. He graduated from Kenyon College, 1842, and Harvard Law School, 1845. He practiced law in Lower Sandusky, Oh., now Fremont; was city solicitor of Cincinnati, 1858-61. In the Civil War, he was major of the 23d Ohio Vols., was wounded several times, and rose to the rank of brevet major general, 1864. He served in Congress 1864-67, supporting Reconstruction and Johnson's impeachment. He was elected governor of Ohio, 1867 and 1869; beaten in the race for Congress, 1872; reelected governor, 1875. In 1876 he was nominated for president and believed he had lost the election to Samuel J. Tilden, Democrat. But a few Southern states submitted 2 different sets of electoral votes and the result was in dispute. An electoral commission, appointed by Congress, 8 Republicans and 7 Democrats, awarded all disputed votes to Hayes allowing him to become president by one electoral vote. Hayes, keeping a promise to southerners, withdrew troops from areas still occupied in the South, ending the era of Reconstruction. He proceeded to reform the civil service, alienating political spoilsmen. He advocated repeal of the Tenure of Office Act. He supported sound money and specie payments. Hayes died in Fremont, Oh., Jan. 17, 1893. James Abram Garfield (1881-1881) James A. Garfield, 20th president, Republican, was born Nov. 19, 1831, in Orange, Cuyahoga Co., Oh., the son of Abram Garfield and Eliza Ballou. His father died in 1833. He worked as a canal bargeman, farmer, and carpenter; attended Western Reserve Eclectic, later Hiram College, and was graduated from Williams in 1856. He taught at Hiram, and later became principal. He was in the Ohio senate in 1859. Anti-slavery and anti-secession, he volunteered for the war, became colonel of the 42d Ohio Infantry and brigadier in 1862. He fought at Shiloh, was chief of staff for Rosecrans and was made major general for gallantry at Chickamauga. He entered Congress as a radical Republican in 1863; supported specie payment as against paper money (greenbacks). On the electoral commission in 1877 he voted for Hayes against Tilden on strict party lines. He was senator-elect in 1880 when he became the Republican nominee for president. He was chosen as a compromise over Gen. Grant, James G. Blaine, and John Sherman. This alienated the Grant following but Garfield was elected. On July 2, 1881, Garfield was shot by mentally disturbed office-seeker, Charles J. Guiteau, while entering a railroad station in Washington. He died Sept. 19, 1881, at Elberon, N.J. Chester Alan Arthur (1881-1885) Chester A. Arthur, 21st president, Republican, was born at Fairfield, Vt., Oct. 5, 1829, the son of the Rev. William Arthur, from County Antrim, Ireland, and Malvina Stone. He graduated from Union College, 1848, taught school at Pownall, Vt., studied law in New York. In 1853 he argued in a fugitive slave case that slaves transported through N.Y. State were thereby freed. He was made collector of the Port of New York, 1871. President Hayes, reforming the civil service, forced Arthur to resign, 1879. This made the New York machine stalwarts enemies of Hayes. Arthur and the stalwarts tried to nominate Grant for a 3d term in 1880. When Garfield was nominated, Arthur received 2d place in the interests of harmony. When Garfield died, Arthur became president. He supported civil service reform and the tariff of 1883. He was defeated for renomination by James G. Blaine. He died in New York City Nov. 18, 1886. Grover Cleveland (1885-1889) (1893-1897) (According to a ruling of the State Dept., Grover Cleveland is both the 22d and the 24th president, because his 2 terms were not consecutive. By individuals, he is only the 22d.) Grover Cleveland, 22d and 24th president, Democrat, was born in Caldwell, N.J. Mar. 18, 1837, the son of Richard F. Cleveland, a Presbyterian minister, and Ann Neale. He was named Stephen Grover, but dropped the Stephen. He clerked in Clinton and Buffalo, N.Y., taught at the N.Y. City Institution for the Blind; was admitted to the bar in Buffalo, 1859; became assistant district attorney, 1863; sheriff, 1871; mayor, 1881; governor of New York, 1882. He was an independent, honest administrator who hated corruption. He was nominated for president over Tammany Hall opposition, 1884, and defeated Republican James G. Blaine. He enlarged the civil service, vetoed many pension raids on the Treasury. In 1888 he was defeated by Benjamin Harrison, although his popular vote was larger. Reelected over Harrison in 1892, he faced a money crisis brought about by lowering of the gold reserve, circulation of paper and exorbitant silver purchases under the Sherman Act; obtained a repeal of the latter and a reduced tariff. A severe depression and labor troubles racked his administration but he refused to interfere in business matters and rejected Jacob Coxey's demand for unemployment relief. He broke the Pullman strike, 1894. In 1896, the Democrats repudiated his administration and chose silverite William Jennings Bryan as their candidate. Cleveland died in Princeton, N.J., June 24, 1908. Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893) Benjamin Harrison, 23d president, Republican, was born at North Bend, Oh., Aug. 20, 1833. His great-grandfather, Benjamin Harrison, was a signer of the Declaration of Independence; his grandfather, William Henry Harrison, was 9th President; his father, John Scott Harrison, was a member of Congress. His mother was Elizabeth F. Irwin. He attended school on his father's farm; graduated from Miami Univ. at Oxford, Oh., 1852; admitted to the bar, 1853, and practiced in Indianapolis. In the Civil War, he rose to the rank of brevet brigadier general, fought at Kennesaw Mountain, Peachtree Creek, Nashville, and in the Atlanta campaign. He failed to be elected governor of Indiana, 1876; but became senator, 1881. In 1888 he defeated Cleveland for president despite having fewer popular votes. He expanded the pension list, signed the McKinley high tariff bill, the Sherman Antitrust Act, and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. During his administration, 6 states were admitted to the union. He was defeated for reelection, 1892. He represented Venezuela in a boundary arbitration with Great Britain in Paris, 1899. He died in Indianapolis, Mar. 13, 1901. William McKinley (1897-1901) William McKinley, 25th president, Republican, was born in Niles, Oh., Jan. 29, 1843, the son of William McKinley, an ironmaker, and Nancy Allison. McKinley attended school in Poland, Oh., and Allegheny College, Meadville, Pa., and enlisted for the Civil War at 18 in the 23d Ohio, in which Rutherford B. Hayes was a major. He rose to captain and in 1865 was made brevet major. He studied law in the Albany, N.Y., law school; opened an office in Canton, Oh., in 1867, and campaigned for Grant and Hayes. He served in the House of Representatives, 1877-83, 1885-91, and led the fight for passage of the McKinley Tarrif, 1890. Defeated for reelection on the issue in 1890, he was governor of Ohio, 1892-96. He had support for president in the convention that nominated Benjamin Harrison in 1892. In 1896 he was elected president on a protective tariff, sound money (gold standard) platform over William Jennings Bryan, Democratic proponent of free silver. McKinley was reluctant to intervene in Cuba but the loss of the battleship Maine at Havana crystallized opinion. He demanded Spain's withdrawal from Cuba; Spain made some concessions but Congress announced state of war as of Apr. 21. He was reelected in the 1900 campaign, defeating Bryan's anti-imperialist arguments with the promise of a "full dinner pail." McKinley was respected for his conciliatory nature, but conservative on business issues. On Sept. 6, 1901, while welcoming citizens at the Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, N.Y., he was shot by Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist. He died Sept. 14. Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) Theodore Roosevelt, 26th president, Republican, was born in N.Y. City, Oct. 27, 1858, the son of Theodore Roosevelt, a glass importer, and Martha Bulloch. He was a 5th cousin of Franklin D. Roosevelt and an uncle of Eleanor Roosevelt. Roosevelt graduated from Harvard, 1880; attended Columbia Law School briefly; sat in the N.Y. State Assembly, 1882-84; ranched in North Dakota, 1884-86; failed election as mayor of N.Y. City, 1886; member of U.S. Civil Service Commission, 1889; president, N.Y. Police Board, 1895, supporting the merit system; assistant secretary of the Navy under McKinley, 1897-98. In the war with Spain, he organized the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry (Rough Riders) as lieutenant colonel; led the charge up Kettle Hill at San Juan. Elected New York governor, 1898-1900, he fought the spoils system and achieved taxation of corporation franchises. Nominated for vice president, 1900, he became nation's youngest president when McKinley died. As president he fought corruption of politics by big business; dissolved Northern Securities Co. and others for violating, anti-trust laws; intervened in coal strike on behalf of the public, 1902; obtained Elkins Law forbidding rebates to favored corporations, 1903; Hepburn Law regulating railroad rates, 1906; Pure Food and Drugs Act, 1906, Reclamation Act and employers' liability laws. He organized conservation, mediated the peace between Japan and Russia, 1905; won the Nobel Peace Prize. He was the first to use the Hague Court of International Arbitration. By recognizing the new Republic of Panama he made Panama Canal possible. He was reelected in 1904. In 1908 he obtained the nomination of William H. Taft, who was elected. Feeling that Taft had abandoned his policies, Roosevelt unsuccessfully sought the nomination in 1912. He bolted the party and ran on the Progressive "Bull Moose", ticket against Taft and Woodrow Wilson, splitting the Republicans and insuring Wilson's election. He was shot during the campaign but recovered. In 1916 he supported Charles E. Hughes, Republican. A strong friend of Britain, he fought American isolation in World War I. He wrote some 40 books on many topics; his Winning of the West is best known. He died Jan. 6, 1919, at Sagamore Hill, Oyster Bay, N.Y. William Howard Taft (1909-1913) William Howard Taft, 27th president, Republican, was born in Cincinnati, Oh., Sept. 15, 1857, the son of Alphonso Taft and Louisa Maria Torrey. His father was secretary of war and attorney general in Grant's cabinet; minister to Austria and Russia under Arthur. Taft was graduated from Yale, 1878; Cincinnati Law School, 1880; became law reporter for Cincinnati newspapers; was assistant prosecuting attorney, 1881-83; assistant county solicitor, 1885; judge, superior court, 1887; U.S. solicitor-general, 1890; federal circuit judge, 1892. In 1900 he became head of the U.S. Philippines Commission and was first civil governor of the Philippines, 1901-04; secretary of war, 1904; provisional governor of Cuba, 1906. He was groomed for president by Roosevelt and elected over Bryan, 1908. His administration dissolved Standard Oil and tobacco trusts; instituted Dept. of Labor; drafted direct election of senators and income tax amendments. His tariff and conservation policies angered progressives; though renominated he was opposed by Roosevelt; the result was Democrat Woodrow Wilson's election. Taft, with some reservations, supported the League of Nations. He was professor of constitutional law, Yale, 1913-21; chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, 1921-30; illness forced him to resign. He died in Washington, Mar. 8, 1930. Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) Woodrow Wilson, 28th president, Democrat, was born at Staunton, Va., Dec. 28, 1856, as Thomas Woodrow Wilson, son of a Presbyterian minister, the Rev. Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Janet (Jessie) Woodrow. In his youth Wilson lived in Augusta, Ga., Columbia, S.C., and Wilmington, N.C. He attended Davidson College, 1873-74; was graduated from Princeton, A.B., 1879; A.M., 1882; read law at the Univ. of Virginia, 1881; practiced law, Atlanta, 1882-83; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins, 1886. He taught at Bryn Mawr, 1885-88; at Wesleyan, 1888-90; was professor of jurisprudence and political economy at Princeton, 1890-1910; president of Princeton, 1902-1910; governor of New Jersey, 1911-13. In 1912 he was nominated for president with the aid of William Jennings Bryan, who sought to block James "Champ" Clark and Tammany Hall. Wilson won the election because the Republican vote for Taft was split by the Progressives under Roosevelt. Wilson protected American interests in revolutionary Mexico and fought for American rights on the high seas. His sharp warnings to Germany led to the resignation of his secretary of state, Bryan, a pacifist. In 1916 he was reelected by a slim margin with the slogan, "He kept us out of war." Wilson's attempts to mediate in the war failed. After 4 American ships had been sunk by the Germans, he secured a declaration of war against Germany on Apr. 6, 1917. Wilson proposed peace Jan. 8, 1918, on the basis of his "Fourteen Points," a state paper with worldwide influence. His doctrine of self-determination continues to play a major role in territorial disputes. The Germans accepted his terms and an armistice, Nov. 11. Wilson went to Paris to help negotiate the peace treaty, the crux of which he considered the League of Nations. The Senate demanded reservations that would not make the U.S. subordinate to the votes of other nations in case of war. Wilson refused to consider any reservations and toured the country to get support. He suffered a stroke, Oct., 1919. An invalid for months, he clung to his executive powers while his wife and doctor sought to shield him from affairs which would tire him. He was awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize, but the treaty embodying the League of Nations was rejected by the Senate, 1920. He died in Washington, Feb. 3, 1924. Warren Gamaliel Harding (1921-1923) Warren Gamaliel Harding, 29th president, Republican, was born near Corsica, now Blooming Grove, Oh., Nov. 2, 1865, the son of Dr. George Tyron Harding, a physician, and Phoebe Elizabeth Dickerson. He attended Ohio Central College. He was state senator, 1900-04; lieutenant governor, 1904-06; defeated for governor, 1910; chosen U.S. senator, 1915. He supported Taft, opposed federal control of food and fuel; voted for anti-strike legislation, woman's suffrage, and the Volsteadprohibition enforcement act over President Wilson's veto; and opposed the League of Nations. In 1920 he was nominated for president and defeated James M. Cox in the election. The Republicans capitalized on war weariness and fear that Wilson's League of Nations would curtail U.S. sovereignty. Harding stressed a return to "normalcy"; worked for tariff revision and repeal of excess profits law and high income taxes. Two Harding appointees, Albert B. Fall (interior) and Harry Daugherty (attorney general), became involved in the Teapot Dome scandal that embittered Harding's last days. He called the International Conference on Limitation of Armaments, 1921-22. Returning from a trip to Alaska he became ill and died in San Francisco, Aug. 2, 1923. Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929) Calvin Coolidge, 30th president, Republican, was born in Plymouth, Vt., July 4, 1872, the son of John Calvin Coolidge, a storekeeper, and Victoria J. Moor, and named John Calvin Coolidge. Coolidge graduated from Amherst in 1895. He entered Republican state politics and served as mayor of Northampton, Mass., state senator, lieutenant governor, and, in 1919, governor. In Sept., 1919, Coolidge attained national prominence by calling out the state guard in the Boston police strike. He declared: "There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime." This brought his name before the Republican convention of 1920, where he was nominated for vice president. He succeeded to the presidency on Harding's death. He opposed the League of Nations; approved the World Court; vetoed the soldiers' bonus bill, which was passed over his veto. In 1924 he was elected by a huge majority. He reduced the national debt by $2 billion in 3 years. He twice vetoed the McNary-Haugen farm bill, which would have provided relief to financially hard-pressed farmers. With Republicans eager to renominate him he announced, Aug. 2, 1927: "I do not choose to run for president in 1928." He died in Northampton, Jan. 5, 1933. Herbert Clark Hoover (1929-1933) Herbert C. Hoover, 31st president, Republican, was born at West Branch, Ia., Aug. 10, 1874, son of Jesse Clark Hoover, a blacksmith, and Hulda Randall Minthorn. Hoover grew up in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) and Oregon; won his A.B. in engineering at Stanford, 1891. He worked briefly with U.S. Geological Survey and western mines; then was a mining engineer in Australia, Asia, Europe, Africa, U.S. While chief engineer, imperial mines, China, he directed food relief for victims of Boxer Rebellion, 1900. He directed American Relief Committee, London, 1914-15; U.S. Comm. for Relief in Belgium, 1915-1919; was U.S. Food Administrator, 1917-1919; American Relief Administrator, 1918-1923, feeding children in defeated nations; Russian Relief, 1918-1923. He was secy. of commerce, 1921-28. He was elected president over Alfred E. Smith, 1928. In 1929 the stock market crashed and the economy collapsed. During the depression, Hoover opposed federal aid to the unemployed. He was defeated in the 1932 election by Franklin D. Roosevelt. President Truman made him coordinator of European Food Program, 1947, chairman of the Commission for Reorganization of the Executive Branch, 1947-49. He founded the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace at Stanford Univ. He died in N.Y. City, Oct. 20, 1964. Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933-1945) Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32d president, Democrat, was born near Hyde Park, N.Y., Jan. 30, 1882, the son of James Roosevelt and Sara Delano. He graduated from Harvard, 1904; attended Columbia Law School; was admitted to the bar. He went to the N.Y. Senate, 1910 and 1913. In 1913 President Wilson made him assistant secretary of the navy. Roosevelt ran for vice president, 1920, with James Cox and was defeated. From 1920 to 1928 he was a N.Y. lawyer and vice president of Fidelity & Deposit Co. In Aug., 1921, polio paralyzed his legs. He learned to walk with leg braces and a cane. Roosevelt was elected governor of New York, 1928 and 1930. In 1932, W. G. McAdoo, pledged to John N. Garner, threw his votes to Roosevelt, who was nominated. The depression and the promise to repeal prohibition insured his election. He asked emergency powers, proclaimed the New Deal, and put into effect a vast number of administrative changes. Foremost was the use of public funds for relief and public works, resulting in deficit financing. He greatly expanded the controls of the central government over business, and by an excess profits tax and progressive income taxes produced a redistribution of earnings on an unprecedented scale. The Wagner Act gave labor many advantages in organizing and collective bargaining. He was the last president inaugurated on Mar. 4 (1933) and the first inaugurated on Jan. 20 (1937). Roosevelt was the first president to use radio for "fireside chats." When the Supreme Court nullified some New Deal laws, he sought power to "pack" the court with additional justices, but Congress refused to give him the authority. He was the first president to break the "no 3d term" tradition (1940) and was elected to a 4th term, 1944, despite failing health. He was openly hostile to fascist governments before World War II and launched a lend-lease program on behalf of the Allies. He wrote the principles of fair dealing into the Atlantic Charter, Aug. 14, 1941 (with Winston Churchill), and urged the Four Freedoms (freedom of speech, of worship, from want, from fear) Jan. 6, 1941. When Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7, 1941, the U.S. entered the war. He conferred with allied heads of state at Casablanca, Jan., 1943; Quebec, Aug., 1943; Teheran, Nov.-Dec., 1943; Cairo, Dec., 1943; Yalta, Feb., 1945. He died at Warm Springs, Ga., Apr. 12, 1945. Harry S. Truman (1945-1953) Harry S. Truman, 33d president, Democrat, was born at Lamar, Mo., May 8, 1884, the son of John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young. A family disagreement on whether his middle name was Shippe or Solomon, after names of 2 grandfathers, resulted in his using only the middle initial S. He attended public schools in Independence, Mo., worked for the Kansas City Star, 1901, and as railroad timekeeper, and helper in Kansas City banks up to 1905. He ran his family's farm, 1906-17. He was commissioned a first lieutenant and took part in the Vosges, Meuse-Argonne, and St. Mihiel actions in World War I. After the war he ran a haberdashery, became judge of Jackson Co. Court, 1922-24; attended Kansas City School of Law, 1923-25. Truman was elected U.S. senator in 1934; reelected 1940. In 1944 with Roosevelt's backing he was nominated for vice president and elected. On Roosevelt's death Truman became president. In 1948 he was elected president. Truman authorized the first uses of the atomic bomb (Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Aug. 6 and 9, 1945), bringing World War II to a rapid end. He was responsible for creating NATO, the Marshall Plan, and what came to be called the Truman Doctrine (to aid nations such as Greece and Turkey, threatened by Russian or other communist takeover). He broke a Russian blockade of West Berlin with a massive airlift, 1948-49. When communist North Korea invaded South Korea, June, 1950, he won UN approval for a "police action" and sent in forces under Gen. Douglas MacArthur. When MacArthur opposed his policy of limited objectives, Truman removed him from command. Truman was responsible for higher minimum-wage, increased social-security, and aid-for-housing laws. Truman died Dec. 26, 1972, in Kansas City, Mo. Dwight David Eisenhower (1953-1961) Dwight D. Eisenhower, 34th president, Republican, was born Oct. 14, 1890, at Denison, Tex., the son of David Jacob Eisenhower and Ida Elizabeth Stover. The next year, the family moved to Abilene, Kan. He graduated from West Point, 1915. He was on the American military mission to the Philippines, 1935-39 and during 4 of those years on the staff of Gen. Douglas MacArthur. He was made commander of Allied forces landing in North Africa, 1942, full general, 1943. He became supreme Allied commander in Europe, 1943, and as such led the Normandy invasion June 6, 1944. He was given the rank of general of the army Dec. 20, 1944, made permanent in 1946. On May 7, 1945, he received the surrender of the Germans at Rheims. He returned to the U.S. to serve as chief of staff, 1945-1948. In 1948, Eisenhower published Crusade in Europe, his war memoirs, which quickly became a best seller. From 1948 to 1953, he was president of Columbia Univ., but took leave of absence in 1950, to command NATO forces. Eisenhower resigned from the army and was nominated for president by the Republicans, 1952. He defeated Adlai E. Stevenson in the election. He again defeated Stevenson, 1956. He called himself a moderate, favored "free market system" vs. government price and wage controls; kept goverment out of labor disputes; reorganized defense establishment; promoted missile programs. He continued foreign aid; sped end of Korean fighting; endorsed Taiwan and SE Asia defense treaties; backed UN in condemning Anglo-French raid on Egypt; advocated "open skies" policy of mutual inspection to USSR. He sent U.S. troops into Little Rock, Ark., Sept., 1957, during the segregation crisis and ordered Marines into Lebanon July-Aug., 1958. During his retirement at his farm near Gettysburg, Pa., Eisenhower took up the role of elder statesman, counseling his 3 successors in the White House. He died Mar. 28, 1969, in Washington. John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1961-1963) John F. Kennedy, 35th president, Democrat, was born May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Mass., the son of Joseph P. Kennedy, financier, who later became ambassador to Great Britain, and Rose Fitzgerald. He entered Harvard, attended the London School of Economics briefly in 1935, received a B.S., from Harvard, 1940. He served in the Navy, 1941-1945, commanded a PT boat in the Solomons and won the Navy and Marine Corps Medal. He wrote Profiles in Courage, which won a Pulitzer prize. He served as representative in Congress, 1947-1953; was elected to the Senate in 1952, reelected 1958. He nearly won the vice presidential nomination in 1956. In 1960, Kennedy won the Democratic nomination for president and defeated Richard M. Nixon, Republican. He was the first Roman Catholic president. In Apr. 1961, Kennedy's new administration suffered a severe setback when an invasion force of anti-Castro Cubans, trained and directed by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, failed to establish a beachhead at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba. Kennedy's most important act was his successful demand Oct. 22, 1962, that the Soviet Union dismantle its missile basesin Cuba. He established a quarantine of arms shipments to Cuba and continued surveillance by air. He defied Soviet attempts to force the Allies out of Berlin. He made the steel industry rescind a price rise. He backed civil rights, a mental health program, arbitration of railroad disputes, and expanded medical care for the aged. Astronaut flights and satellite orbiting were greatly developed during his administration. On Nov. 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Tex. Lyndon Baines Johnson (1963-1969) Lyndon B. Johnson, 36th president, Democrat, was born near Stonewall, Tex., Aug. 27, 1908, son of Sam Ealy Johnson and Rebekah Baines. He received a B.S. degree at Southwest Texas State Teachers College, 1930, attended Georgetown Univ. Law School, Washington, 1935. He taught public speaking in Houston, 1930-32; served as secretary to Rep. R. M. Kleberg, 1932-35. In 1937 Johnson won a contest to fill the vacancy caused by the death of a representative and in 1938 was elected to the full term, after which he returned for 4 terms. He was elected U.S. senator in 1948 and reelected in 1954. He became Democratic leader, 1953. Johnson was Texas' favorite son for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1956 and had strong support in the 1960 convention, where the nominee, John F. Kennedy, asked him to run for vice president. His campaigning helped overcome religious bias against Kennedy in the South. Johnson became president on the death of Kennedy. Johnson worked hard for welfare legislation, signed civil rights, anti-proverty, and tax reduction laws, and averted strikes on railroads. He was elected to a full term, 1964. The war in Vietnam overshadowed other developments during his administration. In face of increasing division in the nation and his own party over his handling of the war, Johnson announced that he would not seek another term, Mar. 31, 1968. Retiring to his ranch near Johnson City, Tex., Johnson wrote his memoirs and oversaw the construction of the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library. He died Jan. 22, 1973. Richard Milhous Nixon (1969-1974) Richard M. Nixon, 37th president, Republican, was the only president to resign without completing an elected term. He was born in Yorba Linda, Cal., Jan. 9, 1913, the son of Francis Anthony Nixon and Hannah Milhous. Nixon graduated from Whittier College, 1934; Duke Univ. Law School, 1937. After practicing law in Whittier and serving briefly in the Office of Price Administration in 1942, he entered the navy, and served in the South Pacific. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and 1948. He achieved prominence as the House Un-American Activities Committee member who forced the showdown that resulted in the Alger Hiss perjury conviction. In 1950 Nixon was elected to the Senate. He was elected vice president in the Eisenhower landslides of 1952 and 1956. With Eisenhower's endorsement, Nixon won the Republican nomination in 1960. He was defeated by Democrat John F. Kennedy, returned to Cal. and was defeated in his race for governor, 1962. In 1968, he won the presidential nomination and went on to defeat Democrat Hubert H. Humphrey. Nixon was the first U.S. president to visit China and Russia (1972). He and his foreign affairs advisor, Henry A. Kissinger, achieved a detente with China. Nixon appointed 4 Supreme Court justices, including the chief justice, thus altering the court's balance in favor of a more conservative view. Reelected 1972, Nixon secured a cease-fire agreement in Vietnam and completed the withdrawal of U.S. troops. Nixon's 2d term was cut short by a series of scandals beginning with the burglary of Democratic party national headquarters in the Watergate office complex on June 17, 1972. Nixon denied any White House involvement in the Watergate break-in. On July 16, 1973, a White House aide, under questioning by a Senate committee, revealed that most of Nixon's office conversations and phone calls had been recorded. Nixon claimed executive privilege to keep the tapes secret and the courts and Congress sought the tapes for criminal proceedings against former White House aides and for a House inquiry into possible impeachment. On Oct. 20, 1973, Nixon fired the Watergate special prosecutor and the attorney general resigned in protest. The public outcry which followed caused Nixon to appoint a new special prosecutor and to turn over to the courts a number of subpoenaed tape recordings. Public reaction also brought the initiation of a formal inquiry into impeachment. On July 24, 1974, the Supreme Court ruled that Nixon's claim of executive privilege must fall before the special prosecutor's subpoenas of tapes relevant to criminal trial proceedings. That same day, the House Judiciary Committee opened debate on impeachment. On July 30, the committee recommended House adoption of 3 articles of impeachment charging Nixon with obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress. On Aug. 5, Nixon released transcripts of conversations held 6 days after the Watergate break-in showing that Nixon had known of, approved, and directed Watergate cover-up activities. Nixon resigned from office Aug. 9. Gerald Rudolph Ford (1974-1977) Gerald R. Ford, 38th president, Republican, was born July 14, 1913, in Omaha, Neb., son of Leslie King and Dorothy Gardner, and was named Leslie Jr. When he was 2, his parents were divorced and his mother moved with the boy to Grand Rapids, Mich. There she met and married Gerald R. Ford, who formally adopted the boy and gave him his own name. He graduated from the Univ. of Michigan, 1935 and Yale Law School, 1941. He began practicing law in Grand Rapids, but in 1942 joined the navy and served in the Pacific, leaving the service in 1946 as a lieutenant commander. He entered congress in 1949 and spent 25 years in the House, 8 of them as Republican leader. On Oct. 12, 1973, after Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned, Ford was nominated by President Nixon to replace him. It was the first use of the procedures set out in the 25th Amendment. When Nixon resigned Aug. 9, 1974, Ford became president, the first to serve without being chosen in a national election. On Sept. 8 he pardoned Nixon for any federal crimes he might have committed as president. Ford veoted 48 bills in his first 21 months in office, saying most would prove too costly. He visited China. In 1976, he was defeated in the election by Democrat Jimmy Carter. Jimmy (James Earl) Carter (1977-1981) Jimmy (James Earl) Carter, 39th president, Democrat, was the first president from the Deep South since before the Civil War. He was born Oct. 1, 1924, at Plains, Ga., where his parents, James and Lillian Gordy Carter, had a farm and several businesses. He attended Georgia Tech, and graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy. He entered the Navy's nuclear submarine program as an aide to Adm. Hyman Rickover, and studied nuclear physics at Union College. His father died in 1953 and Carter left the Navy to take over the family businesses -- peanut-raising, warehousing, and cotton-ginning. He was elected to the Georgia state senate, was defeated for governor, 1966, but elected in 1970. Carter won the Democratic nomination and defeated President Gerald R. Ford in the election of 1976. He played a major role in the peace negotiations between Israel and Egypt. In Nov. 1979, Iranian student militants attacked the U.S. embassy in Teheran and held members of the embassy staff hostage. Carter was widely criticized for the poor state of the economy and high inflation. He was also viewed as weak in his handling of foreign policy. He reacted to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan by imposing a grain embargo and boycotting the Moscow Olympic games. His failure to obtain the release of the remaining 52 hostages held in Iran plagued Carter to the end of his term. He was defeated by Ronald Reagan in the 1980 election. Carter finally succeeded in obtaining the release of the hostages on Inauguration Day, as the new president was taking the oath of office. Ronald Wilson Reagan (1981-1989) Ronald Wilson Reagan, 40th president, Republican, was born Feb. 6, 1911, in Tampico, Ill., the son of John Edward Reagan and Nellie Wilson. Reagan graduated from Eureka (Ill.) College in 1932. Following his graduation, he worked as a sports announcer in Des Moines, Ia. Reagan began a successful career as a film actor in 1937, and starred in numerous movies, and later television, until the 1960s. He was a captain in the Army Air Force during World War II. He served as president of the Screen Actors Guild from 1947 to 1952, and in 1959. Once a liberal Democrat, Reagan became active in Republican politics during the 1964 presidential campaign of Barry Goldwater. He was elected governor of California in 1966, and reelected in 1970. In 1980, he gained the Republican nomination and won a landslide victory over Jimmy Carter. He was easily reelected in 1984. Reagan, at 73, was the oldest man ever elected president. Reagan successfully forged a bipartisan coalition in Congress which led to enactment of an economic program which included the largest budget and tax cuts in U.S. history, and a Social Security reform bill designed to insure the long-term solvency of the system. In 1986, he signed into law a revolutionary tax-reform bill. He was shot in an assassination attempt in 1981, and had major surgery in 1985 and 1987. In 1983, Reagan sent a task force to lead the invasion of Grenada, and joined 3 European nations in maintaining a peacekeeping force in Beirut, Lebanon. His opposition to international terrorism led to the U.S. bombing of Lybyan military installations in 1986. He strongly supported El Salvador, the Nicaraguan contras, and other anti-communist governments and forces throughout the world. Aid was sent to the rebels fighting Soviet troops in Afghanistan. When the Iran/Iraq war threatened freedom of the seas, U.S. Navy ships were sent to the Persian Gulf. Reagan held summit meetings with Soviet leader Gorbachev in 1985 in Geneva, 1986 in Iceland, 1987 in Washington, D.C. where an historic treaty eliminating short and medium-range missiles from Europe was signed, and 1988 in Moscow where Reagan criticized the Soviet record on human rights, and met with Soviet dissidents. Reagan faced a major crisis in 1986-1987, when it was revealed that the U.S. had sold weapons to Iran in exchange for the release of U.S. hostages being held in Lebanon; and that subsequently some of the money was diverted to the Nicaraguan contras. The scandal led to the resignation of leading White House aides; some were indicted and convicted of criminal charges. As Reagan left office, the nation was experiencing its 6th consecutive year of economic prosperity. Along with the strong economy, the nation enjoyed low unemployment, energy costs, and inflation. Reagan, however, was unable to control the high budget deficits which plagued him throughout his administration. George Herbert Walker Bush (1989- ) George Herbert Walker Bush, 41st president, Republican, was born June 12, 1924, in Milton, Mass., the son of Prescott Bush, U.S. senator from Connecticut, and Dorothy Walker. He served as a U.S. Navy pilot in World War II, earning the Distinguished Flying Cross and three Air Medals for service in the Pacific. After graduating from Yale Univ. (1948), he settled in Texas where, in 1953, he helped found an oil company. After losing a bid for a U.S. Senate seat in Texas, 1964, he was elected to the House of Representatives in 1966 and 1968. He lost a 2d U.S. Senate race in 1970. He served as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, 1971-73, headed the U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing, 1974-75, and was director of the Central Intelligence Agency, 1976-77. Following an unsuccessful bid for the 1980 Republican presidential nomination, Bush was chosen by Ronald Reagan as his vice presidential running mate. He served as U.S. vice president, 1981-89. In 1988, he gained the Republican presidential nomination and defeated Democrat Michael Dukakis in the election. Calling on Americans "to make kinder the face of the nation and gentler the face of the world," Bush took office faced with the ongoing U.S. budget and trade deficits as well as the rescue of insolvent U.S. savings and loan institutions. Bush has made no major changes from Reagan's policies in his first 2 years in office. He continued to face a severe budget deficit, struggled with military cutbacks in light of reduced "cold war" tensions, and vetoed congressional actions favorable to abortion and a minimum-wage law that didn't reflect his own views. Bush has supported Soviet reforms and eastern Europe democratization. He was criticized for his failure to support strongly enough the independence efforts of the Baltic republics and for his soft reaction to the quelling of the China democratic movement. He held summit meetings with Soviet leader Gorbachev in 1989 and 1990. In Dec. 1989, Bush sent military forces to Panama which overthrew the government and captured military strongman Gen. Manuel Noriega. Wives and Children of the Presidents Listed in order of presidential administrations. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name (Born-died, married) State Sons/daughters 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Martha Dandridge Custis Washington (1732-1802, Va. None 1759) Abigail Smith Adams (1744-1818, 1764) Mass. 3/2 Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson (1748-1782, 1772) Va. 1/5 Dorothea "Dolley" Payne Todd Madison (1768-1849, N.C. None 1794) Elizabeth Kortright Monroe (1768-1830, 1786) N.Y. . . . /2 (A) Name (Born-died, married) State Sons/daughters 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams (1775-1852, 1797) Md.(B) 3/1 Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson (1767-1828, 1791) Va. None Hannah Hoes Van Buren (1783-1819, 1807) N.Y. 4/ . . . Anna Symmes Harrison (1775-1864, 1795) N.J. 6/4 Letitia Christian Tyler (1790-1842, 1813) Va. 3/5 Julia Gardiner Tyler (1820-1889, 1844) N.Y. 5/2 Sarah Childress Polk (1803-1891, 1824) Tenn. None Margaret Smith Taylor (1788-1852, 1810) Md. 1/5 Abigail Powers Fillmore (1798-1853, 1826) N.Y. 1/1 Name (Born-died, married) State Sons/daughters 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Caroline Carmichael McIntosh Fillmore (1813-1881, N.J. None 1858) Jane Means Appleton Pierce (1806-1863, 1834) N.H. 3/ . . . Mary Todd Lincoln (1818-1882, 1842) Ky. 4/ . . . Eliza McCardle Johnson (1810-1876, 1827) Tenn. 3/2 Julia Dent Grant (1826-1902, 1848) Mo. 3/1 Lucy Ware Webb Hayes (1831-1889, 1852) Oh. 7/1 Lucretia Rudolph Garfield (1832-1918, 1858) Oh. 4/1 Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur (1837-1880, 1859) Va. 2/1 Frances Folsom Cleveland (1864-1947, 1886) N.Y. 2/3 Name (Born-died, married) State Sons/daughters 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Frances Folsom Cleveland (1864-1947, 1886) N.Y. 2/3 Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison (1832-1892, 1853) Oh. 1/1 Mary Scott Lord Dimmick Harrison (1858-1948, 1896) Pa. . . . /1 Ida Saxton McKinley (1847-1907, 1871) Oh. . . . /2 Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt (1861-1884, 1880) Mass. . . . /1 Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt (1861-1948, 1886) Conn. 4/1 Helen Herron Taft (1861-1943, 1886) Oh. 2/1 Ellen Louise Axson Wilson (1860-1914, 1885) Ga. . . . /3 Edith Bolling Galt Wilson (1872-1961, 1915) Va. None Florence Kling De Wolfe Harding (1860-1924, 1891) Oh. None Name (Born-died, married) State Sons/daughters 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Florence Kling De Wolfe Harding (1860-1924, 1891) Oh. None Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge (1879-1957, 1905) Vt. 2/ . . . Lou Henry Hoover (1875-1944, 1899) Ia. 2/ . . . Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Roosevelt (1884-1962, 1905) N.Y. 4/1 (A) Bess Wallace Truman (1885-1982, 1919) Mo. . . . /1 Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower (1896-1979, 1916) Ia. 1/ . . . (A) Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy (b. 1929, 1953) N.Y. 1/1 (A) Claudia "Lady Bird" Alta Taylor Johnson (b. 1912, Tex. . . . /2 1934) Thelma Catherine Patricia Ryan Nixon (b. 1912, Nev. . . . /2 1940) Name (Born-died, married) State Sons/daughters 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1940) Elizabeth Bloomer Warren Ford (b. 1918, 1948) Ill. 3/1 Rosalynn Smith Carter (b. 1927, 1946) Ga. 3/1 Anne Frances "Nancy" Robbins Davis Reagan (b. 1923, N.Y. 1/1 (C) 1952) Barbara Pierce Bush (b. 1925, 1945) N.Y. 4/2 James Buchanan, 15th president, was unmarried. A plus one infant, deceased. B Born London, father a Md. citizen. C President Reagan has a son and daughter from aformer marriage. First Lady: Barbara Bush The first lady was born Barbara Pierce in Rye, N.Y. on June 8, 1925; the daughter of Marvin and Pauline (Robinson) Pierce. She attended Smith College, 1943-44. She married George Bush, Jan. 6, 1945. They have four sons and a daughter (another daughter died in childhood). Mrs. Bush has had a lifelong involvement in a number of causes, especially the promotion of literacy. Burial Places of the Presidents 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Washington Mt. Vernon, Va. J. Adams Quincy, Mass. Jefferson Charlottesville, Va. Madison Montpelier Station, Va. Monroe Richmond, Va. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Monroe Richmond, Va. J.Q. Adams Quincy, Mass. Jackson Nashville, Tenn. Van Buren Kinderhook, N.Y. W.H. Harrison North Bend, Oh. Tyler Richmond, Va. Polk Nashville, Tenn. Taylor Louisville, Ky. Fillmore Buffalo, N.Y. Pierce Concord, N.H. Buchanan Lancaster, Pa. Lincoln Springfield, Ill. A. Johnson Greeneville, Tenn. Grant New York City Hayes Fremont, Oh. Garfield Cleveland, Oh. Arthur Albany, N.Y. Cleveland Princeton, N.J. B. Harrison Indianapolis, Ind. McKinley Canton, Oh. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 McKinley Canton, Oh. T. Roosevelt Oyster Bay, N.Y. Taft Arlington Nat'l. Cem'y. Wilson Washington Cathedral Harding Marion, Oh. Coolidge Plymouth, Vt. Hoover West Branch, Ia. F.D. Roosevelt Hyde Park, N.Y. Truman Independence, Mo. Eisenhower Abilene, Kan. Kennedy Arlington Nat'l. Cem'y. L.B. Johnson Stonewall, Tex. UNITED STATES HISTORY 1492 Christopher Columbus and crew sighted land Oct. 12 in the present-day Bahamas. 1497 John Cabot explored northeast coast to Delaware. 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon explored Florida coast. 1524 Giovanni da Verrazano led French expedition along coastfrom Carolina north to Nova Scotia; entered New York harbor. 1539 Hernando de Soto landed in Florida May 28; crossed Mississippi River, 1541. 1540 Francisco Vazquez de Coronado explored Southwest north of Rio Grande. Hernando de Alarcon reached Colorado River, Don Garcia Lopez de Cardenas reached Grand Canyon. Others explored California coast. 1565 St. Augustine, Fla. founded by Pedro Menendez. Razed by Francis Drake 1586. 1579 Francis Drake claimed California for Britain. Metal plate, found 1936, thought to be left by Drake, termed probable hoax 1979. 1607 Capt. John Smith and 105 cavaliers in 3 ships landed on Virginia coast, started first permanent English settlement in New World at Jamestown, May 13. 1609 Henry Hudson, English explorer of Northwest Passage, employed by Dutch, sailed into New York harbor in Sept., and up Hudson to Albany. The same year, Samuel de Champlain explored Lake Champlain just to the north. Spaniards settled Santa Fe, N.M. 1619 House of Burgesses, first representative assembly in New World, elected July 30 at Jamestown, Va. First black laborers -- indentured servants -- in English N. American colonies, landed by Dutch at Jamestown in Aug. Chattel slavery legally recognized, 1650. 1620 Plymouth Pilgrims, Puritan separatists from Church of England, some living in Holland, left Plymouth, England Sept. 15 on Mayflower. Original destination Virginia, they reached Cape Cod Nov. 19, explored coast; 103 passengers landed Dec. 21 (Dec. 11 Old Style) at Plymouth. Mayflower Compact was agreement to form a government and abide by its laws. Half of colony died during harsh winter. 1624 Dutch left 8 men from ship New Netherland on Manhattan Island in May. Rest sailed to Albany. 1626 Peter Minuit bought Manhattan for Dutch from Man-a-hat-a Indians May 6 for trinkets valued at $24. 1634 Maryland founded as Catholic colony with religious tolerance. 1636 Harvard College founded Oct. 28, now oldest in U.S., Grammar school, compulsory education established at Boston. Roger Williams founded Providence, R.I., June, as a democratically ruled colony with separation of church and state. Charter was granted, 1644. 1654 First Jews arrived in New Amsterdam. 1660 British Parliament passed Navigation Act, regulating colonial commerce to suit English needs. 1664 Three hundred British troops Sept. 8 seized New Netherland from Dutch, who yield peacefully. Charles II granted province of New Netherland and city of New Amsterdam to brother, Duke of York; both renamed New York. The Dutch recaptured the colony Aug. 9, 1673, but ceded it to Britain Nov. 10, 1674. 1676 Nathaniel Bacon led planters against autocratic British Gov. Berkeley, burned Jamestown, Va. Bacon died, 23 followers executed. Bloody Indian war in New England ended Aug. 12. King Philip, Wampanoag chief, and many Narragansett Indians killed. 1682 Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, claimed lower Mississippi River country for France, called it Louisiana Apr. 9. Had French outposts built in Illinois and Texas, 1684. Killed during mutiny Mar. 19, 1687. 1683 William Penn signed treaty with Delaware Indians and made payment for Pennsylvania lands. 1692 Witchcraft delusion at Salem (now Danvers) Mass. inspired by preaching; 19 persons executed. 1696 Capt. William Kidd, who was born in Scotland and settled in America, was hired by British to fight pirates and take booty, but himself became pirate. Arrested and sent to England, he was hanged 1701. 1699 French settlements made in Mississippi, Louisiana. 1704 Indians attacked Deerfield, Mass. Feb. 28-29, killed 40, carried off 100. Boston News Letter, first regular newspaper, started by John Campbell, postmaster. (Publick Occurences was suppressed after one issue 1690.) 1709 British-Colonial troops captured French fort, Port Royal, Nova Scotia, in Queen Anne's War 1701-13. France yielded Nova Scotia by treaty 1713. 1712 Slaves revolted in New York Apr. 6. Six committed suicide, 21 were executed. Second rising, 1741; 13 slaves hanged, 13 burned, 71 deported. 1716 First theater in colonies opened in Williamsburg, Va. 1728 Pennsylvania Gazette founded by Samuel Keimer in Philadelphia. Benjamin Franklin bought interest 1729. 1732 Benjamin Franklin published first Poor Richard's Almanac; published annually to 1757. 1735 Freedom of the press recognized in New York by acquittal of John Peter Zenger, editor of Weekly Journal, on charge of libeling British Gov. Cosby by criticizing his conduct in office. 1740-41 Capt. Vitus Bering, Dane employed by Russians, reached Alaska. 1744 King George's War pitted British and colonials vs. French. Colonials captured Louisburg, Cape Breton Is. June 17, 1745. Returned to France 1748 by Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 1752 Benjamin Franklin, flying kite in thunderstorm, proved lightning is electricity June 15; invented lightning rod. 1754 French and Indian War (in Europe called 7 Years War, started 1756) began when French occupied Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburgh). British moved Acadian French from Nova Scotia to Louisiana Oct. 1755. British captured Quebec Sept. 18, 1759 in battles in which French Gen. Montcalm and British Gen. Wolfe were killed. Peace signed Feb. 10 1763. French lost Canada and American Midwest. British tightened colonial administration in North America. 1764 Sugar Act placed duties on lumber, foodstuffs, molasses and rum in colonies. 1765 Stamp Act required revenue stamps to help defray cost of royal troops. Nine colonies, led by New York and Massachusetts at Stamp Act Congress in New York Oct. 7-25, 1765, adopted Declaration of Rights opposing taxation without representation in Parliament and trial without jury by admiralty courts. Stamp Act repealed Mar. 17, 1766. 1767 Townshend Acts levied taxes on glass, painter's lead, paper, and tea. In 1770 all duties except on tea were repealed. 1770 British troops fired Mar. 5 into Boston mob, killed 5 including Crispus Attucks, a black man, reportedly leader of group; later called Boston Massacre. 1773 East India Co. tea ships turned back at Boston, New York, Philadelphia in May. Cargo ship burned at Annapolis Oct. 14, cargo thrown overboard at Boston Tea Party Dec. 16. 1774 "Intolerable Acts"; of Parliament curtailed Massachusetts self-rule; barred use of Boston harbor till tea was paid for. First Continental Congress held in Philadelphia Sept. 5-Oct. 26; protested British measures, called for civil disobedience. Rhode Island abolished slavery. 1775 Patrick Henry addressed Virginia convention, Mar. 23 said "Give me liberty or give me death." Paul Revere and William Dawes on night of Apr. 18 rode to alert patriots that British were on way to Concord to destroy arms. At Lexington, Mass. Apr. 19 Minutemen lost 8 killed. On return from Concord British took 273 casualties. Col. Ethan Allen (joined by Col. Benedict Arnold) captured Ft. Ticonderoga, N.Y. May 10; also Crown Point. Colonials headed for Bunker Hill, fortified Breed's Hill, Charlestown, Mass., repulsed British under Gen. William Howe twice before retreating June 17; British casualties 1,000; called Battle of Bunker Hill. Continental Congress June 15 named George Washington commander-in-chief. 1776 France and Spain each agreed May 2 to provide one million livres in arms to Americans. In Continental Congress June 7, Richard Henry Lee (Va.) moved "that these united colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent states." Resolution adopted July 2. Declaration of Independence approved July 4. Col. Moultrie's batteries at Charleston, S.C. repulsed British sea attack June 28. Washington, with 10,000 men, lost Battle of Long Island Aug. 27, evacuated New York. Nathan Hale executed as spy by British Sept. 22. Brig. Gen. Arnold's Lake Champlain fleet was defeated at Valcour Oct. 11, but British returned to Canada. Howe failed to destroy Washington's army at White Plains Oct. 28. Hessians captured Ft. Washington, Manhattan, and 3,000 men Nov. 16; Ft. Lee, N.J. Nov. 18. Washington in Pennsylvania, recrossed Delaware River Dec. 25-26, defeated 1,400 Hessians at Trenton, N.J. Dec. 26. 1777 Washington defeated Lord Cornwallis at Princeton Jan. 3. Continental Congress adopted Stars and Stripes. See Flag article. Maj. Gen. John Burgoyne with 8,000 from Canada captured Ft. Ticonderoga July 6. Americans beat back Burgoyne at Bemis Heights Oct. 7 and cut off British escape route. Burgoyne surrendered 5,000 men at Saratoga N.Y. Oct. 17. Marquis de Lafayette, aged 20, made major general. Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union adopted by Continental Congress Nov. 15 France recognized independence of 13 colonies Dec. 17. 1778 France signed treaty of aid with U.S. Feb. 6. Sent fleet; British evacuated Philadelphia in consequence June 18. 1779 John Paul Jones on the Bonhomme Richard defeated Serapis in British North Sea waters Sept. 23. 1780 Charleston, S.C. fell to the British May 12, but a British force was defeated near Kings Mountain, N.C. Oct. 7 by militiamen. Benedict Arnold found to be a traitor Sept. 23. Arnold escaped, made brigadier general in British army. 1781 Bank of North America incorporated in Philadelphia May 26. Cornwallis, sapped by patriot victories, retired to Yorktown, Va. Adm. De Grasse landed 3,000 French and stopped British fleet in Hampton Roads. Washington and Rochambeau joined forces, arrived near Williamsburg Sept. 26. When siege of Cornwallis began Oct. 6, British had 6,000, Americans 8,846, French 7,800. Cornwallis surrendered Oct. 19. 1782 New British cabinet agreed in March to recognize U.S. independence. Preliminary agreement signed in Paris Nov. 30. 1783 Massachusetts Supreme Court outlawed slavery in that state, noting the words in the state Bill of Rights "all men are born free and equal." Britain, U.S. signed peace treaty Sept. 3 (Congress ratified it Jan. 14, 1784). Washington ordered army disbanded Nov. 3, bade farewell to his officers at Fraunces Tavern, N.Y. City Dec. 4. Noah Webster published American Spelling Book, great bestseller. 1784 First successful daily newspaper, Pennsylvania Packet & General Advertiser, published Sept. 21. 1786 Delegates from 5 states at Annapolis, Md. Sept. 11-14 asked Congress to call convention in Philadelphia to write practical constitution for the 13 states. 1787 Shays's Rebellion, of debt-ridden farmers in Massachusetts, failed Jan. 25. Northwest Ordinance adopted July 13 by Continental Congress. Determined government of Northwest Territory north of Ohio River, west of New York; 60,000 inhabitants could get statehood. Guaranteed freedom of religion, support for schools, no slavery. Constitutional convention opened at Philadelphia May 25 with George Washington presiding. Constitution adopted by delegates Sept. 17; ratification by 9th state, New Hampshire, June 21, 1788, meant adoption; declared in effect Mar. 4, 1789. 1789 George Washington chosen president by all electors voting (73 eligible, 69 voting, 4 absent); John Adams, vice president, 34 votes. Feb. 4. First Congress met at Federal Hall, N.Y. City; regular sessions began Apr. 6. Washington inaugurated there Apr. 30. Supreme Court created by Federal Judiciary Act Sept. 24. Congress submitted Bill of Rights to states Sept. 25. 1790 Congress met in Phila. Dec. 6, new temporary Capital. 1791 Bill of Rights went into effect Dec. 15. 1792 Gen. "Mad" Anthony Wayne made commander in Ohio-Indiana area, trained "American Legion"; established string of forts. Routed Indians at Fallen Timbers on Maumee River Aug. 20, 1794, checked British at Fort Miami, Ohio. 1793 Eli Whitney invented cotton gin, reviving southern slavery. 1794 Whiskey Rebellion, west Pennsylvania farmers protesting liquor tax of 1791, was suppressed by 15,000 militiamen Sept. 1794. Alexander Hamilton used incident to establish authority of the new federal government in enforcing its laws. 1795 U.S. bought peace from Algiers and Tunis by paying $800,000, supplying a frigate and annual tribute of $25,000 Nov. 28. Gen. Wayne signed peace with Indians at Fort Greenville. Univ. of North Carolina became first operating state university. 1796 Washington's Farewell Address as president delivered Sept. 19. Gave strong warnings against permanent alliances with foreign powers, big public debt, large military establishment and devices of "small, artful, enterprising minority" to control or change government. 1797 U.S. frigate United States launched at Philadelphia July 10; Constellation at Baltimore Sept. 7; Constitution (Old Ironsides) at Boston Sept. 20. 1798 War with France threatened over French raids on U.S. shipping and rejection of U.S. diplomats. Congress voided all treaties with France, ordered Navy to capture French armed ships. Navy (45 ships) and 365 privateers captured 84 French ships. USS Constellation took French warship Insurgente 1799. Napoleon stopped French raids after becoming First Consul. 1801 Tripoli declared war June 10 against U.S., which refused added tribute to commerce-raiding Arab corsairs. Land and naval campaigns forced Tripoli to conclude peace June 4, 1805. 1803 Supreme Court, in Marbury v. Madison case, for the first time overturned a U.S. law Feb. 24. Napoleon, who had recovered Louisiana from Spain by secret treaty, sold all of Louisiana, stretching to Canadian border, to U.S., for $11,250,000 in bonds, plus $3,750,000 indemnities to American citizens with claims against France. U.S. took title Dec. 20. Purchases doubled U.S. area. 1804 Lewis and Clark expedition ordered by Pres. Jefferson to explore what is now northwest U.S. Started from St. Louis May 14; ended Sept. 23, 1806. Sacagawea, an Indian woman, served as guide. Vice Pres. Aaron Burr, after long political rivalry, shot Alexander Hamilton in a duel July 11 in Weehawken, N.J.; Hamilton died the next day. 1807 Robert Fulton made first practical steamboat trip; left N.Y. City Aug. 17, reached Albany, 150 mi., in 32 hrs. 1808 Slave importation outlawed. Some 250,000 slaves were illegally imported 1808-1860. 1811 William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana, defeated Indians under the Prophet, in battle of Tippecanoe Nov. 7. Cumberland Road begun at Cumberland, Md.; became important route to West. 1812 War of 1812 had 3 main causes: Britain seized U.S. ships trading with France; Britain seized 4,000 naturalized U.S. sailors by 1810; Britain armed Indians who raided western border. U.S. stopped trade with Europe 1807 and 1809. Trade with Britain only was stopped, 1810. Unaware that Britain had raised the blockade 2 days before, Congress declared war June 18 by a small majority. The West favored war, New England opposed it. The British were handicapped by war with France. U.S. naval victories in 1812 included: USS Essex captured Alert Aug. 13; USS Constitution destroyed Guerriere Aug. 19; USS Wasp took Frolic Oct. 18; USS United States defeated Macedonian off Azores Oct. 25; Constitution beat Java Dec. 29. British captured Detroit Aug. 16. 1813 Oliver H. Perry defeated British fleet at Battle of Lake Erie, Sept. 10. U.S. victory at Battle of the Thames, Ont., Oct. 5, broke Indian allies of Britain, and made Detroit frontier safe for U.S. But Americans failed in Canadian invasion attempts. York (Toronto) and Buffalo were burned. 1814 British landed in Maryland in August, defeated U.S. force Aug. 24, burned Capitol and White House. Maryland militia stopped British advance Sept. 12. Bombardment of Ft. McHenry, Baltimore, for 25 hours, Sept. 13-14, by British fleet failed; Francis Scott Key wrote words to Star Spangled Banner. U.S. won naval Battle of Lake Champlain Sept. 11. Peace treaty signed at Ghent Dec. 24. 1815 Some 5,300 British, unaware of peace treaty, attacked U.S. entrenchments near New Orleans, Jan. 8. British had over 2,000 casualties, Americans lost 71. U.S. flotilla finally ended piracy by Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli by Aug. 6. 1816 Second Bank of the U.S. chartered. 1817 Rush-Bagot treaty signed Apr. 28-29; limited U.S., British armaments on the Great Lakes. 1819 Spain cedes Florida to U.S. Feb. 22. American steamship Savannah made first part steam-powered, part sail-powered crossing of Atlantic, Savannah, Ga. to Liverpool, Eng., 29 days. 1820 Henry Clay's Missouri Compromise bill passed by Congress March 3. Slavery was allowed in Missouri, but not elsewhere west of the Mississippi River north of 36 deg 30' latitude (the southern line of Missouri). Repealed 1854. 1821 Emma Willard founded Troy Female Seminary, first U.S. women's college. 1823 Monroe Doctrine enunciated Dec. 2, opposing European intervention in the Americas. 1824 Pawtucket, R.I. weavers strike in first such action by women. 1825 Erie Canal opened; first boat left Buffalo Oct. 26, reached N.Y. City Nov. 4. Canal cost $7 million but cut travel time one-third, shipping costs nine-tenths; opened Great Lakes area, made N.Y. City chief Atlantic port. John Stevens, of Hoboken, N.J., built and operated first experimental steam locomotive in U.S. 1828 South Carolina Dec. 19 declared the right of state nullification of federal laws, opposing the "Tariff of Abominations." Noah Webster published his American Dictionary of the English Language. Baltimore & Ohio 1st U.S. passenger RR, was begun July 4. 1830 Mormon church organized by Joseph Smith in Fayette, N.Y. Apr. 6. 1831 Nat Turner, black slave in Virginia, led local slave rebellion, killed 57 whites in Aug. Troops called in, Turner captured, tried, and hanged. 1832 Black Hawk War (Ill.-Wis.) Apr.-Sept. pushed Sauk and Fox Indians west across Mississippi. South Carolina convention passed Ordinance of Nullification in Nov. against permanent tariff, threatening to withdraw from the Union. Congress Feb. 1833 passed a compromise tariff act, whereupon South Carolina repealed its act. 1833 Oberlin College, first in U.S. to adopt coeducation; refused to bar students on account of race, 1835. 1835 Texas proclaimed right to secede from Mexico; Sam Houston put in command of Texas army, Nov. 2-4. Gold discovered on Cherokee land in Georgia. Indians forced to cede lands Dec. 20 and to cross Mississippi. 1836 Texans besieged in Alamo in San Antonio by Mexicans under Santa Anna Feb. 23-Mar. 6; entire garrison killed. Texas independence declared, Mar. 2. At San Jacinto Apr. 21 Sam Houston and Texans defeated Mexicans. Marcus Whitman, H.H. Spaulding and wives reached Fort Walla Walla on Columbia River, Oregon. First white women to cross plains. Seminole Indians in Florida under Osceola began attacks Nov. 1, protesting forced removal. The unpopular 8-year war ended Aug. 14, 1842; Indians were sent to Oklahoma. War cost the U.S. 1,500 soldiers. 1841 First emigrant wagon train for California, 47 persons, left Independence, Mo. May 1, reached Cal. Nov. 4. Brook Farm commune set up by New England transcendentalist intellectuals. Lasts to 1846. 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty signed Aug. 9, fixing the U.S.-Canada border in Maine and Minnesota. First use of anesthetic (sulphuric ether gas). Settlement of Oregon begins via Oregon Trail. 1844 First message over first telegraph line sent May 24 by inventor Samuel F.B. Morse from Washington to Baltimore: "What hath God wrought!" 1845 Texas Congress voted for annexation to U.S. July 4. U.S. Congress admits Texas to Union Dec. 29. 1846 Mexican War. Pres. James K. Polk ordered Gen. Zachary Taylor to seize disputed Texan land settled by Mexicans. After border clash, U.S. declared war May 13; Mexico May 23. Northern Whigs opposed war, southerners backed it. Bear flag of Republic of Californiaraised by American settlers at Sonoma June 14. About 12,000 U.S. troops took Vera Cruz Mar. 27, 1847, Mexico City Sept. 14, 1847. By treaty, Feb. 1848, Mexico cededclaims to Texas, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, part of Colorado. U.S. assumed $3 million American claims and paid Mexico $15 million. Treaty with Great Britain June 15 set boundary in Oregon territory at 49th parallel (extension of existing line). Expansionists had used slogan "54 deg 40' or fight." Mormons, after violent clashes with settlers over polygamy, left Nauvoo, Ill. for West under Brigham Young, settled July 1847 at Salt Lake City, Utah. Elias Howe invented sewing machine. 1847 First adhesive U.S. postage stamps on sale July 1; Benjamin Franklin 5[cent ], Washington 10[cent ]. Ralph Waldo Emerson published first book of poems; Henry Wadsworth Longfellow published Evangeline. 1848 Gold discovered Jan. 24 in California; 80,000 prospectors emigrate in 1849. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton lead Seneca Falls, N.Y. Women's Rights Convention July 19-20. 1850 Sen. Henry Clay's Compromise of 1850 admitted California as 31st state Sept. 9, slavery forbidden; made Utah and New Mexico territories without decision on slavery; made Fugitive Slave Law more harsh; ended District of Columbia slave trade. 1851 Herman Melville's Moby Dick, Nathaniel Hawthorne's House of the Seven Gables published. 1852 Uncle Tom's Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, published. 1853 Commodore Matthew C. Perry, U.S.N., received by Lord of Toda, Japan July 14; negotiated treaty to open Japan to U.S. ships. 1854 Republican party formed at Ripon, Wis. Feb. 28. Opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act (became law May 30) which left issue of slavery to vote of settlers. Henry David Thoreau published Walden. 1855 Walt Whitman published Leaves of Grass. First railroad train crossed Mississippi on the river's first bridge, Rock Island, Ill.-Davenport, Ia. Apr. 21. 1856 Republican party's first nominee for president, John C. Fremont, defeated. Abraham Lincoln made 50 speeches for him. Lawrence, Kan. sacked May 21 by slavery party; abolitionist John Brown led anti-slavery men against Missourians at Osawatomie, Kan. Aug. 30 1857 Dred Scott decision by U.S. Supreme Court Mar. 6 held, 6-3, that a slave did not become free when taken into a free state, Congress could not bar slavery from a territory, and blacks could not be citizens. 1858 First Atlantic cable completed by Cyrus W. Field Aug. 5; cable failed Sept. 1. Lincoln-Douglas debates in Illinois Aug. 21-Oct. 15. 1859 First commercially productive oil well, drilled near Titusville, Pa., by Edwin L. Drake Aug. 27. Abolitionist John Brown with 21 men seized U.S. Armory at Harpers Ferry (then Va.) Oct. 16. U.S. Marines captured raiders, killing several. Brown was hanged for treason by Virginia Dec. 2. 1860 New England shoe-workers, 20,000, strike, win higher wages. Abraham Lincoln, Republican, elected president in 4-way race. First Pony Express between Sacramento, Cal. and St. Joseph, Mo. started Apr. 3; service ended Oct. 24, 1861 when first transcontinental telegraph line was completed. 1861 Seven southern states set up Confederate States of America Feb. 8, with Jefferson Davis as president. Civil War began as Confederates fired on Ft. Sumter in Charleston, S.C. Apr. 12; they captured it Apr. 14. President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers Apr. 15. By May, 11 states had seceded. Lincoln blockaded southern ports Apr. 19, cutting off vital exports, aid. Confederates repelled Union forces at first Battle of Bull Run July 21. First transcontinental telegraph was put in operation. 1862 Homestead Act was approved May 20; it granted free family farms to settlers. Land Grant Act approved July 7, providing for public land sale to benefit agricultural education; eventually led to establishment of state university systems. Union forces were victorious in western campaigns, took New Orleans. Battles in East were inconclusive. 1863 Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 1, freeing "all slaves in areas still in rebellion." The entire Mississippi River was in Union hands by July 4. Union forces won a major victory at Gettysburg, Pa. July 1-July 4. Lincoln read his Gettysburg Address Nov. 19. Draft riots in N.Y. City killed about 1,000, including blacks who were hanged by mobs July 13-16. Rioters protested provision allowing money payment in place of service. Such payments were ended 1864. 1864 Gen. Sherman marched through Georgia, taking Atlanta Sept. 1, Savannah Dec. 22. Sand Creek massacre of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians Nov. 29 in a raid by 900 cavalrymen who killed 150-500 men, women, and children; 9 soldiers died. The tribes were awaiting surrender terms when attacked. 1865 Robert E. Lee surrendered 27,800 Confederate troops to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Va. Apr. 9. J.E. Johnston surrendered 31,200 to Sherman at Durham Station, N.C. Apr. 18. Last rebel troops surrendered May 26. President Lincoln was shot Apr. 14 by John Wilkes Booth in Ford's Theater, Washington; died the following morning. Booth was reported dead Apr. 26. Four co-conspirators were hanged July 7. Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery, took effect Dec. 18. 1866 First post of the Grand Army of the Republic formed Apr. 6; was a major national political force for years. Last encampment, Aug. 31, 1949, attended by 6 of the 16 surviving veterans. Ku Klux Klan formed secretly in South to terrorize blacks who voted. Disbanded 1869-71. A second Klan was organized 1915. Congress took control of southern Reconstruction, backed freedmen's rights. 1867 Alaska sold to U.S. by Russia for $7.2 million Mar. 30 through efforts of Sec. of State William H. Seward. Horatio Alger published first book, Ragged Dick. The Grange was organized Dec 4, to protect farmer interests. 1868 The World Almanac, a publication of the New York World, appeared for the first time. Pres. Andrew Johnson tried to remove Edwin M. Stanton, secretary of war; was impeached by House Feb. 24 for violation of Tenure of Office Act; acquitted by Senate March-May. Stanton resigned. 1869 Financial "Black Friday" in New York Sept. 24; caused by attempt to "corner" gold. Transcontinental railroad completed; golden spike driven at Promontory, Utah May 10 marking the junction of Central Pacific and Union Pacific. Knights of Labor formed in Philadelphia. By 1886, it had 700,000 members nationally. Woman suffrage law passed in Territory of Wyoming Dec. 10. 1871 Great firedestroyed Chicago Oct. 8-11; loss est. at $196 million. 1872 Amnesty Act restored civil rights to citizens of the South May 22 except for 500 Confederate leaders. Congress founded first national park --Yellowstone in Wyoming. 1873 First U.S. postal card issued May 1. Banks failed, panic began in Sept. Depression lasted 5 years. "Boss" William Tweed of N.Y. City convicted of stealing public funds. He died in jail in 1878. Bellevue Hospital in N.Y. City started the first school of nursing. 1875 Congress passed Civil Rights Act Mar. 1 giving equal rights to blacks in public accommodations and jury duty. Act invalidated in 1883 by Supreme Court. First Kentucky Derby held May 17 at Churchill Downs, Louisville, Ky. 1876 Samuel J. Tilden, Democrat, received majority of popular votes for president over Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican, but 22 electoral votes were in dispute; issue left to Congress. Hayes given presidency in Feb., 1877 after Republicans agree to end Reconstruction of South. Col. George A. Custer and 264 soldiers of the 7th Cavalry killed June 25 in "last stand," Battle of the Little Big Horn, Mont., in Sioux Indian War. Mark Twain published Tom Sawyer. 1877 Molly Maguires, Irish terrorist society in Scranton, Pa. mining areas, broken up by hanging of 11 leaders for murders of mine officials and police. Pres. Hayes sent troops in violent national railroad strike. 1878 First commercial telephone exchange opened, New Haven, Conn. Jan. 28. 1879 F.W. Woolworth opened his first five-and-ten store in Utica, N.Y. Feb. 22. Henry George published Progress & Poverty, advocating single tax on land. 1881 Pres. James A. Garfield shot in Washington, D.C. July 2; died Sept. 19. Booker T. Washington founded Tuskegee Institute for blacks. Helen Hunt Jackson published A Century of Dishonor about mistreatment of Indians. 1883 Pendleton Act, passed Jan. 16, reformed federal civil service. Brooklyn Bridge opened May 24. 1886 Haymarket riot and bombing, evening of May 4, followed bitter labor battles for 8-hour day in Chicago; 7 police and 4 workers died, 66 wounded. Eight anarchists found guilty. Gov. John P. Altgeld denounced trial as unfair. Geronimo, Apache Indian, finally surrendered Sept. 4. American Federation of Labor (AFL) formed Dec. 8 by 25 craft unions. 1888 Great blizzard in eastern U.S. Mar. 11-14; 400 deaths. 1889 Johnstown, Pa. flood May 31; 2,200 lives lost. 1890 First execution by electrocution: William Kemmler Aug. 6 at Auburn Prison, Auburn, N.Y., for murder. Battle of Wounded Knee, S.D. Dec. 29, the last major conflict between Indians and U.S. troops. About 200 Indian men, women, and children, and 29 soldiers were killed. Castle Garden closed as N.Y. immigration depot; Ellis Island opened Dec. 31, closed 1954. Sherman Antitrust Act begins federal effort to curb monopolies. Jacob Riis published How the Other Half Lives, about city slums. 1892 Homestead, Pa., strike at Carnegie steel mills; 7 guards and 11 strikers and spectators shot to death July 6; setback for unions. 1893 Financial panic began, led to 4-year depression. 1894 Thomas A. Edison's kinetoscope (motion pictures) (invented 1887) given first public showing Apr. 14. Jacob S. Coxey led 500 unemployed from the Midwest into Washington, D.C. Apr. 29. Coxey was arrested for trespassing on Capitol grounds. 1896 William Jennings Bryan delivered "Cross of Gold" into Washington, D.C. Apr. 29. Supreme Court, in Plessy v. Ferguson, approved racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. 1898 U.S. battleship Maine blown up Feb. 15 at Havana, 260 killed. U.S. blockaded Cuba Apr. 22 in aid of independence forces. U.S. declared war on Spain, Apr. 24, destroyed Spanish fleet in Philippines May 1, took Guam June 20. Puerto Rico taken by U.S. July 25-Aug. 12. Spain agreed Dec. 10 to cede Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam, and approved independence for Cuba. U.S. annexed independent republic of Hawaii. 1899 Filipino insurgents, unable to get recognition of independence from U.S., started guerrilla war Feb. 4. Crushed with capture May 23, 1901 of leader, Emilio Aguinaldo. U.S. declared Open Door Policy to make China an open international market and to preserve its integrity as a nation. John Dewey published School and Society, backing progressive education. 1900 Carry Nation, Kansas anti-saloon agitator, began raiding with hatchet. U.S. helped suppress "Boxers" in Peking. 1901 Pres. William McKinley was shot Sept. 6 by an anarchist, Leon Czolgosz; died Sept. 14. 1903 Treaty between U.S. and Colombia to have U.S. dig Panama Canal signed Jan. 22, rejected by Colombia. Panama declared independence with U.S. support Nov. 3; recognized by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt Nov. 6. U.S., Panama signed canal treaty Nov. 18. Wisconsin set first direct primary voting system May 23. First automobile trip across U.S. from San Francisco to New York May 23-Aug. 1. First successful flight in heavier-than-air mechanically propelled airplane by Orville Wright Dec. 17 near Kitty Hawk, N.C., 120 ft. in 12 seconds. Fourth flight same day by Wilbur Wright, 852 ft. in 59 seconds. Improved plane patented May 22, 1906. Jack London published Call of the Wild. Great Train Robbery, pioneering film, produced. 1904 Ida Tarbell published muckraking History of Standard Oil. 1905 First Rotary Club of businessmen founded in Chicago. 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire Apr. 18-19 left 503 dead, $350 million damages. Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act both passed June 30. 1907 Financial panic and depression started Mar. 13. First round-world cruise of U.S. "Great White Fleet"; 16 battleships, 12,000 men. 1909 Adm. Robert E. Peary reached North Pole Apr. 6 on 6th attempt, accompanied by Matthew Henson, a black man, and 4 Eskimos. National Conference on the Negro convened May 30, leading to founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. 1910 Boy Scouts of America founded Feb. 8. 1911 Supreme Court dissolved Standard Oil Co. First transcontinental airplane flight (with numerous stops) by C.P. Rodgers, New York to Pasadena, Sept. 17-Nov. 5; time in air 82 hrs., 4 min. 1912 Amer. Girl Guides founded Mar. 12; name changed in 1913 to Girl Scouts. U.S. sent marines Aug. 14 to Nicaragua, which was in default of loans to U.S. and Europe. 1913 N.Y. Armory Show brought modern art to U.S. Feb. 17. U.S. blockaded Mexico in support of revolutionaries. Charles Beard published his Economic Interpretation of the Constitution. Federal Reserve System was authorized Dec. 23, in a major reform of U.S. banking and finance. 1914 Ford Motor Co. raised basic wage rates from $2.40 for 9-hr. day to $5 for 8-hr. day Jan. 5. When U.S. sailors were arrested at Tampico Apr. 9, Atlantic fleet was sent to Veracruz, occupied city. Pres. Wilson proclaimed U.S. neutrality in the European war Aug. 4. The Clayton Antitrust Act was passed Oct. 15, strengthening federal anti-monopoly powers. 1915 First telephone talk, New York to San Francisco, Jan. 25 by Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson. British ship Lusitania sunk May 7 by German submarine; 128 American passengers lost (Germany had warned passengers in advance). As a result of U.S. campaign, Germany issued apology and promise of payments Oct. 5. Pres. Wilson asked for a military fund increase Dec. 7. U.S. troops landed in Haiti July 28. Haiti became a virtual U.S. protectorate under Sept. 16 treaty. 1916 Gen. John J. Pershing entered Mexico to pursue Francisco (Pancho) Villa, who had raided U.S. border areas. Forces withdrawn Feb. 5, 1917. Rural Credits Act passed July 17, followed by Warehouse Act. Aug. 11; both provided financial aid to farmers. Bomb exploded during San Francisco Preparedness Day parade July 22, killed 10. Thomas J. Mooney, labor organizer, and Warren K. Billings, shoe worker, were convicted; both pardoned in 1939. U.S. bought Virgin Islands from Denmark Aug. 4. Jeannette Rankin, 1st U.S. Congresswoman (R-Montana) elected. U.S. established military government in the Dominican Republic Nov. 29. Trade and loans to European Allies soared during the year. John Dewey published Democracy and Education. Carl Sandburg published Chicago Poems. 1917 Germany, suffering from British blockade, declared almost unrestricted submarine warfare Jan. 31. U.S. cut diplomatic ties with Germany Feb. 3, and formally declared war Apr. 6. Conscription law was passed May 18. First U.S. troops arrived in Europe June 26. The 18th (Prohibition) Amendment to the Constitution was submitted to the states by Congress Dec. 18. On Jan. 16, 1919, the 36th state (Nevada) ratified it. Franklin D. Roosevelt, as 1932 presidential candidate, endorsed repeal; 21st Amendment repealed 18th; ratification completed Dec. 5, 1933. 1918 Over one million American troops were in Europe by July. War ended Nov. 11. Influenza epidemic killed an estimated 20 million worldwide, 548,000 in U.S. 1919 First transatlantic flight, by U.S. Navy seaplane, left Rockaway, N.Y. May 8, stopped at Newfoundland, Azores, Lisbon May 27. Boston police strike Sept. 9; National Guard breaks strike. Sherwood Anderson published Winesburg, Ohio. About 250 alien radicals were deported Dec. 22. 1920 In national Red Scare, some 2,700 Communists, anarchists, and other radicals were arrested Jan.-May. Senate refused Mar. 19 to ratify the League of Nations Covenant. Nicola Sacco, 29, shoe factory employee and radical agitator, and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, 32, fish peddler and anarchist, accused of killing 2 men in Mass. payroll holdup Apr. 15. Found guilty 1921. A 6-year worldwide campaign for release on grounds of want of conclusive evidence and prejudice failed. Both were executed Aug. 23, 1927. Vindicated July 19, 1977 by proclamation of Mass. Gov. Dukakis. First regular licensed radio broadcasting begun Aug. 20. 19th Amendment ratified Aug. 26, giving women right to vote. League of Women Voters founded. Wall St., N.Y. City, bomb explosion killed 30, injured 100, did $2 million damage Sept. 16. Sinclair Lewis' Main Street, F. Scott Fitzgerald's This Side of Paradise published. 1921 Congress sharply curbed immigration, set national quota system May 19. Joint Congressional resolution declaring peace with Germany, Austria, and Hungary signed July 2 by Pres. Harding; treaties were signed in Aug. Limitation of Armaments Conference met in Washington Nov. 12 to Feb. 6, 1922. Major powers agreed to curtail naval construction, outlaw poison gas, restrict submarine attack on merchantmen, respect integrity of China. Ku Klux Klan began revival with violence against blacks in North, South, and Midwest. 1922 Violence during coal-mine strike at Herrin, Ill., June 22-23 cost 36 lives, 21 of them non-union miners. Reader's Digest founded. 1923 First sound-on-film motion picture, "Phonofilm" was shown by Lee de Forest at Rivoli Theater, N.Y. City, beginning in April. 1924 Law approved by Congress June 15 making all Indians citizens. Nellie Tayloe Ross elected governor of Wyoming Nov. 9 after death of her husband Oct. 2; installed Jan. 5, 1925, first woman governor. Miriam (Ma) Ferguson was elected governor of Texas Nov. 9; installed Jan. 20, 1925. George Gershwin wrote Rhapsody in Blue. 1925 John T. Scopes found guilty of having taught evolution in Dayton, Tenn. high school, fined $100 and costs July 24. 1926 Dr. Robert H. Goddard demonstrated practicality of rockets Mar. 16 at Auburn, Mass. with first liquid fuel rocket; rocket traveled 184 ft. in 2.5 secs. Air Commerce Act passed, providing federal aid for airlines and airports. 1927 About 1,000 marines landed in China Mar. 5 to protect property in civil war. Capt. Charles A. Lindbergh left Roosevelt Field, N.Y. May 20 alone in plane Spirit of St. Louis on first New York-Paris nonstop flight. Reached Le Bourget airfield May 21, 3,610 miles in 33 1/2 hours. The Jazz Singer, with Al Jolson, demonstrated part-talking pictures in N.Y. City Oct. 6. Show Boat opened in New York Dec. 27. O. E. Rolvaag published Giants in the Earth. 1928 Herbert Hoover elected president against Alfred E. Smith, the Catholic governor of New York. Amelia Earhart became first woman to fly the Atlantic June 17. 1929 "St. Valentine's Day massacre" in Chicago Feb. 14; gangsters killed 7 rivals. Farm price stability aided by Agricultural Marketing Act, passed June 15. Albert B. Fall, former sec. of the interior, was convicted of accepting a bribe of $100,000 in the leasing of the Elk Hills (Teapot Dome) naval oil reserve; sentenced Nov. 1 to $100,000 fine and year in prison. Stock Market crash Oct. 29 marked end of postwar prosperity as stock prices plummeted. Stock losses for 1929-31 estimated at $50 billion; worst American depression began. Thomas Wolfe published Look Homeward, Angel. William Faulkner published The Sound and the Fury. 1930 London Naval Reduction Treaty signed by U.S., Britain, Italy, France, and Japan Apr. 22; in effect Jan. 1, 1931; expired Dec. 31, 1936. Hawley-Smoot Tariff signed; rate hikes slash world trade. 1931 Empire State Building opened in N.Y. City May 1. Pearl Buck published The Good Earth. 1932 Reconstruction Finance Corp. established Jan. 22 to stimulate banking and business. Unemployment at 12 million. Charles Lindbergh Jr. kidnaped Mar. 1, found dead May 12. Bonus March on Washington May 29 by World War I veterans demanding Congress pay their bonus in full. 1933 FDR named Frances Perkins U.S. Secy of Labor; 1st woman in U.S. Cabinet. All banks in the U.S. were ordered closed by Pres. Roosevelt Mar. 6. In the "100 days" special session, Mar. 9--June 16, Congress passed New Deal social and economic measures. Gold standard dropped by U.S.; announced by Pres. Roosevelt Apr. 19, ratified by Congress June 5. Prohibition ended in the U.S. as 36th state ratified 21st Amendment Dec. 5. U.S. foreswore armed intervention in Western Hemisphere nations Dec. 26. 1934 U.S. troops pull out of Haiti Aug. 6. 1935 Comedian Will Rogers and aviator Wiley Post killed Aug. 15 in Alaska plane crash. Social Security Act passed by Congress Aug. 14. Huey Long, Senator from Louisiana and national political leader, was assassinated Sept. 8. Porgy and Bess, George Gershwin opera on American theme, opened Oct. 10 in N.Y. City. Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) formed to expand industrial unionism Nov. 9. 1936 Boulder Dam completed. Margaret Mitchell published Gone With the Wind. 1937 Amelia Earhart Putnam, aviator, and co-pilot Fred Noonan lost July 2 near Howland Is. in the Pacific. Pres. Roosevelt asked for 6 additional Supreme Court justices; "packing" plan defeated. Auto, steel labor unions won first big contracts. 1938 Naval Expansion Act passed May 17. National minimum wage enacted June 28. Orson Welles radio dramatization of War of the Worlds caused nationwide scare Oct. 30. 1939 Pres. Roosevelt asked defense budget hike Jan. 5, 12. N.Y. World's Fair opened Apr. 30, closed Oct. 31; reopened May 11, 1940, and finally closed Oct. 21. Einstein alerts FDR to A-bomb opportunity in Aug. 2 letter. U.S. declares its neutrality in European war Sept. 5. Roosevelt proclaimed a limited national emergency Sept. 8, an unlimited emergency May 27, 1941. Both ended by Pres. Truman Apr. 28, 1952. John Steinbeck published Grapes of Wrath. 1940 U.S. okayed sale of surplus war material to Britain June 3; announced transfer of 50 overaged destroyers Sept. 3. First peacetime draft approved Sept. 14. Richard Wright published Native Son. 1941 The Four Freedoms termed essential by Pres. Roosevelt in speech to Congress Jan. 6: freedom of speech and religion, freedom from want and fear. Lend-Lease Act signed Mar. 11, providing $7 billion in military credits for Britain. Lend-Lease for USSR approved in Nov. U.S. occupied Iceland July 7. The Atlantic Charter, 8-point declaration of principles, issued by Roosevelt and Winston Churchill Aug. 14. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 7:55 a.m. Dec. 7, 19 ships sunk or damaged, 2,300 dead. U.S. declared war on Japan Dec. 8, on Germany and Italy Dec. 11 after those countries declared war. 1942 Federal government forcibly moved 110,000 Japanese-Americans (including 75,000 U.S. citizens) from West Coast to detention camps. Exclusion lasted 3 years. Battle of Midway June 4-7 was Japan's first major defeat. Marines landed on Guadalcanal Aug. 7; last Japanese not expelled until Feb. 9, 1943. U.S., Britain invaded North Africa Nov. 8. First nuclear chain reaction (fission of uranium isotope U-235) produced at Univ. of Chicago, under physicists Arthur Compton, Enrico Fermi, others Dec. 2. 1943 All war contractors barred from racial discrimination May 27. Pres. Roosevelt signed June 10 the pay-as-you-go income tax bill. Starting July 1 wage and salary earners were subject to a paycheck withholding tax. Race riot in Detroit June 21; 34 dead, 700 injured. Riot in Harlem section of N.Y. City; 6 killed. U.S. troops invaded Italy Sept. 9. Marines advanced in Gilbert Is. in Nov. 1944 U.S., Allied forces invaded Europe at Normandy June 6. G.I. Bill of Rights signed June 22, providing veterans benefits. U.S. forces landed on Leyte, Philippines Oct. 20. 1945 Yalta Conference met in the Crimea, USSR, Feb. 3-11. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed Russia would enter war against Japan. Marines landed on Iwo Jima Feb. 19; U.S. forces invaded Okinawa Apr. 1. Pres. Roosevelt, 63, died of cerebral hemorrhage in Warm Springs, Ga. Apr. 12; V.P. Harry S. Truman became pres. Germany surrendered May 7. First atomic bomb, produced at Los Alamos, N.M., exploded at Alamogordo, N.M. July 16. Bomb dropped on Hiroshima Aug. 6, on Nagasaki Aug. 9. Japan surrendered Aug. 15. U.S. forces entered Korea south of 38th parallel to displace Japanese Sept. 8. Gen. Douglas MacArthur took over supervision of Japan Sept. 9. 1946 Strike by 400,000 mine workers began Apr. 1; other industries followed. Philippines given independence by U.S. July 4. 1947 Truman Doctrine: Pres. Truman asked Congress to aid Greece and Turkey to combat Communist terrorism Mar. 12. Approved May 15. United Nations Security Council voted unanimously Apr. 2 to place under U.S. trusteeship the Pacific islands formerly mandated to Japan. Jackie Robinson on Brooklyn Dodgers Apr. 11, broke the color barrier in major league baseball. Taft-Hartley Labor Act curbing strikes was vetoed by Truman June 20; Congress overrode the veto. Proposals later known as the Marshall Plan, under which the U.S. would extend aid to European countries, were made by Sec. of State George C. Marshall June 5. Congress authorized some $12 billion in next 4 years. 1948 USSR began a land blockade of Berlin's Allied sectors Apr. 1. This blockade and Western counter-blockade were lifted Sept. 30, 1949, after British and U.S. planes had lifted 2,343,315 tons of food and coal into the city. Organization of American States founded Apr. 30. Alger Hiss, former State Dept. official, indicted Dec. 15 for perjury, after denying he had passed secret documents to Whittaker Chambers for transmission to a communist spy ring. His second trial ended in conviction Jan. 21, 1950, and a sentence of 5 years in prison. Kinsey Report on Sexuality in the Human Male published. 1949 U.S. troops withdrawn from Korea June 29. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established Aug. 24 by U.S., Canada, and 10 West European nations, agreeing that an armed attack against one or more of them would be considered an attack against all. Mrs. I. Toguri D'Aquino (Tokyo Rose of Japanese wartime broadcasts) was sentenced Oct. 7 to 10 years in prison for treason. Paroled 1956, pardoned 1977. Eleven leaders of U.S. Communist party convicted Oct. 14, after 9-month trial in N.Y. City, of advocating violent overthrow of U.S. government. Ten defendants sentenced to 5 years in prison each and the 11th to 3 years. Supreme Court upheld the convictions June 4, 1951. 1950 U.S. Jan 14 recalled all consular officials from China after the latter seized the American consulate general in Peking. Masked bandits robbed Brink's Inc., Boston express office, Jan. 17 of $2.8 million, of which $1.2 million was in cash. Case solved 1956, 8 sentenced to life. Pres. Truman authorized production of H-bomb Jan. 31. United Nations asked for troops to restore Korea peace June 25. Truman ordered Air Force and Navy to Korea June 27 after North Korea invaded South. Truman approved ground forces, air strikes against North June 30. U.S. sent 35 military advisers to South Vietnam June 27, and agreed to provide military and economic aid to anti-Communist government. Army seized all railroads Aug. 27 on Truman's order to prevent a general strike; roads returned to owners in 1952. U.S. forces landed at Inchon Sept. 15; UN force took Pyongyang Oct. 20, reached China border Nov. 20, China sent troops across border Nov. 26. Two members of a Puerto Rican nationalist movement tried to kill Pres. Truman Nov. 1. (see Assassinations) U.S. Dec. 8 banned shipments to Communist China and to Asiatic ports trading with it. 1951 Sen. Estes Kefauver led Senate investigation into organized crime. Preliminary report Feb. 28 said gambling take was over $20 billion a year. Julius Rosenberg, his wife, Ethel, and Morton Sobell, all U.S. citizens, were found guilty Mar. 29 of conspiracy to commit wartime espionage. Rosenbergs sentenced to death, Sobell to 30 years. Rosenbergs executed June 19, 1953. Sobell released Jan. 14, 1969. Gen. Douglas MacArthur was removed from his Korea command Apr. 11 for unauthorized policy statements. Korea cease-fire talks began in July; lasted 2 years. Fighting ended July 27, 1953. Tariff concessions by the U.S. to the Soviet Union, Communist China, and all communist-dominated lands were suspended Aug. 1. The U.S., Australia, and New Zealand signed a mutual security pact Sept. 1. Transcontinental television inaugurated Sept. 4 with Pres. Truman's address at the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference in San Francisco. Japanese Peace Treaty signed in San Francisco Sept. 8 by U.S., Japan, and 47 other nations. J.D. Salinger published Catcher in the Rye. 1952 U.S. seizure of nation's steel mills was ordered by Pres. Truman Apr. 8 to avert a strike. Ruled illegal by Supreme Court June 2. Peace contract between West Germany, U.S., Great Britain, and France was signed May 26. The last racial and ethnic barriers to naturalization were removed, June 26-27, with the passage of the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952. First hydrogen device explosion Nov. 1 at Eniwetok Atoll in Pacific. 1953 Pres. Eisenhower announced May 8 that U.S. had given France $60 million for Indochina War. More aid was announced in Sept. In 1954 it was reported that three fourths of the war's costs were met by U.S. 1954 Nautilus, first atomic-powered submarine, was launched at Groton, Conn. Jan. 21. Five members of Congress were wounded in the House Mar. 1 by 4 Puerto Rican independence supporters who fired at random from a spectators' gallery. Sen. Joseph McCarthy led televised hearings Apr. 22-June 17 into alleged Communist influence in the Army. Racial segregation in public schools was unanimously ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court May 17, as a violation of the 14th Amendment clause guaranteeing equal protection of the laws. Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) formed by collective defense pact signed in Manila Sept. 8 by the U.S., Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Pakistan, and Thailand. Condemnation of Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy (R., Wis.) voted by Senate, 67-22 Dec. 2 for contempt of a Senate elections subcommittee, for abuse of its members, and for insults to the Senate during his Army investigation hearings. 1955 U.S. agreed Feb. 12 to help train South Vietnamese army. Supreme Court ordered "all deliberate speed" in integration of public schools May 31. A summit meeting of leaders of U.S., Britain, France, and USSR took place July 18-23 in Geneva, Switzerland. Rosa Parks refused Dec. 1 to give her seat to a white man on a bus in Montgomery, Ala. Bus segregation ordinance declared unconstitutional by a federal court following boycott and NAACP protest. Merger of America's 2 largest labor organizations was effected Dec. 5 under the name American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations. The merged AFL-CIO had a membership estimated at 15 million. 1956 Massive resistance to Supreme Court desegregation rulings was called for Mar. 12 by 101 Southern congressmen. Federal-Aid Highway Act signed June 29, inaugurating interstate highway system. First transatlantic telephone cable went into operation Sept. 25. 1957 Congress approved first civil rights bill for blacks since Reconstruction Apr. 29, to protect voting rights. National Guardsmen, called out by Arkansas Gov. Orval Faubus Sept. 4, barred 9 black students from entering previously all-white Central High School in Little Rock. Faubus complied Sept. 21 with a federal court order to remove the National Guardsmen. The blacks entered school Sept. 23 but were ordered to withdraw by local authorities because of fear of mob violence. Pres. Eisenhower sent federal troops Sept. 24 to enforce the court's order. Jack Kerouac published On the Road. 1958 First U.S. earth satellite to go into orbit, Explorer I, launched by Army Jan. 31 at Cape Canaveral, Fla.; discovered Van Allen radiation belt. Five thousand U.S. Marines sent to Lebanon to protect elected government from threatened overthrow July-Oct. First domestic jet airline passenger service in U.S. opened by National Airlines Dec. 10 between N.Y. and Miami. 1959 Alaska admitted as 49th state Jan. 3; Hawaii admitted Aug. 21. St. Lawrence Seaway opened Apr. 25. The George Washington, first U.S. ballistic-missile submarine, launched at Groton, Conn. June 9. N.S. Savannah, world's first atomic-powered merchant ship, launched July 21 at Camden, N.J. Soviet Premier Khrushchev paid unprecedented visit to U.S. Sept. 15-27, made transcontinental tour. 1960 Sit-ins began Feb. 1 when 4 black college students in Greensboro, N.C. refused to move from a Woolworth lunch counter when denied service. By Sept. 1961 more than 70,000 students, whites and blacks, had participated in sit-ins. U.S. launched first weather satellite, Tiros I, Apr. 1. Congress approved a strong voting rights act Apr. 21. A U-2 reconnaisance plane of the U.S. was shot down in the Soviet Union May 1. The incident led to cancellation of an imminent Paris summit conference. Mobs attacked U.S. embassy in Panama Sept. 17 in dispute over flying of U.S. and Panamanian flags. U.S. announced Dec. 15 it backed rightist group in Laos, which took power the next day. 1961 The U.S. severed diplomatic and consular relations with Cuba Jan. 3, after disputes over nationalizations of U.S. firms, U.S. military presence at Guantanamo base, etc. Invasion of Cuba's "Bay of Pigs" Apr. 17 by Cuban exiles trained, armed, and directed by the U.S., attempting to overthrow the regime of Premier Fidel Castro, was repulsed. Commander Alan B. Shepard Jr. was rocketed from Cape Canaveral, Fla., 116.5 mi. above the earth in a Mercury capsule May 5 in the first U.S. manned sub-orbital space flight. 1962 Lt. Col. John H. Glenn Jr. became the first American in orbit Feb. 20 when he circled the earth 3 times in the Mercury capsule Friendship 7. Pres. Kennedy said Feb. 14 U.S. military advisers in Vietnam would fire if fired upon. Supreme Court Mar. 26 backed one-man one-vote apportionment of seats in state legislatures. First U.S. communications satellite launched in July. James Meredith became first black student at Univ. of Mississippi Oct. 1 after 3,000 troops put down riots. A Soviet offensive missile buildup in Cuba was revealed Oct. 22 by Pres. Kennedy, who ordered a naval and air quarantine on shipment of offensive military equipment to the island. Kennedy and Soviet Premier Khrushchev reached agreement Oct. 28 on a formula to end the crisis. Kennedy announced Nov. 2 that Soviet missile bases in Cuba were being dismantled. Rachel Carson' Silent Spring launched environmentalist movement. 1963 Supreme Court ruled Mar. 18 that all criminal defendants must have counsel and that illegally acquired evidence was not admissible in state as well as federal courts. Supreme Court ruled, 8-1, June 17 that laws requiring recitation of the Lord's Prayer or Bible verses in public schools were unconstitutional. A limited nuclear test-ban treaty was agreed upon July 25 by the U.S., Soviet Union and Britain, barring all nuclear tests except underground. Washington demonstration by 200,000 persons Aug. 28 in support of black demands for equal rights. Highlight was speech in which Dr. Martin Luther King said: "I have a dream that this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed, 'We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.'" South Vietnam Pres. Ngo Dinh Diem assassinated Nov. 2; U.S. had earlier withdrawn support. Pres. John F. Kennedy was shot and fatally wounded by an assassin Nov. 22 as he rode in a motorcade through downtown Dallas, Tex. Vice Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson was inaugurated president shortly after in Dallas. Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested and charged with the murder. Oswald was shot and fatally wounded Nov. 24 by Jack Ruby, 52, a Dallas nightclub owner, who was convicted of murder Mar. 14, 1964 and sentenced to death. Ruby died of natural causes Jan. 3, 1967 while awaiting retrial. U.S. troops in Vietnam totalled over 15,000 by year-end; aid to South Vietnam was over $500 million in 1963. 1964 Panama suspended relations with U.S. Jan. 9 after riots. U.S. offered Dec. 18 to negotiate a new canal treaty. Supreme Court ordered Feb. 17 that congressional districts have equal populations. U.S. reported May 27 it was sending military planes to Laos. Omnibus civil rights bill passed June 29 banning discrimination in voting, jobs, public accommodations, etc. Three civil rights workers were reported missing in Mississippi June 22; found buried Aug. 4. Twenty-one white men were arrested. On Oct. 20, 1967, an all-white federal jury convicted 7 of conspiracy in the slayings. U.S. Congress Aug. 7 passed Tonkin Resolution, authorizing presidential action in Vietnam, after North Vietnam boats reportedly attacked 2 U.S. destroyers Aug. 2. Congress approved War on Poverty bill Aug. 11. The Warren Commission released Sept. 27 a report concluding that Lee Harvey Oswald was solely responsible for the Kennedy assassination. 1965 Pres. Johnson in Feb. ordered continuous bombing of North Vietnam below 20th parallel. Some 14,000 U.S. troops sent to Dominican Republic during civil war Apr. 28. All troops withdrawn by next year. New Voting Rights Act signed Aug. 6. Los Angeles riot by blacks living in Watts area resulted in death of 34 persons and property damage est. at $200 million Aug. 11-16. Water Quality Act passed Sept. 21 to meet pollution, shortage problems. National origins quota system of immigration abolished Oct. 3. Electric power failure blacked out most of northeastern U.S., parts of 2 Canadian provinces the night of Nov. 9-10. U.S. forces in S. Vietnam reached 184,300 by year-end. 1966 U.S. forces began firing into Cambodia May 1. Bombing of Hanoi area of North Vietnam by U.S. planes began June 29. By Dec. 31, 385,300 U.S. troops were stationed in South Vietnam, plus 60,000 offshore and 33,000 in Thailand. Medicare, government program to pay part of the medical expenses of citizens over 65, began July 1. Edward Brooke (R, Mass.) elected Nov. 8 as first black U.S. senator in 85 years. 1967 Black representative Adam Clayton Powell (D, N.Y.) was denied Mar. 1 his seat in Congress because of charges he misused gvt. funds. Reelected in 1968, he was seated, but fined $25,000 and stripped of his 22 years' seniority. Pres. Johnson and Soviet Premier Aleksei Kosygin met June 23 and 25 at Glassboro State College in N.J.; agreed not to let any crisis push them into war. Black riots in Newark, N.J.) July 12-17 killed 26, injured 1,500; over 1,000 arrested. In Detroit, Mich., July 23-30 at least 40 died; 2,000 injured, 5,000 left homeless by rioting, looting, burning in city's black ghetto. Quelled by 4,700 federal paratroopers and 8,000 National Guardsmen. Thurgood Marshall sworn in Oct. 2 as first black U.S. Supreme Court Justice. Carl B. Stokes (D, Cleveland) and Richard G. Hatcher (D, Gary, Ind.) were elected first black mayors of major U.S. cities Nov. 7. By December 475,000 U.S. troops were in South Vietnam, all North Vietnam was subject to bombing. Protests against the war mounted in U.S. during year. 1968 USS Pueblo and 83-man crew seized in Sea of Japan Jan. 23 by North Koreans; 82 men released Dec. 22. "Tet offensive": Communist troops attacked Saigon, 30 province capitals Jan. 30, suffer heavy casualties. Pres. Johnson curbed bombing of North Vietnam Mar. 31. Peace talks began in Paris May 10. All bombing of North halted Oct. 31. Martin Luther King Jr., 39, assassinated Apr. 4 in Memphis, Tenn. James Earl Ray, an escaped convict, pleaded guilty to the slaying, was sentenced to 99 years. Sen. Robert F. Kennedy (D, N.Y.) 42, shot June 5 in Hotel Ambassador, Los Angeles, after celebrating presidential primary victories. Died June 6. Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, Jordanian, convicted of murder. Rep. Shirley Chisholm (D., N.Y.) became the first black woman elected to Congress. 1969 Expanded four-party Vietnam peace talks began Jan. 18. U.S. force peaked at 543,400 in April. Withdrawal started July 8. Pres. Nixon set Vietnamization policy Nov. 3. U.S. astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, 38, commander of the Apollo 11 mission, became the first man to set foot on the moon July 20. Air Force Col. Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. accompanied Armstrong. Anti-Vietnam War demonstrations reached peak in U.S.; some 250,000 marched in Washington, D.C. Nov. 15. Massacre of hundreds of civilians at Mylai, South Vietnam in 1968 incident was reported Nov. 16. 1970 United Mine Workers official Joseph A. Yablonski, his wife, and their daughter were found shot Jan. 5 in their Clarksville, Pa. home. UMW chief W. A. (Tony) Boyle was later convicted of the killing. A federal jury Feb. 18 found the "Chicago 7" innocent of conspiring to incite riots during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. However, 5 were convicted of crossing state lines with intent to incite riots. Millions of Americans participated in anti-pollution demonstrations Apr. 22 to mark the first Earth Day. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces crossed Cambodian borders Apr. 30 to get at enemy bases. Four students were killed May 4 at Kent St. Univ. in Ohio by National Guardsmen during a protest against the war. Two women generals, the first in U.S. history, were named by Pres. Nixon May 15. A postal reform measure was signed Aug. 12, creating an independent U.S. Postal Service, thus relinquishing governmental control of the U.S. mails after almost 2 centuries. 1971 Charles Manson, 36, and 3 of his followers were found guilty Jan. 26 of first-degree murder in the 1969 slaying of actress Sharon Tate and 6 others. U.S. air and artillery forces aided a 44-day incursion by South Vietnam forces into Laos starting Feb. 8. A Constitutional Amendment lowering the voting age to 18 in all elections was approved in the Senate by a vote of 94-0 Mar. 10. The proposed 26th Amendment got House approval by a 400-19 vote Mar. 23. Thirty-eighth state ratified June 30. A court-martial jury Mar. 29, convicted Lt. William L. Calley Jr. of premeditated murder of 22 South Vietnamese at Mylai on Mar. 16, 1968. He was sentenced to life imprisonment Mar. 31. Sentence was reduced to 20 years Aug. 20. Publication of classified Pentagon papers on the U.S. involvement in Vietnam was begun June 13 by the New York Times. In a 6-3 vote, the U.S. Supreme Court June 30 upheld the right of the Times and the Washington Post to publish the documents under the protection of the First Amendment. 1972 Pres. Nixon arrived in Peking Feb. 21 for an 8-day visit to China, which he called a "journey for peace." The unprecedented visit ended with a joint communique pledging that both powers would work for "a normalization of relations." By a vote of 84 to 8, the Senate approved Mar. 22 a Constitutional Amendment banning discrimination against women because of their sex and sent the measure to the states for ratification. North Vietnamese forces launched the biggest attacks in 4 years across the demilitarized zone Mar. 30. The U.S. responded Apr. 15 by resumption of bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong after a 4-year lull. Nixon announced May 8 the mining of North Vietnam ports. Last U.S. combat troops left Aug. 11. Alabama Gov. George C. Wallace, campaigning at a Laurel, Md. shopping center May 15, was shot and seriously wounded as he greeted a large crowd. Arthur H. Bremer, 21, was sentenced Aug. 4 to 63 years for shooting Wallace and 3 bystanders. In the first visit of a U.S. president to Moscow, Nixon arrived May 22 for a week of summit talks with Kremlin leaders which culminated in a landmark strategic arms pact. Five men were arrested June 17 for breaking into the offices of the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C. The White House announced July 8 that the U.S. would sell to the USSR at least $750 million of American wheat, corn, and other grains over a period of 3 years. U.S. bombers struck massively in North Vietnam for 5 days starting Dec. 26, in retaliation for alleged violations of agreements reached prior to the 1968 bombing halt. U.S. forces at year-end were down to 140,000. 1973 Five of seven defendants in the Watergate break-in trial pleaded guilty Jan. 11 and 15, and the other 2 were convicted Jan. 30. The Supreme Court ruled 7-2, Jan. 22, that a state may not prevent a woman from having an abortion during the first 6 months of pregnancy, invalidating abortion laws in Texas and Georgia, and, by implication, overturning restrictive abortion laws in 44 other states. Four-party Vietnam peace pacts were signed in Paris Jan. 27, and North Vietnam released some 590 U.S. prisoners by Apr. 1. Last U.S. troops left Mar. 29. The end of the military draft was announced Jan. 27. China and the U.S. agreed Feb. 22 to set up permanent liaison offices in each other's country. Top Nixon aides H.R. Haldeman, John D. Ehrlichman, and John W. Dean, and Attorney General Richard Kleindienst resigned Apr. 30 amid charges of White House efforts to obstruct justice in the Watergate case. The Senate Armed Services Committee July 16 began a probe into allegations that the U.S. Air Force had made 3,500 secret B-52 raids into Cambodia in 1969 and 1970. John Dean, former Nixon counsel, told Senate hearings June 25 that Nixon, his staff and campaign aides, and the Justice Department all had conspired to cover up Watergate facts. Nixon refused July 23 to release tapes of relevant White House conversations. Some tapes were turned over to the court Nov. 26. The U.S. officially ceased bombing in Cambodia at midnight Aug. 14 in accord with a June Congressional action. Vice Pres. Spiro T. Agnew Oct. 10 resigned and pleaded "nolo contendere" (no contest) to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him by Maryland contractors when he was governor of that state. Gerald Rudolph Ford Oct. 12 became first appointed vice president under the 25th Amendment; sworn in Dec. 6. A total ban on oil exports to the U.S. was imposed by Arab oil-producing nations Oct. 19-21 after the outbreak of an Arab-Israeli war. The ban was lifted Mar. 18, 1974. Atty. Gen. Elliot Richardson resigned, and his deputy William D. Ruckelshaus and Watergate Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox were fired by Pres. Nixon Oct. 20 when Cox threatened to secure a judicial ruling that Nixon was violating a court order to turn tapes over to Watergate case Judge John Sirica. Leon Jaworski, conservative Texas Democrat, was named Nov. 1 by the Nixon administration to be special prosecutor to succeed Archibald Cox. Congress overrode Nov. 7 Nixon's veto of the war powers bill which curbed the president's power to commit armed forces to hostilities abroad without Congressional approval. 1974 Impeachment hearings were opened May 9 against Nixon by the House Judiciary Committee. John D. Ehrlichman and 3 White House "plumbers" were found guilty July 12 of conspiring to violate the civil rights of Dr. Lewis Fielding, formerly psychiatrist to Pentagon Papers leaker Daniel Ellsberg, by breaking into his Beverly Hills, Cal. office. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled, 8-0, July 24 that Nixon had to turn over 64 tapes of White House conversations sought by Watergate Special Prosecutor Leon Jaworski. The House Judiciary Committee, in televised hearings July 24-30, recommended 3 articles of impeachment against Nixon. The first, voted 27-11 July 27, charged Nixon with taking part in a criminal conspiracy to obstruct justice in the Watergate cover-up. The second, voted 28-10 July 29, charged he "repeatedly" failed to carry out his constitutional oath in a series of alleged abuses of power. The third, voted 27-17 July 30, accused him of unconstitutional defiance of committee subpoenas. The House of Representatives voted without debate Aug. 20, by 412-3, to accept the committee report, which included the recommended impeachment articles. Nixon resigned Aug. 9. His support began eroding Aug. 5 when he released 3 tapes, admitting he originated plans to have the FBI stop its probe of the Watergate break-in for political as well as national security reasons. Vice President Gerald R. Ford was sworn in as the 38th U.S. president on Aug. 9. An unconditional pardon to ex-Pres. Nixon for all federal crimes that he "committed or may have committed" while president was issued by Pres. Gerald Ford Sept. 8. 1975 Found guilty of Watergate cover-up charges Jan. 1 were ex-Atty. Gen. John N. Mitchell, ex-presidential advisers H.R. Haldeman and John D. Ehrlichman. U.S. civilians were evacuated from Saigon Apr. 29 as communist forces completed takeover of South Vietnam. U.S. merchant ship Mayaguez and crew of 39 seized by Cambodian forces in Gulf of Siam May 12. In rescue operation, U.S. Marines attacked Tang Is., planes bombed air base; Cambodia surrendered ship and crew. Congress voted $405 million for South Vietnam refugees May 16; 140,000 were flown to the U.S. Illegal CIA operations, including records on 300,000 persons and groups, and infiltration of agents into black, anti-war and political movements, were described by a "blue-ribbon" panel headed by Vice Pres. Rockefeller June 10. FBI agents captured Patricia (Patty) Hearst, kidnaped Feb. 4, 1974, in San Francisco Sept. 18 with others. She was indicted for bank robbery; a San Francisco jury convicted her Mar. 20, 1976. 1976 Payments abroad of $22 million in bribes by Lockheed Aircraft Corp. to sell its planes were revealed Feb. 4 by a Senate subcommittee. Lockheed admitted payments in Japan, Turkey, Italy, and Holland. The U.S. celebrated its Bicentennial July 4, marking the 200th anniversary of its independence with festivals, parades, and N.Y. City's Operation Sail, a gathering of tall ships from around the world viewed by 6 million persons. A mystery ailment "legionnaire's disease" killed 29 persons who attended an American Legion convention July 21-24 in Philadelphia. The cause was found to be a bacterium, it was reported June 18, 1977. The Viking II set down on Mars' Utopia Plains Sept. 3, following the successful landing by Viking I July 20. 1977 Pres. Jimmy Carter Jan. 21 pardoned most Vietnam War draft evaders, who numbered some 10,000. Convicted murderer Gary Gilmore was executed by a Utah firing squad Jan. 17, in the first exercise of capital punishment anywhere in the U.S. since 1967. Gilmore had opposed all attempts to delay the execution. Carter signed an act Aug. 4 creating a new Cabinet-level Energy Department. 1978 U.S. Senate voted Apr. 18 to turn over the Panama Canal to Panama on Dec. 31, 1999; Mar. 16 vote had given approval to a treaty guaranteeing the area's neutrality after the year 2000. The U.S. Supreme Court June 28 voted 5-4 not to allow a firm quota system in affirmative action plans; the Court did uphold programs that were more "flexible" in nature. The House Select Committee on Assassinations opened hearings Sept. 6 into assassinations of Pres. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr.; the committee recessed Dec. 30 after concluding conspiracies likely in both cases, but with no further hard evidence for further prosecutions. Congress passed the Humphrey-Hawkins "full employment" Bill Oct. 15, which set national goal of reducing unemployment to 4% by 1983, while reducing inflation to 3% in same period; Pres. Carter signed bill, Oct. 27. 1979 A major accident occurred, Mar. 28, at a nuclear reactor on Three Mile Island near Middletown, Pa. The federal government announced, Nov. 1, a $1.5 billion loan-guarantee plan to aid the nation's 3d largest automaker, Chrysler Corp., which had reported a loss of $460.6 million for the 3d quarter of 1979. Some 90 people, including 63 Americans, were taken hostage, Nov. 4, at the American embassy in Teheran, Iran, by militant student followers of Ayatollah Khomeini who demanded the return of former Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who was undergoing medical treatment in New York City. 1980 Pres. Carter announced, Jan. 4, punitive measures against the USSR, inc. an embargo on the sale of grain and high technology, in retaliation for the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. At Carter's request, the U.S. Olympic Committee voted, Apr. 12, not to attend the Moscow Summer Olympics. Eight Americans were killed and 5 wounded, Apr. 24, in an ill-fated attempt to rescue the hostages held by Iranian militants at the U.S. Embassy in Teheran. In Washington, Mt. St. Helens erupted, May 18, in a violent blast estimated to be 500 times as powerful as the Hiroshima atomic bomb. The blast, followed by others on May 25 and June 12, left about 60 dead, and economic losses estimated at nearly $3 billion. In a sweeping victory, Nov. 4, Ronald Wilson Reagan was elected 40th President of the United States, defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter. The stunning GOP victory extended to the U.S. Congress where Republicans gained control of the Senate and wrested 33 House seats from the Democrats. Former Beatle John Lennon was shot and killed, Dec. 8, outside his apartment building in New York City. 1981 Minutes after the inauguration of Pres. Ronald Reagan, Jan. 20, the 52 Americans who had been held hostage in Iran for 444 days were flown to freedom following an agreement in which the U.S. agreed to return to Iran $8 billion in frozen assets. President Reagan was shot in the chest by a would-be assassin, Mar. 30, in Washington, D.C., as he walked to his limousine following an address. The world's first reusable spacecraft, the Space Shuttle Columbia, was sent into space, Apr. 12, and completed its successful mission 2 days later. Both houses of Congress passed, July 29, President Reagan's tax-cut legislation. The largest tax cut in the nation's history was expected to reduce taxes by $37.6 bln. in fiscal 1982, and to save taxpayers $750 bln. over the next 5 years. Federal air traffic controllers, Aug. 3, began an illegal nationwide strike after their union rejected the government's final offer for a new contract. Most of the 13,000 striking controllers defied the back-to-work order, and were dismissed by President Reagan Aug. 5. In a 99-0 vote, the Senate confirmed, Sept. 21, the appointment of Sandra Day O'Connor as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. She was the first woman appointed to that body. President Reagan ordered sanctions against the new Polish military government, Dec. 23, in response to the imposition of martial law in that country. 1982 The 13-year-old lawsuit against AT&T by the Justice Dept. was settled Jan. 8. AT&T agreed to give up the 22 Bell System companies but in return was allowed to expand into previously prohibited areas inc. data processing, telephone and computer equipment sales, and computer communication devices. On Mar. 2, the Senate voted 57-37 for a bill that virtually eliminated busing for the purposes of racial integration. On June 12, in N.Y.'s Central Park, hundreds of thousands demonstrated against nuclear arms. The Equal Rights Amendment was defeated after a 10-year struggle for ratification. The elections on Nov. 2 resulted in gains for the Democrats--the margin in the new House was 269-166. In the Senate elections, Democrats won 20 out of 33 seats, but were still the minority, 54-46. The highest unemployment rate since 1940, 10.4%, was reported on Nov. 5. The rate for Nov. reached 10.8%, with over 11 million unemployed. Lech Walesa, former leader of Solidarity, the Polish labor union, was freed Nov. 13, after 11 months of internment following the imposition of martial law and the outlawing of Solidarity. Pres. Reagan lifted the U.S. embargo on sales of oil and gas equipment to the Soviet Union. The Space Shuttle Columbia completed its first operational flight Nov. 16. A retired dentist, Dr. Barney B. Clark, 61, became the first recipient of a permanent artificial heart during a 71/2 hour operation in Salt Lake City Dec. 2. The heart was designed by Dr. Robert Jarvik, also on the surgical team. 1983 On Apr. 20, Pres. Reagan signed a compromise, bipartisan bill designed to rescue the Social Security System from bankruptcy. In an 8-1 decision, the U.S. Supreme Court held, May 24, that the Internal Revenue Service could deny tax exemptions to private schools that practiced racial discrimination. Sally Ride became the first American woman to travel in space, June 18, when the space shuttle Challenger was launched from Cape Canaveral, Fla. On Oct. 23, 241 U.S. Marines and sailors, members of the multinational peacekeeping force in Lebanon, were killed when a TNT-laden suicide terrorist blew up Marine headquarters at Beirut Intl. Airport. Almost simultaneously, a second truck bomb blew up a French paratroop barracks two miles away, killing more than 40. U.S. Marines and Rangers and a small force from 6 Caribbean nations invaded the island of Grenada on Oct. 25, in response to a request from the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States. After a few days, Grenadian militia and Cuban "construction workers" were overcome, hundreds of U.S. citizens evacuated safely, and the Marxist regime deposed. The U.S. Congress applied the War Powers Resolution, requiring U.S. troops to leave Grenada by Dec. 24. 1984 In his State of the Union address, Jan. 25, Pres. Reagan called for budget cuts of $100 billion over 3 years, but opposed increased taxes. On Feb. 26, as the position of Pres. Amin Gemayel of Lebanon deteriorated and his army crumbled, Pres. Reagan removed U.S. Marines from Beirut and placed them on U.S. ships offshore. The space shuttle Challenger was launched on its 4th trip into space, Feb. 3. On Feb. 7, Navy Capt. Bruce McCandless, followed by Army Lt. Colonel Robert Stewart, became the first humans to fly free of a spacecraft. During March, the U.S. Senate rejected 2 Constitutional amendments that would have permitted prayer in the public schools. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) acknowledged in April that it had participated in the mining of Nicaraguan harbors. This touched off a controversy in Congress, and the Senate, Apr. 10, adopted a nonbinding resolution condemning U.S. participation in the mining. From Apr. 26 to May 1, Pres. Reagan visited China for the first time, holding discussions with Chinese leaders. On May 7, American veterans of the Vietnam war reached an out-of-court settlement with 7 chemical companies in their class-action suit the herbicide Agent Orange. A federal judge in Salt Lake City held, May 10, that the U.S. government had been negligent in its above-ground testing of nuclear weapons in Nevada from 1951 to 1962. On June 6, former vice president Walter Mondale claimed victory in his struggle with Sen. Gary Hart for the Democratic presidental nomination. In a historic move, July 12, Mondale chose a woman, Rep. Geraldine Ferraro (N.Y.) to run with him as candidate for vice president. Pres. Reagan, Aug. 11, signed a law prohibiting public high schools from barring students who wished to assemble for religious or political activities outside of school hours. 1985 The controversial MX missile survived critical votes in the Senate and House. The Senate, on Mar. 19 and 21, voted to authorize the missiles and then to appropriate $1.5 million for the construction of 21 missiles. The House gave its endorsement Mar. 26 and 28. E.F. Hutton, one of the nation's largest brokerage companies, pleaded guilty, May 2, to 2,000 federal charges related to the manipulation of its checking accounts. The company agreed to pay $2 million in fines and to pay back up to $8 million to banks it had defrauded. "Live Aid," a 17-hour rock concert broadcast July 13 on radio and TV from London and Phila. to 152 countries, raised $70 million for the starving peoples of Africa. On Oct. 7, 5 hijackers seized an Italian cruise ship, the Achille Lauro, in the open sea as it approached Port Said, Egypt. Some 400 persons were aboard, including about 340 crew. The hijackers, members of the Palestine Liberation Front, a faction broken from the PLO, demanded the release of 50 Palestinians held by Israel. On Oct. 9, Egypt said the hijackers had surrendered to a PLO representative and would be given safe conduct from Egypt. Italy then announced that a 69-year-old, wheelchair-bound American had been shot to death and thrown overboard. On Oct. 10, Egyptian Pres. Hosni Mubarek said the hijackers were in the hands of the PLO. However, they did not actually leave Egypt until that evening. The Reagan administration ordered the Egyptian plane intercepted in international air space, and Navy F-14 fighter jets forced the plane to land in Sicily. In November, for the first time in 6 years, the leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union met at a summit conference. In Geneva, Switzerland, Pres. Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev, the general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, talked privately for 5 hours, Nov. 19 and 20, which Pres. Reagan called "fresh start." Congress passed a compromise Gramm-Rudman bill, Dec. 11, that was a last-ditch effort to end the huge federal deficit. Signed by Pres. Reagan Dec. 12, it was expected to require an initial $11.7 billion reduction in the fiscal 1986 budget deficit, then 4 reductions in equal amounts until a balanced budget was achieved in 1991. The biggest corporate merger yet, outside the oil industry, was announced Dec. 11, when General Electric Corp. agreed to buy RCA Corp. for $6.28 billion. 1986 On Jan. 20, for the 1st time, the U.S. officially observed Martin Luther King Day. Moments after liftoff, Jan. 28, the space shuttle Challenger exploded, killing 6 astronauts and Christa McAuliffe, a New Hampshire teacher. Subsequent investigations found that NASA had abandoned "good judgment and common sense" regarding safety problems that caused the explosion. U.S. warplanes struck targets in Tripoli and Benghazi, Libya,Apr. 14--retaliation against the Libyan bombing of a W. Berlin disco that killed 2, injured 200, Apr. 5. On Jan. 7, Pres. Reagan had said that the U.S. had aborted 26 "terrorist missions" in 1985. In an executive order, he banned trade with and travel to Libya, ordering Americans out. A 2nd executive order, Jan. 8, had frozen all Libyan government assets in the U.S. and U.S. bank branches abroad. U.S. officials said, June 12, that AIDS cases and deaths would increase tenfold in the next 5 years. At that time, the government had recorded 21,517 cases, 11,713 deaths. An anti-viral drug, azidothymidine (AZT) was found to improve the health of some AIDS patient, but was not a cure. Because of the mounting abuse of illegal drugs in the U.S., specifically cocaine as "crack," Congress passed anti-drug laws and the U.S. joined Bolivia in raids against cocaine processing hideouts. The Supreme Court, July 7, found a key provision of the Gramm-Rudman "balanced budget" law unconstitutional. The U.S., via Congress's Sept. override of Pres. Reagan's veto, joined other nations in imposing economic sanctions on So. Africa, pressuring the Botha gvt. to end apartheid. The U.S. Senate confirmed, Sept. 17, Pres. Reagan's nomination of William Rehnquist as chief justice, Antonin Scalia as associate justice of the Supreme Court. Congress passed, in late Sept., the comprehensive Tax Reform Law. In effect in 1987, it simplified the system, drastically changing tax brackets, deductions, and more. The U.S. and USSR reached tentative agreement on a world-wide ban of medium-range missiles, Sept. 18. But hopes of reducing strategic long-range missiles ended in Iceland in Oct., when Gorbachev called for a limit on the development of "Star Wars," and Reagan refused it. One day before the 1986 Congressional elections, it was reported that the U.S. had sent spare parts and ammunition to Iran. Over the next months it was revealed that additional arms sales had been made to Iran, and profits diverted to a fund for Nicaraguan contras. This brought on the worst crisis in the Reagan administration. In the Congressional races, Nov. 4, Democrats won a 55-45 Senate majority, after 6 yrs. of a Republican majority, and enlarged their House majority by 5, to 258-177. The most scandalous year in Wall Street history ended with Ivan Boesky's agreeing, Nov. 14, to plead guilty to an unspecified criminal count, pay a $100 million fine, and return profits; he was barred for life from trading securities. 1987 Pres. Reagan produced the nation's first trillion-dollar budget, Jan. 5. The stock market continued its phenomenal rise. The Dow closed at 2002.25, Jan. 8, its first finish above 2000. The Dow advanced for 13 consecutive trading days, another record; Jan. 20; the average soared 51.60 points, Jan. 22, a one-day record. At month's end, the cumulative advance was more than 250 points, yet another record. Condom ads became prominent in the U.S. media in Jan., reflecting concern for "safe sex" to prevent AIDS. The Tower Commission Report, Feb. 27, found Pres. Reagan confused and uninformed; and further faulted White House Chief of Staff Donald Regan; former Natl. Security Adviser Robert McFarlane; his successor Adm. John Poindexter; and CIA Director William Casey. Casey had resigned, Feb. 2, on doctors' discovery of a brain tumor; McFarlane attempted suicide, Feb. 9; Regan resigned, Feb. 27. An Iraqi warplane missile killed 37 sailors on the frigate U.S.S. Stark in the Persian Gulf, May 27. Iraq called it an accident. The Stark's officers were found negligent, June 14. The U.S. escorted Kuwaiti oil tankers to the Gulf, reflagging them for the U.S. Public hearings by the Senate and House committees investigating the Iran-contra affair went on from May-Aug. Former CIA Director Casey died, May 6, 5 months after brain surgery; Lt. Col. Oliver North, a media sensation, said he had believed all his activities authorized by his superiors; Poindexter said his own purpose had been "to provide some future deniability for the president . . . "; Shultz said Casey, McFarlane, and Poindexter had lied to him and deceived Pres. Reagan. Pres. Reagan, Aug. 12, said he had been "stubborn in pursuit of a policy that went astray," but again denied knowing of the funds' diversion to the contras. Wall Street crashed, Oct. 19, the Dow plummeting a record 508 points--22.6 percent--after a record high of 2722.42, Aug. 25; a 200-point drop by Oct., called a correction by most; and drops of 91.55, Oct. 6; 95.46, Oct. 14; and 108.36, Oct. 16. The Senate, Oct. 23, rejected Pres. Reagan's nomination of Robert�Bork to the Supreme Court. The Judiciary Committee, Oct. 15, had found Bork unfit, due to insensitivity to individual rights and liberties. The 58-42 vote was the biggest margin of rejection for the position in history. Pres. Reagan and Soviet leader Gorbachev met in Wash., Dec. 8, and signed an unprecedented agreement calling for the dismantling of all 1,752 U.S. and 859 Soviet missiles with a 300-3,400-mile range. The leaders agreed to meet in Moscow in 1988. 1988 Federal grand juries in Miami and Tampa returned indictments, Feb. 4, against Gen. Manuel Noriega, the effective ruler of Panama, charging that he had protected and otherwise assisted the Medellin drug cartel, linked to 80 percent of the cocaine smuggled into the U.S. Attempts by the U.S. to oust Noriega plunged Panama into political and economic turmoil. Nearly 1.4 million illegal aliens met the May 4 deadline for applying for amnesty under a U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service policy. It was estimated that more than half the applications were in Calif., and that, nationwide, about 71 percent of the aliens had entered the U.S. from Mexico. Congress approved, in June, the greatest expansion ever of Medicare benefits, by protecting the elderly and disabled against "catastrophic" medical costs. Beneficiaries would bear the cost, estimated at more than $32 billion in 5 years. Much of the U.S. suffered the worst drought in more than 50 years, during the spring, with the northern Great Plains and Southeast especially hard-hit. By June 23, one-half of the nation's agricultural counties had been designated disaster areas. A missile, fired from the U.S. Navy warship Vincennes, in the Persian Gulf, struck and destroyed a commercial Iranian airliner, July 3, killing all 290 persons on the plane. Navy personnel had mistaken the airliner for an Iranian F-14 jet fighter. Although the Pentagon first said that the plane was outside its designated commercial air corridor, headed directly for the Vincennes, and descending, this was subsequently disproven. Fire destroyed about 4 million acres of forest land throughout the west, including Alaska, during the late summer. Property damage was also considerable. Failures at nuclear-power plants posed problems across the U.S., according to congressional testimony, starting Sept. 30. Problems cited including aging equipment, poor management and training, and lax safety standards. George Bush, vice president under Ronald Reagan, was elected 41st U.S. president, Nov. 8. Bush defeated the Democratic nominee, Gov. Michael Dukakis (Mass.), by 54 to 46 percent of the popular vote, and 426 electoral votes to Dukakis's 112. Sen. Dan Quayle (Ind.) was the successful vice presidential nominee; Sen. Lloyd Bentsen (Tex.) was the Democratic nominee for v.p. Democrats continued to control both houses of Congress. The securities co. Drexel Burnham Lambert agreed, Dec. 21, to plead guilty to 6 violations of federal law, inc. insider trading, stock manipulation, and falsified records; and to pay penalties of $650 million, by far the largest such settlement. 1989 The Labor Dept. reported, Jan. 6, that unemployment was 5.3%, a 14-year low, at the end of 1988. For the year as a whole, the economy grew at 3.8%, its strongest showing in 4 years. Ronald Brown was elected chairman of the Democratic Natl. Committee, Feb. 10; he was the first black to lead a major American political party. The largest oil spill in U.S. history occurred after the Exxon Valdez struck Bligh Reef in Alaska's Prince William Sound, Mar. 24. The off-course tanker was being piloted by the third mate instead of by the captain, Joseph Hazelwood. Exxon Corp. announced, Mar. 25, that it accepted full financial responsibility for the spill, initially estimated at 240,000 barrels, then announced, Mar. 28, that the spill could not be contained; as of Mar. 29, the spill extended 45 miles. An officially-estimated 300,000 people marched in Washington, D.C., Apr. 9, advocating a woman's right to choose to have an abortion. Former Natl. Security Council staff member Oliver North became the first person, May 4, convicted in a jury trial in connection with the Iran-contra scandal. The jury acquitted North on 9 charges, found him guilty of 3: aiding and abetting the obstruction of Congress; altering, destroying, removing, or concealing NSC documents; receiving as an illegal gratuity a $13,800 security system for his home. North received, July 6, a 3-year suspended prison sentence, 2 years' probation, a $150,000 fine, and an order to perform 1,200 hours of community service. House speaker Jim Wright (D. Tex.), who faced 69 ethical charges, announced his resignation as speaker and from the House, May 31. Rep. Tony Coehlho (D. Calif.), also under scrutiny, announced his resignation as majority whip and from the House. The U.S. Supreme Court announced, July 3, its 5-4 decision to put new restraints on a woman's right to have an abortion, although it did not overturn Roe v. Wade. Jack Kemp, secy. of Housing and Urban Development, acknowledged, July 11, that an estimated $2 billion had been lost due to fraud and mismanagement during the tenure of his predecessor Samuel Pierce. Legislation passed by Congress to rescue the savings and loan industry was signed into law, Aug. 9, by Pres. George Bush. The bill provided $166 billion over 10 years to close or merge insolvent S&Ls. The total cost was put at $400 billion over 30 years, most of which would be paid by taxpayers. Army Gen. Colin Powell was nominated by Pres. Bush, Aug. 10, to serve as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; he became the first black to hold the post. Hurricane Hugo swept through the Caribbean and into S. Carolina, Sept. 21-22, causing more than 50 deaths and immense property damage. Stock prices, advancing fairly steadily since their big plunge in Oct. 1987, suddenly fell again in Oct. 1989, the Dow Jones dropping 190.58 points to a close of 2,569.26, the 2d highest one-day decline in points ever. Minutes before the start of the 3d game of the 1989 World Series between the San Francisco Giants and the Oakland Athletics, Oct. 17, an earthquake struck the San Francisco Bay area, causing at least 59 deaths and massive property damage. Figures in American Folklore Johnny Appleseed: John Chapman, 1774-1845; according to legend, wandered through Ohio, Indiana, and W. Pennsylvania for 40 years, sowing seeds that produced the Midwest orchards. P(hineas) T. Barnum: 1810-1891; showman known for extravagant ads and exhibits of "freaks," including Tom Thumb and the original Siamese Twins; his circus, "The Greatest Show on Earth," opened in 1871, in 1881 merged with its chief competitor to become Barnum & Bailey. Judge Roy Bean: c. 1825-1903; frontier trader, cattle rustler, gambler, saloon keeper; in 1882 in Texas he named himself justice of the peace and set up court in his saloon, rendering unorthodox decisions with one law book and a six-shooter, wit, and common sense. Billy the Kid: William H. Bonney, 1859-1881; range war gunman and cattle rustler accused of 21 murders, the first before he reached his teens. Nellie Bly: Elizabeth Seaman, 1867-1922; New York World reporter who traveled around the world in 72 days, 6 hours, 11 minutes in 1889-90, beating the record of the fictional Phileas Fogg. Bonnie & Clyde: Clyde Barrow, 1909-1934, and Bonnie Parker, 1910-1934; outlaws accused of 12 murders during a 2-year robbery spree in the Southwest. Lizzie Borden: 1860-1927; 32-year-old spinster accused of killing her stepmother and father by hacking them with an ax; tried and found not guilty; she was popularly believed guilty. Daniel Boone: 1734-1820; frontiersman who blazed the Wilderness Road and founded Boonesboro, Kentucky, which he helped defend against the Indians in 1779; many legendary adventures were disproved. Jim Bowie: 1796-1836; frontiersman, soldier, and popular hero of the Texas Revolution, killed at the Alamo; either he or his brother Rezin invented the Bowie knife. Diamond Jim Brady: James Buchanan Brady, 1856-1917; financier and bon vivant, noted for ample girth and lavish life-style. John Brown: 1800-1859; abolitionist who led a raid on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, 1859; captured and tried for treason, his dignity and high moral tone in court won Northern sympathy and when convicted and hanged he became a martyr to the antislavery cause. Buffalo Bill: William Cody, 1846-1917; army scout, buffalo hunter, Indian fighter, and showman who organized Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, featuring fancy shooting, a buffalo hunt, Annie Oakley, and Chief Sitting Bull. Paul Bunyan: legendary lumberjack of fantastic size and strength, the hero of many tall tales popular in the Western timber country. Kit Carson: Christopher Carson, 1809-1868; frontiersman, soldier, and Indian agent who guided John C. Fremont's expeditions into Wyoming and California, 1842-46. Calamity Jane: Martha Jane Canary, 1852-1903; frontier character who in 1876 appeared in Deadwood, S. Dakota dressed in men's clothes, boasting of her exploits as a pony express rider and Army scout. Casey Jones: John Luther Jones, 1864-1900; locomotive engineer celebrated in song, who got his nickname from his Cayce, Kentucky workplace; driving the Cannon Ball express from Memphis to Canton, Mississippi, he applied the brakes in time to save the lives of the passengers in a wreck at Vaughn, Mississippi, but he was killed. Davey Crockett: 1786-1836; a hero of frontier America, he fought in the Creek War under Andrew Jackson, was elected to the Tennessee legislature and the U.S. Congress, joined the Texas independence forces, and was killed at the Alamo. Wyatt Earp: 1848-1929; law officer and gunfighter who was involved with his brothers and Doc Holliday in the controversial shootout at the OK Corral, 1881, Tombstone, Arizona. Wild Bill Hickok: James Butler Hickok, 1837-1876; frontier marshal in Hays and Abilene, Kansas, who gained repute as a marksman and became a legend after his murder in Deadwood, S. Dakota by outlaw Jack McCall. John Henry: legendary black man celebrated for his strength in ballads and tales; in one version of his story, he succeeded in outworking a steam drill but died from the strain. Hiawatha: c. 1550; chief of the Onandaga Indians, credited with founding the Iroquois Confederacy, and the hero of a well-known poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Jesse James: 1847-1882; outlaw who led his gang in daring bank and train robberies in the Midwest from 1866. He was murdered by Robert Ford, one of his gang. Annie Oakley: Phoebe Anne Oakley Mozee, 1860-1926; rifle and shotgun markswoman who was the star attraction of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, 1885-1902. Pocahontas: c. 1595-1617; daughter of Chief Powhatan, she was said to have saved the life of Capt. John Smith at Jamestown as Powhatan was about to execute him. Later held hostage at Jamestown for the return of her father's English prisoners, she became a Christian and in 1614 married a settler, John Rolfe; in 1616 Rolfe took her to England, where she was received as a princess; she died during the trip home, and was buried at Gravesend, England. Betsy Ross: 1752-1846; seamstress who made flags during the American Revolution; however, the legend that she designed and made the first American national flag is generally discredited. Uncle Remus: main character in Uncle Remus: His Songs and His Sayings, by Joel Chandler Harris, 1880, based on oral tales of southern blacks. Uncle Remus is depicted as a benign autocratic figure spinning animal fables to a white boy on a plantation. Squanto: d. 1622; Indian of the Pawtuxet tribe who was kidnapped by Capt. Thomas Hunt in 1615, lived in Eng-land, and returned in 1619; he later acted as interpretor in concluding a treaty between the Pilgrim settlers and Massasoit, became friendly with the Plymouth colonists, and helped them, especially with planting and fishing. Belle Starr: Myra Belle Shirley, 1848-1889; woman who led a band of cattle rustlers and horse thieves that made regular raids on Oklahoma ranches. Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Continental Congressin Philadelphia, on July 4, 1776. John Hancock was president of the Congress and Charles Thomson was secretary. A copy of the Declaration, engrossed on parchment, was signed by members of Congress on and after Aug. 2, 1776. On Jan. 18, 1777, Congress ordered that "an authenticated copy, with the names of the members of Congress subscribing the same, be sent to each of the United States, and that they be desired to have the same put upon record." Authenticated copies were printed in broadside form in Baltimore, where the Continental Congress was then in session. The following text is that of the original printed by John Dunlap at Philadelphia for the Continental Congress. When in the Course of human Events, it becomes necessary for one People to dissolve the Political Bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the Earth, the separate and equal Station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent Respect to the Opinions of Mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the Separation. We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness--That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its Foundation on such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient Causes; and accordingly all Experience hath shewn, that Mankind are more disposed to suffer, while Evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the Forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long Train of Abuses and Usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a Design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their Right, it is their Duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future Security. Such has been the patient Sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the Necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The History of the present King of Great-Britain is a History of repeated Injuries and Usurpations, all having in direct Object the Establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid World. He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public Good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing Importance, unless suspended in their Operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other Laws for the Accommodation of large Districts of People, unless those People would relinquish the Right of Representation in the Legislature, a Right inestimable to them, and formidable to Tyrants only. He has called together Legislative Bodies at Places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the Depository of their Public Records, for the sole Purpose of fatiguing them into Compliance with his Measures. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly Firmness his Invasions on the Rights of the People. He has refused for a long Time, after such Dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the Dangers of Invasion from without, and Convulsions within. He has endeavoured to prevent the Population of these States; for that Purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their Migrations hither, and raising the Conditions of new Appropriations of Lands. He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers. He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the Tenure of their Offices, and the Amount and payment of their Salaries. He has erected a Multitude of new Offices, and sent hither Swarms of Officers to harrass our People, and eat out their Substance. He has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures. He has affected to render the Military independent of, and superior to the Civil Power. He has combined with others to subject us to a Jurisdiction foreign to our Constitution, and unacknowledged by our Laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: For quartering large Bodies of Armed Troops among us: For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our Trade with all Parts of the World: For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: For depriving us, in many Cases, of the Benefits of Trial by Jury: For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended Offences: For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an arbitrary Government, and enlarging its Boundaries, so as to render it at once an Example and fit Instrument for introducing the same absolute Rule into these Colonies: For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments: For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with Power to legislate for us in all Cases whatsoever. He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us. He has plundered our Seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the Lives of our People. He is, at this Time, transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to complete the works of Death, Desolation, and Tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty and Perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous Ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized Nation. He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the Executioners of their Friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. He has excited domestic Insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the Inhabitants of our Frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known Rule of Warfare, is an undistinguished Destruction, of all Ages, Sexes and Conditions. In every stage of these Oppressions we have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble Terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated Injury. A Prince, whose Character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the Ruler of a free People. Nor have we been wanting in Attentions to our British Brethren. We have warned them from Time to Time of Attempts by their Legislature to extend an unwarrantable Jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the Circumstances of our Emigration and Settlement here. We have appealed to their native Justice and Magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the Ties of our common Kindred to disavow these Usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our Connections and Correspondence. They too have been deaf to the Voice of Justice and of Consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the Necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of Mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace, Friends. We, therefore, the Representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the World for the Rectitude of our Intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly Publish and Declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be, Free and Independent States; that they are absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political Connection between them and the State of Great-Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm Reliance on the Protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor. JOHN HANCOCK, President Attest. CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary. Signers of the Declaration of Independence 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Delegate and state Vocation Birthplace 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adams, John (Mass.) Lawyer Braintree (Quincy), Adams, Samuel (Mass.) Political leader Boston, Mass. Bartlett, Josiah (N.H.) Physician, judge Amesbury, Mass. Braxton, Carter (Va.) Farmer Newington Plantation Carroll, Chas. of Carrollton (Md.) Lawyer Annapolis, Md. Chase, Samuel (Md.) Judge Princess Anne, Md. Clark, Abraham (N.J.) Surveyor Roselle, N.J. Clymer, George (Pa.) Merchant Philadelphia, Pa. Ellery, William (R.I.) Lawyer Newport, R.I. Floyd, William (N.Y.) Soldier Brookhaven, N.Y. Franklin, Benjamin(Pa.) Printer, publisher Boston, Mass. Gerry, Elbridge (Mass.) Merchant Marblehead, Mass. Gwinnett, Button (Ga.) Merchant Down Hatherly, Engla Hall, Lyman (Ga.) Physician Wallingford, Conn. Hancock, John (Mass.) Merchant Braintree (Quincy), Harrison, Benjamin (Va.) Farmer Berkeley, Va. Delegate and state Vocation Birthplace 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Harrison, Benjamin (Va.) Farmer Berkeley, Va. Hart, John (N.J.) Farmer Stonington, Conn. Hewes, Joseph (N.C.) Merchant Princeton, N.J. Heyward, Thos. Jr. (S.C.) Lawyer, farmer St. Luke's Parish, S Hooper, William (N.C.) Lawyer Boston, Mass. Hopkins, Stephen (R.I.) Judge, educator Providence, R.I. Hopkinson, Francis (N.J.) Judge, author Philadelphia, Pa. Huntington, Samuel (Conn.) Judge Windham County, Conn Jefferson, Thomas (Va.) Lawyer Shadwell, Va. Lee, Francis Lightfoot (Va.) Farmer Westmoreland County, Lee, Richard Henry (Va.) Farmer Westmoreland County, Lewis, Francis (N.Y.) Merchant Llandaff, Wales Livingston, Philip (N.Y.) Merchant Albany, N.Y. Lynch, Thomas Jr. (S.C.) Farmer Winyah, S.C. McKean, Thomas (Del.) Lawyer New London, Pa. Middleton, Arthur (S.C.) Farmer Charleston, S.C. Morris, Lewis (N.Y.) Farmer Morrisania (Bronx Co Morris, Robert (Pa.) Merchant Liverpool, England Morton, John (Pa.) Judge Ridley, Pa. Delegate and state Vocation Birthplace 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Morton, John (Pa.) Judge Ridley, Pa. Nelson, Thos. Jr. (Va.) Farmer Yorktown, Va. Paca, William (Md.) Judge Abingdon, Md. Paine, Robert Treat (Mass.) Judge Boston, Mass. Penn, John (N.C.) Lawyer Near Port Royal, Va. Read, George (Del.) Judge Near North East, Md. Rodney, Caesar (Del.) Judge Dover, Del. Ross, George (Pa.) Judge New Castle, Del. Rush, Benjamin (Pa.) Physician Byberry, Pa. (Philad Rutledge, Edward (S.C.) Lawyer Charleston, S.C. Sherman, Roger (Conn.) Lawyer Newton, Mass. Smith, James (Pa.) Lawyer Dublin, Ireland Stockton, Richard (N.J.) Lawyer Near Princeton, N.J. Stone, Thomas (Md.) Lawyer Charles County, Md. Taylor, George (Pa.) Ironmaster Ireland Thornton, Matthew (N.H.) Physician Ireland Walton, George (Ga.) Judge Prince Edward County Whipple, William (N.H.) Merchant, judge Kittery, Me. Williams, William (Conn.) Merchant Lebanon, Conn. Delegate and state Vocation Birthplace 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Williams, William (Conn.) Merchant Lebanon, Conn. Wilson, James (Pa.) Judge Carskerdo, Scotland Witherspoon, John (N.J.) Clergyman, educator Gifford, Scotland Wolcott, Oliver (Conn.) Judge Windsor, Conn. Wythe, George (Va.) Lawyer Elizabeth City Co. ( Constitution of the United States The Original 7 Articles PREAMBLE We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. Section 1--Legislative powers; in whom vested: All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Section 2--House of Representatives, how and by whom chosen. Qualifications of a Representative. Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned. Enumeration. Vacancies to be filled. Power of choosing officers, and of impeachment. 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 3. (Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.) (The previous sentence was superseded by Amendment XIV, section 2.) The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Section 3--Senators, how and by whom chosen. How classified. Qualifications of a Senator. President of the Senate, his right to vote. President pro tem., and other officers of the Senate, how chosen. Power to try impeachments. When President is tried, Chief Justice to preside. Sentence. 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, (chosen by the Legislature thereof), (The preceding five words were superseded by Amendment XVII, section 1.) for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; (and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.) (The words in parentheses were superseded by Amendment XVII, section 2.) 3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 4. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. Section 4--Times, etc., of holding elections, how prescribed. One session each year. 1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall (be on the first Monday in December,) (The words in parentheses were superseded by Amendment XX, section 2). unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Section 5--Membership, quorum, adjournments, rules. Power to punish or expel. Journal. Time of adjournments, how limited, etc. 1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide. 2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Section 6--Compensation, privileges, disqualifications in certain cases. 1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. Section 7--House to originate all revenue bills. Veto. Bill may be passed by two-thirds of each House, notwithstanding, etc. Bill, not returned in ten days, to become a law. Provisions as to orders, concurrent resolutions, etc. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he approves he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Section 8--Powers of Congress. The Congress shall have power 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes; 4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures; 6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States; 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads; 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries; 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations; 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water; 12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years; 13. To provide and maintain a navy; 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces; 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions; 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings;--And 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. Section 9--Provision as to migration or importation of certain persons. Habeas corpus, bills of attainder, etc. Taxes, how apportioned. No export duty. No commercial preference. Money, how drawn from Treasury, etc. No titular nobility. Officers not to receive presents, etc. 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 3. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 4. No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken. (Modified by Amendment XVI.) 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 7. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Section 10--States prohibited from the exercise of certain powers. 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws: and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. Section 1--President: his term of office. Electors of President; number and how appointed. Electors to vote on same day. Qualification of President. On whom his duties devolve in case of his removal, death, etc. President's compensation. His oath of office. 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States shall be appointed an elector. (The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice President.) (This clause was superseded by Amendment XII.) 3. The Congress may detemine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. 4. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. (For qualification of the Vice President, see Amendment XII.) 5. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. (This clause has been modified by Amendments XX and XXV.) 6. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. 7. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." Section 2--President to be Commander-in-Chief. He may require opinions of cabinet officers, etc., may pardon. Treaty-making power. Nomination of certain officers. When President may fill vacancies. 1. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session. Section 3--President shall communicate to Congress. He may convene and adjourn Congress, in case of disagreement, etc. Shall receive ambassadors, execute laws, and commission officers. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occassions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. Section 4-All civil offices forfeited for certain crimes. The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE III. Section 1--Judicial powers, Tenure. Compensation. The judicial power of the United States, shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Section 2--Judicial power; to what cases it extends. Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court; appellate jurisdiction. Trial by jury, etc. Trial, where. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States; between a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of different States, between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. (This section is modified by Amendment XI.) 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. Section 3--Treason Defined, Proof of, Punishment of. 1. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV. Section 1--Each State to give credit to the public acts, etc., of every other State. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Section 2--Privileges of citizens of each State. Fugitives from justice to be delivered up. Persons held to service having escaped, to be delivered up. 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall on demand of the Executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. (3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.) (This clause was superseded by Amendment XIII.) Section 3--Admission of new States. Power of Congress over territory and other property. 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Section 4--Republican form of government guaranteed. Each state to be protected. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. Constitution: how amended; proviso. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the Ninth Section of the First Article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI. Certain debts, etc., declared valid. Supremacy of Constitution, treaties, and laws of the United States. Oath to support Constitution, by whom taken. No religious test. 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII. What ratification shall establish Constitution. The ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present the Seventeenth day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the Twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. George Washington, President and deputy from Virginia. New Hampshire--John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. Massachusetts--Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King. Connecticut--Wm. Saml. Johnson, Roger Sherman. New York--Alexander Hamilton. New Jersey--Wil: Livingston, David Brearley, Wm. Paterson, Jona: Dayton. Pennsylvania--B. Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robt. Morris, Geo. Clymer, Thos. FitzSimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouv. Morris. Delaware--Geo: Read, Gunning Bedford Jun., John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jaco: Broom. Maryland--James McHenry, Daniel of Saint Thomas' Jenifer, Danl. Carroll. Virginia--John Blair, James Madison Jr. North Carolina--Wm. Blount, Rich'd. Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson. South Carolina--J. Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler. Georgia--William Few, Abr. Baldwin. Attest: William Jackson, Secretary. Ten Original Amendments: The Bill of Rights In force Dec. 15, 1791 (The First Congress, at its first session in the City of New York, Sept. 25, 1789, submitted to the states 12 amendments to clarify certain individual and state rights not named in the Constitution. They are generally called the Bill of Rights. (Influential in framing these amendments was the Declaration of Rights of Virginia, written by George Mason (1725-1792) in 1776. Mason, a Virginia delegate to the Constitutional Convention, did not sign the Constitution and opposed its ratification on the ground that it did not sufficiently oppose slavery or safeguard individual rights. (In the preamble to the resolution offering the proposed amendments, Congress said: "The conventions of a number of the States having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added, and as extending the ground of public confidence in the government will best insure the beneficent ends of its institution, be it resolved," etc. (Ten of these amendments now commonly known as one to 10 inclusive, but originally 3 to 12 inclusive, were ratified by the states as follows: New Jersey, Nov. 20, 1789; Maryland, Dec. 19, 1789; North Carolina, Dec. 22, 1789; South Carolina, Jan. 19, 1790; New Hampshire, Jan 25, 1790; Delaware, Jan 28, 1790; New York, Feb. 27, 1790; Pennsylvania, Mar. 10, 1790; Rhode Island, June 7, 1790; Vermont, Nov 3, 1791; Virginia, Dec. 15, 1791; Massachusetts, Mar. 2, 1939; Georgia, Mar. 18, 1939; Connecticut, Apr. 19, 1939. These original 10 ratified amendments follow as Amendments I to X inclusive. (Of the two original proposed amendments which were not ratified by the necessary number of states, the first related to apportionment of Representatives; the second, to compensation of members. See p. 465.) AMENDMENT I. Religious establishment prohibited. Freedom of speech, of the press, and right to petition. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. AMENDMENT II. Right to keep and bear arms. A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. AMENDMENT III. Conditions for quarters for soldiers. No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. AMENDMENT IV. Right of search and seizure regulated. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. AMENDMENT V. Provisions concerning prosecution. Trial and punishment--private property not to be taken for public use without compensation. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. AMENDMENT VI. Right to speedy trial, witnesses, etc. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. AMENDMENT VII. Right of trial by jury. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. AMENDMENT VIII. Excessive bail or fines and cruel punishment prohibited. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. AMENDMENT IX. Rule of construction of Constitution. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. AMENDMENT X. Rights of States under Constitution. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Amendments Since the Bill of Rights AMENDMENT XI. Judicial powers construed. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. (This amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Third Congress on March 4, 1794, and was declared to have been ratified in a message from the President to Congress, dated Jan. 8, 1798. (It was on Jan 5, 1798, that Secretary of State Pickering received from 12 of the States authenticated ratifications, and informed President John Adams of that fact. (As a result of later research in the Department of State, it is now established that Amendment XI became part of the Constitution on Feb. 7, 1795, for on that date it had been ratified by 12 States as follows: (1. New York, Mar. 27, 1794. 2. Rhode Island, Mar. 31, 1794. 3. Connecticut, May 8, 1794. 4. New Hampshire, June 16, 1794. 5. Massachusetts, June 26, 1794. 6. Vermont, between Oct 9, 1794, and Nov. 9, 1794. 7. Virginia, Nov. 18, 1794. 8. Georgia, Nov. 29, 1794. 9. Kentucky, Dec. 7, 1794. 10. Maryland, Dec. 26, 1794. 11. Delaware, Jan 23, 1795. 12. North Carolina, Feb. 7, 1795. (On June 1, 1796, more than a year after Amendment XI had become a part of the Constitution (but before anyone was officially aware of this), Tennessee had been admitted as a State; but not until Oct. 16, 1797, was a certified copy of the resolution of Congress proposing the amendment sent to the Governor of Tennessee (John Sevier) by Secretary of State Pickering, whose office was then at Trenton, New Jersey, because of the epidemic of yellow fever at Philadelphia; it seems, however, that the Legislature of Tennessee took no action on Amendment XI, owing doubtless to the fact that public announcement of its adoption was made soon thereafter. (Besides the necessary 12 States, one other, South Carolina, ratified Amendment XI, but this action was not taken until Dec. 4, 1797; the two remaining States, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, failed to ratify.) AMENDMENT XII. Manner of choosing President and Vice-President. (Proposed by Congress Dec. 9, 1803; ratification completed June 15, 1804.) The Electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted;--The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. (And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President.) (The words in parentheses were superseded by Amendment XX, section 3.) The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. THE RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS (Amendments XIII, XIV, and XV are commonly known as the Reconstruction Amendments, inasmuch as they followed the Civil War, and were drafted by Republicans who were bent on imposing their own policy of reconstruction on the South. Post-bellum legislatures there--Mississippi, South Carolina, Georgia, for example--had set up laws which, it was charged, were contrived to perpetuate Negro slavery under other names.) AMENDMENT XIII. Slavery abolished. (Proposed by Congress Jan. 31, 1865; ratification completed Dec. 18, 1865. The amendment, when first proposed by a resolution in Congress, was passed by the Senate, 38 to 6, on Apr. 8, 1864, but was defeated in the House, 95 to 66 on June 15, 1864. On reconsideration by the House, on Jan. 31, 1865, the resolution passed, 119 to 56. It was approved by President Lincoln on Feb. 1, 1865, although the Supreme Court had decided in 1798 that the President has nothing to do with the proposing of amendments to the Constitution, or their adoption.) 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. AMENDMENT XIV. Citizenship rights not to be abridged. (The following amendment was proposed to the Legislatures of the several states by the 39th Congress, June 13, 1866, and was declared to have been ratified in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, July 28, 1868. (The 14th amendment was adopted only by virtue of ratification subsequent to earlier rejections. Newly constituted legislatures in both North Carolina and South Carolina (respectively July 4 and 9, 1868), ratified the proposed amendment, although earlier legislatures had rejected the proposal. The Secretary of State issued a proclamation, which, though doubtful as to the effect of attempted withdrawals by Ohio and New Jersey, entertained no doubt as to the validity of the ratification by North and South Carolina. The following day (July 21, 1868), Congress passed a resolution which declared the 14th Amendment to be a part of the Constitution and directed the Secretary of State so to promulgate it. The Secretary waited, however, until the newly constituted Legislature of Georgia had ratified the amendment, subsequent to an earlier rejection, before the promulgation of the ratification of the new amendment.) 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and, citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims, shall be held illegal and void. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. AMENDMENT XV. Race no bar to voting rights. (The following amendment was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the 40th Congress, Feb. 26, 1869, and was declared to have been ratified in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, Mar. 30, 1870.) 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. AMENDMENT XVI. Income taxes authorized. (Proposed by Congress July 12, 1909; ratification declared by the Secretary of State Feb. 25, 1913.) The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. AMENDMENT XVII. United States Senators to be elected by direct popular vote. (Proposed by Congress May 13, 1912; ratification declared by the Secretary of State May 31, 1913.) 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislatures. 2. When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the Legislature of any State may empower the Executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the Legislature may direct. 3. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution. AMENDMENT XVIII. Liquor prohibition amendment. (Proposed by Congress Dec. 18, 1917; ratification completed Jan. 16, 1919. Repealed by Amendment XXI, effective Dec. 5, 1933.) (1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. (2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. (3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the Legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.) (The total vote in the Senates of the various States was 1,310 for, 237 against--84.6% dry. In the lower houses of the States the vote was 3,782 for, 1,035 against--78.5% dry. (The amendment ultimately was adopted by all the States except Connecticut and Rhode Island.) AMENDMENT XIX. Giving nationwide suffrage to women. (Proposed by Congress June 4, 1919; ratification certified by Secretary of State Aug. 26, 1920.) 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate legislation. AMENDMENT XX. Terms of President and Vice President to begin on Jan. 20; those of Senators, Representatives, Jan. 3. (Proposed by Congress Mar. 2, 1932; ratification completed Jan. 23, 1933.) 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3rd day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin. 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3rd day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified. 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them. 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article (Oct., 1933). 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission. AMENDMENT XXI. Repeal of Amendment XVIII. (Proposed by Congress Feb. 20, 1933; ratification completed Dec. 5, 1933.) 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or Possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited. 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. AMENDMENT XXII. Limiting Presidential terms of office. (Proposed by Congress Mar. 24, 1947; ratification completed Feb. 27, 1951.) 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term. 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress. AMENDMENT XXIII. Presidential vote for District of Columbia. (Proposed by Congress June 16, 1960; ratification completed Mar. 29, 1961.) 1. The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct: A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. AMENDMENT XXIV. Barring poll tax in federal elections. (Proposed by Congress Aug. 27, 1962; ratification completed Jan. 23, 1964.) 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. AMENDMENT XXV. Presidential disability and succession. (Proposed by Congress July 6, 1965; ratification completed Feb. 10, 1967.) 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both houses of Congress. 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President. 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President. Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office. AMENDMENT XXVI. Lowering voting age to 18 years. (Proposed by Congress Mar. 23, 1971; ratification completed July 1, 1971.) 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are 18 years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of age. 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. PROPOSED AMENDMENT RELATING TO CONGRESSIONAL PAY (Proposed by the first Congress Sept. 25, 1789 as one of the 12 amendments to the Constitution, the 10 that were accepted became the Bill of Rights; ratified as of May 1989 by 32 states: Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Delaware, Vermont, Virginia 1789-1791; Ohio 1873; Wyoming 1978; Maine 1983; Colorado 1984; South Dakota, New Hampshire, Arizona, Tennessee, Oklahoma 1985; New Mexico, Indiana, Utah 1986; Montana, Connecticut, Wisconsin, Arkansas 1987; Georgia, W. Virginia, Louisiana 1988; Iowa, Idaho, Nevada, Alaska, Oregon, Minnesota, Texas 1989; Kansas, Florida 1990. An additional 4 ratifications are needed to attain the requisite three-quarters of the States.) No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. Origin of the Constitution The War of Independence was conducted by delegates from the original 13 states, called the Congress of the United States of America and generally known as the Continental Congress. In 1777 the Congress submitted to the legislatures of the states the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, which were ratified by New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, and finally, in 1781, by Maryland. The first article of the instrument read: "The stile of this confederacy shall be the United States of America." This did not signify a sovereign nation, because the states delegated only those powers they could not handle individually, such as power to wage war, establish a uniform currency, make treaties with foreign nations and contract debts for general expenses (such as paying the army). Taxes for the payment of such debts were levied by the individual states. The president under the Articles signed himself "President of the United States in Congress assembled," but here the United States were considered in the plural, a cooperating group. Canada was invited to join the union on equal terms but did not act. When the war was won it became evident that a stronger federal union was needed to protect the mutual interests of the states. The Congress left the initiative to the legislatures. Virginia in Jan. 1786 appointed commissioners to meet with representatives of other states, with the result that delegates from Virginia, Delaware, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania met at Annapolis. Alexander Hamilton prepared for their call by asking delegates from all states to meet in Philadelphia in May 1787 "to render the Constitution of the Federal government adequate to the exigencies of the union." Congress endorsed the plan Feb. 21, 1787. Delegates were appointed by all states except Rhode Island. The convention met May 14, 1787. George Washington was chosen president (presiding officer). The states certified 65 delegates, but 10 did not attend. The work was done by 55, not all of whom were present at all sessions. Of the 55 attending delegates, 16 failed to sign, and 39 actually signed Sept. 17, 1787, some with reservations. Some historians have said 74 delegates (9 more than the 65 actually certified) were named and 19 failed to attend. These 9 additional persons refused the appointment, were never delegates and never counted as absentees. Washington sent the Constitution to Congress with a covering letter and that body, Sept. 28, 1787, ordered it sent to the legislatures, "in order to be submitted to a convention of delegates chosen in each state by the people thereof." The Constitution was ratified by votes of state conventions as follows: Delaware, Dec. 7, 1787, unanimous; Pennsylvania, Dec. 12, 1787, 43 to 23; New Jersey, Dec. 18, 1787, unanimous; Georgia, Jan 2, 1788, unanimous; Connecticut, Jan. 9, 1788, 128 to 40; Massachusetts, Feb. 6, 1788, 187 to 168; Maryland, Apr. 28, 1788, 63 to 11; South Carolina, May 23, 1788, 149 to 73; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788, 57 to 46; Virginia, June 25, 1788, 89 to 79; New York, July 26, 1788, 30 to 27. Nine states were needed to establish the operation of the Constitution "between the states so ratifying the same" and New Hampshire was the 9th state. The government did not declare the Constitution in effect until the first Wednesday in Mar. 1789 which was Mar. 4. After that North Carolina ratified it Nov. 21, 1789, 194 to 77; and Rhode Island, May 29, 1790, 34 to 32. Vermont in convention ratified it Jan. 10, 1791, and by act of Congress approved Feb. 18, 1791, was admitted into the Union as the 14th state, Mar. 4, 1791. On Sept. 17, 1987, the nation began a four-year celebration of the 200th anniversary of the signing of the Constitution of the United States. As of April 1987, 32 states have voted to issue convention calls to hold a second constitutional convention. Convention bills are pending before 11 more state legislatures, while bills to rescind previous calls are under consideration in four states. When the total reaches 34, the Constitution stipulates that a convention must be held. The convention drive began in the mid 1970s to bring about the consideration of an amendment requiring a balanced federal budget. Selected Landmark Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court 1803: Marbury v. Madison. The Court ruled that Congress exceeded its power in the Judiciary Act of 1789; thus, the Court established its power to review acts of Congress and declare invalid those it found in conflict with the Constitution. 1819: McCulloch v. Maryland. The Court ruled that Congress had the authority to charter a national bank, under the Constitution's granting of the power to enact all laws "necessary and proper" to exact the responsibilities of government. The Court also held that the national bank was immune to state taxation. 1819: Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward. The Court ruled that a state could not arbitrarily alter the terms of a college's contract. (In later years the Court widened the implications by using the same principle to limit the states' ability to interfere with business contracts.) 1857: Dred Scott v. Sanford. The Court declared unconstitutional the already-repealed Missouri Compromise of 1820 because it deprived a person of his property--a slave--without due process of law. The Court also ruled that slaves were not citizens of any state nor of the U.S. (The latter part of the decision was overturned by ratification of the 14th Amendment in 1868.) 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson. The Court ruled that a state law requiring federal railroad trains to provide separate but equal facilities for black and white passengers neither infringed upon federal authority to regulate interstate commerce nor violated the 13th and 14th Amendments. (The "separate but equal" doctrine remained effective until the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision.) 1904: Northern Securities Co. v. U.S. The Court ruled that a holding company formed solely to eliminate competition between two railroad lines was a combination in restraint of trade, thus a violation of the federal antitrust act. 1908: Muller v. Oregon. The Court ruled to uphold a state law limiting the maximum working hours of women. (Instead of presenting legal arguments, Louis D. Brandeis, counsel for the state, brought forth evidence from social workers, physicians, and factory inspectors that the number of hours women worked affected their health and morals.) 1911: Standard Oil. Co. of New Jersey et al. v. U.S. The Court ruled that the Standard Oil Trust must be dissolved because of its unreasonable restraint of trade, not because of its size. 1919: Schenck v. U.S. In its first decision regarding the extent of protection afforded by the First Amendment, the Court sustained the Espionage Act of 1917, maintaining that freedom of speech and press could be constrained if "the words used are in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger. . ." 1925: Gitlow v. New York. The Court ruled that the First Amendment prohibition against government abridgement of the freedom of speech applied to the states as well as to the federal government. The decision was the first of a number of rulings holding that the 14th Amendment extended the guarantees of the Bill of Rights to state action. 1935: Schechter Poultry Corp. v. U.S. The Court ruled that Congress exceeded its authority to delegate legislative powers and to regulate interstate commerce when it enacted the National Industrial Recovery Act, which afforded the U.S. president too much discretionary power. 1951: Dennis et al. v. U.S. The Court upheld convictions under the Smith Act of 1940 for speaking about communist theory that advocated the forcible overthrow of the government. (In the 1957 Yates v. U.S. decision, the Court moderated this ruling by allowing such advocacy in the abstract, if not connected to action to achieve the goal.) 1954: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. The Court ruled that separate public schools for black and white students were inherently unequal, thus state-sanctioned segregation in public schools violated the equal protection guarantee of the 14th Amendment. And in Bolling v. Sharpe the Court ruled that the congressionally-mandated segregated public school system in the District of Columbia violated the Fifth Amendment's due process guarantee of personal liberty. (The Brown ruling also led to the abolition of state-sponsored segregation in other public facilities.) 1957: Roth v. U.S., Alberts v. California. The Court ruled that obscene material was not protected by the First Amendment guarantees of freedom of speech and press, defining obscene as "utterly without redeeming social value" and appealing to "prurient interests" in the view of the average person. (This definition, the first offered by the Court, was modified in several subsequent decisions, and the "average person" standard was replaced by the "local community" standard in the 1973 Miller v. California case.) 1961: Mapp v. Ohio. The Court ruled that evidence obtained in violation of the 4th Amendment guarantee against unreasonable search and seizure must be excluded from use at state as well as federal trials. 1962: Engel v. Vitale. The Court ruled that public school officials could not require pupils to recite a state-composed prayer at the start of each school day, even if the prayer was non-denominational and pupils who so desired could be excused from reciting it, because such official state sanction of religious utterances was an unconstitutional attempt to establish religion. 1962: Baker v. Carr. The Court held that the constitutional challenges to the unequal distribution of voters among legislative districts could be resolved by federal courts, rejecting the doctrine set out in Colegrove v. Green in 1946 that such apportionment challenges were "political questions." 1963: Gideon v. Wainwright. The Court ruled that the due process clause of the 14th Amendment extended to state as well as federal defendants, thus all persons charged with serious crimes must be provided with an attorney, and states were required to appoint counsel for defendants unable to pay their own attorneys' fees. 1964: New York Times Co. v. Sullivan. The Court ruled that the First Amendment guarantee of freedom of the press protected the press from libel suits for defamatory reports on public officials unless the officials proved that the reports were made from actual malice. The Court defined malice as "with knowledge that (the defamatory statement) was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not." 1965: Griswold v. Conn. The Court ruled that a state unconstitutionally interfered with personal privacy in the mariage relationship when it prohibited anyone, including married couples, from using contraceptives. 1966: Miranda v. Arizona. The Court ruled that the guarantee of due process required that before any questioning of suspects in police custody, the suspects must be informed of their right to remain silent, that anything they say may be used against them, and that they have the right to counsel. 1973: Roe v. Wade, Doe v. Bolton. The Court ruled that the right to privacy inherent in the 14th Amendment's due process guarantee of personal liberty protected a woman's decision whether or not to bear a child, and was impermissibly abridged by state laws that made abortion a crime. During the first trimester of pregnancy, the Court maintained, the decision to have an abortion should be left entirely to a woman and her physician. 1974: U.S. v. Nixon. The Court ruled that neither the separation of powers nor the need to preserve the confidentiality of presidential communications could alone justify an absolute executive privilege of immunity from judicial demands for evidence to be used in a criminal trial. 1976: Gregg v. Georgia, Profitt v. Fla, Jurek v. Texas. The Court held that death, as a punishment for persons convicted of first degree murder, was not in and of itself cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the 8th Amendment. The Court also ruled that the Amendment required the sentencing judge and jury to consider the individual character of the offender and the circumstances of the particular crime before deciding whether or not to impose the death sentence. In the associated Woodson v. N.C., Roberts v. LA., the Court ruled that states could not make death the mandatory penalty for first-degree murder, since that would fail to meet the constitutional requirement for the consideration of the individual offender and offense. 1978: Regents of Univ. of Calif. v. Bakke. The Court ruled that a special admissions program for a state medical school under which a set number of places were set aside for minority group members, with white applicants denied the opportunity to compete for those seats, violated Title XIV of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which forbids the exclusion of anyone, because of race, from participation in a federally-funded program. The Court also ruled that admissions programs that considered race as one of a complex of factors involved in the decision to admit or reject an applicant were not unconstitutional. 1979: United Steelworkers of America v. Weber, Kaiser Aluminum v. Weber, U.S. v. Weber. The Court ruled that Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which forbids racial discrimination in employment, did not forbid employers to adopt voluntarily race-conscious affirmative action programs to encourage minority participation in areas in which they traditionally were underrepresented. 1986: Bowers v. Hardwick. The Court refused to extend the right of privacy inherent in the Constitution to homosexual activity, upholding a Georgia law that made sodomy a crime. (Although the Georgia law covered heterosexual sodomy as well as homosexual sodomy, enforcement in Georgia and most other states had been confined to homosexual activity.) 1989: Webster v. Reproductive Health Services. The Court upheld a Missouri abortion law that prohibited public employees from performing abortions unless the mother's life was in danger, barred the use of public buildings for performing abortions, and required physicians, before performing abortions of fetuses more than 20 weeks old, to perform tests to discover whether the fetus could live outside the womb. Patrick Henry's Speech to the Virginia Convention The following is an excerpt from Patrick Henry's speech to the Virginia Convention on Mar. 23, 1775: Gentlemen may cry, peace, peace--but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death! Common Sense The following is an excerpt from Thomas Paine's Common Sense. Paine adopted the doctrine of separation from Britain after the battles of Lexington and Concord, and published his pamphlet in Jan. 1776. The cause of America is in great measure the cause of all mankind. Many circumstances hath, and will arise, which are not local, but universal, and through which principles of all Lovers of Mankind are affected, and in the Event of which, their Affections are interested. The laying a Country desolate with Fire and Sword, declaring war against natural rights of all Mankind, and extirpating the Defenders thereof from the Face of the Earth, is the Concern of every Man to whom Nature hath given the Power of feeling; . . . It is repugnant to reason, to the universal order of things, to all examples from former ages, to suppose, that this continent can longer remain subject to any external power . . . The last cord is now broken, the people of England are presenting addresses against us. There are injuries which nature cannot forgive; she would cease to be nature if she did . . . O ye that love mankind! Ye that dare oppose, not only the tyranny, but the tyrant, stand forth! Every spot of the old world is overrun with oppression. Freedom hath been hunted round the globe. Asia, and Africa, have long expelled her--Europe regards her like a stranger, and England hath given her warning to depart. O! Receive the fugitive, and prepare in time an asylum for mankind. Law on Succession to the Presidency If by reason of death, resignation, removal from office, inability, or failure to qualify there is neither a president nor vice president to discharge the powers and duties of the office of president, then the speaker of the House of Representatives shall upon his resignation as speaker and as representative, act as president. The same rule shall apply in the case of the death, resignation, removal from office, or inability of an individual acting as president. If at the time when a speaker is to begin the discharge of the powers and duties of the office of president there is no speaker, or the speaker fails to qualify as acting president, then the president pro tempore of the Senate, upon his resignation as president pro tempore and as senator, shall act as president. An individual acting as president shall continue to act until the expiration of the then current presidential term, except that (1) if his discharge of the powers and duties of the office is founded in whole or in part in the failure of both the president-elect and the vice president-elect to qualify, then he shall act only until a president or vice president qualifies, and (2) if his discharge of the powers and duties of the office is founded in whole or in part on the inability of the president or vice president, then he shall act only until the removal of the disability of one of such individuals. If, by reason of death, resignation, removal from office, or failure to qualify, there is no president pro tempore to act as president, then the officer of the United States who is highest on the following list, and who is not under any disability to discharge the powers and duties of president shall act as president; the secretaries of state, treasury, defense, attorney general; secretaries of interior, agriculture, commerce, labor, health and human services, housing and urban development, transportation, energy, education. (Legislation approved July 18, 1947; amended Sept. 9, 1965, Oct. 15, 1966, Aug. 4, 1977, and Sept. 27, 1979. (See also Constitutional Amendment XXV.) Presidential Oath of Office The Constitution (Article II) directs that the President shall take the following oath or affirmation: "I do solemnly swear (affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." (Custom decrees the use of the words "So help me God" at the end of the oath when taken by the President-elect, his/her left hand on the Bible for the duration of the oath, with his/her right hand slightly raised.) How the Declaration of Independence Was Adopted On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, who had issued the first call for a congress of the colonies, introduced in the Continental Congress at Philadelphia a resolution declaring "that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." The resolution, seconded by John Adams on behalf of the Massachusetts delegation, came up again June 10 when a committee of 5, headed by Thomas Jefferson, was appointed to express the purpose of the resolution in a declaration of independence. The others on the committee were John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Robert R. Livingston, and Roger Sherman. Drafting the Declaration was assigned to Jefferson, who worked on a portable desk of his own construction in a room at Market and 7th Sts. The committee reported the result June 28, 1776. The members of the Congress suggested a number of changes, which Jefferson called "deplorable." They didn't approve Jefferson's arraignment of the British people and King George III for encouraging and fostering the slave trade, which Jefferson called "an execrable commerce." They made 86 changes, eliminating 480 words and leaving 1,337. In the final form capitalization was erratic. Jefferson had written that men were endowed with "inalienable" rights; in the final copy it came out as "unalienable" and has been thus ever since. The Lee-Adams resolution of independence was adopted by 12 yeas July 2 -- the actual date of the act of independence. The Declaration, which explains the act, was adopted July 4, in the evening. After the Declaration was adopted, July 4, 1776, it was turned over to John Dunlap, printer, to be printed on broadsides. The original copy was lost and one of his broadsides was attached to a page in the journal of the Congress. It was read aloud July 8 in Philadelphia, Easton, Pa., and Trenton, N.J. On July 9 at 6 p.m. it was read by order of Gen. George Washington to the troops assembled on the Common in New York City (City Hall Park). The Continental Congress of July 19, 1776, adopted the following resolution: "Resolved, That the Declaration passed on the 4th, be fairly engrossed on parchment with the title and stile of 'The Unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America' and that the same, when engrossed, be signed by every member of Congress." Not all delegates who signed the engrossed Declaration were present on July 4. Robert Morris (Pa.), William Williams (Conn.) and Samuel Chase (Md.) signed on Aug. 2, Oliver Wolcott (Conn.), George Wythe (Va.), Richard Henry Lee (Va.) and Elbridge Gerry (Mass.) signed in August and September, Matthew Thornton (N. H.) joined the Congress Nov. 4 and signed later. Thomas McKean (Del.) rejoined Washington's Army before signing and said later that he signed in 1781. Charles Carroll of Carrollton was appointed a delegate by Maryland on July 4, 1776, presented his credentials July 18, and signed the engrossed Declaration Aug. 2. Born Sept. 19, 1737, he was 95 years old and the last surviving signer when he died Nov. 14, 1832. Two Pennsylvania delegates who did not support the Declaration on July 4 were replaced. The 4 New York delegates did not have authority from their state to vote on July 4. On July 9 the New York state convention authorized its delegates to approve the Declaration and the Congress was so notified on July 15, 1776. The 4 signed the Declaration on Aug. 2. The original engrossed Declaration is preserved in the National Archives Building in Washington. The Continental Congress: Meetings, Presidents 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴� Meeting places Dates of meetings Congress pres 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Meeting places Dates of meetings Congress pres 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Philadelphia Sept. 5 to Oct. 26, 1774 Peyton Randol " " Henry Middlet Philadelphia May 10, 1775 to Dec. 12, 1776 Peyton Randol " " John Hancock, Baltimore Dec. 20, 1776 to Mar. 4, 1777 " Philadelphia Mar. 5 to Sept. 18, 1777 " Lancaster, Pa. Sept. 27, 1777 (one day) " York, Pa. Sept. 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778 Henry Laurens Philadelphia July 2, 1778 to June 21, 1783 John Jay, N.Y " " Samuel Huntin " " Thomas McKean " " John Hanson, " " Elias Boudino Princeton, N.J. June 30 to Nov. 4, 1783 Thomas Miffli Annapolis, Md. Nov. 26, 1783 to June 3, 1784 " Trenton, N.J. Nov. 1 to Dec. 24, 1784 Richard Henry New York City Jan. 11 to Nov. 4, 1785 " " Nov. 7, 1785 to Nov. 3, 1786 John Hancock, " " Nathaniel Gor Meeting places Dates of meetings Congress pres 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� " " Nathaniel Gor " Nov. 6, 1786 to Oct. 30, 1787 Arthur St. Cl Feb. 2, 1787 " Nov. 5, 1787 to Oct. 21, 1788 Cyrus Griffin, Va. Jan. 22, 1788 " Nov. 3, 1788 to Mar. 2, 1789 " 1 Resigned Oct. 22, 1774. 2 Titled "President of the United States in Congress Assembled," John Hanson is considered by some to be the first U.S. President as he was the first to serve under the Articles of Confederation. He was, however, little more than presiding officer of the Congress, which retained full executive power. He could be considered the head of government, but not head of state. 3 Resigned May 29, 1786, without serving, because of illness. 4 Articles of Confederation agreed upon, Nov. 15, 1777; last ratification from Maryland, Mar. 1, 1781. Origin of the United States National Motto In God We Trust, designated as the U. S. National Motto by Congress in 1956, originated during the Civil War as an inscription for U. S. coins, although it was used by Francis Scott Key in a slightly different form when he wrote The Star Spangled Banner in 1814. On Nov. 13, 1861, when Union morale had been shaken by battlefield defeats, the Rev. M. R. Watkinson, of Ridleyville, Pa., wrote to Secy. of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase. "From my heart I have felt our national shame in disowning God as not the least of our present national disasters," the minister wrote, suggesting "recognition of the Almighty God in some form on our coins." Secy. Chase ordered designs prepared with the inscription In God We Trust and backed coinage legislation which authorized use of this slogan. It first appeared on some U. S. coins in 1864, disappeared and reappeared on various coins until 1955, when Congress ordered it placed on all paper money and all coins. The Great Seal of the U.S. On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress appointed a committee consisting of Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson "to bring in a device for a seal of the United States of America." After many delays, a verbal description of a design by William Barton was finally approved by Congress on June 20, 1782. The seal shows an American bald eagle with a ribbon in its mouth bearing the device E pluribus unum (One out of many). In its talons are the arrows of war and an olive branch of peace. On the reverse side it shows an unfinished pyramid with an eye (the eye of Providence) above it. The American's Creed William Tyler Page, Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives, wrote "The American's Creed" in 1917. It was accepted by the House on behalf of the American people on April 3, 1918. "I believe in the United States of America as a government of the people, by the people, for the people; whose just powers are derived from the consent of the governed; a democracy in a republic; a sovereign Nation of many sovereign States; a perfect union, one and inseparable; established upon those principles of freedom, equality, justice, and humanity for which American patriots sacrificed their lives and fortunes. "I therefore believe it is my duty to my country to love it, to support its Constitution, to obey its laws, to respect its flag, and to defend it against all enemies." The Flag of the U.S.--The Stars and Stripes The 50-star flag of the United States was raised for the first time officially at 12:01 a.m. on July 4, 1960, at Fort McHenry National Monument in Baltimore, Md. The 50th star had been added for Hawaii; a year earlier the 49th, for Alaska. Before that, no star had been added since 1912, when N.M. and Ariz. were admitted to the Union. The true history of the Stars and Stripes has become so cluttered by a volume of myth and tradition that the facts are difficult, and in some cases impossible, to establish. For example, it is not certain who designed the Stars and Stripes, who made the first such flag, or even whether it ever flew in any sea fight or land battle of the American Revolution. One thing all agree on is that the Stars and Stripes originated as the result of a resolution offered by the Marine Committee of the Second Continental Congress at Philadelphia and adopted June 14, 1777. It read: Resolved: that the flag of the United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation. Congress gave no hint as to the designer of the flag, no instructions as to the arrangement of the stars, and no information on its appropriate uses. Historians have been unable to find the original flag law. The resolution establishing the flag was not even published until Sept. 2, 1777. Despite repeated requests, Washington did not get the flags until 1783, after the Revolutionary War was over. And there is no certainty that they were the Stars and Stripes. Early Flags Although it was never officially adopted by the Continental Congress, many historians consider the first flag of the U.S. to have been the Grand Union (sometimes called Great Union) flag. This was a modification of the British Meteor flag, which had the red cross of St. George and the white cross of St. Andrew combined in the blue canton. For the Grand Union flag, 6 horizontal stripes were imposed on the red field, dividing it into 13 alternate red and white stripes. On Jan. 1, 1776, when the Continental Army came into formal existence, this flag was unfurled on Prospect Hill, Somerville, Mass. Washington wrote that "we hoisted the Union Flag in compliment to the United Colonies." One of several flags about which controversy has raged for years is at Easton, Pa. Containing the devices of the national flag in reversed order, this has been in the public library at Easton for over 150 years. Some contend that this flag was actually the first Stars and Stripes, first displayed on July 8, 1776. This flag has 13 red and white stripes in the canton, 13 white stars centered in a blue field. A flag was hastily improvised from garments by the defenders of Fort Schuyler at Rome, N.Y., Aug. 3-22, 1777. Historians believe it was the Grand Union Flag. The Sons of Liberty had a flag of 9 red and white stripes, to signify 9 colonies, when they met in New York in 1765 to oppose the Stamp Tax. By 1775, the flag had grown to 13 red and white stripes, with a rattlesnake on it. At Concord, Apr. 19, 1775, the minute men from Bedford, Mass., are said to have carried a flag having a silver arm with sword on a red field. At Cambridge, Mass., the Sons of Liberty used a plain red flag with a green pine tree on it. In June 1775, Washington went from Philadelphia to Boston to take command of the army, escorted to New York by the Philadelphia Light Horse Troop. It carried a yellow flag which had an elaborate coat of arms -- the shield charged with 13 knots, the motto "For These We Strive" -- and a canton of 13 blue and silver stripes. In Feb., 1776, Col. Christopher Gadsden, member of the Continental Congress, gave the S. Carolina Provincial Congress a flag "such as is to be used by the commander-in-chief of the American Navy." It had a yellow field, with a rattlesnake about to strike and the words "Don't Tread on Me." At the battle of Bennington, Aug. 16, 1777, patriots used a flag of 7 white and 6 red stripes with a blue canton extending down 9 stripes and showing an arch of 11 white stars over the figure 76 and a star in each of the upper corners. The stars are seven-pointed. This flag is preserved in the Historical Museum at Bennington, Vt. At the Battle of Cowpens, Jan. 17, 1781, the 3d Maryland Regt. is said to have carried a flag of 13 red and white stripes, with a blue canton containing 12 stars in a circle around one star. Who Designed the Flag? --No one knows for certain. Francis Hopkinson, designer of a naval flag, declared he also had designed the flag and in 1781 asked Congress to reimburse him for his services. Congress did not do so. Dumas Malone of Columbia Univ. wrote: "This talented man . . . designed the American flag." Who Called the Flag Old Glory? -- The flag is said to have been named Old Glory by William Driver, a sea captain of Salem, Mass. One legend has it that when he raised the flag on his brig, the Charles Doggett, in 1824, he said: "I name thee Old Glory." But his daughter, who presented the flag to the Smithsonian Institution, said he named it at his 21st birthday celebration Mar. 17, 1824, when his mother presented the homemade flag to him. The Betsy Ross Legend -- The widely publicized legend that Mrs. Betsy Ross made the first Stars and Stripes in June 1776, at the request of a committee composed of George Washington, Robert Morris, and George Ross, an uncle, was first made public in 1870, by a grandson of Mrs. Ross. Historians have been unable to find a historical record of such a meeting or committee. Adding New Stars The flag of 1777 was used until 1795. Then, on the admission of Vermont and Kentucky to the Union, Congress passed and Pres. Washington signed an act that after May 1, 1795, the flag should have 15 stripes, alternate red and white, and 15 white stars on a blue field in the union. When new states were admitted it became evident that the flag would become burdened with stripes. Congress thereupon ordered that after July 4, 1818, the flag should have 13 stripes, symbolizing the 13 original states; that the union have 20 stars, and that whenever a new state was admitted a new star should be added on the July 4 following admission. No law designates the permanent arrangement of the stars. However, since 1912 when a new state has been admitted, the new design has been announced by executive order. No star is specifically identified with any state. Code of Etiquette for Display and Use of the U.S. Flag Although the Stars and Stripes originated in 1777, it was not until 146 years later that there was a serious attempt to establish a uniform code of etiquette for the U.S. flag. The War Department issued Feb. 15, 1923, a circular on the rules of flag usage. These were adopted almost in their entirety June 14, 1923, by a conference of 68 patriotic organizations in Washington. Finally, on June 22, 1942, a joint resolution of Congress, amended by Public Law 94-344 July 7, 1976, codified "existing rules and customs pertaining to the display and use of the flag . . . " When to Display the Flag--The flag should be displayed on all days, especially on legal holidays and other special occasions, on official buildings when in use, in or near polling places on election days, and in or near schools when in session. A citizen may fly the flag at any time he wishes. It is customary to display the flag only from sunrise to sunset on buildings and on stationary flagstaffs in the open. However, it may be displayed at night on special occasions, preferably lighted. In Washington, the flag now flies over the White House both day and night. It flies over the Senate wing of the Capitol when the Senate is in session and over the House wing when that body is in session. It flies day and night over the east and west fronts of the Capitol, without floodlights at night but receiving light from the illuminated Capitol Dome. It flies 24 hours a day at several other places, including the Fort McHenry Nat'l Monument in Baltimore, where it inspired Francis Scott Key to write The Star Spangled Banner. How to Fly the Flag--The flag should be hoisted briskly and lowered ceremoniously, and should never be allowed to touch the ground or the floor. When hung over a sidewalk from a rope extending from a building to a pole, the union should be away from the building. When hung over the center of a street it should have the union to the north in an east-west street and to the east in a north-south street. No other flag may be flown above or, if on the same level, to the right of the U.S. flag, except that at the United Nations Headquarters the UN flag may be placed above flags of all member nations and other national flags may be flown with equal prominence or honor with the flag of the U.S. At services by Navy chaplains at sea, the church pennant may be flown above the flag. When two flags are placed against a wall with crossed staffs, the U.S. flag should be at right--its own right, and its staff should be in front of the staff of the other flag; when a number of flags are grouped and displayed from staffs, it should be at the center and highest point of the group. Church and Platform Use--In an auditorium, the flag may be displayed flat, above and behind the speaker. When displayed from a staff in a church or public auditorium, the flag should hold the position of superior prominence, in advance of the audience, and in the position of honor at the clergyman's or speaker's right as he faces the audience. Any other flag so displayed should be placed on the left of the clergyman or speaker or to the right of the audience. When the flag is displayed horizontally or vertically against a wall, the stars should be uppermost and at the observer's left. How to Dispose of Worn Flags--The flag, when it is in such condition that it is no longer a fitting emblem for display, should be destroyed in a dignified way, preferably by burning. When to Salute the Flag--All persons present should face the flag, stand at attention and salute on the following occasions: (1) When the flag is passing in a parade or in a review, (2) During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering, (3) When the National Anthem is played, and (4) During the Pledge of Allegiance. Those present in uniform should render the military salute. When not in uniform, men should remove the hat with the right hand holding it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Men without hats should salute in the same manner. Aliens should stand at attention. Women should salute by placing the right hand over the heart. On Memorial Day, the flag should fly at half-staff until noon, then be raised to the peak. As provided by Presidential proclamation the flag should fly at half-staff for 30 days from the day of death of a president or former president; for 10 days from the day of death of a vice president, chief justice or retired chief justice of the U.S., or speaker of the House of Representatives; from day of death until burial of an associate justice of the Supreme Court, cabinet member, former vice president, or Senate president pro tempore, majority or minority Senate leader, or majority or minority House leader; for a U.S. senator, representative, territorial delegate, or the resident commissioner of Puerto Rico, on day of death and the following day within the metropolitan area of the District of Columbia and from day of death until burial within the decedent's state, congressional district, territory or commonwealth; and for the death of the governor of a state, territory, or possession of the U.S., from day of death until burial within that state, territory, or possession. When used to cover a casket, the flag should be placed so that the union is at the head and over the left shoulder. It should not be lowered into the grave nor touch the ground. Prohibited Uses of the Flag--The flag should not be dipped to any person or thing. (An exception--customarily, ships salute by dipping their colors.) It should never be displayed with the union down save as a distress signal. It should never be carried flat or horizontally, but always aloft and free. It should not be displayed on a float, motor car or boat except from a staff. It should never be used as a covering for a ceiling, nor have placed upon it any word, design, or drawing. It should never be used as a receptacle for carrying anything. It should not be used to cover a statue or a monument. The flag should never be used for advertising purposes, nor be embroidered on such articles as cushions or hankerchiefs, printed or otherwise impressed on boxes or anything that is designed for temporary use and discard; or used as a costume or athletic uniform. Advertising signs should not be fastened to its staff or halyard. The flag should never be used as drapery of any sort, never festooned, drawn back, nor up, in folds, but always allowed to fall free. Bunting of blue, white and red always arranged with the blue above and the white in the middle, should be used for covering a speaker's desk, draping the front of a platform, and for decoration in general. An Act of Congress approved Feb. 8, 1917, provided certain penalties for the desecration, mutilation or improper use of the flag within the District of Columbia. A 1968 federal law provided penalties of up to a year's imprisonment or a $1,000 fine or both, for publicly burning or otherwise desecrating any flag of the United States. In addition, many states have laws against flag desecration. In 1989, the Supreme Court ruled that no laws could prohibit political protesters from burning the flag. The decision had the effect of declaring unconstitutional the flag desecration laws of 48 states, as well as a similar Federal statute, in cases of peaceful political expression. The Supreme Court, June 1990, declared that a new Federal law making it a crime to burn or deface the American flag violates the free-speech guarantee of the First Amendment. The 5-4 decision led to renewed calls in Congress for a constitutional amendment to make it possible to prosecute flag burning. Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to the republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. This, the current official version of the Pledge of Allegiance, has developed from the original pledge, which was first published in the Sept. 8, 1892, issue of the Youth's Companion, a weekly magazine then published in Boston. The original pledge contained the phrase "my flag," which was changed more than 30 years later to "flag of the United States of America." An act of Congress in 1954 added the words "under God." The authorship of the pledge had been in dispute for many years. The Youth's Companion stated in 1917 that the original draft was written by James B. Upham, an executive of the magazine who died in 1910. A leaflet circulated by the magazine later named Upham as the originator of the draft "afterwards condensed and perfected by him and his associates of the Companion force." Francis Bellamy, a former member of the Youth's Companion editorial staff, publicly claimed authorship of the pledge in 1923. The United States Flag Assn., acting on the advice of a committee named to study the controversy, upheld in 1939 the claim of Bellamy, who had died 8 years earlier. The Library of Congress issued in 1957 a report attributing the authorship to Bellamy. The National Anthem -- The Star-Spangled Banner The Star-Spangled Banner was ordered played by the military and naval services by President Woodrow Wilson in 1916. It was designated the National Anthem by Act of Congress, Mar. 3, 1931. It was written by Francis Scott Key, of Georgetown, D. C., during the bombardment of Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Md., Sept. 13-14, 1814. Key was a lawyer, a graduate of St. John's College, Annapolis, and a volunteer in a light artillery company. When a friend, Dr. Beanes, a physician of Upper Marlborough, Md., was taken aboard Admiral Cockburn's British squadron for interfering with ground troops, Key and J. S. Skinner, carrying a note from President Madison, went to the fleet under a flag of truce on a cartel ship to ask Beanes' release. Admiral Cockburn consented, but as the fleet was about to sail up the Patapsco to bombard Fort McHenry he detained them, first on H. M. S. Surprise, and then on a supply ship. Key witnessed the bombardment from his own vessel. It began at 7 a.m., Sept. 13, 1814, and lasted, with intermissions, for 25 hours. The British fired over 1,500 shells, each weighing as much as 220 lbs. They were unable to approach closely because the Americans had sunk 22 vessels in the channel. Only four Americans were killed and 24 wounded. A British bomb-ship was disabled. During the bombardment Key wrote a stanza on the back of an envelope. Next day at Indian Queen Inn, Baltimore, he wrote out the poem and gave it to his brother-in-law, Judge J. H. Nicholson. Nicholson suggested the tune, Anacreon in Heaven, and had the poem printed on broadsides, of which two survive. On Sept. 20 it appeared in the "Baltimore American." Later Key made 3 copies; one is in the Library of Congress and one in the Pennsylvania Historical Society. The copy that Key wrote in his hotel Sept. 14, 1814, remained in the Nicholson family for 93 years. In 1907 it was sold to Henry Walters of Baltimore. In 1934 it was bought at auction in New York from the Walters estate by the Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, for $26,400. The Walters Gallery in 1953 sold the manuscript to the Maryland Historical Society for the same price. The flag that Key saw during the bombardment is preserved in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington. It is 30 by 42 ft., and has 15 alternate red and white stripes and 15 stars, for the original 13 states plus Kentucky and Vermont. It was made by Mary Young Pickersgill. The Baltimore Flag House, a museum, occupies her premises, which were restored in 1953. The Star-Spangled Banner I Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early light What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars thru the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming? And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, there. Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave? II On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep, Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep, As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam, In full glory reflected now shines in the stream: 'Tis the star-spangled banner! Oh long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! III And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion, A home and a country should leave us no more! Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution. No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave: And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! IV Oh! thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand Between their loved home and the war's desolation! Blest with victory and peace, may the heav'n rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation. Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just, And this be our motto: "In God is our trust." And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! America (My Country 'Tis of Thee) First sung in public on July 4, 1831, at a service in the Park Street Church, Boston, the words were written by Rev. Samuel Francis Smith, a Baptist clergyman, who set them to a melody he found in a German songbook, unaware that it was the tune for the British anthem, "God Save the King/Queen." My country, 'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, Of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died! Land of the Pilgrims' pride! From ev'ry mountainside, Let freedom ring! My native country, thee, Land of the noble free, Thy name I love. I love thy rocks and rills, Thy woods and templed hills; My heart with rapture thrills Like that above. Let music swell the breeze, And ring from all the trees Sweet freedom's song. Let mortal tongues awake; Let all that breathe partake; Let rocks their silence break, The sound prolong. Our fathers' God, to Thee, Author of liberty, To Thee we sing. Long may our land be bright With freedom's holy light; Protect us by Thy might, Great God, our King! America, the Beautiful Composed by Katherine Lee Bates, a Massachusetts educator and author, in 1893. It was inspired by the view Bates experienced atop Pike's Peak. Its final form was established in 1911 and is set to the music of Samuel A. Ward's "Materna." O beautiful for spacious skies, For amber waves of grain, For purple mountain majesties Above the fruited plain. America! America! God shed His grace on thee, And crown thy good with brotherhood From sea to shining sea. O beautiful for pilgrim feet Whose stern impassion'd stress A thorough-fare for freedom beat Across the wilderness. America! America! God mend thine ev'ry flaw, Confirm thy soul in self control, Thy liberty in law. O beautiful for heroes prov'd In liberating strife, Who more than self their country lov'd And mercy more than life. America! America! May God thy gold refine Till all success be nobleness, And ev'ry gain divine. O beautiful for patriot dream That sees beyond the years, Thine alabaster cities gleam, Undimmed by human tears. America! America! God shed His grace on thee, And crown thy good with brotherhood From sea to shining sea. The Liberty Bell: Its History and Significance The Liberty Bell, in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, is an object of great reverence to Americans because of its association with the historic events of the War of Independence. The original Province bell, ordered to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, was cast by Thomas Lister, Whitechapel, London, and reached Philadelphia in Aug. 1752. It bore an inscription from Leviticus XXV, 10: "Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." The bell was cracked by a stroke of its clapper in Sept. 1752 while it hung on a truss in the State House yard for testing. Pass & Stow, Philadelphia founders, recast the bell, adding 1 1/2 ounces of copper to a pound of the original metal to reduce brittleness. It was found that the bell contained too much copper, injuring its tone, so Pass & Stow recast it again, this time successfully. In June 1753 the bell was hung in the wooden steeple of the State House, erected on top of the brick tower. In use while the Continental Congress was in session in the State House, it rang out in defiance of British tax and trade restrictions, and proclaimed the Boston Tea Party and the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence. On Sept. 18, 1777, when the British Army was about to occupy Philadelphia, the bell was moved in a baggage train of the American Army to Allentown, Pa. where it was hidden in the Zion Reformed Church until June 27, 1778. It was moved back to Philadelphia after the British left. In July 1781 the wooden steeple became insecure and had to be taken down. The bell was lowered into the brick section of the tower. Here it was hanging in July, 1835, when it cracked while tolling for the funeral of John Marshall, chief justice of the United States. Because of its association with the War of Independence it was not recast but remained mute in this location until 1846, the year of the Mexican War, when it was placed on exhibition in the Declaration Chamber of Independence Hall. In 1876, when many thousands of Americans visited Philadelphia for the Centennial Exposition, it was placed in its old walnut frame in the tower hallway. In 1877 it was hung from the ceiling of the tower by a chain of 13 links. It was returned again to the Declaration Chamber and in 1896 taken back to the tower hall, where it occupied a glass case. In 1915 the case was removed so that the public might touch it. On Jan. 1, 1976, just after midnight to mark the opening of the Bicentennial Year, the bell was moved to a new glass and steel pavilion behind Independence Hall for easier viewing by the larger number of visitors expected during the year. The measurements of the bell follow: circumference around the lip, 12 ft.; circumference around the crown, 7 ft. 6 in.; lip to the crown, 3 ft.; height over the crown, 2 ft. 3 in.; thickness at lip, 3 in.; thickness at crown, 1 1/4 in.; weight, 2080 lbs.; length of clapper, 3 ft. 2 in.; cost, [pound ]60 14s 5d. Statue of Liberty National Monument Since 1886, the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World has stood as a symbol of freedom in New York harbor. It also commemorates French-American friendship for it was given by the people of France, designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi (1834-1904). A $2.5 million building housing the American Museum of Immigration was opened by Pres. Nixon Sept. 26, 1972, at the base of the statue. It houses a permanent exhibition of photos, posters, and artifacts tracing the history of American immigration. The Monument is administered by the National Park Service. Nearby Ellis Island, gateway to America for more than 12 million immigrants between 1892 and 1954, was proclaimed part of the National Monument in 1965 by Pres. Johnson. Edouard de Laboulaye, French historian and admirer of American political institutions, suggested that the French present a monument to the United States, the latter to provide pedestal and site. Bartholdi visualized a colossal statue at the entrance of New York harbor, welcoming the peoples of the world with the torch of liberty. On Washington's birthday, Feb. 22, 1877, Congress approved the use of a site on Bedloe's Island suggested by Bartholdi. This island of 12 acres had been owned in the 17th century by a Walloon named Isaac Bedloe. It was called Bedloe's until Aug. 3, 1956, when Pres. Eisenhower approved a resolution of Congress changing the name to Liberty Island. The statue was finished May 21, 1884, and formally presented to U.S. Minister Morton July 4, 1884, by Ferdinand de Lesseps, head of the Franco-American Union, promoter of the Panama Canal, and builder of the Suez Canal. On Aug. 5, 1884, the Americans laid the cornerstone for the pedestal. This was to be built on the foundations of Fort Wood, which had been erected by the Government in 1811. The American committee had raised $125,000, but this was found to be inadequate. Joseph Pulitzer, owner of the New York World, appealed on Mar. 16, 1885, for general donations. By Aug. 11, 1885, he had raised $100,000. The statue arrived dismantled, in 214 packing cases, from Rouen, France, in June, 1885. The last rivet of the statue was driven Oct. 28, 1886, when Pres. Grover Cleveland dedicated the monument. The statue weighs 450,000 lbs. or 225 tons. The copper sheeting weighs 200,000 lbs. There are 167 steps from the land level to the top of the pedestal, 168 steps inside the statue to the head, and 54 rungs on the ladder leading to the arm that holds the torch. Two years of restoration work was completed before the statue's centennial celebration on July 4, 1986. Among other repairs, the multi-million dollar project included replacing the 1,600 wrought iron bands that hold its copper skin to its frame, replacing its torch, and installing an elevator. A four-day extravaganza of concerts, tall ships, ethnic festivals, and fireworks celebrated the 100th anniversary. The festivities included Chief Justice Warren E. Burger's swearing-in of 5,000 new citizens on Liberty Island, while 20,000 others across the country were simultaneously sworn in through a satellite telecast. The ceremonies were followed by others on Oct. 28, 1986, the statue's 100th birthday. Emma Lazarus' Famous Poem A poem by Emma Lazarus is graven on a tablet within the pedestal on which the statue stands. The New Colossus Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, With conquering limbs astride from land to land; Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. "Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!" 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Dimensions of the Statue Ft. In. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Height from base to torch (45.3 meters) 151 1 Foundation of pedestal to torch (91.5 meters) 305 1 Heel to top of head 111 1 Length of hand 16 5 Index finger 8 0 Circumference at second joint 3 6 Size of finger nail 13x10 in. Head from chin to cranium 17 3 Head thickness from ear to ear 10 0 Distance across the eye 2 6 Length of nose 4 6 Right arm, length 42 0 Dimensions of the Statue Ft. In. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Right arm, length 42 0 Right arm, greatest thickness 12 0 Thickness of waist 35 0 Width of mouth 3 0 Tablet, length 23 7 Tablet, width 13 7 Tablet, thickness 2 0 Lincoln's Address at Gettysburg, 1863 Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battle field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Confederate States and Secession The American Civil War, 1861-65, grew out of sectional disputes over the continued existence of slavery in the South and the contention of Southern legislators that the states retained many sovereign rights, including the right to secede from the Union. The war was not fought by state against state but by one federal regime against another, the Confederate government in Richmond assuming control over the economic, political, and military life of the South, under protest from Georgia and South Carolina. South Carolina voted an ordinance of secession from the Union, repealing its 1788 ratification of the U.S. Constitution on Dec. 20, 1860, to take effect Dec. 24. Other states seceded in 1861. Their votes in conventions were: Mississippi, Jan. 9, 84-15; Florida, Jan. 10, 62-7; Alabama, Jan. 11, 61-39; Georgia, Jan. 19, 208-89; Louisiana, Jan. 26, 113-17; Texas, Feb. 1, 166-7, ratified by popular vote Feb. 23 (for 34,794, against 11,325); Virginia, Apr. 17, 88-55, ratified by popular vote May 23 (for 128,884; against 32,134); Arkansas, May 6, 69-1; Tennessee, May 7, ratified by popular vote June 8 (for 104,019, against 47,238); North Carolina, May 21. Missouri Unionists stopped secession in conventions Feb. 28 and Mar. 9. The legislature condemned secession Mar. 7. Under the protection of Confederate troops, secessionist members of the legislature adopted a resolution of secession at Neosho, Oct. 31. The Confederate Congress seated the secessionists' representatives. Kentucky did not secede and its government remained Unionist. In a part occupied by Confederate troops, Kentuckians approved secession and the Confederate Congress admitted their representatives. The Maryland legislature voted against secession Apr. 27, 53-13. Delaware did not secede. Western Virginia held conventions at Wheeling, named a pro-Union governor June 11, 1861; admitted to Union as West Virginia June 20, 1863; its constitution provided for gradual abolition of slavery. Confederate Government Forty-two delegates from South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Florida met in convention at Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 4, 1861. They adopted a provisional constitution of the Confederate States of America, and elected Jefferson Davis (Miss.) provisional president, and Alexander H. Stephens (Ga.) provisional vice president. A permanent constitution was adopted Mar. 11; it abolished the African slave trade. The Congress moved to Richmond, Va. July 20. Davis was elected president in October, and was inaugurated Feb. 22, 1862. The Congress adopted a flag, consisting of a red field with a white stripe, and a blue jack with a circle of white stars. Later the more popular flag was the red field with blue diagonal cross bars that held 13 white stars. The stars represented the 11 states actually in the Confederacy plus Kentucky and Missouri. (See also Civil War, U.S., in Index) The Mayflower Compact The threat of James I to "harry them out of the land" sent a little band of religious dissenters from England to Holland in 1608. They were known as "Separatists" because they wished to cut all ties with the Established Church. In 1620, some of them, known now as the Pilgrims, joined with a larger group in England to set sail on the Mayflower for the New World. A joint stock company financed their venture. In November, they sighted Cape Cod and decided to land an exploring party at Plymouth Harbor. However, a rebellious group picked up at Southhampton and London troubled the Pilgrim leaders, and to control their actions forty-one of the Pilgrims drew up the "Mayflower Compact," which was signed before going ashore. The voluntary agreement to govern themselves was America's first written constitution. In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord, King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc. Having undertaken for the Glory of God, and Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honour of our King and Country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern Parts of Virginia; do by these Presents, solemnly and mutually in the Presence of God and one of another, convenant and combine ouselves together into a civil Body Politick, for our better Ordering and Preservation, and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid; And by Virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal Laws, Ordinances, Acts, Constitutions and Offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the General good of the Colony; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience. In Witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the eleventh of November, in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord, King James of England, France and Ireland, the eighteenth, and of Scotland the fifty-fourth. Anno Domini, 1620. Forms of Address for Persons of Rank and Public Office In these examples John Smith is used as a representative American name. The salutation Dear Sir or Dear Madam is always permissible when addressing a person not known to the writer. Female equivalents should be substituted where appropriate. President of the United States Address: The President, The White House, Washington, DC 20500. Also, The President and Mrs. . Salutation: Dear Sir or Mr. President or Dear Mr. President. More intimately: My dear Mr. President. Also: Dear Mr. President and Mrs. . The vice president takes the same forms. Cabinet Officers Address: Mr. John Smith, Secretary of State, Washington, D.C. or The Hon. John Smith. Similar addresses for other members of the cabinet. Also: Secretary and Mrs. John Smith. Salutation: Dear Sir, or Dear Mr. Secretary. Also: Dear Mr. and Mrs. Smith. The Bench Address: The Hon. John Smith, Chief Justice of the United States. The Hon. John Smith, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. The Hon. John Smith, Associate Judge, U.S. District Court. Salutation: Dear Sir, or Dear Mr. Chief Justice. Dear Mr. Justice. Dear Judge Smith. Members of Congress Address: The Hon. John Smith, United States Senate, Washington, DC 20510, or Sen. John Smith, etc. Also The Hon. John Smith, House of Representatives, Washington, DC 20515, or Rep. John Smith, etc. Salutation: Dear Mr. Senator or Dear Mr. Smith; for Representative, Dear Mr. Smith. Officers of Armed Forces Address: Careful attention should be given to the precise rank, thus: General of the Army John Smith, Fleet Admiral John Smith. The rules for Air Force are same as Army. Salutation: Dear Sir, or Dear General. All general officers, whatever rank, are entitled to be addressed as generals. Likewise a lieutenant colonel is addressed as colonel and first and second lieutenants are addressed as lieutenant. Warrant officers and flight officers are addressed as Mister. Chaplains are addressed as Chaplain. A Catholic chaplain may be addressed as Father. Cadets of the United States Military Academy and Air Force Academy are addressed as Cadet. Noncommissioned officers are addressed by their titles. Ambassador, Governor, Mayor Address: The Hon. John Smith, followed by his or her title. They can be addressed either at their embassy, or at the Department of State, Washington, D.C. An ambassador from a foreign nation may be addressed as His or Her Excellency. An American is not to be so addressed. Salutation: Dear Mr. or Madam Ambassador. An ambassador from a foreign nation may be called Your Excellency. Governors and mayors are often addressed as The Hon. Jane Smith, Governor of , or The Hon. John Smith, Mayor of ; also Governor John Smith, State House, Albany, N.Y., or Mayor Jane Smith, City Hall, Erie, Pa. The Clergy Address: His Holiness, the Pope, or His Holiness Pope (name), State of Vatican City, Italy. Salutation: Your Holiness or Most Holy Father. Also: His Eminence, John, Cardinal Smith; salutation: Your Eminence. An archbishop or a bishop is addressed The Most Reverend, and the salutation is Your Excellency. A monsignor who is a papal chamberlain is The Very Reverend Monsignor and the salutation is Dear Sir or Very Reverend Monsignor; a monsignor who is a domestic prelate is The Right Reverend Monsignor and salutation is Right Reverend Monsignor. A priest is addressed Reverend John Smith. A brother of an order is addressed Brother . A sister takes the same form. A bishop of the Episcopal Church is The Right Reverend John Smith; salutation is Right Reverend Sir, or Dear Bishop Smith. If a clergyman is a doctor of divinity, he is addressed: The Reverend John Smith, D.D., and the salutation is Reverend Sir, or Dear Dr. Smith. When a clergyman does not have the degree the salutation is Dear Mr. Smith. A bishop of the Methodist Church is addressed Bishop John Smith with titles following. Royalty and Nobility An emperor is to be addressed in a letter as Sir, or Your Imperial Majesty. A king or queen is addressed as His Majesty (Name), King of (Name), or Her Majesty (Name), Queen of (Name), Salutation: Sir, or Madam, or May it please Your Majesty. Princes and princesses and other persons of royal blood are addressed as His (or Her) Royal Highness, and saluted with May it please Your Royal Highness. A duke or marquis is My Lord Duke (or Marquis), a duke is His (or Your) Grace. WORLD HISTORY Prehistory: Our Ancestors Take Over Homo sapiens. The precise origins of homo sapiens, the species to which all humans belong, are subject to broad speculation based on a small number of fossils, genetic and anatomical studies, and the geological record. But most scientists agree that we evolved from ape-like primate ancestors in a process that began millions of years ago. Current theories say the first hominid (human-like primate) was Ramapithecus, who emerged 12 million years ago. Its remains have been found in Asia, Europe, and Africa. Further development was apparently limited to Africa, where 2 lines of hominids appeared some 5 or 6 million years ago. One was Australopithecus, a tool-maker and social animal, who lived from perhaps 4 to 3 million years ago, and then apparently became extinct. The 2nd was a human line, Homo habilus, a large-brained specimen that walked upright and had a dextrous hand. Homo habilus lived in semi-permanent camps and had a food-gathering and sharing economy. Homo erectus, our nearest ancestor, appeared in Africa perhaps 1.75 million years ago, and began spreading into Asia and Europe soon after. It had a fairly large brain and a skeletal structure similar to ours. Homo erectus learned to control fire, and probably had primitive language skills. The final brain development to Homo sapiens and then to our sub-species Homo sapiens sapiens occurred between 500,000 and 50,000 years ago, either in one place -- probably Africa -- or virtually simultaneously and independently in different places in Africa, Europe, and Asia. There is no question that all modern races are members of the same species, Homo sapiens sapiens. The spread of mankind into the remaining habitable continents probably took place during the last ice age up to 100,000 years ago: to the Americas across a land bridge from Asia, and to Australia across the Timor Straits. Earliest cultures. A variety of cultural modes -- in tool-making, diet, shelter, and possibly social arrangements and spiritual expression, arose as early mankind adapted to different geographic and climatic zones. Three basic tool-making traditions are recognized by archeologists as arising and often coexisting from one million years ago to the near past: the chopper tradition, found largely in E. Asia, with crude chopping tools and simple flake tools; the flake tradition, found in Africa and W. Europe, with a variety of small cutting and flaking tools, and the biface tradition, found in all of Africa, W. and S. Europe, and S. Asia, producing pointed hand axes chipped on both faces. Later biface sites yield more refined axes and a variety of other tools, weapons, and ornaments using bone, antler, and wood as well as stone. Only sketchy evidence remains for the different stages in man's increasing control over the environment. Traces of 400,000-year-old covered wood shelters have been found at Nice, France. Scraping tools at Neanderthal sites (200,000-30,000 BC in Europe, N. Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia) suggest the treatment of skins for clothing. Sites from all parts of the world show seasonal migration patterns and exploitation of a wide range of plant and animal food sources. Painting and decoration, for which there is evidence at the Nice site, flourished along with stone and ivory sculpture after 30,000 years ago; 60 caves in France and 30 in Spain show remarkable examples of wall painting. Other examples have been found in Africa. Proto-religious rites are suggested by these works, and by evidence of ritual cannibalism by Peking Man, 500,000 BC, and of ritual burial with medicinal plants and flowers by Neanderthals at Shanidar in Iraq. The Neolithic Revolution. Sometime after 10,000 BC, among widely separated human communities, a series of dramatic technological and social changes occurred that are summed up as the Neolithic Revolution. The cultivation of previously wild plants encouraged the growth of permanent settlements. Animals were domesticated as a work force and food source. The manufacture of pottery and cloth began. These techniques permitted a huge increase in world population and in human control over the earth. No region can safely claim priority as the "inventor" of these techniques. Dispersed sites in Cen. and S. America, S.E. Europe, and the Middle East show roughly contemporaneous (10-8,000 BC) evidence of one or another "neolithic" trait. Dates near 6-3,000 BC have been given for E. and S. Asian, W. European, and sub-Saharan African neolithic remains. The variety of crops -- field grains, rice, maize, and roots, and the varying mix of other traits suggest that the revolution occurred independently in all these regions. History Begins: 4000 - 1000 BC Near Eastern cradle. If history began with writing, the first chapter opened in Mesopotamia, the Tigris-Euphrates river valley. Clay tablets with pictographs were used by the Sumerians to keep records after 4000 BC.A cuneiform (wedge shaped) script evolved by 3000 BC as a full syllabic alphabet. Neighboring peoples adapted the script to their own language. Sumerian life centered, from 4000 BC, on large cities (Eridu, Ur, Uruk, Nippur, Kish, Lagash) organized around temples and priestly bureaucracies, with the surrounding plains watered by vast irrigation works and worked with traction plows. Sailboats, wheeled vehicles, potters wheels, and kilns were used. Copper was smelted and tempered in Sumeria from c4000 BC and bronze was produced not long after. Ores, as well as precious stones and metals were obtained through long-distance ship and caravan trade. Iron was used from c2000 BC. Improved ironworking, developed partly by the Hittites, became widespread by 1200 BC. Sumerian political primacy passed among cities and their kingly dynasties. Semitic-speaking peoples, with cultures derived from the Sumerian, founded a succession of dynasties that ruled in Mesopotamia and neighboring areas for most of 1800 years; among them the Akkadians (first under Sargon c2350 BC), the Amorites (whose laws, codified by Hammurabi,c1792-1750 BC, have Biblical parallels), and the Assyrians, with interludes of rule by the Hittites, Kassites, and Mitanni, all possibly Indo-Europeans. The political and cultural center of gravity shifted northwest with each successive empire. Mesopotamian learning, maintained by scribes and preserved by successive rulers in vast libraries, was not abstract or theoretical. Algebraic and geometric problems could be solved on a practical basis in construction, commerce, or administration. Systematic lists of astronomical phenomena, plants, animals and stones were kept; medical texts listed ailments and their herbal cures. The Sumerians worshipped anthropomorphic gods representing natural forces -- Anu, god of heaven; Enlil (Ea), god of water. Epic poetry related these and other gods in a hierarchy. Sacrifices were made at ziggurats -- huge stepped temples. Gods were thought to control all events, which could be foretold using oracular materials. This religious pattern persisted into the first millenium BC. The Syria-Palestine area, site of some of the earliest urban remains (Jericho, 7000 BC), and of the recently uncovered Ebla civilization (fl. 2500 BC), experienced Egyptian cultural and political influence along with Mesopotamian. The Phoenician coast was an active commercial center. A phonetic alphabet was invented here before 1600 BC. It became the ancestor of all European, Middle Eastern, Indian, S.E. Asian, Ethiopian, and Korean alphabets. Regional commerce and diplomacy were aided by the use of Akkadian as a lingua franca, later replaced by Aramaic. Egypt.. Agricultural villages along the Nile were united by 3300 BC into two kingdoms, Upper and Lower Egypt, unified under the Pharaoh Menes c3100 BC; Nubia to the south was added 2600 BC. A national bureaucracy supervised construction of canals and monuments (pyramids starting 2700 BC). Brilliant First Dynasty achievements in architecture, sculpture and painting, set the standards and forms for all subsequent Egyptian civilization and are still admired. Hieroglyphic writing appeared by 3400 BC, recording a sophisticated literature including romantic and philosophical modes after 2300 BC. An ordered hierarchy of gods, including totemistic animal elements, was served by a powerful priesthood in Memphis. The pharaoh was identified with the falcon god Horus. Later trends were the belief in an afterlife, and the quasi-monotheistic reforms of Akhenaton (c1379-1362 BC). After a period of conquest by Semitic Hyksos from Asia (c1700-1500 BC), the New Kingdom established an empire in Syria. Egypt became increasingly embroiled in Asiatic wars and diplomacy. Eventually it was conquered by Persia in 525 BC, and it faded away as an independent culture. India. An urban civilization with a so-far-undeciphered writing system stretched across the Indus Valley and along the Arabian Sea c3000-1500 BC. Major sites are Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in Pakistan, well-planned geometric cities with underground sewers and vast granaries. The entire region (600,000 sq. mi.) may have been ruled as a single state. Bronze was used, and arts and crafts were highly developed. Religious life apparently took the form of fertility cults. Indus civilization was probably in decline when it was destroyed by Aryan invaders from the northwest, speaking an Indo-European language from which all the languages of Pakistan, north India and Bangladesh descend. Led by a warrior aristocracy whose legendary deeds are recorded in the Rig Veda, the Aryans spread east and south, bringing their pantheon of sky gods, elaborate priestly (Brahmin) ritual, and the beginnings of the caste system; local customs and beliefs were assimilated by the conquerors. Europe. On Crete, the bronze-age Minoancivilization emerged c2500 BC. A prosperous economy and richly decorative art (e.g. at Knossos palace) was supported by seaborne commerce. Mycenae and other cities in Greece and Asia Minor (e.g. Troy) preserved elements of the culture to c1100 BC. Cretan Linear A script, c2000-1700 BC, is undeciphered; Linear B, c1300-1200 BC, records a Greek dialect. Possible connection between Minoan-Mycenaean monumental stonework, and the great megalithic monuments and tombs of W. Europe, Iberia, and Malta (c4000-1500 BC) is unclear. China. Proto-Chinese neolithic cultures had long covered northern and southeastern China when the first large political state was organized in the north by the Shang dynasty c1500 BC. Shang kings called themselves Sons of Heaven, and presided over a cult of human and animal sacrifice to ancestors and nature gods. The Chou dynasty, starting c1100 BC, expanded the area of the Son of Heaven's dominion, but feudal states exercised most temporal power. A writing system with 2,000 different characters was already in use under the Shang, with pictographs later supplemented by phonetic characters. The system, with modifications, is still in use, despite changes in spoken Chinese. Technical advances allowed urban specialists to create fine ceramic and jade products, and bronze casting after 1500 BC was the most advanced in the world. Bronze artifacts have recently been discovered in northern Thailand dating to 3600 BC, hundreds of years before similar Middle Eastern finds. Americas. Olmecs settled on the Gulf coast of Mexico, 1500 BC, and soon developed the first civilization in the Western Hemisphere. Temple cities and huge stone sculpture date to 1200 BC. A rudimentary calendar and writing system existed. Olmec religion, centering on a jaguar god, and art forms influenced all later Meso-American cultures. Neolithic ceremonial centers were built on the Peruvian desert coast, c2000 BC. Classical Era of Old World Civilizations Greece. After a period of decline during the Dorian Greek invasions (1200-1000 BC), Greece and the Aegean area developed a unique civilization. Drawing upon Mycenaean traditions, Mesopotamian learning (weights and measures, lunisolar calendar, astronomy, musical scales), the Phoenician alphabet (modified for Greek), and Egyptian art, the revived Greek city-states saw a rich elaboration of intellectual life. Long-range commerce was aided by metal coinage (introduced by the Lydians in Asia Minor before 700 BC); colonies were founded around the Mediterranean and Black Sea shores (Cumae in Italy 760 BC, Massalia in France c600 BC). Philosophy, starting with Ionian speculation on the nature of matter and the universe (Thales c634-546), and including mathematical speculation (Pythagoras c580-c500), culminated in Athens in the rationalist idealism of Plato (c428-347) and Socrates (c470-399); the latter was executed for alleged impiety. Aristotle (384-322) united all fields of study in his system. The arts were highly valued. Architecture culminated in the Parthenon in Athens (438, sculpture by Phidias); poetry and drama (Aeschylus 525-456) thrived. Male beauty and strength, a chief artistic theme, were enhanced at the gymnasium and the national games at Olympia. Ruled by local tyrants or oligarchies, the Greeks were never politically united, but managed to resist inclusion in the Persian Empire (Darius defeated at Marathon 490 BC, Xerxes at Salamis, Plataea 479 BC). Local warfare was common; the Peloponnesian Wars, 431-404 BC, ended in Sparta's victory over Athens. Greek political power waned, but classical Greek cultural forms spread thoughout the ancient world from the Atlantic to India. Hebrews. Nomadic Hebrew tribes entered Canaan before 1200 BC, settling among other Semitic peoples speaking the same language. They brought from the desert a monotheistic faith said to have been revealed to Abraham in Canaan c1800 BC and to Moses at Mt. Sinai c1250 BC, after the Hebrews' escape from bondage in Egypt David (ruled 1000-961 BC) and Solomon (ruled 961-922 BC) united the Hebrews in a kingdom that briefly dominated the area. Phoenicians to the north established colonies around the E. and W. Mediterranean (Carthage c814 BC) and sailed into the Atlantic. A temple in Jerusalem became the national religious center, with sacrifices performed by a hereditary priesthood. Polytheistic influences, especially of the fertility cult of Baal, were opposed by prophets (Elijah, Amos, Isaiah). Divided into two kingdoms after Solomon, the Hebrews were unable to resist the revived Assyrian empire, which conquered Israel, the northern kingdom in 722 BC. Judah, the southern kingdom, was conquered in 586 BC by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar II. But with the fixing of most of the Biblical canon by the mid-fourth century BC, and the emergence of rabbis, arbiters of law and custom, Judaism successfully survived the loss of Hebrew autonomy. A Jewish kingdom was revived under the Hasmoneans (168-42 BC). China. During the Eastern Chou dynasty (770-256 BC), Chinese culture spread east to the sea and south to the Yangtze. Large feudal states on the periphery of the empire contended for pre-eminence, but continued to recognize the Son of Heaven (king), who retained a purely ritual role enriched with courtly music and dance. In the Age of Warring States (403-221 BC), when the first sections of the Great Wall were built, the Ch'in state in the West gained supremacy, and finally united all of China. Iron tools entered China c500 BC, and casting techniques were advanced, aiding agriculture. Peasants owned their land, and owed civil and military service to nobles. Cities grew in number and size, though barter remained the chief trade medium. Intellectual ferment among noble scribes and officials produced the Classical Age of Chinese literature and philosophy. Confucius (551-479 BC) urged a restoration of a supposedly harmonious social order of the past through proper conduct in accordance with one's station and through filial and ceremonial piety. The Analects, attributed to him, are revered throughout East Asia. Mencius (d. 289 BC) added the view that the Mandate of Heaven can be removed from an unjust dynasty. The Legalists sought to curb the supposed natural wickedness of people through new institutions and harsh laws; they aided the Ch'in rise to power. The Naturalists emphasized the balance of opposites -- yin, yang -- in the world. Taoists sought mystical knowledge through meditation and disengagement. India. The political and cultural center of India shifted from the Indus to the Ganges River Valley. Buddhism, Jainism, and mystical revisions of orthodox Vedism all developed around 500-300 BC. The Upanishads, last part of the Veda, urged escape from the illusory physical world. Vedism remained the preserve of the priestly Brahmin caste. In contrast, Buddhism, founded by Siddarta Gautama (c563-c483 BC), appealed to merchants in the growing urban centers, and took hold at first (and most lastingly) on the geographic fringes of Indian civilization. The classic Indian epics were composed in this era: The Ramayana around 300 BC, the Mahabharata over a period starting 400 BC. Northern India was divided into a large number of monarchies and aristocratic republics, probably derived from tribal groupings, when the Magadha kingdom was formed in Bihar c542 BC. It soon became the dominant power. The Maurya dynasty, founded by Chandragupta c321 BC, expanded the kingdom, uniting most of N. India in a centralized bureaucratic empire. The third Mauryan king, Asoka (ruled c274-236) conquered most of the subcontinent: he converted to Buddhism, and inscribed its tenets on pillars throughout India. He downplayed the caste system and tried to end expensive sacrificial rites. Before its final decline in India, Buddhism developed the popular worship of heavenly Bodhisatvas (enlightened beings), and produced a refined architecture (stupa--shrine--at Sanchi 100 AD) and sculpture (Gandhara reliefs 1-400 AD). Persia. Aryan peoples (Persians, Medes) dominated the area of present Iran by the beginning of the first millenium BC. The prophet Zoroaster (born c628 BC) introduced a dualistic religion in which the forces of good (Ahura Mazda, Lord of Wisdom) and evil (Ahiram) battle for dominance; individuals are judged by their actions and earn damnation or salvation. Zoroaster's hymns (Gathas) are included in the Avesta, the Zoroastrian scriptures. A version of this faith became the established religion of the Persian Empire, and probably influenced later monotheistic religions. Africa. Nubia, periodically occupied by Egypt since the third millenium, ruled Egypt c750-661, and survived as an independent Egyptianized kingdom (Kush; capital Meroe) for 1,000 years. The Iron Age Nok culture flourished c500 BC-200 AD on the Benue Plateau of Nigeria. Americas. The Chavin culture controlled north Peru from 900-200 BC. Its ceremonial centers, featuring the jaguar god, survived long after. Chavin architecture, ceramics, and textiles influenced other Peruvian cultures. Mayan civilization began to develop in Central America in the 5th century BC. Great Empires Unite the Civilized World: 400 BC-400 AD Persia and Alexander. Cyrus, ruler of a small kingdom in Persia from 559 BC, united the Persians and Medes within 10 years, conquered Asia Minor and Babylonia in another 10. His son Cambyses followed by Darius (ruled 522-486) added vast lands to the east and north as far as the Indus Valley and Central Asia, as well as Egypt and Thrace. The whole empire was ruled by an international bureaucracy and army, with Persians holding the chief positions. The resources and styles of all the subject civilizations were exploited to create a rich syncretic art. The Hellenized kingdom of Macedon, which under Phillip II dominated Greece, passed to his son Alexander in 336 BC. Within 13 years, Alexander conquered all the Persian dominions. Imbued by his tutor Aristotle with Greek ideals, Alexander encouraged Greek colonization, and Greek-style cities were founded throughout the empire (e.g. Alexandria, Egypt). After his death in 323 BC, wars of succession divided the empire into three parts -- Macedon, Egypt (ruled by the Ptolemies), and the Seleucid Empire. In the ensuing 300 years (the Hellenistic Era), a cosmopolitan Greek-oriented culture permeated the ancient world from W. Europe to the borders of India, absorbing native elites everywhere. Hellenistic philosophy stressed the private individual's search for happiness. The Cynics followed Diogenes (c372-287), who stressed satisfaction of animal needs and contempt for social convention. Zeno (c335-c263) and the Stoics exalted reason, identified it with virtue, and counseled an ascetic disregard for misfortune. The Epicureans tried to build lives of moderate pleasure without political or emotional involvement. Hellenistic arts imitated life realistically, especially in sculpture and literature (comedies of Menander, 342-292). The sciences thrived, especially at Alexandria, where the Ptolemies financed a great library and museum. Fields of study included mathematics (Euclid's geometry, c300 BC; Menelaus' non-Euclidean geometry, c100 AD); astronomy (heliocentric theory of Aristarchus, 310-230 BC; Julian calendar 45 BC; Ptolemy's Almagest, c150 AD); geography (world map of Eratosthenes, 276-194 BC); hydraulics (Archimedes, 287-212 BC); medicine (Galen, 130-200 AD), and chemistry. Inventors refined uses for siphons, valves, gears, springs, screws, levers, cams, and pulleys. A restored Persian empire under the Parthians (N. Iranian tribesmen) controlled the eastern Hellenistic world 250 BC-229 AD. The Parthians and the succeeding Sassanian dynasty (229-651) fought with Rome periodically. The Sassanians revived Zoroastrianism as a state religion, and patronized a nationalistic artistic and scholarly renaissance. Rome. The city of Rome was founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BC. Through military expansion and colonization, and by granting citizenship to conquered tribes, the city annexed all of Italy south of the Po in the 100-year period before 268 BC. The Latin and other Italic tribes were annexed first, followed by the Etruscans (a civilized people north of Rome) and the Greek colonies in the south. With a large standing army and reserve forces of several hundred thousand, Rome was able to defeat Carthage in the 3 Punic Wars, 264-241, 218-201, 149-146 (despite the invasion of Italy by Hannibal, 218), thus gaining Sicily and territory in Spain and North Africa. New provinces were added in the East, as Rome exploited local disputes to conquer Greece and Asia Minor in the 2d century BC, and Egypt in the first (after the defeat and suicide of Antony and Cleopatra, 30 BC). All the Mediterranean civilized world up to the disputed Parthian border was now Roman, and remained so for 500 years. Less civilized regions were added to the Empire: Gaul (conquered by Julius Caesar, 56-49 BC), Britain (43 AD) and Dacia NE of the Danube (117 AD). The original aristocratic republican government, with democratic features added in the fifth and fourth centuries BC, deteriorated under the pressures of empire and class conflict (Gracchus brothers, social reformers, murdered 133, 121; slave revolts 135, 73). After a series of civil wars (Marius vs. Sulla 88-82, Caesar vs. Pompey 49-45, triumvirate vs. Caesar's assassins 44-43, Antony vs. Octavian 32-30), the empire came under the rule of a deified monarch (first emperor, Augustus, 27 BC-14 AD). Provincials (nearly all granted citizenship by Caracalla, 212 AD) came to dominate the army and civil service. Traditional Roman law, systematized and interpreted by independent jurists, and local self-rule in provincial cities were supplanted by a vast tax-collecting bureaucracy in the 3d and 4th centuries. The legal rights of women, children, and slaves were strengthened. Roman innovations in civil engineering included water mills, windmills, and rotary mills, and the use of cement that hardened under water. Monumental architecture (baths, theaters, apartment houses) relied on the arch and the dome. The network of roads (some still standing) stretched 53,000 miles, passing through mountain tunnels as long as 3.5 miles. Aqueducts brought water to cities, underground sewers removed waste. Roman art and literature were derivative of Greek models. Innovations were made in sculpture (naturalistic busts and equestrian statues), decorative wall painting (as at Pompeii), satire (Juvenal, 60-127), history (Tacitus 56-120), prose romance (Petronius, d. 66 AD). Violence and torture dominated mass public amusements, which were supported by the state. India. The Gupta monarchs reunited N. India c320 AD. Their peaceful and prosperous reign saw a revival of Hindu religious thought and Brahmin power. The old Vedic traditions were combined with devotion to a plethora of indigenous deities (who were seen as manifestations of Vedic gods). Caste lines were reinforced, and Buddhism gradually disappeared. The art (often erotic), architecture, and literature of the period, patronized by the Gupta court, are considered to be among India's finest achievements (Kalidasa, poet and dramatist, fl. c400). Mathematical innovations included the use of zero and decimal numbers. Invasions by White Huns from the NW destroyed the empire c550. Rich cultures also developed in S. India in this era. Emotional Tamil religious poetry aided the Hindu revival. The Pallava kingdom controlled much of S. India c350-880, and helped spread Indian civilization to S.E. Asia. China. The Ch'in ruler Shih Huang Ti (ruled 221-210 BC), known as the First Emperor, centralized political authority in China, standardized the written language, laws, weights, measures, and coinage, and conducted a census, but tried to destroy most philosophical texts. The Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) instituted the Mandarin bureaucracy, which lasted for 2,000 years. Local officials were selected by examination in the Confucian classics and trained at the imperial university and at provincial schools. The invention of paper facilitated this bureaucratic system. Agriculture was promoted, but the peasants bore most of the tax burden. Irrigation was improved; water clocks and sundials were used; astronomy and mathematics thrived; landscape painting was perfected. With the expansion south and west (to nearly the present borders of today's China), trade was opened with India, S.E. Asia, and the Middle East, over sea and caravan routes. Indian missionaries brought Mahayana Buddhism to China by the first century AD, and spawned a variety of sects. Taoism was revived, and merged with popular superstitions. Taoist and Buddhist monasteries and convents multiplied in the turbulent centuries after the collapse of the Han dynasty. The One God Triumphs: 1-750 AD Christianity. Religions indigenous to particular Middle Eastern nations became international in the first 3 centuries of the Roman Empire. Roman citizens worshipped Isis of Egypt, Mithras of Persia, Demeter of Greece, and the great mother Cybele of Phrygia. Their cults centered on mysteries (secret ceremonies) and the promise of an afterlife, symbolized by the death and rebirth of the god. Judaism, which had begun as the national cult of Judea, also spread by emigration and conversion. It was the only ancient religion west of India to survive. Christians, who emerged as a distinct sect in the second half of the 1st century AD, revered Jesus, a Jewish preacher said to have been killed by the Romans at the request of Jewish authorities in Jerusalem c30 AD. They considered him the Savior (Messiah, or Christ) who rose from the dead and could grant eternal life to the faithful, despite their sinfulness. They believed he was an incarnation of the one god worshipped by the Jews, and that he would return soon to pass final judgment on the world. The missionary activities of such early leaders as Paul of Tarsus spread the faith, at first mostly among Jews or among quasi-Jews attracted by the Pauline rejection of such difficult Jewish laws as circumcision. Intermittent persecution, as in Rome under Nero in 64 AD, on grounds of suspected disloyalty, failed to disrupt the Christian communities. Each congregation, generally urban and of plebeian character, was tightly organized under a leader (bishop) elders (presbyters or priests), and assistants (deacons). Stories about Jesus (the Gospels) and the early church (Acts) were written down in the late first and early 2d centuries, and circulated along with letters of Paul. An authoritative canon of these writings was not fixed until the 4th century. A school for priests was established at Alexandria in the second century. Its teachers (Origen c182-251) helped define Christian doctrine and promote the faith in Greek-style philosophical works. Pagan Neoplatonism was given Christian coloration in the works of Church Fathers such as Augustine (354-430). Christian hermits, often drawn from the lower classes, began to associate in monasteries, first in Egypt (St. Pachomius c290-345), then in other eastern lands, then in the West (St. Benedict's rule, 529). Popular devotion to saints, especially Mary, mother of Jesus, spread. Under Constantine (ruled 306-337), Christianity became in effect the established religion of the Empire. Pagan temples were expropriated, state funds were used to build huge churches and support the hierarchy, and laws were adjusted in accordance with Christian notions. Pagan worship was banned by the end of the fourth century, and severe restrictions were placed on Judaism. The newly established church was rocked by doctrinal disputes, often exacerbated by regional rivalries both within and outside the Empire. Chief heresies (as defined by church councils backed by imperial authority) were Arianism, which denied the divinity of Jesus; Donatism, which rejected the convergence of church and state and denied the validity of sacraments performed by sinful clergy; and the Monophysite position denying the dual nature of Christ. Judaism. First century Judaism embraced several sects, including: the Sadducees, mostly drawn from the Temple priesthood, who were culturally Hellenized; the Pharisees, who upheld the full range of traditional customs and practices as of equal weight to literal scriptural law, and elaborated synagogue worship; and the Essenes, an ascetic, millenarian sect. Messianic fervor led to repeated, unsuccessful rebellions against Rome (66-70, 135). As a result, the Temple was destroyed, and the population decimated. To avoid the dissolution of the faith, a program of codification of law was begun at the academy of Yavneh. The work continued for some 500 years in Palestine and Babylonia, ending in the final redaction of the Talmud (c600), a huge collection of legal and moral debates, rulings, liturgy, Biblical exegesis, and legendary materials. Islam. The earliest Arab civilization emerged by the end of the 2d millenium BC in the watered highlands of Yemen. Seaborne and caravan trade in frankincense and myrrh connected the area with the Nile and Fertile Crescent. The Minaean, Sabean (Sheba), and Himyarite states successively held sway. By Mohammed's time (7th century AD), the region was a province of Sassanian Persia. In the North, the Nabataean kingdom at Petra and the kingdom of Palmyra were first Aramaicized and then Romanized, and finally absorbed like neighboring Judea into the Roman Empire. Nomads shared the central region with a few trading towns and oases. Wars between tribes and raids on settled communities were common, and were celebrated in a poetic tradition that by the 6th century helped establish a classic literary Arabic. In 611 Mohammed, a wealthy 40-year-old Arab of Mecca, had a revelation from Allah, the one true god, calling on him to repudiate pagan idolatry. Drawing on elements of Judaism and Christianity, and eventually incorporating some Arab pagan traditions (such as reverence for the black stone at the kaaba shrine in Mecca), Mohammed's teachings, recorded in the Koran, forged a new religion, Islam (submission to Allah). Opposed by the leaders of Mecca, Mohammed made a hejira (migration) to Medina to the north in 622, the beginning of the Moslem lunar calendar. He and his followers defeated the Meccans in 624 in the first jihad (holy war), and by his death (632), nearly all the Arabian peninsula accepted his religious and secular leadership. Under the first two caliphs (successors) Abu Bakr (632-34) and Oman (634-44), Moslem rule was confirmed over Arabia. Raiding parties into Byzantine and Persian border areas developed into campaigns of conquest against the two empires, which had been weakened by wars and by disaffection among subject peoples (including Coptic and Syriac Christians opposed to the Byzantine orthodox church). Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Iraq, and Persia all fell to the inspired Arab armies. The Arabs at first remained a distinct minority, using non-Moslems in the new administrative system, and tolerating Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians as self-governing "Peoples of the Book," whose taxes supported the empire. Disputes over the succession, and puritan reaction to the wealth and refinement that empire brought to the ruling strata, led to the growth of schismatic movements. The followers of Mohammed's son-in-law Ali (assassinated 661) and his descendants became the founders of the more mystical Shi'ite sect, still the largest non-orthodox Moslem sect. The Karijites, puritanical, militant, and egalitarian, persist as a minor sect to the present. Under the Ummayad caliphs (661-750), the boundaries of Islam were extended across N. Africa and into Spain. Arab armies in the West were stopped at Tours in 732 by the Frank Charles Martel. Asia Minor, the Indus Valley, and Transoxiana were conquered in the East. The vast majority of the subject population gradually converted to Islam, encouraged by tax and career privileges. The Arab language supplanted the local tongues in the central and western areas, but Arab soldiers and rulers in the East eventually became assimilated to the indigenous languages. New Peoples Enter World History: 400-900 Barbarian invasions. Germanic tribes infiltrated S and E from their Baltic homeland during the 1st millenium BC, reaching S. Germany by 100 BC and the Black Sea by 214 AD. Organized into large federated tribes under elected kings, most resisted Roman domination and raided the empire in time of civil war (Goths took Dacia 214, raided Thrace 251-269). German troops and commanders came to dominate the Roman armies by the end of the 4th century. Huns, invaders from Asia, entered Europe 372, driving more Germans into the western empire. Emperor Valens allowed Visigoths to cross the Danube 376. Huns under Attila (d. 453) raided Gaul, Italy, Balkans. The western empire, weakened by overtaxation and social stagnation, was overrun in the 5th century. Gaul was effectively lost 406-7, Spain 409, Britain 410, Africa 429-39. Rome was sacked 410 by Visigoths under Alaric, 455 by Vandals. The last western emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed 476 by the Germanic chief Odoacer. Celts. Celtic cultures, which in pre-Roman times covered most of W. Europe, were confined almost entirely to the British Isles after the Germanic invasions. St. Patrick completed the conversion of Ireland (c457-92). A strong monastic tradition took hold. Irish monastic missionaries in Scotland, England, and the continent (Columba c521-597; Columban c543-615) helped restore Christianity after the Germanic invasions. The monasteries became renowned centers of classic and Christian learning, and presided over the recording of a Christianized Celtic mythology, elaborated by secular writers and bards. An intricate decorative art style developed, especially in book illumination (Lindisfarne Gospels, c700, Book of Kells, 8th century). Successor states. The Visigoth kingdom in Spain (from 419) and much of France (to 507) saw a continuation of much Roman administration, language, and law (Breviary of Alaric 506), until its destruction by the Moslems, 711. The Vandal kingdom in Africa, from 429, was conquered by the Byzantines, 533. Italy was ruled in succession by an Ostrogothic kingdom under Byzantine suzerainty 489-554, direct Byzantine government, and the German Lombards (568-774). The latter divided the peninsula with the Byzantines and the papacy under the dynamic reformer Pope Gregory the Great (590-604) and his successors. King Clovis (ruled 481-511) united the Franks on both sides of the Rhine, and after his conversion to orthodox Christianity, defeated the Arian Burgundians (after 500) and Visigoths (507) with the support of the native clergy and the papacy. Under the Merovingian kings a feudal system emerged: power was fragmented among hierarchies of military landowners. Social stratification, which in late Roman times had acquired legal, hereditary sanction, was reinforced. The Carolingians (747-987) expanded the kingdom and restored central power. Charlemagne (ruled 768-814) conquered nearly all the Germanic lands, including Lombard Italy, and was crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III in Rome in 800. A centuries-long decline in commerce and the arts was reversed under Charlemagne's patronage. He welcomed Jews to his kingdom, which became a center of Jewish learning (Rashi 1040-1105). He sponsored the "Carolingian Renaissance" of learning under the Anglo-Latin scholar Alcuin (c732-804), who reformed church liturgy. Byzantine Empire. Under Diocletian (ruled 284-305) the empire had been divided into 2 parts to facilitate administration and defense. Constantine founded Constantinople, 330, (at old Byzantium) as a fully Christian city. Commerce and taxation financed a sumptuous, orientalized court, a class of hereditary bureaucratic families, and magnificent urban construction (Hagia Sophia, 532-37). The city's fortifications and naval innovations (Greek fire) repelled assaults by Goths, Huns, Slavs, Bulgars, Avars, Arabs, and Scandinavians. Greek replaced Latin as the official language by c700. Byzantine art, a solemn, sacral, and stylized variation of late classical styles (mosaics at S. Vitale, Ravenna, 526-48) was a starting point for medieval art in E. and W. Europe. Justinian (ruled 527-65) reconquered parts of Spain, N. Africa, and Italy, codified Roman law (codex Justinianus, 529, was medieval Europe's chief legal text), closed the Platonic Academy at Athens and ordered all pagans to convert. Lombards in Italy, Arabs in Africa retook most of his conquests. The Isaurian dynasty from Anatolia (from 717) and the Macedonian dynasty (867-1054) restored military and commercial power. The Iconoclast controversy (726-843) over the permissibility of images, helped alienate the Eastern Church from the papacy. Arab Empire. Baghdad, founded 762, became the seat of the Abbasid Caliphate (founded 750), while Ummayads continued to rule in Spain. A brilliant cosmopolitan civilization emerged, inaugurating an Arab-Moslem golden age. Arab lyric poetry revived; Greek, Syriac, Persian, and Sanskrit books were translated into Arabic, often by Syriac Christians and Jews, whose theology and Talmudic law, respectively, influenced Islam. The arts and music flourished at the court of Harun al-Rashid (786-809), celebrated in The Arabian Nights. The sciences, medicine, and mathematics were pursued at Baghdad, Cordova, and Cairo (founded 969). Science and Aristotelian philosophy culminated in the systems of Avicenna (980-1037), Averroes (1126-98), and Maimonides (1135-1204), a Jew; all influenced later Christian scholarship and theology. The Islamic ban on images encouraged a sinuous, geometric decorative tradition, applied to architecture and illumination. A gradual loss of Arab control in Persia (from 874) led to the capture of Baghdad by Persians, 945. By the next century, Spain and N. Africa were ruled by Berbers, while Turks prevailed in Asia Minor and the Levant. The loss of political power by the caliphs allowed for the growth of non-orthodox trends, especially the mystical Sufi tradition (theologian Ghazali, 1058-1111). Africa. Immigrants from Saba in S. Arabia helped set up the Axum kingdom in Ethiopia in the 2d century (their language, Ge'ez, is preserved by the Ethiopian Church). In the 4th century, when the kingdom became Christianized, it defeated Kushite Meroe and expanded into Yemen. Axum was the center of a vast ivory trade; it controlled the Red Sea coast until c1100. Arab conquest in Egypt cut Axum's political and economic ties with Byzantium. The Iron Age entered W. Africa by the end of the 1st millenium BC. Ghana, the first known sub-Saharan state, ruled in the upper Senegal-Niger region c400-1240, controlling the trade of gold from mines in the S to trans-Sahara caravan routes to the N. The Bantu peoples, probably of W. African origin, began to spread E and S perhaps 2000 years ago, displacing the Pygmies and Bushmen of central and southern Africa over a 1,500-year period. Japan. The advanced Neolithic Yayoi period, when irrigation, rice farming, and iron and bronze casting techniques were introduced from China or Korea, persisted to c400 AD. The myriad Japanese states were then united by the Yamato clan, under an emperor who acted as the chief priest of the animistic Shinto cult. Japanese political and military intervention in Korea by the 6th century quickened a Chinese cultural invasion, bringing Buddhism, the Chinese language (which long remained a literary and governmental medium), Chinese ideographs and Buddhist styles in painting, sculpture, literature, and architecture (7th c. Horyu-ji temple at Nara). The Taika Reforms, 646, tried to centralize Japan according to Chinese bureaucratic and Buddhist philosophical values, but failed to curb traditional Japanese decentralization. A nativist reaction against the Buddhist Nara period (710-94) ushered in the Heian period (794-1185) centered at the new capital, Kyoto. Japanese elegance and simplicity modified Chinese styles in architecture, scroll painting, and literature; the writing system was also simplified. The courtly novel Tale of Genji (1010-20) testifies to the enhanced role of women. Southeast Asia. The historic peoples of southeast Asia began arriving some 2500 years ago from China and Tibet, displacing scattered aborigines. Their agriculture relied on rice and tubers (yams), which they may have introduced to Africa. Indian cultural influences were strongest; literacy and Hindu and Buddhist ideas followed the southern India-China trade route. From the southern tip of Indochina, the kingdom of Funan (1st-7th centuries) traded as far west as Persia. It was absorbed by Chenla, itself conquered by the Khmer Empire (600-1300). The Khmers, under Hindu god-kings (Suryavarman II, 1113-c1150), built the monumental Angkor Wat temple center for the royal phallic cult. The Nam-Viet kingdom in Annam, dominated by China and Chinese culture for 1,000 years, emerged in the 10th century, growing at the expense of the Khmers, who also lost ground in the NW to the new, highly-organized Thai kingdom. On Sumatra, the Srivijaya Empire at Palembang controlled vital sea lanes (7th to 10th centuries). A Buddhist dynasty, the Sailendras, ruled central Java (8th-9th centuries), building at Borobudur one of the largest stupas in the world. China. The short-lived Sui dynasty (581-618) ushered in a period of commercial, artistic, and scientific achievement in China, continuing under the T'ang dynasty (618-906). Such inventions as the magnetic compass, gunpowder, the abacus, and printing were introduced or perfected. Medical innovations included cataract surgery. The state, from the cosmopolitan capital, Ch'ang-an, supervised foreign trade which exchanged Chinese silks, porcelains, and art works for spices, ivory, etc., over Central Asian caravan routes and sea routes reaching Africa. A golden age of poetry bequeathed tens of thousands of works to later generations (Tu Fu 712-70, Li Po 701-62). Landscape painting flourished. Commercial and industrial expansion continued under the Northern Sung dynasty (960-1126), facilitated by paper money and credit notes. But commerce never achieved respectability; government monopolies expropriated successful merchants. The population, long stable at 50 million, doubled in 200 years with the introduction of early-ripening rice and the double harvest. In art, native Chinese styles were revived. Americas. An Indian empire stretched from the Valley of Mexico to Guatemala, 300-600, centering on the huge city Teotihuacan (founded 100 BC). To the S, in Guatemala, a high Mayan civilization developed, 150-900, around hundreds of rural ceremonial centers. The Mayans improved on Olmec writing and the calendar, and pursued astronomy and mathematics (using the idea of zero). In S. America, a widespread pre-Inca culture grew from Tiahuanaco near Lake Titicaca (Gateway of the Sun, c700). Christian Europe Regroups and Expands: 900-1300 Scandinavians. Pagan Danish and Norse (Viking) adventurers, traders, and pirates raided the coasts of the British Isles (Dublin founded c831), France, and even the Mediterranean for over 200 years beginning in the late 8th century. Inland settlement in the W was limited to Great Britain (King Canute, 994-1035) and Normandy, settled under Rollo, 911, as a fief of France. Other Vikings reached Iceland (874), Greenland (c986), and probably N. America (Leif Eriksson c1000). Norse traders (Varangians) developed Russian river commerce from the 8th-11th centuries, and helped set up a state at Kiev in the late 9th century. Conversion to Christianity occurred during the 10th century, reaching Sweden 100 years later. Eleventh century Norman bands conquered S. Italy and Sicily. Duke William of Normandy conquered England, 1066, bringing continental feudalism and the French language, essential elements in later English civilization. East Europe. Slavs inhabited areas of E. Central Europe in prehistoric times, and reached most of their present limits by c850. The first Slavic states were in the Balkans (Slav-Turk Bulgarian Empire, 680-1018) and Moravia (628). Missions of St. Cyril (whose Greek-based Cyrillic alphabet is still used by S. and E. Slavs) converted Moravia, 863. The Eastern Slavs, part-civilized under the overlordship of the Turkish-Jewish Khazar trading empire (7th-10th centuries), gravitated toward Constantinople by the 9th century. The Kievan state adopted Eastern Christianity under Prince Vladimir, 989. King Boleslav I (992-1025) began Poland's long history of eastern conquest. The Magyars (Hungarians) in Europe since 896, accepted Latin Christianity, 1001. Germany. The German kingdom that emerged after the breakup of Charlemagne's Empire remained a confederation of largely autonomous states. The Saxon Otto I, king from 936, established the Holy Roman Empire of Germany and Italy in alliance with Pope John XII, who crowned him emperor, 962; he defeated the Magyars, 955. Imperial power was greatest under the Hohenstaufens (1138-1254), despite the growing opposition of the papacy, which ruled central Italy, and the Lombard League cities. Frederick II (1194-1250) improved administration, patronized the arts; after his death German influence was removed from Italy. Christian Spain. From its northern mountain redoubts, Christian rule slowly migrated south through the 11th century, when Moslem unity collapsed. After the capture of Toledo (1085), the kingdoms of Portugal, Castile, and Aragon undertook repeated crusades of reconquest, finally completed in 1492. Elements of Islamic civilization persisted in recaptured areas, influencing all W. Europe. Crusades. Pope Urban II called, 1095, for a crusade to restore Asia Minor to Byzantium and conquer the Holy Land from the Turks. Some 10 crusades (to 1291) succeeded only in founding 4 temporary Frankish states in the Levant. The 4th crusade sacked Constantinople, 1204. In Rhineland (1096), England (1290), France (1306), Jews were massacred or expelled, and wars were launched against Christian heretics (Albigensian crusade in France, 1229). Trade in eastern luxuries expanded, led by the Venetian naval empire. Economy. The agricultural base of European life benefitted from improvements in plow design c1000, and by draining of lowlands and clearing of forests, leading to a rural population increase. Towns grew in N. Italy, Flanders, and N. Germany (Hanseatic League). Improvements in loom design permitted factory textile production. Guilds dominated urban trades from the 12th century. Banking (centered in Italy, 12th-15th century) facilitated long-distance trade. The Church. The split between the Eastern and Western churches was formalized in 1054. W. andCentral Europe was divided into 500 bishoprics under one united hierarchy, but conflicts between secular and church authorities were frequent (German Investiture Controversy, 1075-1122). Clerical power was first strengthened through the international monastic reform begun at Cluny, 910. Popular religious enthusiasm often expressed itself in heretical movements (Waldensians from 1173), but was channelled by the Dominican (1215) and Franciscan (1223) friars into the religious mainstream. Arts. Romanesque architecture (11th-12th centuries) expanded on late Roman models, using the rounded arch and massed stone to support enlarged basilicas. Painting and sculpture followed Byzantine models. The literature of chivalry was exemplified by the epic (Chanson de Roland, c1100) and by courtly love poems of the troubadours of Provence and minnesingers of Germany. Gothic architecture emerged in France (choir of St. Denis, c1040) and spread as French cultural influence predominated in Europe. Rib vaulting and pointed arches were used to combine soaring heights with delicacy, and freed walls for display of stained glass. Exteriors were covered with painted relief sculpture and elaborate architectural detail. Learning. Law, medicine, and philosophy were advanced at independent universities (Bologna, late 11th century), originally corporations of students and masters. Twelfth century translations of Greek classics, especially Aristotle, encouraged an analytic approach. Scholastic philosophy, from Anselm (1033-1109) to Aquinas (1225-74) attempted to reconcile reason and revelation. Apogee of Central Asian Power; Islam Grows: 1250-1500 Turks. Turkic peoples, of Central Asian ancestry, were a military threat to the Byzantine and Persian Empires from the 6th century. After several waves of invasions, during which most of the Turks adopted Islam, the Seljuk Turks took Baghdad, 1055. They ruled Persia, Iraq, and, after 1071, Asia Minor, where massive numbers of Turks settled. The empire was divided in the 12th century into smaller states ruled by Seljuks, Kurds (Saladin c1137-93), and Mamelukes (a military caste of former Turk, Kurd, and Circassian slaves), which governed Egypt and the Middle East until the Ottoman era (c1290-1922). Osman I (ruled c1290-1326) and succeeding sultans united Anatolian Turkish warriors in a militaristic state that waged holy war against Byzantium and Balkan Christians. Most of the Balkans had been subdued, and Anatolia united, when Constantinople fell, 1453. By the mid-16th century, Hungary, the Middle East, and North Africa had been conquered. The Turkish advance was stopped at Vienna, 1529, and at the naval battle of Lepanto, 1571, by Spain, Venice, and the papacy. The Ottoman state was governed in accordance with orthodox Moslem law. Greek, Armenian, and Jewish communities were segregated, and ruled by religious leaders responsible for taxation; they dominated trade. State offices and most army ranks were filled by slaves through a system of child conscription among Christians. India. Mahmud of Ghazni (971-1030) led repeated Turkish raids into N. India. Turkish power was consolidated in 1206 with the start of the Sultanate at Delhi. Centralization of state power under the early Delhi sultans went far beyond traditional Indian practice. Moslem rule of most of the subcontinent lasted until the British conquest some 600 years later. Mongols. Genghis Khan (c1162-1227) first united the feuding Mongol tribes, and built their armies into an effective offensive force around a core of highly mobile cavalry. He and his immediate successors created the largest land empire in history; by 1279 it stretched from the east coast of Asia to the Danube, from the Siberian steppes to the Arabian Sea. East-West trade and contacts were facilitated (Marco Polo c1254-1324). The western Mongols were Islamized by 1295; successor states soon lost their Mongol character by assimilation. They were briefly reunited under the Turk Tamerlane (1336-1405). Kublai Khan ruled China from his new capital Peking (founded 1264). Naval campaigns against Japan (1274, 1281) and Java (1293) were defeated, the latter by the Hindu-Buddhist maritime kingdom of Majapahit. The Yuan dynasty made use of Mongols and other foreigners (including Europeans) in official posts, and tolerated the return of Nestorian Christianity (suppressed 841-45) and the spread of Islam in the South and West. A native reaction expelled the Mongols, 1367-68. Russia. The Kievan state in Russia, weakened by the decline of Byzantium and the rise of the Catholic Polish-Lithuanian state, was overrun by the Mongols, 1238-40. Only the northern trading republic of Novgorod remained independent. The grand dukes of Moscow emerged as leaders of a coalition of princes that eventually defeated the Mongols, by 1481. With the fall of Constantinople, the Tsars (Caesars) at Moscow (from Ivan III, ruled 1462-1505) set up an independent Russian Orthodox Church. Commerce failed to revive. The isolated Russian state remained agrarian, with the peasant class falling into serfdom. Persia. A revival of Persian literature, using the Arab alphabet and literary forms, began in the 10th century (epic of Firdausi, 935-1020). An art revival, influenced by Chinese styles, began in the 12th. Persian cultural and political forms, and often the Persian language, were used for centuries by Turkish and Mongol elites from the Balkans to India. Persian mystics from Rumi (1207-73) to Jami (1414-92) promoted Sufism in their poetry. Africa. Two Berber dynasties, imbued with Islamic militance, emerged from the Sahara to carve out empires from the Sahel to central Spain -- the Almoravids, c1050-1140, and the fanatical Almohads, c1125-1269. The Ghanaian empire was replaced in the upper Niger by Mali, c1230-c1340, whose Moslem rulers imported Egyptians to help make Timbuktu a center of commerce (in gold, leather, slaves) and learning. The Songhay empire (to 1590) replaced Mali. To the S, forest kingdoms produced refined art works (Ife terra cotta, Benin bronzes). Other Moslem states in Nigeria (Hausas) and Chad originated in the 11th century, and continued in some form until the 19th century European conquest. Less developed Bantu kingdoms existed across central Africa. Some 40 Moslem Arab-Persian trading colonies and city-states were established all along the E. African coast from the 10th century (Kilwa, Mogadishu). The interchange with Bantu peoples produced the Swahili language and culture. Gold, palm oil, and slaves were brought from the interior, stimulating the growth of the Monamatapa kingdom of the Zambezi (15th century). The Christian Ethiopian empire (from 13th century) continued the traditions of Axum. Southeast Asia. Islam was introduced into Malaya and the Indonesian islands by Arab, Persian, andIndian traders. Coastal Moslem cities and states (starting before 1300), enriched by trade, soon dominated the interior. Chief among these was the Malacca state, on the Malay peninsula, c1400-1511. Arts and Statecraft Thrive in Europe: 1350-1600 Italian Renaissance & humanism. Distinctive Italian achievements in the arts in the late Middle Ages (Dante, 1265-1321, Giotto, 1276-1337) led to the vigorous new styles of the Renaissance (14th-16th centuries). Patronized by the rulers of the quarreling petty states of Italy (Medicis in Florence and the papacy, c1400-1737), the plastic arts perfected realistic techniques, including perspective (Masaccio, 1401-28, Leonardo 1452-1519). Classical motifs were used in architecture and increased talent and expense were put into secular buildings. The Florentine dialect was refined as a national literary language (Petrarch, 1304-74). Greek refugees from the E strengthened the respect of humanist scholars for the classic sources (Bruni 1370-1444). Soon an international movement aided by the spread of printing (Gutenberg c1400-1468), humanism was optimistic about the power of human reason (Erasmus of Rotterdam, 1466-1536, Thomas More's Utopia, 1516) and valued individual effort in the arts and in politics (Machiavelli, 1469-1527). France. The French monarchy, strengthened in its repeated struggles with powerful nobles (Burgundy, Flanders, Aquitaine) by alliances with the growing commercial towns, consolidated bureaucratic control under Philip IV (ruled 1285-1314) and extended French influence into Germany and Italy (popes at Avignon, France, 1309-1417). The Hundred Years War, 1337-1453, ended English dynastic claims in France (battles of Crecy, 1346, Poitiers, 1356; Joan of Arc executed, 1431). A French Renaissance, dating from royal invasions of Italy, 1494, 1499, was encouraged at the court of Francis I (ruled 1515-47), who centralized taxation and law. French vernacular literature consciously asserted its independence (La Pleiade, 1549). England. The evolution of England's unique political institutions began with the Magna Carta, 1215, by which King John guaranteed the privileges of nobles and church against the monarchy and assured jury trial. After the Wars of the Roses (1455-85), the Tudor dynasty reasserted royal prerogatives (Henry VIII, ruled 1509-47), but the trend toward independent departments and ministerial government also continued. English trade (wool exports from c1340) was protected by the nation's growing maritime power (Spanish Armada destroyed, 1588). English replaced French and Latin in the late 14th century in law and literature (Chaucer, 1340-1400) and English translation of the Bible began (Wycliffe, 1380s). Elizabeth I (ruled 1558-1603) presided over a confident flowering of poetry (Spenser, 1552-99), drama (Shakespeare, 1564-1616), and music. German Empire. From among a welter of minor feudal states, church lands, and independent cities, the Hapsburgs assembled a far-flung territorial domain, based in Austria from 1276. The family held the title Holy Roman Emperor from 1452 to the Empire's dissolution in 1806, but failed to centralize its domains, leaving Germany disunited for centuries. Resistance to Turkish expansion brought Hungary under Austrian control from the 16th century. The Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Burgundy were added in 1477, curbing French expansion. The Flemish painting tradition of naturalism, technical proficiency, and bourgeois subject matter began in the 15th century (Jan Van Eyck, 1366-1440), the earliest northern manifestation of the Renaissance. Durer (1471-1528) typified the merging of late Gothic and Italian trends in 16th century German art. Imposing civic architecture flourished in the prosperous commercial cities. Spain. Despite the unification of Castile and Aragon in 1479, the 2 countries retained separate governments, and the nobility, especially in Aragon and Catalonia, retained many privileges. Spanish lands in Italy (Naples, Sicily) and the Netherlands entangled the country in European wars through the mid-17th century, while explorers, traders, and conquerors built up a Spanish empire in the Americas and the Philippines. From the late 15th century, a golden age of literature and art produced works of social satire (plays of Lope de Vega, 1562-1635; Cervantes, 1547-1616), as well as spiritual intensity (El Greco, 1541-1614; Velazquez, 1599-1660). Black Death. The bubonic plaguereached Europe from the E in 1348, killing as much as half the population by 1350. Labor scarcity forced a rise in wages and brought greater freedom to the peasantry, making possible peasant uprisings (Jacquerie in France, 1358, Wat Tyler's rebellion in England, 1381). In the ciompi revolt, 1378, Florentine wage earners demanded a say in economic and political power. Explorations. Organized European maritime exploration began, seeking to evade the Venice-Ottoman monopoly of eastern trade and to promote Christianity. Expeditions from Portugal beginning 1418 explored the west coast of Africa, until Vascoda Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1497 and reached India. A Portuguese trading empire was consolidated by the seizure of Goa, 1510, and Malacca, 1551. Japan was reached in 1542. Spanish voyages (Columbus, 1492-1504) uncovered a new world, which Spain hastened to subdue. Navigation schools in Spain and Portugal, the development of large sailing ships (carracks), and the invention of the rifle, c1475, aided European penetration. Mughals and Safavids. East of the Ottoman empire, two Moslem dynasties ruled unchallenged in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Mughal empire in India, founded by Persianized Turkish invaders from the NW under Babur, dates from their 1526 conquest of Delhi. The dynasty ruled most of India for over 200 years, surviving nominally until 1857. Akbar (ruled 1556-1605) consolidated administration at his glorious court, where Urdu (Persian-influenced Hindi) developed. Trade relations with Europe increased. Under Shah Jahan (1629-58), a secularized art fusing Hindu and Moslem elements flourished in miniature painting and architecture (Taj Mahal). Sikhism, founded c1519, combined elements of both faiths. Suppression of Hindus and Shi'ite Moslems in S India in the late 17th century weakened the empire. Fanatical devotion to the Shi'ite sect characterized the Safavids of Persia, 1502-1736, and led to hostilities with the Sunni Ottomans for over a century. The prosperity and strength of the empire are evidenced by the mosques at its capital, Isfahan. The dynasty enhanced Iranian national consciousness. China. The Ming emperors, 1368-1644, the last native dynasty in China, wielded unprecedented personal power, while the Confucian bureaucracy began to suffer from inertia. European trade (Portugese monopoly through Macao from 1557) was strictly controlled. Jesuit scholars and scientists (Matteo Ricci 1552-1610) introduced some Western science; their writings familiarized the West with China. Chinese technological inventiveness declined from this era, but the arts thrived, especially painting and ceramics. Japan. After the decline of the first hereditary shogunate (chief generalship) at Kamakura (1185-1333), fragmentation of power accelerated, as did the consequent social mobility. Under Kamakura and the Ashikaga shogunate, 1338-1573, the daimyos (lords) and samurai (warriors) grew more powerful and promoted a martial ideology. Japanese pirates and traders plied the China coast. Popular Buddhist movements included the nationalist Nichiren sect (from c1250) and Zen (brought from China, 1191), which stressed meditation and a disciplined esthetic (tea ceremony, landscape gardening, judo, Noh drama). Reformed Europe Expands Overseas: 1500-1700 Reformation begun.Theological debate and protests against real and perceived clerical corruption existed in the medieval Christian world, expressed by such dissenters as Wycliffe (c1320-84) and his followers, the Lollards, in England, and Huss (burned as a heretic, 1415) in Bohemia. Luther (1483-1546) preached that only faith could lead to salvation, without the mediation of clergy or good works. He attacked the authority of the Pope, rejected priestly celibacy, and recommended individual study of the Bible (which he translated, c1525). His 95 Theses (1517) led to his excommunication (1520). Calvin (1509-64) said God's elect were predestined for salvation; good conduct and success were signs of election. Calvin in Geneva and Knox (1505-72) in Scotland erected theocratic states. Henry VIII asserted English national authority and secular power by breaking away from the Catholic church, 1534. Monastic property was confiscated, and some Protestant doctrines given official sanction. Religious wars. A century and a half of religious wars began with a South German peasant uprising, 1524, repressed with Luther's support. Radical sects--democratic, pacifist, milennarian--arose (Anabaptists ruled Muenster, 1534-35), and were suppressed violently. Civil war in France from 1562 between Huguenots (Protestant nobles and merchants) and Catholics ended with the 1598 Edict of Nantes tolerating Protestants (revoked 1685). Hapsburg attempts to restore Catholicism in Germany were resisted in 25 years of fighting; the 1555 Peace of Augsburg guarantee of religious independence to local princes and cities was confirmed only after the Thirty Years War, 1618-48, when much of Germany was devastated by local and foreign armies (Sweden, France). A Catholic Reformation, or counter-reformation, met the Protestant challenge, clearly defining an official theology at the Council of Trent, 1545-63. The Jesuit order, founded 1534 by Loyola (1491-1556), helped reconvert large areas of Poland, Hungary, and S. Germany and sent missionaries to the New World, India, and China, while the Inquisition helped suppress heresy in Catholic countries. A revival of piety appeared in the devotional literature (Theresa of Avila, 1515-82) and the grandiose Baroque art (Bernini, 1598-1680) of Roman Catholic countries. Scientific Revolution. The late nominalist thinkers (Ockham, c1300-49) of Paris and Oxford challenged Aristotelian orthodoxy, allowing for a freer scientific approach. But metaphysical values, such as the Neoplatonic faith in an orderly, mathematical cosmos, still motivated and directed subsequent inquiry. Copernicus (1473-1543) promoted the heliocentric theory, which was confirmed when Kepler (1571-1630) discovered the mathematical laws describing the orbits of the planets. The Christian-Aristotelian belief that heavens and earth were fundamentally different collapsed when Galileo(1564-1642) discovered moving sunspots, irregular moon topography, and moons around Jupiter. He and Newton (1642-1727) developed a mechanics that unified cosmic and earthly phenomena. To meet the needs of the new physics, Newton and Leibnitz (1646-1716) invented calculus, Descartes (1596-1650) invented analytic geometry. An explosion of observational science included the discovery of blood circulation (Harvey, 1578-1657) and microscopic life (Leeuwenhoek, 1632-1723), and advances in anatomy (Vesalius, 1514-64, dissected corpses) and chemistry (Boyle, 1627-91). Scientific research institutes were founded: Florence, 1657, London (Royal Society), 1660, Paris, 1666. Inventions proliferated (Savery's steam engine, 1696). Arts. Mannerist trends of the high Renaissance (Michelangelo, 1475-1564) exploited virtuosity, grace, novelty, and exotic subjects and poses. The notion of artistic genius was promoted, in contrast to the anonymous medieval artisan. Private connoisseurs entered the art market. These trends were elaborated in the 17th century Baroque era, on a grander scale. Dynamic movement in painting and sculpture was emphasized by sharp lighting effects, use of rich materials (colored marble, gilt), realistic details. Curved facades, broken lines, rich, deep-cut detail, and ceiling decoration characterized Baroque architecture, especially in Germany. Monarchs, princes, and prelates, usually Catholic, used Baroque art to enhance and embellish their authority, as in royal portraits by Velazquez (1599-1660) and Van Dyck (1599-1641). National styles emerged. In France, a taste for rectilinear order and serenity (Poussin, 1594-1665), linked to the new rational philosophy, was expressed in classical forms. The influence of classical values in French literature (tragedies of Racine, 1639-99) gave rise to the "battle of the Ancients and Moderns." New forms included the essay (Montaigne, 1533-92) and novel (Princesse de Cleves, La Fayette, 1678). Dutch painting of the 17th century was unique in its wide social distribution. The Flemish tradition of undemonstrative realism reached its peak in Rembrandt (1606-69) and Vermeer (1632-75). Economy. European economic expansion was stimulated by the new trade with the East, New World gold and silver, and a doubling of population (50 mln. in 1450, 100 mln. in 1600). New business and financial techniques were developed and refined, such as joint-stock companies, insurance, and letters of credit and exchange. The Bank of Amsterdam, 1609, and the Bank of England, 1694, broke the old monopoly of private banking families. The rise of a business mentality was typified by the spread of clock towers in cities in the 14th century. By the mid-15th century, portable clocks were available; the first watch was invented in 1502. By 1650, most governments had adopted the mercantile system, in which they sought to amass metallic wealth by protecting their merchants' foreign and colonial trade monopolies. The rise in prices and the new coin-based economy undermined the craft guild and feudal manorial systems. Expanding industries, such as clothweaving and mining, benefitted from technical advances. Coal replaced disappearing wood as the chief fuel; it was used to fuel new 16th century blast furnaces making cast iron. New World. The Aztecs united much of the Mesoamerican culture area in a militarist empire by 1519, from their capital, Tenochtitlan (pop. 300,000), which was the center of a cult requiring enormous levels of ritual human sacrifice. Most of the civilized areas of S. America were ruled by the centralized Inca Empire (1476-1534), stretching 2,000 miles from Ecuador to N.W. Argentina. Lavish and sophisticated traditions in pottery, weaving, sculpture, and architecture were maintained in both regions. These empires, beset by revolts, fell in 2 short campaigns to gold-seeking Spanish forces based in the Antilles and Panama. Cortes took Mexico, 1519-21;Pizarro Peru, 1531-35. From these centers, land and sea expeditions claimed most of N. and S. America for Spain. The Indian high cultures did not survive the impact of Christian missionaries and the new upper class of whites and mestizos. In turn, New World silver, and such Indian products as potatoes, tobacco, corn, peanuts, chocolate, and rubber exercised a major economic influence on Europe. While the Spanish administration intermittently concerned itself with the welfare of Indians, the population remained impoverished at most levels, despite the growth of a distinct South American civilization. European diseases reduced the native population. Brazil, which the Portuguese discovered in 1500 and settled after 1530, and the Caribbean colonies of several European nations developed a plantation economy where sugar cane, tobacco, cotton, coffee, rice, indigo, and lumber were grown commercially by slaves. From the early 16th to the late 19th centuries, some 10 million Africans were transported to slavery in the New World. Netherlands. The urban, Calvinist northern provinces of the Netherlands rebelled against Hapsburg Spain, 1568, and founded an oligarchic mercantile republic. Their strategic control of the Baltic grain market enabled them to exploit Mediterranean food shortages. Religious refugees -- French and Belgian Protestants, Iberian Jews -- added to the cosmopolitan commercial talent pool. After Spain absorbed Portugal in 1580, the Dutch seized Portuguese possessions and created a vast, though generally short-lived commercial empire in Brazil, the Antilles, Africa, India, Ceylon, Malacca, Indonesia, and Taiwan, and challenged or supplanted Portuguese traders in China and Japan. England. Anglicanism became firmly established under Elizabeth I after a brief Catholic interlude under "Bloody Mary," 1553-58. But religious and political conflicts led to a rebellion by Parliament, 1642. Roundheads (Puritans) defeated Cavaliers (Royalists); Charles I was beheaded, 1649. The new Commonwealth was ruled as a military dictatorship by Cromwell, who also brutally crushed an Irish rebellion, 1649-51. Conflicts within the Puritan camp (democratic Levelers defeated 1649) aided the Stuart restoration, 1660, but Parliament was permanently strengthened and the peaceful "Glorious Revolution", 1688, advanced political and religious liberties (writings of Locke, 1632-1704). British privateers (Drake, 1540-96) challenged Spanish control of the New World, and penetrated Asian trade routes (Madras taken, 1639). N. American colonies (Jamestown, 1607, Plymouth, 1620) provided an outlet for religious dissenters. France. Emerging from the religious civil wars in 1628, France regained military and commercial great power status under the ministries of Richelieu (1624-42), Mazarin (1643-61), and Colbert (1662-83). Under Louis XIV (ruled 1643-1715) royal absolutism triumphed over nobles and local parlements (defeat of Fronde, 1648-53). Permanent colonies were founded in Canada (1608), the Caribbean (1626), and India (1674). Sweden. Sweden seceded from the Scandinavian Union in 1523. The thinly-populated agrarian state (with copper, iron, and timber exports) was united by the Vasa kings, whose conquests by the mid-17th century made Sweden the dominant Baltic power. The empire collapsed in the Great Northern War (1700-21). Poland. After the union with Lithuania in 1447, Poland ruled vast territories from the Baltic to the Black Sea, resisting German and Turkish incursions. Catholic nobles failed to gain the loyalty of the Orthodox Christian peasantry in the East; commerce and trades were practiced by German and Jewish immigrants. The bloody 1648-49 cossack uprising began the kingdom's dismemberment. China. A new dynasty, the Manchus, invaded from the NE and seized power in 1644, and expanded Chinese control to its greatest extent in Central and Southeast Asia. Trade and diplomatic contact with Europe grew, carefully controlled by China. New crops (sweet potato, maize, peanut) allowed an economic and population growth (300 million pop. in 1800). Traditional arts and literature were pursued with increased sophistication (Dream of the Red Chamber, novel, mid-18th century). Japan. Tokugawa Ieyasu, shogun from 1603, finally unified and pacified feudal Japan. Hereditary daimyos and samurai monopolized government office and the professions. An urban merchant class grew, literacy spread, and a cultural renaissance occurred (haiku of Basho, 1644-94). Fear of European domination led to persecution of Christian converts from 1597, and stringent isolation from outside contact from 1640. Philosophy, Industry, and Revolution: 1700-1800 Science and Reason. Faith in human reason and science as the source of truth and a means to improve the physical and social environment, espoused since the Renaissance (Francis Bacon, 1561-1626), was bolstered by scientific discoveries in spite of theological opposition (Galileo's forced retraction, 1633). Descartes applied the logical method of mathematics to discover "self-evident" scientific and philosophical truths, while Newton emphasized induction from experimental observation. The challenge of reason to traditional religious and political values and institutions began with Spinoza (1632-77), who interpreted the Bible historically and called for political and intellectual freedom. French philosophes assumed leadership of the "Enlightenment" in the 18th century. Montesquieu (1689-1755) used British history to support his notions of limited government. Voltaire's (1694-1778) diaries and novels of exotic travel illustrated the intellectual trends toward secular ethics and relativism. Rousseau's (1712-1778) radical concepts of the social contract and of the inherent goodness of the common man gave impetus to anti-monarchical republicanism. The Encyclopedia, 1751-72, edited by Diderot and d'Alembert, designed as a monument to reason, was largely devoted to practical technology. In England, ideals of political and religious liberty were connected with empiricist philosophy and science in the followers of Locke. But the extreme empiricism of Hume (1711-76) and Berkeley(1685-1753) posed limits to the identification of reason with absolute truth, as did the evolutionary approach to law and politics of Burke (1729-97) and the utilitarianism of Bentham (1748-1832). Adam Smith (1723-90) and other physiocrats called for a rationalization of economic activity by removing artificial barriers to a supposedly natural free exchange of goods. Despite the political disunity and backwardness of most of Germany, German writers participated in the new philosophical trends popularized by Wolff (1679-1754). Kant's (1724-1804) idealism, unifying an empirical epistemology with a priori moral and logical concepts, directed German thought away from skepticism. Italian contributions included work on electricity by Galvani (1737-98) and Volta (1745-1827), the pioneer historiography of Vico (1668-1744), and writings on penal reform by Beccaria (1738-94). The American Franklin (1706-90) was celebrated in Europe for his varied achievements. The growth of the press (Spectator, 1711-14) and the wide distribution of realistic but sentimental novels attested to the increase of a large bourgeois public. Arts. Rococo art, characterized by extravagant decorative effects, asymmetries copied from organic models, and artificial pastoral subjects, was favored by the continental aristocracy for most of the century (Watteau, 1684-1721), and had musical analogies in the ornamentalized polyphony of late Baroque. The Neoclassical art after 1750, associated with the new scientific archeology, was more streamlined, and infused with the supposed moral and geometric rectitude of the Roman Republic (David, 1748-1825). In England, town planning on a grand scale began (Edinburgh, 1767). Industrial Revolution in England. Agricultural improvements, such as the sowing drill (1701) and livestock breeding, were implemented on the large fields provided by enclosure of common lands by private owners. Profits from agriculture and from colonial and foreign trade (1800 volume, [pound ]54 million) were channelled through hundreds of banks and the Stock Exchange (founded 1773) into new industrial processes. The Newcomen steam pump (1712) aided coal mining. Coal fueled the new efficient steam engines patented by Watt in 1769, and coke-smelting produced cheap, sturdy iron for machinery by the 1730s. The flying shuttle (1733) and spinning jenny (1764) were used in the large new cotton textile factories, where women and children were much of the work force. Goods were transported cheaply over canals (2,000 miles built 1760-1800). American Revolution. The British colonies in N. America attracted a mass immigration of religious dissenters and poor people throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, coming from all parts of the British Isles, Germany, the Netherlands, and other countries. The population reached 3 million whites and blacks by the 1770s. The small native population was decimated by European diseases and wars with and between the various colonies. British attempts to control colonial trade, and to tax the colonists to pay for the costs of colonial administration and defense clashed with traditions of local self government, and eventually provoked the colonies to rebellion. (See American Revolution in Index.) Central and East Europe. The monarchs of the three states that dominated eastern Europe -- Austria, Prussia, and Russia -- accepted the advice and legitimation of philosophes in creating more modern, centralized institutions in their kingdoms, enlarged by the division of Poland (1772-95). Under Frederick II (ruled 1740-86) Prussia, with its efficient modern army, doubled in size. State monopolies and tariff protection fostered industry, and some legal reforms were introduced. Austria's heterogeneous realms were legally unified under Maria Theresa (ruled 1740-80) and Joseph II (1780-90). Reforms in education, law, and religion were enacted, and the Austrian serfs were freed (1781). With its defeat in the Seven Years' War in 1763, Austria lost Silesia and ceased its active role in Germany, but was compensated by expansion to the E and S (Hungary, Slavonia, 1699, Galicia, 1772). Russia, whose borders continued to expand in all directions, adopted some Western bureaucratic and economic policies under Peter I (ruled 1682-1725) and Catherine II (ruled 1762-96). Trade and cultural contacts with the West multiplied from the new Baltic Sea capital, St. Petersburg (founded 1703). French Revolution. The growing French middle class lacked political power, and resented aristocratic tax privileges, especially in light of liberal political ideals popularized by the American Revolution. Peasants lacked adequate land and were burdened with feudal obligations to nobles. Wars with Britain drained the treasury, finally forcing the king to call the Estates-General in 1789 (first time since 1614), in an atmosphere of food riots (poor crop in 1788). Aristocratic resistance to absolutism was soon overshadowed by the reformist Third Estate (middle class), which proclaimed itself the National Constituent Assembly June 17 and took the "Tennis Court oath" on June 20 to secure a constitution. The storming of the Bastille July 14 by Parisian artisans was followed by looting and seizure of aristocratic property throughout France. Assembly reforms included abolition of class and regional privileges, a Declaration of Rights, suffrage by taxpayers (75% of males), and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy providing for election and loyalty oaths for priests. A republic was declared Sept. 22, 1792, in spite of royalist pressure from Austria and Prussia, which had declared war in April (joined by Britain the next year). Louis XVI was beheaded Jan. 21, 1793, Queen Marie Antoinette was beheaded Oct. 16, 1793. Royalist uprisings in La Vendee in the S and military reverses led to a reign of terror in which tens of thousands of opponents of the Revolution and criminals were executed. Radical reforms in the Convention period (Sept. 1793-Oct. 1795) included the abolition of colonial slavery, economic measures to aid the poor, support of public education, and a short-lived de-Christianization. Division among radicals (execution of Hebert, March 1794, Danton, April, and Robespierre, July) aided the ascendance of a moderate Directory, which consolidated military victories. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), a popular young general, exploited political divisions and participated in a coup Nov. 9, 1799, making himself first consul (dictator). India. Sikh and Hindu rebels (Rajputs, Marathas) and Afghans destroyed the power of the Mughals during the 18th century. After France's defeat in the Seven Years War, 1763, Britain was the chief European trade power in India. Its control of inland Bengal and Bihar was recognized by the Mughal shah in 1765, who granted the British East India Co. (under Clive, 1727-74) the right to collect land revenue there. Despite objections from Parliament (1784 India Act) the company's involvement in local wars and politics led to repeated acquisitions of new territory. The company exported Indian textiles, sugar, and indigo. Change Gathers Steam: 1800-1840 French ideals and empire spread.Inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution, and supported by the expanding French armies, new republican regimes arose near France: the Batavian Republic in the Netherlands (1795-1806), the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland (1798-1803), the Cisalpine Republic in N. Italy (1797-1805), the Ligurian Republic in Genoa (1797-1805), and the Parthenopean Republic in S. Italy (1799). A Roman Republic existed briefly in 1798 after Pope Pius VI was arrested by French troops. In Italy and Germany, new nationalist sentiments were stimulated both in imitation of and reaction to France (anti-French and anti-Jacobin peasant uprisings in Italy, 1796-9). From 1804, when Napoleon declared himself emperor, to 1812, a succession of military victories (Austerlitz, 1805, Jena, 1806) extended his control over most of Europe, through puppet states (Confederation of the Rhine united W. German states for the first time and Grand Duchy of Warsawrevived Polish national hopes), expansion of the empire, and alliances. Among the lasting reforms initiated under Napoleon's absolutist reign were: establishment of the Bank of France, centralization of tax collection, codification of law along Roman models (Code Napoleon, and reform and extension of secondary and university education. In an 1801 concordat, the papacy recognized the effective autonomy of the French Catholic Church. Some 400,000 French soldiers were killed in the Napoleonic Wars, along with 600,000 foreign troops. Last gasp of old regime. France's coastal blockade of Europe (Continental System) failed to neutralize Britain. The disastrous 1812 invasion of Russia exposed Napoleon's overextension. After an 1814 exile at Elba, Napoleon's armies were defeated at Waterloo, 1815, by British and Prussian troops. At the Congress of Vienna, the monarchs and princes of Europe redrew their boundaries, to the advantage of Prussia (in Saxony and the Ruhr), Austria (in Illyria and Venetia), and Russia (in Poland and Finland). British conquest of Dutch and French colonies (S. Africa, Ceylon, Mauritius) was recognized, and France, under the restored Bourbons, retained its expanded 1792 borders. The settlement brought 50 years of international peace to Europe. But the Congress was unable to check the advance of liberal ideals and of nationalism among the smaller European nations. The 1825 Decembrist uprising by liberal officers in Russia was easily suppressed. But an independence movement in Greece, stirred by commercial prosperity and a cultural revival, succeeded in expelling Ottoman rule by 1831, with the aid of Britain, France, and Russia. A constitutional monarchy was secured in France by an 1830 revolution; Louis Philippe became king. The revolutionary contagion spread to Belgium, which gained its independence from the Dutch monarchy, 1830; to Poland, whose rebellion was defeated by Russia, 1830-31; and to Germany. Romanticism. A new style in intellectual and artistic life began to replace Neo-classicism and Rococo after the mid-18th century. By the early 19th, this style, Romanticism, had prevailed in the European world. Rousseau had begun the reaction against excessive rationalism and skepticism; in education (Emile, 1762) he stressed subjective spontaneity over regularized instruction. In Germany, Lessing (1729-81) and Herder (1744-1803) favorably compared the German folk song to classical forms, and began a cult of Shakespeare, whose passion and "natural" wisdom was a model for the Romantic Sturm und Drang (storm and stress) movement. Goethe's Sorrows of Young Werther (1774) set the model for the tragic, passionate genius. A new interest in Gothic architecture in England after 1760 (Walpole, 1717-97) spread through Europe, associated with an aesthetic Christian and mystic revival (Blake, 1757-1827). Celtic, Norse, and German mythology and folk tales were revived or imitated (Macpherson's Ossian translation, 1762, Grimm's Fairy Tales, 1812-22). The medieval revival (Scott's Ivanhoe, 1819) led to a new interest in history, stressing national differences and organic growth (Carlyle, 1795-1881; Michelet, 1798-1874), corresponding to theories of natural evolution (Lamarck's Philosophie zoologique, 1809, Lyell's Geology, 1830-33). Revolution and war fed an obsession with freedom and conflict, expressed by poets (Byron, 1788-1824, Hugo, 1802-85) and philosophers (Hegel, 1770-1831). Wild gardens replaced the formal French variety, and painters favored rural, stormy, and mountainous landscapes (Turner, 1775-1851; Constable, 1776-1837). Clothing became freer, with wigs, hoops, and ruffles discarded. Originality and genius were expected in the life as well as the work of inspired artists (Murger's Scenes from Bohemian Life, 1847-49). Exotic locales and themes (as in "Gothic" horror stories) were used in art and literature (Delacroix, 1798-1863, Poe, 1809-49). Music exhibited the new dramatic style and a breakdown of classical forms (Beethoven, 1770-1827). The use of folk melodies and modes aided the growth of distinct national traditions (Glinka in Russia, 1804-57). Latin America. Haiti, under the former slave Toussaint L'Ouverture, was the first Latin American independent state, 1800. All the mainland Spanish colonies won their independence 1810-24, under such leaders as Bolivar (1783-1830). Brazil became an independent empire under the Portuguese prince regent, 1822. A new class of military officers divided power with large landholders and the church. United States. Heavy immigration and exploitation of ample natural resources fueled rapid economic growth. The spread of the franchise, public education, and antislavery sentiment were signs of a widespread democratic ethic. China. Failure to keep pace with Western arms technology exposed China to greater European influence, and hampered efforts to bar imports of opium, which had damaged Chinese society and drained wealth overseas. In the Opium War, 1839-42, Britain forced China to expand trade opportunities and to cede Hong Kong. Triumph of Progress: 1840-80 Idea of Progress. As a result of the cumulative scientific, economic, and political changes of the preceding eras, the idea took hold among literate people in the West that continuing growth and improvement was the usual state of human and natural life. Darwin's statement of the theory of evolution and survival of the fittest (Origin of Species, 1859), defended by intellectuals and scientists against theological objections, was taken as confirmation that progress was the natural direction of life. The controversy helped define popular ideas of the dedicated scientist and ever-expanding human knowledge of and control over the world (Foucault's demonstration of earth's rotation, 1851, Pasteur's germ theory, 1861). Liberals following Ricardo (1772-1823) in their faith that unrestrained competition would bring continuous economic expansion sought to adjust political life to the new social realities, and believed that unregulated competition of ideas would yield truth (Mill, 1806-73). In England, successive reform bills (1832, 1867, 1884) gave representation to the new industrial towns, and extended the franchise to the middle and lower classes and to Catholics, Dissenters, and Jews. On both sides of the Atlantic, reformists tried to improve conditions for the mentally ill (Dix, 1802-87), women (Anthony, 1820-1906), and prisoners. Slavery was barred in the British Empire, 1833; the United States, 1865; and Brazil, 1888. Socialist theories based on ideas of human perfectibility or historical progress were widely disseminated. Utopian socialists like Saint-Simon (1760-1825) envisaged an orderly, just society directed by a technocratic elite. A model factory town, New Lanark, Scotland, was set up by utopian Robert Owen (1771-1858), and utopian communal experiments were tried in the U.S. (Brook Farm, Mass., 1841-7). Bakunin's (1814-76) anarchism represented the opposite utopian extreme of total freedom. Marx (1818-83) posited the inevitable triumph of socialism in the industrial countries through a historical process of class conflict. Spread of industry. The technical processes and managerial innovations of the English industrial revolution spread to Europe (especially Germany) and the U.S., causing an explosion of industrial production, demand for raw materials, and competition for markets. Inventors, both trained and self-educated, provided the means for larger-scale production (Bessemer steel, 1856, sewing machine, 1846). Many inventions were shown at the 1851 London Great Exhibition at the Crystal Palace, whose theme was universal prosperity. Local specialization and long-distance trade were aided by a revolution in transportation and communication. Railroads were first introduced in the 1820s in England and the U.S. Over 150,000 miles of track had been laid worldwide by 1880, with another 100,000 miles laid in the next decade. Steamships were improved (Savannah crossed Atlantic, 1819). The telegraph, perfected by 1844 (Morse), connected the Old and New Worlds by cable in 1866, and quickened the pace of international commerce and politics. The first commercial telephone exchange went into operation in the U.S. in 1878. The new class of industrial workers, uprooted from their rural homes, lacked job security, and suffered from dangerous overcrowded conditions at work and at home. Many responded by organizing trade unions (legalized in England, 1824; France, 1884). The U.S. Knights of Labor had 700,000 members by 1886. The First International, 1864-76, tried to unite workers internationally around a Marxist program. The quasi-Socialist Paris Commune uprising, 1871, was violently suppressed. Factory Acts to reduce child labor and regulate conditions were passed (1833-50 in England). Social security measures were introduced by the Bismarck regime in Germany, 1883-89. Revolutions of 1848. Among the causes of the continent-wide revolutions were an international collapse of credit and resulting unemployment, bad harvests in 1845-7, and a cholera epidemic. The new urban proletariat and expanding bourgeoisie demanded a greater political role. Republics were proclaimed in France, Rome, and Venice. Nationalist feelings reached fever pitch in the Hapsburg empire, as Hungary declared independence under Kossuth, a Slav Congress demanded equality, and Piedmont tried to drive Austria from Lombardy. A national liberal assembly at Frankfurt called for German unification. But riots fueled bourgeois fears of socialism (Marx and Engels' 1848 Communist Manifesto) and peasants remained conservative. The old establishment -- The Papacy, the Hapsburgs (using Croats and Romanians against Hungary), the Russian army -- was able to rout the revolutionaries by 1849. The French Republic succumbed to a renewed monarchy by 1852 (Emperor Napoleon III). Great nations unified. Using the "blood and iron" tactics of Bismarck from 1862, Prussia controlled N. Germany by 1867 (war with Denmark, 1864, Austria, 1866). After defeating France in 1870 (loss of Alsace-Lorraine), it won the allegiance of S. German states. A new German Empire was proclaimed, 1871. Italy, inspired by Mazzini (1805-72) and Garibaldi (1807-82), was unified by the reformed Piedmont kingdom through uprisings, plebiscites, and war. The U.S., its area expanded after the 1846-47 Mexican War, defeated a secession attempt by slave states, 1861-65.The Canadian provinces were united in an autonomous Dominion of Canada, 1867. Control in India was removed from the East India Co. and centralized under British administration after the 1857-58 Sepoy rebellion, laying the groundwork for the modern Indian State. Queen Victoria was named Empress of India, 1876. Europe dominates Asia. The Ottoman Empire began to collapse in the face of Balkan nationalisms and European imperial incursions in N. Africa (Suez Canal, 1869). The Turks had lost control of most of both regions by 1882. Russia completed its expansion south by 1884 (despite the temporary setback of the Crimean War with Turkey, Britain, and France, 1853-56) taking Turkestan, all the Caucasus, and Chinese areas in the East and sponsoring Balkan Slavs against the Turks. A succession of reformist and reactionary regimes presided over a slow modernization (serfs freed, 1861). Persian independence suffered as Russia and British India competed for influence. China was forced to sign a series of unequal treaties with European powers and Japan. Overpopulation and an inefficient dynasty brought misery and caused rebellions (Taiping, Moslems) leaving tens of millions dead. Japan was forced by the U.S. (Commodore Perry's visits, 1853-54) and Europe to end its isolation. The Meiji restoration, 1868, gave power to a Westernizing oligarchy. Intensified empire-building gave Burma to Britain, 1824-86, and Indo-China to France, 1862-95. Christian missionary activity followed imperial and trade expansion in Asia. Respectability. The fine arts were expected to reflect and encourage the progress of morals and manners among the different classes. "Victorian" prudery, exaggerated delicacy, and familial piety were heralded by Bowdler's expurgated edition of Shakespeare (1818). Government-supported mass education inculcated a work ethic as a means to escape poverty (Horatio Alger, 1832-99). The official Beaux Arts school in Paris set an international style of imposing public buildings (Paris Opera, 1861-74, Vienna Opera, 1861-69) and uplifting statues (Bartholdi's Statue of Liberty, 1885). Realist painting, influenced by photography (Daguerre, 1837), appealed to a new mass audience with social or historical narrative (Wilkie, 1785-1841, Poynter, 1836-1919) or with serious religious, moral, or social messages (pre-Raphaelites, Millet's Angelus, 1858) often drawn from ordinary life. The Impressionists (Pissarro, 1830-1903, Renoir, 1841-1919) rejected the central role of serious subject matter in favor of a colorful and sensual depiction of a moment, but their sunny, placid depictions of bourgeois scenes kept them within the respectable consensus. Realistic novelists presented the full panorama of social classes and personalities, but retained sentimentality and moral judgment (Dickens, 1812-70, Eliot, 1819-80, Tolstoy, 1828-1910, Balzac, 1799-1850). The Seven Wonders of the World These ancient works of art and architecture were considered awe-inspiring in splendor and/or size by the Greek and Roman world of the Alexandrian epoch and later. Classical writers disagreed as to which works made up the list of Wonders, but the following were usually included: The Pyramids of Egypt: The only surviving Wonder, these monumental structures of masonry located on the west bank of the Nile River above Cairo were built from 3000 to 1800 B.C. as royal tombs. Three--Khufu, Khafra, and Menkaura--were often grouped as the first Wonder of the World. The largest, The Great Pyramid of Khufu, or Cheops, is a solid mass of limestone blocks covering 13 acres. It is estimated to contain 2.3 million blocks of stone, the stones themselves averaging 21/2 tons and some weighing 30 tons. Its construction reputedly took 100,000 laborers 20 years. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon: These gardens were laid out on a brick terrace about 400 feet square and 75 feet above the ground. To irrigate the trees, shrubs, and flowers, screws were turned to lift water from the Euphrates River. The gardens were probably built by King Nebuchandnezzar II around 600 B.C. The Walls of Babylon, long, thick, and made of colorfully glazed brick, were considered by some to be among the Seven Wonders. The Statue of Zeus (Jupiter) at Olympia: This statue of the king of the gods showed him seated on a throne. His flesh was made of ivory, his robe and ornaments of gold. Reputedly 40 feet high, the statue was made by Phidias and was placed in the great temple of Zeus in the sacred grove of Olympia around 457 B.C. The Colossus of Rhodes: A bronze statue of the sun god Helios, the Colossus was worked on for 12 years in the early 200's B.C. by the sculptor Chares. It was probably 120 feet high. A symbol of the city of Rhodes at its height, the statue stood on a promontory overlooking the harbor. The Temple of Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus: This largest and most complex temple of ancient times was built around 550 B.C. and was made of marble except for its tile-covered wooden roof. It was begun in honor of a non-Hellenic goddess who later became identified with the Greek goddess of the same name. Ephesus was one of the greatest of the Ionian cities. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus: The source of our word "mausoleum," this marble tomb was built in what is now southeastern Turkey by Artemisia for her husband Mausolus, an official of the Persian Empire who died in 353 B.C. About 135 feet high, it was adorned with the works of 4 sculptors. The Pharos (Lighthouse) of Alexandria: This sculpture was designed around 270 B.C., during the reign of King Ptolemy II, by the Greek architect Sostratos. Estimates of its height range from 200 to 600 feet. Veneer of Stability: 1880-1900 Imperialism triumphant. The vast African interior, visited by European explorers (Barth, 1821-65, Livingstone, 1813-73) was conquered by the European powers in rapid, competitive thrusts from their coastal bases after 1880, mostly for domestic political and international strategic reasons. W. African Moslem kingdoms (Fulani), Arab slave traders (Zanzibar), and Bantu military confederations (Zulu) were alike subdued. Only Christian Ethiopia (defeat of Italy, 1896) and Liberia resisted successfully. France (W. Africa) and Britain ("Cape to Cairo," Boer War, 1899-1902)were the major beneficiaries. The ideology of "the white man's burden" (Kipling, Barrack Room Ballads, 1892) or of a "civilizing mission" (France) justified the conquests. West European foreign capital investments soared to nearly $40 billion by 1914, but most was in E. Europe (France, Germany) the Americas (Britain) and the white colonies. The foundation of the modern interdependent world economy was laid, with cartels dominating raw material trade. An industrious world. Industrial and technological proficiency characterized the 2 new great powers -- Germany and the U.S. Coal and iron deposits enabled Germany to reach second or third place status in iron, steel, and shipbuilding by the 1900s. German electrical and chemical industries were world leaders. The U.S. post-civil war boom (interrupted by "panics," 1884, 1893, 1896) was shaped by massive immigration from S. and E. Europe from 1880, government subsidy of railroads, and huge private monopolies (Standard Oil, 1870, U.S. Steel, 1901). The Spanish-American War, 1898 (Philippine rebellion, 1899-1901) and the Open Door policy in China (1899) made the U.S. a world power. England led in urbanization (72% by 1890), with London the world capital of finance, insurance, and shipping. Electric subways (London, 1890), sewer systems (Paris, 1850s), parks, and bargain department stores helped improve living standards for most of the urban population of the industrial world. Asians assimilate. Asian reaction to European economic, military, and religious incursions took the form of imitation of Western techniques and adoption of Western ideas of progress and freedom. The Chinese "self-strengthening" movement of the 1860s and 70s included rail, port, and arsenal improvements and metal and textile mills. Reformers like K'ang Yu-wei (1858-1927) won liberalizing reforms in 1898, right after the European and Japanese "scramble for concessions." A universal education system in Japan and importation of foreign industrial, scientific, and military experts aided Japan's unprecedented rapid modernization after 1868, under the authoritarian Meiji regime. Japan's victory in the Sino-Japanese War, 1894-95, put Formosa and Korea in its power. In India, the British alliance with the remaining princely states masked reform sentiment among the Westernized urban elite; higher education had been conducted largely in English for 50 years. The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, demanded a larger government role for Indians. "Fin-de-siecle" sophistication. Naturalist writers pushed realism to its extreme limits, adopting a quasi-scientific attitude and writing about formerly taboo subjects like sex, crime, extreme poverty, and corruption (Flaubert, 1821-80, Zola, 1840-1902, Hardy, 1840-1928). Unseen or repressed psychological motivations were explored in the clinical and theoretical works of Freud (1856-1939) and in the fiction of Dostoevsky (1821-81), James (1843-1916), Schnitzler (1862-1931) and others. A contempt for bourgeois life or a desire to shock a complacent audience was shared by the French symbolist poets (Verlaine, 1844-96, Rimbaud, 1854-91), neo-pagan English writers (Swinburne, 1837-1909), continental dramatists (Ibsen, 1828-1906) and satirists (Wilde, 1854-1900). Nietzsche (1844-1900) was influential in his elitism and pessimism. Post-impressionist art neglected long-cherished conventions of representation (Cezanne, 1839-1906) and showed a willingness to learn from primitive and non-European art (Gauguin, 1848-1903, Japanese prints). Racism. Gobineau (1816-82) gave a pseudo-biological foundation to modern racist theories, which spread in the latter 19th century along with Social Darwinism, the belief that societies are and should be organized as a struggle for survival of the fittest. The Medieval period was interpreted as an era of natural Germanic rule (Chamberlain, 1855-1927) and notions of superiority were associated with German national aspirations (Treitschke, 1834-96). Anti-Semitism, with a new racist rationale, became a significant political force in Germany (Anti-Semitic Petition, 1880), Austria (Lueger, 1844-1910), and France (Dreyfus case, 1894-1906). Last Respite: 1900-1909 Alliances. While the peace of Europe (and its dependencies) continued to hold (1907 Hague Conference extended the rules of war and international arbitration procedures), imperial rivalries, protectionist trade practices (in Germany and France), and the escalating arms race (British Dreadnought battleship launched, Germany widens Kiel canal, 1906) exacerbated minor disputes (German-French Moroccan "crises", 1905, 1911). Security was sought through alliances: Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) renewed1902, 1907; Anglo-Japanese Alliance, 1902; Franco-Russian Alliance, 1899; Entente Cordiale (Britain, France) 1904; Anglo-Russian Treaty, 1907; German-Ottoman friendship. Ottomans decline. The inefficient, corrupt Ottoman government was unable to resist further loss of territory. Nearly all European lands were lost in 1912 to Serbia, Greece, Montenegro, and Bulgaria. Italy took Libya and the Dodecanese islands the same year, and Britain took Kuwait, 1899, and the Sinai, 1906. The Young Turk revolution in 1908 forced the sultan to restore a constitution, introduced some social reform, industrialization, and secularization. British Empire. British trade and cultural influence remained dominant in the empire, but constitutional reforms presaged its eventual dissolution: the colonies of Australia were united in 1901 under a self-governing commonwealth. New Zealand acquired dominion status in 1907. The old Boer republics joined Cape Colony and Natal in the self-governing Union of South Africa in 1910. The 1909 Indian Councils Act enhanced the role of elected province legislatures in India. The Moslem League, founded 1906, sought separate communal representation. East Asia. Japan exploited its growing industrial power to expand its empire. Victory in the 1904-05 war against Russia (naval battle of Tsushima, 1905) assured Japan's domination of Korea (annexed 1910) and Manchuria (took Port Arthur 1905). In China, central authority began to crumble (empress died, 1908). Reforms (Confucian exam system ended 1905, modernization of the army, building of railroads) were inadequate and secret societies of reformers and nationalists, inspired by the Westernized Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) fomented periodic uprisings in the south. Siam, whose independence had been guaranteed by Britain and France in 1896, was split into spheres of influence by those countries in 1907. Russia. The population of the Russian Empire approached 150 million in 1900. Reforms in education, law, and local institutions (zemstvos, and an industrial boom starting in the 1880s (oil, railroads) created the beginnings of a modern state, despite the autocratic tsarist regime. Liberals (1903 Union of Liberation), Socialists (Social Democrats founded 1898, Bolsheviks split off 1903), and populists (Social Revolutionaries founded 1901) were periodically repressed, and national minorities persecuted (anti-Jewish pogroms, 1903, 1905-6). An industrial crisis after 1900 and harvest failures aggravated poverty in the urban proletariat, and the 1904-05 defeat by Japan (which checked Russia's Asian expansion) sparked the revolution of 1905-06. A Duma (parliament) was created, and an agricultural reform (under Stolypin, prime minister 1906-11) created a large class of landowning peasants (kulaks). The world shrinks. Developments in transportation and communication and mass population movements helped create an awareness of an interdependent world. Early automobiles (Daimler, Benz, 1885) were experimental, or designed as luxuries. Assembly-line mass production (Ford Motor Co., 1903) made the invention practicable, and by 1910 nearly 500,000 motor vehicles were registered in the U.S. alone. Heavier-than-air flights began in 1903 in the U.S. (Wright brothers), preceded by glider, balloon, and model plane advances in several countries. Trade was advanced by improvements in ship design (gyrocompass, 1907), speed (Lusitania crossed Atlantic in 5 days, 1907), and reach (Panama Canal begun, 1904). The first transatlantic radio telegraphic transmission occurred in 1901, 6 years after Marconi discovered radio. Radio transmission of human speech had been made in 1900. Telegraphic transmission of photos was achieved in 1904, lending immediacy to news reports. Phonographs, popularized by Caruso's recordings (starting 1902) made for quick international spread of musical styles (ragtime). Motion pictures, perfected in the 1890s (Dickson, Lumiere brothers), became a popular and artistic medium after 1900; newsreels appeared in 1909. Emigration from crowded European centers soared in the decade: 9 million migrated to the U.S., and millions more went to Siberia, Canada, Argentina, Australia, South Africa, and Algeria. Some 70 million Europeans emigrated in the century before 1914. Several million Chinese, Indians, and Japanese migrated to Southeast Asia, where their urban skills often enabled them to take a predominant economic role. Social reform. The social and economic problems of the poor were kept in the public eye by realist fiction writers (Dreiser's Sister Carrie, 1900; Gorky's Lower Depths, 1902; Sinclair's Jungle, 1906), journalists (U.S. muckrakers -- Steffens, Tarbell) and artists (Ashcan school). Frequent labor strikes and occasional assassinations by anarchists or radicals (Austrian Empress, 1898; King Umberto I of Italy, 1900; U.S. Pres. McKinley, 1901; Russian Interior Minister Plehve, 1904; Portugal's King Carlos, 1908) added to social tension and fear of revolution. But democratic reformism prevailed. In Germany, Bernstein's (1850-1932) revisionist Marxism, downgrading revolution, was accepted by the powerful Social Democrats and trade unions. The British Fabian Society (the Webbs, Shaw) and the Labour Party (founded 1906) worked for reforms such as social security and union rights (1906), while women's suffragists grew more militant. U.S. progressives fought big business (Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906). In France, the 10-hour work day (1904) and separation of church and state (1905) were reform victories, as was universal suffrage in Austria (1907). Arts. An unprecedented period of experimentation, centered in France, produced several new painting styles: fauvism exploited bold color areas (Matisse, Woman with Hat, 1905); expressionism reflected powerful inner emotions (the Brucke group, 1905); cubism combined several views of an object on one flat surface (Picasso's Demoiselles, 1906-07); futurism tried to depict speed and motion (Italian Futurist Manifesto, 1910). Architects explored new uses of steel structures, with facades either neo-classical (Adler and Sullivan in U.S.); curvilinear Art Nouveau (Gaudi's Casa Mila, 1905-10); or functionally streamlined (Wright's Robie House, 1909). Music and Dance shared the experimental spirit. Ruth St. Denis (1877-1968) and Isadora Duncan (1878-1927) pioneered modern dance, while Diaghilev in Paris revitalized classic ballet from 1909. Composers explored atonal music (Debussy, 1862-1918) and dissonance (Schonberg, 1874-1951), or revolutionized classical forms (Stravinsky, 1882-1971), often showing jazz or folk music influences. War and Revolution: 1910-1919 War threatens. Germany under Wilhelm II sought a political and imperial role consonant with its industrial strength, challenging Britain's world supremacy and threatening France, still resenting the loss of Alsace-Lorraine. Austria wanted to curb an expanded Serbia (after 1912) and the threat it posed to its own Slav lands. Russia feared Austrian and German political and economic aims in the Balkans and Turkey. An accelerated arms race resulted: the German standing army rose to over 2 million men by 1914. Russia and France had over a million each, Austria and the British Empire nearly a million each. Dozens of enormous battleships were built by the powers after 1906. The assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinandby a Serbian, June 28, 1914, was the pretext for war. The system of alliances made the conflict Europe-wide; Germany's invasion of Belgium to outflank France forced Britain to enter the war. Patriotic fervor was nearly unanimous among all classes in most countries. World War I. German forces were stopped in France in one month. The rival armies dug trench networks. Artillery and improved machine guns prevented either side from any lasting advance despite repeated assaults (600,000 dead at Verdun, Feb.-July 1916). Poison gas, used by Germany in 1915, proved ineffective. Over one million U.S. troops tipped the balance after mid-1917, forcing Germany to sue for peace. In the East, the Russian armies were thrown back (battle of Tannenberg, Aug. 20, 1914) and the war grew unpopular. An allied attempt to relieve Russia through Turkey failed (Gallipoli 1915). The new Bolshevik regime signed the capitulatory Brest-Litovsk peace in March, 1918. Italy entered the war on the allied side, Apr. 1915, but was pushed back by Oct. 1917. A renewed offensive with Allied aid in Oct.-Nov. 1918 forced Austria to surrender. The British Navy successfully blockaded Germany, which responded with submarine U-boat attacks; unrestricted submarine warfare against neutrals after Jan. 1917 helped bring the U.S. into the war. Other battlefields included Palestine and Mesopotamia, both of which Britain wrested from the Turks in 1917, and the African and Pacific colonies of Germany, most of which fell to Britain, France, Australia, Japan, and South Africa. From 1916, the civilian population and economy of both sides were mobilized to an unprecedented degree. Over 10 million soldiers died (May 1917 French mutiny crushed). Settlement. At the Versailles conference(Jan.-June 1919) and in subsequent negotiations and local wars (Russian-Polish War 1920), the map of Europe was redrawn with a nod to U.S. Pres. Wilson's principle of self-determination. Austria and Hungary were separated and much of their land was given to Yugoslavia (formerly Serbia), Romania, Italy, and the newly independent Poland and Czechoslovakia. Germany lost territory in the West, North, and East, while Finland and the Baltic states were detached from Russia. Turkey lost nearly all its Arab lands to British-sponsored Arab states or to direct French and British rule. A huge reparations burden and partial demilitarization were imposed on Germany. Wilson obtained approval for a League of Nations, but the U.S. Senate refused to allow the U.S. to join. Russian revolution.Military defeats and high casualties caused a contagious lack of confidence in Tsar Nicholas, who was forced to abdicate, Mar. 1917.A liberal provisional government failed to end the war, and massive desertions, riots, and fighting between factions followed. A moderate socialist government under Kerensky was overthrown in a violent coup by the Bolsheviks in Petrograd under Lenin, who disbanded the elected Constituent Assembly, Nov. 1917. The Bolsheviks brutally suppressed all opposition and ended the war with Germany, Mar. 1918. Civil war broke out in the summer between the Red Army, including the Bolsheviks and their supporters, and monarchists, anarchists, nationalities (Ukrainians, Georgians, Poles) and others. Small U.S., British, French and Japanese units also opposed the Bolsheviks, 1918-19 (Japan in Vladivostok to 1922). The civil war, anarchy, and pogroms devastated the country until the 1920 Red Army victory. The wartime total monopoly of political, economic, and police power by the Communist Party leadership was retained. Other European revolutions. An unpopular monarchy in Portugal was overthrown in 1910. The new republic took severe anti-clerical measures, 1911. After a century of Home Rule agitation, during which Ireland was devastated by famine (one million dead, 1846-47) and emigration, republican militants staged an unsuccessful uprising in Dublin, Easter 1916. The execution of the leaders and mass arrests by the British won popular support for the rebels. The Irish Free State, comprising all but the 6 northern counties, achieved dominion status in 1922. In the aftermath of the world war, radical revolutions were attempted in Germany (Spartacist uprising Jan. 1919), Hungary (Kun regime 1919), and elsewhere. All were suppressed or failed for lack of support. Chinese revolution. The Manchu Dynasty was overthrown and a republic proclaimed, Oct. 1911. First president Sun Yat-sen resigned in favor of strongman Yuan Shih-k'ai. Sun organized the parliamentarian Kuomintang party. Students launched protests May 4, 1919 against League of Nations concessions in China to Japan. Nationalist, liberal, and socialist ideas and political groups spread. The Communist Party was founded 1921. A communist regime took power in Mongolia with Soviet support in 1921. India restive. Indian objections to British rule erupted in nationalist riots as well as in the non-violent tactics of Gandhi (1869-1948). Nearly 400 unarmed demonstrators were shot at Amritsar, Apr. 1919. Britain approved limited self-rule that year. Mexican revolution. Under the long Diaz dictatorship (1876-1911) the economy advanced, but Indian and mestizo lands were confiscated, and concessions to foreigners (mostly U.S.) damaged the middle class. A revolution in 1910 led to civil wars and U.S. intervention (1914, 1916-17). Land reform and a more democratic constitution (1917) were achieved. The Aftermath of War: 1920-29 U.S. Easy credit, technological ingenuity, and war-related industrial decline in Europe caused a long economic boom, in which ownership of the new products -- autos, phones, radios -- became democratized. Prosperity, an increase in women workers, women's suffrage (1920) and drastic change in fashion (flappers, mannish bob for women, clean-shaven men), created a wide perception of social change, despite prohibition of alcoholic beverages (1919-33). Union membership and strikes increased. Fear of radicals led to Palmer raids (1919-20) and Sacco/Vanzetti case (1921-27). Europe sorts itself out. Germany's liberal Weimar constitution (1919) could not guarantee a stable government in the face of rightist violence (Rathenau assassinated 1922) and Communist refusal to cooperate with Socialists. Reparations and allied occupation of the Rhineland caused staggering inflation which destroyed middle class savings, but economic expansion resumed after mid-decade, aided by U.S. loans. A sophisticated, innovative culture developed in architecture and design (Bauhaus, 1919-28), film (Lang, M, 1931), painting (Grosz), music (Weill, Threepenny Opera, 1928), theater (Brecht, A Man's a Man, 1926), criticism (Benjamin), philosophy (Jung), and fashion. This culture was considered decadent and socially disruptive by rightists. England elected its first labor governments (Jan. 1924, June 1929). A 10-day general strike in support of coal miners failed, May 1926. In Italy, strikes, political chaos and violence by small Fascist bands culminated in the Oct. 1922 Fascist March on Rome, which established Mussolini's dictatorship. Strikes were outlawed (1926), and Italian influence was pressed in the Balkans (Albania a protectorate 1926). A conservative dictatorship was also established in Portugal in a 1926 military coup. Czechoslovakia, the only stable democracy to emerge from the war in Central or East Europe, faced opposition from Germans (in the Sudetenland), Ruthenians, and some Slovaks. As the industrial heartland of the old Hapsburg empire, it remained fairly prosperous. With French backing, it formed the Little Entente with Yugoslavia (1920) and Romania (1921) to block Austrian or Hungarian irredentism. Hungary remained dominated by the landholding classes and expansionist feeling. Croats and Slovenes in Yugoslavia demanded a federal state until King Alexander proclaimed a dictatorship (1929). Poland faced nationality problems as well (Germans, Ukrainians, Jews); Pilsudski ruled as dictator from 1926. The Baltic states were threatened by traditionally dominant ethnic Germans and by Soviet-supported communists. An economic collapse and famine in Russia, 1921-22, claimed 5 million lives. The New Economic Policy (1921) allowed land ownership by peasants and some private commerce and industry. Stalin was absolute ruler within 4 years of Lenin's 1924 death. He inaugurated a brutal collectivization program 1929-32, and used foreign communist parties for Soviet state advantage. Internationalism. Revulsion against World War I led to pacifist agitation, the Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing aggressive war (1928), and naval disarmament pacts (Washington, 1922, London, 1930). But the League of Nations was able to arbitrate only minor disputes (Greece-Bulgaria, 1925). Middle East. Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) led Turkish nationalists in resisting Italian, French, and Greek military advances, 1919-23. The sultanate was abolished 1922, and elaborate reforms passed, including secularization of law and adoption of the Latin alphabet. Ethnic conflict led to persecution of Armenians (over 1 million dead in 1915, 1 million expelled), Greeks (forced Greek-Turk population exchange, 1923), and Kurds (1925 uprising). With evacuation of the Turks from Arab lands, the puritanical Wahabi dynasty of eastern Arabia conquered present Saudi Arabia, 1919-25. British, French, and Arab dynastic and nationalist maneuvering resulted in the creation of two more Arab monarchies in 1921: Iraq and Transjordan (both under British control), and two French mandates: Syria and Lebanon. Jewish immigration into British-mandated Palestine, inspired by the Zionist movement, was resisted by Arabs, at times violently (1921, 1929 massacres). Reza Khan ruled Persia after his 1921 coup (shah from 1925), centralized control, and created the trappings of a modern state. China. The Kuomintang under Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) subdued the warlords by 1928. The Communists were brutally suppressed after their alliance with the Kuomintang was broken in 1927. Relative peace thereafter allowed for industrial and financial improvements, with some Russian, British, and U.S. cooperation. Arts. Nearly all bounds of subject matter, style, and attitude were broken in the arts of the period. Abstract art first took inspiration from natural forms or narrative themes (Kandinsky from 1911), then worked free of any representational aims (Malevich's suprematism, 1915-19, Mondrian's geometric style from 1917). The Dada movement from 1916 mocked artistic pretension with absurd collages and constructions (Arp, Tzara, from 1916). Paradox, illusion, and psychological taboos were exploited by surrealists by the latter 1920s (Dali, Magritte). Architectural schools celebrated industrial values, whether vigorous abstract constructivism (Tatlin, Monument to 3rd International, 1919) or the machined, streamlined Bauhaus style, which was extended to many design fields (Helvetica type face). Prose writers explored revolutionary narrative modes related to dreams (Kafka's Trial, 1925), internal monologue (Joyce's Ulysses, 1922), and word play (Stein's Making of Americans, 1925). Poets and novelists wrote of modern alienation (Eliot's Waste Land, 1922) and aimlessness (Lost Generation). Sciences. Scientific specialization prevailed by the 20th century. Advances in knowledge and technological aptitude increased with the geometric increase in the number of practitioners. Physicists challenged common-sense views of causality, observation, and a mechanistic universe, putting science further beyond popular grasp (Einstein's general theory of relativity, 1915; Bohr's quantum mechanics, 1913; Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, 1927). Rise of the Totalitarians: 1930-39 Depression. A worldwide financial panic and economic depression began with the Oct. 1929 U.S. stock market crash and the May 1931 failure of the Austrian Credit-Anstalt. A credit crunch caused international bankruptcies and unemployment: 12 million jobless by 1932 in the U.S., 5.6 million in Germany,2.7 million in England. Governments responded with tariff restrictions (Smoot-Hawley Act 1930; Ottawa Imperial Conference, 1932) which dried up world trade. Government public works programs were vitiated by deflationary budget balancing. Germany. Years of agitation by violent extremists was brought to a head by the Depression. Nazi leader Hitler was named chancellor by Pres. Hindenburg Jan. 1933, and given dictatorial power by the Reichstag in Mar. Opposition parties were disbanded, strikes banned, and all aspects of economic, cultural, and religious life brought under central government and Nazi party control and manipulated by sophisticated propaganda. Severe persecution of Jews began (Nuremberg Laws Sept. 1935). Many Jews, political opponents and others were sent to concentration camps (Dachau, 1933) where thousands died or were killed. Public works, renewed conscription (1935), arms production, and a 4-year plan (1936) ended unemployment. Hitler's expansionism started with reincorporation of the Saar (1935), occupation of the Rhineland (Mar. 1936), and annexation of Austria (Mar. 1938). At Munich, Sept. 1938, an indecisive Britain and France sanctioned German dismemberment of Czechoslovakia. Russia. Urbanization and education advanced. Rapid industrialization was achieved through successive 5-year-plans starting 1928, using severe labor discipline and mass forced labor. Industry was financed by a decline in living standards and exploitation of agriculture, which was almost totally collectivized by the early 1930s (kolkhoz, collective farm; sovkhoz, state farm, often in newly-worked lands). Successive purges increased the role of professionals and management at the expense of workers. Millions perished in a series of man-made disasters: elimination of kulaks (peasant land-owners), 1929-34; severe famine, 1932-33; party purges (Great Purge, 1936-38); suppression of nationalities; and poor conditions in labor camps. Spain. An industrial revolution during World War I created an urban proletariat, which was attracted to socialism and anarchism; Catalan nationalists challenged central authority. The 5 years after King Alfonso left Spain, Apr. 1931, were dominated by tension between intermittent leftist and anti-clerical governments and clericals, monarchists and other rightists. Anarchist and communist rebellions were crushed, but a July, 1936, extreme right rebellion led by Gen. Francisco Franco and aided by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy succeeded, after a 3-year civil war (over 1 million dead in battles and atrocities). The war polarized international public opinion. Italy. Despite propaganda for the ideal of the Corporate State, few domestic reforms were attempted. An entente with Hungary and Austria, Mar. 1934, a pact with Germany and Japan, Nov. 1937, and intervention by 50-75,000 troops in Spain, 1936-39, sealed Italy's identification with the fascist bloc (anti-Semitic laws after Mar. 1938). Ethiopia was conquered, 1935-37, and Albania annexed, Jan. 1939, in conscious imitation of ancient Rome. East Europe. Repressive regimes fought for power against an active opposition (liberals, socialists, communists, peasants, Nazis). Minority groups and Jews were restricted within national boundaries that did not coincide with ethnic population patterns. In the destruction of Czechoslovakia, Hungary occupied southern Slovakia (Nov. 1938) and Ruthenia (Mar. 1939), and a pro-Nazi regime took power in the rest of Slovakia. Other boundary disputes (e.g. Poland-Lithuania, Yugoslavia-Bulgaria, Romania-Hungary) doomed attempts to build joint fronts against Germany or Russia. Economic depression was severe. East Asia. After a period of liberalism in Japan, nativist militarists dominated the government with peasant support. Manchuria was seized, Sept. 1931-Feb. 1932, and a puppet state set up (Manchukuo). Adjacent Jehol (inner Mongolia) was occupied in 1933. China proper was invaded July 1937; large areas were conquered by Oct. 1938. In China Communist forces left Kuomintang-besieged strongholds in the South in a Long March (1934-35) to the North. The Kuomintang-Communist civil war was suspended Jan. 1937 in the face of threatening Japan. The democracies. The Roosevelt Administration, in office Mar. 1933, embarked on an extensive program of social reform and economic stimulation, including protection for labor unions (heavy industries organized), social security, public works, wages and hours laws, assistance to farmers. Isolationist sentiment (1937 Neutrality Act) prevented U.S. intervention in Europe, but military expenditures were increased in 1939. French political instability and polarization prevented resolution of economic and international security questions. The Popular Front government under Blum (June 1936-Apr. 1938) passed social reforms (40-hour week) and raised arms spending. National coalition governments ruled Britain from Aug. 1931, brought some economic recovery, but failed to define a consistent foreign policy until Chamberlain's government (from May 1937), which practiced deliberate appeasement of Germany and Italy. India. Twenty years of agitation for autonomy and then for independence (Gandhi's salt march, 1930) achieved some constitutional reform (extended provincial powers, 1935) despite Moslem-Hindu strife. Social issues assumed prominence with peasant uprisings (1921), strikes (1928), Gandhi's efforts for untouchables (1932 "fast unto death"), and social and agrarian reform by the provinces after 1937. Arts. The streamlined, geometric design motifs of Art Deco (from 1925) prevailed through the 1930s. Abstract art flourished (Moore sculptures from 1931) alongside a new realism related to social and political concerns (Socialist Realism the official Soviet style from 1934; Mexican muralists Rivera, 1886-1957, and Orozco, 1883-1949), which was also expressed in fiction and poetry (Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath, 1939; Sandburg's The People, Yes, 1936). Modern architecture (International Style, 1932) was unchallenged in its use of man-made materials (concrete, glass), lack of decoration, and monumentality (Rockefeller Center, 1929-40). U.S.-made films captured a world-wide audience with their larger-than-life fantasies (Gone with the Wind, 1939). War, Hot and Cold: 1940-49 War in Europe. The Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact (Aug. '39) freed Germany to attack Poland (Sept.). Britain and France, who had guaranteed Polish independence, declared war on Germany. Russia seized East Poland (Sept.), attacked Finland (Nov.) and took the Baltic states (July '40). Mobile German forces staged "blitzkrieg" attacks Apr.-June, '40, conquering neutral Denmark, Norway, and the low countries and defeating France; 350,000 British and French troops were evacuated at Dunkirk (May). The Battle of Britain, June-Dec. '40, denied Germany air superiority, German-Italian campaigns won the Balkans by Apr. '41. Three million Axis troops invaded Russia June '41, marching through the Ukraine to the Caucasus, and through White Russia and the Baltic republics to Moscow and Leningrad. Russian winter counterthrusts, '41-'42 and '42-'43 stopped the German advance (Stalingrad Sept. '42-Feb. '43). With British and U.S. Lend-Lease aid and sustaining great casualties, the Russians drove the Axis from all E. Europe and the Balkans in the next 2 years. Invasions of N. Africa (Nov. '42), Italy (Sept. '43), and Normandy (June '44) brought U.S., British, Free French and allied troops to Germany by spring '45. Germany surrendered May 7, 1945. War in Asia-Pacific. Japan occupied Indochina Sept. '40, dominated Thailand Dec. '41, attacked Hawaii, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Malaya Dec. 7, 1941. Indonesia was attacked Jan. '42, Burma conquered Mar. 42. Battle of Midway (June '42) turned back the Japanese advance. "Island-hopping" battles (Guadalcanal Aug. '42-Jan. '43, Leyte Gulf Oct. '44, Iwo Jima Feb.-Mar. '45, Okinawa Apr. '45) and massive bombing raids on Japan from June '44 wore out Japanese defenses. Two U.S. atom bombs, dropped Aug. 6 and 9, forced Japan to surrender Aug. 14, 1945. Atrocities. The war brought 20th-century cruelty to its peak. Nazi murder camps (Auschwitz) systematically killed 6 million Jews. Gypsies, political opponents, sick and retarded people, and others deemed undesirable were murdered by the Nazis, as were vast numbers of Slavs, especially leaders. Civilian deaths. German bombs killed 70,000 English civilians. Some 100,000 Chinese civilians were killed by Japanese forces in the capture of Nanking. Severe retaliation by the Soviet army, E. European partisans, Free French and others took a heavy toll. U.S. and British bombing of Germany killed hundreds of thousands, as did U.S. bombing of Japan (80-200,000 at Hiroshima alone). Some 45 million people lost their lives in the war. Settlement. The United Nations charter was signed in San Francisco June 26, 1945 by 50 nations. The International Tribunal at Nuremberg convicted 22 German leaders for war crimes Sept. '46, 23 Japanese leaders were convicted Nov. '48. Postwar border changes included large gains in territory for the USSR, losses for Germany, a shift westward in Polish borders, and minor losses for Italy. Communist regimes, supported by Soviet troops, took power in most of E. Europe, including Soviet-occupied Germany (GDR proclaimed Oct. '49). Japan lost all overseas lands. Recovery. Basic political and social changes were imposed on Japan and W. Germany by the western allies (Japan constitution Nov. '46, W. German basic law May '49). U.S. Marshall Plan aid ($12 billion '47-'51) spurred W. European economic recovery after a period of severe inflation and strikes in Europe and the U.S. The British Labour Party introduced a national health service and nationalized basic industries in 1946. Cold War. Western fears of further Soviet advances (Cominform formed Oct. '47, Czechoslovakia coup, Feb. '48, Berlin blockade Apr.'48-Sept. '49) led to formation of NATO. Civil War in Greece and Soviet pressure on Turkey led to U.S. aid under the Truman Doctrine (Mar. '47). Other anti-communist security pacts were the Org. of American States (Apr. '48) and Southeast Asia Treaty Org. (Sept. '54). A new wave of Soviet purges and repression intensified in the last years of Stalin's rule, extending to E. Europe (Slansky trial in Czechoslovakia, 1951). Only Yugoslavia resisted Soviet control (expelled by Cominform, June '48; U.S. aid, June '49). China, Korea. Communist forces emerged from World War II strengthened by the Soviet takeover of industrial Manchuria. In 4 years of fighting, the Kuomintang was driven from the mainland; the People's Republic was proclaimed Oct. 1, 1949. Korea was divided by Russian and U.S. occupation forces. Separate republics were proclaimed in the 2 zones Aug.-Sept. '48. India. India and Pakistan became independent dominions Aug. 15, 1947. Millions of Hindu and Moslem refugees were created by the partition; riots, 1946-47, took hundreds of thousands of lives; Gandhi himself was assassinated Jan. '48. Burma became completely independent Jan. '48; Ceylon took dominion status in Feb. Middle East. The UN approved partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states. Israel was proclaimed May 14, 1948. Arabs rejected partition, but failed to defeat Israel in war, May '48-July '49. Immigration from Europe and the Middle East swelled Israel's Jewish population. British and French forces left Lebanon and Syria, 1946. Transjordan occupied most of Arab Palestine. Southeast Asia. Communists and others fought against restoration of French rule in Indochina from 1946; a non-communist government was recognized by France Mar. '49, but fighting continued. Both Indonesia and the Philippines became independent, the former in 1949 after 4 years of war with Netherlands, the latter in 1946. Philippine economic and military ties with the U.S. remained strong; a communist-led peasant rising was checked in '48. Arts. New York became the center of the world art market; abstract expressionism was the chief mode (Pollock from '43, de Kooning from '47). Literature and philosophy explored existentialism (Camus' Stranger, 1942, Sartre's Being and Nothingness, 1943). Non-western attempts to revive or create regional styles (Senghor's Negritude, Mishima's novels) only confirmed the emergence of a universal culture. Radio and phonograph records spread American popular music (swing, bebop) around the world. The American Decade: 1950-59 Polite decolonization. The peaceful decline of European political and military power in Asia and Africa accelerated in the 1950s. Nearly all of N. Africa was freed by 1956, but France fought a bitter war to retain Algeria, with its large European minority, until 1962. Ghana, independent 1957, led a parade of new black African nations (over 2 dozen by 1962) which altered the political character of the UN. Ethnic disputes often exploded in the new nations after decolonization (UN troops in Cyprus 1964; Nigeria civil war 1967-70). Leaders of the new states, mostly sharing socialist ideologies, tried to create an Afro-Asian bloc (Bandung Conf. 1955), but Western economic influence and U.S. political ties remained strong (Baghdad Pact, 1955). Trade. World trade volume soared, in an atmosphere of monetary stability assured by international accords (Bretton Woods 1944). In Europe, economic integration advanced (European Economic Community1957, European Free Trade Association 1960). Comecon (1949) coordinated the economies of Soviet-bloc countries. U.S. Economic growth produced an abundance of consumer goods (9.3 million motor vehicles sold, 1955). Suburban housing tracts changed life patterns for middle and working classes (Levittown 1946-51). Eisenhower's landslide election victories (1952, 1956) reflected consensus politics. Censure of McCarthy (Dec. '54) curbed the political abuse of anti-communism. A system of alliances and military bases bolstered U.S. influence on all continents. Trade and payments surpluses were balanced by overseas investments and foreign aid ($50 billion, 1950-59). USSR. In the "thaw" after Stalin's death in 1953, relations with the West improved (evacuation of Vienna, Geneva summit conf., both 1955). Repression of scientific and cultural life eased, and many prisoners were freed or rehabilitated culminating in de-Stalinization (1956). Khrushchev's leadership aimed at consumer sector growth, but farm production lagged, despite the virgin lands program (from 1954). The 1956 Hungarian revolution, the 1960 U-2 spy plane episode, and other incidents renewed East-West tension and domestic curbs. East Europe. Resentment of Russian domination and Stalinist repression combined with nationalist, economic and religious factors to produce periodic violence. East Berlin workers rioted in 1953,Polish workers rioted in Poznan, June 1956, and a broad-based revolution broke out in Hungary, Oct. 1956. All were suppressed by Soviet force or threats (at least 7,000 dead in Hungary). But Poland was allowed to restore private ownership of farms, and a degree of personal and economic freedom returned to Hungary. Yugoslavia experimented with worker self-management and a market economy. Korea. The 1945 division of Korea left industry in the North, which was organized into a militant regime and armed by Russia. The South was politically disunited. Over 60,000 North Korean troops invaded the South June 25, 1950. The U.S., backed by the UN Security Council, sent troops. UN troops reached the Chinese border in Nov. Some 200,000 Chinese troops crossed the Yalu River and drove back UN forces. Cease-fire in July 1951 found the opposing forces near the original 38th parallel border. After 2 years of sporadic fighting, an armistice was signed July 27, 1953. U.S. troops remained in the South, and U.S. economic and military aid continued. The war stimulated rapid economic recovery in Japan. China. Starting in 1952, industry, agriculture, and social institutions were forcibly collectivized. As many as several million people were executed as Kuomintang supporters or as class and political enemies. The Great Leap Forward, 1958-60, unsuccessfully tried to force the pace of development by substituting labor for investment. Indochina. Ho's forces, aided by Russia and the new Chinese Communist government, fought French and pro-French Vietnamese forces to a standstill, and captured the strategic Dienbienphu camp in May, 1954. The Geneva Agreements divided Vietnam in half pending elections (never held), and recognized Laos and Cambodiaas independent. The U.S.aided the anti-Communist Republic of Vietnam in the South. Middle East. Arab revolutions placed leftist, militantly nationalist regimes in power in Egypt (1952) and Iraq (1958). But Arab unity attempts failed (United Arab Republic joined Egypt, Syria, Yemen 1958-61). Arab refusal to recognize Israel (Arab League economic blockade began Sept. 1951) led to a permanent state of war, with repeated incidents (Gaza, 1955). Israel occupied Sinai, Britain and France took the Suez Canal, Oct. 1956, but were replaced by the UN Emergency Force. The Mossadegh government in Iran nationalized the British-owned oil industry May 1951, but was overthrown in a U.S.-aided coup Aug. 1953. Latin America. Dictator Juan Peron, in office 1946, enforced land reform, some nationalization, welfare state measures, and curbs on the Roman Catholic Church, but crushed opposition. A Sept. 1955 coup deposed Peron. The 1952 revolution in Bolivia brought land reform, nationalization of tin mines, and improvement in the status of Indians, who nevertheless remained poor. The Batista regime in Cuba was overthrown, Jan. 1959, by Fidel Castro, who imposed a communist dictatorship, aligned Cuba with Russia, improved education and health care. A U.S.-backed anti-Castro invasion (Bay of Pigs, Apr. 1961) was crushed. Self-government advanced in the British Caribbean. Technology. Large outlays on research and development in the U.S. and USSR focused on military applications (H-bomb in U.S. 1952, USSR 1953, Britain 1957, intercontinental missiles late 1950s). Soviet launching of the Sputnik satellite, Oct. 1957, spurred increases in U.S. science education funds (National Defense Education Act). Literature and letters. Alienation from social and literary conventions reached an extreme in the theater of the absurd (Beckett's Waiting for Godot 1952), the "new novel" (Robbe-Grillet's Voyeur 1955), and avant-garde film (Antonioni's L'Avventura 1960). U.S. Beatniks (Kerouac's On the Road 1957) and others rejected the supposed conformism of Americans (Riesman's Lonely Crowd 1950). Rising Expectations: 1960-69 Economic boom. The longest sustained economic boom on record spanned almost the entire decade in the capitalist world; the closely-watched GNP figure doubled in the U.S. 1960-70, fueled by Vietnam War-related budget deficits. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1967, stimulated West European prosperity, which spread to peripheral areas (Spain, Italy, E. Germany). Japan became a top economic power ($20 billion exports 1970). Foreign investment aided the industrialization of Brazil. Soviet 1965 economic reform attempts (decentralization, material incentives) were limited; but growth continued. Reform and radicalization. Pres. John F. Kennedy, inaugurated 1961, emphasized youthful idealism, vigor; he was assassinated Nov. 22, 1963. A series of political and social reform movements took root in the U.S., later spreading to other countries with the help of ubiquitous U.S. film and television programs and heavy overseas travel (2.2 million U.S. passports issued 1970). Blacks agitated peaceably and with partial success against segregation and poverty (1963 March on Washington, 1964 Civil Rights Act); but some urban ghettos erupted in extensive riots (Watts, 1965; Detroit, 1967; King assassination, Apr. 4, 1968). New concern for the poor (Harrington's Other America, 1963) led to Pres. Johnson's "Great Society" programs (Medicare, Water Quality Act, Higher Education Act, all 1965). Concern with the environment surged (Carson's Silent Spring, 1962). Feminism revived as a cultural and political movement (Friedan's Feminine Mystique, 1963, National Organization for Women founded 1966) and a movement for homosexual rights emerged (Stonewall riot, in NYC, 1969). Pope John XXIII called Vatican II, 1962-65, which liberalized Roman Catholic liturgy. Opposition to U.S. involvement in Vietnam, especially among university students (Moratorium protest Nov. '69) turned violent (Weatherman Chicago riots Oct. '69). New Left and Marxist theories became popular, and membership in radical groups swelled (Students for a Democratic Society, Black Panthers). Maoist groups, especially in Europe, called for total transformation of society. In France, students sparked a nationwide strike affecting 10 million workers May-June '68, but an electoral reaction barred revolutionary change. Arts and styles. The boundary between fine and popular arts were blurred by Pop Art (Warhol) and rock musicals (Hair, 1968). Informality and exaggeration prevailed in fashion (beards, miniskirts). A non-political "counterculture" developed, rejecting traditional bourgeois life goals and personal habits, and use of marijuana and hallucinogens spread (Woodstock festival Aug. '69). Indian influence was felt in music (Beatles), religion (Ram Dass), and fashion. Science. Achievements in space (men on moon July '69) and electronics (lasers, integrated circuits) encouraged a faith in scientific solutions to problems in agriculture ("green revolution", medicine (heart transplants 1967) and other areas. The harmful effects of science, it was believed, could be controlled (1963 nuclear weapon test ban treaty, 1968 non-proliferation treaty). China. Mao's revolutionary militance caused disputes with Russia under "revisionist" Khrushchev, starting 1960. The two powers exchanged fire in 1969 border disputes. China used force to capture areas disputed with India 1962. The "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution" tried to impose a utopian egalitarian program in China and spread revolution abroad; political struggle, often violent, convulsed China 1965-68. Indochina. Communist-led guerrillas aided by N. Vietnam fought from 1960 against the S. Vietnam government of Ngo Dinh Diem (killed 1963). The U.S. military role increased after the 1964 Tonkin Gulf incident. U.S. forces peaked at 543,400, Apr. '69. Massive numbers of N. Viet troops also fought. Laotian and Cambodian neutrality were threatened by communist insurgencies, with N. Vietnamese aid, and U.S. intrigues. Third World. A bloc of authoritarian leftist regimes among the newly independent nations emerged in political opposition to the U.S.-led Western alliance, and came to dominate the conference of nonaligned nations (Belgrade 1961, Cairo 1964, Lusaka 1970). Soviet political ties and military bases were established in Cuba, Egypt, Algeria, Guinea, and other countries, whose leaders were regarded as revolutionary heros by opposition groups in pro-Western or colonial countries. Some leaders were ousted in coups by pro-Western groups--Zaire's Lumumba (killed 1961), Ghana's Nkrumah (exiled 1966), and Indonesia's Sukarno (effectively ousted 1965 after a Communist coup failed). Middle East. Arab-Israeli tension erupted into a brief war June 1967. Israel emerged as a major regional power. Military shipments before and after the war brought much of the Arab world into the Soviet political sphere. Most Arab states broke U.S. diplomatic ties, while Communist countries cut their ties to Israel. Intra-Arab disputes continued: Egypt and Saudi Arabia supported rival factions in a bloody Yemen civil war 1962-70; Lebanese troops fought Palestinian commandos 1969. East Europe. To stop the large-scale exodus of citizens, E. German authorities built a fortified wall across Berlin Aug. '61. Soviet sway in the Balkans was weakened by Albania's support of China (USSR broke ties Dec. '61) and Romania's assertion of industrial and foreign policy autonomy 1964. Liberalization in Czechoslovakia, spring 1968, was crushed by troops of 5 Warsaw Pact countries. West German treaties with Russia and Poland, 1970, facilitated the transfer of German technology and confirmed post-war boundaries. Disillusionment: 1970-79 U.S.: Caution and neoconservatism. A relatively sluggish economy, energy and resource shortages (natural gas crunch 1975, gasoline shortage 1979) and environmental problems contributed to a "limits of growth" philosophy. Suspicion of science and technology killed or delayed major projects (supersonic transport dropped 1971, DNA recombination curbed 1976, Seabrook A-plant protests 1977-78) and was fed by the Three Mile Island nuclear reactor accident Mar. '79. Mistrust of big government weakened support for government reform plans among liberals. School busing and racial quotas were opposed (Bakke decision June '78); the Equal Rights Amendment for women languished; civil rights for homosexuals were opposed (Dade County referendum June '77). Completion of communist forces' takeover of S. Vietnam (evacuation of U.S. civilians Apr. '75), revelations of Central Intelligence Agency misdeeds (Rockefeller Commission report June '75), and Watergate scandals (Nixon quit Aug. '74) reduced faith in U.S. moral and material capacity to influence world affairs. Revelations of Soviet crimes (Solzhenitsyn's Gulag Archipelago from 1974) and Russian intervention in Africa aided a revival of anti-Communist sentiment. Economy sluggish. The 1960s boom faltered in the 1970s; a severe recession in the U.S. and Europe 1974-75 followed a huge oil price hike Dec. '73. Monetary instability (U.S. cut ties to gold Aug. '71), the decline of the dollar, and protectionist moves by industrial countries (1977-78) threatened trade. Business investment and spending for research declined. Severe inflation plagued many countries (25% in Britain 1975; 18% in U.S. 1979). China picks up pieces. After the 1976 deaths of Mao and Chou, a power struggle for the leadership succession was won by pragmatists. A nationwide purge of orthodox Maoists was carried out and the "Gang of Four" led by Mao's widow Chiang Ching was arrested. The new leaders freed over 100,000 political prisoners, and reduced public adulation of Mao. Political and trade ties were expanded with Japan, Europe, and U.S. in the late 1970's, as relations worsened with Russia, Cuba, and Vietnam (4-week invasion by China 1979). Ideological guidelines in industry, science, education, and the armed forces, which the ruling faction said had caused chaos and decline, were reversed (bonuses to workers Dec. '77; exams for college entrance Oct. '77). Severe restrictions on cultural expression were eased (Beethoven ban lifted Mar. '77). Europe. European unity moves (EEC-EFTA trade accord 1972) faltered as economic problems appeared (Britain floated pound 1972; France floated franc 1974). Germany and Switzerland curbed guest workers from S. Europe. Greece and Turkey quarreled over Cyprus (Turks intervened 1974), Aegean oil rights. All non-Communist Europe was under democratic rule after free elections were held in Spain June '76, 7 months after the death of Franco. The conservative, colonialist regime in Portugal was overthrown Apr. '74. In Greece, the 7-year-old military dictatorship yielded power in 1974. Northern Europe, though ruled mostly by Socialists (Swedish Socialists unseated 1976, after 44 years in power), turned conservative. The British Labour government imposed wage curbs 1975, and suspended nationalization schemes. Terrorism in Germany (1972 Munich Olympics killings) led to laws curbing some civil liberties. French "new philosophers" rejected leftist ideologies and the shaky Socialist-Communist coalition lost a 1978 election bid. Religion back in politics. The improvement in Moslem countries' political fortunes by the 1950s (with the exception of Central Asia under Soviet and Chinese rule) and the growth of Arab oil wealth, was followed by a resurgence of traditional piety. Libyan dictator Qaddafy mixed strict Islamic laws with socialism in his militant ideology, called for an eventual Moslem return to Spain and Sicily. The illegal Moslem Brotherhood in Egypt was accused of violence, while extreme Moslem groups bombed theaters, 1977, to protest secular values. In Turkey, the National Salvation Party was the first Islamic group to share power (1974) since secularization in the 1920s. Religious authorities, such as Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, led the Iranian revolution and religiously motivated Moslems took part in the insurrection in Saudi Arabia that briefly seized the Grand Mosque in Mecca 1979. Moslem puritan opposition to Pakistan Pres. Bhutto helped lead to his overthrow July '77. However, Moslem solidarity could not prevent Pakistan's eastern province (Bangladesh) from declaring independence, Dec. '71, after a bloody civil war. Moslem and Hindu resentment against coerced sterilization in India helped defeat the Gandhi government, which was replaced Mar. '77 by a coalition including religious Hindu parties and led by devout Hindu Desai. Moslems in the southern Philippines, aided by Libya, conducted a long rebellion against central rule from 1973. Evangelical Protestant groups grew in numbers and prosperity in the U.S. A revival of interest in Orthodox Christianity occurred among Russian intellectuals (Solzhenitsyn). The secularist Israeli Labor party, after decades of rule, was ousted in 1977 by conservatives led by Begin, an observant Jew; religious militants founded settlements on the disputed West Bank, part of Biblically-promised Israel. U.S. Reform Judaism revived many previously discarded traditional practices. The Buddhist Soka Gakkai movement launched the Komeito party in Japan 1964, which became a major opposition party in 1972 and 1976 elections. Old-fashioned religious wars raged intermittently inN. Ireland (Catholic vs. Protestant 1969- ) and Lebanon (Christian vs. Moslem 1975- ) while religious militancy complicated the Israel-Arab dispute (1973 Israel-Arab war). In spite of a 1979 peace treaty between Egypt and Israel which looked forward to a resolution of the Palestinian issue, increased religious militancy on the West Bank made a resolution unlikely. Latin America. Repressive conservative regimes strengthened their hold on most of the continent, with the violent coup against the elected Allende government in Chile, Sept. '73, the 1976 military coup in Argentina,and coups against reformist regimes in Bolivia, 1971 and 1979, and Peru, 1976. In Central America, increasing liberal and leftist militancy led to the ouster of the Somoza regime of Nicaragua in 1979 and civil conflict in El Salvador. Indochina. Communist victory in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos by May '75 did not bring peace. Attempts at radical social reorganization left over one million dead in Cambodia 1975-78 and caused hundreds of thousands of ethnic Chinese and others to flee Vietnam ("boat people" 1979). The Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia swelled the refugee population and contributed to widespread starvation in that devastated country. Russian expansion. Soviet influence, checked in some countries (troops ousted by Egypt 1972) was projected further afield, often with the use of Cuban troops (Angola 1975-89, Ethiopia 1977-88) and aided by a growing navy, merchant fleet, and international banking ability. Detente with the West -- 1972 Berlin pact, 1972 strategic arms pact (SALT) -- gave way to a more antagonistic relationship in the late 1970s, exacerbated by the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 1979. Africa. The last remaining European colonies were granted independence (Spanish Sahara 1976, Djibouti 1977) and, after 10 years of civil war and many negotiation sessions, a black government took over Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) 1979; white domination remained in S. Africa. Great power involvement in local wars (Russia in Angola, Ethiopia; France in Chad, Zaire, Mauritania) and the use of tens of thousands of Cuban troops was denounced by some African leaders as neocolonialism. Ethnic or tribal clashes made Africa the chief world locus of sustained warfare in the late 1970s. Arts. Traditional modes in painting, architecture, and music, pursued in relative obscurity for much of the 20th century, returned to popular and critical attention in the 1970s. The pictorial emphasis in neorealist and photorealist painting, the return of many architects to detail, decoration, and traditional natural materials, and the concern with ordered structure in musical composition were, ironically, novel experiences for artistic consumers after the exhaustion of experimental possibilities. However, these more conservative styles coexisted with modernist works in an atmosphere of variety and tolerance. Revitalization of Capitalism, Demand for Democracy: 1980-89 USSR, Eastern Europe. A troublesome 1980-85 for the USSR was followed by 5 years of astonishing change: the surrender of the Communist monopoly, remaking of the Soviet state, and disintegration ofthe Soviet empire. After deaths of Brezhnev 1982, Andropov 1984, Chernenko 1985; harsh treatment of dissent; restriction of emigration; invasion of Afghanistan Dec.'79; Gen. Secy. Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-) promoted glasnost,perestroika, economic and social reform (Jan.'87), supported by Communist Party (July '88); signed INF treaty (Dec.'87). Gorbachev pledged to cut the military budget (1988); military withdrawal from Afghanistan was completed Feb.'89; democratization was not hindered in Poland, Hungary; the Soviet people chose part of the new Congress from competing candidates Mar.'89. At decade's end, Gorbachev was widely considered responsible for the 1989 ending of the Cold War. Poland. Solidarity, the labor union founded 1980 by Lech Walesa, outlawed 1982, was legalized 1988, after years of unrest. Poland's first free election since the Communist takeover brought Solidarity victory (June '89); Tadeusz Mazowiecki, a Walesa advisor, became Prime Minister in a government with the Communists (Aug.'89). In the fall of 1989 the failure of Marxist economies in Hungary, E. Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania broughtthe fall of the Communist monopoly, the demand for democracy. The Berlin Wall was opened Nov.'89. U.S. "The Reagan Years" (1981-88) brought thelongest economic boom in U.S. history via budget and tax cuts, deregulation, "junk bond" financing, leveraged buyouts, mergers and takeovers; a strong anti-Communist stance, via increased defense spending, aid to anti-communists in Central America, invasion of Cuba-threatened Grenada, championing of MX missile system and "Star Wars." Four Reagan-Gorbachev summits, 1985-88, climaxed in INF treaty 1987. Financial scandals mounted (E.F. Hutton 1985, Ivan Boesky 1986), the stock market crashed Oct.'87, the trade imbalance grew (esp. with Japan), the budget deficit soared ($3.2 trillion 1988); homelessness, drug abuse (esp. "crack") grew. The Iran-contra affair (North TV testimony July'87) was the low point, but V.P. Bush was elected pres. 1988. Middle East. This area remained militarily unstable, with sharp divisions on economic, political, racial, and religious lines. In Iran, the revolution (1979-80) and violent political upheavals after, brought strong anti-U.S. stance. A dispute with Iraq over the Shatt al-Arab waterway became warfare Sept.'80-July'88, with millions killed. Libya's support for international terrorism caused the U.S. to close the diplomatic mission (May'81), embargo oil (Mar.'82); U.S. accused Muammar al-Qadaffy of aiding terrorists in Dec.'85 Rome, Vienna airport attacks, retaliated by bombing Libya Apr.'86. Israel affirmed all Jerusalem as its capital (July'80); destroyed an Iraqi atomic reactor 1981; invaded Lebanon 1982, bringing the PLO to agree to withdraw. A Palestinian uprising, inc. women, children hurling rocks, bottles at troops, began Dec.'87 in Israeli-occupied Gaza, spread to the West Bank; troops responded with force, killing 300 by 1988's end, with 6,000 more in detention camps. Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon began Feb.'85, ended June'85, as Lebanon continued torn with military and political conflict between rival factions. Premier Karami was assassinated June'87. Artillery duels between Christian East Beirut and Moslem West Beirut, Mar.-Apr.'89, left 200 dead, 700 wounded. At 80s end, violence still dominated. Central America. In Nicaragua, the leftist Sandinista National Liberation Front, in power after the 1979 civil war, faced problems due to Nicaragua's military aid to leftist guerrillas in El Salvador, U.S. backing of anti-government contras. The U.S. CIA admitted directing the mining of Nicaraguan ports 1984; U.S. sent aid, humanitarian 1985, military 1986. Profits from secret arms sales to Iran were found diverted to contras 1987. Cease-fire talks between Sandinista government and contras came in 1988, elections in Feb.'90. In El Salvador, a military coup (Oct.'79) failed to halt extreme right-wing violence and left-wing activity. Archbishop Oscar Romero was assassinated Mar.'80; Jan.-June some 4,000 civilians reportedly were killed. In 1984, newly-elected Pres. Duarte decreased rights abuses. Leftist guerrillas continued their offensive 1989. Africa. 1980-85 marked the rapid decline of the economies of virtually all Africa's 61 countries, due to accelerating desertification, the world economic recession, heavy indebtedness to overseas creditors, rapid population growth, political instability. Some 60 million Africans, almost one-fifth of the population, faced prolonged hunger 1981; much of Africa had one of the worst droughts ever 1983, and by year's end 150 million faced near-famine. "Live Aid" marathon rock concert (July'85), U.S. and Western nations sent aid Sept.'85. Economic hardship fueled political unrest, coups. Wars in Ethiopia, Sudan, military strife in 6 other nations continued through 1989. AIDS took a heavy toll. South Africa. Anti-apartheid sentiment gatheredforce, demonstrations and violent police response grew. South African white voters approved (Nov.'83) the first constitution to give "Coloureds" Asians a voice, while still excluding blacks--70% of the population. The U.S. imposedeconomic sanctions Aug.'85, 11 Western nations followed in Sept. P.W. Botha, 80s president, was succeeded by F.W. deClerk, Sept.'89, on a platform of "evolutionary" change via negotiation with the black population. China. From 1980 through mid-1989 the Communist Party, under Chairman Deng Xiaoping, pursued far-reaching changes in political and economic institutions, expanding commercial and technical ties to the industrialized world, increasing the role of market forces in stimulating urban economic development. But Apr.'89, brought the demand for more changes: students camped out in Tiananmen Sq., Beijing; some 100,000 students and workers marched, at least 20 other cities saw protests. Martial law was imposed; Army troops crushed protests in Tiananmen Sq., June 3-4 with death toll estimates 500-7,000, up to 10,000 injured, up to 10,000 dissidents arrested, 31 tried and executed. The conciliatory Communist Party chief was ousted; the Politburo adopted reforms against official corruption (July). Japan. Relations with other nations, esp. U.S., 1980-89, were dominated by trade imbalances favoring Japan. In 1985 the U.S. trade deficit with Japan was $49.7 billion, one-third of the total U.S. trade deficit. After Japan was found to sell semiconductors, computer memory chips below cost (Apr.'86), the U.S. was assured a "fair share" of the market, but charged Japan with failing to live up to the agreement Mar.'87. The Omnibus Trade Bill, Aug.'88, provided for retaliation; Pres. Bush called Japan's practices "unjustifiable," the law gave Japan 18 months to stop or face trade restrictions. European Community. With the addition of Greece, Portugal, and Spain, the EC became a common market of over 300 million people, the West's largest trading entity. Margaret Thatcher became the first British prime minister in this century to win 3 consecutive terms 1987. France elected its first socialist president, Francois Mitterand 1981, re-elected 1988. Italy elected its first socialist premier, Bettino Craxi 1983. International Terrorism. With the 1979 overthrow of the Shah of Iran, terrorism became a prominent political tactic that increased through the 80s, but with fewer "spectacular" attacks after 1985. Iranian militants held 52 Americans hostage in Iran for 444 days, 1979-81; a TNT-laden suicide terrorist blew up U.S. Marine headquarters in Beirut, killing 241 Americans, while a truck bomb blew up a French paratroop barracks, killing 58, 1984; the Achille Lauro was hijacked, an American passenger killed, and the U.S. subsequently intercepted the Egyptian plane flying the terrorists to safety 1985. Incidents rose to 700 in 1985, 1,000+ in 1988. The Pentagon reported 52 terrorist groups Jan.'89. Assassinations included Egypt's Pres. Anwar el-Sadat 1981; India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 1984; Lebanese Premier Rashid Karami 1987; Pakistan's Pres. Mohammed Zia-ul Haz 1988. HISTORICAL FIGURES Ancient Greeks and Latins Greeks Aeschines, orator, 389-314BC. Aeschylus, dramatist, 525-456BC. Aesop, fableist, c620-c560BC. Alcibiades, politician, 450-404BC. Anacreon, poet, c582-c485BC. Anaxagoras, philosopher, c500-428BC. Anaximander, philosopher, 611-546BC. Antiphon, speechwriter, c480-411BC. Apollonius, mathematician, c265-170BC. Archimedes, math. c287-212BC. Aristophanes, dramatist, c448-380BC. Aristotle, philosopher, 384-322BC. Athenaeus, scholar, fl.c200. Callicrates, architect, fl.5th cent.BC. Callimachus, poet, c305-240BC. Cratinus, comic dramatist, 520-421BC. Democritus, philosopher, c460-370BC. Demosthenes, orator, 384-322BC. Diodorus, historian, fl.20BC. Diogenes, philosopher, c372-c287BC. Dionysius, historian, d.c7BC. Empedocles, philosopher, c490-430BC. Epicharmus, dramatist, c530-440BC. Epictetus, philosopher, c55-c135. Epicurus, philosopher, 341-270BC. Eratosthenes, scientist, c276-194BC. Euclid, mathematician, fl.c300BC. Euripides, dramatist, c484-406BC. Galen, physician, c129-199. Heraclitus, philosopher, c535-c475BC. Herodotus, historian, c484-420BC. Hesiod, poet, 8th cent. BC. Hippocrates, physician, c460-377BC. Homer, poet, believed lived c850BC. Isocrates, orator, 436-338BC. Menander, dramatist, 342-292BC. Phidias, sculptor, c500-435BC. Pindar, poet, c518-c438BC. Plato, philosopher, c428-c347BC. Plutarch, biographer, c46-120. Polybius, historian, c200-c118BC. Praxiteles, sculptor, 400-330BC. Pythagoras, phil., math., c580-c500BC. Sappho, poet, c610-c580BC. Simonides, poet, 556-c468BC. Socrates, philosopher, c470-399BC. Solon, statesman, 640-560BC. Sophocles, dramatist, C496-406BC. Strabo, geographer, c63BC-AD24. Thales, philosopher, c634-c546BC. Themistocles, politician, c524-c460BC. Theocritus, poet, c310-250BC. Theophrastus, phil. c372-c287BC. Thucydides, historian, fl.5th cent.BC. Timon, philosopher, c320-c230BC. Xenophon, historian, c434-c355BC. Zeno, philosopher, c495-c430BC. Latins Ammianus, historian, c330-395. Apuleius, satirist, c124-c170. Boethius, scholar, c480-524 Caesar, Julius, general, 100-44BC. Catilina, politician, c108-62BC. Cato (Elder), statesman, 234-149BC. Catullus, poet, c84-54BC. Cicero, orator, 106-43BC. Claudian, poet, c370-c404. Ennius, poet, 239-170BC. Gellius, author, c130-c165. Horace, poet, 65-8BC. Juvenal, satirist, c60-c127. Livy, historian, 59BC-AD17. Lucan, poet, 39-65. Lucilius, poet, c180-c102BC. Lucretius, poet, c99-c55BC. Martial, epigrammatist, c38-c103. Nepos, historian, c100-c25BC. Ovid, poet, 43BC-AD17. Persius, satirist, 34-62. Plautus, dramatist, c254-c184BC. Pliny, scholar, 23-79. Pliny (Younger), author, 62-113. Quintilian, rhetorician, c35-c97. Sallust, historian, 86-34BC. Seneca, philosopher, 4BC-AD65. Silius, poet, c25-101. Statius, poet, c45-c96. Suetonius, biographer, c69-c122. Tacitus, historian, c56-c120. Terence, dramatist, 185-c159BC. Tibullus, poet, c55-c19BC. Virgil, poet, 70-19BC. Vitruvius, architect, fl.1st cent.BC. Rulers of England and Great Britain England 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼� Name Bega 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Saxons and Danes Egbert King of Wessex, won allegiance of all English 829 Ethelwulf Son, King of Wessex, Sussex, Kent, Essex 839 Ethelbald Son of Ethelwulf, displaced father in Wessex 858 Ethelbert 2d son of Ethelwulf, united Kent and Wessex 860 Ethelred I 3d son, King of Wessex, fought Danes 866 Alfred The Great, 4th son, defeated Danes, fortified London 871 Edward The Elder, Alfred's son, united English, claimed Scotland 899 Athelstan The Glorious, Edward's son, King of Mercia, Wessex 924 Edmund I 3d son of Edward, King of Wessex, Mercia 940 Name Bega 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Edmund I 3d son of Edward, King of Wessex, Mercia 940 Edred 4th son of Edward 946 Edwy The Fair, eldest son of Edmund, King of Wessex 955 Edgar The Peaceful, 2d son of Edmund, ruled all English 959 Edward The Martyr, eldest son of Edgar, murdered by stepmother 975 Ethelred II The Unready, 2d son of Edgar, married Emma of Normandy 978 Edmund II Ironside, son of Ethelred II, King of London 1016 Canute The Dane, gave Wessex to Edmund, married Emma 1016 Harold I Harefoot, natural son of Canute 1035 Hardecanute Son of Canute by Emma, Danish King 1040 Name Bega 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Hardecanute Son of Canute by Emma, Danish King 1040 Edward The Confessor, son of Ethelred II (Canonized 1161) 1042 Harold II Edward's brother-in-law, last Saxon King 1066 House of Normandy William I The Conqueror, defeated Harold at Hastings 1066 William II Rufus, 3d son of William I, killed by arrow 1087 Henry I Beauclerc, youngest son of William I 1100 House of Blois Stephen Son of Adela, daughter of William I, and Count of Blois 1135 House of Plantagenet Name Bega 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  House of Plantagenet Henry II Son of Geoffrey Plantagenet (Angevin) by Matilda, dau. of 1154 Henry I Richard I Coeur de Lion, son of Henry II, crusader 1189 John Lackland, son of Henry II, signed Magna Carta, 1215 1199 Henry III Son of John, acceded at 9, under regency until 1227 1216 Edward I Longshanks, son of Henry III 1272 Edward II Son of Edward I, deposed by Parliament, 1327 1307 Edward III Of Windsor, son of Edward II 1327 Richard II Grandson of Edw. III, minor until 1389, deposed 1399 1377 Name Bega 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  House of Lancaster Henry IV Son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, son of Edw. III 1399 Henry V Son of Henry IV, victor of Agincourt 1413 Henry VI Son of Henry V, deposed 1461, died in Tower 1422 House of York Edward IV Great-great-grandson of Edward III, son of Duke of York 1461 Edward V Son of Edward IV, murdered in Tower of London 1483 Richard III Crookback, bro. of Edward IV, fell at Bosworth Field 1483 House of Tudor Name Bega 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Henry VII Son of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, whose father had 1485 married the widow of Henry V; descended from Edward III through his mother, Margaret Beaufort via John of Gaunt. By marriage with dau. of Edward IV he united Lancaster and York Henry VIII Son of Henry VII by Elizabeth, dau. of Edward IV. 1509 Edward VI Son of Henry VIII, by Jane Seymour, his 3d queen. Ruled 1547 under regents. Was forced to name Lady Jane Grey his successor. Council of State proclaimed her queen July 10, 1553. Mary Tudor won Council, was proclaimed queen July 19, 1553. Mary had Lady Jane Grey beheaded for treason, Feb., 1554 Mary I Daughter of Henry VIII, by Catherine of Aragon 1553 Elizabeth I Daughter of Henry VIII, by Anne Boleyn 1558 Name Bega 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Elizabeth I Daughter of Henry VIII, by Anne Boleyn 1558 Great Britain 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� House of Stuart James I James VI of Scotland, son of Mary, Queen of Scots. F to call himself King of Great Britain. This became official with the Act of Union, 1707 Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Charles I Only surviving son of James I; beheaded Jan. 30, 164 Commonwealth, 1649-1660 Council of State, 1649; Protectorate, 1653 The Cromwells Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector Richard Cromwell, son, Lord Protector, resigned May 1659 House of Stuart (Restored) Charles II Eldest son of Charles I, died without issue James II 2d son of Charles I. Deposed 1688. Interregnum Dec. 1688, to Feb. 13, 1689 Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  William III and Mary II Son of William, Prince of Orange, by Mary, dau. of C I Eldest daughter of James II and wife of William III Anne 2d daughter of James II House of Hanover George I Son of Elector of Hanover, by Sophia, grand-dau. of I George II Only son of George I, married Caroline of Brandenbur George III Grandson of George II, married Charlotte of Mecklenb George IV Eldest son of George III, Prince Regent, from Feb., Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  William IV 3d son of George III, married Adelaide of Saxe-Meini Victoria Dau. of Edward, 4th son of George III; married (1840 Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who became P Consort House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Edward VII Eldest son of Victoria, married Alexandra, Princess Denmark House of Windsor Name Adopted July 17, 1917 George V 2d son of Edward VII, married Princess Mary of Teck Edward VIII Eldest son of George V; acceded Jan. 20, 1936, abdic Dec. 11 Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  George VI 2d son of George V; married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyo Elizabeth II Elder daughter of George VI, acceded Feb. 6, 1952 Rulers of Scotland Kenneth I MacAlpin was the first Scot to rule both Scots and Picts, 846 AD. Duncan I was the first general ruler, 1034. Macbeth seized the kingdom 1040, was slain by Duncan's son, Malcolm III MacDuncan (Canmore), 1057. Malcolm married Margaret, Saxon princess who had fled from the Normans. Queen Margaret introduced English language and English monastic customs. She was canonized, 1250. Her son Edgar, 1097, moved the court to Edinburgh. His brothers Alexander I and David I succeeded. Malcolm IV, the Maiden, 1153, grandson of David I, was followed by his brother, William the Lion, 1165, whose son was Alexander II, 1214. The latter's son, Alexander III, 1249, defeated the Norse and regained the Hebrides. When he died, 1286, his granddaughter, Margaret, child of Eric of Norway and grandniece of Edward I of England, known as the Maid of Norway, was chosen ruler, but died 1290, aged 8. John Baliol, 1292-1296. (Interregnum, 10 years). Robert Bruce (The Bruce), 1306-1329, victor at Bannockburn, 1314. David II, only son of Robert Bruce, ruled 1329-1371. Robert II, 1371-1390, grandson of Robert Bruce, son of Walter, the Steward of Scotland, was called The Steward, first of the so-called Stuart line. Robert III, son of Robert II, 1390-1406. James I, son of Robert III, 1406-1437. James II, son of James I, 1437-1460. James III, eldest son of James II, 1460-1488. James IV, eldest son of James III, 1488-1513. James V, eldest son of James IV, 1513-1542. Mary, daughter of James V, born 1542, became queen when one week old; was crowned 1543. Married, 1558, Francis, son of Henry II of France, who became king 1559, died 1560. Mary ruled Scots 1561 until abdication, 1567. She also married (2) Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, and (3) James, Earl of Bothwell. Imprisoned by Elizabeth I, Mary was beheaded 1587. James VI, 1566-1625, son of Mary and Lord Darnley, became King of England on death of Elizabeth in 1603. Although the thrones were thus united, the legislative union of Scotland and England was not effected until the Act of Union, May 1, 1707. Prime Ministers of Great Britain (W=Whig; T=Tory; Cl=Coalition; P=Peelite; L=Liberal; C=Conservative; La=Labour) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Sir Robert Walpole (W) 1721-1742 Earl of Wilmington (W) 1742-1743 Henry Pelham (W) 1743-1754 Duke of Newcastle (W) 1754-1756 Duke of Devonshire (W) 1756-1757 Duke of Newcastle (W) 1757-1762 Earl of Bute (T) 1762-1763 George Grenville (W) 1763-1765 Marquess of Rockingham (W) 1765-1766 William Pitt the Elder (Earl of Chatham) (W) 1766-1768 Duke of Grafton (W) 1768-1770 Frederick North (Lord North) (T) 1770-1782 Marquess of Rockingham (W) 1782 Earl of Shelburne (W) 1782-1783 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Earl of Shelburne (W) 1782-1783 Duke of Portland (Cl) 1783 William Pitt the Younger (T) 1783-1801 Henry Addington (T) 1801-1804 William Pitt the Younger (T) 1804-1806 William Wyndham Grenville, Earl of Rosebery (L) 1894-1895 Baron Grenville (W) 1806-1807 Duke of Portland (T) 1807-1809 Spencer Perceval (T) 1809-1812 Earl of Liverpool (T) 1812-1827 George Canning (T) 1827 Viscount Goderich (T) 1827-1828 Duke of Wellington (T) 1828-1830 Earl Grey (W) 1830-1834 Viscount Melbourne (W) 1834 Sir Robert Peel (T) 1834-1835 Viscount Melbourne (W) 1835-1841 Sir Robert Peel (T) 1841-1846 Lord John Russell (later Earl) (W) 1846-1852 Earl of Derby (C) 1858-1859 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Earl of Derby (C) 1858-1859 Earl of Aberdeen (P) 1852-1855 Viscount Palmerston (L) 1855-1858 Earl of Derby (C) 1858-1859 Viscount Palmerston (L) 1859-1865 Earl Russell (L) 1865-1866 Earl of Derby (C) 1866-1868 Benjamin Disraeli (C) 1868 William E. Gladstone (L) 1868-1874 Benjamin Disraeli (C) 1874-1880 William E. Gladstone (L) 1880-1885 Marquess of Salisbury (C) 1885-1886 William E. Gladstone (L) 1886 Marquess of Salisbury (C) 1886-1892 William E. Gladstone (L) 1892-1894 Earl of Rosebery (L) 1894-1895 Marquess of Salisbury (C) 1895-1902 Arthur J. Balfour (C) 1902-1905 Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (L) 1905-1908 Herbert H. Asquith (L) 1908-1915 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Herbert H. Asquith (L) 1908-1915 Herbert H. Asquith 1915-1916 David Lloyd George (Cl) 1916-1922 Andrew Bonar Law (C) 1922-1923 Stanley Baldwin (C) 1923-1924 James Ramsay MacDonald (La) 1929-1931 James Ramsay MacDonald (Cl) 1931-1935 Stanley Baldwin (Cl) 1935-1937 Neville Chamberlain (Cl) 1937-1940 Winston Churchill (Cl) 1940-1945 Winston Churchill (C) 1945 Clement Attlee (La) 1945-1951 Sir Winston Churchill 1951-1955 Sir Anthony Eden (C) 1955-1957 Harold Macmillan (C) 1957-1963 Sir Alec Douglas-Home (C) 1963-1964 Harold Wilson (La) 1964-1970 Edward Heath (C) 1970-1974 Harold Wilson (La) 1974-1976 James Callaghan (La) 1976-1979 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 James Callaghan (La) 1976-1979 Margaret Thatcher (C) 1979- Historical Periods of Japan 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Yamato c.300-592 Conquest of Yamato plain c. 300 A.D. Asuka 592-710 Accession of Empress Suiko, 592. Nara 710-794 Completion of Heijo (Nara), 710; capital moves to Nagaoka, 784. Heian 794-1192 Completion of Heian (Kyoto), 794 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Heian 794-1192 Completion of Heian (Kyoto), 794 Fujiwara 858-1160 Fujiwara-no-Yoshifusa becomes regent, 858. Taira 1160-1185 Taira-no-Kiyomori assumes control, 1160; Minamoto-no-Yoritomo victor over Taira, 1185. Kamakura 1192-1333 Yoritomo becomes shogun, 1192. Namboku 1334-1392 Restoration of Emperor Godaigo, 1334; Southern Court established by Godaigo at Yoshino, 1336. Ashikaga 1338-1573 Ashikaga Takauji becomes shogun, 1338. Muromachi 1392-1573 Unification of Southern and Northern Courts, 1392. Sengoku 1467-1600 Beginning of the Onin war, 1467 Momoyama 1573-1603 Oda Nobunaga enters Kyoto, 1568; Nobunaga deposes last Ashikaga shogun, 1573; Tokugawa leyasu victor 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  last Ashikaga shogun, 1573; Tokugawa leyasu victor at Sekigahara, 1600. Edo 1603-1867 leyasu becomes shogun, 1603. Meiji 1868-1912 Enthronement of Emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji), 1867; Meiji Restoration and Charter Oath, 1868. Taisho 1912-1926 Accession of Emperor Yoshihito, 1912. Showa 1926-1989 Accession of Emperor Hirohito, 1926. Heisei 1989- Accession of Emperor Akihito, 1989 Rulers of France: Kings, Queens, Presidents Caesar to Charlemagne Julius Caesar subdued the Gauls, native tribes of Gaul (France) 57 to 52 BC. The Romans ruled 500 years. The Franks, a Teutonic tribe, reached the Somme from the East ca. 250 AD. By the 5th century the Merovingian Franks ousted the Romans. In 451 AD, with the help of Visigoths, Burgundians and others, they defeated Attila and the Huns at Chalons-sur-Marne. Childeric I became leader of the Merovingians 458 AD. His son Clovis I (Chlodwig, Ludwig, Louis), crowned 481, founded the dynasty. After defeating the Alemanni (Germans) 496, he was baptized a Christian and made Paris his capital. His line ruled until Childeric III was deposed, 751. The West Merovingians were called Neustrians, the eastern Austrasians. Pepin of Herstal (687-714) major domus, or head of the palace, of Austrasia, took over Neustria as dux (leader) of the Franks. Pepin's son, Charles, called Martel (the Hammer) defeated the Saracens at Tours-Poitiers, 732; was succeeded by his son, Pepin the Short, 741, who deposed Childeric III and ruled as king until 768. His son, Charlemagne, or Charles the Great (742-814) became king of the Franks, 768, with his brother Carloman, who died 771. He ruled France, Germany, parts of Italy, Spain, Austria, and enforced Christianity. Crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III in St. Peter's, Rome, Dec. 25, 800 AD. Succeeded by son, Louis I the Pious, 814. At death, 840, Louis left empire to sons, Lothair (Roman emperor); Pepin I (king of Aquitaine); Louis II (of Germany); Charles the Bald (France). They quarreled and by the peace of Verdun, 843, divided the empire. The Carolingians 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 843 Charles I (the Bald), Roman Emperor, 875 AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  877 Louis II (the Stammerer), son 879 Louis III (died 882) and Carloman, brothers 885 Charles II (the Fat), Roman Emperor, 881 888 Eudes (Odo) elected by nobles 898 Charles III (the Simple), son of Louis II, defeated by 922 Robert, brother of Eudes, killed in war 923 Rudolph (Raoul) Duke of Burgundy 936 Louis IV, son of Charles III AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  954 Lothair, son, aged 13, defeated by Capet 986 Louis V (the Sluggard), left no heirs The Capets 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 987 Hugh Capet, son of Hugh the Great AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 987 Hugh Capet, son of Hugh the Great 996 Robert II (the Wise), his son 1031 Henry I, his son 1060 Philip I (the Fair), son 1108 Louis VI (the Fat), son 1137 Louis VII (the Younger), son 1180 Philip II (Augustus), son, crowned at Reims 1223 Louis VIII (the Lion), son 1226 Louis IX, son, crusader; Louis IX (1214-1270) reigned 44 years, arbitrated AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  (1214-1270) reigned 44 years, arbitrated disputes with English King Henry III; led crusades, 1248 (captured in Egypt 1250) and 1270, when he died of plague in Tunis. Canonized 1297 as St. Louis. 1270 Philip III (the Hardy), son 1285 Philip IV (the Fair), son, king at 17 1314 Louis X (the Headstrong), son. His posthumous son, John I, lived only 7 days 1316 Philip V (the Tall), brother of Louis X 1322 Charles IV (the Fair), brother of Louis X AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  House of Valois 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1328 Philip VI (of Valois), grandson of Philip III 1350 John II (the Good), his son, retired to England AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  England 1364 Charles V (the Wise), son 1380 Charles VI (the Beloved), son 1422 Charles VII (the Victorious), son. In 1429 Joan of Arc (Jeanne d'Arc) promised Charles to oust the English, who occupied northern France. Joan won at Orleans and Patay and had Charles crowned at Reims July 17, 1429. Joan was captured May 24, 1430, and executed May 30, 1431, at Rouen for heresy. Charles ordered her rehabilitation, effected 1455. 1461 Louis XI (the Cruel), son, civil reformer AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  reformer 1483 Charles VIII (the Affable), son 1498 Louis XII, great-grandson of Charles V 1515 Francis I, of Angouleme, nephew, son-in-law. Francis I (1494-1547) reigned 32 years, fought 4 big wars, was patron of the arts, aided Cellini, del Sarto, Leonardo da Vinci, Rabelais, embellished Fontainebleau. 1547 Henry II, son, killed at a joust in a tournament. He was the husband of Catherine de Medicis (1519-1589) and the lover of Diane de Poitiers (1499-1566). Catherine was born in Florence, daughter of Lorenzo de Medicis. By her marriage AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  of Lorenzo de Medicis. By her marriage to Henry II she became the mother of Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III and Queen Margaret (Reine Margot) wife of Henry IV. She persuaded Charles IX to order the massacre of Huguenots on the Feast of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24, 1572, the day her daughter was married to Henry of Navarre. 1559 Francis II, son. In 1548, Mary, Queen of Scots since infancy, was betrothed when 6 to Francis, aged 4. They were married 1558. Francis died 1560, aged 16; Mary ruled Scotland, abdicated 1567. 1560 Charles IX, brother 1574 Henry III, brother, assassinated AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1574 Henry III, brother, assassinated House of Bourbon 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1589 Henry IV, of Navarre, assassinated. Henry IV made enemies when he gave tolerance to Protestants by Edict of Nantes, 1598. He was grandson of Queen AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Nantes, 1598. He was grandson of Queen Margaret of Navarre, literary patron. He married Margaret of Valois, daughter of Henry II and Catherine de Medicis; was divorced; in 1600 married Marie de Medicis, who became Regent of France, 1610-17 for her son, Louis XIII, but was exiled by Richelieu, 1631. 1610 Louis XIII (the Just), son. Louis XIII (1601-1643) married Anne of Austria. His ministers were Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin. 1643 Louis XIV (The Grand Monarch), son. Louis XIV was king 72 years. He exhausted a prosperous country in wars for thrones and territory. By revoking the Edict of Nantes (1685) he caused the AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  the Edict of Nantes (1685) he caused the emigration of the Huguenots. He said: "I am the state." 1715 Louis XV, great-grandson. Louis XV married a Polish princess; lost Canada to the English. His favorites, Mme. Pompadour and Mme. Du Barry, influenced policies. Noted for saying "After me, the deluge". 1774 Louis XVI, grandson; married Marie Antoinette, daughter of Empress Maria Therese of Austria. King and queen beheaded by Revolution, 1793. Their son, called Louis XVII, died in prison, never ruled. First Republic 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1792 National Convention of the French Revolution 1795 Directory, under Barras and others 1799 Consulate, Napoleon Bonaparte, first consul. Elected consul for life, 1802. First Empire 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1804 Napoleon I, emperor. Josephine (de Beauharnais) empress,1804-09; Marie Louise, empress, 1810-1814. Her son, Francois (1811-1832), titularKing of Rome, later Duke de Reichstadt and "Napoleon II," never ruled.Napoleon abdicated 1814, died 1821. Bourbons Restored 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1814 Louis XVIII king; brother of Louis XVI. 1824 Charles X, brother; reactionary; deposed by the July Revolution, 1830. House of Orleans AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1830 Louis-Philippe, the "citizen king." Second Republic AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1848 Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, president, nephew of Napoleon I. He became: Second Empire 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1852 Napoleon III, emperor; Eugenie (de AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1852 Napoleon III, emperor; Eugenie (de Montijo) empress. Lost Franco-Prussian war, deposed 1870. Son, Prince Imperial (1856-79), died in Zulu War. Eugenie died 1920. Third Republic--Presidents 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1871 Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797-1877) 1873 MacMahon, Marshal Patrice M. de (1808-1893) 1879 Grevy, Paul J. (1807-1891) 1887 Sadi-Carnot, M. (1837-1894), assassinated 1894 Casimir-Perier, Jean P. P. (1847-1907) 1895 Faure, Francois Felix (1841-1899) 1899 Loubet, Emile (1838-1929) 1906 Fallieres, C. Armand (1841-1931) 1913 Poincare, Raymond (1860-1934) AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1913 Poincare, Raymond (1860-1934) 1920 Deschanel, Paul (1856-1922) 1920 Millerand, Alexandre (1859-1943) 1924 Doumergue, Gaston (1863-1937) 1931 Doumer, Paul (1857-1932), assassinated 1932 Lebrun, Albert (1871-1950), resigned 1940 1940 Vichy govt. under German armistice: Henri Philippe Petain (1856-1951) Chief of State, 1940-1944. Provisional govt. after liberation: Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970) Oct. AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970) Oct. 1944-Jan. 21, 1946; Felix Gouin (1884-1977) Jan. 23, 1946; Georges Bidault (1899-1983) June 24, 1946. Fourth Republic--Presidents 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1947 Auriol, Vincent (1884-1966) AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1947 Auriol, Vincent (1884-1966) 1954 Coty, Rene (1882-1962) Fifth Republic--Presidents 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1959 de Gaulle, Charles Andre J. M. (1890-1970) 1969 Pompidou, Georges (1911-1974) 1974 Giscard d'Estaing, Valery (1926- ) 1981 Mitterrand, Francois (1916- ) AD Name, year of accession AD Name, year of accession 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1981 Mitterrand, Francois (1916- ) Rulers of Middle Europe; Rise and Fall of Dynasties Carolingian Dynasty Charles the Great, or Charlemagne, ruled France, Italy, and Middle Europe; established Ostmark (later Austria); crowned Roman emperor by pope in Rome, 800 AD; died 814. Louis I (Ludwig) the Pious, son; crowned by Charlemagne 814, d. 840. Louis II, the German, son; succeeded to East Francia (Germany) 843-876. Charles the Fat, son; inherited East Francia and West Francia (France) 876, reunited empire, crowned emperor by pope, 881, deposed 887. Arnulf, nephew, 887-899. Partition of empire. Louis the Child, 899-911, last direct descendant of Charlemagne. Conrad I, duke of Franconia, first elected German king, 911-918, founded House of Franconia. Saxon Dynasty; First Reich Henry I, the Fowler, duke of Saxony, 919-936. Otto I, the Great, 936-973, son; crowned Holy Roman Emperor by pope, 962. Otto II, 973-983, son; failed to oust Greeks and Arabs from Sicily. Otto III, 983-1002, son; crowned emperor at 16. Henry II, the Saint, duke of Bavaria, 1002-1024, great-grandson of Otto the Great. House of Franconia Conrad II, 1024-1039, elected king of Germany. Henry III, the Black, 1039-1056, son; deposed 3 popes; annexed Burgundy. Henry IV, 1056-1106, son; regency by his mother, Agnes of Poitou. Banned by Pope Gregory VII, he did penance at Canossa. Henry V, 1106-1125, son; last of Salic House. Lothair, duke of Saxony, 1125-1137. Crowned emperor in Rome, 1134. House of Hohenstaufen Conrad III, duke of Swabia, 1138-1152. In 2d Crusade. Frederick I, Barbarossa, 1152-1190; Conrad's nephew. Henry VI, 1190-1196, took lower Italy from Normans. Son became king of Sicily. Philip of Swabia, 1197-1208, brother. Otto IV, of House of Welf, 1198-1215; deposed. Frederick II, 1215-1250, son of Henry VI; king of Sicily; crowned king of Jerusalem; in 5th Crusade. Conrad IV, 1250-1254, son; lost lower Italy to Charles of Anjou. Conradin (1252-1268) son, king of Jerusalem and Sicily, beheaded. Last Hohenstaufen. Interregnum, 1254-1273, Rise of the Electors. Transition Rudolph I of Hapsburg, 1273-1291, defeated King Ottocar II of Bohemia. Bequeathed duchy of Austria to eldest son, Albert. Adolph of Nassau, 1292-1298, killed in war with Albert of Austria. Albert I, king of Germany, 1298-1308, son of Rudolph. Henry VII, of Luxemburg, 1308-1313, crowned emperor in Rome. Seized Bohemia, 1310. Louis IV of Bavaria (Wittelsbach), 1314-1347. Also elected was Frederick of Austria, 1314-1330 (Hapsburg). Abolition of papal sanction for election of Holy Roman Emperor. Charles IV, of Luxemburg, 1347-1378, grandson of Henry VII, German emperor and king of Bohemia, Lombardy, Burgundy; took Mark of Brandenburg. Wenceslaus, 1378-1400, deposed. Rupert, Duke of Palatine, 1400-1410. Hungary Stephen I, house of Arpad, 997-1038. Crowned king 1000; converted Magyars; canonized 1083. After several centuries of feuds Charles Robert of Anjou became Charles I, 1308-1342. Louis I, the Great, son, 1342-1382; joint ruler of Poland with Casimir III, 1370. Defeated Turks. Mary, daughter, 1382-1395, ruled with husband. Sigismund of Luxemburg, 1387-1437, also king of Bohemia. As bro. of Wenceslaus he succeeded Rupert as Holy Roman Emperor, 1410. Albert II, 1438-1439, son-in-law of Sigismund; also Roman emperor. (see under Hapsburg.) Ulaszlo I of Poland, 1440-1444. Ladislaus V, posthumous son of Albert II, 1444-1457. John Hunyadi (Hunyadi Janos) governor (1446-1452), fought Turks, Czechs; died 1456. Matthias I (Corvinus) son of Hunyadi, 1458-1490. Shared rule of Bohemia, captured Vienna, 1485, annexed Austria, Styria, Carinthia. Ladislas II (king of Bohemia), 1490-1516. Louis II, son, aged 10, 1516-1526. Wars with Suleiman, Turk. In 1527 Hungary was split between Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria, bro.-in-law of Louis II, and John Zapolya of Transylvania. After Turkish invasion, 1547, Hungary was split between Ferdinand, Prince John Sigismund (Transylvania) and the Turks. House of Hapsburg Albert V of Austria, Hapsburg, crowned king of Hungary, Jan. 1438, Roman emperor, March, 1438, as Albert II; died 1439. Frederick III, cousin, 1440-1493. Fought Turks. Maximilian I, son, 1493-1519. Assumed title of Holy Roman Emperor (German), 1493. Charles V, grandson, 1519-1556. King of Spain with mother co-regent; crowned Roman emperor at Aix, 1520. Confronted Luther at Worms; attempted church reform and religious conciliation; abdicated 1556. Ferdinand I, king of Bohemia, 1526, of Hungary, 1527; disputed. German king, 1531. Crowned Roman emperor on abdication of brother Charles V, 1556. Maximilian II, son, 1564-1576. Rudolph II, son, 1576-1612. Matthias, brother, 1612-1619, king of Bohemia and Hungary. Ferdinand II of Styria, king of Bohemia, 1617, of Hungary, 1618, Roman emperor, 1619. Bohemian Protestants deposed him, elected Frederick V of Palatine, starting Thirty Years War. Ferdinand III, son, king of Hungary, 1625, Bohemia, 1627, Roman emperor, 1637. Peace of Westphalia, 1648, ended war. Leopold I, 1658-1705; Joseph I, 1705-1711; Charles VI, 1711-1740. Maria Theresa, daughter, 1740-1780, Archduchess of Austria, queen of Hungary; ousted pretender, Charles VII, crowned 1742; in 1745 obtained election of her husband Francis I as Roman emperor and co-regent (d. 1765). Fought Seven Years' War with Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia. Mother of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France. Joseph II, son 1765-1790, Roman emperor, reformer; powers restricted by Empress Maria Theresa until her death, 1780. First partition of Poland. Leopold II, 1790-1792. Francis II, son, 1792-1835. Fought Napoleon. Proclaimed first hereditary emperor of Austria, 1804. Forced to abdicate as Roman emperor, 1806; last use of title. Ferdinand I, son, 1835-1848, abdicated during revolution. Austro-Hungarian Monarchy Francis Joseph I, nephew, 1848-1916, emperor of Austria, king of Hungary. Dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary formed, 1867. After assassination of heir, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, June 28, 1914, Austrian diplomacy precipitated World War I. Charles I, grand-nephew, 1916-1918, last emperor of Austria and king of Hungary. Abdicated Nov. 11-13, 1918, died 1922. Rulers of Prussia Nucleus of Prussia was the Mark of Brandenburg. First margrave was Albert the Bear (Albrecht), 1134-1170. First Hohenzollern margrave was Frederick, burgrave of Nuremberg, 1417-1440. Frederick William, 1640-1688, the Great Elector. Son, Frederick III, 1688-1713, was crowned King Frederick of Prussia, 1701. Frederick William I, son, 1713-1740. Frederick II, the Great, son, 1740-1786, annexed Silesia part of Austria. Frederick William II, nephew, 1786-1797. Frederick William III, son, 1797-1840. Napoleonic wars. Frederick William IV, son, 1840-1861. Uprising of 1848 and first parliament and constitution. Second and Third Reich William I, 1861-1888, brother. Annexation of Schleswig and Hanover; Franco-Prussian war, 1870-71, proclamation of German Reich, Jan. 18, 1871, at Versailles; William, German emperor (Deutscher Kaiser), Bismarck, chancellor. Frederick III, son, 1888. William II, son, 1888-1918. Led Germany in World War I, abdicated as German emperor and king of Prussia, Nov. 9, 1918. Died in exile in Netherlands June 4, 1941. Minor rulers of Bavaria, Saxony, Wurttemberg also abdicated. Germany proclaimed a republic at Weimar, July 1, 1919. Presidents: Frederick Ebert, 1919-1925, Paul von Hindenburg-Beneckendorff, 1925, reelected 1932, d. Aug. 2, 1934. Adolf Hitler, chancellor, chosen successor as Leader-Chancellor (Fuehrer & Reichskanzler) of Third Reich. Annexed Austria, March, 1938. Precipitated World War II, 1939-1945. Committed suicide April 30, 1945. Rulers of Poland House of Piasts Miesko I, 962?-992; Poland Christianized 966. Expansion under 3 Boleslavs: I, 992-1025, son, crowned king 1024; II, 1058-1079, great-grandson, exiled after killing bishop Stanislav who became chief patron saint of Poland: III, 1106-1138, nephew, divided Poland among 4 sons eldest suzerain. 1138-1306, feudal division. 1226 founding in Prussia of military order Teutonic Knights. 1226 invasion by Tartars/Mongols. Vladislav I, 1306-1333, reunited most Polish territories, crowned king 1320. Casimir III the Great, 1333-1370, son, developed economic, cultural life, foreign policy. House of Anjou Louis I, 1370-1382, nephew/identical with Louis I of Hungary. Jadwiga, 1384-1399, daughter, married 1386 Jagiello, Grand Duke of Lituania. House of Jagelloneans Vladislav II, 1386-1434, Christianized Lituania, founded personal union between Poland & Lituania. Defeated 1410 Teutonic Knights at Grunwald. Vladislav III, 1434-1444, son, simultaneously king of Hungary. Fought Turks, killed 1444 in battle of Varna. Casimir IV, 1446-1492, brother, competed with Hapsburgs, put son Vladislav on throne of Bohemia, later also of Hungary. Sigismund I, 1506-1548, brother, patronized science & arts, his & son's reign "Golden Age." Sigismund II, 1548-1572, son, established 1569 real union of Poland and Lituania (lasted until 1795). Elective kings Polish nobles proclaimed 1572 Poland a Republic headed by king to be elected by whole nobility. Stephen Batory, 1576-1586, duke of Transylvania, married Ann, sister of Sigismund II August. Fought Russians. Sigismund III Vasa, 1587-1632, nephew of Sigismund II. 1592-1598 also king of Sweden. His generals fought Russians, Turks. Vladislav II Vasa, 1632-1648, son. Fought Russians. John II Casimir Vasa, 1648-1668, brother. Fought Cossacks, Swedes, Russians, Turks, Tartars (the "Deluge"). Abdicated 1668. John III Sobieski, 1674-1696. Won Vienna from Turks, 1683. Stanislav II, 1764-1795, last king. Encouraged reforms; 1791 1st modern Constitution in Europe. 1772, 1793, 1795 Poland partitioned among Russia, Prussia, Austria. Unsuccessful insurrection against foreign invasion 1794 under Kosciuszko, Amer-Polish gen. 1795-1918 Poland under foreign rule 1807-1815 Grand Duchy of Warsaw created by Napoleon I, Frederick August of Saxony grand duke. 1815 Congress of Vienna proclaimed part of Poland "Kingdom" in personal union with Russia. Polish uprisings: 1830 against Russia, 1846, 1848 against Austria, 1863 against Russia--all repressed. 1918-1939 Second Republic 1918-1922 Head of State Jozef Pilsudski. Presidents: Gabriel Narutowicz 1922, assassinated. Stanislav Wojsiechowski 1922-1926, had to abdicate after Pilsudski's coup d' etat. Ignacy Mosciecki, 1926-1939, ruled with Pilsudski as (until 1935) virtual dictator. 1939-1945 Poland under foreign occupation Nazi aggression Sept. 1939. Polish govt.-in-exile, first in France, then in England. Vladislav Raczkiewicz pres., Gen. Vladislav Sikorski, then Stanislav Mikolajczyk, prime ministers. Polish Committee of Natl. Liberation proclaimed at Lublin July 1944, transformed into govt. Jan. 1, 1945. Rulers of Denmark, Sweden, Norway Denmark Earliest rulers invaded Britain; King Canute, who ruled in London 1016-1035, was most famous. The Valdemars furnished kings until the 15th century. In 1282 the Danes won the first national assembly, Danehof, from King Erik V. Most redoubtable medieval character was Margaret, daughter of Valdemar IV, born 1353, married at 10 to King Haakon VI of Norway. In 1376 she had her first infant son Olaf made king of Denmark. After his death, 1387, she was regent of Denmark and Norway. In 1388 Sweden accepted her as sovereign. In 1389 she made her grand-nephew, Duke Erik of Pomerania, titular king of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, with herself as regent. In 1397 she effected the Union of Kalmar of the three kingdoms and had Erik VII crowned. In 1439 the three kingdoms deposed him and elected, 1440, Christopher of Bavaria king (Christopher III). On his death, 1448, the union broke up. Succeeding rulers were unable to enforce their claims as rulers of Sweden until 1520, when Christian II conquered Sweden. He was thrown out 1522, and in 1523 Gustavus Vasa united Sweden. Denmark continued to dominate Norway until the Napoleonic wars, when Frederick VI, 1808-1839, joined the Napoleonic cause after Britain had destroyed the Danish fleet, 1807. In 1814 he was forced to cede Norway to Sweden and Helgoland to Britain, receiving Lauenburg. Successors Christian VIII, 1839; Frederick VII, 1848; Christian IX, 1863; Frederick VIII, 1906; Christian X, 1912; Frederick IX, 1947; Margrethe II, 1972. Sweden Early kings ruled at Uppsala, but did not dominate the country. Sverker, c1130-c1156, united the Swedes and Goths. In 1435 Sweden obtained the Riksdag, or parliament. After the Union of Kalmar, 1397, the Danes either ruled or harried the country until Christian II of Denmark conquered it anew, 1520. This led to a rising under Gustavus Vasa, who ruled Sweden 1523-1560, and established an independent kingdom. Charles IX, 1599-1611, crowned 1604, conquered Moscow. Gustavus II Adolphus, 1611-1632, was called the Lion of the North. Later rulers: Christina, 1632; Charles X, Gustavus 1654; Charles XI, 1660; Charles XII (invader of Russia and Poland, defeated at Poltava, June 28, 1709), 1697; Ulrika Eleanora, sister, elected queen 1718; Frederick I (of Hesse), her husband, 1720; Adolphus Frederick, 1751; Gustavus III, 1771; Gustavus IV Adolphus, 1792; Charles XIII, 1809. (Union with Norway began 1814.) Charles XIV John, 1818. He was Jean Bernadotte, Napoleon's Prince of Ponte Corvo, elected 1810 to succeed Charles XIII. He founded the present dynasty: Oscar I, 1844, Charles XV, 1859; Oscar II, 1872; Gustavus V, 1907; Gustav VI Adolf, 1950; Carl XVI Gustaf, 1973. Norway Overcoming many rivals, Harald Haarfager, 872-930, conquered Norway, Orkneys, and Shetlands; Olaf I, great-grandson, 995-1000, brought Christianity into Norway, Iceland, and Greenland. In 1035 Magnus the Good also became king of Denmark. Haakon V, 1299-1319, had married his daughter to Erik of Sweden. Their son, Magnus, became ruler of Norway and Sweden at 6. His son, Haakon VI, married Margaret of Denmark; their son Olaf IV became king of Norway and Denmark, followed by Margaret's regency and the Union of Kalmar, 1397. In 1450 Norway became subservient to Denmark. Christian IV, 1588-1648, founded Christiania, now Oslo. After Napoleonic wars, when Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden, a strong nationalist movement forced recognition of Norway as an independent kingdom united with Sweden under the Swedish kings, 1814-1905. In 1905 the union was dissolved and Prince Carl of Denmark became Haakon VII. He died Sept. 21, 1957, aged 85; succeeded by son, Olav V, 1957. Rulers of the Netherlands and Belgium The Netherlands (Holland) William Frederick, Prince of Orange, led a revolt against French rule, 1813, and was crowned King of the Netherlands, 1815. Belgium seceded Oct. 4, 1830, after a revolt, and formed a separate government. The change was ratified by the two kingdoms by treaty Apr. 19, 1839. Succession: William II, son, 1840; William III, son, 1849; Wilhelmina, daughter of William III and his 2d wife Princess Emma of Waldeck, 1890; Wilhelmina abdicated, Sept. 4, 1948, in favor of daughter, Juliana. Juliana abdicated Apr. 30, 1980, in favor of daughter, Beatrix. Belgium A national congress elected Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg King; he took the throne July 21, 1831, as Leopold I. Succession: Leopold II, son 1865; Albert I, nephew of Leopold II, 1909; Leopold III, son of Albert, 1934; Prince Charles, Regent 1944; Leopold returned 1950, yielded powers to son Baudouin, Prince Royal, Aug. 6, 1950, abdicated July 16, 1951. Baudouin I took throne July 17, 1951. For political history prior to 1830 see articles on the Netherlands and Belgium. Roman Rulers 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The Kingdom Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  753 BC Romulus (Quirinus) 716 Numa Pompilius 673 Tullus Hostilius 640 Ancus Marcius 616 L. Tarquinius Priscus 578 Servius Tullius 534 L. Tarquinius Superbus The Republic 509 Consulate established Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  509 Quaestorship instituted 498 Dictatorship introduced 494 Plebeian Tribunate created 494 Plebeian Aedileship created 444 Consular Tribunate organized 435 Censorship instituted 366 Praetorship established 366 Curule Aedileship created 362 Military Tribunate elected Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  326 Proconsulate introduced 311 Naval Duumvirate elected 217 Dictatorship of Fabius Maximus 133 Tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus 123 Tribunate of Gaius Gracchus 82 Dictatorship of Sulla 60 First Triumvirate formed (Caesar, Pompeius, Crassus) 46 Dictatorship of Caesar 43 Second Triumvirate formed (Octavianus, Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 43 Second Triumvirate formed (Octavianus, Antonius, Lepidus) The Empire 27 Augustus (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus) 14 AD Tiberius I 37 Gaius Caesar (Caligula) 41 Claudius I 54 Nero 68 Galba 69 Galba; Otho, Vitellius Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  69 Vespasianus 79 Titus 81 Domitianus 96 Nerva 98 Trajanus 117 Hadrianus 138 Antoninus Pius 161 Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus 169 Marcus Aurelius (alone) Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  180 Commodus 193 Pertinax; Julianus I 193 Septimius Severus 211 Caracalla and Geta 212 Caracalla (alone) 217 Macrinus 218 Elagabalus (Heliogabalus) 222 Alexander Severus 235 Maximinus I (the Thracian) Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  238 Gordianus I and Gordianus II;Pupienus and Balbinus 238 Gordianus III 244 Philippus (the Arabian) 249 Decius 251 Gallus and Volusianus 253 Aemilianus 253 Valerianus and Gallienus 258 Gallienus (alone) 268 Claudius Gothicus Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 268 Claudius Gothicus 270 Quintillus 270 Aurelianus 275 Tacitus 276 Florianus 276 Probus 282 Carus 283 Carinus and Numerianus 284 Diocletianus 286 Diocletianus and Maximianus Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 286 Diocletianus and Maximianus 305 Galerius and Constantius I 306 Galerius, Maximinus II, Severus I 307 Galerius, Maximinus II, Constantinus I, Licinius, Maxentius 311 Maximinus II, Constantinus I, Licinius, Maxentius 314 Maximinus II, Constantinus I, Licinius 314 Constantinus I and Licinius 324 Constantinus I (the Great) 337 Constantinus II, Constans I, Constantius Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 337 Constantinus II, Constans I, Constantius II 340 Constantius II and Constans I 350 Constantius II 361 Julianus II (the Apostate) 363 Jovianus West (Rome) and East (Constantinople) 364 Valentinianus I (West) and Valens (East) 367 Valentinianus I with Gratianus (West) and Valens (East) 375 Gratianus with Valentinianus II (West) Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 375 Gratianus with Valentinianus II (West) and Valens (East) 378 Gratianus with Valentinianus II (West) Theodosius I (East) 383 Valentinianus II (West) and Theodosius I (East) 394 Theodosius I (the Great) 395 Honorius (West) and Arcadius(East) 408 Honorius (West) and Theodosius II (East) 423 Valentinianus III (West) and Theodosius II (East) 450 Valentinianus III (West) and Marcianus Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 450 Valentinianus III (West) and Marcianus (East) 455 Maximus (West), Avitus (West); Marcianus (East) 456 Avitus (West), Marcianus (East) 457 Majorianus (West), Leo I (East) 461 Severus II (West), Leo I (East) 467 Anthemius (West), Leo I (East) 472 Olybrius (West), Leo I (East) 473 Glycerius (West), Leo I (East) 474 Julius Nepos (West), Leo II (East) Name 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 474 Julius Nepos (West), Leo II (East) 475 Romulus Augustulus (West) and Zeno (East) 476 End of Empire in West; Odovacar, King, drops title of Emperor; murdered by King Theodoric of Ostrogoths 493 AD From Romulus to the end of the Empire in the West. Rulers of the Roman Empire in the East sat in Constantinople and for a brief period in Nicaea, until the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453, when Byzantium was succeeded by the Ottoman Empire. Rulers of Modern Italy After the fall of Napoleon in 1814, the Congress of Vienna, 1815, restored Italy as a political patchwork, comprising the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily, the Papal States, and smaller units. Piedmont and Genoa were awarded to Sardinia, ruled by King Victor Emmanuel I of Savoy. United Italy emerged under the leadership of Camillo, Count di Cavour (1810-1861), Sardinian prime minister. Agitation was led by Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) and Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882), soldier, Victor Emmanuel I abdicated 1821. After a brief regency for a brother, Charles Albert was King 1831-1849, abdicating when defeated by the Austrians at Novara. Succeeded by Victor Emmanuel II, 1849-1861. In 1859 France forced Austria to cede Lombardy to Sardinia, which gave rights to Savoy and Nice to France. In 1860 Garibaldi led 1,000 volunteers in a spectacular campaign, took Sicily and expelled the King of Naples. In 1860 the House of Savoy annexed Tuscany, Parma, Modena, Romagna, the Two Sicilies, the Marches, and Umbria. Victor Emmanuel assumed the title of King of Italy at Turin Mar. 17, 1861. In 1866 he allied with Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War, with Prussia's victory received Venetia. On Sept. 20, 1870, his troops under Gen. Raffaele Cadorna entered Rome and took over the Papal States, ending the temporal power of the Roman Catholic Church. Succession: Umberto I; 1878, assassinated 1900; Victor Emmanuel III, 1900, abdicated 1946, died 1947; Umberto II, 1946, ruled a month. In 1921 Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) formed the Fascist party and became prime minister Oct. 31, 1922. He made the King Emperor of Ethiopia, 1937; entered World War II as ally of Hitler. He was deposed July 25, 1943. At a plebiscite June 2, 1946, Italy voted for a republic; Premier Alcide de Gasperi became chief of state June 13, 1946. On June 28, 1946, the Constituent Assembly elected Enrico de Nicola, Liberal, provisional president. Successive presidents: Luigi Einaudi, elected May 11, 1948, Giovanni Gronchi, Apr. 29, 1955; Antonio Segni, May 6, 1962; Giuseppe Saragat, Dec. 28, 1964; Giovanni Leone, Dec. 29, 1971; Alessandro Pertini, July 9, 1978; Francesco Cossiga, July 9, 1985. Rulers of Spain From 8th to 11th centuries Spain was dominated by the Moors (Arabs and Berbers). The Christian reconquest established small kingdoms (Asturias, Aragon, Castile, Catalonia, Leon, Navarre, and Valencia). In 1474 Isabella, b. 1451, became Queen of Castile & Leon. Her husband, Ferdinand, b. 1452, inherited Aragon 1479, with Catalonia, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands, became Ferdinand V of Castile. By Isabella's request Pope Sixtus IV established the Inquisition, 1478. Last Moorish kingdom, Granada, fell 1492. Columbus opened New World of colonies, 1492. Isabella died 1504, succeeded by her daughter, Juana "the Mad," but Ferdinand ruled until his death 1516. Charles I, b. 1500, son of Juana and grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella, and of Maximilian I of Hapsburg; succeeded later as Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, 1520; abdicated 1556. Philip II, son, 1556-1598, inherited only Spanish throne; conquered Portugal, fought Turks, persecuted non-Catholics, sent Armada against England. Was married to Mary I of England, 1554-1558. Succession: Philip III, 1598-1621; Philip IV, 1621-1665; Charles II, 1665-1700, left Spain to Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV, who as Philip V, 1700-1746, founded Bourbon dynasty. Ferdinand VI, 1746-1759; Charles III, 1759-1788; Charles IV, 1788-1808, abdicated. Napoleon now dominated politics and made his brother Joseph King of Spain 1808, but the Spanish ousted him in 1813. Ferdinand VII, 1808, 1814-1833, lost American colonies; succeeded by daughter Isabella II, aged 3, with wife Maria Christina of Naples regent until 1843. Isabella deposed by revolution 1868. Elected king by the Cortes, Amadeo of Savoy, 1870; abdicated 1873. First republic, 1873-74. Alphonso XII, son of Isabella, 1875-85. His posthumous son was Alphonso XIII, with his mother, Queen Maria Christina regent; Spanish-American war, Spain lost Cuba, gave up Puerto Rico, Philippines, Sulu Is., Marianas. Alphonso took throne 1902, aged 16, married British Princess Victoria Eugenia of Battenberg. The dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, 1923-30, precipitated the revolution of 1931. Alphonso agreed to leave without formal abdication. The monarchy was abolished and the second republic established, with socialist backing. Presidents were Niceto Alcala Zamora, to 1936, when Manuel Azana was chosen. In July, 1936, the army in Morocco revolted against the government and General Francisco Franco led the troops into Spain. The revolution succeeded by Feb., 1939, when Azana resigned. Franco became chief of state, with provisions that if he was incapacitated the Regency Council by two-thirds vote may propose a king to the Cortes, which must have a two-thirds majority to elect him. Alphonso XIII died in Rome Feb. 28, 1941, aged 54. His property and citizenship had been restored. A succession law restoring the monarchy was approved in a 1947 referendum. Prince Juan Carlos, son of the pretender to the throne, was designated by Franco and the Cortes in 1969 as the future king and chief of state. Upon Franco's death, Nov. 20, 1975, Juan Carlos was proclaimed king, Nov. 22, 1975. Leaders in the South American Wars of Liberation Simon Bolivar (1783-1830), Jose Francisco de San Martin (1778-1850), and Francisco Antonio Gabriel Miranda (1750-1816), are among the heroes of the early 19th century struggles of South American nations to free themselves from Spain. All three, and their contemporaries, operated in periods of factional strife, during which soldiers and civilians suffered. Miranda, a Venezuelan, who had served with the French in the American Revolution and commanded parts of the French Revolutionary armies in the Netherlands, attempted to start a revolt in Venezuela in 1806 and failed. In 1810, with British and American backing, he returned and was briefly a dictator, until the British withdrew their support. In 1812 he was overcome by the royalists in Venezuela and taken prisoner, dying in a Spanish prison in 1816. San Martin was born in Argentina and during 1789-1811 served in campaigns of the Spanish armies in Europe and Africa. He first joined the independence movement in Argentina in 1812 and in 1817 invaded Chile with 4,000 men over the mountain passes. Here he and Gen. Bernardo O'Higgins (1778-1842) defeated the Spaniards at Chacabuco, 1817, and O'Higgins was named Liberator and became first director of Chile, 1817-23. In 1821 San Martin occupied Lima and Callao, Peru, and became protector of Peru. Bolivar, the greatest leader of South American liberation from Spain, was born in Venezuela, the son of an aristocratic family. He first served under Miranda in 1812 and in 1813 captured Caracas, where he was named Liberator. Forced out next year by civil strife, he led a campaign that captured Bogota in 1814. In 1817 he was again in control of Venezuela and was named dictator. He organized Nueva Granada with the help of General Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840). By joining Nueva Granada, Venezuela, and the present terrain of Panama and Ecuador, the republic of Colombia was formed with Bolivar president. After numerous setbacks he decisively defeated the Spaniards in the second battle of Carabobo, Venezuela, June 24, 1821. In May, 1822, Gen. Antonio Jose de Sucre, Bolivar's lieutenant, took Quito. Bolivar went to Guayaquil to confer with San Martin, who resigned as protector of Peru and withdrew from politics. With a new army of Colombians and Peruvians Bolivar defeated the Spaniards in a battle at Junin in 1824 and cleared Peru. De Sucre organized Charcas (Upper Peru) as Republica Bolivar (now Bolivia) and acted as president in place of Bolivar, who wrote its constitution. De Sucre defeated the Spanish faction of Peru at Ayacucho, Dec. 19, 1824. Continued civil strife finally caused the Colombian federation to break apart. Santander turned against Bolivar, but the latter defeated him and banished him. In 1828 Bolivar gave up the presidency he had held precariously for 14 years. He became ill from tuberculosis and died Dec. 17, 1830. He is buried in the national pantheon in Caracas. Rulers of Russia; Premiers of the USSR First ruler to consolidate Slavic tribes was Rurik, leader of the Russians who established himself at Novgorod, 862 A.D. He and his immediate successors had Scandinavian affiliations. They moved to Kiev after 972 AD and ruled as Dukes of Kiev. In 988 Vladimir was converted and adopted the Byzantine Greek Orthodox service, later modified by Slav influences. Important as organizer and lawgiver was Yaroslav, 1019-1054, whose daughters married kings of Norway, Hungary, and France. His grandson, Vladimir II (Monomakh), 1113-1125, was progenitor of several rulers, but in 1169 Andrew Bogolubski overthrew Kiev and began the line known as Grand Dukes of Vladimir. Of the Grand Dukes of Vladimir, Alexander Nevsky, 1246-1263, had a son, Daniel, first to be called Duke of Muscovy (Moscow) who ruled 1294-1303. His successors became Grand Dukes of Muscovy. After Dmitri III Donskoi defeated the Tartars in 1380, they also became Grand Dukes of all Russia. Independence of the Tartars and considerable territorial expansion were achieved under Ivan III, 1462-1505. Tsars of Muscovy--Ivan III was referred to in church ritual as Tsar. He married Sofia, niece of the last Byzantine emperor. His successor, Basil III, died in 1533 when Basil's son Ivan was only 3. He became Ivan IV, "the Terrible"; crowned 1547 as Tsar of all the Russias, ruled till 1584. Under the weak rule of his son, Feodor I, 1584-1598, Boris Godunov had control. The dynasty died, and after years of tribal strife and intervention by Polish and Swedish armies, the Russians united under 17-year-old Michael Romanov, distantly related to the first wife of Ivan IV. He ruled 1613-1645 and established the Romanov line. Fourth ruler after Michael was Peter I. Tsars, or Emperors of Russia (Romanovs)--Peter I, 1682-1725, known as Peter the Great, took title of Emperor in 1721. His successors and dates of accession were: Catherine, his widow, 1725, Peter II, his grandson, 1727; Anne, Duchess of Courland, 1730, daughter of Peter the Great's brother, Tsar Ivan V; Ivan VI, 1740, great-grandson of Ivan V, child, kept in prison and murdered 1764; Elizabeth, daughter of Peter I, 1741; Peter III, grandson of Peter I, 1761, deposed 1762 for his consort, Catherine II, former princess of Anhalt Zerbst (Germany) who is known as Catherine the Great; Paul I, her son, 1796, killed 1801; Alexander I, son of Paul, 1801, defeated Napoleon; Nicholas I, his brother, 1825; Alexander II, son of Nicholas, 1855, assassinated 1881 by terrorists; Alexander III, son, 1881. Nicholas II, son, 1894-1917, last Tsar of Russia, was forced to abdicate by the Revolution that followed losses to Germany in WWI. The Tsar, the Empress, the Tsesarevich (Crown Prince) and the Tsar's 4 daughters were murdered by the Bolsheviks in Ekaterinburg, July 16, 1918. Provisional Government--Prince Georgi Lvov and Alexander Kerensky, premiers, 1917. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Bolshevik Revolution, Nov. 7, 1917, displaced Kerensky; council of People's Commissars formed, Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov), premier. Lenin died Jan. 21, 1924. Aleksei Rykov (executed 1938) and V. M. Molotov held the office, but actual ruler was Joseph Stalin (Joseph Vissarionovich Djugashvili), general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party. Stalin became president of the Council of Ministers (premier) May 7, 1941, died Mar. 5, 1953. Succeeded by Georgi M. Malenkov, as head of the Council and premier and Nikita S. Khrushchev, first secretary of the Central Committee. Malenkov resigned Feb. 8, 1955, became deputy premier, was dropped July 3, 1957. Marshal Nikolai A. Bulganin became premier Feb. 8, 1955; was demoted and Khrushchev became premier Mar. 27 1958. Khrushchev was ousted Oct. 14-15, 1964, replaced by Leonid I. Brezhnev as first secretary of the party and by Aleksei N. Kosygin as premier. On June 16, 1977, Brezhnev took office as president. Brezhnev died Nov. 10, 1982; 2 days later the Central Committee unanimously elected former KGB head Yuri V. Andropov president. Andropov died Feb. 9, 1984; on Feb. 13, Konstantin U. Chernenko was chosen by Central Committee as its general secretary. Chernenko died Mar. 10, 1985. On Mar. 11, he was succeeded as general secretary by Mikhail Gorbachev, who replaced Andrei Gromyko as president on Oct. 1, 1988. Governments of China 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼코컴� 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Hsia c1994BC - c1523 Shang c1523 - c1028 Western Chou c1027 - 770 Eastern Chou 770 - 256 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Warring States 403 - 222 Ch'in (first unified empire) 221 - 206 Han 202BC - 220AD Western Han (expanded Chinese state beyond the Yellow and 202BC - 9AD Yangtze River valleys) Hsin (Wang Mang, usurper) 9AD - 23AD Eastern Han (expanded Chinese state into Indo-China and 25 - 220 Turkestan) Three Kingdoms (Wei, Shu, Wu) 220 - 265 Chin (western) 265 - 317 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� (western) 265 - 317 (eastern) 317 - 420 Northern Dynasties (followed several short-lived 386 - 581 governments by Turks, Mongols, etc.) Southern Dynasties (capital: Nanking) 420 - 589 Sui (reunified China) 581 - 618 Tang (a golden age of Chinese culture; capital: Sian) 618 - 906 Five Dynasties (Yellow River basin) 902 - 960 Ten Kingdoms (southern China) 907 - 979 Liao (Khitan Mongols; capital: Peking) 947 - 1125 Sung 960 - 1279 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sung 960 - 1279 Northern Sung (reunified central and southern China) 960 - 1126 Western Hsai (non-Chinese rulers in northwest) 990 - 1227 Chin (Tartars; drove Sung out of central China) 1115 - 1234 Yuan (Mongols; Kublai Khan made Peking his capital in 1267) 1271 - 1368 Ming (China reunified under Chinese rule; capital: Nanking, 1368 - 1644 then Peking in 1420) Ch'ing (Manchus, descendents of Tartars) 1644 - 1911 Republic (disunity; provincial rulers, warlords) 1912 - 1949 People's Republic of China 1949 - - (Until 221 BC and frequently thereafter, China was not a unified state. Where dynastic dates overlap, the rulers or events referred to appeared in different areas of China.) Leaders Since 1949 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mao Zedong Chairman, Central People's Administrative Council, Communist Party (CPC), 1949-1976 Zhou Enlai Premier, foreign minister, 1949-1976 Deng Xiaoping Vice Premier, 1949-1976; 1977-1987 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Liu Shaoqi President, 1959-1969 Hua Guofeng Premier, 1976-1980; CPC Chairman, 1976-1981 Zhao Ziyong Premier, 1980-88; CPC Chairman, 1987-89 Hu Yaobang CPC Chairman, 1981-1987 Li Xiannian President, 1983-1988 Yong Shang-Kun President, 1988- Li Peng Premier, 1988- Chronological List of Popes Source: Annuario Pontificio. Table lists year of accession of each Pope. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Pope 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 St. Peter 67 St. Linus 76 St. Anacletus or Cletus 88 St. Clement I 97 St. Evaristus 105 St. Alexander I 115 St. Sixtus I 125 St. Telesphorus 136 St. Hyginus 140 St. Pius I 155 St. Anicetus 166 St. Soter Year Pope 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 166 St. Soter 175 St. Eleutherius 189 St. Victor I 199 St. Zephyrinus 217 St. Callistus I 217 St. Hippolytus 222 St. Urban I 230 St. Pontian 235 St. Anterus 236 St. Fabian 251 St. Cornelius 251 Novatian 253 St. Lucius I 254 St. Stephen I 257 St. Sixtus II 259 St. Dionysius 269 St. Felix I 275 St. Eutychian 283 St. Caius Year Pope 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 283 St. Caius 296 St. Marcellinus 308 St. Marcellus I 309 St. Eusebius 311 St. Melchiades 314 St. Sylvester I 336 St. Marcus 337 St. Julius I 352 Liberius 355 Felix II 366 St. Damasus I 366 Ursinus 384 St. Siricius 399 St. Anastasius I 401 St. Innocent I 417 St. Zosimus 418 St. Boniface I 418 Eulalius 422 St. Celestine I Year Pope 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 422 St. Celestine I 432 St. Sixtus III 440 St. Leo I 461 St. Hilary 468 St. Simplicius 483 St. Felix III (II) 492 St. Gelasius I 496 Anastasius II 498 St. Symmachus 498 Lawrence (501-505) 514 St. Hormisdas 523 St. John I, Martyr 526 St. Felix IV (III) 530 Boniface II 530 Dioscorus 533 John II 535 St. Agapitus I 536 St. Silverius, Martyr 537 Vigilius Year Pope 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 537 Vigilius 556 Pelagius I 561 John III 575 Benedict I 579 Pelagius II 590 St. Gregory I 604 Sabinian 607 Boniface III 608 St. Boniface IV 615 St. Deusdedit or Adeodatus 619 Boniface V 625 Honorius I 640 Severinus 642 Theodore I 649 St. Martin I, Martyr 654 St. Eugene I 657 St. Vitalian 672 Adeodatus II 676 Donus Year Pope 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 676 Donus 678 St. Agatho 682 St. Leo II 684 St. Benedict II 685 John V 686 Conon 687 Theodore 687 Paschal 687 St. Sergius I 701 John VI 705 John VII 708 Sisinnius 708 Constantine 715 St. Gregory II 731 St. Gregory III 741 St. Zachary 752 Stephen II (III) 757 St. Paul I 767 Constantine Year Pope 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 767 Constantine 768 Philip 768 Stephen III (IV) 772 Adrian I 795 St. Leo III 816 Stephen IV (V) 817 St. Paschal I 824 Eugene II 827 Valentine 827 Gregory IV 844 John 844 Sergius II 847 St. Leo IV 855 Benedict III 855 Anastasius 858 St. Nicholas I 867 Adrian II 872 John VIII 882 Marinus I Year Pope 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 882 Marinus I 884 St. Adrian III 885 Stephen V (VI) 891 Formosus 896 Boniface VI 896 Stephen VI (VII) 897 Romanus 897 Theodore II 898 John IX 900 Benedict IV 903 Leo V 903 Christopher 904 Sergius III 911 Anastasius III 913 Landus 914 John X 928 Leo VI 928 Stephen VII (VIII) 931 John XI Year Pope 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 931 John XI 936 Leo VII 939 Stephen VIII (IX) 942 Marinus II 946 Agapitus II 955 John XII 963 Leo VIII 964 Benedict V 965 John XIII 973 Benedict VI 974 Boniface VII 974 Benedict VII 983 John XIV 985 John XV 996 Gregory V 997 John XVI 999 Sylvester II 1003 John XVII 1004 John XVIII Year Pope 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1004 John XVIII 1009 Sergius IV 1012 Benedict VIII 1012 Gregory 1024 John XIX 1032 Benedict IX 1045 Sylvester III 1045 Benedict IX 1045 Gregory VI 1046 Clement II 1047 Benedict IX 1048 Damasus II 1049 St. Leo IX 1055 Victor II 1057 Stephen IX (X) 1058 Benedict X 1059 Nicholas II 1061 Alexander II 1061 Honorius II Year Pope 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1061 Honorius II 1073 St. Gregory VII 1080 Clement III 1086 Bl. Victor III 1088 Bl. Urban II 1099 Paschal II 1100 Theodoric 1102 Albert 1105 Sylvester IV 1118 Gelasius II 1118 Gregory VIII 1119 Callistus II 1124 Honorius II 1124 Celestine II 1130 Innocent II 1130 Anacletus II 1138 Victor IV 1143 Celestine II 1144 Lucius II Year Pope 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1144 Lucius II 1145 Bl. Eugene III 1153 Anastasius IV 1154 Adrian IV 1159 Alexander III 1159 Victor IV 1164 Paschal III 1168 Callistus III 1179 Innocent III 1181 Lucius III 1185 Urban III 1187 Clement III 1187 Gregory VIII 1191 Celestine III 1198 Innocent III 1216 Honorius III 1227 Gregory IX 1241 Celestine IV 1243 Innocent IV Year Pope 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1243 Innocent IV 1254 Alexander IV 1261 Urban IV 1265 Clement IV 1271 Bl. Gregory X 1276 Bl. Innocent V 1276 Adrian V 1276 John XXI 1277 Nicholas III 1281 Martin IV 1285 Honorius IV 1288 Nicholas IV 1294 St. Celestine V 1294 Boniface VIII 1303 Bl. Benedict XI 1305 Clement V 1316 John XXII 1328 Nicholas V 1334 Benedict XII Year Pope 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1334 Benedict XII 1342 Clement VI 1352 Innocent VI 1362 Bl. Urban V 1370 Gregory XI 1378 Urban VI 1378 Clement VII 1389 Boniface IX 1394 Benedict XIII 1404 Innocent VII 1406 Gregory XII 1409 Alexander V 1410 John XXIII 1417 Martin V 1431 Eugene IV 1439 Felix V 1447 Nicholas V 1455 Callistus III 1458 Pius II Year Pope 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1458 Pius II 1464 Paul II 1471 Sixtus IV 1484 Innocent VIII 1492 Alexander VI 1503 Pius III 1503 Julius II 1513 Leo X 1522 Adrian VI 1523 Clement VII 1534 Paul III 1550 Julius III 1555 Marcellus II 1555 Paul IV 1559 Pius IV 1566 St. Pius V 1572 Gregory XIII 1585 Sixtus V 1590 Urban VII Year Pope 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1590 Urban VII 1590 Gregory XIV 1591 Innocent IX 1592 Clement VIII 1605 Leo XI 1605 Paul V 1621 Gregory XV 1623 Urban VIII 1644 Innocent X 1655 Alexander VII 1667 Clement IX 1670 Clement X 1676 Bl. Innocent XI 1689 Alexander VIII 1691 Innocent XII 1700 Clement XI 1721 Innocent XIII 1724 Benedict XIII 1730 Clement XII Year Pope 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1730 Clement XII 1740 Benedict XIV 1758 Clement XIII 1769 Clement XIV 1775 Pius VI 1800 Pius VII 1823 Leo XII 1829 Pius VIII 1831 Gregory XVI 1846 Pius IX 1878 Leo XIII 1903 St. Pius X 1914 Benedict XV 1922 Pius XI 1939 Pius XII 1958 John XXIII 1963 Paul VI 1978 John Paul I 1978 John Paul II Year Pope 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1978 John Paul II The Roman Catholic Church names the Apostle Peter as founder of the Church in Rome. He arrived there c. 42, was martyred there c. 67, and raised to sainthood. The Pope's temporal title is: Sovereign of the State of Vatican City. The Pope's spiritual titles are: Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of St. Peter, Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church, Patriarch of the West, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province. Anti-Popes are in Italics. Anti-Popes were illegitimate claimants of or pretenders to the papal throne. WORLD EXPLORATION AND GEOGRAPHY Early Explorers of the Western Hemisphere 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴� Year Explorer Nationality and employer Disco 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1497 John Cabot Italian-English Newfo 1498 John and Sebastian Cabot Italian-English Labra 1499 Alonso de Ojeda Spanish South 1500, Feb. Vicente y Pinzon Spanish South 1500, Apr. Pedro Alvarez Cabral Portuguese Brazi 1500-02 Gaspar Corte-Real Portuguese Labra 1501 Rodrigo de Bastidas Spanish Centr 1513 Vasco Nunez de Balboa Spanish Pacif 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon Spanish Flori 1515 Juan de Solis Spanish Rio d 1519 Alonso de Pineda Spanish Mouth 1519 Hernando Cortes Spanish Mexic 1520 Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese-Spanish Strai 1524 Giovanni da Verrazano Italian-French Atlan Year Explorer Nationality and employer Disco 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1524 Giovanni da Verrazano Italian-French Atlan 1532 Francisco Pizarro Spanish Peru 1534 Jacques Cartier French Canad 1536 Pedro de Mendoza Spanish Bueno 1536 A.N. Cabeza de Vaca Spanish Texas 1539 Francisco de Ulloa Spanish Calif 1539-41 Hernando de Soto Spanish Missi 1539 Marcos de Niza Italian-Spanish South 1540 Francisco V. de Coronado Spanish South 1540 Hernando Alarcon Spanish Color 1540 Garcia de L. Cardenas Spanish Grand 1541 Francisco de Orellana Spanish Amazo 1542 Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo Portuguese-Spanish San D 1565 Pedro Menendez de Aviles Spanish St. A 1576 Martin Frobisher Engish Frobi 1577-80 Francis Drake English Calif 1582 Antonio de Espejo Spanish South 1584 Amadas & Barlow (for Raleigh) English Virgi 1585-87 Sir Walter Raleigh's men English Roano Year Explorer Nationality and employer Disco 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1585-87 Sir Walter Raleigh's men English Roano 1595 Sir Walter Raleigh English Orino 1603-09 Samuel de Champlain French Canad 1607 Capt. John Smith English Atlan 1609-10 Henry Hudson English-Dutch Hudso 1634 Jean Nicolet French Lake 1673 Jacques Marquette, Louis Jolliet French Missi 1682 Sieur de La Salle French Missi 1789 Alexander Mackenzie Canadian Canad The first men to discover the New World or Western Hemisphere are believed to have walked across a "land bridge" from Siberia to Alaska, an isthmus since broken by the Bering Strait. From Alaska, these ancestors of the Indians spread through North, Central, and South America. Anthropologists have placed these crossings at between 18,000 and 14,000 B.C.; but evidence found in 1967 near Puebla, Mex., indicates mankind reached there as early as 35,000-40,000 years ago. At first, these people were hunters using flint weapons and tools. In Mexico, about 7000-6000 B.C., they founded farming cultures, developing corn, squash, etc. Eventually, they created complex civilizations -- Olmec, Toltec, Aztec, and Maya and, in South America, Inca. Carbon-14 tests show men lived about 8000 B.C. near what are now Front Royal, Va., Kanawha, W. Va., and Dutchess Quarry, N.Y. The Hopewell Culture, based on farming, flourished about 1000 B.C.; remains of it are seen today in large mounds in Ohio and other states. Norsemen (Norwegian Vikings sailing out of Iceland and Greenland) are credited by most scholars with being the first Europeans to discover America, with at least 5 voyages around 1000 A.D. to areas they called Helluland, Markland, Vinland--possibly Labrador, Nova Scotia or Newfoundland, and New England. Christopher Columbus, most famous of the explorers, was born at Genoa, Italy, but made his discoveries sailing for the Spanish rulers Ferdinand and Isabella. Dates of his voyages, places he discovered, and other information follow: 1492--First voyage. Left Palos, Spain, Aug. 3 with 88 men (est.). Discovered San Salvador (Guanahani or Watling Is., Bahamas) Oct. 12. Also Cuba, Hispaniola (Haiti-Dominican Republic); built Fort La Navidad on latter. 1493--Second voyage, first part, Sept. 25, with 17 ships, 1,500 men. Dominica (Lesser Antilles) Nov. 3; Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Antigua, San Martin, Santa Cruz, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands. Settled Isabela on Hispaniola. Second part (Columbus having remained in Western Hemisphere), Jamaica, Isle of Pines, La Mona Is. 1498--Third voyage. Left Spain May 30, 1498, 6 ships. Discovered Trinidad. Saw South American continent Aug. 1, 1498, but called it Isla Sancta (Holy Island). Entered Gulf of Paria and landed, first time on continental soil. At mouth of Orinoco Aug. 14 he decided this was the mainland. 1502--Fourth voyage, 4 caravels, 150 men. St. Lucia, Guanaja off Honduras; Cape Gracias a Dios, Honduras; San Juan River, Costa Rica; Almirante, Portobelo, and Laguna de Chiriqui, Panama. Arctic Exploration Early Explorers 1587 -- John Davis (England). Davis Strait to Sanderson's Hope, 72 deg 12' N. 1596 -- Willem Barents and Jacob van Heemskerck (Holland). Discovered Bear Island, touched northwest tip of Spitsbergen,79 deg 49' N, rounded Novaya Zemlya, wintered at Ice Haven. 1607 -- Henry Hudson (England). North along Greenland's eastcoast to Cape Hold-with-Hope, 73 deg 30', then north of Spitsbergento 80 deg 23''. Returning he discovered Hudson's Touches(Jan Mayen). 1616 -- William Baffin and Robert Bylot (England). Baffin Bay to Smith Sound. 1728 -- Vitus Bering (Russia). Proved Asia and America were separated by sailing through strait. 1733-40 -- Great Northern Expedition (Russia). Surveyed Siberian Arctic coast. 1741 -- Vitus Bering (Russia). Sighted Alaska from sea, named Mount St. Elias. His lieutenant, Chirikof, discovered coast. 1771 -- Samuel Hearne (Hudson's Bay Co.). Overland from Prince of Wales Fort (Churchill) on Hudson Bay to mouth of Coppermine River. 1778 -- James Cook (Britain). Through Bering Strait to Icy Cape, Alaska, and North Cape, Siberia. 1789 -- Alexander Mackenzie (North West Co., Britain). Montreal to mouth of Mackenzie River. 1806 -- William Scoresby (Britain). N. of Spitsbergen to 81 deg 30'. 1820-3 -- Ferdinand von Wrangel (Russia). Completed a survey of Siberian Arctic coast. His exploration joined that of James Cook at North Cape, confirming separation of the continents. 1845 -- Sir John Franklin (Britain) was one of many to seek the Northwest Passage--an ocean route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific via the Arctic. His 2 ships (the Erebus and Terror) were last seen entering Lancaster Sound July 26. 1881 -- The steamer Jeanette on an expedition led by Lt. Cmdr. George W. DeLong was trapped in ice and crushed, June 1881. DeLong and 11 crewmen died; 12 others survived. 1888 -- Fridtjof Nansen (Norway) crossed Greenland's icecap, 1893-96 -- Nansen in Fram drifted from New Siberian Is. to Spitsbergen; tried polar dash in 1895, reached Franz Josef Land. 1897 -- Salomon A. Andree (Sweden) and 2 others started in balloon from Danes, Is., Spitsbergen, July 11, to drift across pole to America, and disappeared. Over 33 years later, Aug. 6, 1930, their frozen bodies were found on White Is., 82 deg 57' N 29 deg 52' E. 1903-06 -- Roald Amundsen (Norway) first sailed Northwest Passage. Discovery of North Pole Robert E. Peary explored Greenland's coast 1891-92, tried for North Pole 1893. In 1900 he reached northern limit of Greenland and 83 deg 50' N; in 1902 he reached 84 deg 06' N; in 1906 he went from Ellesmere Is. to 87 deg 06' N. He sailed in the Roosevelt, July, 1908, to winter off Cape Sheridan, Grant Land. The dash for the North Pole began Mar. 1 from Cape Columbia, Ellesmere Land. Peary reached the pole, 90 deg N, Apr. 6, 1909. Peary had several supporting groups carrying supplies until the last group turned back at 87 deg 47' N. Peary, Matthew Henson, and 4 Eskimos proceeded with dog teams and sleds. They crossed the pole several times, finally built an igloo at 90 deg, remained 36 hours. Started south Apr. 7 at 4 p.m. for Cape Columbia. The Eskimos were Coqueeh, Ootah, Eginwah, and Seegloo. 1914 -- Donald MacMillan (U.S.). Northwest, 200 miles, from Axel Heiberg Island to seek Peary's Crocker Land. 1915-17 -- Vihjalmur Stefansson (Canada) discovered Borden, Brock, Meighen, and Lougheed Islands. 1918-20 -- Roald Amundsen sailed Northeast Passage. 1925 -- Amundsen and Lincoln Ellsworth (U.S.) reached 87 deg 44' N in attempt to fly to North Pole from Spitsbergen. 1926 -- Richard E. Byrd and Floyd Bennett (U.S.) first over North Pole by air, May 9. 1926 -- Amundsen, Ellsworth, and Umberto Nobile (Italy) flew from Spitsbergen over North Pole May 12, to Teller, Alaska, in dirigible Norge. 1928 -- Nobile crossed North Pole in airship May 24, crashed May 25. Amundsen lost while trying to effect rescue by plane. North Pole Exploration Records On Aug. 3, 1958, the Nautilus, under Comdr. William R. Anderson, became the first ship to cross the North Pole beneath the Arctic ice. The nuclear-powered U.S. submarine Seadragon, Comdr. George P. Steele 2d, made the first east-west underwater transit through the Northwest Passage during August, 1960. It sailed from Portsmouth N.H., headed between Greenland and Labrador through Baffin Bay, then west through Lancaster Sound and McClure Strait to the Beaufort Sea. Traveling submerged for the most part, the submarine made 850 miles from Baffin Bay to the Beaufort Sea in 6 days. On Aug. 16, 1977, the Soviet nuclear icebreaker Arktika reached the North Pole and became the first surface ship to break through the Arctic ice pack to the top of the world. On April 30, 1978, Naomi Uemura, a Japanese explorer, became the first man to reach the North Pole alone by dog sled. During the 54-day, 600-mile trek over the frozen Arctic, Uemura survived attacks by a marauding polar bear. In April, 1982, Sir Ranulph Fiennes and Charles Burton, British explorers, reached the North Pole and became the first to circle the earth from pole to pole. They had reached the South Pole 16 months earlier. The 52,000-mile trek took 3 years, involved 23 people, and cost an estimated $18 million. The expedition was also the first to travel down the Scott Glacier and the first to journey up the Yukon and through the Northwest Passage in a single season. On May 2, 1986, 6 American and Canadian explorers reached the North Pole assisted only by dogs. They became the first to reach the Pole without mechanical assistance since Robert E. Peary planted a flag there in 1909. The explorers, Americans Will Steger, Paul Schurke, Anne Bancroft, and Geoff Carroll, and Canadians Brent Boddy and Richard Weber completed the 500-mile journey in 56 days. Antarctic Exploration Early History Antarctica has been approached since 1773-75, when Capt. James Cook (Britain) reached 71 deg 10'. Many sea and landmarks bear names of early explorers. Bellingshausen (Russia) discovered Peter 1 and Alexander 1 Islands, 1819-21. Nathaniel Palmer (U.S.) discovered Palmer Peninsula, 60 deg W, 1820, without realizing that this was a continent. James Weddell (Britain) found Weddell Sea, 74 deg 15' S, 1823. First to announce existence of the continent of Antarctica was Charles Wilkes (U.S.), who followed the coast for 1,500 mi., 1840. Adelie Coast, 140 deg E, was found by Dumont d�Urville (France), 1840. Ross Ice Shelf was found by James Clark Ross (Britain), 1841-42. 1895 -- Leonard Kristensen (Norway) landed a party on the coast of Victoria Land. They were the first ashore on the main continental mass. C.E. Borchgrevink, a member of that party, returned in 1899 with a British expedition, first to winter on Antarctica. 1902-04 -- Robert F. Scott (Britain) discovered Edward VII Peninsula. He reached 82 deg 17' S, 146 deg 33' E from McMurdo Sound. 1908-09 -- Ernest Shackleton (Britain) introduced the use of Manchurian ponies in Antarctic sledging. He reached 88 deg 23' S, discovering a route on to the plateau by way of the Beardmore Glacier and pioneering the way to the pole. Discovery of South Pole 1911 -- Roald Amundsen (Norway) with 4 men and dog teams reached the pole Dec. 14. 1912 -- Capt. Scott reached the pole from Ross Island Jan. 18, with 4 companions. They found Amundsen�s tent. None of Scott�s party survived. They were found Nov. 12. 1928 -- First man to use an airplane over Antarctica was Hubert Wilkins (Britain). 1929 -- Richard E. Byrd (U.S.) established Little America on Bay of Whales. On 1,600-mi. airplane flightbegun Nov. 28 he crossed South Pole Nov. 29 with 3 others. 1934-35 -- Byrd led 2d expedition to Little America, explored 450,000 sq. mi., wintered alone at weather station, 80 deg 08' S. 1934-37 -- John Rymill led British Graham Land expedition; discovered that Palmer Peninsula is part of Antarctic mainland. 1935 -- Lincoln Ellsworth (U.S.) flew south along Palmer Peninsula's east coast, then crossed continent to Little America, making 4 landings on unprepared terrain in bad weather. 1939-41 -- U.S. Antarctic Service built West Base on Ross Ice Shelf under Paul Siple, and East Base on Palmer Peninsula under Richard Black. U.S. Navy plane flights discovered about 150,000 sq. miles of new land. 1940 -- Byrd charted most of coast between Ross Sea and Palmer Peninsula. 1946-47 -- U.S. Navy undertook Operation High-jump under Byrd. Expedition included 13 ships and 4,000 men. Airplanes photomapped coastline and penetrated beyond pole. 1946-48 -- Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, Comdr. Finn Ronne, USNR, determined the Antarctic to be only one continent with no strait between Weddell Sea and Ross Sea; discovered 250,000 sq. miles of land by flights to 79 deg S Lat., and made 14,000 aerial photographs over 450,000 sq. miles of land. Mrs. Ronne and Mrs. H. Darlington were the first women to winter on Antarctica. 1955-57 -- U.S. Navy's Operation Deep Freeze led by Adm. Byrd. Supporting U.S. scientific efforts for the International Geophysical Year, the operation was commanded by Rear Adm. George Dufek. It established 5 coastal stations fronting the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans and also 3 interior stations; explored more than 1,000,000 sq. miles in Wilkes Land. 1957-58 -- During the International Geophysical year, July, 1957, through Dec. 1958, scientists from 12 countries conducted ambitious programs of Antarctic research. A network of some 60 stations on the continent and sub-Arctic islands studied oceanography, glaciology, meteorology, seismology, geomagnetism, the ionosphere, cosmic rays, aurora, and airglow. Dr. V.E. Fuchs led a 12-man Trans-Antarctic Expedition on the first land crossing of Antarctica. Starting from the Weddell Sea, they reached Scott Station Mar. 2, 1958, after traveling 2,158 miles in 98 days. 1958 -- A group of 5 U.S. scientists led by Edward C. Thiel, seismologist, moving by tractor from Ellsworth Station on Weddell Sea, identified a huge mountain range, 5,000 ft. above the ice sheet and 9,000 ft. above sea level. The range, originally seen by a Navy plane, was named the Dufek Massif, for Rear Adm. George Dufek. 1959 -- Twelve nations -- Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the U.S. -- signed a treaty suspending any territorial claims for 30 years and reserving the continent for research. 1961-62 -- Scientists discovered a trough, the Bentley Trench, running from Ross Ice Shelf, Pacific, into Marie Byrd Land, around the end of the Ellsworth Mtns., toward the Weddell Sea. 1962 -- First nuclear power plant began operation at McMurdo Sound. 1963 -- On Feb. 22 a U.S. plane made the longest nonstop flight ever made in the S. Pole area, covering 3,600 miles in 10 hours. The flight was from McMurdo Station south past the geographical S. Pole to Shackleton Mtns., southeast to the "Area of Inaccessibility" and back to McMurdo Station. 1964 -- A British survey team was landed by helicopter on Cook Island, the first recorded visit since its discovery in 1775. 1964 -- New Zealanders completed one of the last and most important surveys when they mapped the mountain area from Cape Adare west some 400 miles to Pennell Glacier. 1989 -- Two Americans, Victoria Murden and Shirley Metz, became the first women to reach the South Pole overland when they arrived with 9 others on Jan. 17, 1989. The 51-day trek on skis covered 740 miles. Volcanoes Global Volcanism Network, Smithsonian Institution More than 75 per cent of the world's 850 active volcanoes lie within the "Ring of Fire," a zone running along the west coast of the Americas from Chile to Alaska and down the east coast of Asia from Siberia to New Zealand. Twenty per cent of these volcanoes are located in Indonesia. Other prominent groupings are located in Japan, the Aleutian Islands, and Central America. Almost all active regions are found at the boundaries of the large moving plates which comprise the earth's surface. The "Ring of Fire" marks the boundary between the plates underlying the Pacific Ocean and those underlying the surrounding continents. Other active regions, such as the Mediterranean Sea and Iceland, are located on plate boundaries. Major Historical Eruptions Approximately 7,000 years ago, Mazama, a 9,900-feet-high volcano in southern Oregon, erupted violently, ejecting ash and lava. The ash spread over the entire northwestern United States and as far away as Saskatchewan, Canada. During the eruption, the top of the mountain collapsed, leaving a caldera 6 miles across and about a half mile deep, which filled with rain water to form what is now called Crater Lake. In 79 A.D., Vesuvio, or Vesuvius, a 4,190 feet volcano overlooking Naples Bay became active after several centuries of quiescence. On Aug. 24 of that year, a heated mud and ash flow swept down the mountain engulfing the cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabiae with debris over 60 feet deep. About 10 percent of the population of the 3 towns was killed. The largest eruptions in recent centuries have been in Indonesia. In 1883, an eruption similar to the Mazama eruption occurred on the island of Krakatau. On August 27, the 2,640-feet-high peak of the volcano collapsed to 1,000 feet below sea level, leaving only a small portion of the island standing above the sea. Ash from the eruption colored sunsets around the world for 2 years. A tsunami ("tidal wave") generated by the collapse killed 36,000 people in nearby Java and Sumatra and eventually reached England. A similar, but even more powerful, eruption had taken place 68 years earlier at Tambora volcano on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa. Notable Active Volcanoes 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name, latest activity Location Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Africa Africa Cameroon (1982) Cameroon 13,354 Nyirangongo (1977) Zaire 11,400 Nyamuragira (1988) Zaire 10,028 Karthala (1977) Comoro Is. 8,000 Piton de la Fournaise (1990) Reunion Is. 5,981 Erta-Ale (1973) Ethiopia 1,650 Antarctica Antarctica Erebus (1988) Ross Island 12,450 Big Ben (1960) Heard Island 9,007 Deception Island (1970) South Shetland Islands 1,890 Asia-Oceania Asia-Oceania Klyuchevskaya (1990) USSR 15,584 Kerinci (1987) Sumatra 12,467 Name, latest activity Location Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Kerinci (1987) Sumatra 12,467 Rindjani (1966) Indonesia 12,224 Semeru (1989) Java 12,060 Slamet (1988) Java 11,247 Raung (1989) Java 10,932 Agung (1964) Bali 10,308 On-Take (1980) Japan 10,049 Mayon (1988) Philippines 9,991 Merapi (1988) Java 9,551 Bezymianny (1986) USSR 9,514 Marapi (1988) Sumatra 9,485 Ruapehu (1990) New Zealand 9,175 Asama (1988) Japan 8,300 Niigata Yakeyama (1989) Japan 8,111 Canlaon (1989) Philippines 8,070 Yake Dake (1963) Japan 8,064 Alaid (1972) Kuril Is. 7,662 Ulawun (1990) New Britain 7,532 Ngauruhoe (1975) New Zealand 7,515 Name, latest activity Location Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ngauruhoe (1975) New Zealand 7,515 Chokai (1974) Japan 7,300 Galunggung (1982) Java 7,113 Amburombu (1969) Indonesia 7,051 Azuma (1978) Japan 6,700 Tangkuban Prahu (1967) Java 6,637 Sangeang Api (1988) Indonesia 6,351 Nasu (1977) Japan 6,210 Tiatia (1973) Kuril Islands 6,013 Manam (1990) Papua New Guinea 6,000 Soputan (1989) Indonesia 5,994 Siau (1976) Indonesia 5,853 Kelud (1990) Java 5,679 Batur (1968) Bali 5,636 Kirisima (1982) Japan 5,577 Bagana (1989) Papua New Guinea 6,558 Keli Mutu (1968) Indonesia 5,460 Akita Komaga take (1970) Japan 5,449 Gamkonora (1981) Indonesia 5,364 Name, latest activity Location Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Gamkonora (1981) Indonesia 5,364 Aso (1990) Japan 5,223 Lewotobi Laki-Laki (1968) Indonesia 5,217 Lokon-Empung (1988) Indonesia 5,187 Bulusan (1988) Philippines 5,115 Sarycheva (1976) Kuril Islands 4,960 Karkar (1981) Papua New Guinea 4,920 Karymsky (1985) USSR 4,869 Lopevi (1982) New Hebrides 4,755 Ambrym (1979) New Hebrides 4,376 Awu (1968) Indonesia 4,350 Sakurajima (1990) Japan 3,668 Langila (1990) New Britain 3,586 Dukono (1971) Indonesia 3,566 Suwanosezima (1989) Japan 2,640 Oshima (1988) Japan 2,550 Usu (1978) Japan 2,400 Pagan (1988) Mariana Is. 1,870 White Island (1989) New Zealand 1,075 Name, latest activity Location Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� White Island (1989) New Zealand 1,075 Taal (1988) Philippines 984 Central America--Caribbean Central America--Caribbean Acatenango (1972) Guatemala 12,992 Fuego (1990) Guatemala 12,582 Tacana (1988) Guatemala 12,400 Santiaguito (Santa Maria) (1990) Guatemala 12,362 Irazu (1988) Costa Rica 11,260 Poas (1990) Costa Rica 8,930 Pacaya (1990) Guatemala 8,346 Izalco (1966) El Salvador 7,749 San Miguel (1986) El Salvador 6,994 Rincon de la Vieja (1987) Costa Rica 6,234 El Viejo (San Cristobal) (1987) Nicaragua 5,840 Ometepe (Concepcion) (1986) Nicaragua 5,106 Arenal (1990) Costa Rica 5,092 Momotombo (1982) Nicaragua 4,199 Soufriere (1979) St. Vincent 4,048 Telica (1987) Nicaragua 3,409 Name, latest activity Location Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Telica (1987) Nicaragua 3,409 South America South America Guallatiri (1987) Chile 19,882 Lascar (1990) Chile 19,652 Cotopaxi (1975) Ecuador 19,347 Tupungatito (1986) Chile 18,504 Ruiz (1989) Colombia 17,716 Sangay (1988) Ecuador 17,159 Guagua Pichincha (1988) Ecuador 15,696 Purace (1977) Colombia 15,601 Galeras (1990) Colombia 13,996 Llaima (1990) Chile 10,239 Villarica (1984) Chile 9,318 Hudson (1973) Chile 8,580 Alcedo (1970) Galapagos Is. 3,599 Mid-Pacific Mid-Pacific Mauna Loa (1987) Hawaii 13,680 Kilauea (1990) Hawaii 4,077 Mid-Atlantic Ridge Mid-Atlantic Ridge Name, latest activity Location Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mid-Atlantic Ridge Mid-Atlantic Ridge Beerenberg (1985) Jan Mayen Is. 7,470 Hekla (1981) Iceland 4,892 Leirhnukur (1975) Iceland 2,145 Krafla (1984) Iceland 2,145 Surtsey (1967) Iceland 568 Europe Europe Etna (1990) Italy 11,053 Stromboli (1989) Italy 3,038 North America North America Colima (1988) Mexico 14,003 Redoubt (1990) Alaska 10,197 Iliamna (1978) Alaska 10,016 Shishaldin (1987) Aleutian Is. 9,387 Mt. St. Helens (1989) Washington 8,300+ Pavlof (1988) Aleutian Is. 8,261 Veniaminof (1987) Alaska 8,225 El Chichon (1983) Mexico 7,300 Katmai (1974) Alaska 6,715 Name, latest activity Location Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Katmai (1974) Alaska 6,715 Makushin (1987) Aleutian Is. 6,680 Pogromni (1964) Alaska 6,568 Trident 1963) Alaska 6,010 Great Sitkin (1974) Aleutian Is. 5,710 Cleveland (1987) Aleutian Is. 5,675 Gareloi (1982) Aleutian Is. 5,334 Korovin (1987) Aleutian Is. 4,852 Akutan (1989) Aleutian Is. 4,275 Kiska (1969) Aleutian Is. 4,275 Augustine (1988) Alaska 3,999 Okmok (1988) Aleutian Is. 3,519 Seguam (1977) Alaska 3,458 Notable Volcanic Eruptions 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Date Volcano Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 79 A.D. Mt. Vesuvius, Italy 16,000 1169 Mt. Etna, Sicily 15,000 1631 Mt. Vesuvius, Italy 4,000 1669 Mt. Etna, Sicily 20,000 1772 Mt. Papandayan, Java 3,000 1792 Mt. Unzen-Dake, Japan 10,400 1815 Tamboro, Java 12,000 Aug. 26-28, 1883 Krakatau, Indonesia 35,000 Apr. 8, 1902 Santa Maria, Guatemala 1,000 May 8, 1902 Mt. Pelee, Martinique 30,000 1911 Mt. Taal, Philippines 1,400 1919 Mt. Kelud, Java 5,000 Jan. 18-21, 1951 Mt. Lamington, New Guinea 3,000 Apr. 26, 1966 Mt. Kelud, Java 1,000 May 18, 1980 Mt. St. Helens, U.S. 60 Nov. 13, 1985 Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia 22,940 Date Volcano Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nov. 13, 1985 Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia 22,940 Aug. 24, 1986 NW Cameroon 1,700+ Mountains Height of Mount Everest Mt. Everest was considered to be 29,002 ft. tall when Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay scaled it in 1953. This triangulation figure had been accepted since 1850. In 1954 the Surveyor General of the Republic of India set the height at 29,028 ft., plus or minus 10 ft. because of snow. The National Geographic Society accepts the new figure, but many mountaineering groups still use 29,002 ft. In 1987, new calculations based on satellite measurements indicate that the Himalayan peak K-2 rose 29,064 feet above sea level and that Mt. Everest is 800 feet higher. The National Geographic Society has not accepted the revised figure. United States, Canada, Mexico 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name Place Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 McKinley Alas 20,320 Logan Yukon 19,850 Citlaltepec (Orizaba) Mexico 18,700 St. Elias Alas-Yukon 18,008 Popocatepetl Mexico 17,887 Foraker Alas 17,400 Iztaccihuatl Mexico 17,343 Lucania Yukon 17,147 King Can 16,971 Name Place Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 King Can 16,971 Steele Can 16,644 Bona Alas 16,550 Blackburn Alas 16,390 Kennedy Alas 16,286 Sanford Alas 16,237 South Buttress Alas 15,885 Wood Yukon 15,885 Vancouver Alas-Yukon 15,700 Churchill Alas 15,638 Fairweather Alas-Yukon 15,300 Zinantecatl (Toluca) Mexico 15,016 Hubbard Alas-Yukon 15,015 Bear Alas 14,831 Walsh Yukon 14,780 East Buttress Alas 14,730 Matlalcueyetl Mexico 14,636 Hunter Alas 14,573 Alverstone Alas-Yukon 14,565 Name Place Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Alverstone Alas-Yukon 14,565 Browne Tower Alas 14,530 Whitney Cal 14,494 Elbert Col 14,433 Massive Col 14,421 Harvard Col 14,420 Rainier Wash 14,410 Williamson Cal 14,375 Blanca Peak Col 14,345 La Plata Col 14,336 Uncompahgre Col 14,309 Crestone Col 14,294 Lincoln Col 14,286 Grays Peak Col 14,270 Antero Col 14,269 Torreys Col 14,267 Castle Col 14,265 Quandary Col 14,265 Evans Col 14,264 Name Place Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Evans Col 14,264 Longs Peak Col 14,256 McArthur Yukon 14,253 Wilson Col 14,246 White Cal 14,246 North Palisade Cal 14,242 Shavano Col 14,229 Belford Col 14,197 Princeton Col 14,197 Crestone Needle Col 14,197 Yale Col 14,196 Bross Col 14,172 Kit Carson Col 14,165 Wrangell Alas 14,163 Shasta Cal 14,162 Sill Cal 14,162 El Diente Col 14,159 Maroon Col 14,156 Tabeguache Col 14,155 Name Place Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Tabeguache Col 14,155 Oxford Col 14,153 Sneffels Col 14,150 Point Success Wash 14,150 Democrat Col 14,148 Capitol Col 14,130 Liberty Cap Wash 14,112 Pikes Peak Col 14,110 Snowmass Col 14,092 Windom Col 14,087 Russell Cal 14,086 Eolus Col 14,084 Columbia Col 14,073 Augusta Alas-Yukon 14,070 Missouri Col 14,067 Humboldt Col 14,064 South America 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Peak, country Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Aconcagua, Argentina 22,834 Ojos del Salado, Arg.-Chile 22,572 Bonete, Argentina 22,546 Tupungato, Argentina-Chile 22,310 Pissis, Argentina 22,241 Mercedario, Argentina 22,211 Huascaran, Peru 22,205 Llullaillaco, Argentina-Chile 22,057 El Libertador, Argentina 22,047 Cachi, Argentina 22,047 Yerupaja, Peru 21,709 Galan, Argentina 21,654 El Muerto, Argentina-Chile 21,457 Peak, country Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 El Muerto, Argentina-Chile 21,457 Sajama, Bolivia 21,391 Nacimiento, Argentina 21,302 Illimani, Bolivia 21,201 Coropuna, Peru 21,083 Laudo, Argentina 20,997 Ancohuma, Bolivia 20,958 Ausangate, Peru 20,945 Toro, Argentina-Chile 20,932 Illampu, Bolivia 20,873 Tres Cruces, Argentina-Chile 20,853 Huandoy, Peru 20,852 Parinacota, Bolivia-Chile 20,768 Tortolas, Argentina-Chile 20,745 Ampato, Peru 20,702 Condor, Argentina 20,669 Salcantay, Peru 20,574 Chimborazo, Ecuador 20,561 Huancarhuas, Peru 20,531 Peak, country Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Huancarhuas, Peru 20,531 Famatina, Argentina 20,505 Pumasillo, Peru 20,492 Solo, Argentina 20,492 Polleras, Argentina 20,456 Pular, Chile 20,423 Chani, Argentina 20,341 Aucanquilcha, Chile 20,295 Juncal, Argentina-Chile 20,276 Negro, Argentina 20,184 Quela, Argentina 20,128 Condoriri, Bolivia 20,095 Palermo, Argentina 20,079 Solimana, Peru 20,068 San Juan, Argentina-Chile 20,049 Sierra Nevada, Arg.-Chile 20,023 Antofalla, Argentina 20,013 Marmolejo, Argentina-Chile 20,013 Chachani, Peru 19,931 Peak, country Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Chachani, Peru 19,931 Licancabur, Argentina-Chile 19,425 The highest point in the West Indies is in the Dominican Republic, Pico Duarte (10,417 ft.) Africa, Australia, and Oceania 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Peak, country Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Kilimanjaro, Tanzania 19,340 Kenya, Kenya 17,058 Margherita Pk., Uganda-Zaire 16,763 Peak, country Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Margherita Pk., Uganda-Zaire 16,763 Jaja, New Guinea 16,500 Trikora, New Guinea 15,585 Mandala, New Guinea 15,420 Ras Dashan, Ethiopia 15,158 Meru, Tanzania 14,979 Wilhelm, Papua New Guinea 14,793 Karisimbi, Zaire-Rwanda 14,787 Elgon, Kenya-Uganda 14,178 Batu, Ethiopia 14,131 Guna, Ethiopia 13,881 Gughe, Ethiopia 13,780 Toubkal, Morocco 13,661 Kinabalu, Malaysia 13,455 Kerinci, Sumatra 12,467 Cook, New Zealand 12,349 Teide, Canary Islands 12,198 Semeru, Java 12,060 Kosciusko, Australia 7,310 Peak, country Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Kosciusko, Australia 7,310 Europe 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Peak, country Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Alps Alps Mont Blanc, Fr. It. 15,771 Monte Rosa (highest peak of group), Switz. 15,203 Dom, Switz. 14,911 Liskamm, It., Switz. 14,852 Weisshom, Switz. 14,780 Taschhorn, Switz. 14,733 Peak, country Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Taschhorn, Switz. 14,733 Matterhorn, It., Switz. 14,690 Dent Blanche, Switz. 14,293 Nadelhorn, Switz. 14,196 Grand Combin, Switz. 14,154 Lenzpitze, Switz. 14,088 Finsteraarhorn, Switz. 14,022 Castor, Switz. 13,865 Zinalrothorn, Switz. 13,849 Hohberghom, Switz. 13,842 Alphubel, Switz. 13,799 Rimpfischhom, Switz. 13,776 Aletschorn, Switz. 13,763 Strahlhorn, Switz. 13,747 Dent D'Herens, Switz. 13,686 Breithorn, It., Switz. 13,665 Bishorn, Switz. 13,645 Jungfrau, Switz. 13,642 Ecrins, Fr. 13,461 Peak, country Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ecrins, Fr. 13,461 Monch, Switz. 13,448 Pollux, Switz. 13,422 Schreckhorn, Switz. 13,379 Ober Gabelhorn, Switz. 13,330 Gran Paradiso, It. 13,323 Bernina, It., Switz. 13,284 Fiescherhorn, Switz. 13,283 Grunhorn, Switz. 13,266 Lauteraarhorn, Switz. 13,261 Durrenhorn, Switz. 13,238 Allalinhorn, Switz. 13,213 Weissmies, Switz. 13,199 Lagginhorn, Switz. 13,156 Zupo, Switz. 13,120 Fletschhorn, Switz. 13,110 Adlerhorn, Switz. 13,081 Gletscherhorn, Switz. 13,068 Schalihorn, Switz. 13,040 Peak, country Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Schalihorn, Switz. 13,040 Scerscen, Switz. 13,028 Eiger, Switz. 13,025 Jagerhorn, Switz. 13,024 Rottalhorn, Switz. 13,022 Pyrenees Pyrenees Aneto, Sp. 11,168 Posets, Sp. 11,073 Perdido, Sp. 11,007 Vignemale, Fr., Sp. 10,820 Long, Sp. 10,479 Estats, Sp. 10,304 Montcalm, Sp. 10,105 Caucasus (Europe-Asia) Caucasus (Europe-Asia) El'brus, USSR 18,510 Shkara, USSR 17,064 Dykh Tau, USSR 17,054 Kashtan Tau, USSR 16,877 Dzhangi Tau, USSR 16,565 Peak, country Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Dzhangi Tau, USSR 16,565 Kazbek, USSR 16,558 Asia 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Peak Country Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Everest Nepal-Tibet 29,028 K2 (Godwin Austen) Kashmir 28,250 Kanchenjunga India-Nepal 28,208 Lhotse I (Everest) Nepal-Tibet 27,923 Makalu I Nepal-Tibet 27,824 Lhotse II (Everest) Nepal-Tibet 27,560 Peak Country Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lhotse II (Everest) Nepal-Tibet 27,560 Dhaulagiri Nepal 26,810 Manaslu I Nepal 26,760 Cho Oyu Nepal-Tibet 26,750 Nanga Parbat Kashmir 26,660 Annapurna I Nepal 26,504 Gasherbrum Kashmir 26,470 Broad Kashmir 26,400 Gosainthan Tibet 26,287 Annapurna II Nepal 26,041 Gyachung Kang Nepal-Tibet 25,910 Disteghil Sar Kashmir 25,868 Himalchuli Nepal 25,801 Nuptse (Everest) Nepal-Tibet 25,726 Masherbrum Kashmir 25,660 Nanda Devi India 25,645 Rakaposhi Kashmir 25,550 Kamet India-Tibet 25,447 Namcha Barwa Tibet 25,445 Peak Country Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Namcha Barwa Tibet 25,445 Gurla Mandhata Tibet 25,355 Ulugh Muz Tagh Sinkiang-Tibet 25,340 Kungur Sinkiang 25,325 Tirich Mir Pakistan 25,230 Makalu II Nepal-Tibet 25,120 Minya Konka China 24,900 Kula Gangri Bhutan-Tibet 24,784 Changtzu (Everest) Nepal-Tibet 24,780 Muz Tagh Ata Sinkiang 24,757 Skyang Kangri Kashmir 24,750 Communism Peak USSR 24,590 Jongsang Peak India-Nepal 24,472 Pobedy Peak Sinkiang-USSR 24,406 Sia Kangri Kashmir 24,350 Haramosh Peak Pakistan 24,270 Istoro Nal Pakistan 24,240 Tent Peak India-Nepal 24,165 Chomo Lhari Bhutan-Tibet 24,040 Peak Country Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Chomo Lhari Bhutan-Tibet 24,040 Chamlang Nepal 24,012 Kabru India-Nepal 24,002 Alung Gangri Tibet 24,000 Baltoro Kangri Kashmir 23,990 Mussu Shan Sinkiang 23,890 Mana India 23,860 Baruntse Nepal 23,688 Nepal Peak India-Nepal 23,500 Amne Machin China 23,490 Gauri Sankar Nepal-Tibet 23,440 Badrinath India 23,420 Nunkun Kashmir 23,410 Lenina Peak USSR 23,405 Pyramid India-Nepal 23,400 Api Nepal 23,399 Pauhunri India-Tibet 23,385 Trisul India 23,360 Kangto India-Tibet 23,260 Peak Country Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Kangto India-Tibet 23,260 Nyenchhen Thanglha Tibet 23,255 Trisuli India 23,210 Pumori Nepal-Tibet 23,190 Dunagiri India 23,184 Lombo Kangra Tibet 23,165 Saipal Nepal 23,100 Macha Pucchare Nepal 22,958 Numbar Nepal 22,817 Kanjiroba Nepal 22,580 Ama Dablam Nepal 22,350 Cho Polu Nepal 22,093 Lingtren Nepal-Tibet 21,972 Khumbutse Nepal-Tibet 21,785 Hlako Gangri Tibet 21,266 Mt. Grosvenor China 21,190 Thagchhab Gangri Tibet 20,970 Damavand Iran 18,606 Ararat Turkey 16,804 Peak Country Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ararat Turkey 16,804 Antarctica 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Peak Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Vinson Massif 16,864 Tyree 16,290 Shinn 15,750 Gardner 15,375 Epperly 15,100 Kirkpatrick 14,855 Elizabeth 14,698 Peak Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Elizabeth 14,698 Markham 14,290 Bell 14,117 Mackellar 14,098 Anderson 13,957 Bentley 13,934 Kaplan 13,878 Andrew Jackson 13,750 Sidley 13,720 Ostenso 13,710 Minto 13,668 Miller 13,650 Long Gables 13,620 Dickerson 13,517 Giovinetto 13,412 Wade 13,400 Fisher 13,386 Fridtjof Nansen 13,350 Wexler 13,202 Peak Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Wexler 13,202 Lister 13,200 Shear 13,100 Odishaw 13,008 Donaldson 12,894 Ray 12,808 Sellery 12,779 Waterman 12,730 Anne 12,703 Press 12,566 Falla 12,549 Rucker 12,520 Goldthwait 12,510 Morris 12,500 Erebus 12,450 Campbell 12,434 Don Pedro Christophersen 12,355 Lysaght 12,326 Huggins 12,247 Peak Feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Huggins 12,247 Sabine 12,200 Astor 12,175 Mohl 12,172 Frankes 12,064 Jones 12,040 Gjelsvik 12,008 Coman 12,000 Ocean Areas and Average Depths 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Sq. miles Avg. depth in feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Sq. miles Avg. depth in feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Pacific Ocean 64,186,300 12,925 Atlantic Ocean 33,420,000 11,730 Indian Ocean 28,350,500 12,598 Arctic Ocean 5,105,700 3,407 South China Sea 1,148,500 4,802 Caribbean Sea 971,400 8,448 Mediterranean Sea 969,100 4,926 Bering Sea 873,000 4,893 Gulf of Mexico 582,100 5,297 Sea of Okhotsk 537,500 3,192 Sea of Japan 391,100 5,468 Hudson Bay 281,900 305 East China Sea 256,600 620 Andaman Sea 218,100 3,667 Black Sea 196,100 3,906 Red Sea 174,900 1,764 North Sea 164,900 308 Baltic Sea 147,500 180 Yellow Sea 113,500 121 Sq. miles Avg. depth in feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Yellow Sea 113,500 121 Persian Gulf 88,800 328 Gulf of California 59,100 2,375 Four major bodies of water are recognized by geographers and mapmakers. They are: the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic oceans. The Atlantic and Pacific oceans are considered divided at the equator into the No. and So. Atlantic; the No. and So. Pacific. The Arctic Ocean is the name for waters north of the continental land masses in the region of the Arctic Circle. How Deep Is the Ocean? Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center Principal ocean depths. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴� Depth Name of area Location Location Meters 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean Mariana Trench 11 deg22'N 142 deg36'E 10,924 Tonga Trench 23 deg16'S 174 deg44'W 10,800 Philippine Trench 10 deg38'N 126 deg36'E 10,057 Kermadec Trench 31 deg53'S 177 deg21'W 10,047 Bonin Trench 24 deg30'N 143 deg24'E 9,994 Kuril Trench 44 deg15'N 150 deg34'E 9,750 Izu Trench 31 deg05'N 142 deg10'E 9,695 New Britain Trench 06 deg19'S 153 deg45'E 8,940 Yap Trench 08 deg33'N 138 deg02'E 8,527 Japan Trench 36 deg08'N 142 deg43'E 8,412 Peru-Chile Trench 23 deg18'S 71 deg14'W 8,064 Palau Trench 07 deg52'N 134 deg56'E 8,054 Aleutian Trench 50 deg51'N 177 deg11'E 7,679 New Hebrides Trench 20 deg36'S 168 deg37'E 7,570 North Ryukyu Trench 24 deg00'N 126 deg48'E 7,181 Mid. America Trench 14 deg02'N 93 deg39'W 6,662 Depth Name of area Location Location Meters 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mid. America Trench 14 deg02'N 93 deg39'W 6,662 Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Puerto Rico Trench 19 deg55'N 65 deg27'W 8,605 So. Sandwich Trench 55 deg42'S 25 deg56'E 8,325 Romanche Gap 0 deg13'S 18 deg26'W 7,728 Cayman Trench 19 deg12'N 80 deg00'W 7,535 Brazil Basin 09 deg10'S 23 deg02'W 6,119 Indian Ocean Indian Ocean Indian Ocean Indian Ocean Java Trench 10 deg19'S 109 deg58'E 7,125 Ob' Trench 09 deg45'S 67 deg18'E 6,874 Diamantina Trench 35 deg50'S 105 deg14'E 6,602 Vema Trench 09 deg08'S 67 deg15'E 6,402 Agulhas Basin 45 deg20'S 26 deg50'E 6,195 Arctic Ocean Arctic Ocean Arctic Ocean Arctic Ocean Eurasia Basin 82 deg23'N 19 deg31'E 5,450 Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Sea Mediterranean Se Ionian Basin 36 deg32'N 21 deg06'E 5,150 Note: Deeper depths have been reported in some of the above areas. However, they are not official unless confirmed by research vessels. Principal World Rivers U.S. Geological Survey (length in miles) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 River Outflow Lgth 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Albany James Bay 610 Amazon Atlantic Ocean 4,000 Amu Aral Sea 1,578 Amur Tatar Strait 2,744 Angara Yenisey River 1,151 Arkansas Mississippi 1,459 River Outflow Lgth 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Arkansas Mississippi 1,459 Back Arctic Ocean 605 Brahmaputra Bay of Bengal 1,800 Bug, Southern Dnieper River 532 Bug, Western Wisla River 481 Canadian Arkansas River 906 Chang Jiang E. China Sea 3,964 Churchill, Man. Hudson Bay 1,000 Churchill, Que. Atlantic Ocean 532 Colorado Gulf of Calif. 1,450 Columbia Pacific Ocean 1,243 Congo Atlantic Ocean 2,718 Danube Black Sea 1,776 Dnieper Black Sea 1,420 Dniester Black Sea 877 Don Sea of Azov 1,224 Drava Danube River 447 Dvina, North White Sea 824 Dvina, West Gulf of Riga 634 River Outflow Lgth 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dvina, West Gulf of Riga 634 Ebro Mediterranean 565 Elbe North Sea 724 Euphrates Shatt al-Arab 1,700 Fraser Str. of Georgia 850 Gambia Atlantic Ocean 700 Ganges Bay of Bengal 1,560 Garonne Bay of Biscay 357 Hsi S. China Sea 1,200 Huang Yellow Sea 2,903 Indus Arabian Sea 1,800 Irrawaddy Bay of Bengal 1,337 Japura Amazon River 1,750 Jordan Dead Sea 200 Kootenay Columbia River 485 Lena Laptev Sea 2,734 Loire Bay of Biscay 634 Mackenzie Arctic Ocean 2,635 Madeira Amazon River 2,013 River Outflow Lgth 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Madeira Amazon River 2,013 Magdalena Caribbean Sea 956 Marne Seine River 326 Mekong S. China Sea 2,600 Meuse North Sea 580 Mississippi Gulf of Mexico 2,340 Missouri Mississippi 2,540 Murray-Darling Indian Ocean 2,310 Negro Amazon 1,400 Nelson Hudson Bay 410 Niger Gulf of Guinea 2,590 Nile Mediterranean 4,160 Ob-Irtysh Gulf of Ob 3,362 Oder Baltic Sea 567 Ohio Mississippi 1,310 Orange Atlantic Ocean 1,300 Orinoco Atantic Ocean 1,600 Ottawa St. Lawrence R. 790 Paraguay Parana River 1,584 River Outflow Lgth 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Paraguay Parana River 1,584 Parana Rio de la Plata 2,485 Peace Slave River 1,210 Pilcomayo Paraguay River 1,000 Po Adriatic Sea 405 Purus Amazon River 2,100 Red Mississippi 1,290 Red River of N. Lake Winnipeg 545 Rhine North Sea 820 Rhone Gulf of Lions 505 Rio de la Plata Atlantic Ocean 150 Rio Grande Gulf of Mexico 1,900 Rio Roosevelt Aripuana 400 Saguenay St. Lawrence R. 434 St. John Bay of Fundy 418 St. Lawrence Gulf of St. Law. 800 Salween Andaman Sea 1,500 Sao Francisco Atlantic Ocean 1,988 Saskatchewan Lake Winnipeg 1,205 River Outflow Lgth 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Saskatchewan Lake Winnipeg 1,205 Seine English Chan. 496 Shannon Atlantic Ocean 230 Snake Columbia River 1,038 Sungari Amur River 1,150 Syr Aral Sea 1,370 Tajo, Tagus Atlantic Ocean 626 Tennessee Ohio River 652 Thames North Sea 236 Tiber Tyrrhenian Sea 252 Tigris Shatt al-Arab 1,180 Tisza Danube River 600 Tocantins Para River 1,677 Ural Caspian Sea 1,575 Uruguay Rio de la Plata 1,000 Volga Caspian Sea 2,194 Weser North Sea 454 Wisla Bay of Danzig 675 Yellow (See Huang) Yellow (See Huang) Yellow (See Huang) River Outflow Lgth 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Yellow (See Huang) Yellow (See Huang) Yellow (See Huang) Yenisey Kara Sea 2,543 Yukon Bering Sea 1,979 Zambezi Indian Ocean 1,700 Major Rivers in North America U.S. Geological Survey 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코� River Source or Upper Limit of Length Out 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alabama Gilmer County, Ga. Mob Albany Lake St. Joseph, Ontario Jam River Source or Upper Limit of Length Out 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Albany Lake St. Joseph, Ontario Jam Allegheny Potter County, Pa. Ohi Altamaha-Ocmulgee Junction of Yellow and South Rivers, At Newton County, Ga. Apalachicola-Chattahoochee Towns County, Ga. Gul Arkansas Lake County, Col. Mis Assiniboine Eastern Saskatchewan Red Attawapiskat Attawapiskat, Ontario Jam Back (N.W.T.) Contwoyto Lake Cha Big Black (Miss.) Webster County, Miss. Mis River Source or Upper Limit of Length Out 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Brazos Junction of Salt and Double Gul Mountain Forks, Stonewall County, Tex. Canadian Las Animas County, Col. Ark Cedar (Iowa) Dodge County, Minn. Iow Cheyenne Junction of Antelope Creek and Dry Mis Fork, Converse County, Wyo. Churchill Methy Lake, Saskatchewan Hud Cimarron Colfax County, N.M. Ark Colorado (Ariz.) Rocky Mountain National Park, Col. Gul (90 miles in Mexico) River Source or Upper Limit of Length Out 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Colorado (Texas) West Texas Mat Columbia Columbia Lake, British Columbia Pac Columbia, Upper Columbia Lake, British Columbia To Connecticut Third Connecticut Lake, N.H. L.I Coppermine (N.W.T.) Lac de Gras Cor Cumberland Letcher County, Ky. Ohi Delaware Schoharie County, N.Y. Lis Fraser Near Mount Robson (on Continental Str Divide) Gila Catron County, N.M. Col River Source or Upper Limit of Length Out 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Gila Catron County, N.M. Col Green (Ut.-Wyo.) Junction of Wells and Trail Creeks, Col Sublette County, Wyo. Hamilton (Lab.) Lake Ashuanipi Atl Hudson Henderson Lake, Essex County, N.Y. Upp Illinois St. Joseph County, Ind. Mis James (N.D.-S.D.) Wells County, N.D. Mis James (Va.) Junction of Jackson and Cowpasture Ham Rivers, Botetourt County, Va. Kanawha-New Junction of North and South Forks Ohi of New River, N.C. River Source or Upper Limit of Length Out 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Kentucky Junction of North and Middle Forks, Ohi Lee County, Ky. Klamath Lake Ewauna, Klamath Falls, Ore. Pac Koyukuk Endicott Mountains, Alaska Yuk Kuskokwim Alaska Range Kus Liard Southern Yukon, Alaska Mac Little Missouri Crook County, Wyo. Mis Mackenzie Great Slave Lake, N.W.T. Arc Milk Junction of North and South Forks, Mis Alberta River Source or Upper Limit of Length Out 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Minnesota Big Stone Lake, Minn. Mis Mississippi Lake Itasca, Minn. Mou Mississippi, Upper Lake Itasca, Minn. To Mississippi-Missouri-Red Rock Source of Red Rock, Beaverhead Co., Mou Mon. Missouri Junction of Jefferson, Madison, and Mis Gallatin rivers, Madison County, Mon. Missouri-Red Rock Source of Red Rock, Beaverhead Co., Mis Mon. Mobile-Alabama-Coosa Gilmer County, Ga. Mob River Source or Upper Limit of Length Out 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Nelson (Manitoba) Lake Winnipeg Hud Neosho Morris County, Kan. Ark Niobrara Niobrara County, Wyo. Mis North Canadian Union County, N.M. Can North Platte Junction of Grizzly and Little Pla Grizzly creeks, Jackson County, Col. Ohio Junction of Allegheny and Mis Monongahela rivers, Pittsburgh, Pa. Ohio-Allegheny Potter County, Pa. Mis Osage East-central Kansas Mis River Source or Upper Limit of Length Out 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Ottawa Lake Capimitchigama St. Ouachita Polk County, Ark. Red Peace Stikine Mountains, B.C. Sla Pearl Neshoba County, Miss. Gul Pecos Mora County, N.M. Rio Pee Dee-Yadkin Watauga County, N.C. Win Pend Oreille-Clark Fork Near Butte, Mon. Col Platte Junction of North and South Platte Mis Rivers, Neb. Porcupine Ogilvie Mountains, Alaska Yuk River Source or Upper Limit of Length Out 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Porcupine Ogilvie Mountains, Alaska Yuk Potomac Garrett County, Md. Che Powder Junction of South and Middle Forks, Yel Wyo. Red (Okla.-Tex.-La.) Curry County, N.M. Mis Red River of the North Junction of Otter Tail and Bois de Lak Sioux Rivers, Wilkin County, Minn. Republican Junction of North Fork and Arikaree Kan River, Neb. Rio Grande San Juan County, Col. Gul Roanoke Junction of North and South Forks, Alb Montgomery County, Va. River Source or Upper Limit of Length Out 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Montgomery County, Va. Rock (Ill.-Wis.) Dodge County, Wis. Mis Sabine Junction of South and Caddo Forks, Sab Hunt County, Tex. Sacramento Siskiyou County, Cal. Sui St. Francis Iron County, Mo. Mis St. Lawrence Lake Ontario Gul Oce Salmon (Idaho) Custer County, Ida. Sna San Joaquin Junction of South and Middle Forks, Sui Madera County, Cal. River Source or Upper Limit of Length Out 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  San Juan Silver Lake, Archuleta County, Col. Col Santee-Wateree-Catawba McDowell County, N.C. Atl Saskatchewan, North Rocky Mountains Sas Saskatchewan, South Rocky Mountains Sas Savannah Junction of Seneca and Tugaloo Atl rivers, Anderson County, S.C. Severn (Ontario) Sandy Lake Hud Smoky Hill Cheyenne County, Col. Kan Snake Teton County, Wyo. Col South Platte Junction of South and Middle Forks, Pla River Source or Upper Limit of Length Out 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� South Platte Junction of South and Middle Forks, Pla Park County, Col. Susitna Alaska Range Coo Susquehanna Otsego Lake, Otsego County, N.Y. Che Tallahatchie Tippah County, Miss. Yaz Tanana Wrangell Mountains, Alaska Yuk Tennessee Junction of French Broad and Ohi Holston Rivers Tennessee-French Broad Transylvania County, N.C. Ohi Tombigbee Prentiss County, Miss. Mob Trinity North of Dallas, Tex. Gal River Source or Upper Limit of Length Out 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Trinity North of Dallas, Tex. Gal Wabash Darke County, Oh. Ohi Washita Hemphill County, Tex. Red White (Ark.-Mo.) Madison County, Ark. Mis Willamette Douglas County, Ore. Col Wind-Bighorn Junction of Wind and Little Wind Yel Rivers, Fremont Co., Wyo. (Source of Wind R. is Togwotee Pass, Teton Co., Wyo.) Wisconsin Lac Vieux Desert, Vilas County, Wis. Mi Yellowstone Park County, Wyo. Mis River Source or Upper Limit of Length Out 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Yukon Coast Mountains of British Columbia Ber Lakes of the World U.S. Geological Survey 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴� Name Continent Area sq. mi. Length mi. Depth feet Elev. feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Caspian Sea Asia-Europe 143,244 760 3,363 -92 Superior North America 31,700 350 1,330 600 Victoria Africa 26,828 250 270 3,720 Aral Sea Asia 24,904 280 220 174 Name Continent Area sq. mi. Length mi. Depth feet Elev. feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Aral Sea Asia 24,904 280 220 174 Huron North America 23,000 206 750 579 Michigan North America 22,300 307 923 579 Tanganyika Africa 12,700 420 4,823 2,534 Baykal Asia 12,162 395 5,315 1,493 Great Bear North America 12,096 192 1,463 512 Nyasa Africa 11,150 360 2,280 1,550 Great Slave North America 11,031 298 2,015 513 Erie North America 9,910 241 210 570 Winnipeg North America 9,417 266 60 713 Ontario North America 7,550 193 802 245 Balkhash Asia 7,115 376 85 1,115 Ladoga Europe 6,835 124 738 13 Chad Africa 6,300 175 24 787 Maracaibo South America 5,217 133 115 Sea level Onega Europe 3,710 145 328 108 Eyre Australia 3,600 90 4 -52 Volta Africa 3,276 250 .... .... Titicaca South America 3,200 122 922 12,500 Name Continent Area sq. mi. Length mi. Depth feet Elev. feet 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Titicaca South America 3,200 122 922 12,500 Nicaragua North America 3,100 102 230 102 Athabasca North America 3,064 208 407 700 Reindeer North America 2,568 143 720 1,106 Rudolf Africa 2,473 154 240 1,230 Issyk Kul Asia 2,355 115 2,303 5,279 Torrens Australia 2,230 130 .... 92 Vanern Europe 2,156 91 328 144 Nettilling North America 2,140 67 .... 95 Winnipegosis North America 2,075 141 38 830 Albert Africa 2,075 100 168 2,030 Kariba Africa 2,050 175 390 1,590 Nipigon North America 1,872 72 540 1,050 Gairdner Australia 1,840 90 .... 112 Urmia Asia 1,815 90 49 4,180 Manitoba North America 1,799 140 12 813 A lake is a body of water surrounded by land. Although some lakes are called seas, they are lakes by definition. The Caspian Sea is bounded by the Soviet Union and Iran and is fed by eight rivers. Large U.S. Lakes U.S. Geological Survey Natural U.S. lakes (excluding the Great Lakes) with areas of 100 sq. mi. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Lake State Area (sq. mi.) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Lake of the Woods Minn., Ontario, Manitoba 1,697 Great Salt1 Ut. 1,3612 Iliamna Alas. 1,000 Okeechobee Fla. 700 Pontchartrain1 La. 625 Becharof Alas. 458 Red Lake (upper and lower) Minn. 451 Lake State Area (sq. mi.) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Red Lake (upper and lower) Minn. 451 Champlain N.Y., Vt., Quebec 435 St. Clair Mich., Ontario 432 Salton Sea1 Cal. 3742 Rainy Minn., Ontario 360 Teshekpuk Alas. 315 Naknek Alas. 242 Winnebago Wis. 215 Mille Lacs Minn. 207 Flathead Mon. 197 Tahoe Cal., Nev. 193 Leech Minn. 176 Pyramid1 Nev. 1682 Pend Oreille Ida. 148 Ugashik (upper and lower) Alas. 147 Upper Klamath Ore. 142 Utah Ut. 140 Bear (including Mud Lake) Ida., Ut. 136 1 Salty. 2 Variable. The Great Lakes National Ocean Service, U.S. Commerce Department 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴� Superior Michi 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Length in miles 350 307 Breadth in miles 160 118 Deepest soundings in feet 1,330 923 Volume of water in cubic miles 2,900 1,180 Superior Michi 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Area (sq. miles) water surface-- U.S. 20,600 22,30 Canada 11,100 ..... Area (sq. miles) entire drainage basin-- U.S. 16,900 45,60 Canada 32,400 ..... Total Area (sq. miles) U.S. and Canada 81,000 67,90 Mean surface above mean water level at Point-au-Pere, 600.61 578.3 Quebec, aver. level in feet (1900-1988) Latitude, North 46 deg 25' 41 de Superior Michi 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Latitude, North 46 deg 25' 41 de 49 deg 00' 46 de Longitude, West 84 deg 22' 84 de 92 deg 06' 88 de National boundary line in miles 282.8 None United States shore line (mainland only) miles 863 1,400 The Great Lakes form the largest body of fresh water in the world and with their connecting waterways are the largest inland water transportation unit. Draining the great North Central basin of the U.S., they enable shipping to reach the Atlantic via their outlet, the St. Lawrence R., and also the Gulf of Mexico via the Illinois Waterway, from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi R. A third outlet connects with the Hudson R. and thence the Atlantic via the N. Y. State Barge Canal System. Traffic on the Illinois Waterway and the N.Y. State Barge Canal System is limited to recreational boating and small shipping vessels. Only one of the lakes, Lake Michigan, is wholly in the United States; the others are shared with Canada. Ships move from the shores of Lake Superior to Whitefish Bay at the east end of the lake, thence through the Soo (Sault Ste. Marie) locks, through the St. Mary's River and into Lake Huron. To reach Gary, and Port of Indiana and South Chicago, Ill., ships move west from Lake Huron to Lake Michigan through the Straits of Mackinac. Lake Superior is 600 feet above mean water level at Point-au-Pere, Quebec, on the International Great Lakes Datum (1955). From Duluth, Minn., to the eastern end of Lake Ontario is 1,156 mi. Famous Waterfalls National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name and location Ht. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Africa Africa Angola Duque de Braganca, Lucala R. 344 Ruacana, Cuene R. 406 Ethiopia Fincha 508 Tesissat, Blue Nile R. 140 Lesotho *Maletsunyane 630 Zimbabwe-Zambia *Victoria, Zambezi R. 343 South Africa *Augrabies, Orange R. 480 Howick, Umgeni R. 364 | Tugela 2,014 Highest fall 597 Tanzania-Zambia *Kalambo 726 Name and location Ht. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 *Kalambo 726 Uganda Kabalega (Murchison) Victoria Nile R. 130 Asia Asia India *Cauvery 330 *Gokak, Ghataprabha R. 170 *Jog (Gersoppa), Sharavathi R. 830 Japan *Kegon, Daiya R. 330 Laos Khon Cataracts, Mekong R. (C) 70 Australasia Australasia Australia New South Wales Wentworth 614 Highest fall 360 Wollomombi 1,100 Queensland Name and location Ht. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Queensland Coomera 210 Tully 885 | Wallaman, Stony Cr. 1,137 Highest fall 937 New Zealand Bowen 540 Helena 890 Stirling 505 | Sutherland, Arthur R. 1,904 Highest fall 815 Europe Europe Austria | Gastein 492 Highest fall 280 | *Golling, Schwarzbach R. 250 | Krimml 1,312 France-- *Gavarnie 1,385 Name and location Ht. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 *Gavarnie 1,385 Great Britain Scotland Glomach 370 Wales Cain 150 Rhaiadr 240 Iceland Detti 144 | Gull, Hvita R. 105 Italy-- Frua, Toce R. (C) 470 Norway Mardalsfossen (Northern) 1,535 | Mardalsfossen (Southern) 2,149 | **Skjeggedal, Nybuai R. 1,378 **Skykje 984 Vetti, Morka-Koldedola R. 900 Voring, Bjoreio R. 597 Name and location Ht. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Voring, Bjoreio R. 597 Sweden | Handol 427 | Tannforsen, Are R. 120 Switzerland | Diesbach 394 Giessbach (C) 984 Handegg, Aare R. 150 Iffigen 120 Pissevache, Salanfe R. 213 | Reichenbach 656 Rhine 79 | Simmen 459 Staubbach 984 | Trummelbach 1,312 North America North America Canada Alberta Panther, Nigel Cr. 600 Name and location Ht. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Panther, Nigel Cr. 600 British Columbia | Della 1,443 | Takakkaw, Daly Glacier 1,200 Northwest Territories Virginia, S. Nahanni R. 294 Quebec Montmorency 274 Canada--United States Niagara: American 182 Horseshoe 173 United States California *Feather, Fall R. 640 Yosemite National Park *Bridalveil 620 *Illilouette 370 *Nevada, Merced R. 594 Name and location Ht. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 *Nevada, Merced R. 594 **Ribbon 1,612 **Silver Strand, Meadow Br. 1,170 *Vernal, Merced R. 317 | **Yosemite 2,425 Yosemite (upper) 1,430 Yosemite (lower) 320 Yosemite (middle) (C) 675 Colorado | Seven, South Cheyenne Cr. 300 Hawaii Akaka, Kolekole Str. 442 Idaho **Shoshone, Snake R. 212 Twin, Snake R. 120 Kentucky Cumberland 68 Maryland *Great, Potomac R. (C) 71 Name and location Ht. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 *Great, Potomac R. (C) 71 Minnesota **Minnehaha 53 New Jersey Passaic 70 New York *Taughannock 215 Oregon | Multnomah 620 Highest fall 542 Tennessee Fall Creek 256 Washington Mt. Rainier Natl. Park Narada, Paradise R. 168 Sluiskin, Paradise R. 300 Palouse 197 **Snoqualmie 268 Wisconsin Name and location Ht. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Wisconsin *Big Manitou, Black R. (C) 165 Wyoming Yellowstone Natl. Pk. Tower 132 *Yellowstone (upper) 109 *Yellowstone (lower) 308 Mexico El Salto 218 **Juanacatlan, Santiago R. 72 South America South America Argentina-Brazil Iguazu 230 Brazil Glass 1,325 Patos-Maribondo, Grande R. 115 Paulo Afonso, Sao Francisco R. 275 Colombia Catarata de Candelas, Cusiana R. 984 *Tequendama, Bogota R. 427 Name and location Ht. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 *Tequendama, Bogota R. 427 Ecuador *Agoyan, Pastaza R. 200 Guyana Kaieteur, Potaro R. 741 Great, Kamarang R. 1,600 | Marina, Ipobe R. 500 Highest fall 300 Venezuela | *Angel 3,212 Highest fall 2,648 Cuquenan 2,000 The earth has thousands of waterfalls, some of considerable magnitude. Their importance is determined not only by height but volume of flow, steadiness of flow, crest width, whether the water drops sheerly or over a sloping surface, and in one leap or a succession of leaps. A series of low falls flowing over a considerable distance is known as a cascade. Sete Quedas or Guaira is the world's greatest waterfall when its mean annual flow (estimated at 470,000 cubic feet per second) is combined with height. A greater volume of water passes over Boyoma Falls (Stanley Falls), though not one of its seven cataracts, spread over nearly 60 miles of the Congo River, exceeds 10 feet. Estimated mean annual flow, in cubic feet per second, of other major waterfalls are: Niagara, 212,200; Paulo Afonso, 100,000; Urubupunga, 97,000; Iguazu, 61,000; Patos-Maribondo, 53,000; Victoria, 35,400; and Kaieteur, 23,400. Height = total drop in feet in one or more leaps. | = falls of more than one leap; * = falls that diminish greatly seasonally; ** = falls that reduce to a trickle or are dry for part of each year. If river names not shown, they are same as the falls. R. = river; L. = lake; (C) = cascade type. Notable Deserts of the World Arabian (Eastern), 70,000 sq. mi. in Egypt between the Nile river and Red Sea, extending southward into Sudan. Atacama, 600 mi. long area rich in nitrate and copper deposits in N. Chile. Chihuahuan, 140,000 sq. mi. in Tex., N.M., Ariz., and Mexico. Death Valley, 3,300 sq. mi. in E. Cal. and SW Nev. Contains lowest point below sea level (282 ft.) in Western Hemisphere. Gibson, 120,000 sq. mi. in the interior of W. Australia. Gobi, 500,000 sq. mi. in Mongolia and China. Great Sandy, 150,000 sq. mi. in W. Australia. Great Victoria, 150,000 sq. mi. in W. and S. Australia. Kalahari, 225,000 sq. mi. in southern Africa. Kara-Kum, 120,000 sq. mi. in Turkmen SSR. Kavir (Dasht-e Kavir), great salt waste in central Iran some 400 mi. long. Kyzyl Kum, 100,000 sq. mi. in Kazakh and Uzbek SSRs. Libyan, 450,000 sq. mi. in the Sahara extending from Lybia through SW Egypt into Sudan. Lut (Dasht-e Lut), 20,000 sq. mi. in E. Iran. Mojave, 15,000 sq. mi. in S. Cal. Nafud (An Nafud), 40,000 sq. mi. near Jawf in Saudi Arabia. Namib, long narrow area extending 800 miles along SW coast of Africa. Nubian, 100,000 sq. mi. in the Sahara in NE Sudan. Painted Desert, section of high plateau in N. Ariz. extending 150 mi. Rub al Khali (Empty Quarter), 250,000 sq. mi. in the south Arabian Peninsula. Sahara, 3,500,000 sq. mi. in N. Africa extending westward to the Atlantic. Largest desert in the world. Simpson, 40,000 sq. mi. in central Australia. Sonoran, 70,000 sq. mi. in SW Ariz. and SE Cal. extending into Mexico. Syrian, 100,000 sq. mi. arid wasteland extending over much of N. Saudi Arabia, E. Jordan, S. Syria, and W. Iraq. Taklimakan, 140,000 sq. mi. in Sinkiang Province, China. Thar (Great Indian), 100,000 sq. mi. arid area extending 400 mi. along India-Pakistan border. Highest and Lowest Continental Altitudes National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴� Continent Highest point Feet elevation Lowest point Continent Highest point Feet elevation Lowest point 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Asia Mount Everest, Nepal-Tibet 29,028 Dead Sea, Is South America Mount Aconcagua, Argentina 22,834 Valdes Penin North America Mount McKinley, Alaska 20,320 Death Valley Africa Kilimanjaro, Tanzania 19,340 Lake Assal, Europe Mount El'brus, USSR 18,510 Caspian Sea, Antarctica Vinson Massif 16,864 Unknown Australia Mount Kosciusko, New South Wales 7,310 Lake Eyre, S Important Islands and Their Areas Figure in parentheses shows rank among the world's 10 largest islands; some islands have not been surveyed accurately; in such cases estimated areas are shown. Location-OwnershipArea in square miles Arctic Ocean 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Canadian Canadian Axel Heiberg 16,671 Baffin (5) 195,928 Banks 27,038 Bathurst 6,194 Devon 21,331 Ellesmere (10) 75,767 Melville 16,274 Prince of Wales 12,872 Somerset 9,570 Southampton 15,913 Victoria (9) 83,896 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Victoria (9) 83,896 USSR USSR Franz Josef Land 8,000 Novaya Zemlya (two is.) 35,000 Wrangel 2,800 Norwegian Norwegian Svalbard 23,940 Nordaustlandet 5,410 Spitsbergen 15,060 Atlantic Ocean 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Anticosti, Canada 3,066 Ascension, UK 34 Azores, Portugal 888 Faial 67 Sao Miguel 291 Bahamas 5,353 Bermuda Is., UK 20 Block, Rhode Island 10 Canary Is., Spain 2,808 Fuerteventura 668 Gran Canaria 592 Tenerife 795 Cape Breton, Canada 3,981 Cape Verde Is. 1,750 Faeroe Is., Denmark 540 Falkland Is., UK 4,700 Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil 7 Greenland, Denmark (1) 840,000 Iceland 39,769 Long Island, N. Y. 1,396 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Long Island, N. Y. 1,396 Bioko Is. Equatorial Guinea 785 Madeira Is., Portugal 307 Marajo, Brazil 15,528 Martha's Vineyard, Mass. 91 Mount Desert, Me. 108 Nantucket, Mass. 46 Newfoundland, Canada 42,030 Prince Edward, Canada 2,184 St. Helena, UK 47 South Georgia, UK 1,450 Tierra del Fuego, Chile and Argentina 18,800 Tristan da Cunha, UK 40 British Isles British Isles Great Britain, mainland (8) 84,200 Channel Islands 75 Guernsey 24 Jersey 45 Sark 2 Hebrides 2,744 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hebrides 2,744 Ireland 32,599 Irish Republic 27,136 Northern Ireland 5,463 Man 227 Orkney Is. 390 Scilly Is. 6 Shetland Is. 567 Skye 670 Wight 147 Baltic Sea 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Aland Is., Finland 581 Bornholm, Denmark 227 Gotland, Sweden 1,164 Caribbean Sea 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Antigua 108 Aruba, Netherlands 75 Barbados 166 Cuba 44,218 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cuba 44,218 Isle of Youth 1,182 Curacao, Netherlands 171 Dominica 290 Guadeloupe, France 687 Hispaniola, Haiti and Dominican Republic 29,530 Jamaica 4,244 Martinique, France 425 Puerto Rico, U.S. 3,515 Tobago 116 Trinidad 1,864 Virgin Is., UK 59 Virgin Is., U.S. 132 Indian Ocean 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Andaman Is., India 2,500 Madagascar (4) 226,658 Mauritius 720 Pemba, Tanzania 380 Reunion, France 969 Seychelles 171 Sri Lanka 25,332 Zanzibar, Tanzania 640 Persian Gulf Persian Gulf Bahrain 258 Mediterranean Sea 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Balearic Is., Spain 1,936 Corfu, Greece 229 Corsica, France 3,369 Crete, Greece 3,186 Cyprus 3,572 Elba, Italy 86 Euboea, Greece 1,409 Malta 122 Rhodes, Greece 542 Sardinia, Italy 9,262 Sicily, Italy 9,822 Pacific Ocean 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Aleutian Is., U.S. 6,821 Adak 289 Amchitka 121 Attu 388 Kanaga 135 Kiska 110 Tanaga 209 Umnak 675 Unalaska 1,064 Unimak 1,600 Canton, Kiribati* 4 Caroline Is., U.S. trust terr. 472 Christmas, Kiribati* 94 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Christmas, Kiribati* 94 Clipperton, France 2 Diomede, Big, USSR 11 Diomede, Little, U.S. 2 Easter, Chile 69 Fiji 7,056 Vanua Levu 2,242 Viti Levu 4,109 Funafuti, Tuvalu* 2 Galapagos Is., Ecuador 3,043 Guadalcanal 2,500 Guam 209 Hainan, China 13,000 Hawaiian Is., U.S. 6,450 Hawaii 4,037 Oahu 593 Hong Kong, UK 29 Japan 145,809 Hokkaido 30,144 Honshu (7) 87,805 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Honshu (7) 87,805 Iwo Jima 8 Kyushu 14,114 Okinawa 459 Shikoku 7,049 Kodiak, U.S. 3,670 Marquesas Is., France 492 Marshall Is., U.S. trust terr. 70 Bikini* 2 Nauru 8 New Caledonia, France 6,530 New Guinea (2) 306,000 New Zealand 103,883 Chatham 372 North 44,035 South 58,305 Stewart 674 Northern Mariana Is. 184 Philippines 115,831 Leyte 2,787 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Leyte 2,787 Luzon 40,880 Mindanao 36,775 Mindoro 3,790 Negros 4,907 Palawan 4,554 Panay 4,446 Samar 5,050 Quemoy 56 Sakhalin, USSR 29,500 Samoa Is. 1,177 American Samoa 77 Tutuila 52 Samoa (Western) 1,133 Savaii 670 Upolu 429 Santa Catalina, U.S. 72 Tahiti, France 402 Taiwan 13,823 Tasmania, Australia 26,178 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Tasmania, Australia 26,178 Tonga Is. 270 Vancouver, Canada 12,079 Vanuatu 5,700 *Atolls: Bikini (lagoon area, 230 sq. mi., land area 2 sq. mi.), U.S. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; Canton (lagoon 20 sq. mi., land 4 sq. mi.), Kiribati; Christmas (lagoon 140 sq. mi., land 94 sq. mi.), Kiribati; Funafuti (lagoon 84 sq. mi., land 2 sq. mi.), Tuvalu. East Indies 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bali, Indonesia 2,147 Borneo, Indonesia- Malaysia, UK (3) 280,100 Celebes, Indonesia 69,000 Java, Indonesia 48,900 Madura, Indonesia 2,113 Moluccas, Indonesia 28,766 New Britain, Papua New Guinea 14,093 New Ireland, Papua New Guinea 3,707 Sumatra, Indonesia (6) 165,000 Timor 11,570 Australia, often called an island, is a continent. Its mainland area is 2,939,975 sq. mi. Islands in minor waters; Manhattan (22 sq mi.) Staten (59 sq. mi.) and Governors (173 acres), all in New York Harbor, U.S.; Isle Royale (209 sq. mi.), Lake Superior, U.S.; Manitoulin (1,068 sq. mi.), Lake Huron, Canada; Pinang (110 sq. mi.), Strait of Malacca, Malaysia; Singapore (239 sq. mi.), Singapore Strait, Singapore. DISASTERS Some Notable Shipwrecks Since 1850 (Figures indicate estimated lives lost; as of mid-1990) 1854, Mar.--City of Glasgow; British steamer missing in North Atlantic; 480. 1854, Sept. 27--Arctic; U.S. (Collins Line) steamer sunk in collision with French steamer Vesta near Cape Race; 285-351. 1856, Jan. 23--Pacific; U.S. (Collins Line) steamer missing in North Atlantic; 186-286. 1858, Sept. 23--Austria; German steamer destroyed by fire in North Atlantic; 471. 1863, Apr. 27--Anglo-Saxon; British steamer wrecked at Cape Race; 238. 1865, Apr. 27--Sultana; a Mississippi River steamer blew up near Memphis, Tenn; 1,450. 1869, Oct. 27--Stonewall; steamer burned on Mississippi River below Cairo, Ill.; 200. 1870, Jan. 25--City of Boston; British (Inman Line) steamer vanished between New York and Liverpool; 177. 1870, Oct 19--Cambria; British steamer wrecked off northern Ireland; 196. 1872, Nov. 7--Mary Celeste; U.S. half-brig sailed from New York for Genoa; found abandoned in Atlantic 4 weeks later in mystery of sea; crew never heard from; loss of life unknown. 1873, Jan. 22--Northfleet; British steamer foundered off Dungeness, England; 300. 1873, Apr. 1--Atlantic; British (White Star) steamer wrecked off Nova Scotia; 585. 1873, Nov. 23--Ville du Havre; French steamer, sunk after collision with British sailing ship Loch Earn; 226. 1875, May 7--Schiller; German steamer wrecked off Scilly Isles; 312. 1875, Nov. 4--Pacific; U.S. steamer sunk after collision off Cape Flattery; 236. 1878, Sept. 3--Princess Alice; British steamer sank after collision in Thames River; 700. 1878, Dec. 18--Byzantin; French steamer sank after Dardanelles collision; 210. 1881, May 24--Victoria; steamer capsized in Thames River, Canada; 200. 1883, Jan. 19--Cimbria; German steamer sunk in collision with British steamer Sultan in North Sea; 389. 1887, Nov. 15--Wah Yeung; British steamer burned at sea; 400. 1890, Feb. 17--Duburg; British steamer wrecked, China Sea; 400. 1890, Sept. 19--Ertogrul; Turkish frigate foundered off Japan; 540. 1891, Mar. 17--Utopia; British steamer sank in collision with British ironclad Anson off Gibraltar; 562. 1895, Jan. 30--Elbe; German steamer sank in collision with British steamer Craithie in North Sea; 332. 1895, Mar. 11--Reina Regenta; Spanish cruiser foundered near Gibraltar; 400. 1898, Feb. 15--Maine; U.S. battleship blown up in Havana Harbor; 260. 1898, July 4--La Bourgogne; French steamer sunk in collision with British sailing ship Cromartyshire off Nova Scotia; 549. 1898, Nov. 26--Portland; U.S. steamer wrecked off Cape Cod; 157. 1904, June 15--General Slocum; excursion steamer burned in East River, New York City; 1,030. 1904, June 28--Norge; Danish steamer wrecked on Rockall Island, Scotland; 620. 1906, Aug. 4--Sirio; Italian steamer wrecked off Cape Palos, Spain; 350. 1908, Mar. 23--Matsu Maru; Japanese steamer sank in collision near Hakodate, Japan; 300. 1909, Aug. 1--Waratah; British steamer, Sydney to London, vanished; 300. 1910, Feb. 9--General Chanzy; French steamer wrecked off Minorca, Spain; 200. 1911, Sept. 25--Liberte; French battleship exploded at Toulon; 285. 1912, Mar. 5--Principe de Asturias; Spanish steamer wrecked off Spain; 500. 1912, Apr. 14-15--Titanic; British (White Star) steamer hit iceberg in North Atlantic; 1,503. 1912, Sept. 28--Kichemaru; Japanese steamer sank off Japanese coast; 1,000. 1914, May 29--Empress of Ireland; British (Canadian Pacific) steamer sunk in collision with Norwegian collier in St. Lawrence River; 1,014. 1915, May 7--Lusitania; British (Cunard Line) steamer torpedoed and sunk by German submarine off Ireland; 1,198. 1915, July 24--Eastland; excursion steamer capsized in Chicago River; 812. 1916, Feb. 26--Provence; French cruiser sank in Mediterranean; 3,100. 1916, Mar. 3--Principe de Asturias; Spanish steamer wrecked near Santos, Brazil; 558. 1916, Aug. 29--Hsin Yu; Chinese steamer sank off Chinese coast; 1,000. 1917, Dec. 6--Mont Blanc, Imo; French ammunition ship and Belgian steamer collided in Halifax Harbor; 1,600. 1918, Apr. 25--Kiang-Kwan Chinese steamer sank in collision off Hankow; 500. 1918, July 12--Kawachi; Japanese battleship blew up in Tokayama Bay; 500. 1918, Oct. 25--Princess Sophia; Canadian steamer sank off Alaskan coast; 398. 1919, Jan. 17--Chaonia; French steamer lost in Straits of Messina, Italy; 460. 1919, Sept. 9--Valbanera; Spanish steamer lost off Florida coast; 500. 1921, Mar. 18--Hong Kong; steamer wrecked in South China Sea; 1,000. 1922, Aug. 26--Niitaka; Japanese cruiser sank in storm off Kamchatka, USSR; 300. 1927, Oct. 25--Principessa Mafalda; Italian steamer blew up, sank off Porto Seguro, Brazil; 314. 1928, Nov. 12--Vestris; British steamer sank in gale off Virginia; 113. 1934, Sept. 8--Morro Castle; U.S. steamer, Havana to New York, burned off Asbury Park, N.J.; 134. 1939, May 23--Squalus; U.S. submarine sank off Portsmouth, N.H.; 26. 1939, June 1--Thetis; British submarine, sank in Liverpool Bay; 99. 1942, Feb. 18--Truxtun and Pollux; U.S. destroyer and cargo ship ran aground, sank off Newfoundland; 204. 1942, Oct. 2--Curacao; British cruiser sank after collision with liner Queen Mary; 338. 1944, Dec. 17-18--3 U.S. Third Fleet destroyers sank during typhoon in Philippine Sea; 790. 1947, Jan. 19--Himera; Greek steamer hit a mine off Athens; 392. 1947, Apr. 16--Grandcamp; French freighter exploded in Texas City, Tex., Harbor, starting fires; 510. 1948, Nov.--Chinese army evacuation ship exploded and sunk off S. Manchuria; 6,000. 1948, Dec. 3--Kiangya; Chinese refugee ship wrecked in explosion S. of Shanghai; 1,100+. 1949, Sept. 17--Noronic; Canadian Great Lakes Cruiser burned at Toronto dock; 130. 1952, Apr. 26--Hobson and Wasp; U.S. destroyer and aircraft carrier collided in Atlantic; 176. 1953, Jan. 31--Princess Victoria; British ferry sank in storm off northern Irish coast; 134. 1954, Sept. 26--Toya Maru; Japanese ferry sank in Tsugaru Strait, Japan; 1,172. 1956, July 26--Andrea Doria and Stockholm; Italian liner and Swedish liner collided off Nantucket; 51. 1957, July 14--Eshghabad; Soviet ship ran aground in Caspian Sea; 270. 1961, July 8--Save; Portuguese ship ran aground off Mozambique; 259. 1962, Apr. 8--Dara; British liner exploded and sunk in Persian Gulf; 236. 1963, Apr. 10--Thresher; U.S. Navy atomic submarine sank in North Atlantic; 129. 1964, Feb. 10--Voyager, Melbourne; Australiandestroyer sank after collision with Australian aircraft carrier Melbourne off New South Wales; 82. 1965, Nov. 13--Yarmouth Castle; Panamanian registered cruise ship burned and sank off Nassau; 90. 1967, July 29--Forrestal; U.S. aircraft carrier caught fire off N. Vietnam; 134. 1968, Jan. 25--Dakar; Israeli submarine vanished in Mediterranean Sea; 69. 1968, Jan. 27--Minerve; French submarine vanished in Mediterranean; 52. 1968, late May--Scorpion; U.S. nuclear submarine sank in Atlantic near Azores; 99 (located 0ct. 31). 1969, June 2--Evans; U.S. destroyer cut in half by Australian carrier Melbourne, S. China Sea; 74. 1970, Mar. 4--Eurydice; French submarine sank in Mediterranean near Toulon; 57. 1970, Dec. 15--Namyong-Ho; South Korean ferry sank in Korea Strait; 308. 1974, May 1--Motor launch capsized off Bangladesh; 250. 1974, Sept. 26--Soviet destroyer burned and sank in Black Sea; 200+. 1976, Oct. 20--George Prince and Frosta; ferryboat and Norwegian tanker collided on Mississippi R. at Luling, La.; 77. 1976, Dec. 25--Patria; Egyptian liner caught fire and sank in the Red Sea; c. 100. 1977, Jan. 11--Grand Zenith; Panamanian-registered tanker sank off Cape Cod, Mass.; 38. 1979, Aug. 14--23 yachts competing in Fastnet yacht race sunk or abandoned during storm in S. Irish Sea; 18. 1981, Jan. 27--Tamponas II; Indonesian passenger ship caught fire and sank in Java Sea; 580. 1981, May 26--Nimitz; U.S. Marine combat jet crashed on deck of U.S. aircraft carrier; 14. 1983, Feb. 12--Marine Electric; coal freighter sank during storm off Chincoteague, Va.; 33. 1983, May 25--10th of Ramadan; Nile steamer caught fire and sank in L. Nassar; 357. 1986, Aug. 31--Admiral Nakhimov; Soviet passenger ship and Pyotr Vasev, Soviet freighter, collided in the Black Sea; 398. 1987, Mar. 6--British ferry capsized off Zeebrugge, Belgium; 188. 1987, Dec. 20--Philippine ferry Dona Paz and oil tanker Victor collided in the Tablas Strait; 3,000+. 1988, Aug. 6--Indian ferry capsized on Ganges R.; 400+. 1989, Apr. 7--Soviet submarine caught fire and sank off Norway; 42. 1989, Apr. 19--USS Iowa; U.S. battleship; explosion in gun turret; 47. 1989, Aug. 20--British barge Bowbelle struck British pleasure cruiser Marchioness on Thames R. in central London; 56. 1989, Sept. 10--Romanian pleasure boat and Bulgarian barge collided on Danube R.; 161. Major Earthquakes 露컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Date Date Place Deaths Mag. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 526 May 20 Syria, Antioch 250,000 N.A. 856 . . . Greece, Corinth 45,000 " 1057 . . . China, Chihli 25,000 " 1268 . . . Asia Minor, Cilicia 60,000 " 1290 Sept. 27 China, Chihli 100,000 " 1293 May 20 Japan, Kamakura 30,000 " 1531 Jan. 26 Portugal, Lisbon 30,000 " 1556 Jan. 24 China, Shaanxi 830,000 " 1667 Nov. Caucasia, Shemaka 80,000 " 1693 Jan. 11 Italy, Catania 60,000 " 1730 Dec. 30 Japan, Hokkaido 137,000 " 1737 Oct. 11 India, Calcutta 300,000 " Date Date Place Deaths Mag. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1737 Oct. 11 India, Calcutta 300,000 " 1755 June 7 Northern Persia 40,000 " 1755 Nov. 1 Portugal, Lisbon 60,000 8.75* 1783 Feb. 4 Italy, Calabria 30,000 N.A. 1797 Feb. 4 Ecuador, Quito 41,000 " 1811-12 1811-12 New Madrid, Mo. (series) -- 8.7* 1822 Sept. 5 Asia Minor, Aleppo 22,000 " 1828 Dec. 28 Japan, Echigo 30,000 " 1868 Aug. 13-15 Peru and Ecuador 40,000 " 1875 May 16 Venezuela, Colombia 16,000 " 1886 Aug. 31 Charleston, S.C. 60 6.6 1896 June 15 Japan, sea wave 27,120 N.A. 1906 Apr. 18-19 San Francisco, Cal. 503 8.3 1906 Aug. 16 Chile, Valparaiso 20,000 8.6 1908 Dec. 28 Italy, Messina 83,000 7.5 1915 Jan. 13 Italy, Avezzano 29,980 7.5 1920 Dec. 16 China, Gansu 100,000 8.6 1923 Sept. 1 Japan, Yokohama 200,000 8.3 1927 May 22 China, Nan-Shan 200,000 8.3 Date Date Place Deaths Mag. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1927 May 22 China, Nan-Shan 200,000 8.3 1932 Dec. 26 China, Gansu 70,000 7.6 1933 Mar. 2 Japan 2,990 8.9 1933 Mar. 10 Long Beach, Cal. 115 6.2 1934 Jan. 15 India, Bihar-Nepal 10,700 8.4 1935 May 31 India, Quetta 50,000 7.5 1939 Jan. 24 Chile, Chillan 28,000 8.3 1939 Dec. 26 Turkey, Erzincan 30,000 7.9 1946 Dec. 21 Japan, Honshu 2,000 8.4 1948 June 28 Japan, Fukui 5,131 7.3 1949 Aug. 5 Ecuador, Pelileo 6,000 6.8 1950 Aug. 15 India, Assam 1,530 8.7 1953 Mar. 18 NW Turkey 1,200 7.2 1956 June 10-17 N. Afghanistan 2,000 7.7 1957 July 2 Northern Iran 2,500 7.4 1957 Dec. 13 Western Iran 2,000 7.1 1960 Feb. 29 Morocco, Agadir 12,000 5.8 1960 May 21-30 Southern Chile 5,000 8.3 1962 Sept. 1 Northwestern Iran 12,230 7.1 Date Date Place Deaths Mag. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1962 Sept. 1 Northwestern Iran 12,230 7.1 1963 July 26 Yugoslavia, Skopje 1,100 6.0 1964 Mar. 27 Alaska 131 8.4 1966 Aug. 19 Eastern Turkey 2,520 6.9 1968 Aug. 31 Northeastern Iran 12,000 7.4 1970 Jan. 5 Yunnan Province, China 10,000 7.7 1970 Mar. 28 Western Turkey 1,086 7.4 1970 May 31 Northern Peru 66,794 7.7 1971 Feb. 9 San Fernando Valley, Cal. 65 6.6 1972 Apr. 10 Southern Iran 5,057 6.9 1972 Dec. 23 Nicaragua 5,000 6.2 1974 Dec. 28 Pakistan (9 towns) 5,200 6.3 1975 Sept. 6 Turkey (Lice, etc.) 2,312 6.8 1976 Feb. 4 Guatemala 22,778 7.5 1976 May 6 Northeast Italy 946 6.5 1976 June 26 New Guinea, Irian Jaya 443 7.1 1976 July 28 China, Tangshan 242,000 8.2 1976 Aug. 17 Philippines, Mindanao 8,000 7.8 1976 Nov. 24 E. Turkey 4,000 7.9 Date Date Place Deaths Mag. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1976 Nov. 24 E. Turkey 4,000 7.9 1977 Mar. 4 Romania 1,541 7.5 1977 Aug. 19 Indonesia 200 8.0 1977 Nov. 23 Northwestern Argentina 100 8.2 1978 June 12 Japan, Sendai 21 7.5 1978 Sept. 16 Northeast Iran 25,000 7.7 1979 Sept. 12 Indonesia 100 8.1 1979 Dec. 12 Colombia, Ecuador 800 7.9 1980 Oct. 10 Northwestern Algeria 4,500 7.3 1980 Nov. 23 Southern Italy 4,800 7.2 1982 Dec. 13 North Yemen 2,800 6.0 1983 Mar. 31 Southern Colombia 250 5.5 1983 May 26 N. Honshu, Japan 81 7.7 1983 Oct. 30 Eastern Turkey 1,300 7.1 1985 Mar. 3 Chile 146 7.8 1985 Sept. 19, 21 Mexico City 4,200+ 8.1 1987 Mar. 5-6 NE Ecuador 4,000+ 7.3 1988 Aug. 20 India/Nepal border 1,000+ 6.5 1988 Nov. 6 China/Burma border 1,000 7.3 Date Date Place Deaths Mag. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1988 Nov. 6 China/Burma border 1,000 7.3 1988 Dec. 7 NW Armenia 55,000+ 6.8 1989 Oct. 17 San Francisco Bay area 62 6.9 1990 May 30 N. Peru 115 6.3 1990 May 30 Romania 8 6.5 1990 June 21 NW Iran 40,000+ 7.7 Magnitude of earthquakes (Mag.), distinct from deaths or damage caused,is measured on the Richter scale, on which each higher number represents atenfold increase in energy measured in ground motion. Adopted in 1935, thescale has been applied in the following table to earthquakes as far back asreliable seismograms are available. *estimated from earthquake intensity. N.A. not available. Some Recent Earthquakes Global Volcanism Network, Smithsonian Institution 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Date Place Magnitude 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 June 20, 1990 NW Iran 7.7 May 30 N. Peru 6.3 May 30 Romania 6.5 Mar. 25 Costa Rica 7.1 Feb. 28 S. California 5.5 Feb. 20 Japan 6.5 Feb. 19 Vanuatu 6.8 Feb. 19 New Zealand 6.3 Feb. 8 Philippines 6.6 Jan. 16 N. California 5.5 Dec. 30, 1989 Bismarck Sea 6.7 Dec. 27 Australia 5.4 Dec. 15 Philippines 7.3 Nov. 20 SW China 5.1 Nov. 1 Off Japan coast 7.3 Date Place Magnitude 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Nov. 1 Off Japan coast 7.3 Oct. 29 Algeria 6.0 Oct. 18 NE China 5.3 Oct. 18 San Francisco Bay area 6.9 Oct. 7 Aleutian Islands 6.7 Sept. 22 W. China 6.2 Sept. 4 Indonesia 6.1 Aug. 20 Ethiopia 6.3 May 23 Macquarie Island 8.3 Apr. 25 Mexico 6.8 Attached is a list of recent earthquakes. Magnitude of earthquakes ismeasured on the Richter scale, on which each higher number represents atenfold increase in energy measured in ground motion. A quake is consideredsignificant if it has a magnitude of 6.5 on the Richter scale or if itcauses casualities or considerable damage. Some Notable Tornadoes In U.S. Since 1925 露컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Date Date Date Place Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1925 Mar. 18 Mo., Ill. Ind. 689 1927 Apr. 12 Rock Springs, Tex. 74 1927 May 9 Arkansas, Poplar Bluff, Mo. 92 1927 Sept. 29 St. Louis, Mo. 90 1930 May 6 Hill, Navarro, Ellis Co., Tex. 41 1932 Mar. 21 Ala. (series of tornadoes) 268 1936 Apr. 5 Miss., Ga. 455 1936 Apr. 6 Gainesville, Ga. 203 1938 Sept. 29 Charleston, S.C. 32 1942 Mar. 16 Central to NE Miss. 75 1942 Apr. 27 Rogers & Mayes Co., Okla. 52 1944 June 23 Oh., Pa., W. Va., Md. 150 1945 Apr. 12 Okla.-Ark. 102 Date Date Date Place Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1945 Apr. 12 Okla.-Ark. 102 1947 Apr. 9 Tex., Okla. & Kan. 169 1948 Mar. 19 Bunker Hill & Gillespie, Ill. 33 1949 Jan. 3 La. & Ark. 58 1952 Mar. 21 Ark., Mo., Tenn. (series) 208 1953 May 11 Waco, Tex. 114 1953 June 8 Mich., Oh. 142 1953 June 9 Worcester and vicinity, Mass. 90 1953 Dec. 5 Vicksburg, Miss. 38 1955 May 25 Kan., Mo., Okla., Tex. 115 1957 May 20 Kan., Mo. 48 1958 June 4 Northwestern Wisconsin 30 1959 Feb. 10 St. Louis, Mo. 21 1960 May 5, 6 SE Oklahoma, Arkansas 30 1965 Apr. 11 Ind., Ill., Oh., Mich., Wis. 271 1966 Mar. 3 Jackson, Miss. 57 1966 Mar. 3 Mississippi, Alabama 61 1967 Apr. 21 Ill., Mich. 33 1968 May 15 Midwest 71 Date Date Date Place Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1968 May 15 Midwest 71 1969 Jan. 23 Mississippi 32 1971 Feb. 21 Mississippi delta 110 1973 May 26-27 South, Midwest (series) 47 1974 Apr. 3-4 Ala., Ga., Tenn., Ky., Oh. 350 1977 Apr. 4 Ala., Miss., Ga. 22 1979 Apr. 10 Tex., Okla. 60 1980 June 3 Grand Island, Neb. (series) 4 1982 Mar. 2-4 South, Midwest (series) 17 1982 May 29 So. Ill. 10 1983 May 18-22 Tex. 12 1984 Mar. 28 N. Carolina; S. Carolina 67 1984 Apr. 21-22 Mississippi 15 1984 Apr. 26 Series Okla to Minn. 17 1985 May 31 N.Y., Pa., Oh., Ont. (series) 90 1987 May 22 Saragosa, Tex. 29 1990 June 2-3 Midwest, Great Lakes 13 Hurricanes, Typhoons, Blizzards, Other Storms Names of hurricanes and typhoons in italics--H.--hurricane; T.--typhoon 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1888 Mar. 11-14 Blizzard, Eastern U.S. 400 1900 Aug.-Sept. H., Galveston, Tex. 6,000 1906 Sept. 21 H., La., Miss. 350 1906 Sept. 18 Typhoon, Hong Kong 10,000 1926 Sept. 11-22 H., Fla., Ala. 243 1926 Oct. 20 H., Cuba 600 1928 Sept. 6-20 H., So. Fla. 1,836 1930 Sept. 3 H., Dominican Rep. 2,000 1938 Sept. 21 H., Long, Island N.Y., New England 600 1940 Nov. 11-12 Blizzard, U.S. NE, Midwest 144 1942 Oct. 15-16 H., Bengal, India 40,000 Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1942 Oct. 15-16 H., Bengal, India 40,000 1944 Sept. 9-16 H., N.C. to New Eng. 46 1952 Oct. 22 Typhoon, Philippines 0,300 1954 Aug. 30 H. Carol, Northeast U.S. 68 1954 Oct. 5-18 H. Hazel, Eastern, U.S., Haiti 347 1955 Aug. 12-13 H. Connie, Carolinas, Va., Md. 43 1955 Aug. 7-21 H. Diane, Eastern U.S. 400 1955 Sept. 19 H. Hilda, Mexico 200 1955 Sept. 22-28 H. Janet, Caribbean 500 1956 Feb. 1-29 Blizzard, Western Europe 1,000 1957 June 25-30 H. Audrey, Tex. to Ala. 390 1958 Feb. 15-16 Blizzard, NE U.S. 171 1959 Sept. 17-19 T. Sarah, Japan, S. Korea 2,000 1959 Sept. 26-27 T. Vera, Honshu, Japan 4,466 1960 Sept. 4-12 H. Donna, Caribbean, E. U.S. 148 1961 Sept. 11-14 H. Carla, Tex. 46 1961 Oct. 31 H. Hattie, Br. Honduras 400 1963 May 28-29 Windstorm, Bangladesh 22,000 1963 Oct. 4-8 H. Flora, Caribbean 6,000 Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1963 Oct. 4-8 H. Flora, Caribbean 6,000 1964 Oct. 4-7 H. Hilda, La., Miss., Ga. 38 1964 June 30 T. Winnie, N. Philippines 107 1964 Sept. 5 T. Ruby, Hong Kong and China 735 1965 May 11-12 Windstorm, Bangladesh 17,000 1965 June 1-2 Windstorm, Bangladesh 30,000 1965 Sept. 7-12 H. Betsy, Fla., Miss., La. 74 1965 Dec. 15 Windstorm, Bangladesh 10,000 1966 June 4-10 H. Alma, Honduras, SE U.S. 51 1966 Sept. 24-30 H. Inez, Carib., Fla., Mex. 293 1967 July 9 T. Billie, SW Japan 347 1967 Sept. 5-23 H. Beulah, Carib., Mex., Tex. 54 1967 Dec. 12-20 Blizzard, Southwest, U.S. 51 1968 Nov. 18-28 T. Nina, Philippines 63 1969 Aug. 17-18 H. Camille, Miss., La. 256 1970 July 30-Aug. 5 H. Celia, Cuba, Fla., Tex. 31 1970 Aug. 20-21 H. Dorothy, Martinique 42 1970 Sept. 15 T. Georgia, Philippines 300 1970 Oct. 14 T. Sening, Philippines 583 Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1970 Oct. 14 T. Sening, Philippines 583 1970 Oct. 15 T. Titang, Philippines 526 1970 Nov. 13 Cyclone, Bangladesh 300,000 1971 Aug. 1 T. Rose, Hong Kong 130 1972 June 19-29 H. Agnes, Fla. to N.Y. 118 1972 Dec. 3 T. Theresa, Philippines 169 1973 June-Aug. Monsoon rains in India 1,217 1974 June 11 Storm Dinah, Luzon Is., Philip. 71 1974 July 11 T. Gilda, Japan, S. Korea 108 1974 Sept. 19-20 H. Fifi, Honduras 2,000 1974 Dec. 25 Cyclone leveled Darwin, Aus. 50 1975 Sept. 13-27 H. Eloise, Caribbean, NE U.S. 71 1976 May 20 T. Olga, floods, Philippines 215 1977 July 25, 31 T. Thelma, T. Vera, Taiwan 39 1978 Oct. 27 T. Rita, Philippines c. 400 1979 Aug. 30-Sept. 7 H. David, Caribbean, East. U.S. 1,100 1980 Aug. 4-11 H. Allen, Caribbean, Texas 272 1981 Nov. 25 T. Irma, Luzon Is., Philippines 176 1983 June Monsoon rains in India 900 Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1983 June Monsoon rains in India 900 1983 Aug. 18 H. Alicia, southern Texas 17 1984 Sept. 2 T. Ike, southern Philippines 1,363 1985 May 25 Cyclone, Bangladesh 10,000 1985 Oct. 26-Nov. 6 H. Juan, SE U.S. 97 1987 Nov. 25 T. Nina, Philippines 650 1989 Sept. 16-22 H. Hugo, Caribbean, SE U.S. 504 1990 May 6-11 Cyclone, SE India 450 Floods, Tidal Waves 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴� Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1228 . . . Holland 100,000 1642 . . . China 300,000 1887 . . . Huang He River, China 900,000 1889 May 31 Johnstown, Pa. 2,200 1900 Sept. 8 Galveston, Tex. 5,000 1903 June 15 Heppner, Ore. 325 1911 . . . Chang Jiang River, China 100,000 1913 Mar. 25-27 Ohio, Indiana 732 1915 Aug. 17 Galveston, Tex. 275 1928 Mar. 13 Collapse of St. Francis Dam, Saugus, Cal. 450 1928 Sept. 13 Lake Okeechobee, Fla. 2,000 1931 Aug. Huang He River, China 3,700,000 1937 Jan. 22 Ohio, Miss. Valleys 250 1939 . . . Northern China 200,000 1946 Apr. 1 Hawaii, Alaska 159 1947 . . . Honshu Island, Japan 1,900 1951 Aug. Manchuria 1,800 1953 Jan. 31 Western Europe 2,000 1954 Aug. 17 Farahzad, Iran 2,000 Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1954 Aug. 17 Farahzad, Iran 2,000 1955 Oct. 7-12 India, Pakistan 1,700 1959 Nov. 1 Western Mexico 2,000 1959 Dec. 2 Frejus, France 412 1960 Oct. 10 Bangladesh 6,000 1960 Oct. 31 Bangladesh 4,000 1962 Feb. 17 German North Sea coast 343 1962 Sept. 27 Barcelona, Spain 445 1963 Oct. 9 Dam collapse, Vaiont, Italy 1,800 1966 Nov. 3-4 Florence, Venice, Italy 113 1967 Jan. 18-24 Eastern Brazil 894 1967 Mar. 19 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 436 1967 Nov. 26 Lisbon, Portugal 464 1968 Aug. 7-14 Gujarat State, India 1,000 1968 Oct. 7 Northeastern India 780 1969 Jan. 18-26 So. Cal. 100 1969 Mar. 17 Mundau Valley, Alagoas, Brazil 218 1969 Aug. 20-22 Western Virginia 189 1969 Sept. 15 South Korea 250 Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1969 Sept. 15 South Korea 250 1969 Oct. 1-8 Tunisia 500 1970 May 20 Central Romania 160 1970 July 22 Himalayas, India 500 1971 Feb. 26 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 130 1972 Feb. 26 Buffalo Creek, W. Va. 118 1972 June 9 Rapid City, S.D. 236 1972 Aug. 7 Luzon Is., Philippines 454 1973 Aug. 19-31 Pakistan 1,500 1974 Mar. 29 Tubaro, Brazil 1,000 1974 Aug. 12 Monty-Long, Bangladesh 2,500 1976 June 5 Teton Dam collapse, Ida. 11 1976 July 31 Big Thompson Canyon, Col. 139 1976 Nov. 17 East Java, Indonesia 136 1977 July 19-20 Johnstown, Pa. 68 1978 June-Sept. Northern India 1,200 1979 Jan.-Feb. Brazil 204 1979 July 17 Lomblem Is., Indonesia 539 1979 Aug. 11 Morvi, India 5,000-15,000 Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1979 Aug. 11 Morvi, India 5,000-15,000 1980 Feb. 13-22 So. Cal., Ariz. 26 1981 Apr. Northern China 550 1981 July Sichuan, Hubei Prov., China 1,300 1982 Jan. 23 Nr. Lima, Peru 600 1982 May 12 Guangdong, China 430 1982 June 6 So. Conn. 12 1982 Sept. 17-21 El Salvador, Guatemala 1,300+ 1982 Dec. 2-9 Ill., Mo., Ark. 22 1983 Feb.-Mar. Cal. coast 13 1983 Apr. 6-12 Ala., La., Miss., Tenn. 15 1984 May 27 Tulsa, Okla. 13 1984 Aug-Sept. S. Korea 200+ 1985 July 19 Northern Italy, dam burst 361 1987 Aug.-Sept. Northern Bangladesh 1,000+ 1988 Sept. Northern India 1,000+ 1990 June 14 Shadyside, Oh. 22 Fires 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Date Date Date Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1835 Dec. 16 New York City, 500 bldgs. destroyed 1845 May May Canton, China, theater 1871 Oct. 8 Chicago, $196 million loss 1871 Oct. 8 Peshtigo, Wis., forest fire 1872 Nov. 9 Boston, 800 bldgs. destroyed 1876 Dec. 5 Brooklyn (N.Y.), theater 1877 June 20 St. John, N. B., Canada 1881 Dec. 8 Ring Theater, Vienna 1887 May 25 Opera Comique, Paris 1887 Sept. 4 Exeter, England, theater 1894 Sept. 1 Minn., forest fire 1897 May 4 Paris, charity bazaar Date Date Date Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1897 May 4 Paris, charity bazaar 1900 June 30 Hoboken, N.J., docks 1902 Sept. 20 Birmingham, Ala., church 1903 Dec. 30 Iroquois Theater, Chicago 1908 Jan. 13 Rhoads Theater, Boyertown, Pa. 1908 Mar. 4 Collinwood, Oh., school 1911 Mar. 25 Triangle factory, N. Y. City 1913 Oct. 14 Mid Glamorgan, Wales, colliery 1918 Apr. 13 Norman Okla., state hospital 1918 Oct. 12 Cloquet, Minn., forest fire 1919 June 20 Mayaguez Theater, San Juan 1923 May 17 Camden, S. C., school 1924 Dec. 24 Hobart, Okla., school 1929 May 15 Cleveland, Oh., clinic 1930 Apr. 21 Columbus, Oh., penitentiary 1931 July 24 Pittsburgh, Pa., home for aged 1934 Dec. 11 Hotel Kerns, Lansing, Mich. 1938 May 16 Atlanta, Ga., Terminal Hotel 1940 Apr. 23 Natchez, Miss., dance hall Date Date Date Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1940 Apr. 23 Natchez, Miss., dance hall 1942 Nov. 28 Cocoanut Grove, Boston 1942 1942 1942 St. John's, Newfoundland, hostel 1943 Sept. 7 Gulf Hotel, Houston 1944 July 6 Ringling Circus, Hartford 1946 June 5 LaSalle Hotel, Chicago 1946 Dec. 7 Winecoff Hotel, Atlanta 1946 Dec. 12 New York, ice plant, tenement 1949 Apr. 5 Effingham, Ill., hospital 1950 Jan. 7 Davenport, Ia., Mercy Hospital 1953 Mar. 29 Largo, Fla., nursing home 1953 Apr. 16 Chicago, metalworking plant 1957 Feb. 17 Warrenton, Mo., home for aged 1958 Mar. 19 New York City, loft building 1958 Dec. 1 Chicago, parochial school 1958 Dec. 16 Bogota, Colombia, store 1959 June 23 Stalheim, Norway, resort hotel 1960 Mar. 12 Pusan, Korea, chemical plant 1960 July 14 Guatemala City, mental hospital Date Date Date Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1960 July 14 Guatemala City, mental hospital 1960 Nov. 13 Amude, Syria, movie theater 1961 Jan. 6 Thomas Hotel, San Francisco 1961 Dec. 8 Hartford, Conn., hospital 1961 Dec. 17 Niteroi, Brazil, circus 1963 May 4 Diourbel, Senegal, theater 1963 Nov. 18 Surfside Hotel, Atlantic City, N.J. 1963 Nov. 23 Fitchville, Oh., rest home 1963 Dec. 29 Roosevelt Hotel, Jacksonville, Fla. 1964 May 8 Manila, apartment bldg 1964 Dec. 18 Fountaintown, Ind., nursing home 1965 Mar. 1 LaSalle, Canada, apartment 1966 Mar. 11 Numata, Japan, 2 ski resorts 1966 Aug. 13 Melbourne, Australia, hotel 1966 Sept. 12 Anchorage, Alaska, hotel 1966 Oct. 17 N.Y. City bldg. (firemen) 1966 Dec. 7 Erzurum, Turkey, barracks 1967 Feb. 7 Montgomery, Ala., restaurant 1967 May 22 Brussels, Belgium, store Date Date Date Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1967 May 22 Brussels, Belgium, store 1967 July 16 Jay, Fla., state prison 1968 Feb. 26 Shrewsbury, England, hospital 1968 May 11 Vijayawada, India, wedding hall 1968 Nov. 18 Glasgow, Scotland, factory 1969 Jan. 26 Victoria Hotel, Dunnville, Ont. 1969 Dec. 2 Notre Dame, Can., nursing home 1970 Jan. 9 Marietta, Oh., nursing home 1970 Mar. 20 Seattle, Wash., hotel 1970 Nov. 1 Grenoble, France, dance hall 1970 Dec. 20 Tucson, Arizona, hotel 1971 Mar. 6 Burghoezli, Switzerland, psychiatric clinic 1971 Apr. 20 Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand 1971 Oct. 19 Honesdale, Pa., nursing home 1971 Dec. 25 Hotel, Seoul, So. Korea 1972 May 13 Osaka, Japan, nightclub 1972 July 5 Sherborne, England, hospital 1973 Feb. 6 Paris, France, school 1973 Nov. 6 Fukui, Japan, train Date Date Date Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1973 Nov. 6 Fukui, Japan, train 1973 Nov. 29 Kumamoto, Japan, department store 1973 Dec. 2 Seoul, Korea, theater 1974 Feb. 1 Sao Paulo, Brazil, bank building 1974 June 30 Port Chester, N.Y., discotheque 1974 Nov. 3 Seoul, So. Korea, hotel discotheque 1975 Dec. 12 Mina, Saudi Arabia, tent city 1976 Oct. 24 Bronx, N.Y., social club 1977 Feb. 25 Moscow, Rossiya hotel 1977 May 28 Southgate, Ky., nightclub 1977 June 9 Abidjan, Ivory Coast, nightclub 1977 June 26 Columbia, Tenn., jail 1977 Nov. 14 Manila, PI, hotel 1978 Jan. 28 Kansas City, Coates House Hotel 1979 July 14 Saragossa, Spain, hotel 1979 Dec. 31 Chapais, Quebec, social club 1980 May 20 Kingston, Jamaica, nursing home 1980 Nov. 21 MGM Grand Hotel, Las Vegas 1980 Dec. 4 Stouffer Inn, Harrison, N.Y. Date Date Date Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1980 Dec. 4 Stouffer Inn, Harrison, N.Y. 1981 Jan. 9 Keansburg, N.J., boarding home 1981 Feb. 10 Las Vegas Hilton 1981 Feb. 14 Dublin, Ireland, discotheque 1982 Sept. 4 Los Angeles, apartment house 1982 Nov. 8 Biloxi, Miss., county jail 1983 Feb. 13 Turin, Italy, movie theater 1983 Dec. 17 Madrid, Spain, discotheque 1984 May 11 Great Adventure Amusement Park, N.J. 1985 Apr. 21 Tabaco, Philippines, movie theater 1985 Apr. 26 Buenos Aires, Argentina hospital 1985 May 11 Bradford, England, soccer stadium 1986 Dec. 31 Puerto Rico, Dupont Plaza Hotel 1987 May 6-June 2 May 6-June 2 Northern China forest fire 1987 Nov. 17 London, England subway 1990 Mar. 25 N.Y. City social club Explosions 露컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴� Date Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1910 Oct. 1 Los Angeles Times Bldg., 21 1913 Mar. 7 Dynamite, Baltimore harbor 55 1915 Sept. 27 Gasoline tank car, Ardmore, Okla. 47 1917 Apr. 10 Munitions plant, Eddystone, Pa. 133 1917 Dec. 6 Halifax Harbor, Canada 1,654 1918 May 18 Chemical plant, Oakdale, Pa. 193 1918 July 2 Explosives, Split Rock, N.Y. 50 1918 Oct. 4 Shell plant, Morgan Station, N.J. 64 1919 May 22 Food plant, Cedar Rapids, Ia. 44 1920 Sept. 16 Wall Street, New York, bomb 30 1924 Jan. 3 Food plant, Pekin, Ill. 42 1928 April 13 Dance hall, West Plains, Mo. 40 1937 Mar. 18 New London, Tex., school 413 Date Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1937 Mar. 18 New London, Tex., school 413 1940 Sept. 12 Hercules Powder, Kenvil, N.J. 55 1942 June 5 Ordnance plant, Elwood, Ill. 49 1944 Apr. 14 Bombay, India, harbor 700 1944 July 17 Port Chicago, Cal., pier 322 1944 Oct. 21 Liquid gas tank, Cleveland 135 1947 Apr. 16 Texas City, Tex., pier 561 1948 July 28 Farben works, Ludwigshafen, Ger. 184 1950 May 19 Munitions barges, S. Amboy, N.J. 30 1956 Aug. 7 Dynamite trucks, Cali, Colombia 1,100 1958 Apr. 18 Sunken munitions ship, Okinawa 40 1958 May 22 Nike missiles, Leonardo, N.J. 10 1959 Apr. 10 World War II bomb, Philippines 38 1959 June 28 Rail tank cars, Meldrin, Ga. 25 1959 Aug. 7 Dynamite truck, Roseburg, Ore. 13 1959 Nov. 2 Jamuri Bazar, India, explosives 46 1959 Dec. 13 Dortmund, Ger., 2 apt. bldgs. 26 1960 Mar. 4 Belgian munitions ship, Havana 100 1960 Oct. 25 Gas, Windsor, Ont., store 11 Date Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1960 Oct. 25 Gas, Windsor, Ont., store 11 1962 Jan. 16 Gas pipeline, Edson, Alberta, Canada 8 1962 Oct. 3 Telephone Co. office, N.Y. City 23 1963 Jan. 2 Packing plant, Terre Haute, Ind. 16 1963 Mar. 9 Dynamite plant, S. Africa 45 1963 Aug. 13 Explosives dump, Gauhiti, India 32 1963 Oct. 31 State Fair Coliseum, Indianapolis 73 1964 July 23 Bone, Algeria, harbor munitions 100 1965 Mar. 4 Gas pipeline, Natchitoches, La. 17 1965 Aug. 9 Missile silo, Searcy, Ark. 53 1965 Oct. 21 Bridge, Tila Bund, Pakistan 80 1965 Oct. 30 Cartagena, Colombia 48 1965 Nov. 24 Armory, Keokuk, Ia. 20 1966 Oct. 13 Chemical plant, La Salle, Que. 11 1967 Feb. 17 Chemical plant, Hawthorne, N.J. 11 1967 Dec. 25 Apartment bldg., Moscow 20 1968 Apr. 6 Sports store, Richmond, Ind. 43 1970 Apr. 8 Subway construction, Osaka, Japan 73 1971 June 24 Tunnel, Sylmar, Cal. 17 Date Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1971 June 24 Tunnel, Sylmar, Cal. 17 1971 June 28 School, fireworks, Pueblo, Mex. 13 1971 Oct. 21 Shopping center, Glasgow, Scot. 20 1973 Feb. 10 Liquified gas tank, Staten Is., N.Y. 40 1975 Dec. 27 Chasnala, India, mine 431 1976 Apr. 13 Lapua, Finland, munitions works 45 1977 Nov. 11 Freight train, Iri, S. Korea 57 1977 Dec. 22 Grain elevator, Westwego, La. 35 1978 Feb. 24 Derailed tank car, Waverly, Tenn. 12 1978 July 11 Propylene tank truck, Spanish coastal campsite 150 1980 Oct. 23 School, Ortuella, Spain 64 1981 Feb. 13 Sewer system, Louisville, Ky. 0 1982 Apr. 7 Tanker truck, tunnel, Oakland, Cal. 7 1982 Apr. 25 Antiques exhibition, Todi, Italy 33 1982 Nov. 2 Salang Tunnel, Afghanistan 1,000-3,00 1984 Feb. 25 Oil pipeline, Cubatao, Brazil 508 1984 June 21 Naval supply depot, Severomorsk, USSR 200+ 1984 Nov. 19 Gas storage area, NE Mexico City 334 1984 Dec. 5 Coal mine, Taipei, Taiwan 94 Date Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1984 Dec. 5 Coal mine, Taipei, Taiwan 94 1985 June 25 Fireworks factory, Hallett, Okla. 21 1988 July 6 Oil rig, North Sea 167 1989 June 3 Gas pipeline, between Ufa, Asha, USSR 650+ Notable Nuclear Accidents Oct. 7, 1957 -- A fire in the Windscale plutonium production reactor north of Liverpool, England spread radioactive material throughout the countryside. In 1983, the British government said that 39 people probably died of cancer as a result. 1957 -- A chemical explosion in Kasli, USSR, in tanks containing nuclear waste, spread radioactive material and forced a major evacuation. Jan. 3, 1961 -- An experimental reactor at a federal installation near Idaho Falls, Id. killed three workers--the only deaths in U.S. reactor operations. The plant had high radiation levels but damage was contained. Oct. 5, 1966 -- A sodium cooling system malfunction caused a partial core meltdown at the Enrico Fermi demonstration breeder reactor near Detroit, Mich. Radiation was contained. Jan. 21, 1969 -- A coolant malfunction from an experimental underground reactor at Lucens Vad, Switzerland resulted in the release of a large amount of radiation into a cavern, which was then sealed. Nov. 19, 1971 -- The water-storage space at the Northern States Power Co.'s reactor in Monticello, Minn. filled to capacity and spilled over, dumping about 50,000 gallons of radioactive waste water into the Mississippi River. Some was taken into the St. Paul water system. Mar. 22, 1975 -- A technician checking for air leaks with a lighted candle caused a $100 million fire at the Brown's Ferry reactor in Decatur, Ala. The fire burned out electrical controls, lowering the cooling water to dangerous levels. Mar. 28, 1979 -- The worst commercial nuclear accident in the U.S. occured as equipment failures and human mistakes led to a loss of coolant, and partial core meltdown at the Three Mile Island reactor in Middletown, Pa. Aug. 7, 1979 -- Highly enriched uranium was released from a top-secret nuclear fuel plant near Erwin, Tenn. About 1,000 people were contaminated with up to 5 times as much radiation as would normally be received in a year. Feb. 11, 1981 -- Eight workers were contaminated when over 100,000 gallons of radioactive coolant leaked into the containment building of the TVA's Sequoyah 1 plant in Tennessee. Apr. 25, 1981 -- Some 100 workers were exposed to radioactive material during repairs of a nuclear plant at Tsuruga, Japan. Jan. 25, 1982 -- A steam-generator pipe broke at the Rochester Gas & Electric Co's Ginna plant near Rochester, N.Y. Small amounts of radioactive steam escaped into the air. Jan. 6, 1986 -- A cylinder of nuclear material burst after being improperly heated at a Kerr-McGee plant at Gore, Okla. One worker died and 100 were hospitalized. Apr., 1986 -- A serious accident at the Chernobyl nuclear plant about 60 miles from Kiev in the Soviet Union spewed clouds of radiation that spread over several European nations. Some Notable Aircraft Disasters Since 1937 露컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Date Date Date Aircraft 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1937 May 6 German zeppelin Hindenburg 1944 Aug. 23 U.S. Air Force B-24 1945 July 28 U.S. Army B-25 Date Date Date Aircraft 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1947 May 30 Eastern Air Lines DC-4 1952 Dec. 20 U.S. Air Force C-124 1953 Mar. 3 Canadian Pacific Comet Jet 1953 June 18 U.S. Air Force C-124 1955 Nov. 1 United Air Lines DC-6B 1956 June 20 Venezuelan Super-Constellation 1956 June 30 TWA Super-Const., United DC-7 1960 Dec. 16 United DC-8 jet, TWA Super-Const. 1962 Mar. 16 Flying Tiger Super-Const. Date Date Date Aircraft 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1962 June 3 Air France Boeing 707 jet 1962 June 22 Air France Boeing 707 jet 1963 June 3 Chartered Northw. Airlines DC-7 1963 Nov. 29 Trans-Canada Airlines DC-8F 1965 May 20 Pakistani Boeing 720-B 1966 Jan. 24 Air India Boeing 707 jetliner 1966 Feb. 4 All-Nippon Boeing 727 1966 Mar. 5 BOAC Boeing 707 jetliner 1966 Dec. 24 U.S. military-chartered CL-44 Date Date Date Aircraft 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1967 Apr. 20 Swiss Britannia turboprop 1967 July 19 Piedmont Boeing 727, Cessna 310 1968 Apr. 20 S. African Airways Boeing 707 1968 May 3 Braniff International Electra 1969 Mar. 16 Venezuelan DC-9 1969 Dec. 8 Olympia Airways DC-6B 1970 Feb. 15 Dominican DC-9 1970 July 3 British chartered jetliner 1970 July 5 Air Canada DC-8 Date Date Date Aircraft 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1970 Aug. 9 Peruvian turbojet 1970 Nov. 14 Southern Airways DC-9 1971 July 30 All-Nippon Boeing 727 and Japanese Air Force F-86 1971 Sept. 4 Alaska Airlines Boeing 727 1972 Aug. 14 E. German Ilyushin-62 1972 Oct. 13 Aeroflot Ilyushin-62 1972 Dec. 3 Chartered Spanish airliner 1972 Dec. 29 Eastern Airlines Lockheed Tristar 1973 Jan. 22 Chartered Boeing 707 Date Date Date Aircraft 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1973 Feb. 21 Libyan jetliner 1973 Apr. 10 British Vanguard turboprop 1973 June 3 Soviet Supersonic TU-144 1973 July 11 Brazilian Boeing 707 1973 July 31 Delta Airlines jetliner 1973 Dec. 23 French Caravelle jet 1974 Mar. 3 Turkish DC-10 jet 1974 Apr. 23 Pan American 707 jet 1974 Dec. 1 TWA-727 Date Date Date Aircraft 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1974 Dec. 4 Dutch-chartered DC-8 1975 Apr. 4 Air Force Galaxy C-5B 1975 June 24 Eastern Airlines 727 jet 1975 Aug. 3 Chartered 707 1976 Sept. 10 British Airways Trident, Yugoslav DC-9 1976 Sept. 19 Turkish 727 1976 Oct. 13 Bolivian 707 cargo jet 1977 Jan. 13 Aeroflot TU-104 1977 Mar. 27 KLM 747, Pan American 747 Date Date Date Aircraft 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1977 Mar. 27 KLM 747, Pan American 747 1977 Nov. 19 TAP Boeing 727 1977 Dec. 4 Malaysian Boeing 737 1977 Dec. 13 U.S. DC-3 1978 Jan. 1 Air India 747 1978 Sept. 25 Boeing 727, Cessna 172 1978 Nov. 15 Chartered DC-8 1979 May 25 American Airlines DC-10 1979 Aug. 17 Two Soviet Aeroflot jetliners Date Date Date Aircraft 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1979 Oct. 31 Western Airlines DC-10 1979 Nov. 26 Pakistani Boeing 707 1979 Nov. 28 New Zealand DC-10 1980 Mar. 14 Polish Ilyushin 62 1980 Aug. 19 Saudi Arabian Tristar 1981 Dec. 1 Yugoslavian DC-9 1982 Jan. 13 Air Florida Boeing 737 1982 July 9 Pan-Am Boeing 727 1982 Sept. 11 U.S. Army CH-47 Chinook helicopter Date Date Date Aircraft 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1983 Sept. 1 S. Korean Boeing 747 1983 Nov. 27 Colombian Boeing 747 1985 Feb. 19 Spanish Boeing 727 1985 June 23 Air-India Boeing 747 1985 Aug. 2 Delta Air Lines jumbo jet 1985 Aug. 12 Japan Air Lines Boeing 747 1985 Dec. 12 Arrow Air DC 8 1986 Mar. 31 Mexican Boeing 727 1986 Aug. 31 Aeromexico DC-9 Date Date Date Aircraft 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1987 May 9 Ilyushin 62M 1987 Aug. 16 Northwest Airlines MD-82 1988 July 3 Iranian A300 Airbus 1988 Dec. 21 Pan Am Boeing 747 1989 Feb. 8 Boeing 707 1989 June 7 Suriname DC-8 1989 July 19 United Airlines DC-10 1989 Sept. 19 French DC-10 1 Including those on the ground and in buildings. 2 First fatal crash of commercial jetplane. 3 Caused by bomb planted by John G. Graham in insurance plot to kill his mother,a passenger. 4 Including all 128 aboard the planes and 6 on ground. 5 Killed 84 on plane and71 on ground. 6 Including 43 Marshall U. football players and coaches. 7 Airliner-fightercrash, pilot of fighter parachuted to safety, was arrested for negligence. 8 First supersonicplane crash killed 6 crewmen and 8 on the ground; there were no passengers. 9 Crew of 3 killed;97, mostly children, killed on ground. 10 Including U. of Evansville basketball team.11 Highest death toll in U.S. aviation history. 12 Including 22 members of U.S.boxing team. 13 Including 8 on ground. 14 Worst single-plane disaster. 15 Incl.248 members of U.S. 101st Airborne Division. 16 Incl. 15 on the ground. 17 Incl.11 on the ground. Major U.S. Railroad Wrecks 露컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Date Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1876 Dec. 29 Ashtabula, Oh. 92 1880 Aug. 11 Mays Landing, N.J. 40 1887 Aug. 10 Chatsworth, Ill. 81 1888 Oct. 10 Mud Run, Pa. 55 1896 July 30 Atlantic City, N.J. 60 1903 Dec. 23 Laurel Run, Pa. 53 1904 Aug. 7 Eden, Col. 96 1904 Sept. 24 New Market Tenn. 56 1906 Mar. 16 Florence, Col. 35 1906 Oct. 28 Atlantic City, N.J. 40 1906 Dec. 30 Washington, D.C. 53 1907 Jan. 2 Volland, Kan. 33 1907 Jan. 19 Fowler, Ind. 29 1907 Feb. 16 New York, N.Y. 22 1907 Feb. 23 Colton, Cal. 26 1907 July 20 Salem, Mich. 33 1910 Mar. 1 Wellington, Wash. 96 1910 Mar. 21 Green Mountain, Ia. 55 1911 Aug. 25 Manchester, N.Y. 29 Date Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1911 Aug. 25 Manchester, N.Y. 29 1912 July 4 East Corning, N.Y. 39 1912 July 5 Ligonier, Pa. 23 1914 Aug. 5 Tipton Ford, Mo. 43 1914 Sept. 15 Lebanon, Mo. 28 1916 Mar. 29 Amherst, Oh. 27 1917 Sept. 28 Kellyville, Okla. 23 1917 Dec. 20 Shepherdsville, Ky. 46 1918 June 22 Ivanhoe, Ind. 68 1918 July 9 Nashville, Tenn. 101 1918 Nov. 1 Brooklyn, N.Y. 97 1919 Jan. 12 South Byron, N.Y. 22 1919 July 1 Dunkirk, N.Y. 12 1919 Dec. 20 Onawa, Maine 23 1921 Feb. 27 Porter, Ind. 37 1921 Dec. 5 Woodmont, Pa. 27 1922 Aug. 5 Sulphur Spring, Mo. 34 1922 Dec. 13 Humble, Tex. 22 1923 Sept. 27 Lockett, Wy. 31 Date Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1923 Sept. 27 Lockett, Wy. 31 1925 June 16 Hackettstown, N.J. 50 1925 Oct. 27 Victoria, Miss. 21 1926 Sept. 5 Waco, Col. 30 1928 Aug. 24 I.R.T. subway, Times Sq., N.Y. 18 1938 June 19 Saugus, Mont. 47 1939 Aug. 12 Harney, Nev. 24 1940 Apr. 19 Little Falls, N.Y. 31 1940 July 31 Cuyahoga Falls, Oh. 43 1943 Aug. 29 Wayland, N.Y. 27 1943 Sept. 6 Frankford Junction, Philadelphia, Pa. 79 1943 Dec. 16 Between Rennert and Buie, N.C. 72 1944 July 6 High Bluff, Tenn. 35 1944 Aug. 4 Near Stockton, Ga. 47 1944 Sept. 14 Dewey, Ind. 29 1944 Dec. 31 Bagley, Utah 50 1945 Aug. 9 Michigan, N.D. 34 1946 Apr. 25 Naperville, Ill. 45 1947 Feb. 18 Gallitzin, Pa. 24 Date Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1947 Feb. 18 Gallitzin, Pa. 24 1950 Feb. 17 Rockville Centre, N.Y. 31 1950 Sept. 11 Coshocton, Oh. 33 1950 Nov. 22 Richmond Hill, N.Y. 79 1951 Feb. 6 Woodbridge, N.J. 84 1951 Nov. 12 Wyuta, Wyo. 17 1951 Nov. 25 Woodstock, Ala. 17 1953 Mar. 27 Conneaut, Oh. 21 1956 Jan. 22 Los Angeles, Cal. 30 1956 Feb. 28 Swampscott, Mass. 13 1956 Sept. 5 Springer, N.M. 20 1957 June 11 Vroman, Col. 12 1958 Sept. 15 Elizabethport, N.J. 48 1960 Mar. 14 Bakersfield, Cal. 14 1962 July 28 Steelton, Pa. 19 1966 Dec. 28 Everett, Mass. 13 1971 June 10 Salem, Ill. 11 1972 Oct. 30 Chicago, Ill. 45 1977 Feb. 4 Chicago, Ill., elevated train 11 Date Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1977 Feb. 4 Chicago, Ill., elevated train 11 1987 Jan. 4 Essex, Md. 16 World's worst train wreck occurred Dec. 12, 1917, Modane, France, passenger trainderailed, 543 killed. Principal U.S. Mine Disasters Since 1900 Bureau of Mines, U.S. Interior Department 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1900 May 1 Scofield, Ut. 100 1902 May 19 Coal Creek, Tenn. 184 Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1902 May 19 Coal Creek, Tenn. 184 1902 July 10 Johnstown, Pa. 112 1903 June 30 Hanna, Wy. 169 1904 Jan. 25 Cheswick, Pa. 179 1905 Feb. 20 Virginia City, Ala. 112 1907 Jan. 29 Stuart W. Va. 84 1907 Dec. 6 Monongah, W. Va. 361 1907 Dec. 19 Jacobs Creek, Pa. 239 1908 Nov. 28 Marianna, Pa. 154 1909 Jan. 12 Switchback, W. Va. 67 1909 Nov. 13 Cherry, Ill. 259 1910 Jan. 31 Primero, Col. 75 1910 May 5 Palos, Ala. 90 1910 Nov. 8 Delagua, Col. 79 1911 Apr. 7 Throop, Pa. 72 1911 Apr. 8 Littleton, Ala. 128 1911 Dec. 9 Briceville, Tenn. 84 1912 Mar. 20 McCurtain, Okla. 73 1912 Mar. 26 Jed, W. Va. 83 Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1912 Mar. 26 Jed, W. Va. 83 1913 Apr. 23 Finleyville, Pa. 96 1913 Oct. 22 Dawson, N.M. 263 1914 Apr. 28 Eccles, W. Va. 181 1915 Mar. 2 Layland, W. Va. 112 1917 Apr. 27 Hastings, Col. 121 19172 June 8 Butte, Mon. 163 1917 Aug. 4 Clay, Ky. 62 19191 June 5 Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 92 1922 Nov. 6 Spangler, Pa. 77 1922 Nov. 22 Dolomite, Ala. 90 1923 Feb. 8 Dawson, N.M. 120 1923 Aug. 14 Kemmerer, Wy. 99 1924 Mar. 8 Castle Gate, Ut. 171 1924 Apr. 28 Benwood, W. Va. 119 1926 Jan. 13 Wilburton, Okla. 91 19262 Nov. 3 Ishpeming, Mich. 51 1927 Apr. 30 Everettville, W. Va. 97 1928 May 19 Mather, Pa. 195 Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1928 May 19 Mather, Pa. 195 1929 Dec. 17 McAlester, Okla. 61 1930 Nov. 5 Millfield, Oh. 79 1940 Jan. 10 Bartley, W. Va. 91 1940 Mar. 16 St. Clairsville, Oh. 72 1940 July 15 Portage, Pa. 63 1943 Feb. 27 Washoe, Mon. 74 1944 July 5 Belmont, Oh. 66 1947 Mar. 25 Centralia, Ill. 111 1951 Dec. 21 West Frankfort, Ill. 119 19683 Mar. 6 Calumet, La. 21 1968 Nov. 20 Farmington, W. Va. 78 1970 Dec. 30 Hyden, Ky. 38 19722 May 2 Kellogg, Ida 91 1976 Mar. 9, 11 Oven Fork, Ky. 26 1977 Mar. 1 Tower City, Pa. 9 1981 Apr. 15 Redstone, Col. 15 1981 Dec. 7 Topmost, Ky. 8 1981 Dec. 8 nr. Chattanooga, Tenn. 13 Date Date Location Deaths 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1981 Dec. 8 nr. Chattanooga, Tenn. 13 1982 Jan. 20 Floyd County, Ky. 7 1983 June 21 McClure, Va 7 1984 Dec. 19 Huntington, Ut. 27 1989 Sept. 13 Wheatcroft, Ky. 10 Note: Prior to 1968, only disasters with losses of 60 or more lives are listed; since1968, all disasters in which 5 or more people were killed are listed. Only fatalities tomining company employees are included. All bituminous-coal mines unless otherwise noted. 1 Anthracite mine. 2 Metal mine. 3 Nonmetal mine. World's worst mine disaster killed 1,549 workers in Honkeiko Colliery in Manchuria Apr. 25, 1942. Record Oil Spills 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코� Name, place Date Cau 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ixtoc I oil well, southern Gulf of Mexico June 3, 1979 Blo Nowruz oil field, Persian Gulf Feb., 1983 Blo Atlantic Empress & Aegean Captain, off Trinidad & Tobago July 19, 1979 Col Castillo de Bellver, off Cape Town, South Africa Aug. 6, 1983 Fir Amoco Cadiz, near Portsall, France March 16, 1978 Gro Torrey Canyon, off Land's End, England March 18, 1967 Gro Sea Star, Gulf of Oman Dec. 19, 1972 Col Urquiola, La Coruna, Spain May 12, 1976 Gro Hawaiian Patriot, northern Pacific Feb. 25, 1977 Fir Othello, Tralhavet Bay, Sweden March 20, 1970 Col As a rule, the number of tons can be multiplied by 7 to estimate the number of barrelsspilled; the exact number of barrels in a ton varies with the type of oil. Each barrel contains42 gallons. Other Notable Oil Spills 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Name, place Date Cause 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� World Glory, off South Africa June 13, 1968 Hull failure Burmah Agate, Galveston Bay, Tex. Nov. 1, 1979 Collision Exxon Valdez, Prince William Sound, Alas. Mar. 24, 1989 Grounding Keo, off Massachusetts Nov. 5, 1969 Hull failure Storage tank, Sewaren, N.J. Nov. 4, 1969 Tank rupture Ekofisk oil field, North Sea Apr. 22, 1977 Well blowout Argo Merchant, Nantucket, Mass. Dec. 15, 1976 Grounding Pipeline, West Delta, La. Oct. 15, 1967 Dragging anchor Tanker off Japan Nov. 30, 1971 Ship broke in half Storage tank, Monongahela River Jan. 2, 1988 Tank rupture Historic Assassinations Since 1865 1865--Apr. 14. U. S. Pres. Abraham Lincoln, shot by John Wilkes Booth in Washington, D.C.; died Apr. 15. 1881--Mar. 13. Alexander II, of Russia--July 2. U.S. Pres. James A. Garfield, shot by Charles J. Guiteau, Washington D.C.; died Sept. 19. 1900--July 29. Umberto I, king of Italy. 1901--Sept. 6. U.S. Pres. William McKinley in Buffalo, N.Y., died Sept. 14. Leon Czolgosz executed for the crime Oct. 29. 1913--Feb. 23. Mexican Pres. Francisco I, Madero and Vice Pres. Jose Pino Suarez.--Mar. 18. George, king of Greece. 1914--June 28. Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife in Sarajevo, Bosnia (later part of Yugoslavia), by Gavrilo Princip. 1916--Dec. 30. Grigori Rasputin, politically powerful Russian monk. 1918--July 12. Grand Duke Michael of Russia, at Perm.--July 16. Nicholas II, abdicated as czar of Russia; his wife, the Czarina Alexandra, their son, Czarevitch Alexis, and their daughters, Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Marie, Anastasia, and 4 members of their household were executed by Bolsheviks at Ekaterinburg. 1920--May 20. Mexican Pres. Gen. Venustiano Carranza in Tlaxcalantongo. 1922--Aug. 22. Michael Collins, Irish revolutionary.--Dec. 16. Polish President Gabriel Narutowicz in Warsaw by an anarchist. 1923--July 20. Gen. Francisco "Pancho" Villa, ex-rebel leader, in Parral, Mexico. 1928--July 17. Gen. Alvaro Obregon, president-elect of Mexico, in San Angel, Mexico. 1933--Feb. 15. In Miami, Fla. Joseph Zangara, anarchist, shot at Pres.-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt, but a woman seized his arm, and the bullet fatally wounded Mayor Anton J. Cermak, of Chicago, who died Mar. 6. Zangara was electrocuted on Mar. 20, 1933. 1934--July 25. In Vienna, Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss by Nazis. 1935--Sept. 8. U.S. Sen. Huey P. Long, shot in Baton Rouge, La., by Dr. Carl Austin Weiss, who was slain by Long's bodyguards. 1940--Aug. 20. Leon Trotsky (Lev Bronstein), 63, exiled Russian war minister, near Mexico City. Killer identified as Ramon Mercador del Rio, a Spaniard, served 20 years in Mexican prison. 1948--Jan. 30. Mohandas K. Gandhi, 78, shot in New Delhi, India, by Nathuran Vinayak Godse.-- Sept. 17. Count Folke Bernadotte, UN mediator for Palestine, ambushed in Jerusalem. 1951--July 20. King Abdullah ibn Hussein of Jordan. Oct. 27. Prime Min. Liaquat Ali Khan of Pakistan shot in Rawalpindi. 1956--Sept. 21. Pres. Anastasio Somoza of Nicaragua, in Leon; died Sept. 29. 1957--July 26. Pres. Carlos Castillo Armas of Guatemala, in Guatemala City by one of his own guards. 1958--July 14. King Faisal of Iraq; his uncle, Crown Prince Abdul Illah, and July 15, Premier Nuri as-Said, by rebels in Baghdad. 1959--Sept. 25. Prime Minister Solomon Bandaranaike of Ceylon, by Buddhist monk in Colombo. 1961--Jan. 17. Ex-Premier Patrice Lumumba of the Congo, in Katanga Province--May 30. Dominican dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina shot to death by assassins near Ciudad Trujillo. 1963--June 12. Medgar W. Evers, NAACP's Mississippi field secretary, in Jackson, Miss.--Nov. 2. Pres. Ngo Dinh Diem of the Republic of Vietnam and his brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, in a military coup.--Nov. 22. U.S. Pres. John F. Kennedy fatally shot in Dallas, Tex.; accused Lee Harvey Oswald murdered by Jack Ruby while awaiting trial. 1965--Jan. 21. Iranian premier Hassan Ali Mansour fatally wounded by assassin in Teheran; 4 executed.--Feb. 21. Malcolm X, black nationalist, fatally shot in N.Y. City. 1966--Sept. 6. Prime Minister Hendrik F. Verwoerd of South Africa stabbed to death in parliament at Capetown. 1968--Apr. 4. Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. fatally shot in Memphis, Tenn. by James Earl Ray.--June 5. Sen. Robert F. Kennedy (D-N.Y.) fatally shot in Los Angeles; Sirhan Sirhan, resident alien, convicted of murder. 1971--Nov. 28. Jordan Prime Minister Wasfi Tal, in Cairo, by Palestinian guerrillas. 1973--Mar. 2. U.S. Ambassador Cleo A. Noel Jr., U.S. Charge d'Affaires George C. Moore and Belgian Charge d'Affaires Guy Eid killed by Palestinian guerrillas in Khartoum, Sudan. 1974--Aug. 15. Mrs. Park Chung Hee, wife of president of So. Korea, hit by bullet meant for her husband.-- Aug. 19. U.S. Ambassador to Cyprus, Rodger P. Davies, killed by sniper's bullet in Nicosia. 1975--Feb. 11. Pres. Richard Ratsimandrava, of Madagascar, shot in Tananarive.--Mar. 25. King Faisal of Saudi Arabia shot by nephew Prince Musad Abdel Aziz, in royal palace, Riyadh.-- Aug. 15. Bangladesh Pres. Sheik Mujibur Rahman killed in coup. 1976--Feb. 13. Nigerian head of state, Gen. Murtala Ramat Mohammed, slain by self-styled "young revolutionaries." 1977--Mar. 16. Kamal Jumblat, Lebanese Druse chieftain, was shot near Beirut.-- Mar. 18. Congo Pres. Marien Ngouabi shot in Brazzaville. 1978--July 9. Former Iraqi Premier Abdul Razak Al-Naif shot in London. 1979--Feb. 14. U.S. Ambassador Adolph Dubs shot and killed by Afghan Moslem extremists in Kabul.--Aug. 27. Lord Mountbatten, WW2 hero, and 2 others were killed when a bomb exploded on his fishing boat off the coast of Co. Sligo, Ire. The IRA claimed responsibility. -- Oct. 26. So. Korean President Park Chung Hee and 6 bodyguards fatally shot by Kim Jae Kyu, head of Korean CIA, and 5 aides in Seoul. 1980--Apr. 12. Liberian President William R. Tolbert slain in military coup.--Sept. 17. Former Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza Debayle and 2 others shot in Paraguay. 1981--Oct. 6. Egyptian President Anwar El-Sadat fatally shot by a band of commandos while reviewing a military parade in Cairo. 1982--Sept. 14. Lebanese President-elect Bishir Gemayel killed by bomb in east Beirut. 1983-- Aug. 21. Philippine opposition political leader Benigno Aquino Jr. fatally shot by a gunman at Manila International Airport.--Oct. 9. Four S. Korea cabinet ministers and 15 others killed by bomb blast in Rangoon, Burma. 1984--Oct. 31. Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi shot and killed by 2 of her bodyguards, who were members of the minority Sikh sect, in New Delhi. 1986--Feb. 28. Swedish Premier Olof Palme shot and killed by a gunman in Stockholm. 1988--June 1. Lebanese Premier Rashid Karami killed when a bomb exploded aboard a helicopter in which he was traveling. --Apr. 16. PLO military chief Khalil Wazir (Abu Jihad) was gunned down by Israeli commandos in Tunisia. 1989--Aug. 18. Columbian Liberal Party presidential candidate Luis Carlos Galan was killed by Medellin cartel drug traffickers at a campaign rally in Bogota.--Nov. 22. Lebanese president Rene Moawad was killed when a bomb exploded next to his motorcade. 1990--Mar. 22. Columbian Patriotic Union presidential candidate Bernando Jamamillo Ossa was shot by a gunman at an airport in Bogota. Assassination Attempts 1910--Aug. 6. N.Y. City Mayor William J. Gaynor shot and seriously wounded by discharged city employee. 1912--Oct. 14. Former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt shot and seriously wounded by demented man in Milwaukee, Wis. 1950--Nov. 1. In an attempt to assassinate President Truman, 2 members of a Puerto Rican nationalist movement--Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo--tried to shoot their way into Blair House. Torresola was killed, and a guard, Pvt. Leslie Coffelt was fatally shot. Collazo was convicted Mar. 7. 1951 for the murder of Coffelt. 1970--Nov. 27. Pope Paul VI unharmed by knife-wielding assailant who attempted to attack him in Manila airport. 1972--May 15. Alabama Gov. George Wallace shot in Laurel, Md. by Arthur Bremer; seriously crippled. 1972--Dec. 7. Mrs. Ferdinand E. Marcos, wife of the Philippine president, was stabbed and seriously injured in Pasay City, Philippines. 1975--Sept. 5. Pres. Gerald R. Ford was unharmed when a Secret Service agent grabbed a pistol aimed at him by Lynette (Squeaky) Fromme, a Charles Manson follower, in Sacramento. 1975--Sept. 22. Pres. Gerald R. Ford escaped unharmed when Sara Jane Moore, a political activist, fired a revolver at him. 1980--Apr. 14. Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was unharmed when a man threw a knife at her in New Delhi. 1980--May 29. Civil rights leader Vernon E. Jordan Jr. shot and wounded in Ft. Wayne, Ind. 1981--Jan. 16. Irish political activist Bernadette Devlin McAliskey and her husband were shot and seriously wounded by 3 members of a protestant paramilitary group in Co. Tyrone, Ire. 1981--Mar. 30. Pres. Ronald Reagan, Press Secy. James Brady, Secret Service agent Timothy J. McCarthy, and Washington, D.C. policeman Thomas Delahanty were shot and seriously wounded by John W. Hinckley Jr. in Washington, D.C. 1981--May 13. Pope John Paul II and 2 bystanders were shot and wounded by Mehmet Ali Agca, an escaped Turkish murderer, in St. Peter's Square, Rome. 1982--May 12. Pope John Paul II was unharmed when a man with a knife was overpowered by guards, in Fatima, Portugal. 1982--June 3. Israel's ambassador to Britain Shlomo Argov was shot and seriously wounded by Arab terrorists in London. 1986--Sept. 7. Chile President Gen. Augusto Pinochet Ugarte escaped unharmed when his motorcade was attacked by rebels using rockets, bazookas, grenades, and rifles. Notable Kidnapings Edward A. Cudahy Jr., 16, in Omaha, Neb., Dec. 18, 1900. Returned Dec. 20 after $25,000 paid. Pat Crowe confessed. Robert Franks, 13, in Chicago, May 22, 1924, by 2 youths, Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold, who killed boy. Demand for $10,000 ignored. Loeb died in prison, Leopold paroled 1958. Charles A. Lindbergh Jr., 20 mos. old, in Hopewell,N.J., Mar. 1, 1932; found dead May 12. Ransom of $50,000 was paid to man identified as Bruno Richard Hauptmann, 35, paroled German convict who entered U.S. illegally. Hauptmann was convicted after spectacular trial at Flemington, and electrocuted in Trenton, N.J. prison, Apr. 3. 1936. William A. Hamm Jr., 39, in St. Paul, June 15, 1933. $100,000 paid. Alvin Karpis given life, paroled in 1969. Charles F. Urschel, in Oklahoma City, July 22, 1933. Released July 31 after $200,000 paid. George (Machine Gun) Kelly and 5 others given life. Brooke L. Hart, 22, in San Jose, Cal. Thomas Thurmond and John Holmes arrested after demanding $40,000 ransom. When Hart's body was found in San Francisco Bay, Nov. 26, 1933, a mob attacked the jail at San Jose and lynched the 2 kidnapers. George Weyerhaeuser, 9, in Tacoma, Wash., May 24, 1935. Returned home June 1 after $200,000 paid. Kidnapers given 20 to 60 years. Charles Mattson, 10, in Tacoma, Wash., Dec. 27, 1936. Found dead Jan. 11, 1937. Kidnaper asked $28,000, failed to contact. Arthur Fried, in White Plains, N.Y., Dec. 4, 1937. Body not found. Two kidnapers executed. Robert C. Greenlease, 6, taken from Kansas City, Mo. school Sept. 28, 1953, and held for $600,000. Body found Oct. 7. Mrs. Bonnie Brown Heady and Carl A. Hall pleaded guilty and were executed. Peter Weinberger, 32 days old, Westbury, N.Y., July 4, 1956, for $2,000 ransom, not paid. Child found dead. Angelo John LaMarca, 31, convicted, executed. Cynthia Ruotolo, 6 wks old, taken from carriage in front of Hamden, Conn. store Sept. 1, 1956. Body found in lake. Lee Crary, 8 in Everett, Wash., Sept. 22, 1957, $10,000 ransom, not paid. He escaped after 3 days, led police to George E. Collins, who was convicted. Eric Peugeot, 4, taken from playground at St. Cloud golf course, Paris, Apr. 12, 1960. Released unharmed 3 days later after payment of undisclosed sum. Two sentenced to prison. Frank Sinatra Jr., 19, from hotel room in Lake Tahoe, Cal., Dec. 8, 1963. Released Dec. 11 after his father paid $240,000 ransom. Three men sentenced to prison; most of ransom recovered. Barbara Jane Mackle, 20, abducted Dec. 17, 1968, from Atlanta, Ga., motel, was found unharmed 3 days later, buried in a coffin-like wooden box 18 inches underground, after her father had paid $500,000 ransom; Gary Steven Krist sentenced to life, Ruth Eisenmann-Schier to 7 years; most of ransom recovered. Anne Katherine Jenkins, 22, abducted May 10, 1969, from her Baltimore apartment, freed 3 days later after her father paid $10,000 ransom. Mrs. Roy Fuchs, 35, and 3 children held hostage 2 hours, May 14, 1969, in Long Island, N.Y., released after her husband, a bank manager, paid kidnapers $129,000 in bank funds; 4 men arrested, ransom recovered. C. Burke Elbrick, U.S. ambassador to Brazil, kidnaped by revolutionaries in Rio de Janeiro Sept. 4, 1969; released 3 days later after Brazil yielded to kidnaper's demands to publish manifesto and release 15 political prisoners. Patrick Dolan, 18, found shot to death near Sao Paulo, Brazil, Nov. 5, 1969, after he was kidnaped and $12,500 paid. Sean M. Holly, U.S. diplomat, in Guatemala Mar. 6, 1970; freed 2 days later upon release of 3 terrorists from prison. Lt. Col. Donald J. Crowley, U.S. air attache, in Dominican Republic Mar. 24, 1970; released after government allowed 20 prisoners to leave the country. Count Karl von Spreti, W. German ambassador to Guatemala, Mar. 31, 1970; slain after Guatemala refused demands for $700,000 and release of 22 prisoners. Pedro Eugenio Aramburu, former Argentine president, by terrorists May 29, 1970; body found July 17. Ehrenfried von Holleben, W. German ambassador to Brazil, by terrorists June 11, 1970; freed after release of 40 prisoners. Daniel A. Mitrione, U.S. diplomat, July 31, 1970, by terrorists in Montevideo, Uruguay; body found Aug. 10 after government rejected demands for release of all political prisoners. James R. Cross, British trade commissioner, Oct. 5, 1970, by French Canadian separatists in Quebec; freed Dec. 3 after 3 kidnapers and relatives flown to Cuba by government. Pierre Laporte, Quebec Labor Minister, by separatists Oct. 10, 1970; body found Oct. 18. Giovanni E. Bucher, Swiss ambassador Dec. 7, 1970, by revolutionaries in Rio de Janeiro; freed Jan. 16, 1971, after Brazil released 70 political prisoners. Geoffrey Jackson, British ambassador, in Montevideo, Jan. 8, 1971, by Tupamaro terrorists. Held as ransom for release of imprisoned terrorists; released Sept. 9; prisoners escaped. Ephraim Elrom, Israel consul general in Istanbul, May 17, 1971. Held as ransom for imprisoned terrorists; found dead May 23. Mrs. Virginia Piper, 49 abducted July 27, 1972, from her home in suburban Minneapolis; found unharmed near Duluth 2 days later after her husband paid $1 million ransom to the kidnapers. Victor E. Samuelson, Exxon executive, Dec. 6, 1973, in Campana, Argentina, by Marxist guerrillas, freed Apr. 29, 1974, after payment of record $14.2 million ransom. J. Paul Getty 3d, 17, grandson of the U.S. oil mogul, released Dec. 15, 1973, in southern Italy after $2.8 million ransom paid. Patricia (Patty) Hearst, 19, taken from her Berkeley, Cal., apartment Feb. 4, 1974. Symbionese Liberation Army demanded her father, Randolph A. Hearst, publisher, give millions to poor. She was identified by FBI as taking part in a San Francisco bank holdup, Apr. 15. FBI, Sept. 18, 1975, captured Patricia and others in San Francisco; they were indicted on various charges. Patricia for bank robbery. Convicted, Mar. 20, 1976. She was released from prison under executive clemency, Feb. 1, 1979. In 1978, William and Emily Harris were sentenced to 10 years to life for the Hearst kidnaping. Both were paroled in 1983. J. Reginald Murphy, 40, an editor of Atlanta (Ga.) Constitution, kidnaped Feb. 20, 1974, freed Feb. 22 after payment of $700,000 ransom by the newspaper. Police arrested William A.H. Williams, a contractor; most of the money was recovered. J. Guadalupe Zuno Hernandez, 83, father-in-law of Mexican President Luis Echeverria Alvarez, seized by 4 terrorists Aug. 28, 1974; government refused to negotiate; he was released Sept. 8. E.B. Reville, Hepzibah, Ga., banker, and wife Jean, kidnaped Sept. 30, 1974. Ransom of $30,000 paid. He was found alive; Mrs. Reville was found dead in car trunk Oct. 2. Jack Teich, Kings Point, N,Y., steel executive, seized Nov. 12, 1974; released Nov. 19 after payment of $750,000. William F. Niehous, a U.S. businessman, was abducted from his suburban Caracas, Venezuela home, Feb. 27, 1976. He was rescued by police June 29, 1979, ending more than 3 years of captivity. Hanns-Martin Schleyer, a West German industrialist, was kidnaped in Cologne, Sept. 5, 1977 by armed terrorists. Schleyer was found dead, Oct. 19, in an abandoned car shortly after 3 jailed terrorist leaders of the Baader-Meinhof gang were found dead in their prison cells near Stuttgart, West Germany. Aldo Moro, former Italian premier, kidnaped in Rome, Mar. 16, 1978, by left-wing terrorists. Five of his bodyguards killed during abduction. Moro's bullet-ridden body was found in a parked car, May 9, in Rome. Six members of the Red Brigades arrested, charged, June 5, with complicity in the kidnaping. James L. Dozier, a U.S. Army general, kidnaped from his apartment in Verona, Italy, Dec. 17, 1981, by members of the Red Brigades terrorist organization. He was rescued, Jan. 28, 1982. Enrique Camarena Salazar, and Alfredo Zavala Avelar, U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency employees were kidnaped in Guadalajara, Mexico, Feb. 7, 1985. Their bodies were found Mar. 6. UNITED STATES POPULATION The Bicentennial Census On April 1, 1990, the Bureau of the Census began to take the 21st decennial census of the United States. The Census Bureau took the first census in 1790, when it counted 3.9 million people, and has conducted a census every 10 years over the past 200 years, as mandated by the U.S. Constitution, Article 1, Section 2. The primary purpose of the census was, and is, to provide population counts needed to apportion seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, and to subsequently determine state legislative district boundaries. In addition, the findings of the 1990 census are critical to many other national, state, and local programs, which: determine compliances with the Voting Rights Act and amendments; allocate funds from federal grant programs; identify areas needing bilingual education; assess the need for equal employment opportunity programs; allocate funds and analyze programs for American Indians and Alaska Natives; identify areas needing energy assistance; develop programs to reduce unemployment; identify areas needing programs to stimulate economic growth; establish fair lending practices; assess the need for developing or expanding low-income housing programs; and identify areas requiring child assistance programs. For state and local government programs, the census results will help: develop social services programs, including programs for the elderly and handicapped; assess transportation systems and improve commuting patterns; identify areas for low-cost housing programs; establish occupational and vocational education programs; plan school district boundaries and school construction programs; and assess the need for state housing bonds for below-market interest rates on mortgages. History of the Census The first U.S. census was conducted shortly after George Washington became president. It counted the number of free white males age 16 and over, and under 16 (to measure how many men might be available for military service), the number of free white females, all other free persons (including any American Indians who paid taxes), and slaves. It took 18 months to collect the data, often on unofficial sheets of paper supplied by U.S. marshals. In contrast to today's pledge of confidentiality, the 1790 census was displayed "at two of the most public places." The 1790 census resulted in an increase of 41 seats (65 to 106) in the House of Representatives. As the nation expanded, so did the scope of the census data. The first inquiry on manufactures was made in 1810. Questions on agriculture, mining, and fisheries were added in 1840. In 1850, the census included inquiries on social issues--taxation, churches, pauperism, and crime. The 1880 census contained so many questions that it took the full 10 years between censuses to publish all the results. Because of this delay, Congress limited the 1900 census to questions on population, manufactures, agriculture, and mortality. (Many of the dropped topics reappeared in later censuses.) For many years, each census had to be authorized by a specific act of Congress. In 1954, Congress specified the laws under which the Census Bureau operates in Title 13 of the U.S. Code. This title delineates the basic scope of the census, the requirements for the public to provide information as well for the Bureau to keep information confidential, and the penalties for violating any of these obligations. The secretary of commerce (and through him, the Census Bureau) is now directed by law to take censuses of population, housing, agriculture, irrigation, manufactures, mineral industries, other businesses (wholesale trade, retail trade, services), construction, transportation, and governments at stated intervals, and may take surveys related to any of these subjects. U.S. marshals supervised their assistants' enumeration of the first nine censuses and reported to the president (1790), the secretary of state (1800-1840), or the secretary of the interior (1850-1870). There was no continuity of personnel from one census to the next. However, in 1902, Congress authorized the president to set up a permanent Census Office in the Interior Dept. In 1903, the agency was transferred to the new Dept. of Commerce and Labor, and when the department split in 1913, the Bureau of the Census was placed in the Commerce Dept. The Census Bureau began using statistical sampling techniques in the 1940s, computers in the 1950s, and mail enumeration in the 1960s, all in an effort to publish more data sooner and at a lower cost, and with less burden on the public. 1990 Projections As mandated by Congress, the bureau must report the total population counts (used for congressional apportionment) for each state by race and Hispanic origin, cross tabulated by all ages, to the president by Dec. 31, 1990 (after publication of this edition--for complete census counts, see The World Almanac, 1992). This data is taken from the "short form," sent to all U.S. households, which contains 14 basic population and housing questions. The deadline for all states to receive redistricting counts is April 1, 1991. Approximately 20 percent of all households received a longer form, which asked the same basic questions plus 45 additional inquiries (no individual had to answer all questions) concerning housing characteristics, citizenship, education, ancestry, residence five years ago, language, military service, disability, labor force participation, transportation, and income. The data from this sample will be statistically inflated to depict the entire population. Information collected on the "long form" should begin to be available to the public in mid-1992. The complete analysis of census data will probably take the entire decade of the 1990s. Based on the Census Bureau's own estimates, the 1990 census will show that the U.S. population has reached approximately 250 million, a 10.4 percent increase over the 1980 count of 226,545,805. The nation totaled 200 million on Nov. 20, 1967, reached 150 million in 1949, totaled 100 million in 1915, and 50 million in 1880. The bureau's projections indicate that the population could reach 300 million by 2020. The nation is growing by about 6,300 persons daily, some 4,400 coming from a surplus of births (10,600) over deaths (6,200). The remaining average daily growth of 2,000 comes from immigration. Currently, the U.S. is experiencing a net gain of one person every 14 seconds. This is based on one birth every eight seconds, one death every 14 seconds, one immigrant every 35 seconds, and one person leaving the country every three minutes. Accounting for one-fifth of the total U.S. population growth during the 1980s were immigrants, particularly Mexicans, Filipinos, Chinese, Koreans, and Vietnamese. The 1990 census will count 21 million Hispanics (8 percent of the total U.S. population), a 44 percent increase since 1980. (An estimated 1 million Hispanics were not counted in 1980, and this undercount is part of the controversy over the 1990 count.) The black population increased by 16 percent and remained at 12 percent of the total population between 1980 and 1990. Whites increased by 8 percent during the 1980s, and their percent of the total population decreased from 86 to 84 percent. During the past 10 years, the number of people aged 40 to 44 grew by 49.8 percent and those 35 to 39 increased by 43.8 percent. The population aged 95 to 99 has increased by 96 percent and those 100 or older (57,000 total) increased by 76.6 percent between 1980 and 1990. Los Angeles-Long Beach grew by 17 percent since 1980, and replaced New York City, which increased by 4 percent, as the most populated metropolitan area. Among the 25 largest metropolitan areas, Riverside-San Bernardino, Calif. has been the fastest growing, with a 45 percent increase since 1980. Phoenix, Dallas, Tampa-St. Petersburg, Houston, Atlanta, and San Diego increased by more than 25 percent each. Pittsburgh, Detroit, and Cleveland were the only metro areas among the top 25 to lose population during the past decade. If the projected state counts are accurate, California (5), Texas (4), and Florida (3) are expected to gain the most seats in the House of Representatives after redistricting. It is also projected that Arizona and Georgia will gain two seats each, and North Carolina and Virginia one each. Projected decreases in House seats include New York and Pennsylvania (-3 each), Illinois, Michigan, and Ohio (-2 each), and Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, West Virginia, and Wisconsin (-1 each). The Process and the Problems Planned since 1984, the 1990 census required the hiring of over 500,000 people (about 300,000 working at peak), working at 484 field offices, 13 regional census centers, and 7 processing offices. Over 106 million questionnaire packages were printed, assembled, and mailed. Nearly 7 million maps were generated to help census takers collect questionnaires (from those who did not return theirs by mail). The Census Bureau will use 570 minicomputers in field offices, which were set up and will be dismantled in a one-year period. The bureau estimated that from 1984 to 1993, the total cost of carrying out and providing the results of the 1990 census will be approximately $2.6 billion, with more than $1.3 billion spent in 1990. In 1980, the return rate for the census questionnaires was approximately 75 percent. When the Census Bureau first mailed 1990 forms in April, it expected to get 70 percent returned, but received only 63 percent. Many reasons were cited for the low rate of return including the public's apathy, distrust of the government, illiteracy, concern about privacy, forgetfulness, as well as problems with the mail. As of mid-July, the bureau reported that 99 percent of the households that did not respond to first mailings had been counted (by enumerators and remailing), but that several areas still lagged far behind. The original deadline for the count's completion was June 7, 1990, but because of the slow return rate it was pushed back to June 30. A 99 percent success rate for the households that did not return the forms in April means less than 1 percent of the total was not counted (as of July 1990). The success rates for previously uncounted residents in New York, Delaware, Maryland, and California were all below 95 percent. New York City, San Jose, San Francisco, and Boston had particularly low return rates, while Detroit, Chicago, and Cleveland returned 100 percent in the follow-up. In addition to concerns about substantial undercounting of homeless persons, there has been criticism of the Census Bureau regarding the accuracy of the count. Leaders in New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Miami have urged the bureau to make a statistical adjustment to the 1990 count. In fact, these cities (plus New York State and California) have sued the Commerce Dept. to demand a post-census adjustment, which would require a survey of 150,000 housing units. Those demanding an adjustment claim that the census will undercount due to difficulties in reaching people in urban areas. The Census Bureau estimated that it missed about 2.2 million people in 1980--about 1.6 percent of the population--and some fear that the undercount will be even greater in 1990. In New York City, officials stated that the undercount in 1990 could reach 1 million, resulting in the loss of two congressional seats and more than $1 billion in federal aid in the 1990s. A decision on the statistical adjustment must be made by the secretary of commerce by July 15, 1991. At a congressional hearing (July 1990) to confirm Barbara Everitt Bryant as director of the Census Bureau, Bryant stated that there was a "50-50 chance of having all the work done in time to make an adjustment decision" by that date. The Census Bureau has never made a statistical adjustment of the census like the one being sought. Changing Population Patterns By Barbara Everitt Bryant Director, U.S. Bureau of the Census On January 1, 1990, the estimated resident population of the United States was 249.6 million, a 10.2 percent increase over the April 1, 1980 census count of 226.5 million. The growth of 23.1 million was attributable to a natural increase of 16.5 million (36.6 million births less 20.1 million deaths) and a net immigration of 6.6 million. Changes in age structure during the 1980s reflect past trends in childbearing: the low birth rate in the two decades ending in 1945, the higher birth rate during the "baby boom" (1946-1964), and the lower birth rate subsequently. From 1980 to July 1, 1989, the population 18 to 24 years old declined 12.2 percent while the population 25 to 44 years old increased 28.1 percent. The elderly population (65 years and over) rose 21.3 percent and increased from 11.3 percent to 12.5 percent of the total population. The median age (the age at which half the population is younger and half is older) rose from 30.0 to 32.7. The elderly percentage and the median age in 1989 were the highest in the nation's history. The South and West accounted for 18.8 million, or 87 percent, of the nation's population growth from 1980 to 1989 and increased their share of the population from 52.3 to 55.3 percent. The share of the population residing in the North (Northeast and Midwest regions) dropped below 50 percent in 1975. During the 1980 to 1989 period, the South and West added 8.9 million population through net migration while the North lost 2.7 million population through net migration. California, Texas, and Florida together accounted for 11.1 million, or 51 percent, of national growth from 1980 to 1989. The highest growth rates were in Nevada (38.8 percent), Alaska (31.1 percent), and Arizona (30.8 percent) while Iowa, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia lost population. In 1989, 11.7 percent of the nation's population resided in California. This is the highest concentration in any one state since 1860 when 12.3 percent resided in New York. California's population in 1989 (29.1 million) exceeded the combined population of the 21 least populous states. In 1988, the nation's 37 metropolitan areas with at least 1 million population had 120.4 million residents, or 49 percent of the national population. Altogether, 189.4 million persons, or 77 percent, lived in the nation's 283 designated metropolitan areas. From 1980 to 1988, the population in metropolitan areas increased 9.7 percent, about twice the 4.5 percent increase in nonmetropolitan territory. During the 1970s, the growth rate was higher in nonmetropolitan territory than in metropolitan areas. The growth rates in metropolitan areas by size category were similar in the 1980 to 1988 period. In the 1970s, the metropolitan growth rate was lowest in the largest areas (those with 5 million or more population). For nonmetropolitan counties, the growth rate was highest in both periods in counties with 15 percent or more of their resident workers commuting to metropolitan areas. The New York City metropolitan area had 18.1 million residents in 1988, followed by the Los Angeles (13.8 million) and Chicago (8.2 million) metropolitan areas. Among metropolitan areas with at least 1 million population, the highest growth rates in the 1980 to 1988 period were in Phoenix (34.5 percent), Dallas-Ft. Worth (28.5 percent), and Atlanta (28 percent). In 1988, only 5 million persos lived on farms, down from 15.6 million in 1960 and 32 million in 1920. The 1988 figure represented only 2 percent of the nation's population compared to 8.7 percent in 1960 and 30.2 percent in 1920. Based on data from the Current Population Survey, there were 92.8 million households (occupied housing units) in the United States in March 1989, up 14.9 percent from the March 1980 estimate of 80.8 million. The more rapid growth rate in households than in population reflects changes in age structure which in turn reflect the changes in childbearing noted earlier. The average number of persons per household dropped from 3.33 in 1964 to 2.76 in 1980 and to a record low of 2.62 in 1989. Most of the decline is attributable to the decline in the average number of children (under 18 years), which dropped from 1.23 in 1964 (at the end of the baby boom) to 0.79 in 1980 and 0.69 in 1989. There were 22.7 million 1-person households in 1989, up from 18.3 million in 1980 and 10.9 million in 1970. Households with 5 or more persons numbered 9.3 million in 1989, down from 10.4 million in 1980 and 13.3 million in 1970. From 1980 to 1989, the number of married-couple families increased from 49.1 million to 52.1 million, and the number of female-householder families (no spouse present) rose from 8.7 million to 10.9 million. (Families have at least two members, including at least one relative of the householder.) Today's young adults are less likely to have married or to be maintaining their own households than in the past. The median age at first marriage for females rose from 20.3 in 1960 to 22.0 in 1980 and 23.8 in 1989. The corresponding figures for males are 22.8, 24.7, and 26.2. In 1989, 52.5 percent of persons 18 to 24 years old lived with one or both parents, up from 48.4 percent in 1980 and 43.0 percent in 1960. Among children under 18 years, 73.1 percent lived with both parents in 1989, down from 76.7 percent in 1980 and 87.7 percent in 1960. The decline reflects changing marital patterns: the number of divorced persons per 1,000 married persons with spouse present was 138 in 1989, up from 100 in 1980 and 35 in 1960. The educational level of the population continues to rise. Among persons 25 years and over in 1988, 76.2 percent had completed 4 years of high school (or more education), up from 68.6 percent in 1980 and 24.5 percent in 1940; 20.3 percent had completed 4 or more years of college, compared to 17.0 percent in 1980 and 4.6 percent in 1940. In 1988, 24.0 percent of males and 17.0 percent of females had completed 4 or more years of college. Resident Population by Sex, Race, Residence, and Median Age: 1790 to 1989 U.S. Bureau of the Census (thousands, except as indicated) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴� Sex Sex Race Race Date Black Male Female White Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Conterminous Conterminous Conterminous Conterminous Conterminous U.S.1 U.S.1 U.S.1 U.S.1 U.S.1 1790 (Aug. 2) NA NA 3,172 757 1810 (Aug. 6) NA NA 5,862 1,378 1820 (Aug. 7) 4,897 4,742 7,867 1,772 1840 (June 1) 8,689 8,381 14,196 2,874 Sex Sex Race Race Date Black Male Female White Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1860 (June 1) 16,085 15,358 26,923 4,442 1870 (June 1) 19,494 19,065 33,589 4,880 1880 (June 1) 25,519 24,637 43,403 6,581 1890 (June 1) 32,237 30,711 55,101 7,489 1900 (June 1) 38,816 37,178 66,809 8,834 1920 (Jan. 1) 53,900 51,810 94,821 10,463 1930 (Apr. 1) 62,137 60,638 110,287 11,891 1940 (Apr. 1) 66,062 65,608 118,215 12,866 Sex Sex Race Race Date Black Male Female White Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1940 (Apr. 1) 66,062 65,608 118,215 12,866 United States United States United States United States United States 1950 (Apr. 1) 75,187 76,139 135,150 15,045 1960 (Apr. 1) 88,331 90,992 158,832 18,872 1970 (Apr. 1)2 98,926 104,309 178,098 22,581 1980 (Apr. 1)3 110,053 116,493 194,713 26,683 1983 (July 1, 113,119 120,365 199,849 28,056 est) 1984 (July 1, 115,022 121,455 201,290 28,457 Sex Sex Race Race Date Black Male Female White Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1984 (July 1, 115,022 121,455 201,290 28,457 est) 1985 (July 1, 116,160 122,576 202,769 28,870 est) 1986 (July 1, 117,730 123,737 204,326 29,303 est) 1987 (July 1, 118,541 124,886 205,833 29,746 est) 1988 (July 1, 119,724 126,060 207,357 30,201 est) 1989 (July 1, 120,982 127,258 208,961 30,660 Sex Sex Race Race Date Black Male Female White Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1989 (July 1, 120,982 127,258 208,961 30,660 est) NA Not available. 1 Excludes Alaska and Hawaii. 2 The revised 1970 resident population count is 203,302,031, which incorporates changes due to errors found after tabulations were completed. The race and sex data shown here reflect the official 1970 census count while the residence data come from the tabulated count. 3 The race data shown for April 1, 1980 have been modified. U.S. Population by Official Census from 1790 to 1980 (Members of the Armed Forces overseas or other U.S. nationals overseas are not included.) 露컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴� State 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ala. ....... 1,250 9,046 127,901 309,527 590,756 7 Alas. ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... . Ariz. ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... . Ark. ....... ....... 1,062 14,273 30,388 97,574 2 Cal. ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... 9 Col. ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... . Conn. 237,946 251,002 261,942 275,248 297,675 309,978 3 State 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Del. 59,096 64,273 72,674 72,749 76,748 78,085 9 D.C. ....... 8,144 15,471 23,336 30,261 33,745 5 Fla. ....... ....... ....... ....... 34,730 54,477 8 Ga. 82,548 162,686 252,433 340,989 516,823 691,392 9 Ha. ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... . Ida. ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... . Ill. ....... ....... 12,282 55,211 157,445 476,183 8 Ind. ....... 5,641 24,520 147,178 343,031 685,866 9 State 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Kan. ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... . Ky. 73,677 220,955 406,511 564,317 687,917 779,828 9 La. ....... ....... 76,556 153,407 215,739 352,411 5 Me. 96,540 151,719 228,705 298,335 399,455 501,793 5 Md. 319,728 341,548 380,546 407,350 447,040 470,019 5 Mass. 378,787 422,845 472,040 523,287 610,408 737,699 9 Mich. ....... ....... 4,762 8,896 31,639 212,267 3 State 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mo. ....... ....... 19,783 66,586 140,455 383,702 6 Mon. ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... . Neb. ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... . Nev. ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... . N.H. 141,885 183,858 214,460 244,161 269,328 284,574 3 N.J. 184,139 211,149 245,562 277,575 320,823 373,306 4 N.M. ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... 6 State 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� N.D. ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... . Oh. ....... 45,365 230,760 581,434 937,903 1,519,467 1 Okla. ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... . Ore. ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... 1 Pa. 434,373 602,365 810,091 1,049,458 1,348,233 1,724,033 2 R.I. 68,825 69,122 76,931 83,059 97,199 108,830 1 State 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Tex. ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... 2 Ut. ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... 1 Vt. 85,425 154,465 217,895 235,981 280,652 291,948 3 Va. 691,737 807,557 877,683 938,261 1,044,054 1,025,227 1 Wash. ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... 1 State 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 Note: Where possible, population shown is that of 1980 area of state. *1860 figure is for Dakota Territory; 1870 figures are for parts of Dakota Territory. 1 U.S. total includes persons (5,318 in 1830 and 6,100 in 1840) on public ships in the service of the United States not credited to any State 1920 1960 1980 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ala. 45.8 64.2 76.6 80.8 Alas.* 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.9 Ariz. 2.9 11.5 23.9 30.7 Ark. 33.4 34.2 43.9 46.0 Cal. 22.0 100.4 151.4 181.2 Col. 9.1 16.9 27.9 31.9 Conn. 286.4 520.6 637.8 663.6 Del. 113.5 225.2 307.6 341.7 D.C. 7,292.9 12,523.9 10,132.3 9,792.0 Fla. 17.7 91.5 180.0 227.8 Ga. 49.3 67.8 94.1 109.2 Ha.* 39.9 98.5 150.1 170.9 Ida. 5.2 8.1 11.5 12.2 Ill. 115.7 180.4 205.3 208.7 Ind. 81.3 128.8 152.8 154.6 Ia. 43.2 49.2 52.1 50.6 Kan. 21.6 26.6 28.9 30.5 Ky. 60.1 76.2 92.3 93.9 La. 39.6 72.2 94.5 99.0 State 1920 1960 1980 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� La. 39.6 72.2 94.5 99.0 Me. 25.7 31.3 36.3 38.9 Md. 145.8 313.5 428.7 469.9 Mass. 479.2 657.3 733.3 752.7 Mich. 63.8 137.7 162.6 162.2 Minn. 29.5 43.1 51.2 54.1 Miss. 38.6 46.0 53.4 55.5 Mo. 49.5 62.6 71.3 74.6 Mon. 3.8 4.6 5.4 5.5 Neb. 16.9 18.4 20.5 20.9 Nev. .7 2.6 7.3 9.6 N.H. 49.1 67.2 102.4 120.7 N.J. 420.0 805.5 986.2 1,033.9 N.M. 2.9 7.8 10.7 12.4 N.Y. 217.9 350.6 370.6 378.0 N.C. 52.5 93.2 120.4 132.9 N.D. 9.2 9.1 9.4 9.6 Oh. 141.4 236.6 263.3 264.7 Okla. 29.2 33.8 44.1 47.2 State 1920 1960 1980 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Okla. 29.2 33.8 44.1 47.2 Ore. 8.2 18.4 27.4 28.8 Pa. 194.5 251.4 264.3 267.4 R.I. 566.4 819.3 897.8 940.9 S.C. 55.2 78.7 103.4 114.9 S.D. 8.3 9.0 9.1 9.4 Tenn. 56.1 86.2 111.6 118.9 Tex. 17.8 36.4 54.3 64.3 Ut. 5.5 10.8 17.8 20.6 Vt. 38.6 42.0 55.2 60.1 Va. 57.4 99.6 134.7 151.5 Wash. 20.3 42.8 62.1 69.9 W. Va. 60.9 77.2 80.8 77.8 Wis. 47.6 72.6 86.5 89.2 Wy. 2.0 3.4 4.9 4.9 U.S. *29.9 50.6 64.0 69.5 *For purposes of comparison, Alaska and Hawaii included in above tabulation for 1920, even though not states then. U.S. Center of Population, 1790-1980 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴� Year N. Lat. N. Lat. deg ' 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1790 39 16 1800 39 16 1810 39 11 1820 39 5 1830 38 57 Year N. Lat. N. Lat. deg ' 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1830 38 57 1840 39 2 1850 38 59 1860 39 0 1870 39 12 1880 39 4 1890 39 11 1900 39 9 1910 39 10 Year N. Lat. N. Lat. deg ' 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1920 39 10 1930 39 3 1940 38 56 1950 (Inc. Alaska & Hawaii) 38 48 1960 38 35 1970 38 27 1980 38 8 Center of Population is that point which may be considered as center of population gravity of the U.S. or that point upon which the U.S. would balance if it were a rigid plane without weight and the population distributed thereon with each individual being assumed to have equal weight and to exert an influence on a central point proportional to his distance from that point. 1 West Virginia was set off from Virginia Dec. 31, 1862, and admitted as a state June 20, 1863. Projections of Total Population by Race: 1990 to 2025 U.S. Bureau of the Census 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴� Total Population Total Population Total Population Total Populati (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) Total Population Total Population Total Population Total Populati (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) Year Lowest series Middle series Highest series Zero migration 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1990 248,656 250,410 251,897 247,943 1992 251,592 254,521 257,235 250,781 1993 252,906 256,466 259,888 252,083 1994 254,121 258,338 262,526 253,308 1995 255,239 260,138 265,151 254,459 2000 259,576 268,266 278,228 259,304 2005 262,363 275,604 291,710 263,189 2010 264,193 282,575 305,882 266,528 Total Population Total Population Total Population Total Populati (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) Year Lowest series Middle series Highest series Zero migration 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 2010 264,193 282,575 305,882 266,528 2015 265,072 288,997 320,494 269,131 2020 264,536 294,364 335,022 270,493 2025 262,218 298,252 348,985 270,234 For the series shown, the following assumptions were made about fertility (ultimate lifetime births per woman), mortality (ultimate life expectancy in 2080), and immigration (ultimate yearly net immigration). Lowest series: 1.5 births per woman, 77.9 years, and 300,000 net immigration. Middle series: 1.8 births per woman, 81.2 years, and 500,000 net immigration. Highest series: 2.2 births per woman, 88.0 years, and 800,000 net immigration. Zero migration series: 1.8 births per woman and 81.2 years. U.S. Area and Population: 1790 to 1980 U.S. Bureau of the Census 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Area (square miles) Area (square miles) Area (square miles) Census date Gross Land Water 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1980 (Apr. 1) 3,618,770 3,539,289 79,481 1970 (Apr. 1) 3,618,770 3,536,855 81,915 1960 (Apr. 1) 3,618,770 3,540,911 77,859 1950 (Apr. 1) 3,618,770 3,552,206 66,564 1940 (Apr. 1) 3,618,770 3,554,608 64,162 1930 (Apr. 1) 3,618,770 3,551,608 67,162 Area (square miles) Area (square miles) Area (square miles) Census date Gross Land Water 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1930 (Apr. 1) 3,618,770 3,551,608 67,162 1920 (Jan. 1) 3,618,770 3,546,931 71,839 1910 (Apr. 15) 3,618,770 3,547,045 71,725 1900 (June 1) 3,618,770 3,547,314 71,456 1890 (June 1) 3,612,299 3,540,705 71,594 1880 (June 1) 3,612,299 3,540,705 71,594 1870 (June 1) 3,612,299 3,540,705 71,594 1860 (June 1) 3,021,295 2,969,640 51,655 1850 (June 1) 2,991,655 2,940,042 51,613 1840 (June 1) 1,792,552 1,749,462 43,090 1830 (June 1) 1,792,552 1,749,462 43,090 1820 (June 1) 1,792,552 1,749,462 43,090 1810 (Aug. 6) 1,722,685 1,681,828 40,857 1800 (Aug. 4) 891,364 864,746 26,618 1790 (Aug. 2) 891,364 864,746 26,618 NOTE: Percent changes are computed on basis of change in population since preceding census date, and period covered therefore is not always exactly 10 years. Population density figures given for various years represent the area within the boundaries of the United States which was under the jurisdiction on date in question, including in some cases considerable areas not organized or settled and not covered by the census. In 1870, for example, Alaska was not covered by the census. Revised figure of 39,818,449 for the 1870 population includes adjustments for undernumeration in the Southern states. On the basis of the revised figure, the population increased by 8,375,128, or 26.6 percent between 1860 and 1870, and by 10,370,760, or 26.1 percent between 1870 and 1880. Congressional Apportionment 露컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1980 1970 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ala. 7 7 Ariz. 5 4 Alas. 1 1 Ark. 4 4 Cal. 45 43 Col. 6 5 Conn. 6 6 Del. 1 1 Fla. 19 15 Ga. 10 10 Ha. 2 2 Ia. 6 6 Ida. 2 2 Ill. 22 24 Ind. 10 11 Kan. 5 5 Ky. 7 7 La. 8 8 Mass. 11 12 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mass. 11 12 Md. 8 8 Me. 2 2 Mich. 18 19 Minn. 8 8 Miss. 5 5 Mo. 9 10 Mon. 2 2 Neb. 3 3 Nev. 2 1 N.C. 11 11 N.D. 1 1 N.H. 2 2 N.J. 14 15 N.M. 3 2 N.Y. 34 39 Oh. 21 23 Okla. 6 6 Ore. 5 4 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ore. 5 4 Pa. 23 25 R.I. 2 2 S.C. 6 6 S.D. 1 2 Tenn. 9 8 Tex. 27 24 Ut. 3 2 Va. 10 10 Vt. 1 1 Wash. 8 7 W. Va. 4 4 Wis. 9 9 Wy. 1 1 Totals 435 435 The primary reason the Constitution provided for a census of the population every 10 years was to give a basis for apportionment of representatives among the states. This apportionment largely determines the number of electoral votes allotted to each state. The number of representatives of each state in Congress is determined by the state's population, but each state is entitled to one representative regardless of population. A Congressional apportionment has been made after each decennial census except that of 1920. Under provisions of a law that became effective Nov. 15, 1941, apportionment of representatives is made by the method of equal proportions. In the application of this method, the apportionment is made so that the average population per representative has the least possible variation between one state and any other. The first House of Representatives, in 1789, had 65 members, as provided by the Constitution. As the population grew, the number of representatives was increased, but the total membership has been fixed at 435 since the apportionment based on the 1910 census. U.S. Population Abroad, by Selected Country: 1988 U.S. Dept. of State (In thousands. As of May 1. Data compiled as part of noncombatant personnel evacuation requirements report) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Country Total1 Resident U.S. citizen U.S. tourists 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total2 4,006.7 2,174.6 1,041.4 Australia 92.7 68.7 21.0 Belgium 19.8 13.9 4.0 Brazil 52.7 40.4 11.2 Canada 447.3 235.1 209.9 Colombia 21.4 19.9 1.2 Costa Rica 26.0 17.1 7.4 Dominican Republic 77.5 63.2 13.0 France 132.2 43.5 86.2 Greece 69.6 54.4 9.8 Hong Kong 22.2 14.5 6.6 Ireland 34.1 30.0 4.0 Israel 121.8 60.9 60.0 Italy 174.0 86.4 58.2 Japan 121.0 41.7 9.6 Country Total1 Resident U.S. citizen U.S. tourists 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Japan 121.0 41.7 9.6 Mexico 601.8 396.0 203.1 Netherlands 48.8 34.5 4.3 Panama 40.3 11.3 0.4 Philippines 273.4 156.3 3.9 Portugal 25.0 15.7 6.4 Saudi Arabia 25.9 21.6 0.3 South Africa 26.5 9.4 16.5 South Korea 68.4 10.0 26.6 Spain 110.4 60.1 30.3 Switzerland 32.3 24.1 7.5 United Kingdom 284.8 158.8 80.1 Venezuela 22.3 20.6 1.3 West Germany 491.1 134.1 21.2 1 Includes Dept. of Defense noncombatant employees, other U.S. government employees, and dependents of U.S. military and civilian employees, not shown separately. 2 Includes other countries not shown separately. Estimated Population of American Colonies: 1630-1780 U.S. Bureau of the Census (thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴� Colony 1780 1770 1750 1740 1720 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total 2,780.4 2,148.1 1,170.8 905.6 466.2 Maine (counties)1 49.1 31.3 . . . . . . . . . New Hampshire2 87.8 62.4 27.5 23.3 9.4 Vermont3 47.6 10.0 . . . . . . . . . Plymouth and Massachusetts1,2,4 268.6 235.3 188.0 151.6 91.0 Rhode Island2 52.9 58.2 33.2 25.3 11.7 Connecticut2 206.7 183.9 111.3 89.6 58.8 New York2 210.5 162.9 76.7 63.7 36.9 New Jersey2 139.6 117.4 71.4 51.4 29.8 Colony 1780 1770 1750 1740 1720 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� New Jersey2 139.6 117.4 71.4 51.4 29.8 Pennsylvania2 327.3 240.1 119.7 85.6 31.0 Delaware2 45.4 35.5 28.7 19.9 5.4 Maryland2 245.5 202.6 141.1 116.1 66.1 Virginia2 538.0 447.0 231.0 180.4 87.8 North Carolina2 270.1 197.2 73.0 51.8 21.3 South Carolina2 180.0 124.2 64.0 45.0 17.0 Georgia2 56.1 23.4 5.2 2.0 . . . Kentucky5 45.0 15.7 . . . . . . . . . Tennessee6 10.0 1.0 . . . . . . . . . 1 For 1660-1750, Maine counties included with Massachusetts. Maine was a part of Massachusetts until it became a separate state in 1820. 2 One of the original 13 states. 3 Admitted to statehood in 1791. 4 Plymouth became a part of the Province of Massachusetts in 1691. 5 Admitted to statehood in 1792. 6 Admitted to statehood in 1796. Metropolitan Statistical Areas: 1980-1988 U.S. Bureau of the Census (MSAs over 297,000 listed by 1988 population) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코� Population Pop MSA 1988 (estimate) 198 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT CMSA 18,120,200 17, Los Angeles-Anaheim-Riverside, CA CMSA 13,769,700 11, Chicago-Gary-Lake County, IL-IN-WI CMSA 8,180,900 7,9 San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA CMSA 6,041,800 5,3 Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton, PA-NJ-DE-MD CMSA 5,963,300 5,6 Detroit-Ann Arbor, MI CMSA 4,620,200 4,7 Boston-Lawrence-Salem, MA-NH CMSA 4,109,900 3,9 Dallas-Fort Worth, TX CMSA 3,766,100 2,9 Washington, D.C.-MD-VA 3,734,200 3,2 Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX CMSA 3,641,500 3,0 Population Pop MSA 1988 (estimate) 198 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX CMSA 3,641,500 3,0 Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL CMSA 8,000,500 2,6 Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, OH CMSA 2,769,000 2,8 Atlanta, GA 2,736,600 2,1 St. Louis, MO-IL 2,466,700 2,3 Seattle-Tacoma, WA CMSA 2,420,800 2,0 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI 2,387,500 2,1 San Diego, CA 2,370,400 1,8 Baltimore, MD 2,342,500 2,1 Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley, PA CMSA 2,284,100 2,4 Phoenix, AZ 2,029,500 1,5 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 1,995,100 1,6 Denver-Boulder, CO CMSA 1,858,000 1,6 Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN CMSA 1,728,500 1,6 Kansas City, MO-KS 1,575,400 1,4 Milwaukee-Racine, WI CMSA 1,571,700 1,5 Portland-Vancouver, OR-WA CMSA 1,414,200 1,2 Sacramento, CA 1,385,200 1,0 Population Pop MSA 1988 (estimate) 198 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sacramento, CA 1,385,200 1,0 Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News, VA 1,380,200 1,1 Columbus, OH 1,344,300 1,2 San Antonio, TX 1,323,200 1,0 New Orleans, LA 1,306,900 1,2 Indianapolis, IN 1,236,600 1,1 Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY CMSA 1,175,600 1,2 Providence-Pawtucket-Fall River, RI-MA CMSA 1,125,400 1,0 Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC 1,112,000 971 Hartford-New Britain-Middletown, CT CMSA 1,067,800 1,0 Salt Lake City-Ogden, UT 1,085,000 910 Rochester, NY 980,100 971 Memphis, TN-AK-MS 979,300 913 Nashville, TN 971,800 850 Orlando, FL 971,200 699 Louisville, KY-IN 967,000 956 Oklahoma City, OK 963,800 860 Dayton-Springfield, OH 948,000 942 Population Pop MSA 1988 (estimate) 198 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dayton-Springfield, OH 948,000 942 Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point, NC 924,700 851 Birmingham, AL 923,400 883 Jacksonville, FL 898,100 722 Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY 850,800 835 Richmond-Petersburg, VA 844,300 761 Honolulu, HA 838,500 762 West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Delray Beach, FL 818,500 576 Austin, TX 748,500 536 Scranton-Wilkes-Barre, PA 736,600 728 Tulsa, OK 727,600 657 Raleigh-Durham, NC 683,500 560 Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ 677,100 635 Grand Rapids, MI 665,200 601 Syracuse, NY 650,300 642 Tucson, AZ 636,000 531 Las Vegas, NV 631,300 463 Omaha, NE-IA 621,600 585 Population Pop MSA 1988 (estimate) 198 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Omaha, NE-IA 621,600 585 Greenville-Spartanburg, SC 621,400 570 Toledo, OH 616,500 616 Fresno, CA 614,800 514 Knoxville, TN 599,600 565 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle, PA 591,100 556 El Paso, TX 585,900 479 Baton Rouge, LA 536,500 494 New Haven-Meriden, CT 523,700 500 Springfield, MA 522,500 515 Bakersfield, CA 520,000 403 Little Rock-North Little Rock, AK 513,100 474 Charleston, SC 510,800 430 Youngstown-Warren, OH 501,700 531 Albuquerque, NM 493,100 420 Mobile, AL 485,800 443 Wichita, KS 483,100 442 Columbia, SC 456,500 409 Population Pop MSA 1988 (estimate) 198 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Columbia, SC 456,500 409 Stockton, CA 455,700 347 Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA 442,300 433 Chattanooga, TN-GA 438,100 426 Flint, MI 430,700 450 Lansing-East Lansing, MI 428,400 419 Worcester, MA 415,700 402 Lancaster, PA 414,100 362 York, PA 410,400 381 Saginaw-Bay City-Midland, MI 406,200 421 Canton, OH 401,400 404 Augusta, GA-SC 396,400 345 Jackson, MS 396,200 362 Lakeland-Winter Haven, FL 395,800 321 Colorado Springs, CO 393,900 309 Des Moines, IA 391,800 367 Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay, FL 388,300 272 McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX 387,900 283 Population Pop MSA 1988 (estimate) 198 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX 387,900 283 Fort Wayne, IN 367,400 354 Davenport-Rock Island-Moline, IA-IL 364,200 384 Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX 363,900 373 Shreveport, LA 359,100 333 Corpus Christi, TX 358,000 326 Spokane, WA 356,400 341 Madison, WI 352,800 323 Pensacola, FL 349,900 289 Salinas-Seaside-Monterey, CA 348,800 290 Daytona Beach, FL 348,400 258 Lexington-Fayette, KY 347,900 317 Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Lompoc, CA 343,100 298 Modesto, CA 341,000 265 Peoria, IL 340,400 365 Reading, PA 329,100 312 Huntington-Ashland, W.VA-KY-OH 322,300 336 Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah, WI 312,900 291 Population Pop MSA 1988 (estimate) 198 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah, WI 312,900 291 Utica-Rome, NY 312,600 320 Atlantic City, NJ 309,200 276 Fort Myers-Cape Coral, FL 309,100 205 Montgomery, AL 300,800 272 Visalia-Tulare-Porterville, CA 297,900 245 By current standards, an area qualifies for recognition as a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) in one of two ways: if there is a city of at least 50,000 population; or a Census Bureau-defined urbanized area of at least 50,000 with a total metropolitan population of at least 100,000 (75,000 in New England). In addition to the county containing the main city, an MSA also includes other counties having strong economic and social ties to the central county. If an area has more than one million population and meets certain other specified requirements, it is termed a Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA). MSAs are defined by the Office of Management and Budget as of June 30, 1988. Population of U.S. Cities U.S. Bureau of the Census (100 most populated cities ranked by July 1, 1988 estimates) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴� Rank City 1988 1980 1970 1960 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 New York, N.Y. 7,352,700 7,071,639 7,895,563 7,781,984 2 Los Angeles, Cal. 3,352,710 2,966,850 2,811,801 2,479,015 3 Chicago, Ill. 2,977,520 3,005,072 3,369,357 3,550,404 4 Houston, Tex 1,698,090 1,595,138 1,233,535 938,219 5 Philadelphia, Pa. 1,647,000 1,688,210 1,949,996 2,002,512 6 San Diego, Cal. 1,070,310 875,538 697,471 573,224 7 Detroit, Mich. 1,035,920 1,203,339 1,514,063 1,670,144 8 Dallas, Tex. 987,360 904,078 844,401 679,684 9 San Antonio, Tex. 941,150 785,880 654,153 587,718 Rank City 1988 1980 1970 1960 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 9 San Antonio, Tex. 941,150 785,880 654,153 587,718 10 Phoenix, Ariz. 923,750 789,704 584,303 439,170 11 Baltimore, Md. 751,400 786,775 905,787 939,024 12 San Jose, Cal. 738,420 629,442 459,913 204,196 13 San Francisco, Cal. 731,600 678,974 715,674 740,316 14 Indianapolis, Ind. 727,130 700,807 736,856 476,258 15 Memphis, Tenn. 645,190 646,356 623,988 497,524 16 Jacksonville, Fla. 635,430 540,920 504,265 201,030 17 Washington, D.C. 617,000 638,333 756,668 763,956 18 Milwaukee, Wis. 599,380 636,212 717,372 741,324 19 Boston, Mass. 577,830 562,994 641,071 697,197 20 Columbus, Oh. 569,570 564,871 540,025 471,316 21 New Orleans, La. 531,700 557,515 593,471 627,525 22 Cleveland, Oh. 521,370 573,822 750,879 876,050 23 El Paso, Tex. 510,970 425,259 322,261 276,687 24 Seattle, Wash. 502,200 493,846 530,831 557,087 25 Denver, Col. 492,200 492,365 514,678 493,887 26 Nashville-Davidson, Tenn. 481,400 455,651 426,029 170,874 27 Austin, Tex. 464,690 345,496 253,539 186,545 Rank City 1988 1980 1970 1960 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 27 Austin, Tex. 464,690 345,496 253,539 186,545 28 Kansas City, Mo. 438,950 448,159 507,330 475,539 29 Oklahoma City, Okla. 434,380 403,213 368,164 324,253 30 Fort Worth, Tex. 426,610 385,164 393,455 356,268 31 Atlanta, Ga. 420,220 425,022 495,039 487,455 32 Portland, Ore. 418,470 366,383 379,967 372,676 33 Long Beach, Cal. 415,040 361,334 358,879 344,168 34 St. Louis, Mo. 403,700 453,085 622,236 750,026 35 Tucson, Ariz. 385,720 330,537 262,933 212,892 36 Albuquerque, N.M. 378,480 331,767 244,501 201,189 37 Honolulu, Ha.1 376,110 762,874 630,528 294,194 38 Pittsburgh, Pa. 375,230 423,938 520,089 604,332 39 Miami, Fla. 371,100 346,865 334,859 291,688 40 Cincinnati, Oh. 370,480 385,457 453,514 502,550 41 Tulsa, Okla. 368,330 360,919 330,350 261,685 42 Charlotte, N.C. 367,860 314,447 241,420 201,564 43 Virginia Beach, Va. 365,300 262,199 172,106 8,091 44 Oakland, Cal. 356,860 339,337 361,561 367,548 45 Omaha, Neb. 353,170 314,255 346,929 301,598 Rank City 1988 1980 1970 1960 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 45 Omaha, Neb. 353,170 314,255 346,929 301,598 46 Minneapolis, Minn. 344,670 370,951 434,400 482,872 47 Toledo, Oh. 340,760 354,635 383,062 318,003 48 Sacramento, Cal. 338,220 275,741 257,105 191,667 49 Newark, N.J. 313,800 329,248 381,930 405,220 50 Buffalo, N.Y. 313,570 357,870 462,768 532,759 51 Fresno, Cal. 307,090 218,202 165,655 133,929 52 Wichita, Kan. 295,320 279,272 276,554 254,698 53 Norfolk, Va. 286,500 266,979 307,951 304,869 54 Colorado Springs, Col. 283,110 215,150 135,517 70,194 55 Louisville, Ky. 281,880 298,451 361,706 390,639 56 Tampa, Fla. 281,790 271,523 277,714 274,970 57 Mesa, Ariz. 280,360 152,453 63,049 33,772 58 Birmingham, Ala. 277,280 284,413 300,910 340,887 59 Corpus Christi, Tex. 260,930 231,999 204,525 167,690 60 St. Paul, Minn. 259,110 270,230 309,866 313,411 61 Arlington, Tex. 257,460 160,113 90,229 44,775 62 Anaheim, Cal. 244,670 219,311 166,408 104,184 63 Santa Ana, Cal. 239,540 203,713 155,710 100,350 Rank City 1988 1980 1970 1960 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 63 Santa Ana, Cal. 239,540 203,713 155,710 100,350 64 St. Petersburg, Fla. 235,450 238,647 216,159 181,298 65 Baton Rouge, La.2 235,270 346,029 165,921 152,419 66 Rochester, N.Y. 229,780 241,741 295,011 318,611 67 Lexington-Fayette, Ky. 225,700 204,165 108,137 62,810 68 Akron, Oh. 221,510 237,177 275,425 290,351 69 Aurora, Col. 218,720 158,588 74,974 48,548 70 Anchorage, Alas. 218,500 174,431 48,081 44,237 71 Shreveport, La. 218,010 205,820 182,064 164,372 72 Jersey City, N.J. 217,630 223,532 260,350 276,101 73 Richmond, Va. 213,300 219,214 249,332 219,958 74 Riverside, Cal. 210,630 170,876 140,089 84,332 75 Las Vegas, Nev. 210,620 164,674 125,787 64,405 76 Mobile, Ala. 208,820 200,452 190,026 194,856 77 Jackson, Miss. 201,250 202,895 153,968 144,422 78 Montgomery, Ala. 193,510 177,857 133,386 134,393 79 Des Moines, Ia. 192,910 191,003 201,404 208,982 80 Stockton, Cal. 190,680 149,779 109,963 86,321 81 Lubbock, Tex. 188,090 173,979 149,101 126,691 Rank City 1988 1980 1970 1960 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 81 Lubbock, Tex. 188,090 173,979 149,101 126,691 82 Lincoln, Neb. 187,890 171,932 149,518 128,521 83 Huntington Beach, Cal. 186,880 170,505 115,960 11,492 84 Raleigh, N.C. 186,720 150,255 122,830 93,931 85 Grand Rapids, Mich. 185,370 181,843 197,649 177,313 86 Yonkers, N.Y. 183,000 195,351 204,297 190,634 87 Greensboro, N.C. 181,970 170,279 144,076 119,574 88 Garland, Tex. 180,450 138,857 81,437 38,501 89 Little Rock, Ark. 180,090 158,461 132,483 107,813 90 Fort Wayne, Ind. 179,810 172,196 178,269 161,776 91 Madison, Wis. 178,180 170,616 171,809 126,706 92 Dayton, Oh. 178,000 203,371 243,023 262,332 93 Columbus, Ga. 177,680 169,441 155,028 116,779 94 Knoxville, Tenn. 172,080 175,030 174,587 111,827 95 Spokane, Wash. 170,900 171,300 170,516 181,608 96 Fremont, Cal. 166,590 131,945 100,869 43,790 97 Amarillo, Tex. 166,010 149,230 127,010 137,969 98 Tacoma, Wash. 163,960 158,501 154,407 147,979 99 Chattanooga, Tenn. 162,670 169,565 119,923 130,009 Rank City 1988 1980 1970 1960 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 99 Chattanooga, Tenn. 162,670 169,565 119,923 130,009 100 Hialeah, Fla. 162,080 145,254 102,452 66,972 City Population by Race and Hispanic Origin U.S. Bureau of the Census 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total White Black Am. Indian Eskimos A 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Albuquerque, NM 331,767 275,758 7,691 7,163 Atlanta, GA 425,022 138,235 283,158 610 Austin, TX 345,544 263,618 42,108 1,516 Baltimore, MD 786,775 346,692 430,934 2,170 Birmingham, AL 284,413 124,767 158,200 220 Total White Black Am. Indian Eskimos A 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Birmingham, AL 284,413 124,767 158,200 220 Boston, MA 562,994 396,635 126,438 1,455 Buffalo, NY 357,870 253,507 95,622 2,084 Charlotte, NC 314,447 212,293 97,896 1,162 Chicago, IL 3,005,078 1,512,411 1,197,174 6,804 Cincinnati, OH 385,457 251,332 130,490 567 Cleveland, OH 573,822 309,299 251,084 1,282 Columbus, OH 564,866 431,966 124,689 1,024 Dallas, TX 904,074 558,443 265,105 3,878 Denver, CO 492,365 375,628 59,095 4,318 Detroit, MI 1,203,339 420,529 758,468 3,846 El Paso, TX 425,259 306,510 13,641 1,563 Fort Worth, TX 385,166 266,638 87,635 1,841 Honolulu, HI (County) 762,565 262,604 17,203 2,445 Houston, TX 1,595,167 981,563 439,604 3,945 Indianapolis, IN 700,719 540,496 152,590 1,356 Jacksonville, FL 540,920 394,661 137,150 1,950 Kansas City, MO 448,154 313,835 122,336 2,115 Long Beach, CA 361,334 272,272 40,463 3,531 Total White Black Am. Indian Eskimos A 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Long Beach, CA 361,334 272,272 40,463 3,531 Los Angeles, CA 2,966,850 1,842,050 504,301 19,296 Louisville, KY 298,455 212,052 84,254 408 Memphis, TN 646,356 334,363 307,573 680 Miami, FL 346,865 225,200 87,018 334 Milwaukee, WI 636,212 468,064 147,055 5,348 Minneapolis, MN 370,951 325,415 28,469 9,198 Nashville-Davidson, TN 455,663 345,766 105,869 743 New Orleans, LA 557,515 238,192 308,039 623 New York, NY 7,071,639 4,348,605 1,788,377 13,400 Newark, NJ 329,248 107,465 191,968 923 Norfolk, VA 266,979 163,052 93,977 822 Oakland, CA 339,337 131,127 159,351 2,754 Oklahoma City, OK 403,243 323,665 58,550 11,199 Omaha, NE 314,267 268,995 37,889 1,839 Philadelphia, PA 1,688,210 988,337 638,788 2,799 Phoenix, AZ 789,704 673,488 37,747 11,645 Pittsburgh, PA 423,938 318,287 101,549 584 Portland, OR 366,423 319,220 28,034 3,374 Total White Black Am. Indian Eskimos A 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Portland, OR 366,423 319,220 28,034 3,374 Sacramento, CA 275,741 187,992 36,842 3,506 St. Louis, MO 453,085 242,988 206,170 679 St. Paul, MN 270,230 245,795 13,018 2,558 San Antonio, TX 785,809 621,679 57,566 2,375 San Diego, CA 875,538 674,268 77,508 5,833 San Francisco, CA 678,974 402,131 86,190 3,566 San Jose, CA 629,442 470,458 28,792 5,801 Seattle, WA 493,846 396,275 46,565 6,821 Tampa, FL 271,523 202,507 63,578 607 Toledo, OH 354,635 284,104 61,855 989 Tucson, AZ 330,537 274,750 11,587 4,578 Tulsa, OK 360,919 298,926 42,845 13,816 Virginia Beach, VA 262,199 227,454 26,266 630 Washington, DC 638,333 174,705 448,370 1,014 Wichita, KS 279,272 236,549 30,263 2,942 This table presents a summary of the final 1980 census population estimates (data are based on sample tabulations) for cities over 250,000, classified by race and Hispanic origin. 1 Not elsewhere classified. 2 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Population by State: 1989 U.S. Bureau of the Census (1989 estimates) (in thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1989 rank State 1989 Population Percent change 1980-89 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 Cal. 29,063 22.8 2 N.Y. 17,950 2.2 3 Tex. 16,991 19.4 4 Fla. 12,671 30.0 5 Pa. 12,040 1.5 6 Ill. 11,658 2.0 1989 rank State 1989 Population Percent change 1980-89 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 6 Ill. 11,658 2.0 7 Oh. 10,907 1.0 8 Mich. 9,273 0.1 9 N.J. 7,736 5.0 10 N.C. 6,571 11.7 11 Ga. 6,436 17.8 12 Va. 6,098 14.0 13 Mass. 5,913 3.1 14 Ind. 5,593 1.9 15 Mo. 5,159 4.9 16 Tenn. 4,940 7.6 17 Wis. 4,867 3.4 18 Wash. 4,761 15.2 19 Md. 4,694 11.3 20 La. 4,382 4.2 21 Minn. 4,353 6.8 22 Ala. 4,118 5.8 23 Ky. 3,727 1.8 24 Ariz. 3,556 30.8 1989 rank State 1989 Population Percent change 1980-89 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 24 Ariz. 3,556 30.8 25 S.C. 3,512 12.5 26 Colo. 3,317 14.8 27 Conn. 3,239 4.2 28 Okla. 3,224 6.6 29 Ia. 2,840 -2.5 30 Ore. 2,820 7.1 31 Miss. 2,621 4.0 32 Kan. 2,513 6.3 33 Ark. 2,406 5.2 34 W.Va. 1,857 -4.8 35 Utah 1,707 16.8 36 Neb. 1,611 2.6 37 N.M. 1,528 17.3 38 Me. 1,222 8.7 39 Ha. 1,112 15.3 40 Nev. 1,111 38.8 41 N.H. 1,107 20.3 42 Id. 1,014 7.4 1989 rank State 1989 Population Percent change 1980-89 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 42 Id. 1,014 7.4 43 R.I. 998 5.4 44 Mont. 806 2.4 45 S.D. 715 3.5 46 Del. 673 13.2 47 N.D. 660 1.1 48 D. of C. 604 -5.4 49 Vt. 567 10.9 50 Alas. 527 31.1 51 Wyo. 475 1.1 U.S. Total U.S. Total 248,239 9.6 Foreign-Born Population in Twelve Metropolitan Areas of the United States: 1980 U.S. Bureau of the Census 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼� Country of origin New York City Chicago Los Angeles Phil 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Number of foreign-born persons 1,946,800 744,930 1,664,793 242, Percent of population foreign-born 21.3 10.5 22.3 5.1 Europe 37.7 40.9 13.0 54.8 Austria 1.6 1.2 0.4 1.6 Czechoslovakia 1.0 1.4 0.3 0.8 France 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.9 Germany 4.3 6.0 2.1 9.4 Greece 2.4 3.2 0.4 2.5 Hungary 1.3 0.9 0.7 1.6 Ireland 2.7 2.0 0.3 3.8 Italy 10.5 6.0 1.3 14.9 Netherlands 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 Poland 4.6 8.4 1.0 4.7 Portugal 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.9 Sweden 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.3 United Kingdom 2.5 2.5 2.8 7.8 Country of origin New York City Chicago Los Angeles Phil 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� United Kingdom 2.5 2.5 2.8 7.8 England 1.6 1.6 1.9 4.6 Northern Ireland 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 Scotland 0.6 0.6 0.5 2.1 Wales * * * 0.2 Yugoslavia 1.3 3.0 0.6 1.0 U.S.S.R. 4.9 3.3 2.1 8.9 Asia 13.1 17.2 20.4 16.7 China 3.3 1.2 2.0 1.4 India 1.4 2.9 0.6 2.8 Japan 0.9 0.8 2.0 0.9 Korea 1.2 2.3 3.0 3.4 Philippines 1.3 4.3 4.4 2.1 Vietnam 0.2 0.6 1.7 1.4 North and Central America 27.4 28.7 54.8 9.5 Canada 1.2 2.2 3.4 3.2 Mexico 0.4 21.6 41.9 0.6 Country of origin New York City Chicago Los Angeles Phil 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cuba 2.8 1.9 2.1 1.2 Dominican Republic 6.6 0.1 * 0.3 Jamaica 5.1 0.6 0.2 1.7 South America 8.8 2.5 3.5 2.5 North Africa 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.5 Other Africa 0.7 0.8 0.5 1.1 All other countries 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 Country not reported 6.5 6.2 4.7 5.6 Note: *indicates amount less or rounds than 0.1 percent. Immigration by Country of Last Residence 1820-1989 U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴� Country Total 1820-1989 Total 1961-1970 Total 1971-1980 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� All countries* 55,458 3,321.7 4,493.3 Europe 36,977 1,123.5 800.4 Austria1 - 20.6 9.5 Hungary - 5.4 6.6 Belgium 210 9.2 5.3 Czechoslovakia 145 3.3 6.0 Denmark 370 9.2 4.4 Finland 37 4.2 2.9 France 783 45.2 25.1 Germany1 7,071 190.8 74.4 Great Britain2 5,100 214.5 137.4 Greece 700 86.0 92.4 Ireland 4,715 33.0 11.5 Italy 5,357 214.1 129.4 Netherlands 373 30.6 10.5 Norway10 753 15.5 3.9 Country Total 1820-1989 Total 1961-1970 Total 1971-1980 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Norway10 753 15.5 3.9 Poland1 588 53.5 37.2 Portugal 497 76.1 101.7 Spain 282 44.7 39.1 Sweden10 1,245 17.1 6.5 Switzerland 358 18.5 8.2 USSR1,3 3,429 2.5 39.0 Yugoslavia 133 20.4 30.5 Other Europe 290 9.1 18.9 Asia 5,697 427.6 1,588.2 China5 874 34.8 124.3 Hong Kong 288 75.0 113.5 India 427 27.2 164.1 Iran 162 10.3 45.1 Israel 132 29.6 37.7 Japan 456 40.0 49.8 Jordan 70 11.7 27.5 Korea 611 34.5 267.6 Country Total 1820-1989 Total 1961-1970 Total 1971-1980 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Korea 611 34.5 267.6 Lebanon 91 15.2 41.3 Philippines 955 98.4 355.0 Turkey 409 10.1 13.4 Vietnam 444 4.3 172.8 Other Asia 779 36.5 176.1 America 12,017 1,716.4 1,982.5 Argentina 125 49.7 29.9 Brazil 93 29.3 17.8 Canada 4,271 413.3 169.9 Colombia 272 72.0 77.3 Cuba 739 208.5 264.9 Dominican Rep. 468 93.3 148.1 Ecuador 143 36.8 50.1 El Salvador 216 15.0 34.4 Guatemala 104 15.9 25.9 Country Total 1820-1989 Total 1961-1970 Total 1971-1980 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Honduras 79 15.7 17.4 Mexico 3,208 453.9 640.3 Panama 90 19.4 23.5 Peru 106 19.1 29.2 West Indies 1,168 133.9 271.8 Other America 740 106.1 125.7 Africa 301 29.0 80.8 Australia and New Zealand 144 19.6 23.8 Other Oceania 54 5.6 17.6 Unknown or Not Reported 267 - - *Figures may not add to total due to rounding. 1 1938-1945, Austria included with Germany; 1899-1919, Poland included with Austria-Hungary, Germany, and USSR. 2 Beginning 1952, includes data for United Kingdom not specified, formerly included with "Other Europe". 3 Europe and Asia. 4 Beginning 1957, includes Taiwan. 5 Prior to 1951, included with "Other Asia". 6 Prior to 1951, Philippines included with "All other". 7 Prior to 1953, data for Vietnam not available. 8 Prior to 1951, included with "Other America". 9 Prior to 1951, included with "West Indies". 10 Norway and Sweden were combined from 1820-1868. 11 First full year with Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 in effect. 12 Data include 478,814 previously illegal aliens who were granted permanent resident status under section 245A of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. These aliens are not new residents of the United States. Poverty by Family Status, Sex, and Race U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports By thousands 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴旼� 1988 1988 1986 No.1 %2 No.1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total poor 31,745 13.0 32,3 1988 1988 1986 No.1 %2 No.1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total poor 31,745 13.0 32,3 In families 24,048 11.6 24,7 Head 6,874 10.4 7,02 Related children 11,935 19.0 12,2 Other relatives 5,238 6.6 5,47 Unrelated individuals 7,070 20.6 6,84 In families with a female householder, no husband present 11,972 37.2 11,9 Head 3,642 33.4 3,61 Related children 6,948 52.7 6,94 Other relatives 1,382 17.1 1,38 Unrelated female individuals 4,225 23.1 4,31 All other 12,076 6.9 12,8 Head 3,232 5.9 3,41 Related children 4,987 10.0 5,31 Other relatives 3,857 5.4 4,08 Unrelated male individuals 2,844 17.7 2,53 1988 1988 1986 No.1 %2 No.1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Unrelated male individuals 2,844 17.7 2,53 Total white poor 20,715 10.1 22,1 In families 15,001 8.6 16,3 Head 4,409 7.8 4,81 Female 1,945 26.5 2,04 Related children 7,095 14.0 7,71 Other relatives 3,497 5.1 3,86 Unrelated individuals 5,314 18.1 5,19 Total black poor 9,356 31.3 8,98 In families 7,650 30.0 7,40 Head 2,089 28.2 1,98 Female 1,579 49.0 1,48 Related children 4,148 42.8 4,03 Other relatives 1,413 16.8 1,37 Unrelated individuals 1,509 36.8 1,43 1 Beginning in 1979, total includes members of unrelated subfamilies not shown separately. For earlier years, unrelated subfamily members are included in the "in family" category. 2 Percent of total population in that general category who fell below poverty level. For example, of all black female heads of households in 1978, 50.6% were poor. Poverty Level by Family Size 1987, 1988 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 1987 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 persons $ 5,778 $ 6,024 Under 65 years 5,909 6,155 65 years and over 5,447 5,674 2 persons 7,397 7,704 Householder under 65 years 7,641 7,958 1987 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Householder under 65 years 7,641 7,958 Householder 65 years and over 6,872 7,158 3 persons 9,056 9,435 4 persons 11,611 12,092 5 persons 13,737 14,305 6 persons 15,509 16,149 7 persons 17,649 18,248 8 persons 19,515 20,279 9 persons or more 23,105 24,133 Income Distribution by Population Fifths 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴� Top income of Top income of Top income of Top income of Top income of Top income of Top income of Top income of each fifth each fifth each fifth each fifth Families, 1988 Lowest Second Third Fourth 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Race Total $15,102 $26,182 $38,500 $55,906 White 16,814 28,000 40,000 57,350 Black and (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) other Black 7,148 14,400 24,425 40,300 Region Northeast $17,745 $30,000 $43,002 $62,318 Top income of Top income of Top income of Top income of each fifth each fifth each fifth each fifth  Midwest 16,000 27,340 38,793 54,424 South 13,044 23,460 35,100 52,400 West 15,813 26,600 39,280 57,143 1960 39.9 28.3 NA NA 1965 33.2 22.5 NA NA 1970 25.4 17.5 7.5 NA 1975 25.9 17.8 7.5 3.0 19804 29.3 19.7 8.6 3.5 Top income of Top income of Top income of Top income of each fifth each fifth each fifth each fifth  19864 32.4 22.2 9.0 5.1 19874 32.5 21.4 9.7 5.5 1988 31.7 20.7 9.4 5.4 NA = Not Available. 1 Includes other races not shown separately. 2 Persons of Spanish origin may be of any race. 3 Beginning in 1981, income cutoffs for nonfarm families are applied to both farm and nonfarm families. 4 Data based on revised poverty definition. Poverty Rate The poverty rate is the proportion of the population whose income falls below the government's official poverty level, which is adjusted each year to take account of inflation. The national poverty rate was higher in 1986 than in any year from 1969 through 1980. The rate reached a peak of 15.2 percent in 1983. Aid to Families with Dependent Children Family Support Administration, Office of Family Assistance, Social Security Admin. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴� FY 1989 State Total Assistance Payments1 Average Monthly Caseload Average 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alabama $61,117,217 44,820 129,037 FY 1989 State Total Assistance Payments1 Average Monthly Caseload Average 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alabama $61,117,217 44,820 129,037 Alaska 54,783,597 7,415 19,423 Arizona 117,043,333 36,044 105,380 Arkansas 55,439,117 23,914 69,633 California 4,436,483,185 604,761 1,762,9 Colorado 131,025,819 33,851 97,312 Connecticut 242,437,895 38,311 106,187 Delaware 25,050,732 7,463 19,189 Dist. of Col. 77,531,492 18,108 47,860 Florida 354,574,290 118,582 326,764 Georgia 289,335,398 92,654 265,879 Guam 3,100,547 1,170 4,072 Hawaii 89,114,192 13,873 42,783 Idaho 18,429,755 6,231 16,819 Illinois 786,541,577 206,895 632,181 Indiana 162,240,669 51,611 147,385 Iowa 149,034,319 34,819 97,590 Kansas 104,283,113 25,213 73,869 FY 1989 State Total Assistance Payments1 Average Monthly Caseload Average 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Kansas 104,283,113 25,213 73,869 Kentucky 155,423,930 58,717 155,722 Louisiana 184,829,568 92,194 276,574 Maine 86,062,625 17,948 50,801 Maryland 265,450,435 63,230 176,135 Massachusetts 595,016,889 88,188 241,696 Michigan 1,226,434,609 211,919 639,889 Minnesota 343,392,910 54,639 163,542 Mississippi 84,917,420 59,860 178,834 Missouri 220,042,222 68,067 203,109 Montana 40,565,738 9,329 27,694 Nebraska 56,618,425 14,210 41,026 Nevada 24,222,246 7,293 20,142 New Hampshire 24,303,571 4,901 12,716 New Jersey 440,059,320 102,519 297,796 New Mexico 54,962,877 20,372 58,676 New York 2,153,726,471 337,300 979,135 North Carolina 220,522,505 77,066 200,277 FY 1989 State Total Assistance Payments1 Average Monthly Caseload Average 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� North Carolina 220,522,505 77,066 200,277 North Dakota 24,025,321 5,489 15,292 Ohio 826,624,751 222,187 629,106 Oklahoma 124,326,583 35,930 103,043 Oregon 137,546,020 32,060 87,288 Pennsylvania 738,456,580 174,577 522,682 Puerto Rico 70,596,887 57,841 185,345 Rhode Island 86,079,829 15,057 41,899 South Carolina 91,286,353 37,466 107,461 South Dakota 21,615,831 6,632 18,928 Tennessee 142,001,084 70,575 195,481 Texas 367,805,132 181,598 539,858 Utah 63,475,434 14,969 43,627 Vermont 41,424,560 7,015 19,723 Virgin Islands 2,908,765 941 3,388 Virginia 168,357,395 53,918 145,622 Washington 420,720,603 78,031 219,273 West Virginia 110,033,577 36,087 109,294 FY 1989 State Total Assistance Payments1 Average Monthly Caseload Average 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� West Virginia 110,033,577 36,087 109,294 Wisconsin 454,213,644 81,981 244,876 Wyoming 18,797,003 5,123 13,737 U.S. Total $17,244,413,360 3,770,959 10,933, 1 Total assistance payments include AFDC-Basic, AFDC-Unemployed Parent, grant diversion and home repairs. Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Program Recipients and Payments, 1955-1989 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴� Category 1955, Dec. 1965, Dec. 1970, Dec. 1975, Dec.1 1980, Dec Category 1955, Dec. 1965, Dec. 1970, Dec. 1975, Dec.1 1980, Dec 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Aged: Recipients 2,538,000 2,087,000 2,082,000 2,307,105 1,807,776 Total amt. $127,003,000 $131,674,000 $161,642,000 $209,777,000 $221,303, Avg. amt. $50.05 $63.10 $77.65 $90.93 $128.20 Blind: Recipients 104,000 85,100 81,000 74,489 78,401 Total amt. $5,803,000 $6,922,000 $8,446,000 $10,918,000 $16,381,0 Avg. amt. $55.55 $81.35 $104.35 $146.57 $213.23 Disabled: Recipients 241,000 557,000 935,000 1,932,681 2,255,840 Total amt. $11,750,000 $37,035,000 $91,325,000 $272,800,000 $444,322, Avg. amt. $48.75 $66.50 $97.65 $141.15 $197.90 1 In 1972, Congress replaced the categorical Federal-State programs of Old-Age Assistance, Aid to the Blind, and Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled with the Federal Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program effective Jan. 1974. The SSI program is administered by the Social Security Admin. U.S. Places of 5,000 or More Population--With ZIP and Area Codes U.S. Bureau of the Census; U.S. Postal Service; N.Y. Telephone Co. The listings below show the official urban population of the United States. "Urban population" is defined as all persons living in (a) places of 5,000 inhabitants or more, incorporated as cities, villages, boroughs (except Alaska), and towns (except in New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin), but excluding those persons living in the rural portions of extended cities; (b) unincorporated places of 5,000 inhabitants or more; and (c) other territory, incorporated or unincorporated, included in urbanized areas. The non-urban portion of an extended city contains one or more areas, each at least 5 square miles in extent and with a population density of less than 100 persons per square mile. The area or areas constitute at least 25 percent of the legal city's land area of a total of 25 square miles or more. In New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, minor civil divisions called "towns" often include rural areas and one or more urban areas. Only the urban areas of these "towns" are included here, except in the case of New England where entire town populations, which may include some rural population, are shown; these towns are indicated by italics. Boroughs in Alaska may contain one or more urban areas which are included here. Population in Hawaii is counted by county subdivisions. (u) means place is unincorporated. The ZIP Code of each place appears before the name of that place, if it is obtainable. Telephone Area Code appears in parentheses after the name of the state or, if a state has more than one number, after the name of the place. CAUTION--Where an asterisk (*) appears before the ZIP Code, ask your local postmaster for the correct ZIP Code for a specific address within the place listed. Alabama (205) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 35007 Alabaster 7,079 2,642 35950 Albertville 12,039 9,963 35010 Alexander City 13,807 12,358 36420 Andalusia 10,415 10,092 36201 Anniston 29,135 31,533 35016 Arab 6,053 4,399 35611 Athens 14,558 14,360 36502 Atmore 8,789 8,293 35954 Attalla 7,737 7,510 36830 Auburn 28,471 22,767 36507 Bay Minette 7,455 6,727 35020 Bessemer 31,729 33,428 *35203 Birmingham 284,413 300,910 35957 Boaz 7,151 5,635 36426 Brewton 6,680 6,747 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 36426 Brewton 6,680 6,747 35020 Brighton 5,308 2,277 35215 Center Point(u) 23,317 15,675 36611 Chickasaw 7,402 8,447 35044 Childersburg 5,084 4,831 35045 Clanton 5,832 5,868 35055 Cullman 13,084 12,601 35601 Decatur 42,002 38,044 36732 Demopolis 7,678 7,651 36301 Dothan 48,750 36,733 36330 Enterprise 18,033 15,591 36027 Eufaula 12,097 9,102 35064 Fairfield 13,242 14,369 36532 Fairhope 7,286 5,720 35555 Fayette 5,287 4,568 35630 Florence 37,029 34,031 35214 Forestdale(u) 10,814 6,091 35967 Fort Payne 11,485 8,435 36360 Fort Rucker(u) 8,932 14,242 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 36360 Fort Rucker(u) 8,932 14,242 35068 Fultondale 6,217 5,163 *35901 Gadsden 47,565 53,928 35071 Gardendale 8,005 6,537 36037 Greenville 7,807 8,033 35976 Guntersville 7,041 6,491 35565 Haleyville 5,306 4,190 35640 Hartselle 8,858 7,355 35209 Homewood 21,271 21,245 35226 Hoover 18,996 688 35020 Hueytown 13,452 7,095 *35804 Huntsville 142,513 139,282 35210 Irondale 6,521 3,166 36545 Jackson 6,073 5,957 36265 Jacksonville 9,735 7,715 35501 Jasper 11,894 10,798 36863 Lanett 8,922 6,908 35094 Leeds 8,638 6,991 35228 Midfield 6,182 6,621 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 35228 Midfield 6,182 6,621 *36601 Mobile 200,452 190,026 36460 Monroeville 5,674 4,846 *36104 Montgomery 177,857 133,386 35223 Mountain Brook 17,400 19,474 35660 Muscle Shoals 8,911 6,907 35476 Northport 14,291 9,435 36801 Opelika 21,896 19,027 36467 Opp 7,204 6,493 36203 Oxford 8,939 4,361 36360 Ozark 13,188 13,555 35124 Pelham 6,759 931 35125 Pell City 6,616 5,602 36867 Phenix City 26,928 25,281 36272 Piedmont 5,544 5,063 35127 Pleasant Grove 7,102 5,090 36067 Prattville 18,647 13,116 36610 Prichard 39,541 41,578 35901 Rainbow City 6,299 3,099 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 35901 Rainbow City 6,299 3,099 35809 Redstone Arsenal(u) 5,728 .... 36274 Roanoke 5,809 5,251 35653 Russellville 8,195 7,814 36201 Saks(u) 11,118 .... 36571 Saraland 9,833 7,840 35768 Scottsboro 14,758 9,324 36701 Selma 26,684 27,379 36701 Selmont-West Selmont(u) 5,255 2,270 35660 Sheffield 11,903 13,115 35901 Southside 5,141 983 35150 Sylacauga 12,708 12,255 35160 Talladega 19,128 17,662 35217 Tarrant City 8,148 6,835 36582 Theodore(u) 6,392 .... 36619 Tillman's Corner(u) 15,941 .... 36081 Troy 13,124 11,482 35401 Tuscaloosa 75,143 65,773 35674 Tuscumbia 9,137 8,828 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 35674 Tuscumbia 9,137 8,828 36083 Tuskegee 12,716 11,028 35216 Vestavia Hills 15,733 12,250 36201 West End-Cobb(u) 5,189 5,515 Alaska (907) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� *99502 Anchorage 174,431 48,081 99702 Eielson AFB(u) 5,232 6,149 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 99702 Eielson AFB(u) 5,232 6,149 99701 Fairbanks 22,645 14,771 99801 Juneau 19,528 6,050 99611 Kenai Peninsula borough 25,282 16,586 99901 Ketchikan 7,198 6,994 99835 Sitka 7,803 3,370 Arizona (602) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 85321 Ajo(u) 5,189 5,881 85220 Apache Junction 9,935 2,443 85323 Avondale 8,134 6,626 85603 Bisbee 7,154 8,328 86430 Bullhead City-Riviera(u) 10,364 .... 85222 Casa Grande 14,971 10,536 85224 Chandler 29,673 13,763 85228 Coolidge 6,851 5,314 85707 Davis-Monthan AFB(u) 6,279 .... 85607 Douglas 13,058 12,462 85205 Dreamland-VeldaRose(u) 5,969 .... 85231 Eloy 6,240 5,381 86001 Flagstaff 34,641 26,117 85613 Fort Huachuca(u) NA 6,659 85234 Gilbert 5,717 1,971 *85301 Glendale 96,988 36,228 85501 Globe 6,886 7,333 85614 Green Valley(u) 7,999 .... 86025 Holbrook 5,785 4,759 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 86025 Holbrook 5,785 4,759 86401 Kingman 9,257 7,312 86403 Lake Havasu City 15,737 4,111 85301 Luke(u) NA 5,047 *85201 Mesa 152,404 63,049 85621 Nogales 15,683 8,946 86040 Page(u) NA 1,439 85253 Paradise Valley 10,832 6,637 85345 Peoria 12,171 4,792 *85026 Phoenix 789,704 584,303 86301 Prescott 19,865 13,631 85546 Safford 7,010 5,493 85631 San Manuel(u) 5,443 .... *85251 Scottsdale 88,622 67,823 85635 Sierra Vista 25,968 6,689 85713 South Tucson 6,554 6,220 85351 Sun City(u) 40,505 13,670 *85282 Tempe 106,919 63,550 86045 Tuba City(u) 5,045 .... ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 86045 Tuba City(u) 5,045 .... *85726 Tucson 330,537 262,933 85364 West Yuma(u) NA 5,552 86047 Winslow 7,921 8,066 85364 Yuma 42,481 29,007 Arkansas (501) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 71923 Arkadelphia 10,005 9,841 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 71923 Arkadelphia 10,005 9,841 72501 Batesville 8,447 7,209 72015 Benton 17,437 16,499 72712 Bentonville 8,756 5,508 72315 Blytheville 24,314 24,752 71701 Camden 15,356 15,147 72830 Clarksville 5,237 4,616 72032 Conway 20,375 15,510 71635 Crossett 6,706 6,191 71639 Dumas 6,091 4,600 71730 El Dorado 26,685 25,283 72701 Fayetteville 36,604 30,729 71742 Fordyce 5,175 4,837 72335 Forrest City 13,803 12,521 72901 Fort Smith 71,384 62,802 72601 Harrison 9,567 7,239 72342 Helena 9,598 10,415 71801 Hope 10,290 8,830 71901 Hot Springs 35,166 35,631 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 71901 Hot Springs 35,166 35,631 72076 Jacksonville 27,589 19,832 72401 Jonesboro 31,530 27,050 *72201 Little Rock 159,159 132,483 71753 Magnolia 11,909 11,303 72104 Malvern 10,163 8,739 72360 Marianna 6,220 6,196 71654 McGehee 5,671 4,683 71953 Mena 5,154 4,530 71655 Monticello 8,259 5,085 72110 Morrilton 7,355 6,814 72653 Mountain Home 7,447 3,936 72112 Newport 8,339 7,725 *72114 North Little Rock 64,388 60,040 72370 Osceola 8,881 7,892 72450 Paragould 15,214 10,639 71601 Pine Bluff 56,576 57,389 72455 Pocahontas 5,995 4,544 72756 Rogers 17,429 11,050 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 72756 Rogers 17,429 11,050 72801 Russellville 14,518 11,750 72143 Searcy 13,612 9,040 72116 Sherwood 10,423 2,754 72761 Siloam Springs 7,940 6,009 72764 Springdale 23,458 16,783 72160 Stuttgart 10,941 10,477 75502 Texarkana 21,459 21,682 72472 Trumann 6,395 6,023 72956 Van Buren 12,020 8,373 71671 Warren 7,646 6,433 72390 West Helena 11,367 11,007 72301 West Memphis 28,138 26,070 72396 Wynne 7,927 6,696 California 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 94501 Alameda (415) 63,852 70,968 94507 Alamo(u) (415) 8,505 14,059 94706 Albany (415) 15,130 15,561 *91802 Alhambra (818) 64,767 62,125 90249 Alondra Park(u) (213) 12,096 12,193 92001 Alpine(u) (619) 5,368 1,570 91001 Altadena(u) (818) 40,510 42,415 95116 Alum Rock(u) (408) 17,471 18,355 94590 American Canyon(u) (707) 5,712 .... *92803 Anaheim (714) 219,494 166,408 96007 Anderson (916) 7,381 5,492 94509 Antioch (415) 43,559 28,060 92307 Apple Valley(u) (619) 14,305 6,702 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 92307 Apple Valley(u) (619) 14,305 6,702 95003 Aptos(u) (408) 7,039 8,704 91006 Arcadia (818) 45,993 45,138 95521 Arcata (707) 12,849 8,985 95825 Arden-Arcade(u) (916) 87,570 82,492 93420 Arroyo Grande (805) 11,290 7,454 90701 Artesia (213) 14,301 14,757 93203 Arvin (805) 6,863 5,199 94577 Ashland(u) (415) 13,893 14,810 93422 Atascadero (805) 15,930 10,290 94025 Atherton (415) 7,797 8,085 95301 Atwater (209) 17,530 11,640 95603 Auburn (916) 7,540 6,570 92505 August(u) (714) 6,350 6,293 91746 Avocado Heights(u) (818) 11,721 9,810 91702 Azusa (818) 29,380 25,217 *93302 Bakersfield (805) 105,611 69,515 91706 Baldwin Park (818) 50,554 47,285 92220 Banning (714) 14,020 12,034 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 92220 Banning (714) 14,020 12,034 92311 Barstow (619) 17,690 17,442 93402 Baywood-Los Osos(u) (805) 10,933 3,487 95903 Beale AFB East(u) (916) 6,329 7,029 92223 Beaumont (714) 6,818 5,484 90201 Bell (213) 25,450 21,836 90706 Bellflower (213) 53,441 52,334 90201 Bell Gardens (213) 34,117 29,308 94002 Belmont (415) 24,505 23,538 94510 Benicia (707) 15,376 7,349 95005 Ben Lomond(u) (408) 7,238 2,793 *94704 Berkeley (415) 103,328 114,091 *90213 Beverly Hills (213) 32,646 33,416 92314 Big Bear(u) (714) 11,151 5,268 92316 Bloomington(u) (714) 6,674 11,957 92225 Blythe (619) 6,805 7,047 92002 Bonita(u) (619) 6,257 .... 95006 Boulder Creek(u) (408) 5,662 1,806 92227 Brawley (619) 14,946 13,746 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 92227 Brawley (619) 14,946 13,746 92621 Brea (714) 27,913 18,447 95605 Broderick-Bryte(u) (916) 10,194 12,782 *90620 Buena Park (714) 64,165 63,646 *91505 Burbank (818) 84,625 88,871 94010 Burlingame (415) 26,173 27,320 92231 Calexico (619) 14,412 10,625 93725 Calwa(u) (209) 6,640 5,191 93010 Camarillo (805) 37,732 19,219 93010 Camarillo Heights(u) (805) 6,341 5,892 95682 Cameron Park(u) (916) 5,607 .... 95008 Campbell (408) 26,843 23,797 91351 Canyon Country(u) (805) 15,728 .... 92055 Camp Pendleton South(u) (714) 7,952 13,692 92624 Capistrano Beach(u) (714) 6,168 4,149 95010 Capitola (408) 9,095 5,080 92007 Cardiff-by-the-Sea(u) (619) 10,054 5,724 92008 Carlsbad (619) 35,490 14,944 95608 Carmichael(u) (916) 43,108 37,625 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 95608 Carmichael(u) (916) 43,108 37,625 93013 Carpinteria (805) 10,835 6,982 90744 Carson (213) 81,221 71,150 92077 Casa De Oro-Mt. Helix(u) (619) 19,651 .... 92010 Castle Park-Otay(u) (619) 21,049 15,445 94546 Castro Valley(u) (415) 44,011 44,760 95307 Ceres (209) 13,281 6,029 90701 Cerritos (213) 52,756 15,856 91724 Charter Oak(u) (818) 6,840 .... 94541 Cherryland(u) (415) 9,425 9,969 92223 Cherry Valley(u) (714) 5,012 3,165 95926 Chico (916) 26,716 19,580 95926 Chico North(u) (916) 11,739 6,656 95926 Chico West(u) (916) 6,378 4,787 91710 Chino (714) 40,165 20,411 93610 Chowchilla (209) 5,122 4,349 *92010 Chula Vista (619) 83,927 67,901 95610 Citrus(u) (916) 12,450 .... 95610 Citrus Heights(u) (916) 85,911 21,760 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 95610 Citrus Heights(u) (916) 85,911 21,760 91711 Claremont (714) 31,028 24,776 93612 Clovis (209) 33,021 13,856 92236 Coachella (619) 9,129 8,353 93210 Coalinga (209) 6,593 6,161 92324 Colton (714) 27,419 20,016 90022 Commerce (213) 10,509 10,635 *90220 Compton (213) 81,350 78,547 *94520 Concord (415) 103,763 85,164 93212 Corcoran (209) 6,454 5,249 91720 Corona (714) 37,791 27,519 92118 Coronado (619) 18,790 20,020 94925 Corte Madera (415) 8,074 8,464 *92626 Costa Mesa (714) 82,291 72,660 Country Club(u) (209) 9,585 .... *91722 Covina (818) 32,746 30,395 92325 Crestline(u) (714) 6,715 .... 90201 Cudahy (213) 18,275 16,998 90230 Culver City (213) 38,139 34,451 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 90230 Culver City (213) 38,139 34,451 95014 Cupertino (408) 34,297 17,895 90630 Cypress (714) 40,738 31,569 *94017 Daly City (415) 78,519 66,922 94526 Danville (415) 26,446 .... 92629 Dana Point (714) 10,602 4,745 95616 Davis (916) 36,640 23,488 90250 Del Aire(u) (213) 8,487 11,930 93215 Delano (805) 16,491 14,559 92014 Del Mar (619) 5,017 3,956 92240 Desert Hot Springs (619) 5,941 2,738 91765 Diamond Bar(u) (714) 28,045 10,576 93618 Dinuba (209) 9,907 7,917 95620 Dixon (916) 7,541 4,432 *90241 Downey (213) 82,602 88,573 91010 Duarte (818) 16,766 14,981 94568 Dublin (415) 13,496 13,641 90220 East Compton(u) (213) 6,435 5,853 92343 East Hemet(u) (714) 14,712 8,598 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 92343 East Hemet(u) (714) 14,712 8,598 90638 East La Mirada(u) (213) 9,688 12,339 90022 East Los Angeles(u) (213) 110,017 104,881 94303 East Palo Alto (415) 18,191 18,727 93257 East Porterville(u) (209) 5,218 4,042 92508 Edgemont(u) (714) 5,215 .... 93523 Edwards AFB(u) (805) 8,554 10,331 *92020 El Cajon (619) 73,892 52,273 92243 El Centro (619) 23,996 19,272 94530 El Cerrito (415) 22,731 25,190 95624 Elk Grove(u) (916) 10,959 3,721 *91734 El Monte (818) 79,494 69,892 93446 El Paso de Robles (213) 9,163 7,168 93030 El Rio(u) (805) 5,674 6,173 90245 El Segundo (213) 13,752 15,620 94803 El Sobrante(u) (415) 10,535 .... 92630 El Toro(u) (714) 38,153 8,654 92709 El Toro Station(u) (714) 7,632 6,970 92024 Encinitas (619) 10,796 5,375 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 92024 Encinitas (619) 10,796 5,375 *92025 Escondido (619) 62,480 36,792 95501 Eureka (707) 24,153 24,337 93221 Exeter (209) 5,619 4,475 94930 Fairfax (415) 7,391 7,661 94533 Fairfield (707) 58,099 44,146 95628 Fair Oaks(u) (916) 20,235 11,256 92028 Fallbrook(u) (619) 14,041 6,945 93223 Farmersville (209) 5,544 3,456 93015 Fillmore (805) 9,602 6,285 90001 Florence-Graham(u) (213) 48,662 42,900 95828 Florin(u) (916) 16,523 9,646 95630 Folsom (916) 11,003 5,810 92335 Fontana (714) 36,804 20,673 95841 Foothill Farms(u) (916) 13,700 .... 95437 Fort Bragg (707) 5,019 4,455 95540 Fortuna (707) 7,591 4,203 94404 Foster City (415) 23,287 9,522 92708 Fountain Valley (714) 55,080 31,886 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 92708 Fountain Valley (714) 55,080 31,886 95019 Freedom(u) (408) 6,416 5,563 *94536 Fremont (415) 131,945 100,869 *93706 Fresno (209) 217,491 165,655 *92631 Fullerton (714) 102,246 85,987 95632 Galt (209) 5,514 3,200 *90247 Gardena (213) 45,165 41,021 95205 Garden Acres(u) (213) 7,361 7,870 *92640 Garden Grove (714) 123,351 121,155 92392 George AFB(u) (619) 7,061 7,404 95020 Gilroy (408) 21,641 12,684 92509 Glen Avon(u) (714) 8,444 5,759 *91209 Glendale (818) 139,060 132,664 91740 Glendora (818) 38,500 32,143 92324 Grand Terrace (714) 8,498 5,901 95945 Grass Valley (916) 6,697 5,149 93308 Greenacres(u) (805) 5,381 2,116 93433 Grover City (805) 8,827 5,939 91745 Hacienda Heights (818) 49,422 35,969 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 91745 Hacienda Heights (818) 49,422 35,969 94019 Half Moon Bay (415) 7,282 4,023 93230 Hanford (209) 20,958 15,179 90716 Hawaiian Gardens (213) 10,548 9,052 90250 Hawthorne (213) 56,437 53,304 *94544 Hayward (415) 93,585 93,058 95448 Healdsburg (707) 7,217 5,438 92343 Hemet (714) 22,531 12,252 94547 Hercules (415) 5,963 252 90254 Hermosa Beach (213) 18,070 17,412 92345 Hesperia (619) 13,540 4,592 92346 Highland (714) 10,908 12,669 94010 Hillsborough (415) 10,372 8,753 95023 Hollister (408) 11,488 7,663 91720 Home Gardens(u) (714) 5,783 5,116 *92647 Huntington Beach (714) 170,505 115,960 90255 Huntington Park (213) 45,932 33,744 92032 Imperial Beach (619) 22,689 20,244 92201 Indio (619) 21,611 14,459 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 92201 Indio (619) 21,611 14,459 *90306 Inglewood (213) 94,162 89,985 *92711 Irvine (714) 62,134 7,381 94707 Kensington(u) (415) 5,342 5,823 93930 King City (408) 5,495 3,717 93631 Kingsburg (209) 5,115 3,843 91011 La Canada-Flintridge (818) 20,153 20,714 91214 La Crescenta-Montrose(u) (818) 16,531 19,620 90045 Ladera Heights(u) (213) 6,647 6,079 94549 Lafayette (415) 20,837 20,484 *92651 Laguna Beach (714) 17,858 14,550 92653 Laguna Hills(u) (714) 33,600 13,676 92677 Laguna Niguel(u) (714) 12,237 4,644 90631 La Habra (213) 45,232 41,350 92352 Lake Arrowhead(u) (714) 6,272 2,682 92040 Lakeside(u) (619) 23,921 11,991 92330 Lake Elsinore (714) 5,982 3,530 *90714 Lakewood (213) 74,511 83,025 92041 La Mesa (619) 50,342 39,178 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 92041 La Mesa (619) 50,342 39,178 90638 La Mirada (213) 40,986 30,808 93241 Lamont(u) (805) 9,616 7,007 93534 Lancaster (805) 48,027 32,728 90624 La Palma (213) 15,663 9,687 91747 La Puente (818) 30,882 31,092 La Riviera(u) (916) 10,906 .... 94939 Larkspur (415) 11,064 10,487 91750 La Verne (714) 23,508 12,965 90260 Lawndale (213) 23,460 24,825 92045 Lemon Grove (619) 20,780 19,794 93245 Lemoore (209) 8,832 4,219 93245 Lemoore Station(u) (209) 5,888 9,210 90304 Lennox(u) (213) 18,445 16,121 92024 Leucadia(u) (619) 9,478 .... 95207 Lincoln Village(u) (916) 7,067 6,112 95901 Linda(u) (916) 10,225 7,112 93247 Lindsay (209) 6,936 5,206 95062 Live Oak(u) (Santa Cruz) (916) 11,482 6,443 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 95062 Live Oak(u) (Santa Cruz) (916) 11,482 6,443 94550 Livermore (415) 48,349 37,703 95334 Livingston (209) 5,326 2,588 *95240 Lodi (209) 35,221 28,691 92354 Loma Linda (714) 10,694 7,651 90717 Lomita (213) 17,191 19,784 93436 Lompoc (805) 26,267 25,284 *90801 Long Beach (213) 361,498 358,879 90720 Los Alamitos (213) 11,529 11,346 94022 Los Altos (415) 25,769 25,062 94022 Los Altos Hills (415) 7,421 6,871 *90052 Los Angeles (213) 2,968,528 2,811,801 93635 Los Banos (209) 10,341 9,188 95030 Los Gatos (408) 26,593 22,613 94903 Lucas Valley-Marinwood(u) (415) 6,409 .... 90262 Lynwood (213) 48,289 43,354 93637 Madera (209) 21,732 16,044 90266 Manhattan Beach (213) 31,542 35,352 95336 Manteca (209) 24,925 13,845 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 95336 Manteca (209) 24,925 13,845 93933 Marina (408) 20,647 8,343 90292 Marina Del Rey(u) (213) 8,065 .... 94553 Martinez (415) 22,582 16,506 95901 Marysville (916) 9,898 9,353 95655 Mather AFB(u) (916) 5,245 7,027 91016 Mayflower Village(u) (818) 5,017 .... 90270 Maywood (213) 21,810 16,996 93250 Mc Farland (805) 5,151 4,177 95521 McKinleyville(u) (707) 7,772 .... 93023 Meiners Oaks-Mira Monte(u) (805) 9,512 7,025 93640 Mendota (209) 5,038 2,705 94025 Menlo Park (415) 26,438 26,826 *95340 Merced (209) 36,423 22,670 94030 Millbrae (415) 20,058 20,920 94941 Mill Valley (415) 12,967 12,942 95035 Milpitas (408) 37,820 26,561 91752 Mira Loma(u) (714) 8,707 8,482 92675 Mission Viejo (714) 48,384 11,933 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 92675 Mission Viejo (714) 48,384 11,933 *95350 Modesto (209) 106,963 61,712 91016 Monrovia (818) 30,531 30,562 91763 Montclair (714) 22,628 22,546 90640 Montebello (213) 52,929 42,807 93940 Monterey (408) 27,558 26,302 91754 Monterey Park (818) 54,338 49,166 94556 Moraga (415) 15,014 14,205 95037 Morgan Hill (408) 17,060 5,579 93442 Morro Bay (805) 9,064 7,109 *94042 Mountain View (415) 58,655 54,132 92405 Muscoy(u) (714) 6,188 7,091 94558 Napa (707) 50,879 36,103 92050 National City (619) 48,772 43,184 94560 Newark (415) 32,126 27,153 91321 Newhall(u) (805) 12,029 9,651 *92660 Newport Beach (714) 63,475 49,582 93444 Nipomo(u) (805) 5,247 3,642 91760 Norco (714) 19,732 14,511 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 91760 Norco (714) 19,732 14,511 95603 North Auburn(u) (916) 7,619 .... 94025 North Fair Oaks(u) (415) 10,294 9,740 95660 North Highlands(u) (916) 37,825 31,854 90650 Norwalk (213) 84,901 90,164 94947 Novato (415) 43,916 31,006 95361 Oakdale (209) 8,474 6,594 *94615 Oakland (415) 339,337 361,561 92054 Oceanside (619) 76,698 40,494 93308 Oildale(u) (805) 23,382 20,879 93023 Ojai (805) 6,816 5,591 95961 Olivehurst(u) (916) 8,929 8,100 *91761 Ontario (714) 88,820 64,118 95060 Opal Cliffs(u) (408) 5,041 5,425 *92667 Orange (714) 91,450 77,365 95662 Orangevale(u) (916) 20,585 16,493 94563 Orinda (415) 16,825 6,790 95965 Oroville (916) 8,683 7,536 93030 Oxnard (805) 108,195 71,225 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 93030 Oxnard (805) 108,195 71,225 94044 Pacifica (415) 36,866 36,020 93950 Pacific Grove (408) 15,755 13,505 93550 Palmdale (805) 12,277 8,511 92260 Palm Desert (619) 11,801 6,171 92262 Palm Springs (619) 32,359 20,936 94302 Palo Alto (415) 55,225 56,040 90274 Palos Verdes Estates (213) 14,376 13,631 95969 Paradise (916) 22,571 14,539 90723 Paramount (213) 36,407 34,734 95823 Parkway-Sacramento So.(u) (916) 26,815 28,574 *91109 Pasadena (818) 118,072 112,951 92370 Perris (714) 6,740 4,228 94952 Petaluma (707) 33,834 24,870 90660 Pico Rivera (213) 53,387 54,170 94611 Piedmont (415) 10,498 10,917 94564 Pinole (415) 14,253 13,266 93449 Pismo Beach (805) 5,364 4,043 94565 Pittsburg (415) 33,465 21,423 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 94565 Pittsburg (415) 33,465 21,423 92670 Placentia (714) 35,041 21,948 95667 Placerville (916) 6,739 5,416 94523 Pleasant Hill (415) 25,547 24,610 94566 Pleasanton (415) 35,160 18,328 *91766 Pomona (714) 92,742 87,384 93257 Porterville (209) 19,707 12,602 93041 Port Hueneme (805) 17,803 14,295 92064 Poway (619) 32,263 9,422 93534 Quartz Hill(u) (213) 7,421 4,935 92065 Ramona(u) (619) 8,173 3,554 95670 Rancho Cordova(u) (916) 42,881 30,451 91730 Rancho Cucamonga (714) 55,250 19,484 92270 Rancho Mirage (619) 6,281 2,767 90274 Rancho Palos Verdes (213) 35,227 33,285 96080 Red Bluff (916) 9,490 7,676 96001 Redding (916) 42,103 16,659 92373 Redlands (714) 43,619 36,355 *90277 Redondo Beach (213) 57,102 57,451 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 *90277 Redondo Beach (213) 57,102 57,451 *94064 Redwood City (415) 54,965 55,686 93654 Reedley (209) 11,071 8,131 92376 Rialto (714) 37,862 28,370 *94802 Richmond (415) 74,676 79,043 93555 Ridgecrest (619) 15,929 7,629 95003 Rio Del Mar(u) (408) 7,067 .... 95673 Rio Linda(u) (916) 7,359 7,524 95367 Riverbank (209) 5,695 3,949 *92502 Riverside (714) 170,591 140,089 95677 Rocklin (916) 7,344 3,039 94572 Rodeo(u) (415) 8,286 5,356 94928 Rohnert Park (707) 22,965 6,133 90274 Rolling Hills Estates (213) 9,412 6,735 95401 Roseland(u) (707) 7,915 5,105 91770 Rosemead (818) 42,604 40,972 95826 Rosemont(u) (916) 18,888 .... 95678 Roseville (916) 24,347 18,221 90720 Rossmoor(u) (213) 10,457 12,922 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 90720 Rossmoor(u) (213) 10,457 12,922 91745 Rowland Heights(u) (818) 28,252 16,881 92509 Rubidoux(u) (714) 16,763 13,969 *95813 Sacramento (916) 275,741 257,105 93901 Salinas (408) 80,479 58,896 94960 San Anselmo (415) 12,067 13,031 *92403 San Bernardino (714) 118,794 106,869 94066 San Bruno (415) 35,417 36,254 .... San Buenaventura (see Ventura) (805) 94070 San Carlos (415) 24,710 26,053 92672 San Clemente (714) 27,325 17,063 *92109 San Diego (619) 875,538 697,471 91773 San Dimas (714) 24,014 15,692 *91340 San Fernando (818) 17,731 16,571 *94101 San Francisco (415) 678,974 715,674 91776 San Gabriel (818) 30,072 29,336 93657 Sanger (209) 12,558 10,088 92383 San Jacinto (714) 7,098 4,385 *95101 San Jose (408) 629,400 459,913 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 *95101 San Jose (408) 629,400 459,913 92375 San Juan Capistrano (714) 18,959 3,781 94577 San Leandro (415) 63,952 68,698 94580 San Lorenzo(u) (415) 20,545 24,633 93401 San Luis Obispo (805) 34,252 28,036 92069 San Marcos (619) 17,479 3,896 91108 San Marino (818) 13,307 14,177 *94402 San Mateo (415) 77,640 78,991 94806 San Pablo (415) 19,750 21,461 *94901 San Rafael (415) 44,700 38,977 94583 San Ramon (415) 22,356 4,084 *92711 Santa Ana (714) 204,023 155,710 *93102 Santa Barbara (805) 74,542 70,215 *95050 Santa Clara (408) 87,700 86,118 95060 Santa Cruz (408) 41,483 32,076 90670 Santa Fe Springs (213) 14,559 14,750 93454 Santa Maria (805) 39,685 32,749 *90406 Santa Monica (213) 88,314 88,289 93060 Santa Paula (805) 20,658 18,001 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 93060 Santa Paula (805) 20,658 18,001 *95402 Santa Rosa (707) 82,658 50,006 92071 Santee (619) 47,080 21,107 95070 Saratoga (408) 29,261 26,810 91350 Saugus-Bouquet Canyon(u) (805) 16,283 .... 94965 Sausalito (415) 7,090 6,158 95066 Scotts Valley (408) 6,891 3,621 90740 Seal Beach (213) 25,975 24,441 93955 Seaside (408) 36,567 36,883 95472 Sebastopol (707) 5,500 3,993 93662 Selma (209) 10,942 7,459 93263 Shafter (805) 7,010 5,327 91024 Sierra Madre (818) 10,837 12,140 90806 Signal Hill (213) 5,734 5,588 *93065 Simi Valley (805) 77,500 59,832 92075 Solana Beach (619) 13,047 5,023 93960 Soledad (408) 5,928 4,222 95476 Sonoma (707) 6,054 4,259 95073 Soquel(u) (408) 6,212 5,795 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 95073 Soquel(u) (408) 6,212 5,795 91733 South El Monte (213) 16,623 13,443 90280 South Gate (213) 66,784 56,909 92677 South Laguna(u) (714) 6,013 2,566 95705 South Lake Tahoe (916) 20,681 12,921 95350 South Modesto(u) (209) 12,492 7,889 95965 South Oroville(u) (916) 7,246 4,111 91030 South Pasadena (818) 22,681 22,979 94080 South San Francisco (415) 49,393 46,646 91770 South San Gabriel(u) (213) 5,421 5,051 91744 South San Jose Hills(u) (213) 16,049 12,386 90605 South Whittier(u) (213) 43,815 46,641 95991 South Yuba(u) (916) 7,530 5,352 *92077 Spring Valley(u) (619) 40,191 29,742 94305 Stanford(u) (415) 11,045 8,691 90680 Stanton (714) 21,144 18,186 *95204 Stockton (209) 148,283 109,963 94585 Suisun City (707) 11,087 2,917 92381 Sun City(u) (714) 8,460 5,519 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 92381 Sun City(u) (714) 8,460 5,519 92388 Sunnymead(u) (714) 11,554 6,708 *94086 Sunnyvale (408) 106,618 95,976 96130 Susanville (916) 6,520 6,608 93268 Taft (805) 5,316 4,285 94806 Tara Hills-Montalvin Manor(u) (415) 9,471 .... 94941 Tamalpais-Homestead Valley(u) (415) 8,511 .... 91780 Temple City (818) 28,972 31,034 *91360 Thousand Oaks (805) 77,797 35,873 94920 Tiburon (415) 6,685 6,209 *90510 Torrance (213) 131,497 134,968 95396 Tracy (209) 18,428 14,724 93274 Tulare (209) 22,530 16,235 95380 Turlock (209) 26,291 13,992 92680 Tustin (714) 32,248 22,313 92705 Tustin-Foothills(u) (714) 26,174 26,699 92277 Twentynine Palms(u) (619) 7,465 5,667 92278 Twentynine Palms Base (619) 7,079 5,647 95482 Ukiah (707) 12,035 10,095 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 95482 Ukiah (707) 12,035 10,095 94587 Union City (415) 39,406 14,724 91786 Upland (714) 47,647 32,551 95688 Vacaville (707) 43,367 21,690 91355 Valencia(u) (805) 12,163 4,243 91744 Valinda(u) (818) 18,700 18,837 94590 Vallejo (707) 80,188 71,710 92343 Valle Vista(u) (714) 5,474 .... 93437 Vandenberg AFB(u) (805) 8,136 13,193 93436 Vandenberg Village(u) (805) 5,839 .... *93001 Ventura (805) 73,774 57,964 92392 Victorville (619) 14,220 10,845 90043 View Park-Windsor Hills(u) (213) 12,101 12,268 92667 Villa Park (714) 7,137 2,723 94553 Vine Hill-Pacheco(u) (415) 6,129 .... 93277 Visalia (209) 49,729 27,130 92083 Vista (619) 35,834 24,688 *91789 Walnut (714) 9,978 5,992 *94596 Walnut Creek (415) 54,033 39,844 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 *94596 Walnut Creek (415) 54,033 39,844 94596 Walnut Creek West(u) (415) 5,893 8,330 90255 Walnut Park(u) (213) 11,811 8,925 93280 Wasco (805) 9,613 8,269 95076 Watsonville (408) 23,662 14,719 90044 West Athens(u) (213) 8,531 13,311 90502 West Carson(u) (213) 17,997 15,501 90247 West Compton(u) (213) 5,907 5,748 *91793 West Covina (818) 80,292 68,034 90069 West Hollywood (213) 35,754 34,622 92683 Westminster (714) 71,133 60,076 95351 West Modesto(u) (209) NA 6,135 90047 Westmont(u) (213) 27,916 29,310 94565 West Pittsburg(u) (415) 8,773 5,969 91746 West Puente Valley(u) (818) 20,445 20,733 95691 West Sacramento (916) 10,875 12,002 *90606 West Whittier-Los Nietos(u) (213) 20,962 20,845 *90605 Whittier (213) 68,558 72,863 90222 Willowbrook(u) (213) 30,845 28,705 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 90222 Willowbrook(u) (213) 30,845 28,705 93286 Woodlake (209) 5,375 3,371 95695 Woodland (916) 30,235 20,677 94062 Woodside (415) 5,291 4,734 92686 Yorba Linda (714) 28,254 11,856 96097 Yreka City (916) 5,916 5,394 95991 Yuba City (916) 18,736 13,986 92399 Yucaipa(u) (714) 23,345 19,284 92284 Yucca Valley(u) (619) 8,294 3,893 Colorado 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 80840 Air Force Academy (719) 8,655 .... 81101 Alamosa (719) 6,830 6,985 80401 Applewood(u) (303) 12,040 8,214 *80001 Arvada (303) 84,576 49,844 80010 Aurora (303) 158,588 74,974 *80302 Boulder (303) 76,685 66,870 80601 Brighton (303) 12,773 8,309 80020 Broomfield (303) 20,730 7,261 81212 Canon City (719) 13,037 9,206 ..... Castlewood (303) 16,413 .... 80110 Cherry Hills Village (303) 5,127 4,605 81220 Cimarron Hills (303) 6,597 .... 81520 Clifton (303) 5,223 .... *80901 Colorado Springs (719) 215,105 135,517 80120 Columbine (303) 23,523 .... 80022 Commerce City (303) 16,234 17,407 81321 Cortez (303) 7,095 6,032 81625 Craig (303) 8,133 4,205 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 81625 Craig (303) 8,133 4,205 *80202 Denver (303) 492,686 514,678 80022 Derby(u) (303) 8,578 10,206 81301 Durango (303) 11,649 10,333 80110 Englewood (303) 30,021 33,695 80620 Evans (303) 5,063 2,570 80439 Evergreen (303) 6,376 2,321 80221 Federal Heights (303) 7,846 1,502 80913 Fort Carson(u) (303) 13,219 19,399 *80521 Fort Collins (303) 64,632 43,337 80701 Fort Morgan (303) 8,768 7,594 80017 Fountain (719) 8,324 3,515 80401 Golden (303) 12,237 9,817 81501 Grand Junction (303) 27,956 20,170 80631 Greeley (303) 53,006 38,902 80110 Greenwood Village (303) 5,729 3,095 80501 Gunbarrel (303) 5,172 .... 81230 Gunnison (303) 5,785 4,613 ..... Ken Caryl (303) 10,661 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 ..... Ken Caryl (303) 10,661 .... 80026 Lafayette (303) 8,985 3,498 81050 La Junta (719) 8,338 8,205 80215 Lakewood (303) 113,808 92,743 81052 Lamar (719) 7,713 7,797 80120 Littleton (303) 28,631 26,466 80120 Littleton Southeast(u) (303) 33,029 22,899 80501 Longmont (303) 42,942 23,209 80027 Louisville (303) 5,593 2,409 80537 Loveland (303) 30,215 16,220 81401 Montrose (303) 8,722 6,496 80233 Northglenn (303) 29,847 27,785 *81003 Pueblo (719) 101,686 97,774 80911 Security-Widefield(u) (719) 18,768 15,297 80110 Sheridan (719) 5,377 4,787 80221 Sherrelwood(u) (303) 17,629 18,868 80122 Southglenn (303) 37,787 .... 80477 Steamboat Springs (303) 5,098 2,340 80751 Sterling (303) 11,385 10,636 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 80751 Sterling (303) 11,385 10,636 80906 Stratmoor (719) 5,519 .... 80229 Thornton (303) 40,343 13,326 81082 Trinidad (719) 9,663 9,901 80229 Welby(u) (303) 9,668 6,875 80030 Westminster (303) 50,211 19,512 80221 Westminster East(u) (303) 6,002 7,576 80033 Wheat Ridge (303) 30,293 29,778 Connecticut (203) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 06401 Ansonia 19,039 21,160 06001 Avon 11,201 8,352 06037 Berlin 15,121 14,149 06801 Bethel 16,004 10,945 06002 Bloomfield 18,608 18,301 06405 Branford 23,363 20,444 *06602 Bridgeport 142,546 156,542 06010 Bristol 57,370 55,487 06804 Brookfield 12,872 9,688 06013 Burlington 5,660 4,070 06234 Brooklyn 5,691 4,965 06019 Canton 7,635 6,868 06410 Cheshire 21,788 19,051 06413 Clinton 11,195 10,267 06415 Colchester 7,761 6,603 06340 Conning Towers-Nautilus Park(u) 9,665 9,791 06238 Coventry 8,895 8,140 06416 Cromwell 10,265 7,400 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 06416 Cromwell 10,265 7,400 06810 Danbury 60,470 50,781 06820 Darien 18,892 20,336 06418 Derby 12,346 12,599 06422 Durham 5,143 4,489 06423 East Haddam 5,621 4,676 06424 East Hampton 8,572 7,078 06108 East Hartford 52,563 57,583 06512 East Haven 25,028 25,120 06333 East Lyme 13,870 11,399 06425 Easton 5,962 4,885 06016 East Windsor 8,925 8,513 06029 Ellington 9,711 7,707 06082 Enfield 42,695 46,189 06426 Essex 5,078 4,911 06430 Fairfield 54,849 56,487 06032 Farmington 16,407 14,390 06033 Glastonbury 24,327 20,651 06035 Granby 7,956 6,150 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 06035 Granby 7,956 6,150 06830 Greenwich 59,578 59,755 06351 Griswold 8,967 7,763 06340 Groton 41,062 38,244 06340 Groton Borough 10,086 8,933 06437 Guilford 17,375 12,033 06438 Haddam 6,383 4,934 06514 Hamden 51,071 49,357 *06101 Hartford 136,392 158,017 06082 Hazardville(u) 5,436 .... 06248 Hebron 5,453 3,815 06037 Kensington(u) 7,502 .... 06239 Killingly 14,519 13,573 06339 Ledyard 13,735 14,837 06759 Litchfield 7,605 7,399 06443 Madison 14,031 9,768 06040 Manchester 49,761 47,994 06250 Mansfield 20,634 19,994 06450 Meriden 57,118 55,959 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 06450 Meriden 57,118 55,959 06762 Middlebury 5,995 5,542 06457 Middletown 39,040 36,924 06460 Milford 50,898 50,858 06468 Monroe 14,010 12,047 06353 Montville 16,455 15,662 06770 Naugatuck 26,456 23,034 *06050 New Britain 73,840 83,441 06840 New Canaan 17,931 17,451 06810 New Fairfield 11,260 6,991 *06510 New Haven 126,089 137,707 06111 Newington 28,841 26,037 06320 New London 28,842 31,630 06776 New Milford 19,420 14,601 06470 Newtown 19,107 16,942 06471 North Branford 11,554 10,778 06473 North Haven 22,080 22,194 06856 Norwalk 77,767 79,288 06360 Norwich 38,074 41,739 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 06360 Norwich 38,074 41,739 06779 Oakville(u) 8,737 .... 06371 Old Lyme 6,159 4,964 06475 Old Saybrook 9,287 8,468 06477 Orange 13,237 13,524 06483 Oxford 6,634 4,480 02891 Pawcatuck(u) 5,216 5,255 06374 Plainfield 12,774 11,957 06062 Plainville 16,401 16,733 06782 Plymouth 10,732 10,321 06480 Portland 8,383 8,812 06712 Prospect 6,807 6,543 06260 Putnam 6,855 6,918 ..... Putnam 8,580 8,598 06875 Redding 7,272 5,590 06877 Ridgefield Center(u) 6,066 5,878 ..... Ridgefield 20,120 18,188 06067 Rocky Hill 14,559 11,103 06483 Seymour 13,434 12,776 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 06483 Seymour 13,434 12,776 06484 Shelton 31,314 27,165 06082 Sherwood Manor(u) 6,303 .... 06070 Simsbury 21,161 17,475 06071 Somers 8,473 6,893 06488 Southbury 14,156 7,852 06489 Southington 36,879 30,946 06074 South Windsor 17,198 15,553 06082 Southwood Acres(u) 9,779 .... 06075 Stafford 9,268 8,680 *06904 Stamford 102,466 108,798 06378 Stonington 16,220 15,940 06268 Storrs(u) 11,394 10,691 06430 Stratfield-Brooklawn(u) 8,890 .... 06497 Stratford 50,541 49,775 06078 Suffield 9,294 8,634 06786 Terryville(u) 5,234 .... 06787 Thomaston 6,272 6,233 06277 Thompson 8,141 7,580 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 06277 Thompson 8,141 7,580 06084 Tolland 9,694 7,857 06790 Torrington 30,987 31,952 06611 Trumbull 32,989 31,394 06066 Vernon 27,974 27,237 06492 Wallingford 37,274 35,714 *06701 Waterbury 103,266 108,033 06385 Waterford 17,843 17,227 06795 Watertown 19,489 18,610 06498 Westbrook 5,216 3,820 06107 West Hartford 61,301 68,031 06516 West Haven 53,184 52,851 06880 Weston 8,284 7,417 06880 Westport 25,290 27,318 06109 Wethersfield 26,013 26,662 06226 Willimantic 14,652 14,402 06897 Wilton 15,351 13,572 06094 Winchester 10,841 11,106 06280 Windham 21,062 19,626 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 06280 Windham 21,062 19,626 06095 Windsor 25,204 22,502 06096 Windsor Locks 12,190 15,080 06098 Winsted 8,092 8,954 06716 Wolcott 13,008 12,495 06525 Woodbridge 7,761 7,673 06798 Woodbury 6,942 5,869 06281 Woodstock 5,117 4,311 Delaware (302) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 19713 Brookside(u) 15,255 7,856 19703 Claymont(u) 10,022 6,584 19901 Dover 23,507 17,488 19802 Edgemoor(u) 7,397 .... 19805 Elsmere 6,493 8,415 19963 Milford 5,366 5,314 *19711 Newark 25,247 21,298 19973 Seaford 5,256 5,537 19804 Stanton(u) 5,495 .... 19803 Talleyville(u) 6,880 .... *19899 Wilmington 70,195 80,386 19720 Wilmington Manor--Chelsea--Leedom 9,233 10,134 District of Columbia (202) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� *20013 Washington 638,432 756,668 Florida 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� *32701 Altamonte Springs (407) 21,105 4,391 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� *32701 Altamonte Springs (407) 21,105 4,391 32703 Apopka (407) 6,019 4,045 33821 Arcadia (813) 6,002 5,658 32233 Atlantic Beach (904) 7,847 6,132 33823 Auburndale (813) 6,501 5,386 ..... Aventura(u) (305) 10,162 .... 33825 Avon Park (813) 8,026 6,712 32807 Azalea Park(u) (407) 8,304 7,367 33830 Bartow (813) 14,780 12,891 ..... Bay Crest(u) (813) 5,927 .... ..... Bayonet Point(u) (813) 16,455 .... 33504 Bay Pines(u) (813) 5,757 .... 33505 Bayshore Gardens(u) (813) 14,945 9,255 33589 Beacon Square(u) (813) 6,513 2,927 32073 Bellair-Meadowbrook Terrace(u) (904) 12,144 .... 33430 Belle Glade (407) 16,535 15,949 32506 Belleview(u) (904) 15,439 916 32661 Beverly Hills(u) (904) 5,024 .... *33487 Boca Raton (407) 49,447 28,506 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� *33487 Boca Raton (407) 49,447 28,506 33959 Bonita Springs(u) (813) 5,435 1,932 *33435 Boynton Beach (407) 35,624 18,115 *34206 Bradenton (813) 30,228 21,040 33511 Brandon(u) (813) 41,826 12,749 32525 Brent(u) (904) 21,872 .... 33314 Broadview Park(u) (305) 6,022 6,049 33313 Broadview-Pompano Park(u) (305) 5,256 .... *34601 Brooksville (904) 5,582 4,060 33311 Browardale(u) (305) 7,571 17,444 33142 Browns Village(u) (305) NA 23,442 33142 Brownsville(u) (305) 18,058 .... 33054 Bunche Park(u) (305) NA 5,773 32401 Callaway (904) 7,154 3,240 32920 Cape Canaveral (407) 5,733 4,258 33904 Cape Coral (813) 32,103 11,470 33055 Carol City(u) (305) 47,349 27,361 32707 Casselberry (407) 15,037 9,438 33401 Century Village(u) (305) 10,619 2,679 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 33401 Century Village(u) (305) 10,619 2,679 32324 Chattahoochee (904) 5,332 7,944 *34615 Clearwater City (813) 85,170 52,074 32711 Clermont (904) 5,461 3,661 33440 Clewiston (813) 5,219 3,896 32922 Cocoa (407) 16,096 16,110 32931 Cocoa Beach (407) 10,926 9,952 32922 Cocoa West(u) (407) 6,432 5,779 33066 Coconut Creek (305) 6,288 1,359 33060 Collier City(u) (305) 7135 .... 33064 Collier Manor-Cresthaven(u) (305) 7,045 7,202 33801 Combee Settlement(u) (813) 5,400 4,963 32809 Conway(u) (407) 23,940 8,642 33314 Cooper City (305) 10,140 2,535 33134 Coral Gables (305) 43,241 42,494 33065 Coral Springs (305) 37,349 1,489 ..... Coral Terrace(u) (305) 22,702 .... 32536 Crestview (904) 7,617 7,952 33803 Crystal Lake(u) (813) 6,827 6,227 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 33803 Crystal Lake(u) (813) 6,827 6,227 33157 Cutler(u) (305) 15,593 .... 33157 Cutler Ridge(u) (305) 20,886 17,441 33880 Cypress Gardens(u) (813) 8,043 3,757 ..... Cypress Lake(u) (813) 8,721 .... 33004 Dania (305) 11,796 9,013 33314 Davie (305) 20,515 5,859 *32015 Daytona Beach (904) 54,176 45,327 33441 Deerfield Beach (305) 39,193 16,662 32433 DeFuniak Springs (904) 5,563 4,966 32720 De Land (904) 15,354 11,641 *33444 Delray Beach (407) 34,329 19,915 33617 Del Rio(u) (813) 7,409 .... 32725 Deltona(u) (407) 15,710 4,868 *34698 Dunedin (813) 30,203 17,639 33610 East Lake-Orient Park (u) (813) 5,612 5,697 33940 East Naples(u) (813) 12,127 6,152 32032 Edgewater (904) 6,726 3,348 32542 Eglin AFB(u) (904) 7,574 7,769 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 32542 Eglin AFB(u) (904) 7,574 7,769 33614 Egypt Lake(u) (813) 11,932 7,556 34680 Elfers(u) (813) 11,396 .... *34223 Englewood(u) (813) 10,242 5,108 32504 Ensley(u) (904) 14,422 .... 32726 Eustis (904) 9,453 6,722 32804 Fairview Shores(u) (305) 10,174 .... 32034 Fernandina Beach (904) 7,224 6,955 32730 Fern Park(u) (407) 8,890 .... 32504 Ferry Pass(u) (904) 16,910 .... 33030 Florida City (305) 6,174 5,133 32751 Forest City(u) (407) 6,819 .... *33319 Fort Lauderdale (305) 153,256 139,590 33841 Fort Meade (813) 5,546 4,374 *33901 Fort Myers (813) 36,638 27,351 33931 Fort Myers Beach(u) (813) 5,753 4,305 *34950 Fort Pierce (407) 33,802 29,721 33452 Fort Pierce NW(u) (407) 5,929 3,269 32548 Fort Walton Beach (904) 20,829 19,994 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 32548 Fort Walton Beach (904) 20,829 19,994 *32601 Gainesville (904) 81,371 64,510 33801 Gibsonia(u) (813) 5,011 .... 32960 Gifford(u) (305) 6,240 5,772 ..... Gladeview(u) (305) 18,919 .... 33143 Glenvar Heights(u) (305) 13,216 .... 33055 Golden Glades(u) (305) 23,154 .... 32733 Goldenrod(u) (407) 13,681 .... 32560 Gonzalez(u) (904) 6,084 .... 32503 Goulding(u) (904) 5,352 .... 33170 Goulds(u) (305) 7,078 6,690 33463 Greenacres City (407) 8,780 1,731 32561 Gulf Breeze (904) 5,478 4,190 33581 Gulf Gate Estates(u) (813) 9,248 5,874 33707 Gulfport (813) 11,180 9,976 33844 Haines City (813) 10,799 8,956 33009 Hallandale (305) 36,517 23,849 *33010 Hialeah (305) 145,254 102,452 33455 Hobe Sound(u) (407) 6,822 2,029 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 33455 Hobe Sound(u) (407) 6,822 2,029 32805 Holden Heights(u) (407) 13,840 6,206 34690 Holiday(u) (813) 18,392 .... 32017 Holly Hill (904) 9,953 8,191 *33022 Hollywood (305) 117,188 106,873 33030 Homestead (305) 20,668 13,674 33030 Homestead Base(u) (305) 7,594 8,257 34667 Hudson(u) (813) 5,799 2,278 33934 Immokalee(u) (813) 11,038 3,764 32937 Indian Harbour Beach (407) 5,967 5,371 33880 Inwood(u) (813) 6,668 .... 33162 Ives Estates(u) (305) 12,623 .... *32201 Jacksonville (904) 540,920 504,265 32250 Jacksonville Beach (904) 15,462 12,779 33568 Jasmine Estates(u) (813) 11,995 2,967 *34957 Jensen Beach(u) (407) 6,639 .... 33458 Jupiter (407) 9,868 3,136 ..... Kendale Lakes(u) (305) 32,769 .... 33156 Kendall(u) (305) 73,758 35,497 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 33156 Kendall(u) (305) 73,758 35,497 ..... Kendall Green(u) (305) 6,768 .... 33149 Key Biscayne(u) (305) 6,313 .... 33037 Key Largo(u) (305) 7,447 2,866 33040 Key West (305) 24,292 29,312 32303 Killearn(u) (904) 8,700 .... ..... Kings Point(u) (305) 8,724 .... 32741 Kissimmee (407) 15,487 7,119 33618 Lake Carroll(u) (305) 13,012 5,577 32055 Lake City (904) 9,257 10,575 *33802 Lakeland (813) 47,406 42,803 33801 Lakeland Highlands(u) (813) 10,426 .... ..... Lake Lorraine(u) (904) 5,427 .... 33054 Lake Lucerne(u) (305) 9,762 .... 33612 Lake Magdalene(u) (813) 13,331 9,266 33403 Lake Park (407) 6,909 6,993 .... Lakeside(u) (904) 10,534 .... 33853 Lake Wales (813) 8,466 8,240 33460 Lake Worth (407) 27,048 23,714 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 33460 Lake Worth (407) 27,048 23,714 33460 Lantana (407) 8,048 7,126 *34640 Largo (813) 57,958 24,230 33313 Lauderdale Lakes (305) 25,426 10,577 33313 Lauderhill (305) 37,271 8,465 34272 Laurel(u) (813) 6,368 .... 33717 Lealman(u) (813) 19,873 .... 32748 Leesburg (904) 13,191 11,869 *33936 Lehigh Acres(u) (813) 9,604 4,394 33033 Leisure City(u) (305) 17,905 .... 33614 Leto(u) (904) 9,003 8,458 33064 Lighthouse Point (305) 11,488 9,071 ..... Lindgren Acres(u) (305) 11,986 .... 32060 Live Oak (904) 6,732 6,830 32810 Lockhart(u) (407) 10,571 5,809 34228 Longboat Key (813) 8,221 2,850 *32750 Longwood (407) 10,029 3,203 33549 Lutz(u) (813) 5,555 .... 32444 Lynn Haven (904) 6,239 4,044 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 32444 Lynn Haven (904) 6,239 4,044 32751 Maitland (407) 8,763 7,157 33550 Mango-Seffner(u) (813) 6,493 .... 33050 Marathon(u) (305) 7,568 4,397 33063 Margate (305) 35,900 8,867 32446 Marianna (904) 7,074 7,282 *32901 Melbourne (407) 46,536 40,236 33314 Melrose Park(u) (904) 5,725 6,111 33561 Memphis(u) (813) 5,501 3,207 32952 Merritt Island(u) (407) 30,708 29,233 *33152 Miami (305) 346,681 334,859 33139 Miami Beach (305) 96,298 87,072 33023 Miami Gardens--Utopia-Carver(u) (305) 9,025 .... 33014 Miami Lakes(u) (305) 9,809 .... 33153 Miami Shores (305) 9,244 9,425 33166 Miami Springs (305) 12,350 13,279 32570 Milton (904) 7,206 5,360 32754 Mims(u) (407) 7,583 8,309 33023 Miramar (305) 32,813 23,997 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 33023 Miramar (305) 32,813 23,997 32757 Mount Dora (904) 5,883 4,646 32506 Myrtle Grove(u) (904) 14,238 16,186 *33962 Naples (813) 17,581 12,042 33940 Naples Park(u) (813) 5,438 1,522 33032 Naranja-Princeton(u) (305) 10,381 .... 32233 Neptune Beach (904) 5,248 4,281 *34652 New Port Richey (813) 11,196 6,098 33552 New Port Richey East(u) (813) 6,627 2,758 32069 New Smyrna Beach (904) 13,557 10,580 32578 Niceville (904) 8,543 4,155 33169 Norland(u) (305) 19,471 .... 33308 North Andrews Gardens(u) (305) 8,967 7,082 33903 North Fort Myers(u) (813) 22,808 8,798 33068 North Lauderdale (305) 18,653 1,213 33161 North Miami (305) 42,566 34,767 33160 North Miami Beach (305) 36,481 30,544 33940 North Naples(u) (813) 7,950 3,201 33408 North Palm Beach (407) 11,344 9,035 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 33408 North Palm Beach (407) 11,344 9,035 33596 North Port (813) 6,205 2,244 33169 Norwood(u) (305) NA 14,973 33308 Oakland Park (305) 22,944 16,261 33860 Oak Ridge(u) (813) 15,477 .... 32670 Ocala (904) 37,170 22,583 32548 Ocean City(u) (904) 5,582 5,267 32761 Ocoee (407) 7,803 3,937 33163 Oius(u) (305) 17,344 .... 33165 Olympia Heights(u) (305) 33,112 .... 33558 Oneco(u) (813) 6,417 3,246 33054 Opa-Locka (305) 14,460 11,902 33054 Opa-Locka North(u) (305) 5,721 .... 32073 Orange Park (904) 8,766 5,019 *32820 Orlando (407) 128,394 99,006 32811 Orlovista(u) (407) 6,474 .... 32074 Ormond Beach (904) 21,438 14,063 32074 Ormond By-The-Sea(u) (904) 7,665 6,002 32570 Pace(u) (904) 5,006 1,776 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 32570 Pace(u) (904) 5,006 1,776 33476 Pahokee (407) 6,346 5,663 32077 Palatka (904) 10,175 9,444 33505 Palma Sola(u) (813) 5,297 1,745 32905 Palm Bay (407) 18,560 7,176 33480 Palm Beach (407) 9,729 9,086 33403 Palm Beach Gardens (407) 14,407 6,102 34221 Palmetto (813) 8,637 7,422 33157 Palmetto Estates(u) (305) 11,116 .... *34683 Palm Harbor(u) (813) 5,215 .... 33619 Palm River-Clair Mel(u) (813) 14,447 8,536 33460 Palm Springs (407) 8,166 4,340 33012 Palm Springs North(u) (407) 5,838 .... 32401 Panama City (904) 33,346 32,096 33866 Pembroke Park (305) 5,326 2,949 33023 Pembroke Pines (305) 35,776 15,496 *32502 Pensacola (904) 57,619 59,507 33157 Perrine(u) (305) 16,129 10,257 32347 Perry (904) 8,254 7,701 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 32347 Perry (904) 8,254 7,701 32809 Pine Castle(u) (407) 9,992 .... 32808 Pine Hills(u) (407) 35,771 13,882 *34665 Pinellas Park (813) 32,811 22,287 33168 Pinewood(u) (305) 16,216 .... 33566 Plant City (813) 17,064 15,451 33314 Plantation (305) 48,653 23,523 *33067 Pompano Beach (305) 52,618 38,587 33064 Pompano Beach Highlands(u) (305) 16,154 5,014 33950 Port Charlotte(u) (813) 25,730 10,769 32019 Port Orange (904) 18,756 3,781 34952 Port St. Lucie (407) 14,690 330 *33950 Punta Gorda (813) 6,797 3,879 32351 Quincy (904) 8,591 8,334 33156 Richmond Heights(u) (305) 8,577 6,663 33312 Riverland(u) (305) 5,919 5,512 33404 Riviera Beach (407) 26,596 21,401 33314 Rock Island(u) (813) 5,022 .... 32955 Rockledge (407) 11,877 10,523 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 32955 Rockledge (407) 11,877 10,523 33570 Ruskin(u) (813) 5,117 2,414 34695 Safety Harbor (813) 6,461 3,103 32084 St. Augustine (904) 11,985 12,352 34769 St. Cloud (407) 7,840 5,041 *33702 St. Petersburg (813) 238,647 216,159 33706 St. Petersburg Beach (813) 9,354 8,024 33508 Samoset(u) (813) 5,747 4,070 33432 Sandalfoot Cove(u) (305) 5,299 .... 32771 Sanford (407) 23,176 17,393 *34236 Sarasota (813) 48,868 40,237 33577 Sarasota Springs(u) (813) 13,860 4,405 32937 Satellite Beach (407) 9,163 6,558 ..... Scott Lake(u) (305) 14,154 .... *33870 Sebring (813) 8,736 7,223 33578 Siesta Key(u) (813) 7,010 4,460 32809 Sky Lake(u) (407) 6,692 .... 32703 South Apopka(u) (407) 5,687 2,293 33505 South Bradenton(u) (813) 14,297 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 33505 South Bradenton(u) (813) 14,297 .... 32021 South Daytona (904) 9,608 4,979 33579 Southgate(u) (813) 7,322 6,885 33143 South Miami (305) 10,895 11,780 33157 South Miami Heights(u) (305) 23,559 10,395 32937 South Patrick Shores(u) (407) 9,816 10,313 33595 South Venice(u) (813) 8,075 4,680 32401 Springfield (904) 7,220 5,949 34606 Spring Hill(u) (904) 6,468 .... 32091 Starke (904) 5,306 4,848 *34994 Stuart (407) 9,467 4,820 33573 Sun City Center(u) (813) 5,605 2,143 33160 Sunny Isles(u) (305) 12,564 .... 33304 Sunrise (305) 39,681 7,403 33139 Sunset(u) (305) 13,531 .... 33144 Sweetwater (305) 8,067 3,357 33614 Sweetwater Creek(u) (813) NA 19,453 *32303 Tallahassee (904) 81,548 72,624 33313 Tamarac (305) 29,142 5,193 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 33313 Tamarac (305) 29,142 5,193 33144 Tamiami(u) (305) 17,607 .... *33625 Tampa (813) 271,577 277,714 ..... Tanglewood(u) (813) 8,229 .... *34689 Tarpon Springs (813) 13,251 7,118 33617 Temple Terrace (813) 11,097 7,347 33905 Tice(u) (813) 6,645 7,254 32780 Titusville (407) 31,910 30,515 32505 Town 'n' Country(u) (904) 37,834 .... 33707 Treasure Island (813) 6,316 6,120 32807 Union Park(u) (407) 19,175 2,595 33620 University (Hillsborough)(u) (813) 24,514 10,039 32580 Valparaiso (904) 6,142 6,504 *34285 Venice (813) 12,153 6,648 33595 Venice Gardens(u) (813) 6,568 .... 32960 Vero Beach (407) 16,176 11,908 32960 Vero Beach South(u) (407) 12,636 7,330 33901 Villas(u) (813) 8,724 .... 32507 Warrington(u) (904) 15,792 15,848 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 32507 Warrington(u) (904) 15,792 15,848 33314 Washington Park(u) (305) 7,240 .... 32703 Wekiva Springs(u) (407) 13,386 .... 33505 West Bradenton(u) (813) NA 6,162 33155 Westchester(u) (305) 29,272 .... 32446 West End(u) (904) NA 5,289 33138 West Little River(u) (305) 32,492 .... 32901 West Melbourne (407) 5,078 3,050 33144 West Miami (305) 6,076 5,494 *33404 West Palm Beach (407) 62,530 57,375 32505 West Pensacola(u) (904) 24,371 20,924 33168 Westview(u) (305) 9,102 .... 33880 West Winter Haven(u) (813) NA 7,716 33165 Westwood Lakes(u) (305) 11,478 12,811 33305 Wilton Manors (305) 12,742 10,948 33803 Winston(u) (813) 9,315 4,505 *32787 Winter Garden (407) 6,789 5,153 33880 Winter Haven (813) 21,119 16,136 *32789 Winter Park (407) 22,314 21,895 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� *32789 Winter Park (407) 22,314 21,895 32708 Winter Springs (407) 10,475 1,161 32548 Wright(u) (904) 13,011 .... 33599 Zephyrhills (813) 5,742 3,369 Georgia 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 31620 Adel (912) 5,592 4,972 *31701 Albany (912) 74,425 72,623 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� *31701 Albany (912) 74,425 72,623 31709 Americus (912) 16,120 16,091 *30601 Athens (404) 42,549 44,342 *30304 Atlanta (404) 425,022 495,039 *30901 Augusta (404) 47,532 59,864 31717 Bainbridge (912) 10,553 10,887 30032 Belvedere Park(u) (404) 17,766 .... 31723 Blakely (912) 5,880 5,267 31520 Brunswick (912) 17,605 19,585 30518 Buford (404) 6,578 4,640 31728 Cairo (912) 8,777 8,061 30701 Calhoun (404) 5,335 4,748 31730 Camilla (912) 5,414 4,987 30032 Candler-McAfee(u) (404) 27,306 .... 30117 Carrollton (404) 14,078 13,520 30120 Cartersville (404) 9,247 10,138 30125 Cedartown (404) 8,619 9,253 30341 Chamblee (404) 7,137 9,127 31014 Cochran (912) 5,121 5,161 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 31014 Cochran (912) 5,121 5,161 30337 College Park (404) 24,632 18,203 *31902 Columbus (404) 169,441 155,028 30027 Conley(u) (404) 6,033 .... 30207 Conyers (404) 6,567 4,809 31015 Cordele (912) 11,184 10,733 30209 Covington (404) 10,586 10,267 30720 Dalton (404) 20,581 18,872 31742 Dawson (912) 5,699 5,383 *30030 Decatur (404) 18,404 21,943 31520 Dock Junction(u) (912) 6,189 6,009 30340 Doraville (404) 7,414 9,157 31533 Douglas (912) 10,980 10,195 30134 Douglasville (404) 7,641 5,472 30333 Druid Hills(u) (404) 12,700 .... 31021 Dublin (912) 16,083 15,143 30338 Dunwoody(u) (404) 17,768 .... 31023 Eastman (912) 5,330 5,416 30344 East Point (404) 37,486 39,315 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 30344 East Point (404) 37,486 39,315 30635 Elberton (404) 5,686 6,438 30060 Fair Oaks(u) (404) 8,486 .... 30535 Fairview(u) (404) 6,558 .... 31750 Fitzgerald (912) 10,187 8,187 30050 Forest Park (404) 18,782 19,994 31905 Fort Benning South(u) (404) 15,074 27,495 30905 Fort Gordon(u) (404) 14,069 15,589 30741 Fort Oglethorpe (404) 5,443 3,869 31313 Fort Stewart(u) (912) 15,031 4,467 31030 Fort Valley (912) 9,000 9,251 30501 Gainesville (404) 15,280 15,459 31408 Garden City (912) 6,895 5,790 30316 Gresham Park(u) (404) 6,232 .... 30223 Griffin (404) 20,728 22,734 30354 Hapeville (404) 6,166 9,567 31313 Hinesville (912) 11,309 4,115 31545 Jesup (912) 9,418 9,091 30144 Kennesaw (404) 5,095 3,548 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 30144 Kennesaw (404) 5,095 3,548 30728 La Fayette (404) 6,517 6,044 30240 La Grange (404) 24,204 23,301 30245 Lawrenceville (404) 8,928 5,207 30057 Lithia Springs(u) (404) 9,145 .... 30059 Mableton(u) (404) 25,111 .... *31201 Macon (912) 116,860 122,423 30060 Marietta (404) 30,821 27,216 30907 Martinez(u) (404) 16,472 .... 31034 Midway-Hardwick(u) (912) 8,977 14,047 31061 Milledgeville (912) 12,176 11,601 30655 Monroe (404) 8,854 8,071 31768 Moultrie (912) 15,105 14,400 30075 Mountain Park(u) (404) 9,425 268 30263 Newnan (404) 11,449 11,205 30319 North Atlanta(u) (404) 30,521 .... 30033 North Decatur(u) (404) 11,830 .... 30033 North Druid Hills(u) (404) 12,438 .... 30032 Panthersville(u) (404) 11,366 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 30032 Panthersville(u) (404) 11,366 .... 30269 Peachtree City (404) 6,429 793 31069 Perry (912) 9,453 7,771 31643 Quitman (912) 5,188 4,818 *30274 Riverdale (404) 7,121 2,521 30161 Rome (404) 28,915 30,759 30075 Roswell (404) 23,337 5,430 31522 St. Simons(u) (912) 6,566 5,346 31082 Sandersville (912) 6,137 5,546 30328 Sandy Springs(u) (404) 46,877 .... *31401 Savannah (912) 141,654 118,349 30079 Scottdale(u) (404) 8,770 .... 30080 Smyrna (404) 20,312 19,157 30278 Snellville (404) 8,514 1,990 30901 South Augusta(u) (404) 51,072 .... 30458 Statesboro (912) 14,866 14,616 30401 Swainsboro (912) 7,602 7,325 31791 Sylvester (912) 5,860 4,226 30286 Thomaston (404) 9,682 10,024 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 30286 Thomaston (404) 9,682 10,024 31792 Thomasville (912) 18,463 18,155 30824 Thomson (404) 7,001 6,503 31794 Tifton (912) 13,749 12,179 30577 Toccoa (404) 8,869 6,971 30084 Tucker(u) (404) 25,399 .... 31601 Valdosta (912) 37,596 32,303 30474 Vidalia (912) 10,393 9,507 31093 Warner Robins (912) 39,893 33,491 31501 Waycross (912) 19,371 18,996 30830 Waynesboro (404) 5,760 5,530 30901 West Augusta(u) (404) 24,242 .... 31410 Wilmington Island(u) (912) 7,546 3,284 30680 Winder (404) 6,705 6,605 Hawaii (808) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 96706 Ewa 190,037 132,299 96720 Hilo 37,017 28,412 *96815 Honolulu 365,048 324,871 96732 Kahului 13,026 8,287 96749 Keaau-Mountain View 7,055 3,802 96752 Kekaha-Waimea 5,256 4,159 96753 Kihei 6,035 1,636 ..... Koolauloa 14,195 10,562 ..... Koolaupoko 109,373 92,219 96790 Kula 5,077 2,124 96761 Lahaina 10,284 5,524 96768 Makawao-Paia 10,361 5,788 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 96768 Makawao-Paia 10,361 5,788 ..... North Kona 13,748 4,832 96781 Papaikou-Wailea 5,261 5,503 ..... South Kona 5,914 4,004 96786 Wahiawa 41,562 37,329 96791 Waialua 9,849 9,171 96792 Waianae 32,810 24,077 96703 Wailua-Anahola 6,030 3,599 96793 Wailuku 10,674 9,084 Idaho (208) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 83221 Blackfoot 10,065 8,716 *83708 Boise City 102,249 74,990 83318 Burley 8,761 8,279 83605 Caldwell 17,699 14,219 83201 Chubbuck 7,052 2,924 83814 Coeur D'Alene 19,913 16,228 83401 Idaho Falls 39,739 35,776 83338 Jerome 6,891 4,183 83501 Lewiston 27,986 26,068 83642 Meridian 6,658 2,616 83843 Moscow 16,513 14,146 83647 Mountain Home 7,540 6,451 83648 Mountain Home AFB(u) 6,403 6,038 83651 Nampa 25,112 20,768 83661 Payette 5,448 4,521 83201 Pocatello 46,340 40,036 83854 Post Falls 5,736 2,371 83440 Rexburg 11,559 8,272 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 83440 Rexburg 11,559 8,272 83350 Rupert 5,476 4,563 83301 Twin Falls 26,209 21,914 Illinois 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 60101 Addison (708) 29,826 24,482 60102 Algonquin (708) 5,834 3,515 60658 Alsip (708) 17,134 11,608 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 60658 Alsip (708) 17,134 11,608 62002 Alton (618) 34,171 39,700 62906 Anna (618) 5,408 4,766 *60004 Arlington Heights (708) 66,116 65,058 *60507 Aurora (708) 81,293 74,389 60010 Barrington (708) 9,029 8,581 60103 Bartlett (708) 13,254 3,501 61607 Bartonville (309) 6,110 7,221 60510 Batavia (708) 12,574 9,060 62618 Beardstown (217) 6,338 6,222 *62220 Belleville (618) 42,150 41,223 60104 Bellwood (708) 19,811 22,096 61008 Belvidere (815) 15,176 14,061 60106 Bensenville (708) 16,106 12,956 62812 Benton (618) 7,778 6,833 60162 Berkeley (708) 5,467 6,152 60402 Berwyn (708) 46,849 52,502 62010 Bethalto (618) 8,630 7.074 60108 Bloomingdale (708) 12,656 2,974 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 60108 Bloomingdale (708) 12,656 2,974 61701 Bloomington (309) 44,189 39,992 60406 Blue Island (708) 21,855 22,629 60439 Bolingbrook (708) 37,261 7,651 60538 Boulder Hill(u) (708) 9,333 .... 60914 Bourbonnais (815) 13,280 5,909 60915 Bradley (815) 11,015 9,881 60455 Bridgeview (708) 14,155 12,506 60153 Broadview (708) 8,618 9,623 60513 Brookfield (708) 19,395 20,284 60090 Buffalo Grove (708) 22,230 12,333 60459 Burbank (708) 28,462 26,726 62206 Cahokia (618) 18,904 20,649 62914 Cairo (618) 5,931 6,277 60409 Calumet City (708) 39,673 33,107 60643 Calumet Park (708) 8,788 10,069 61520 Canton (309) 14,626 14,217 62901 Carbondale (618) 26,414 22,816 62626 Carlinville (217) 5,439 5,675 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 62626 Carlinville (217) 5,439 5,675 62821 Carmi (618) 6,107 6,033 60187 Carol Stream (708) 15,472 4,434 60110 Carpentersville (708) 23,272 24,059 60013 Cary (708) 6,640 4,358 62801 Centralia (618) 15,126 15,966 62206 Centreville (618) 9,747 11,378 61820 Champaign (217) 58,267 56,837 61920 Charleston (217) 19,355 16,421 62629 Chatham (217) 5,597 2,788 62233 Chester (618) 8,027 5,310 *60607 Chicago (312) 3,005,072 3,369,357 60411 Chicago Heights (708) 37,026 40,900 60415 Chicago Ridge (708) 13,473 9,187 61523 Chillicothe (309) 6,176 6,052 60650 Cicero (708) 61,232 67,058 60514 Clarendon Hills (708) 6,857 6,750 61727 Clinton (217) 8,014 7,581 62234 Collinsville (618) 19,475 18,224 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 62234 Collinsville (618) 19,475 18,224 60477 Country Club Hills (708) 14,676 6,920 60525 Countryside (708) 6,242 2,864 60435 Crest Hill (815) 9,252 7,460 60445 Crestwood (708) 10,712 5,770 60417 Crete (708) 5,417 4,656 61611 Creve Coeur (309) 6,851 6,440 60014 Crystal Lake (815) 18,590 14,541 61832 Danville (217) 38,985 42,570 60559 Darien (708) 14,968 7,789 *62521 Decatur (217) 93,939 90,397 60015 Deerfield (708) 17,432 18,876 60115 De Kalb (815) 33,157 32,949 *60016 Des Plaines (708) 53,568 57,239 61021 Dixon (815) 15,710 18,147 60419 Dolton (708) 24,766 25,990 60515 Downers Grove (708) 42,691 32,544 62832 Du Quoin (618) 6,594 6,691 62024 East Alton (618) 7,096 7,309 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 62024 East Alton (618) 7,096 7,309 60411 East Chicago Heights (708) 5,347 5,000 61244 East Moline (309) 20,907 20,956 61611 East Peoria (309) 22,385 18,671 *62201 East St. Louis (618) 55,200 70,169 62025 Edwardsville (618) 12,460 11,070 62401 Effingham (217) 11,270 9,458 62930 Eldorado (618) 5,198 3,876 60120 Elgin (708) 63,668 55,691 60007 Elk Grove Village (708) 28,679 20,346 60126 Elmhurst (708) 44,251 46,392 60635 Elmwood Park (708) 24,016 26,160 *60204 Evanston (708) 73,706 80,113 60642 Evergreen Park (708) 22,260 25,921 62837 Fairfield (618) 5,944 5,897 62208 Fairview Heights (618) 11,244 10,050 62839 Flora (618) 5,379 5,283 60422 Flossmoor (708) 8,423 7,846 60130 Forest Park (708) 15,177 15,472 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 60130 Forest Park (708) 15,177 15,472 60020 Fox Lake (708) 6,831 4,511 60131 Franklin Park (708) 17,507 20,348 61032 Freeport (815) 26,406 27,736 60030 Gages Lake-Wildwood(u) (708) 5,848 5,337 61401 Galesburg (309) 35,305 36,290 61254 Geneseo (309) 6,373 5,840 60134 Geneva (708) 9,881 9,049 62034 Glen Carbon (618) 5,197 1,897 60022 Glencoe (708) 9,200 10,542 60137 Glendale Heights (618) 23,251 11,406 60137 Glen Ellyn (708) 23,691 21,909 60025 Glenview (708) 30,842 24,880 60425 Glenwood (708) 10,538 7,416 62040 Granite City (618) 36,815 40,685 60030 Grayslake (708) 5,260 4,907 62246 Greenville (618) 5,271 4,631 60031 Gurnee (708) 7,179 2,738 60103 Hanover Park (708) 28,719 11,735 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 60103 Hanover Park (708) 28,719 11,735 62946 Harrisburg (618) 9,322 9,535 60033 Harvard (815) 5,126 5,177 60426 Harvey (708) 35,810 34,636 60656 Harwood Heights (708) 8,228 9,060 60429 Hazel Crest (708) 13,973 10,329 62948 Herrin (618) 10,708 9,623 60457 Hickory Hills (708) 13,778 13,176 62249 Highland (618) 7,122 5,981 60035 Highland Park (708) 30,599 32,263 60040 Highwood (708) 5,455 4,973 60162 Hillside (708) 8,279 8,888 60521 Hinsdale (708) 16,726 15,918 60172 Hoffman Estates (708) 38,258 22,238 60456 Hometown (708) 5,324 6,729 60430 Homewood (708) 19,724 18,871 60942 Hoopeston (217) 6,411 6,461 60143 Itasca (708) 7,948 4,638 62650 Jacksonville (217) 20,284 20,553 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 62650 Jacksonville (217) 20,284 20,553 62052 Jerseyville (618) 7,506 7,446 *60431 Joliet (815) 77,956 78,827 60458 Justice (708) 10,552 9,473 60901 Kankakee (815) 29,633 30,944 61443 Kewanee (309) 14,508 15,762 60525 La Grange (708) 15,693 17,814 60525 La Grange Park (708) 13,359 15,459 60045 Lake Forest (708) 15,245 15,642 60102 Lake in the Hills (708) 5,651 3,240 60047 Lake Zurich (708) 8,225 4,082 60438 Lansing (708) 29,039 25,805 61301 La Salle (815) 10,347 10,736 62439 Lawrenceville (618) 5,652 5,863 60439 Lemont (708) 5,640 5,080 60048 Libertyville (708) 16,520 11,684 62656 Lincoln (217) 16,327 17,582 60645 Lincolnwood (708) 11,921 12,929 60046 Lindenhurst (708) 6,220 3,141 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 60046 Lindenhurst (708) 6,220 3,141 60532 Lisle (708) 13,638 5,329 62056 Litchfield (217) 7,204 7,190 60441 Lockport (815) 9,192 9,861 60148 Lombard (708) 36,879 34,043 61111 Loves Park (815) 13,192 12,390 60534 Lyons (708) 9,925 11,124 61455 Macomb (309) 19,632 19,643 62060 Madison (618) 5,301 7,042 62959 Marion (618) 14,031 11,724 60426 Markham (708) 15,172 15,987 60443 Matteson (708) 10,223 4,741 61938 Mattoon (217) 19,293 19,681 60153 Maywood (708) 27,998 29,019 60050 McHenry (815) 10,737 6,772 *60160 Melrose Park (708) 20,735 22,716 61342 Mendota (815) 7,134 6,902 62960 Metropolis (618) 7,171 6,940 60445 Midlothian (708) 14,274 14,422 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 60445 Midlothian (708) 14,274 14,422 61264 Milan (309) 6,371 4,873 61265 Moline (309) 46,407 46,237 61462 Monmouth (309) 10,706 11,022 60450 Morris (815) 8,833 8,194 61550 Morton (309) 14,178 10,811 60053 Morton Grove (708) 23,747 26,369 62863 Mount Carmel (618) 8,908 8,096 60056 Mount Prospect (708) 52,634 34,995 62864 Mount Vernon (618) 16,995 16,270 60060 Mundelein (708) 17,053 16,128 62966 Murphysboro (618) 9,866 10,013 60540 Naperville (708) 42,601 22,794 60451 New Lenox (815) 5,792 2,855 60648 Niles (708) 30,363 31,432 61761 Normal (309) 35,672 26,396 60656 Norridge (708) 16,483 17,113 60542 North Aurora (708) 5,205 4,833 60062 Northbrook (708) 30,735 25,422 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 60062 Northbrook (708) 30,735 25,422 60064 North Chicago (708) 38,774 47,275 60164 Northlake (708) 12,166 14,191 61111 North Park(u) (815) 15,806 15,679 60546 North Riverside (708) 6,764 8,097 60521 Oak Brook (708) 6,676 4,164 60452 Oak Forest (708) 25,040 19,271 *60454 Oak Lawn (708) 60,590 60,305 *60301 Oak Park (708) 54,887 62,511 62269 O'Fallon (618) 12,173 7,268 62450 Olney (618) 9,026 8,974 60462 Orland Park (708) 23,045 6,391 61350 Ottawa (815) 18,166 18,716 60067 Palatine (708) 32,176 26,050 60463 Palos Heights (708) 11,096 8,544 60465 Palos Hills (708) 16,654 6,629 62557 Pana (217) 6,040 6,326 61944 Paris (217) 9,885 9,971 60466 Park Forest (708) 26,222 30,638 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 60466 Park Forest (708) 26,222 30,638 60466 Park Forest South (708) 6,245 1,748 60068 Park Ridge (708) 38,704 42,614 61554 Pekin (309) 33,967 31,375 *61601 Peoria (309) 124,160 126,963 61614 Peoria Heights (309) 7,453 7,943 61354 Peru (815) 10,886 11,772 61764 Pontiac (815) 11,227 10,595 61356 Princeton (815) 7,342 6,959 60070 Prospect Heights (708) 11,823 13,333 62301 Quincy (217) 42,352 45,288 61866 Rantoul (217) 20,161 25,562 60471 Richton Park (708) 9,403 2,558 60627 Riverdale (708) 13,233 15,806 60305 River Forest (708) 12,392 13,402 60171 River Grove (708) 10,368 11,465 60546 Riverside (708) 9,236 10,357 60472 Robbins (708) 8,119 9,641 62454 Robinson (618) 7,285 7,178 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 62454 Robinson (618) 7,285 7,178 61068 Rochelle (815) 8,982 8,594 61071 Rock Falls (815) 10,624 10,287 *61125 Rockford (815) 139,712 147,370 61201 Rock Island (309) 46,821 50,166 60008 Rolling Meadows (708) 20,167 19,178 60441 Romeoville (815) 15,519 12,888 60172 Roselle (708) 17,034 6,207 62024 Rosewood Heights(u) (618) 5,085 3,391 60073 Round Lake Beach (708) 12,921 5,717 60174 St. Charles (708) 17,492 12,945 62881 Salem (618) 7,813 6,187 60548 Sandwich (815) 5,356 5,056 60411 Sauk Village (708) 10,906 7,479 60172 Schaumburg (708) 53,355 18,531 60176 Schiller Park (708) 11,458 12,712 62225 Scott AFB(u) (618) 8,648 7,871 62565 Shelbyville (217) 5,259 4,887 61282 Silvis (309) 7,130 5,907 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 61282 Silvis (309) 7,130 5,907 60076 Skokie (708) 60,278 68,322 60177 South Elgin (708) 5,970 4,289 60473 South Holland (708) 24,977 23,931 *62703 Springfield (217) 100,054 91,753 61362 Spring Valley (815) 5,822 5,605 60475 Steger (708) 9,269 8,104 61081 Sterling (815) 16,273 16,113 60402 Stickney (708) 5,893 6,601 60103 Streamwood (708) 23,456 18,176 61364 Streator (815) 14,795 15,600 60501 Summit (708) 10,110 11,569 62221 Swansea (618) 5,529 5,432 60178 Sycamore (815) 9,219 7,843 62568 Taylorville (217) 11,386 10,644 60477 Tinley Park (708) 26,178 12,572 61801 Urbana (217) 35,978 33,976 62471 Vandalia (618) 5,338 5,160 60061 Vernon Hills (708) 9,827 1,056 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 60061 Vernon Hills (708) 9,827 1,056 60181 Villa Park (708) 23,155 25,891 60555 Warrenville (708) 7,519 3,281 61571 Washington (309) 10,364 6,790 62204 Washington Park (618) 8,223 9,524 60970 Watseka (815) 5,543 5,294 60084 Wauconda (708) 5,688 5,460 60085 Waukegan (708) 67,653 65,134 60153 Westchester (708) 17,730 20,033 60185 West Chicago (708) 12,550 9,988 60558 Western Springs (708) 12,876 13,029 62896 West Frankfort (618) 9,437 8,854 60559 Westmont (708) 17,353 8,832 61604 West Peoria(u) (309) 5,219 6,873 60187 Wheaton (708) 43,043 31,138 60090 Wheeling (708) 23,266 13,243 60091 Wilmette (708) 28,221 32,134 60093 Winnetka (708) 12,772 14,131 60096 Winthrop Harbor (708) 5,427 4,794 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 60096 Winthrop Harbor (708) 5,427 4,794 60097 Wonder Lake(u) (815) 5,917 4,806 60191 Wood Dale (708) 11,251 8,831 60515 Woodridge (708) 21,763 11,028 62095 Wood River (618) 12,446 13,186 60098 Woodstock (815) 11,725 10,226 60482 Worth (708) 11,592 11,999 60099 Zion (708) 17,865 17,268 Indiana 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 46001 Alexandria (317) 6,028 5,600 46011 Anderson (317) 64,695 70,787 46703 Angola (219) 5,486 5,117 46706 Auburn (219) 8,122 7,388 47421 Bedford (812) 14,410 13,087 46107 Beech Grove (317) 13,196 13,559 47401 Bloomington (812) 52,667 43,262 46714 Bluffton (219) 8,705 8,297 47601 Boonville (812) 6,300 5,736 47834 Brazil (812) 7,852 8,163 46112 Brownsburg (317) 6,242 5,751 46032 Carmel (317) 18,272 6,691 46303 Cedar Lake (219) 8,754 7,589 47111 Charlestown (812) 5,596 5,933 46304 Chesterton (219) 8,531 6,177 47130 Clarksville (812) 15,164 13,298 47842 Clinton (317) 5,267 5,340 46725 Columbia City (219) 5,091 4,911 47201 Columbus (812) 30,292 26,457 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 47201 Columbus (812) 30,292 26,457 47331 Connersville (317) 17,023 17,604 47933 Crawfordsville (317) 13,325 13,842 46307 Crown Point (219) 16,455 10,931 46733 Decatur (219) 8,649 8,445 46514 Dunlap(u) (219) 5,397 .... 46311 Dyer (219) 9,555 4,906 46312 East Chicago (219) 39,786 46,982 46514 Elkhart (219) 41,305 43,152 46036 Elwood (317) 10,867 11,196 *47708 Evansville (812) 130,496 138,764 *46802 Fort Wayne (219) 172,391 178,269 46041 Frankfort (317) 15,168 14,956 46131 Franklin (317) 11,563 11,477 *46401 Gary (219) 151,968 175,415 46933 Gas City (317) 6,370 5,742 46526 Goshen (219) 19,665 17,871 46135 Greencastle (317) 8,403 8,852 46140 Greenfield (317) 11,288 9,986 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 46140 Greenfield (317) 11,288 9,986 47240 Greensburg (812) 9,254 8,620 46142 Greenwood (317) 19,327 11,869 46319 Griffith (219) 17,026 18,168 *46320 Hammond (219) 93,714 107,983 47348 Hartford City (317) 7,622 8,207 46322 Highland (219) 25,935 24,947 46342 Hobart (219) 22,987 21,485 47542 Huntingburg (812) 5,376 4,794 46750 Huntington (219) 16,202 16,217 *46206 Indianapolis (317) 700,807 736,856 47546 Jasper (812) 9,097 8,641 47130 Jeffersonville (812) 21,220 20,008 46755 Kendallville (219) 7,299 6,838 46901 Kokomo (317) 47,808 44,042 *47901 Lafayette (317) 43,011 44,955 46405 Lake Station (219) 15,087 9,858 46350 La Porte (219) 21,796 22,140 46226 Lawrence (317) 25,591 16,353 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 46226 Lawrence (317) 25,591 16,353 46052 Lebanon (317) 11,456 9,766 47441 Linton (812) 6,315 5,450 46947 Logansport (219) 17,731 19,255 46356 Lowell (219) 5,827 3,839 47250 Madison (812) 12,472 13,081 46952 Marion (317) 35,874 39,607 46151 Martinsville (317) 11,311 9,723 46410 Merrillville (219) 27,677 15,918 46360 Michigan City (219) 36,850 39,369 46544 Mishawaka (219) 40,224 36,060 47960 Monticello (219) 5,162 4,869 46158 Mooresville (317) 5,349 5,800 47620 Mount Vernon (812) 7,656 6,770 *47302 Muncie (317) 77,216 69,082 46321 Munster (219) 20,671 16,514 47150 New Albany (812) 37,103 38,402 47362 New Castle (317) 20,056 21,215 46774 New Haven (219) 6,714 5,346 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 46774 New Haven (219) 6,714 5,346 46060 Noblesville (317) 12,253 7,548 46962 North Manchester (219) 5,998 5,791 47265 North Vernon (812) 5,768 4,582 47130 Oak Park(u) (812) 5,871 .... 46970 Peru (317) 13,764 14,139 46168 Plainfield (317) 9,191 8,211 46563 Plymouth (219) 7,693 7,661 46368 Portage (219) 27,409 19,127 47371 Portland (219) 7,074 7,115 47670 Princeton (812) 8,976 7,431 47374 Richmond (317) 41,349 43,999 46975 Rochester (219) 5,050 4,631 46173 Rushville (317) 6,113 6,686 47167 Salem (812) 5,290 5,041 46375 Schererville (219) 13,209 3,663 47170 Scottsburg (812) 5,068 4,791 47274 Seymour (812) 15,050 13,352 46176 Shelbyville (317) 14,989 15,094 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 46176 Shelbyville (317) 14,989 15,094 *46624 South Bend (219) 109,727 125,580 46383 South Haven(u) (219) 6,679 .... 46224 Speedway (317) 12,641 14,523 47586 Tell City (812) 8,704 7,933 *47808 Terre Haute (812) 61,125 70,335 46072 Tipton (317) 5,004 5,313 46383 Valparaiso (219) 22,247 20,020 47591 Vincennes (812) 20,857 19,867 46992 Wabash (219) 12,985 13,379 46580 Warsaw (219) 10,647 7,506 47501 Washington (812) 11,325 11,358 47906 West Lafayette (317) 21,247 19,157 46394 Whiting (219) 5,630 7,054 47394 Winchester (317) 5,659 5,493 Iowa 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 50511 Algona (515) 6,289 6,032 50009 Altoona (515) 5,764 2,883 50010 Ames (515) 45,775 39,505 50021 Ankeny (515) 15,429 9,151 50022 Atlantic (712) 7,789 7,306 52722 Bettendorf (319) 27,381 22,126 50036 Boone (515) 12,602 12,468 52601 Burlington (319) 29,529 32,366 51401 Carroll (712) 9,705 8,716 50613 Cedar Falls (319) 36,322 29,597 *52401 Cedar Rapids (319) 110,243 110,642 52544 Centerville (515) 6,558 6,531 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 52544 Centerville (515) 6,558 6,531 50049 Chariton (515) 5,116 5,009 50616 Charles City (515) 8,778 9,268 51012 Cherokee (712) 7,004 7,272 51632 Clarinda (712) 5,458 5,420 50428 Clear Lake City (515) 7,458 6,430 52732 Clinton (319) 32,828 34,719 50053 Clive (515) 5,906 3,005 52240 Coralville (319) 7,687 6,130 51501 Council Bluffs (712) 56,449 60,348 50801 Creston (515) 8,429 8,234 *52802 Davenport (319) 103,264 98,469 52101 Decorah (319) 7,991 7,237 51442 Denison (712) 6,675 6,218 *50318 Des Moines (515) 191,003 201,404 52001 Dubuque (319) 62,374 62,309 51334 Estherville (712) 7,518 8,108 52556 Fairfield (515) 9,428 8,715 50501 Fort Dodge (515) 29,423 31,263 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 50501 Fort Dodge (515) 29,423 31,263 52627 Fort Madison (319) 13,520 13,996 51534 Glenwood (712) 5,280 4,421 50112 Grinnell (515) 8,868 8,402 51537 Harlan (712) 5,357 5,049 50644 Independence (319) 6,392 5,910 50125 Indianola (515) 10,843 8,852 52240 Iowa City (319) 50,508 46,850 50126 Iowa Falls (515) 6,174 6,454 52632 Keokuk (319) 13,536 14,631 50138 Knoxville (515) 8,143 7,755 51031 Le Mars (712) 8,276 8,159 52060 Maquoketa (319) 6,313 5,677 52302 Marion (319) 19,474 18,028 50158 Marshalltown (515) 26,938 26,219 50401 Mason City (515) 30,144 30,379 52641 Mount Pleasant (319) 7,322 7,007 52761 Muscatine (319) 23,467 22,405 50201 Nevada (515) 5,912 4,952 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 50201 Nevada (515) 5,912 4,952 50208 Newton (515) 15,292 15,619 50662 Oelwein (319) 7,564 7,735 52577 Oskaloosa (515) 10,629 11,224 52501 Ottumwa (515) 27,381 29,610 50219 Pella (515) 8,349 6,668 50220 Perry (515) 7,053 6,906 51566 Red Oak (712) 6,810 6,210 51201 Sheldon (712) 5,003 4,535 51601 Shenandoah (712) 6,274 5,968 *51101 Sioux City (712) 82,003 85,925 51301 Spencer (712) 11,726 10,278 50588 Storm Lake (712) 8,814 8,591 50322 Urbandale (515) 17,869 14,434 52349 Vinton (319) 5,040 4,845 52353 Washington (319) 6,584 6,317 *50701 Waterloo (319) 75,985 75,533 50677 Waverly (319) 8,444 7,205 50595 Webster City (515) 8,572 8,488 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 50595 Webster City (515) 8,572 8,488 50265 West Des Moines (515) 21,894 16,441 50311 Windsor Heights (515) 5,632 6,303 Kansas 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 67410 Abilene (913) 6,572 6,661 67005 Arkansas City (316) 13,201 13,216 66002 Atchison (913) 11,407 12,565 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 66002 Atchison (913) 11,407 12,565 67010 Augusta (316) 6,968 5,977 66012 Bonner Springs (913) 6,266 3,884 66720 Chanute (316) 10,506 10,341 67337 Coffeyville (316) 15,185 15,116 67701 Colby (913) 5,544 4,658 66901 Concordia (913) 6,847 7,221 67037 Derby (316) 9,786 7,947 67801 Dodge City (316) 18,001 14,127 67042 El Dorado (316) 11,551 12,308 66801 Emporia (316) 25,287 23,327 66442 Fort Riley North(u) (913) 16,086 12,469 66701 Fort Scott (316) 8,893 8,967 67846 Garden City (316) 18,256 14,790 67735 Goodland (913) 5,708 5,510 67530 Great Bend (316) 16,608 16,133 67601 Hays (913) 16,301 15,396 67060 Haysville (316) 8,006 6,531 67501 Hutchinson (316) 40,284 36,885 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 67501 Hutchinson (316) 40,284 36,885 67301 Independence (316) 10,598 10,347 66749 Iola (316) 6,938 6,493 66441 Junction City (913) 19,305 19,018 *66110 Kansas City (913) 161,148 168,213 66043 Lansing (913) 5,307 3,797 66044 Lawrence (913) 52,738 45,698 66048 Leavenworth (913) 33,656 25,147 66206 Leawood (913) 13,360 10,645 66215 Lenexa (913) 18,639 5,549 67901 Liberal (316) 14,911 13,862 67460 McPherson (316) 11,753 10,851 66502 Manhattan (913) 32,644 27,575 66203 Merriam (913) 10,794 10,955 66222 Mission (913) 8,643 8,125 67114 Newton (316) 16,332 15,439 66061 Olathe (913) 37,258 17,917 66067 Ottawa (913) 11,016 11,036 66204 Overland Park (913) 81,784 77,934 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 66204 Overland Park (913) 81,784 77,934 67357 Parsons (316) 12,898 13,015 66762 Pittsburg (316) 18,770 20,171 66208 Prairie Village (913) 24,657 28,378 67124 Pratt (316) 6,885 6,736 66203 Roeland Park (913) 7,962 9,760 67665 Russell (913) 5,427 5,371 67401 Salina (913) 41,843 37,714 *66203 Shawnee (913) 29,653 20,946 *66603 Topeka (913) 118,690 125,011 67152 Wellington (316) 8,212 8,072 *67202 Wichita (316) 279,838 276,554 67156 Winfield (316) 10,736 11,405 Kentucky 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 41101 Ashland (606) 27,064 29,245 40004 Bardstown (502) 6,155 5,816 41073 Bellevue (606) 7,678 8,847 40403 Berea (606) 8,226 6,956 42101 Bowling Green (502) 40,450 36,705 40218 Buechel(u) (502) 6,912 5,359 42718 Campbellsville (502) 8,715 7,598 42330 Central City (502) 5,250 5,450 40701 Corbin (606) 8,075 7,474 *41011 Covington (606) 49,585 52,535 41031 Cynthiana (606) 5,881 6,356 40422 Danville (606) 12,942 11,542 41074 Dayton (606) 6,979 8,751 41017 Edgewood (606) 7,243 4,139 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 41017 Edgewood (606) 7,243 4,139 42701 Elizabethtown (502) 15,380 11,748 41018 Elsmere (606) 7,203 5,161 41018 Erlanger (606) 14,466 12,676 40118 Fairdale(u) (502) 7,315 .... 40291 Fern Creek(u) (502) 16,866 .... 41139 Flatwoods (606) 8,354 7,380 41042 Florence (606) 15,586 11,661 42223 Fort Campbell North(u) (502) 17,211 13,616 40121 Fort Knox(u) (502) 31,035 37,608 41017 Fort Mitchell (606) 7,294 6,982 41075 Fort Thomas (606) 16,012 16,338 40601 Frankfort (502) 25,973 21,902 42134 Franklin (502) 7,738 6,553 40324 Georgetown (502) 10,972 8,629 42141 Glasgow (502) 12,958 11,301 40330 Harrodsburg (606) 7,265 6,741 41701 Hazard (606) 5,429 5,459 42420 Henderson (502) 24,834 22,976 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 42420 Henderson (502) 24,834 22,976 40228 Highview(u) (502) 13,286 .... 40229 Hillview (502) 5,196 .... 42240 Hopkinsville (502) 27,318 21,395 41051 Independence (606) 7,998 1,715 40299 Jeffersontown (502) 15,795 9,701 40342 Lawrenceburg (502) 5,167 3,579 40033 Lebanon (502) 6,590 5,528 *40511 Lexington-Fayette (606) 204,165 108,137 *40201 Louisville (502) 298,694 361,706 42431 Madisonville (502) 16,979 15,332 42066 Mayfield (502) 10,705 10,724 41056 Maysville (606) 7,983 7,411 40965 Middlesborough (606) 12,251 11,878 42633 Monticello (606) 5,677 3,618 40351 Morehead (606) 7,789 7,191 40353 Mount Sterling (606) 5,820 5,083 42071 Murray (502) 14,248 13,537 40218 Newburg(u) (502) 24,612 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 40218 Newburg(u) (502) 24,612 .... *41071 Newport (606) 21,587 25,998 40356 Nicholasville (606) 10,400 5,829 40219 Okolona(u) (502) 20,039 17,643 42301 Owensboro (502) 54,450 50,329 42001 Paducah (502) 29,315 31,627 40361 Paris (606) 7,935 7,823 40258 Pleasure Ridge Park(u) (502) 27,332 28,566 42445 Princeton (502) 7,073 6,292 40160 Radcliff (502) 14,656 8,426 40475 Richmond (606) 21,705 16,861 42276 Russellville (502) 7,520 6,456 40207 St. Matthews (502) 13,519 13,152 40065 Shelbyville (502) 5,308 4,182 40216 Shively (502) 16,645 19,139 42501 Somerset (606) 10,649 10,436 40272 Valley Station(u) (502) 24,474 24,471 40383 Versailles (606) 6,427 5,679 41101 Westwood(u) (606) 5,973 777 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 41101 Westwood(u) (606) 5,973 777 40769 Williamsburg (606) 5,560 3,687 40391 Winchester (606) 15,216 13,402 Louisiana 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 70510 Abbeville (318) 12,391 10,996 71301 Alexandria (318) 51,565 41,811 70032 Arabi(u) (504) 10,248 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 70032 Arabi(u) (504) 10,248 .... 70094 Avondale(u) (504) 6,699 .... 70714 Baker (504) 12,865 8,281 71220 Bastrop (318) 15,527 14,713 *70821 Baton Rouge (504) 220,394 165,921 70360 Bayou Cane(u) (504) 15,723 9,077 70380 Bayou Vista(u) (504) 5,805 5,121 70037 Belle Chasse(u) (504) 5,412 .... 70427 Bogalusa (504) 16,976 18,412 71010 Bossier City (318) 49,969 43,769 70517 Breaux Bridge (318) 5,922 4,942 .... Broadmoor(u) (318) 7,051 .... 71291 Brownsville-Bawcomville(u) (318) 7,252 .... 71322 Bunkie (318) 5,364 5,395 70043 Chalmette(u) (504) 33,847 .... 71291 Claiborne(u) (318) 6,278 .... 70433 Covington (504) 7,892 7,170 70526 Crowley (318) 16,036 16,104 70345 Cut Off(u) (504) 5,049 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 70345 Cut Off(u) (504) 5,049 .... 70726 Denham Springs (504) 8,412 6,752 70634 De Ridder (318) 10,337 8,030 70346 Donaldsonville (504) 7,901 7,367 70072 Estelle(u) (504) 12,724 .... 70535 Eunice (318) 12,479 11,390 70538 Franklin (318) 9,584 9,325 70354 Galliano(u) (504) 5,159 .... 70737 Gonzales (504) 7,287 4,512 70053 Gretna (504) 20,615 24,875 70401 Hammond (504) 15,226 12,487 70123 Harahan (504) 11,384 13,037 70058 Harvey(u) (504) 22,709 6,347 70360 Houma (504) 32,602 30,922 70544 Jeanerette (318) 6,511 6,322 70121 Jefferson(u) (504) 15,550 16,489 70546 Jennings (318) 12,401 11,783 71251 Jonesboro (318) 5,061 5,072 70548 Kaplan (318) 5,016 5,540 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 70548 Kaplan (318) 5,016 5,540 70062 Kenner (504) 66,382 29,858 70445 Lacombe(u) (504) 5,146 .... 70501 Lafayette (318) 80,584 68,908 70601 Lake Charles (318) 75,051 77,998 71254 Lake Providence (318) 6,361 6,183 70068 Laplace(u) (504) 16,112 5,953 70373 Larose(u) (504) 5,234 4,267 71446 Leesville (318) 9,054 8,928 70123 Little Farms(u) (504) NA 15,713 70448 Mandeville (504) 6,076 2,571 71052 Mansfield (318) 6,485 6,432 71351 Marksville (318) 5,113 4,519 70072 Marrero(u) (504) 36,548 29,015 *70004 Metairie(u) (504) 164,160 136,477 71055 Minden (318) 15,074 13,996 71201 Monroe (318) 57,597 56,374 70380 Morgan City (504) 16,114 16,586 70601 Moss Bluff(u) (318) 7,004 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 70601 Moss Bluff(u) (318) 7,004 .... 71457 Natchitoches (318) 16,664 15,974 70560 New Iberia (318) 32,766 30,147 *70113 New Orleans (504) 557,927 593,471 71463 Oakdale (318) 7,155 7,301 70570 Opelousas (318) 18,903 20,387 71360 Pineville (318) 12,034 8,951 70764 Plaquemine (504) 7,521 7,739 70454 Ponchatoula (504) 5,469 4,545 70767 Port Allen (504) 6,114 5,728 70085 Poydras(u) (504) 5,722 .... 70601 Prien(u) (318) 6,224 .... 70394 Raceland(u) (504) 6,302 4,880 70578 Rayne (318) 9,066 9,510 70084 Reserve(u) (504) 7,288 6,381 70123 River Ridge(u) (504) 17,146 .... 71270 Ruston (318) 20,585 17,365 70582 St. Martinville (318) 7,965 7,153 70807 Scotlandville(u) (504) 15,113 22,599 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 70807 Scotlandville(u) (504) 15,113 22,599 *71102 Shreveport (318) 206,989 182,064 70458 Slidell (504) 26,718 16,101 71459 South Fort Polk(u) (318) 12,498 15,600 71075 Springhill (318) 6,516 6,496 70663 Sulphur (318) 19,709 14,959 71282 Tallulah (318) 11,341 9,643 71285 Terrytown(u) (318) 23,548 13,382 70301 Thibodaux (504) 15,810 15,028 70053 Timberlane(u) (504) 11,579 .... 71373 Vidalia (318) 5,936 5,538 70586 Ville Platte (318) 9,201 9,692 70092 Violet(u) (504) 11,678 .... 70094 Waggaman(u) (504) 9,004 .... 70669 Westlake (318) 5,246 4,082 71291 West Monroe (318) 14,993 14,868 70094 Westwego (504) 12,663 11,402 71483 Winnfield (318) 7,311 7,142 71295 Winnsboro (318) 5,921 5,349 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 71295 Winnsboro (318) 5,921 5,349 70791 Zachary (504) 7,297 4,964 Maine (207) See Note Page 563 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 04210 Auburn 23,128 24,151 04330 Augusta 21,819 21,945 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 04330 Augusta 21,819 21,945 04401 Bangor 31,643 33,168 04530 Bath 10,246 9,679 04915 Belfast 6,243 5,957 04005 Biddeford 19,638 19,983 04412 Brewer 9,017 9,300 04011 Brunswick Center(u) 10,990 10,867 04011 Brunswick 17,366 16,195 04093 Buxton 5,775 3,135 04107 Cape Elizabeth 7,838 7,873 04736 Caribou 9,916 10,419 04021 Cumberland 5,284 4,096 04605 Ellsworth 5,179 4,603 04937 Fairfield 6,113 5,684 04105 Falmouth 6,853 6,291 04938 Farmington 6,730 5,657 04032 Freeport 5,863 4,781 04345 Gardiner 6,485 6,685 04038 Gorham 10,101 7,839 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 04038 Gorham 10,101 7,839 04444 Hampden 5,250 4,693 04730 Houlton Center(u) 5,730 6,760 04730 Houlton 6,766 8,111 04239 Jay 5,080 3,954 04043 Kennebunk 6,621 5,646 03904 Kittery Center(u) 5,465 7,363 03904 Kittery 9,314 11,028 04240 Lewiston 40,481 41,779 04750 Limestone 8,719 10,360 04457 Lincoln 5,066 4,759 04250 Lisbon 8,769 6,544 04750 Loring(u) 6,572 7,881 04756 Madawaska 5,282 5,585 04462 Millinocket Center(u) 7,567 7,558 04462 Millinocket 7,567 7,742 04062 North Windham(u) 5,492 .... 04963 Oakland 5,162 3,535 04064 Old Orchard Beach Ctr.(u) 6,023 5,273 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 04064 Old Orchard Beach Ctr.(u) 6,023 5,273 04064 Old Orchard Beach 6,291 5,404 04468 Old Town 8,422 8,741 04473 Orono Center(u) 9,891 9,146 04473 Orono 10,578 9,989 *04101 Portland 61,572 65,116 04769 Presque Isle 11,172 11,452 04841 Rockland 7,919 8,505 04276 Rumford Compact(u) 6,256 6,198 04276 Rumford 8,240 9,363 04072 Saco 12,921 11,678 04073 Sanford Center(u) 10,268 10,457 04073 Sanford 18,020 15,812 04074 Scarborough 11,347 7,845 04976 Skowhegan Center(u) 6,517 6,571 04976 Skowhegan 8,098 7,601 04106 South Portland 22,712 23,267 04084 Standish 5,946 3,122 04086 Topsham 6,431 5,022 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 04086 Topsham 6,431 5,022 04901 Waterville 17,779 18,192 04090 Wells 8,211 4,448 04092 Westbrook 14,976 14,444 04082 Windham 11,282 6,593 04901 Winslow Center(u) 5,903 5,389 04901 Winslow 8,057 7,299 04364 Winthrop 5,889 4,335 04096 Yarmouth 6,585 4,854 03909 York 8,465 5,690 Maryland (301) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 21001 Aberdeen 11,533 7,403 21005 Aberdeen Proving Ground(u) 5,772 7,403 20783 Adelphi(u) 12,530 .... 20331 Andrews AFB(u) 10,064 6,418 *21401 Annapolis 31,740 30,095 21227 Arbutus(u) 20,163 22,745 21012 Arnold(u) 12,285 .... 20906 Aspen Hill(u) 47,455 16,887 *21233 Baltimore 786,741 905,787 21014 Bel Air 7,814 6,307 21050 Bel Air North(u) 5,043 .... 21014 Bel Air South(u) 8,461 .... 20705 Beltsville(u) 12,760 8,912 *20815 Bethesda(u) 63,022 71,621 20710 Bladensburg 7,691 7,977 *20715 Bowie 33,695 35,028 21225 Brooklyn Park(u) 11,508 .... ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 21225 Brooklyn Park(u) 11,508 .... 20818 Cabin John-Brookmont(u) 5,135 .... 20619 California(u) 5,770 .... 21613 Cambridge 11,703 11,595 20748 Camp Springs(u) 16,118 22,776 21401 Cape St. Clair(u) 6,022 .... 20743 Carmody Hills-Pepper Mill(u) 5,571 6,245 21234 Carney(u) 21,488 .... 21228 Catonsville(u) 33,208 54,812 20785 Cheverly 5,751 6,808 20815 Chevy Chase(u) 12,232 16,424 20783 Chillum(u) 32,775 35,656 20735 Clinton(u) 16,438 .... 20904 Cloverly(u) 5,153 .... 21030 Cockeysville(u) 17,013 .... 20904 Colesville(u) 14,359 9,455 20740 College Park 23,614 26,156 *21044 Columbia(u) 52,518 8,815 20743 Coral Hills(u) 11,602 9,058 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 20743 Coral Hills(u) 11,602 9,058 21114 Crofton(u) 12,009 4,478 21502 Cumberland 25,933 29,724 20747 District Heights 6,799 7,846 20785 Dodge Park(u) 5,275 .... 21222 Dundalk(u) 71,293 85,377 21601 Easton 7,536 6,809 20737 East Riverdale(u) 14,117 .... 21219 Edgemere(u) 9,078 10,352 21040 Edgewood 19,455 8,551 21921 Elkton 6,468 5,362 21043 Ellicott City(u) 21,784 9,435 21221 Essex(u) 39,614 38,193 20904 Fairland(u) 5,154 .... 21047 Fallston(u) 5,572 .... 21061 Ferndale(u) 14,314 9,929 20747 Forestville(u) 16,401 16,188 20755 Fort Meade(u) 14,083 16,699 21701 Frederick 27,557 23,641 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 21701 Frederick 27,557 23,641 ..... Friendly(u) 8,848 .... 21532 Frostburg 7,715 7,327 *20877 Gaithersburg 26,424 8,344 20874 Germantown(u) 9,721 .... ..... Glassmanor(u) 7,751 .... 21061 Glen Burnie(u) 37,263 38,608 20769 Glenn Dale(u) 5,106 .... 20771 Goddard(u) 6,147 .... 20770 Greenbelt 16,000 18,199 21122 Green Haven(u) 6,577 .... 21740 Hagerstown 34,132 35,862 21740 Halfway(u) 8,659 6,106 21204 Hampton(u) 5,220 .... 21078 Havre De Grace 8,763 9,791 20903 Hillandale(u) 9,686 .... 20748 Hillcrest Heights 17,021 24,037 *20780 Hyattsville 12,709 14,998 21085 Joppatowne(u) 11,348 9,092 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 21085 Joppatowne(u) 11,348 9,092 20785 Kentland(u) 8,596 9,649 20772 Kettering(u) 6,972 .... 21122 Lake Shore(u) 10,181 .... 20785 Landover(u) 5,374 5,597 20787 Langley Park(u) 14,038 11,564 20706 Lanham-Seabrook(u) 15,814 13,244 21227 Lansdowne-Baltimore Highlands(u) 16,759 17,770 20772 Largo(u) 5,557 .... *20707 Laurel 12,103 10,525 21502 La Vale-Narrows Park(u) 5,523 3,971 20653 Lexington Pk.(u) 10,361 9,136 21090 Linthicum(u) 7,457 9,775 21207 Lochearn(u) 26,908 .... 21037 Londontowne(u) 6,052 3,864 21093 Lutherville-Timonium(u) 17,854 24,055 20748 Marlow Heights(u) 5,824 .... 20707 Maryland City(u) 6,949 7,102 ..... Mays Chapel(u) 5,213 .... ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� ..... Mays Chapel(u) 5,213 .... 21220 Middle River(u) 26,756 19,935 ..... Milford Mill(u) 20,354 .... 20879 Montgomery Village(u) 18,725 .... 20822 Mount Rainier 7,361 8,180 21402 Naval Academy(u) 5,367 .... 20784 New Carrollton 12,632 14,870 20815 North Bethesda(u) 22,671 .... 20895 North Kensington(u) 9,039 .... 20707 North Laurel(u) 6,093 .... 21113 Odenton(u) 13,270 5,989 20832 Olney(u) 13,026 2,138 21206 Overlea(u) 12,965 13,124 21117 Owings Mills(u) 9,526 7,360 20745 Oxon Hill(u) 36,267 11,974 20785 Palmer Park(u) 7,986 8,172 21234 Parkville 35,159 33,589 21122 Pasadena(u) 7,439 .... 21128 Perry Hall(u) 13,455 5,446 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 21128 Perry Hall(u) 13,455 5,446 21208 Pikesville(u) 22,555 25,395 20854 Potomac(u) 40,402 .... 21227 Pumphrey(u) 5,666 6,425 20878 Quince Orchard(u) 5,107 .... 21133 Randallstown(u) 25,927 33,683 ..... Redland(u) 10,759 .... 21136 Reisterstown(u) 19,385 12,568 21122 Riviera Beach(u) 8,812 7,464 *20850 Rockville 43,811 42,739 21237 Rosedale(u) 19,956 19,417 21221 Rossville(u) 8,646 .... 20601 St. Charles(u) 13,921 .... 21801 Salisbury 16,429 15,252 20743 Seat Pleasant 5,217 7,217 21207 Security(u) 29,453 .... 21144 Severn(u) 20,147 .... 21146 Severna Park 21,253 16,358 *20907 Silver Spring(u) 72,893 77,411 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� *20907 Silver Spring(u) 72,893 77,411 21061 South Gate(u) 24,185 9,356 20895 South Kensington(u) 9,344 10,289 20707 South Laurel(u) 18,034 13,345 20746 Suitland-Silver Hills(u) 32,164 30,355 20912 Takoma Park 16,231 18,507 ..... Tantallon(u) 9,945 .... 20748 Temple Hills(u) 6,630 .... 21204 Towson(u) 51,083 77,768 20601 Waldorf(u) 9,782 7,368 20743 Walker Mill(u) 10,651 7,103 21157 Westminster 8,808 7,207 20902 Wheaton Glenmont(u) 48,598 66,280 20903 White Oak(u) 13,700 19,769 20695 White Plains(u) 5,167 .... 21207 Woodlawn(u) 5,306 .... Massachusetts 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 02351 Abington (617) 13,517 12,334 01720 Acton (508) 17,544 14,770 02743 Acushnet (508) 8,704 7,767 01220 Adams Center(u) (413) 6,857 11,256 ..... Adams (413) 10,381 11,772 01001 Agawam (413) 26,271 21,717 01913 Amesbury Center(u) (508) 12,236 10,088 ..... Amesbury (508) 13,971 11,388 01002 Amherst Center (413) 17,773 17,926 ..... Amherst (413) 33,229 26,331 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� ..... Amherst (413) 33,229 26,331 01810 Andover (508) 26,370 23,695 02174 Arlington (617) 48,219 53,524 01721 Ashland (508) 9,165 8,882 01331 Athol Center(u) (617) 8,708 9,723 ..... Athol (508) 10,634 11,185 02703 Attleboro (508) 34,196 32,907 01501 Auburn (508) 14,845 15,347 02322 Avon (508) 5,026 5,295 *01432 Ayer (508) 6,993 8,325 02630 Barnstable (508) 30,898 19,842 01730 Bedford (617) 13,067 13,513 01007 Belchertown (413) 8,339 5,936 02019 Bellingham (508) 14,300 13,967 02178 Belmont (617) 26,100 28,285 01915 Beverly (508) 37,655 38,348 01821 Billerica (508) 36,727 31,648 01504 Blackstone (508) 6,570 6,566 *02109 Boston (617) 562,994 641,071 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� *02109 Boston (617) 562,994 641,071 02532 Bourne (508) 13,874 12,636 01921 Boxford (508) 5,374 4,032 02184 Braintree (617) 36,337 35,050 02631 Brewster (508) 5,226 1,790 02324 Bridgewater (508) 17,202 12,911 *02403 Brockton (508) 95,172 89,040 02146 Brookline (617) 55,062 58,689 01803 Burlington (617) 23,486 21,980 *02138 Cambridge (617) 95,322 100,361 02021 Canton (617) 18,182 17,100 02330 Carver (508) 6,988 2,420 01507 Charlton (508) 6,719 4,654 02633 Chatham (508) 6,071 4,554 01824 Chelmsford (508) 31,174 31,432 02150 Chelsea (617) 25,431 30,625 *01021 Chicopee (413) 55,112 66,676 01510 Clinton (508) 12,771 13,383 01778 Cochituate(u) (617) 6,126 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 01778 Cochituate(u) (617) 6,126 .... 02025 Cohasset (617) 7,174 6,954 01742 Concord (508) 16,293 16,148 01226 Dalton (413) 6,797 7,505 01923 Danvers (508) 24,100 26,151 02714 Dartmouth (508) 23,966 18,800 02026 Dedham (617) 25,298 26,938 02638 Dennis (508) 12,360 6,454 02715 Dighton (508) 5,352 4,667 01826 Dracut (508) 21,249 18,214 01570 Dudley (508) 8,717 8,087 02332 Duxbury (617) 11,807 7,636 02333 East Bridgewater (508) 9,945 8,347 02536 East Falmouth(u) (617) 5,181 2,971 01027 Easthampton (413) 15,580 13,012 01028 East Longmeadow (413) 12,905 13,029 02334 Easton (508) 16,623 12,157 02149 Everett (617) 37,195 42,485 02719 Fairhaven (508) 15,759 16,332 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 02719 Fairhaven (508) 15,759 16,332 *02722 Fall River (508) 92,574 96,898 *02540 Falmouth Center(u) (508) 5,720 5,806 ..... Falmouth (508) 23,640 15,942 01420 Fitchburg (508) 39,580 43,343 01433 Fort Devens(u) (617) 9,546 12,915 02035 Foxborough (508) 14,148 14,218 01701 Framingham (508) 65,113 64,048 02038 Franklin Center(u) (508) 9,296 8,863 ..... Franklin (508) 18,217 17,830 02702 Freetown (508) 7,058 4,270 01440 Gardner (508) 17,900 19,748 01833 Georgetown (508) 5,687 5,290 01930 Gloucester (508) 27,768 27,941 01519 Grafton (508) 11,238 11,659 01033 Granby (413) 5,380 5,473 01230 Great Barrington (413) 7,405 7,537 01301 Greenfield Center(u) (413) 14,198 14,642 ..... Greenfield (413) 18,436 18,116 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� ..... Greenfield (413) 18,436 18,116 01450 Groton (508) 6,154 5,109 01834 Groveland (508) 5,040 5,382 02338 Halifax (617) 5,513 3,537 01936 Hamilton (508) 6,960 6,373 02339 Hanover (617) 11,358 10,107 02341 Hanson (617) 8,508 7,148 01451 Harvard (508) 12,170 12,494 02645 Harwich (508) 8,971 5,892 01830 Haverhill (508) 46,865 46,120 02043 Hingham (617) 20,339 18,845 02343 Holbrook (617) 11,140 11,775 01520 Holden (508) 13,336 12,564 01746 Holliston (508) 12,622 12,069 01040 Holyoke (413) 44,678 50,112 01748 Hopkinton (508) 7,114 5,981 01749 Hudson Center(u) (508) 14,156 14,283 ..... Hudson (508) 16,408 16,084 02045 Hull (617) 9,714 9,961 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 02045 Hull (617) 9,714 9,961 02601 Hyannis(u) (617) 9,118 6,847 01938 Ipswich(u) (508) NA 5,022 ..... Ipswich (508) 11,158 10,750 02364 Kingston (617) 7,362 5,999 02346 Lakeville (508) 5,931 4,376 01523 Lancaster (508) 6,334 6,095 *01842 Lawrence (508) 63,175 66,915 01238 Lee (413) 6,247 6,426 01524 Leicester (508) 9,446 9,140 01240 Lenox (413) 6,523 5,804 01453 Leominster (508) 34,508 32,939 02173 Lexington (617) 29,479 31,886 01773 Lincoln (617) 7,098 7,567 01460 Littleton (508) 6,970 6,380 01106 Longmeadow (413) 16,301 15,630 *01853 Lowell (508) 92,418 94,239 01056 Ludlow (413) 18,150 17,580 01462 Lunenburg (508) 8,405 7,419 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 01462 Lunenburg (508) 8,405 7,419 *01901 Lynn (617) 78,471 90,294 01940 Lynnfield (617) 11,267 10,826 02148 Malden (617) 53,386 56,127 01944 Manchester (508) 5,424 5,151 02048 Mansfield (508) 13,453 9,939 01945 Marblehead (617) 20,126 21,295 01752 Marlborough (508) 30,508 27,936 02050 Marshfield (617) 20,916 15,223 02739 Mattapoisett (508) 5,597 4,500 01754 Maynard (508) 9,590 9,710 02052 Medfield (508) 10,220 9,821 02155 Medford (617) 58,076 64,397 02053 Medway (508) 8,447 7,938 02176 Melrose (617) 30,055 33,180 01844 Methuen (508) 36,701 35,456 02346 Middleborough Center(u) (508) 7,012 6,259 ..... Middleborough (508) 16,404 13,607 01757 Milford Center(u) (508) NA 13,740 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 01757 Milford Center(u) (508) NA 13,740 ..... Milford (508) 23,390 19,352 01527 Millbury (508) 11,808 11,987 02054 Millis (508) 6,908 5,686 02186 Milton (617) 25,860 27,190 01057 Monson (413) 7,315 7,355 01351 Montague (413) 8,011 8,451 02554 Nantucket (508) 5,087 3,774 01760 Natick (508) 29,461 31,057 02192 Needham (617) 27,901 29,748 *02741 New Bedford (508) 98,478 101,777 01950 Newburyport (508) 15,900 15,807 02158 Newton (617) 83,622 91,263 02056 Norfolk (508) 6,363 4,656 01247 North Adams (413) 18,063 19,195 01002 North Amherst(u) (413) 5,616 2,854 01060 Northampton (413) 29,286 29,664 01845 North Andover (508) 20,129 16,284 *02760 North Attleborough (508) 21,095 18,665 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� *02760 North Attleborough (508) 21,095 18,665 01532 Northborough (508) 10,568 9,218 01534 Northbridge (508) 12,246 11,795 01864 North Reading (508) 11,455 11,264 02060 North Scituate(u) (617) 5,221 5,507 02766 Norton (508) 12,690 9,487 02061 Norwell (617) 9,182 7,796 02062 Norwood (617) 29,711 30,815 01364 Orange (508) 6,844 6,104 02653 Orleans (508) 5,306 3,055 01253 Otis(u) (413) NA 5,596 01540 Oxford Center(u) (508) 6,369 6,109 ..... Oxford (508) 11,680 10,345 01069 Palmer (413) 11,389 11,680 01960 Peabody (508) 45,976 48,080 02359 Pembroke (617) 13,487 11,193 01463 Pepperell (508) 8,061 5,887 01866 Pinehurst(u) (617) 6,588 .... 01201 Pittsfield (413) 51,974 57,020 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 01201 Pittsfield (413) 51,974 57,020 02762 Plainville (508) 5,857 4,953 *02360 Plymouth Center(u) (508) 7,232 6,940 ..... Plymouth (508) 35,913 18,606 02169 Quincy (617) 84,743 87,966 02368 Randolph (617) 28,218 27,035 02767 Raynham (508) 9,085 6,705 01867 Reading (617) 22,678 22,539 02769 Rehoboth (508) 7,570 6,512 02151 Revere (617) 42,423 43,159 02370 Rockland (617) 15,695 15,674 01966 Rockport (508) 6,345 5,636 01970 Salem (508) 38,276 40,556 01950 Salisbury (508) 5,973 4,179 02563 Sandwich (508) 8,727 5,239 01906 Saugus (617) 24,746 25,110 02066 Scituate (617) 17,317 16,973 02771 Seekonk (508) 12,269 11,116 02067 Sharon (617) 13,601 12,367 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 02067 Sharon (617) 13,601 12,367 01464 Shirley (508) 5,124 4,909 01545 Shrewsbury (508) 22,674 19,196 02725 Somerset (508) 18,813 18,088 02143 Somerville (617) 77,372 88,779 01772 Southborough (508) 6,193 5,798 01550 Southbridge Center(u) (508) 12,882 14,261 ..... Southbridge (508) 16,665 17,057 01075 South Hadley (413) 16,399 17,033 01077 Southwick (413) 7,382 6,330 02664 South Yarmouth(u) (617) 7,525 5,380 01562 Spencer Center (617) 6,350 5,895 ..... Spencer (508) 10,774 8,779 *01101 Springfield (413) 152,319 163,905 01564 Sterling (508) 5,440 4,247 02180 Stoneham (617) 21,424 20,725 02072 Stoughton (617) 26,710 23,459 01775 Stow (508) 5,144 3,984 01566 Sturbridge (508) 5,976 4,878 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 01566 Sturbridge (508) 5,976 4,878 01776 Sudbury (508) 14,027 13,506 01527 Sutton (508) 5,855 4,590 01907 Swampscott (617) 13,837 13,578 02777 Swansea (508) 15,461 12,640 02780 Taunton (508) 45,001 43,756 01468 Templeton (508) 6,070 5,863 01876 Tewksbury (508) 24,635 22,755 01983 Topsfield (508) 5,709 5,225 01469 Townsend (508) 7,201 4,281 01376 Turners Falls(u) (413) NA 5,168 01879 Tyngsborough (508) 5,683 4,204 01569 Uxbridge (508) 8,374 8,253 01880 Wakefield (617) 24,895 25,402 02081 Walpole (508) 18,859 18,149 02154 Waltham (617) 58,200 61,582 01082 Ware Center(u) (413) 6,806 6,509 ..... Ware (413) 8,953 8,187 02571 Wareham (508) 18,457 11,492 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 02571 Wareham (508) 18,457 11,492 02172 Watertown (617) 34,384 39,307 01778 Wayland (508) 12,170 13,461 01570 Webster Center(u) (508) 11,175 12,432 ..... Webster (508) 14,480 14,917 02181 Wellesley (617) 27,209 28,051 01581 Westborough (508) 13,619 12,594 01583 West Boylston (508) 6,204 6,369 02379 West Bridgewater (508) 6,359 6,070 01742 West Concord(u) (617) 5,331 .... 01085 Westfield (413) 36,465 31,433 01886 Westford (508) 13,434 10,368 01473 Westminster (508) 5,139 4,273 02193 Weston (617) 11,169 10,870 02790 Westport (508) 13,763 9,791 01089 West Springfield (413) 27,042 28,461 02090 Westwood (617) 13,212 12,570 02188 Weymouth (617) 55,601 54,610 01588 Whitinsville(u) (617) 5,379 5,210 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 01588 Whitinsville(u) (617) 5,379 5,210 02382 Whitman (617) 13,534 13,059 01095 Wilbraham (413) 12,053 11,984 01267 Williamstown (413) 8,741 8,454 01887 Wilmington (508) 17,471 17,102 01475 Winchendon (508) 7,019 6,635 01890 Winchester (617) 20,701 22,269 02152 Winthrop (617) 19,294 20,335 01801 Woburn (617) 36,626 37,406 *01613 Worcester (508) 161,799 176,572 02093 Wrentham (508) 7,580 7,315 02675 Yarmouth (508) 18,449 12,033 Michigan 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴� ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 49221 Adrian (517) 21,276 20,382 49224 Albion (517) 11,059 12,112 48101 Allen Park (313) 34,196 40,747 48801 Alma (517) 9,652 9,611 49707 Alpena (517) 12,214 13,805 *48106 Ann Arbor (313) 107,969 100,035 48063 Avon(u) (313) 40,779 .... *49016 Battle Creek (616) 35,724 38,931 48706 Bay City (517) 41,593 49,449 48505 Beecher(u) (313) 17,178 .... 48809 Belding (616) 5,634 5,121 49022 Benton Harbor (616) 14,707 16,481 49022 Benton Heights(u) (616) 6,787 .... 48072 Berkley (313) 18,637 21,879 48009 Beverly Hills (313) 11,598 13,598 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 48009 Beverly Hills (313) 11,598 13,598 49307 Big Rapids (616) 14,361 11,995 *48012 Birmingham (313) 21,689 26,170 48013 Bloomfield(u) (313) 42,876 .... 49107 Buchanan (616) 5,142 4,645 *48502 Burton (313) 29,976 32,540 49601 Cadillac (616) 10,199 9,990 48724 Carrollton(u) (517) 7,482 7,300 48015 Center Line (313) 9,293 10,379 48813 Charlotte (517) 8,251 8,244 49721 Cheboygan (616) 5,106 5,553 48017 Clawson (313) 15,103 17,617 48043 Clinton(u) (313) 72,400 1,677 49036 Coldwater (517) 9,461 9,155 49321 Comstock Park(u) (616) 5,506 5,766 49508 Cutlerville(u) (616) 8,256 6,267 48423 Davison (313) 6,087 5,259 *48120 Dearborn (313) 90,660 104,199 48127 Dearborn Heights (313) 67,706 80,069 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 48127 Dearborn Heights (313) 67,706 80,069 *48233 Detroit (313) 1,203,368 1,514,063 49047 Dowagiac (616) 6,307 6,583 48021 East Detroit (313) 38,280 45,920 49506 East Grand Rapids (616) 10,914 12,565 48823 East Lansing (517) 48,309 47,540 49001 Eastwood(u) (517) 7,186 9,682 48229 Ecorse (313) 14,447 17,515 49829 Escanaba (906) 14,355 15,368 49022 Fair Plain(u) (616) 8,289 3,680 48024 Farmington (313) 11,022 10,329 48024 Farmington Hills (313) 58,056 48,694 48430 Fenton (313) 8,098 8,284 48220 Ferndale (313) 26,227 30,850 48134 Flat Rock (313) 6,853 5,643 *48502 Flint (313) 159,611 193,317 48433 Flushing (313) 8,624 7,190 48026 Fraser (313) 14,560 11,868 48135 Garden City (313) 35,640 41,864 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 48135 Garden City (313) 35,640 41,864 48439 Grand Blanc (313) 6,848 5,132 49417 Grand Haven (616) 11,763 11,844 48837 Grand Ledge (517) 6,920 6,032 *49501 Grand Rapids (616) 181,843 197,649 49418 Grandville (616) 12,412 10,764 48838 Greenville (616) 8,019 7,493 48138 Grosse Ile(u) (313) 9,320 8,306 48236 Grosse Pointe (313) 5,901 6,637 48236 Grosse Pointe Farms (313) 10,551 11,701 48236 Grosse Pointe Park (313) 13,562 15,641 48236 Grosse Pointe Woods (313) 18,886 21,878 48212 Hamtramck (313) 21,300 26,783 49930 Hancock (906) 5,122 4,820 48225 Harper Woods (313) 16,361 20,186 48625 Harrison(u) (517) 23,649 .... 48840 Haslett(u) (517) 7,025 .... 49058 Hastings (616) 6,418 6,501 48030 Hazel Park (313) 20,914 23,784 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 48030 Hazel Park (313) 20,914 23,784 48203 Highland Park (313) 27,909 35,444 49242 Hillsdale (517) 7,432 7,728 49423 Holland (616) 26,281 26,479 48842 Holt(u) (517) 10,097 6,980 49931 Houghton (906) 7,512 6,067 48843 Howell (517) 6,976 5,224 48070 Huntington Woods (313) 6,937 8,536 48141 Inkster (313) 35,190 38,595 48846 Ionia (616) 5,920 6,361 49801 Iron Mountain (906) 8,341 8,702 49938 Ironwood (906) 7,741 8,711 49849 Ishpeming (906) 7,538 8,245 *49201 Jackson (517) 39,739 45,484 49428 Jenison(u) (616) 16,330 11,266 *49001 Kalamazoo (616) 79,722 85,555 49508 Kentwood (616) 30,438 20,310 49801 Kingsford (906) 5,290 5,276 49843 K.I. Sawyer(u) (906) 7,345 8,224 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 49843 K.I. Sawyer(u) (906) 7,345 8,224 49015 Lakeview(u) (517) 13,345 11,391 48144 Lambertville(u) (313) 6,341 5,711 *48924 Lansing (517) 130,414 131,403 48446 Lapeer (313) 6,225 6,314 48146 Lincoln Park (313) 45,105 52,984 *48150 Livonia (313) 104,814 110,109 49431 Ludington (616) 8,937 9,021 48071 Madison Heights (313) 35,375 38,599 49660 Manistee (616) 7,665 7,723 49855 Marquette (906) 23,288 21,967 49068 Marshall (616) 7,201 7,253 48040 Marysville (313) 7,345 5,610 48854 Mason (517) 6,019 5,468 48122 Melvindale (313) 12,322 13,862 49858 Menominee (906) 10,099 10,748 49254 Michigan Center(u) (517) 5,244 .... 48640 Midland (517) 37,269 35,176 48042 Milford (313) 5,041 4,699 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 48042 Milford (313) 5,041 4,699 48161 Monroe (313) 23,531 23,894 48043 Mount Clemens (313) 18,991 20,476 48858 Mount Pleasant (517) 23,746 20,524 *49440 Muskegon (616) 40,823 44,631 49444 Muskegon Heights (616) 14,611 17,304 49866 Negaunee (906) 5,189 5,248 48047 New Baltimore (313) 5,439 4,132 49120 Niles (616) 13,115 12,988 ..... Northview(u)< Northview(u)< 11,662 .... 48167 Northville (313) 5,698 5,400 49441 Norton Shores (616) 22,025 22,271 48050 Novi (313) 22,525 9,668 48237 Oak Park (313) 31,537 36,762 48864 Okemos(u) (517) 8,882 7,770 48867 Owosso (517) 16,455 17,179 49770 Petoskey (616) 6,097 6,342 48170 Plymouth (313) 9,986 11,758 *48053 Pontiac (313) 76,715 85,279 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� *48053 Pontiac (313) 76,715 85,279 49081 Portage (616) 38,157 33,590 48060 Port Huron (313) 33,981 35,794 48239 Redford(u) (313) 58,441 .... 48218 River Rouge (313) 12,912 15,947 48192 Riverview (313) 14,569 11,342 48063 Rochester (313) 7,203 7,054 48174 Romulus (313) 24,857 22,879 48066 Roseville (313) 54,311 60,529 *48068 Royal Oak (313) 70,893 86,238 *48605 Saginaw (517) 77,508 91,849 *48083 St. Clair Shores (313) 76,210 88,093 48879 St. Johns (517) 7,376 6,672 49085 St. Joseph (616) 9,622 11,042 48176 Saline (313) 6,483 4,811 49793 Sault Ste. Marie (906) 14,448 15,136 *48075 Southfield (313) 75,568 69,285 48198 Southgate (313) 32,058 33,909 49090 South Haven (616) 5,943 6,471 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 49090 South Haven (616) 5,943 6,471 48178 South Lyon (313) 5,214 2,675 49015 Springfield (616) 5,917 3,994 *48078 Sterling Heights (313) 108,999 61,365 49091 Sturgis (616) 9,468 9,295 48473 Swartz Creek (313) 5,013 4,928 48180 Taylor (313) 77,568 70,020 49286 Tecumseh (517) 7,320 7,120 49093 Three Rivers (616) 7,015 7,355 49684 Traverse City (616) 15,516 18,048 48183 Trenton (313) 22,762 24,127 48084 Troy (313) 67,102 39,419 48087 Utica (313) 5,282 3,504 49504 Walker (616) 15,088 11,492 *48089 Warren (313) 161,134 179,260 48095 Waterford(u) (313) 64,250 .... 48184 Wayne (313) 21,159 21,054 48033 West Bloomfield(u) (313) 41,962 .... 48185 Westland (313) 84,603 86,749 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 48185 Westland (313) 84,603 86,749 49007 Westwood(u) (616) 8,519 9,143 48019 White Lake-Seven Harbors(u) (313) 7,557 .... 48096 Wixom (313) 6,705 2,010 48183 Woodhaven (313) 10,902 3,566 48753 Wurtsmith(u) (517) 5,166 6,932 *48192 Wyandotte (313) 34,006 41,061 49509 Wyoming (616) 59,616 56,560 48197 Ypsilanti (313) 24,031 29,538 Minnesota 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 56007 Albert Lea (507) 19,190 19,418 56308 Alexandria (612) 7,608 6,973 55303 Andover (612) 9,387 .... 55303 Anoka (612) 15,634 13,298 55124 Apple Valley (612) 21,818 8,502 55112 Arden Hills (612) 8,012 5,149 55912 Austin (507) 23,020 26,210 56601 Bemidji (218) 10,949 11,490 55433 Blaine (612) 28,558 20,573 55420 Bloomington (612) 81,831 81,970 56401 Brainerd (218) 11,489 11,667 55429 Brooklyn Center (612) 31,230 35,173 55429 Brooklyn Park (612) 43,332 26,230 55337 Burnsville (612) 35,674 19,940 55316 Champlin (612) 9,006 2,275 55317 Chanhassen (612) 6,359 4,879 55318 Chaska (612) 8,346 4,352 55719 Chisholm (218) 5,930 5,913 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 55719 Chisholm (218) 5,930 5,913 55720 Cloquet (218) 11,142 8,699 55421 Columbia Heights (612) 20,029 23,997 55433 Coon Rapids (612) 35,826 30,505 55016 Cottage Grove (612) 18,994 13,419 56716 Crookston (218) 8,628 8,312 55428 Crystal (612) 25,543 30,925 56501 Detroit Lakes (218) 7,106 5,797 *55806 Duluth (218) 92,811 100,578 55121 Eagan (612) 20,532 10,398 55005 East Bethel (612) 6,626 2,586 56721 East Grand Forks (218) 8,537 7,607 *55343 Eden Prairie (612) 16,263 6,938 55435 Edina (612) 46,073 44,046 55330 Elk River (612) 6,785 2,252 55734 Eveleth (218) 5,042 4,721 56031 Fairmont (507) 11,506 10,751 55113 Falcon Heights (507) 5,291 5,530 55021 Faribault (507) 16,241 16,595 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 55021 Faribault (507) 16,241 16,595 56537 Fergus Falls (218) 12,519 12,443 55432 Fridley (612) 30,228 29,233 55416 Golden Valley (612) 22,775 24,246 55744 Grand Rapids (218) 7,934 7,247 *55303 Ham Lake (612) 7,832 3,327 55033 Hastings (612) 12,827 12,195 55811 Hermantown (218) 6,759 .... 55746 Hibbing (218) 21,193 16,104 55343 Hopkins (612) 15,336 13,428 55350 Hutchinson (612) 9,244 8,031 56649 International Falls (218) 5,611 6,439 55075 Inver Grove Heights (612) 17,171 12,148 55042 Lake Elmo (612) 5,296 3,565 55044 Lakeville (612) 14,790 7,556 55355 Litchfield (612) 5,904 5,262 55110 Little Canada (612) 7,102 3,481 56345 Little Falls (612) 7,250 7,467 56001 Mankato (507) 28,646 30,895 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 56001 Mankato (507) 28,646 30,895 55369 Maple Grove (612) 20,525 6,275 55109 Maplewood (612) 26,990 25,186 56258 Marshall (507) 11,161 9,886 55118 Mendota Heights (612) 7,288 6,565 *55401 Minneapolis (612) 370,951 434,400 55343 Minnetonka (612) 38,683 35,776 56265 Montevideo (612) 5,845 5,661 56560 Moorhead (218) 29,998 29,687 56267 Morris (612) 5,367 5,366 55364 Mound (612) 9,280 7,572 55112 Mounds View (612) 12,593 10,599 55112 New Brighton (612) 23,269 19,507 54428 New Hope (612) 23,087 23,180 56073 New Ulm (507) 13,755 13,051 55057 Northfield (507) 12,562 10,235 56001 North Mankato (507) 9,145 7,347 55109 North St. Paul (612) 11,921 11,950 55119 Oakdale (612) 12,123 7,795 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 55119 Oakdale (612) 12,123 7,795 55323 Orono (612) 6,845 6,787 55060 Owatonna (507) 18,632 15,341 55427 Plymouth (612) 31,615 18,077 55372 Prior Lake (612) 7,284 1,114 55303 Ramsey (612) 10,093 .... 55066 Red Wing (612) 13,736 10,441 56283 Redwood Falls (507) 5,210 4,774 55423 Richfield (612) 37,851 47,231 55422 Robbinsdale (612) 14,422 16,845 55901 Rochester (507) 57,906 53,766 55068 Rosemount (612) 5,083 1,337 55113 Roseville (612) 35,820 34,438 55418 St. Anthony (612) 7,981 9,239 56301 St. Cloud (612) 42,566 39,691 55426 St. Louis Park (612) 42,931 48,883 *55101 St. Paul (612) 270,230 309,866 56082 St. Peter (507) 9,056 8,339 56379 Sauk Rapids (612) 5,793 5,051 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 56379 Sauk Rapids (612) 5,793 5,051 55379 Shakopee (612) 9,941 6,876 55126 Shoreview (612) 17,300 10,978 55075 South St. Paul (612) 21,235 25,016 55432 Spring Lake Park (612) 6,477 6,417 55082 Stillwater (612) 12,290 10,191 56701 Thief River Falls (218) 9,105 8,618 55110 Vadnais Heights (612) 5,111 3,411 55792 Virginia (218) 11,056 12,450 56093 Waseca (507) 8,219 6,789 55118 West St. Paul (612) 18,527 18,802 55110 White Bear Lake (612) 22,538 23,313 56201 Willmar (612) 15,895 12,869 55987 Winona (507) 25,075 26,438 55119 Woodbury (612) 10,297 6,184 56187 Worthington (507) 10,243 9,916 Mississippi (601) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 39730 Aberdeen 7,184 6,507 38821 Amory 7,307 7,236 38606 Batesville 5,162 3,796 39520 Bay St. Louis 7,850 6,752 *39530 Biloxi 49,311 48,486 38829 Booneville 6,199 5,895 39042 Brandon 9,626 2,685 39601 Brookhaven 10,800 10,700 39046 Canton 11,116 10,503 38614 Clarksdale 21,137 21,673 38732 Cleveland 14,524 13,327 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 38732 Cleveland 14,524 13,327 39056 Clinton 14,660 7,289 39429 Columbia 7,733 7,587 39701 Columbus 27,503 25,795 38834 Corinth 13,180 11,581 39532 D'lberville(u) 13,369 7,288 39552 Escatawpa(u) 5,367 1,579 39074 Forest 5,229 4,085 39553 Gautier(u) 8,917 2,087 38701 Greenville 40,613 39,648 38930 Greenwood 20,115 22,400 38901 Grenada 11,508 9,944 39501 Gulfport 39,676 40,791 39401 Hattiesburg 40,829 38,277 38635 Holly Springs 7,285 5,728 38751 Indianola 8,050 8,947 *39205 Jackson 202,895 153,968 39090 Kosciusko 7,415 7,266 39440 Laurel 21,897 24,145 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 39440 Laurel 21,897 24,145 38756 Leland 6,667 6,000 39560 Long Beach 14,199 6,170 39339 Louisville 7,323 6,626 39648 McComb 12,331 11,851 39301 Meridian 46,577 45,083 39563 Moss Point 18,998 19,321 39120 Natchez 22,209 19,704 38652 New Albany 7,072 6,426 39501 North Gulfport(u) 6,660 6,996 39564 Ocean Springs 14,504 9,160 39567 Orange Grove(u) 13,476 .... 38655 Oxford 9,882 8,519 39567 Pascagoula 29,318 27,264 39571 Pass Christian 5,014 2,979 39208 Pearl 18,602 9,623 39465 Petal 8,476 6,986 39350 Philadelphia 6,434 6,274 39466 Picayune 10,361 9,760 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 39466 Picayune 10,361 9,760 39157 Ridgeland 5,461 1,650 38668 Senatobia 5,013 4,247 38671 Southaven(u) 16,071 8,931 39759 Starkville 16,139 11,369 38801 Tupelo 23,905 20,471 39180 Vicksburg 25,434 25,478 39367 Waynesboro 5,349 4,368 39773 West Point 8,811 8,714 38967 Winona 6,177 5,521 39194 Yazoo City 12,092 11,688 Missouri 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 63123 Affton(u) (314) 23,181 24,264 63010 Arnold (314) 19,141 17,381 65605 Aurora (417) 6,437 5,359 63011 Ballwin (314) 12,750 10,656 63137 Bellefontaine Neighbors (314) 12,082 14,084 64012 Belton (816) 12,708 12,270 63134 Berkeley (314) 15,922 19,743 63031 Black Jack (314) 5,293 4,145 64015 Blue Springs (816) 25,936 6,779 65613 Bolivar (417) 5,919 4,769 65233 Boonville (816) 6,959 7,514 63114 Breckenridge Hills (816) 5,666 7,011 63144 Brentwood (314) 8,209 11,248 63044 Bridgeton (314) 18,445 19,992 64628 Brookfield (816) 5,555 5,491 63701 Cape Girardeau (314) 34,361 31,282 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 63701 Cape Girardeau (314) 34,361 31,282 64836 Carthage (417) 11,104 11,035 63830 Caruthersville (314) 7,958 7,350 63834 Charleston (314) 5,230 5,131 64601 Chillicothe (816) 9,089 9,519 63105 Clayton (314) 14,306 16,100 64735 Clinton (816) 8,366 7,504 65201 Columbia (314) 62,061 58,812 63128 Concord(u) (314) 20,896 21,217 63126 Crestwood (314) 12,815 15,123 63141 Creve Coeur (314) 11,743 8,967 63136 Dellwood (314) 6,200 7,137 63020 De Soto (314) 5,993 5,984 63131 Des Peres (314) 7,953 5,333 63841 Dexter (314) 7,043 6,024 63011 Ellisville (314) 6,233 4,681 64024 Excelsior Springs (816) 10,424 9,411 63640 Farmington (314) 8,270 6,590 63135 Ferguson (314) 24,549 28,759 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 63135 Ferguson (314) 24,549 28,759 63028 Festus (314) 7,574 7,530 *63033 Florissant (314) 55,721 65,908 65473 Fort Leonard Wood(u) (314) 21,262 33,799 65251 Fulton (314) 11,046 12,248 64118 Gladstone (816) 24,990 23,422 63122 Glendale (314) 6,035 6,981 64030 Grandview (816) 24,561 17,456 63401 Hannibal (314) 18,811 18,609 64701 Harrisonville (816) 6,372 5,052 *63042 Hazelwood (314) 13,098 14,082 *64051 Independence (816) 111,797 111,630 63755 Jackson (314) 7,827 5,896 65101 Jefferson City (314) 33,619 32,407 63136 Jennings (314) 16,934 19,379 64801 Joplin (417) 39,126 39,256 *64108 Kansas City (816) 448,028 507,330 63857 Kennett (314) 10,145 10,090 63501 Kirksville (816) 17,167 15,560 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 63501 Kirksville (816) 17,167 15,560 63122 Kirkwood (314) 27,739 31,679 63124 Ladue (314) 9,369 10,306 65536 Lebanon (417) 9,507 8,616 64063 Lee's Summit (816) 28,741 16,230 63125 Lemay(u) (314) 35,424 40,529 64067 Lexington (816) 5,063 5,388 64068 Liberty (816) 16,251 13,704 63552 Macon (816) 5,680 5,301 63863 Malden (314) 6,096 5,374 63011 Manchester (314) 6,351 5,031 63143 Maplewood (314) 10,960 12,785 65340 Marshall (816) 12,781 12,051 63043 Maryland Heights(u) (314) 5,676 8,805 64468 Maryville (816) 9,558 9,970 65265 Mexico (314) 12,276 11,807 65270 Moberly (816) 13,418 12,988 65708 Monett (417) 6,148 5,937 63026 Murphy(u) (314) 8,121 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 63026 Murphy(u) (314) 8,121 .... 64850 Neosho (417) 9,493 7,517 64772 Nevada (417) 9,044 9,736 63121 Normandy (314) 5,174 6,236 63121 Northwoods (314) 5,831 4,607 63366 O'Fallon (314) 8,654 7,018 63132 Olivette (314) 7,952 9,156 63114 Overland (314) 19,620 24,819 63775 Perryville (314) 7,343 5,149 63120 Pine Lawn (314) 6,570 5,745 63901 Poplar Bluff (314) 17,139 16,653 64133 Raytown (816) 31,831 33,306 64085 Richmond (816) 5,499 4,948 63117 Richmond Heights (314) 11,516 13,802 63124 Rock Hill (314) 5,702 6,815 65401 Rolla (314) 13,303 13,571 63074 St. Ann (314) 15,523 18,215 63301 St. Charles (314) 37,379 31,834 63114 St. John (314) 7,854 8,960 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 63114 St. John (314) 7,854 8,960 *64501 St. Joseph (816) 76,691 72,748 *63155 St. Louis (314) 452,801 622,236 63376 St. Peters (314) 15,700 486 63126 Sappington(u) (314) 11,388 10,603 65301 Sedalia (816) 20,927 22,847 63119 Shrewsbury (314) 5,077 5,896 63801 Sikeston (314) 17,431 14,699 63138 Spanish Lake(u) (314) 20,632 15,647 *65801 Springfield (417) 133,116 120,096 63080 Sullivan (314) 5,461 5,111 64683 Trenton (816) 6,811 6,063 63084 Union (314) 5,506 5,183 63130 University City (314) 42,690 47,527 64093 Warrensburg (816) 13,807 13,125 63090 Washington (314) 9,251 8,499 64870 Webb City (417) 7,309 6,923 63119 Webster Groves (314) 23,097 27,457 65775 West Plains (417) 7,741 6,893 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 65775 West Plains (417) 7,741 6,893 Montana (406) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 59711 Anaconda-Deer Lodge County 12,518 9,771 *59101 Billings 66,813 61,581 59101 Billings Heights(u) 8,480 .... 59715 Bozeman 21,645 18,670 59701 Butte-Silver Bow 37,205 23,368 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 59701 Butte-Silver Bow 37,205 23,368 59330 Glendive 5,978 6,305 *59401 Great Falls 56,884 60,091 59501 Havre 10,891 10,558 59601 Helena 23,938 22,730 59901 Kalispell 10,689 10,526 59044 Laurel 5,481 4,454 59457 Lewistown 7,104 6,437 59047 Livingston 6,994 6,883 59402 Malmstrom AFB(u) 6,675 8,374 59301 Miles City 9,602 9,023 59801 Missoula 33,351 29,497 59801 Missoula South(u) 5,557 4,886 59801 Orchard Homes(u) 10,837 .... 59270 Sidney 5,726 4,543 Nebraska 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 69301 Alliance (308) 9,920 6,862 68310 Beatrice (402) 12,891 12,389 68005 Bellevue (402) 21,813 21,953 68008 Blair (402) 6,418 6,106 69337 Chadron (308) 5,933 5,921 68601 Columbus (402) 17,328 15,471 68355 Falls City (402) 5,374 5,444 68025 Fremont (402) 23,979 22,962 69341 Gering (308) 7,760 5,639 68801 Grand Island (308) 33,180 32,358 68901 Hastings (402) 23,045 23,580 68949 Holdrege (308) 5,624 5,635 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 68949 Holdrege (308) 5,624 5,635 68847 Kearney (308) 21,158 19,181 68128 La Vista (402) 9,588 4,858 68850 Lexington (308) 6,898 5,654 *68501 Lincoln (402) 171,932 149,518 69001 McCook (308) 8,404 8,285 68410 Nebraska City (402) 7,127 7,441 68701 Norfolk (402) 19,449 16,607 69101 North Platte (308) 24,509 19,447 68113 Offutt AFB West(u) (402) 8,787 8,445 69153 Ogallala (308) 5,638 4,976 *68108 Omaha (402) 313,939 346,929 68046 Papillion (402) 6,399 5,606 68048 Plattsmouth (402) 6,295 6,371 68127 Ralston (402) 5,143 4,731 69361 Scottsbluff (308) 14,156 14,507 68434 Seward (402) 5,713 5,294 69162 Sidney (308) 6,010 6,403 68776 South Sioux City (402) 9,339 7,920 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 68776 South Sioux City (402) 9,339 7,920 68787 Wayne (402) 5,240 5,379 68467 York (402) 7,723 6,778 Nevada (702) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 89005 Boulder City 9,590 5,223 89701 Carson City 32,022 15,468 89112 East Las Vegas(u) 6,449 6,501 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 89112 East Las Vegas(u) 6,449 6,501 89801 Elko 8,758 7,621 89015 Henderson 24,363 16,395 89450 Incline Village-Crystal Bay(u) 6,225 .... *89114 Las Vegas 164,674 125,787 89110 Nellis AFB(u) 6,205 6,449 89030 North Las Vegas 42,739 46,067 89109 Paradise(u) 84,818 24,477 *89501 Reno 100,756 72,863 89431 Sparks 40,780 24,187 89110 Sunrise Manor(u) 44,155 9,684 89431 Sun Valley(u) 8,822 2,414 89109 Vegas Creek(u) NA 8,970 89101 Winchester(u) 19,728 13,981 New Hampshire (603) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 03031 Amherst 8,243 4,605 03102 Bedford 9,481 5,859 03570 Berlin 13,084 15,256 03743 Claremont 14,557 14,221 03301 Concord 30,400 30,022 03818 Conway 7,158 4,865 03038 Derry Compact(u) 12,248 6,090 ..... Derry 18,875 11,712 03820 Dover 22,377 20,850 03824 Durham Compact(u) 8,448 7,221 ..... Durham 10,652 8,869 03833 Exeter Compact(u) 8,947 6,439 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 03833 Exeter Compact(u) 8,947 6,439 ..... Exeter 11,024 8,892 03235 Franklin 7,901 7,292 03045 Goffstown 11,315 9,284 03842 Hampton Compact(u) 6,779 5,407 ..... Hampton 10,493 8,011 03755 Hanover Compact(u) 6,861 6,147 ..... Hanover 9,119 8,494 03106 Hooksett 7,303 5,564 03051 Hudson 14,022 10,638 03431 Keene 21,449 20,467 03246 Laconia 15,575 14,888 03766 Lebanon 11,134 9,725 03561 Littleton 5,558 5,290 03053 Londonderry 13,598 5,346 *03101 Manchester 90,936 87,754 03054 Merrimack 15,406 8,595 03055 Milford 8,685 6,622 *03060 Nashua 67,865 55,820 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� *03060 Nashua 67,865 55,820 03773 Newport 6,229 5,899 03076 Pelham 8,090 5,408 03865 Plaistow 5,609 4,712 03801 Portsmouth 26,254 25,717 03077 Raymond 5,453 3,003 03867 Rochester 21,560 17,938 03079 Salem 24,124 20,142 03874 Seabrook 5,917 3,053 03878 Somersworth 10,350 9,026 03087 Windham 5,664 3,008 New Jersey 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 07747 Aberdeen(u) (201) 17,235 .... 08201 Absecon (609) 6,859 6,094 07401 Allendale (201) 5,901 6,240 07712 Asbury Park (201) 17,015 16,533 *08401 Atlantic City (609) 40,199 47,859 08106 Audubon (609) 9,533 10,802 08007 Barrington (609) 7,418 8,409 07002 Bayonne (201) 65,047 72,743 08722 Beachwood (201) 7,687 4,390 07109 Belleville (201) 35,367 37,629 08031 Bellmawr (609) 13,721 15,618 07719 Belmar (201) 6,771 5,782 07621 Bergenfield (201) 25,568 29,000 07922 Berkeley Hts. Twp. (201) 12,549 13,078 08009 Berlin (609) 5,786 4,997 07924 Bernardsville (201) 6,715 6,652 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 07924 Bernardsville (201) 6,715 6,652 08012 Blackwood(u) (609) 5,219 .... 07003 Bloomfield (201) 47,792 52,029 07403 Bloomingdale (201) 7,867 7,797 07603 Bogota (201) 8,344 8,960 07005 Boonton (201) 8,620 9,261 08805 Bound Brook (201) 9,710 10,450 08723 Brick Twp (201) 53,629 35,057 08302 Bridgeton (609) 18,795 20,435 08203 Brigantine (609) 8,318 6,741 08015 Browns Mills(u) (609) 10,568 7,144 07828 Budd Lake (201) 6,523 .... 08016 Burlington (609) 10,246 12,010 07405 Butler (201) 7,616 7,051 07006 Caldwell (201) 7,624 8,677 *08101 Camden (609) 84,910 102,551 08701 Candlewood(u) (201) 6,750 5,629 07072 Carlstadt (201) 6,166 6,724 08069 Carney's Point (609) 7,574 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 08069 Carney's Point (609) 7,574 .... 07008 Carteret (201) 20,598 23,137 07009 Cedar Grove Twp (201) 12,600 15,582 07928 Chatham (201) 8,537 9,566 *08002 Cherry Hill Twp. (609) 68,785 64,395 08077 Cinnaminson Twp. (609) 16,072 16,962 07066 Clark Twp. (201) 16,699 18,829 08312 Clayton (609) 6,013 5,193 08021 Clementon (609) 5,764 4,492 07010 Cliffside Park (201) 21,464 18,891 07721 Cliffwood-Cliffwood Beach(u) (201) NA 7,056 *07015 Clifton (201) 74,388 82,437 07624 Closter (201) 8,164 8,604 08108 Collingswood (609) 15,838 17,422 07016 Cranford Twp. (201) 24,573 27,391 07626 Cresskill (201) 7,609 8,298 ..... Crestwood Village (201) 7,965 .... 08075 Delran Twp. (609) 14,811 10,065 07834 Denville Twp. (201) 14,380 14,045 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 07834 Denville Twp. (201) 14,380 14,045 08096 Deptford Twp. (609) 23,473 24,232 07801 Dover (201) 14,681 15,039 07628 Dumont (201) 18,334 20,155 08812 Dunellen (201) 6,593 7,072 08816 East Brunswick Twp. (201) 37,711 34,166 07936 East Hanover (201) 9,319 .... *07019 East Orange (201) 77,878 75,471 07073 East Rutherford (201) 7,849 8,536 08520 East Windsor Twp. (609) 21,041 11,736 07724 Eatontown (201) 12,703 14,619 08010 Edgewater Park (609) 9,273 .... 08817 Edison Twp. (201) 70,193 67,120 *07201 Elizabeth (201) 106,201 112,654 07407 Elmwood Park (201) 18,377 20,511 07630 Emerson (201) 7,793 8,428 *07631 Englewood (201) 23,701 24,985 07632 Englewood Cliffs (201) 5,698 5,938 08053 Evesham Twp. (609) 21,659 13,477 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 08053 Evesham Twp. (609) 21,659 13,477 08618 Ewing Twp. (609) 34,842 32,831 07006 Fairfield (201) 7,987 6,731 07701 Fair Haven (201) 5,679 6,142 07410 Fair Lawn (201) 32,229 38,040 07022 Fairview (201) 10,519 10,698 07023 Fanwood (201) 7,767 8,920 08518 Florence-Roebling(u) (609) 7,677 7,551 07932 Florham Park (201) 9,359 9,373 08640 Fort Dix(u) (609) 14,297 26,290 07024 Fort Lee (201) 32,449 30,631 07417 Franklin Lakes (201) 8,769 7,550 07728 Freehold (201) 10,020 10,545 07026 Garfield (201) 26,803 30,797 08753 Gilford Park (201) 6,528 4,007 08028 Glassboro (609) 14,574 12,938 08029 Glendora (609) 5,632 .... 07028 Glen Ridge (201) 7,855 8,518 07452 Glen Rock (201) 11,497 13,011 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 07452 Glen Rock (201) 11,497 13,011 08030 Gloucester City (609) 13,121 14,707 ..... Gordon's Corner (201) 6,320 .... 07093 Guttenberg (201) 7,340 5,754 *07602 Hackensack (201) 36,039 36,008 07840 Hackettstown (201) 8,850 9,472 08108 Haddon Twp. (609) 15,875 18,192 08033 Haddonfield (609) 12,337 13,118 08035 Haddon Heights (609) 8,361 9,365 07508 Haledon (201) 6,607 6,767 08650 Hamilton Twp. (Mercer) (609) 82,801 79,609 08037 Hammonton (609) 12,298 11,464 07981 Hanover Twp. (201) 11,846 10,700 07029 Harrison (201) 12,242 11,811 07604 Hasbrouck Heights (201) 12,166 13,651 07506 Hawthorne (201) 18,200 19,173 07730 Hazlet Twp. (201) 23,013 22,239 08904 Highland Park (201) 13,396 14,385 07732 Highlands (201) 5,187 3,916 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 07732 Highlands (201) 5,187 3,916 07642 Hillsdale (201) 10,495 11,768 07205 Hillside Twp. (201) 21,440 21,636 07030 Hoboken (201) 42,460 45,380 08753 Holiday City-Berkeley (201) 9,019 .... 07843 Hopatcong (201) 15,531 9,052 08560 Hopewell Twp. (Mercer) (609) 10,893 10,030 07111 Irvington (201) 61,493 59,743 08527 Jackson Twp. (201) 25,644 18,276 *07303 Jersey City (201) 223,532 260,350 07734 Keansburg (201) 10,613 9,720 07032 Kearny (201) 35,735 37,585 08824 Kendall Park(u) (201) 7,419 7,412 07033 Kenilworth (201) 8,221 9,165 07735 Keyport (201) 7,413 7,205 07405 Kinnelon (201) 7,770 7,600 07034 Lake Hiawatha(u) (201) NA 11,389 07871 Lake Mohawk(u) (201) 8,498 6,262 07054 Lake Parsippany(u) (201) NA 7,488 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 07054 Lake Parsippany(u) (201) NA 7,488 08701 Lakewood(u) (201) 22,863 17,874 08879 Laurence Harbor(u) (201) 6,737 6,715 07605 Leonia (201) 8,027 8,847 07035 Lincoln Park (201) 8,806 9,034 07036 Linden (201) 37,836 41,409 08021 Lindenwold (609) 18,196 12,199 08221 Linwood (609) 6,144 6,159 07424 Little Falls Twp. (201) 11,496 11,727 07643 Little Ferry (201) 9,399 9,064 07739 Little Silver (201) 5,548 6,010 07039 Livingston Twp. (201) 28,040 30,127 07644 Lodi (201) 23,956 25,163 07740 Long Branch (201) 29,819 31,774 07071 Lyndhurst Twp. (201) 20,326 22,729 07940 Madison (201) 15,357 16,710 08859 Madison Park (201) 7,447 .... 07430 Mahwah Twp. (201) 12,127 10,800 08736 Manasquan (201) 5,354 4,971 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 08736 Manasquan (201) 5,354 4,971 08835 Manville (201) 11,278 13,029 08052 Maple Shade Twp. (609) 20,525 16,464 07040 Maplewood Twp. (201) 22,950 24,932 08402 Margate City (609) 9,179 10,576 07746 Marlboro Twp. (201) 17,560 12,273 08053 Marlton(u) (609) 9,411 10,180 07747 Matawan (201) 8,837 9,136 07607 Maywood (201) 9,895 11,087 08641 McGuire AFB(u) (609) 7,853 10,933 08619 Mercerville-Hamilton Sq.(u) (609) 25,446 24,465 08840 Metuchen (201) 13,762 16,031 08846 Middlesex (201) 13,480 15,038 07748 Middletown Twp. (201) 61,615 54,623 07432 Midland park (201) 7,381 8,159 07041 Milburn Twp. (201) 19,543 21,089 08850 Milltown (201) 7,136 6,470 08332 Millville (609) 24,815 21,366 08094 Monroe Twp. (Gloucester) (609) 21,639 14,071 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 08094 Monroe Twp. (Gloucester) (609) 21,639 14,071 *07042 Montclair (201) 38,321 44,043 07645 Montvale (201) 7,318 7,327 07045 Montville Twp. (201) 14,290 11,846 08057 Moorestown-Lenola(u) (609) 13,695 14,179 07950 Morris Plains (201) 5,305 5,540 07960 Morristown (201) 16,614 17,662 07092 Mountainside (201) 7,118 7,520 08060 Mount Holly Twp. (609) 10,818 12,713 07753 Neptune Twp. (201) 28,366 27,863 07753 Neptune City (201) 5,276 5,502 *07102 Newark (201) 329,248 381,930 *08901 New Brunswick (201) 41,442 41,885 08511 New Hanover (201) 14,248 27,410 07646 New Milford (201) 16,876 19,149 07974 New Providence (201) 12,426 13,796 07860 Newton (201) 7,748 7,297 07032 North Arlington (201) 16,587 18,096 07047 North Bergen Twp. (201) 47,019 47,751 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 07047 North Bergen Twp. (201) 47,019 47,751 08902 North Brunswick Twp. (201) 22,220 16,691 07006 North Caldwell (201) 5,832 6,733 08225 Northfield (609) 7,795 8,646 07508 North Haledon (201) 8,177 7,614 07060 North Plainfield (201) 19,108 21,796 07647 Northvale (201) 5,046 5,177 07110 Nutley (201) 28,998 31,913 07755 Oakhurst(u) (201) NA 5,558 07436 Oakland (201) 13,443 14,420 08226 Ocean City (609) 13,949 10,575 07757 Oceanport (201) 5,888 7,503 08758 Ocean Twp (609) 23,570 .... 08857 Old Bridge (201) 21,815 25,176 08857 Old Bridge Twp (201) 51,515 48,715 07649 Oradell (201) 8,658 8,903 *07050 Orange (201) 31,136 32,566 07650 Palisades Park (201) 13,732 13,351 08065 Palmyra (609) 7,085 6,969 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 08065 Palmyra (609) 7,085 6,969 07652 Paramus (201) 26,474 28,381 07656 Park Ridge (201) 8,515 8,709 07054 Parsippany-Troy Hills (201) 49,868 .... *07055 Passaic (201) 52,463 55,124 *07510 Paterson (201) 137,970 144,824 08066 Paulsboro (609) 6,944 8,084 08110 Pennsauken Twp. (609) 33,775 36,394 08069 Penns Grove (609) 5,760 5,727 08070 Pennsville Center(u) (609) 12,467 11,014 07440 Pequannock Twp. (201) 13,776 14,350 *08861 Perth Amboy (201) 38,951 38,798 08865 Phillipsburg (201) 16,647 17,849 08021 Pine Hill (201) 8,684 5,132 08854 Piscataway Twp. (201) 42,223 36,418 08071 Pitman (609) 9,744 10,257 *07061 Plainfield (201) 45,555 46,862 08232 Pleasantville (609) 13,435 14,007 08742 Point Pleasant (201) 17,747 15,968 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 08742 Point Pleasant (201) 17,747 15,968 08742 Point Pleasant Beach (201) 5,415 4,882 07442 Pompton Lakes (201) 10,660 11,397 08540 Princeton (609) 12,035 12,311 08540 Princeton North(u) (609) NA 5,488 07508 Prospect Park (201) 5,142 5,176 *07065 Rahway (201) 26,723 29,114 08057 Ramblewood(u) (609) 6,475 5,556 07446 Ramsey (201) 12,899 12,571 07869 Randolph Twp. (201) 17,828 13,296 08869 Raritan (201) 6,128 6,691 07701 Red Bank (201) 12,031 12,847 07657 Ridgefield (201) 10,294 11,308 07660 Ridgefield Park (201) 12,738 13,990 *07451 Ridgewood (201) 25,208 27,547 07456 Ringwood (201) 12,625 10,393 07661 River Edge (201) 11,111 12,850 08075 Riverside Twp. (609) 7,941 8,591 07675 River Vale (201) 9,489 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 07675 River Vale (201) 9,489 .... 07726 Robertsville (201) 8,461 .... 07662 Rochelle Park Twp. (201) 5,603 6,380 07866 Rockaway (201) 6,852 6,383 07068 Roseland (201) 5,330 4,453 07203 Roselle (201) 20,641 22,585 07204 Roselle Park (201) 13,377 14,277 07760 Rumson (201) 7,623 7,421 08078 Runnemede (609) 9,461 10,475 *07070 Rutherford (201) 19,068 20,802 07662 Saddle Brook Twp. (201) 14,084 15,910 08079 Salem (609) 6,959 7,648 08872 Sayreville (201) 29,969 32,508 07076 Scotch Plains Twp. (201) 20,774 22,279 07094 Secaucus (201) 13,719 13,228 08753 Silverton (201) 7,236 .... 08083 Somerdale (609) 5,900 6,510 08873 Somerset (201) 21,731 .... 08244 Somers Point (609) 10,330 7,919 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 08244 Somers Point (609) 10,330 7,919 08876 Somerville (201) 11,973 13,652 08879 South Amboy (201) 8,322 9,338 07079 South Orange Vill. Twp. (201) 15,864 .... 07080 South Plainfield (201) 20,521 21,142 08882 South River (201) 14,361 15,428 07871 Sparta Twp. (201) 13,333 10,819 08884 Spotswood (201) 7,840 7,891 07081 Springfield Twp. (201) 13,955 15,740 07762 Spring Lake Heights (201) 5,424 4,602 08084 Stratford (609) 8,005 9,801 07747 Strathmore(u) (201) NA 7,674 07876 Succasunna-Kenvil (201) 10,931 .... 07901 Summit (201) 21,071 23,620 07666 Teaneck Twp. (201) 39,007 42,355 07670 Tenafly (201) 13,552 14,827 07724 Tinton Falls (201) 7,740 8,395 *08753 Toms River(u) (201) 7,465 7,303 07512 Totowa (201) 11,448 11,580 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 07512 Totowa (201) 11,448 11,580 *08608 Trenton (609) 92,124 104,786 08520 Twin Rivers (609) 7,742 .... 07083 Union Twp. (201) 50,184 53,077 07735 Union Beach (201) 6,354 6,472 07087 Union City (201) 55,593 57,305 07458 Upper Saddle River (201) 7,958 7,949 08406 Ventnor City (609) 11,704 10,385 07044 Verona (201) 14,166 15,067 08251 Villas (609) 5,909 3,155 08360 Vineland (609) 53,753 47,399 07463 Waldwick (201) 10,802 12,313 07057 Wallington (201) 10,741 10,284 07465 Wanaque (201) 10,025 8,636 07882 Washington (201) 6,429 5,943 07675 Washington Twp. (Bergen) (201) 9,550 10,577 07060 Watchung (201) 5,290 4,750 07470 Wayne Twp. (201) 46,474 49,141 07087 Weehawken Twp. (201) 13,168 13,383 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 07087 Weehawken Twp. (201) 13,168 13,383 07006 West Caldwell (201) 11,407 11,913 *07091 Westfield (201) 30,447 33,720 07728 West Freehold (201) 9,929 .... 07764 West Long Branch (201) 7,380 6,845 07480 West Milford Twp. (201) 22,750 17,304 07093 West New York (201) 39,194 40,627 07052 West Orange (201) 39,510 43,715 07424 West Paterson (201) 11,293 11,692 07675 Westwood (201) 10,714 11,105 07885 Wharton (201) 5,485 5,535 08610 White Horse (609) 10,098 .... 07886 White Meadow Lake(u) (201) 8,429 8,499 08094 Williamstown (609) 5,768 4,075 08046 Willingboro Twp. (609) 39,912 43,386 08095 Winslow Twp. (609) 20,034 11,202 07095 Woodbridge Twp. (201) 90,074 98,944 08096 Woodbury (609) 10,353 12,408 07675 Woodcliff Lake (201) 5,644 5,506 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 07675 Woodcliff Lake (201) 5,644 5,506 07075 Wood-Ridge (201) 7,929 8,311 07481 Wyckoff Twp. (201) 15,500 16,039 08620 Yardville-Groveville (609) 9,414 .... ..... Yorketown (201) 5,330 .... New Mexico (505) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 88310 Alamogordo 24,024 23,035 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 88310 Alamogordo 24,024 23,035 *87101 Albuquerque 332,920 244,501 88210 Artesia 10,385 10,315 87410 Aztec 5,512 3,354 87002 Belen 5,617 4,823 88101 Cannon(u) NA 5,461 88220 Carlsbad 25,496 21,297 88101 Clovis 31,194 28,495 88030 Deming 9,964 8,343 87532 Espanola 6,803 4,528 87401 Farmington 30,729 21,979 87301 Gallup 18,167 14,596 87020 Grants 11,451 8,768 88240 Hobbs 28,794 26,025 88330 Holloman AFB(u) 7,245 8,001 88001 Las Cruces 45,086 37,857 87701 Las Vegas 14,322 7,528 87544 Los Alamos(u) 11,039 11,310 88260 Lovington 9,727 8,915 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 88260 Lovington 9,727 8,915 87107 North Valley(u) 13,006 10,366 87114 Paradise Hills 5,096 .... 88130 Portales 9,940 10,554 87740 Raton 8,225 6,962 87124 Rio Rancho Estates 9,985 .... 88201 Roswell 39,676 33,908 87115 Sandia(u) 5,288 6,867 87501 Santa Fe 49,160 41,167 87420 Shiprock 7,237 .... 88061 Silver City 9,887 8,557 87801 Socorro 7,576 5,849 87105 South Valley(u) 38,916 29,389 87901 Truth or Consequences 5,219 4,656 88401 Tucumcari 6,765 7,189 87544 White Rock 6,560 3,861 87327 Zuni Pueblo 5,551 3,958 New York 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 *12207 Albany (518) 101,727 115,781 11507 Albertson(u) (516) 5,561 6,825 11701 Amityville (516) 9,076 9,794 12010 Amsterdam (518) 21,872 25,524 12603 Arlington(u) (914) 11,305 11,203 13021 Auburn (315) 32,548 34,599 *11702 Babylon (516) 12,388 12,897 11510 Baldwin(u) (516) 31,630 34,525 13027 Baldwinsville (315) 6,446 6,298 14020 Batavia (716) 16,703 17,338 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 14020 Batavia (716) 16,703 17,338 14810 Bath (607) 6,042 6,053 13088 Bayberry-Lynelle Meadows(u) (315) 14,813 .... 11705 Bayport(u) (516) 9,282 8,232 11706 Bay Shore(u) (516) 10,784 11,119 11709 Bayville (516) 7,034 6,147 12508 Beacon (914) 12,937 13,255 11710 Bellmore(u) (516) 18,106 18,431 11714 Bethpage(u) (516) 16,840 18,555 *13902 Binghamton (607) 55,860 64,123 10913 Blauvelt(u) (914) NA 5,426 11716 Bohemia(u) (516) 9,308 8,926 11717 Brentwood(u) (516) 44,321 28,327 10510 Briarcliff Manor (914) 7,115 6,521 14610 Brighton (u) (716) 35,776 .... 14420 Brockport (716) 9,776 7,878 10708 Bronxville (914) 6,267 6,674 *14240 Buffalo (716) 357,870 462,768 14424 Canandaigua (716) 10,419 10,488 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 14424 Canandaigua (716) 10,419 10,488 13617 Canton (315) 7,055 6,398 11514 Carle Place(u) (516) 5,470 6,326 11516 Cedarhurst (516) 6,162 6,941 11720 Centereach(u) (516) 30,136 9,427 11934 Center Moriches(u) (516) 5,703 3,802 11721 Centerport(u) (516) 6,576 .... 11722 Central Islip(u) (516) 19,734 36,391 14225 Cheektowaga(u) (716) 92,145 .... 12065 Clifton Park (518) 23,989 14,867 12043 Cobleskill (518) 5,272 4,368 12047 Cohoes (518) 18,144 18,653 11724 Cold Spring Harbor(u) (516) 5,336 5,509 12205 Colonie (518) 8,869 8,701 11725 Commack(u) (516) 34,719 24,138 10920 Congers(u) (914) 7,123 5,928 11726 Copiague(u) (516) 20,132 19,632 11727 Coram(u) (516) 24,752 .... 14830 Corning (607) 12,953 15,792 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 14830 Corning (607) 12,953 15,792 13045 Cortland (607) 20,138 19,621 10520 Croton-on-Hudson (914) 6,889 7,523 11729 Deer Park(u) (516) 30,394 32,274 12054 Delmar(u) (518) 8,423 .... 14043 Depew (716) 19,819 22,158 13214 DeWitt(u) (315) 9,024 10,032 11746 Dix Hills(u) (516) 26,693 10,050 10522 Dobbs Ferry (914) 10,053 10,353 14048 Dunkirk (716) 15,310 16,855 14052 East Aurora (716) 6,803 7,033 10709 Eastchester(u) (914) 20,305 23,750 11735 East Farmingdale(u) (516) 5,522 .... 12302 East Glenville(u) (518) 6,537 5,898 11746 East Half Hollow Hills(u) (516) NA 9,691 11576 East Hills (516) 7,160 8,624 11730 East Islip(u) (516) 13,852 6,861 11758 East Massapequa(u) (516) 13,987 15,926 11554 East Meadow(u) (516) 39,317 46,290 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 11554 East Meadow(u) (516) 39,317 46,290 11743 East Neck(u) (516) NA 5,221 11731 East Northport(u) (516) 20,187 12,392 11772 East Patchogue(u) (516) 18,139 8,092 14445 East Rochester (716) 7,596 8,347 11518 East Rockaway (516) 10,917 11,795 13902 East Vestal(u) (607) NA 10,472 *14901 Elmira (607) 35,327 39,945 11003 Elmont(u) (516) 27,592 29,363 11731 Elwood(u) (516) 11,847 15,031 13760 Endicott (607) 14,457 16,556 13760 Endwell(u) (607) 13,745 15,999 13219 Fairmount(u) (315) 13,415 15,317 14450 Fairport (716) 5,970 6,474 12601 Fairview(u) (914) 5,852 8,517 11735 Farmingdale (516) 7,946 9,297 11738 Farmingville(u) (516) 13,398 .... *11001 Floral Park (516) 16,805 18,466 11768 Fort Salonga(u) (516) 9,550 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 11768 Fort Salonga(u) (516) 9,550 .... 11010 Franklin Square(u) (516) 29,051 32,156 14063 Fredonia (716) 11,126 10,326 11520 Freeport (516) 38,272 40,374 13069 Fulton (315) 13,312 14,003 11530 Garden City (516) 22,927 25,373 11040 Garden City Park(u) (516) 7,712 7,488 14624 Gates-North Gates(u) (716) 15,244 .... 14454 Geneseo (716) 6,746 5,714 14456 Geneva (315) 15,133 16,793 11542 Glen Cove (516) 24,618 25,770 12801 Glens Falls (518) 15,897 17,222 12801 Glens Falls North(u) (518) 6,956 NA 12078 Gloversville (518) 17,836 19,677 *11022 Great Neck (516) 9,168 10,798 11020 Great Neck Plaza (516) 5,604 6,043 14616 Greece(u) (716) 16,177 .... 11740 Greenlawn(u) (516) 13,869 8,493 12083 Greenville(u) (518) 8,706 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 12083 Greenville(u) (518) 8,706 .... 11746 Half Hollow Hills(u) (516) NA 12,081 14075 Hamburg (716) 10,582 10,215 11946 Hampton Bays(u) (516) 7,256 1,862 14221 Harris Hill(u) (716) 5,087 .... 10528 Harrison (914) 23,046 21,544 10530 Hartsdale(u) (914) 10,216 12,226 10706 Hastings-on-Hudson (914) 8,573 9,479 11787 Hauppauge(u) (516) 20,960 13,957 10927 Haverstraw (914) 8,800 8,198 10532 Hawthorne(u) (914) 5,010 .... *11551 Hempstead (516) 40,404 39,411 13350 Herkimer (315) 8,383 8,960 11040 Herricks(u) (516) 8,123 9,112 11557 Hewlett(u) (516) 6,986 6,796 *11802 Hicksville(u) (516) 43,245 49,820 10977 Hillcrest(u) (914) 5,733 5,357 11741 Holbrook(u) (516) 24,382 .... 11742 Holtsville(u) (516) 13,515 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 11742 Holtsville(u) (516) 13,515 .... 14843 Hornell (607) 10,234 12,144 14845 Horseheads (607) 7,348 7,989 12534 Hudson (518) 7,986 8,940 12839 Hudson Falls (518) 7,419 7,917 11743 Huntington(u) (516) 21,727 12,601 11746 Huntington Station(u) (516) 28,769 28,817 13357 Ilion (315) 9,450 9,808 11696 Inwood(u) (516) 8,228 8,433 14617 Irondequoit(u) (716) 57,648 .... 10533 Irvington (914) 5,774 5,878 11751 Islip(u) (516) 13,438 7,692 11752 Islip Terrace(u) (516) 5,588 .... 14850 Ithaca (607) 28,732 26,226 14701 Jamestown (716) 35,775 39,795 10535 Jefferson Valley-Yorktown(u) (914) 13,380 9,008 11753 Jericho(u) (516) 12,739 14,010 13790 Johnson City (607) 17,126 18,025 12095 Johnstown (518) 9,360 10,045 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 12095 Johnstown (518) 9,360 10,045 14217 Kenmore (716) 18,474 20,980 11754 Kings Park(u) (516) 16,131 5,555 11024 Kings Point (516) 5,234 5,614 12401 Kingston (914) 24,481 25,544 14218 Lackawanna (716) 22,701 28,657 10512 Lake Carmel(u) (914) 7,295 4,796 11755 Lake Grove (516) 9,692 8,133 11779 Lake Ronkonkoma(u) (516) 38,336 7,284 11552 Lakeview(u) (516) 5,276 5,471 14086 Lancaster (716) 13,056 13,365 10538 Larchmont (914) 6,308 7,203 12110 Latham(u) (518) 11,182 9,661 11559 Lawrence (516) 6,175 6,566 11756 Levittown(u) (516) 57,045 65,440 11757 Lindenhurst (516) 26,919 28,359 13365 Little Falls (315) 6,156 7,629 14094 Lockport (716) 24,844 25,399 11791 Locust Grove(u) (516) 9,670 11,626 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 11791 Locust Grove(u) (516) 9,670 11,626 11561 Long Beach (516) 34,073 33,127 12211 Loudonville(u) (518) 11,480 9,299 11563 Lynbrook (516) 20,424 23,151 13208 Lyncourt(u) (315) 5,129 .... 10541 Mahopac(u) (914) 7,681 5,265 12953 Malone (518) 7,668 8,048 11565 Malverne (516) 9,262 10,036 10543 Mamaroneck (914) 17,616 18,909 11030 Manhasset(u) (516) 8,485 8,541 13104 Manlius (315) 5,241 4,295 11050 Manorhaven (516) 5,384 5,488 11758 Massapequa(u) (516) 24,454 26,821 11762 Massapequa Park (516) 19,779 22,112 13662 Massena (315) 12,851 14,042 11950 Mastic(u) (516) 10,413 .... 11951 Mastic Beach(u) (516) 8,318 4,870 13211 Mattydale(u) (315) 7,511 8,292 12118 Mechanicville (518) 5,500 6,247 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 12118 Mechanicville (518) 5,500 6,247 11763 Medford(u) (516) 20,418 .... 14103 Medina (716) 6,392 6,415 11746 Melville(u) (516) 8,139 6,641 11566 Merrick(u) (516) 24,478 25,904 11953 Middle Island(u) (516) 5,703 .... 10940 Middletown (914) 21,454 22,607 11764 Miller Place(u) (516) 7,877 .... 11501 Mineola (516) 20,757 21,845 10950 Monroe (914) 5,996 4,439 10952 Monsey(u) (914) 12,380 8,797 12701 Monticello (914) 6,306 5,991 10549 Mt. Kisco (914) 8,025 8,172 11766 Mount Sinai(u) (516) 6,591 .... *10551 Mount Vernon (914) 66,713 72,788 12590 Myers Corner(u) (914) 5,180 2,826 10954 Nanuet(u) (914) 12,578 10,447 11767 Nesconset(u) (516) 10,706 10,048 14513 Newark (315) 10,017 11,644 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 14513 Newark (315) 10,017 11,644 12550 Newburgh (914) 23,438 26,219 11590 New Cassel(u) (516) 9,635 8,721 10956 New City(u) (914) 35,859 27,344 11040 New Hyde Park (516) 9,801 10,116 *10802 New Rochelle (914) 70,794 75,385 *12550 New Windsor Center(u) (914) 7,812 8,803 *10001 New York (212) 7,071,639 7,895,563 *10451 Bronx (212) 1,168,972 1,471,701 *11201 Brooklyn (718) 2,230,936 2,602,102 *10001 Manhattan (212) 1,428,285 1,539,233 *(Q) Queens (718) 1,891,325 1,987,174 *10314 Staten Island (718) 352,121 295,443 14301 Niagara(u) (716) 9,648 .... *14302 Niagara Falls (716) 71,384 85,615 12309 Niskayuna(u) (518) 5,223 6,186 11701 North Amityville(u) (516) 13,140 11,936 11703 North Babylon(u) (516) 19,019 39,526 11706 North Bay Shore(u) (516) 35,020 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 11706 North Bay Shore(u) (516) 35,020 .... 11710 North Bellmore(u) (516) 20,630 22,893 11713 North Bellport(u) (516) 7,432 5,903 11752 North Great River(u) (516) 11,416 12,080 11757 North Lindenhurst(u) (516) 11,511 11,117 11758 North Massapequa(u) (516) 21,385 23,123 11566 North Merrick(u) (516) 12,848 13,650 11040 North New Hyde Park(u) (516) 15,114 18,154 11772 North Patchogue(u) (516) 7,126 5,232 11768 Northport (516) 7,651 7,494 13212 North Syracuse (315) 7,970 8,687 10591 North Tarrytown (914) 7,994 8,334 14120 North Tonawanda (716) 35,760 36,012 11580 North Valley Stream(u) (516) 14,530 14,881 11793 North Wantagh(u) (516) 12,677 15,053 13815 Norwich (607) 8,082 8,843 10960 Nyack (914) 6,428 6,659 11769 Oakdale(u) (516) 8,090 7,334 11572 Oceanside(u) (516) 33,639 35,372 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 11572 Oceanside(u) (516) 33,639 35,372 13669 Ogdensburg (315) 12,375 14,554 11804 Old Bethpage(u) (516) 6,215 7,084 14760 Olean (716) 18,207 19,169 13421 Oneida (315) 10,810 11,658 13820 Oneonta (607) 14,933 16,030 12550 Orange Lake(u) (914) 5,120 4,348 10562 Ossining (914) 20,196 21,659 13126 Oswego (315) 19,793 20,913 11771 Oyster Bay(u) (516) 6,497 6,822 11772 Patchogue (516) 11,291 11,582 10965 Pearl River(u) (914) 15,893 17,146 10566 Peekskill (914) 18,236 19,283 10803 Pelham (914) 6,848 2,076 10803 Pelham Manor (914) 6,130 6,673 14527 Penn Yan (315) 5,242 5,293 13212 Pitcher Hill (315) 6,063 .... 11714 Plainedge(u) (516) 9,629 10,759 11803 Plainview(u) (516) 28,037 31,695 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 11803 Plainview(u) (516) 28,037 31,695 12901 Plattsburgh (518) 21,057 18,715 12903 Plattsburgh AFB(u) (518) 5,905 7,078 10570 Pleasantville (914) 6,749 7,110 10573 Port Chester (914) 23,565 25,803 11777 Port Jefferson (516) 6,731 5,515 11776 Port Jefferson Station(u) (516) 17,009 7,403 12771 Port Jervis (914) 8,699 8,852 11050 Port Washington(u) (516) 14,521 15,923 13676 Potsdam (315) 10,635 10,303 *12601 Poughkeepsie (914) 29,757 32,029 12603 Red Oaks Mill(u) (914) 5,236 3,919 12144 Rensselaer (518) 9,047 10,136 11961 Ridge(u) (516) 8,977 .... 11901 Riverhead(u) (516) 6,339 7,585 11901 Riverside-Flanders(u) (516) 5,400 .... *14603 Rochester (716) 241,741 295,011 *11570 Rockville Centre (516) 25,412 27,444 11778 Rocky Point(u) (516) 7,012 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 11778 Rocky Point(u) (516) 7,012 .... 12205 Roessleville(u) (518) 11,685 5,476 13440 Rome (315) 43,826 50,148 11575 Roosevelt(u) (516) 14,109 15,008 11577 Roslyn Heights(u) (516) 6,546 7,242 12303 Rotterdam(u) (518) 22,933 25,214 10580 Rye (914) 15,083 15,869 11780 St. James(u) (516) 12,122 10,500 14779 Salamanca (716) 6,890 7,877 12983 Saranac Lake (518) 5,578 6,086 12866 Saratoga Springs (518) 23,906 18,845 11782 Sayville(u) (516) 12,013 11,680 10583 Scarsdale (914) 17,650 19,229 *12301 Schenectady (518) 67,972 77,958 10940 Scotchtown(u) (914) 7,352 2,119 12302 Scotia (518) 7,280 7,370 11579 Sea Cliff (516) 5,364 5,890 11783 Seaford(u) (516) 16,117 17,379 11784 Selden(u) (516) 17,259 11,613 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 11784 Selden(u) (516) 17,259 11,613 13148 Seneca Falls (315) 7,466 7,794 11733 Setauket-East Setauket(u) (516) 10,176 6,857 11967 Shirley(u) (516) 18,072 6,280 11787 Smithtown(u) (516) 30,906 .... 13209 Solvay (315) 7,140 8,280 11789 South Beach(u) (516) 8,071 .... 11735 South Farmingdale(u) (516) 16,439 20,464 14850 South Hill(u) (607) 5,276 .... 11746 South Huntington(u) (516) 14,854 9,115 14904 Southport(u) (607) 8,329 8,685 11581 South Valley Stream(u) (516) 5,462 6,595 11590 South Westbury(u) (516) 9,732 10,978 10977 Spring Valley (914) 20,537 18,112 11790 Stony Brook(u) (516) 16,155 6,391 10980 Stony Point(u) (914) 8,686 8,270 10901 Suffern (914) 10,794 8,273 11791 Syosset(u) (516) 9,818 10,084 *13201 Syracuse (315) 170,105 197,297 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 *13201 Syracuse (315) 170,105 197,297 10983 Tappan(u) (914) 8,267 7,424 10591 Tarrytown (914) 10,648 11,115 10594 Thornwood(u) (914) 7,197 6,874 14150 Tonawanda (716) 18,693 21,898 *12180 Troy (518) 56,638 62,918 10707 Tuckahoe (914) 6,076 6,236 11553 Uniondale(u) (516) 20,016 22,077 *13503 Utica (315) 75,632 91,373 10989 Valley Cottage(u) (914) 8,214 6,007 *11580 Valley Stream (516) 35,769 40,413 13850 Vestal (607) 27,238 26,909 10901 Viola(u) (914) 5,340 5,136 12586 Walden (914) 5,659 5,277 11793 Wantagh(u) (516) 19,817 21,783 12590 Wappingers Falls (914) 5,110 5,607 13165 Waterloo (315) 5,303 5,418 13601 Watertown (315) 27,861 30,787 12189 Watervliet (518) 11,354 12,404 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 12189 Watervliet (518) 11,354 12,404 14580 Webster (716) 5,499 5,037 14895 Wellsville (716) 5,769 5,815 11758 West Amityville(u) (516) 6,623 6,424 11704 West Babylon(u) (516) 41,699 12,893 11706 West Bay Shore(u) (516) 5,118 .... 11590 Westbury (516) 13,871 15,362 14905 West Elmira(u) (607) 5,485 5,901 12801 West Glens Falls(u) (518) 5,331 3,363 10993 West Haverstraw (914) 9,181 8,558 11552 West Hempstead(u) (516) 18,536 20,375 11743 West Hills(u) (516) 6,071 .... 11795 West Islip(u) (516) 29,533 17,374 12203 Westmere(u) (518) 6,881 6,364 10994 West Nyack(u) (914) 8,553 5,510 10996 West Point(u) (914) 8,105 .... 11796 West Sayville(u) (516) 8,185 7,386 14224 West Seneca(u) (716) 51,210 .... 13219 Westvale(u) (315) 6,169 7,253 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 13219 Westvale(u) (315) 6,169 7,253 *10602 White Plains (914) 46,999 50,346 14221 Williamsville (716) 6,017 6,878 11596 Williston Park (516) 8,216 9,154 11797 Woodbury(u) (516) 7,043 .... 11598 Woodmere(u) (516) 17,205 19,831 11798 Wyandach(u) (516) 13,215 15,716 *10701 Yonkers (914) 195,351 204,297 10598 Yorktown Heights(u) (914) 7,696 6,805 Q There are 4 P.O.s for Queens: 11101 for L.I. City; 11690 Far Rockaway; 11351 Flushing; and 11431 Jamaica. North Carolina 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 28001 Albemarle (704) 15,110 11,126 27263 Archdale (919) 5,326 4,874 27203 Asheboro (919) 15,252 10,797 *28801 Asheville (704) 54,022 57,820 28303 Bonnie Doone(u) (919) 5,950 .... 28607 Boone (704) 10,191 8,754 28712 Brevard (704) 5,323 5,243 27215 Burlington (919) 37,266 35,930 28542 Camp Le Jeune(u) (919) 30,764 34,549 27510 Carrboro (919) 7,517 5,058 27511 Cary (919) 21,612 7,640 27514 Chapel Hill (919) 32,421 26,199 *28202 Charlotte (704) 315,474 241,420 27012 Clemmons(u) (919) 7,401 .... 28328 Clinton (919) 7,552 7,157 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 28328 Clinton (919) 7,552 7,157 28025 Concord (704) 16,942 18,464 28334 Dunn (919) 8,962 8,302 *27701 Durham (919) 101,149 95,438 28379 East Rockingham(u) (919) 5,190 2,858 27288 Eden (919) 15,672 15,871 27932 Edenton (919) 5,264 4,956 27909 Elizabeth City (919) 13,784 14,381 28728 Enka(u) (704) 5,567 .... *28302 Fayetteville (919) 59,507 53,510 28043 Forest City (704) 7,688 7,179 28307 Fort Bragg(u) (919) 37,834 46,995 27529 Garner (919) 9,556 4,923 28052 Gastonia (704) 47,333 47,322 27530 Goldsboro (919) 31,871 26,960 27253 Graham (919) 8,415 8,172 *27420 Greensboro (919) 155,642 144,076 27834 Greenville (919) 35,740 29,063 28532 Havelock (919) 17,718 3,012 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 28532 Havelock (919) 17,718 3,012 27536 Henderson (919) 13,522 13,896 28739 Hendersonville (704) 6,862 6,443 28601 Hickory (704) 20,757 20,569 *27260 High Point (919) 63,479 63,229 28348 Hope Mills (919) 5,412 1,866 28540 Jacksonville (919) 18,237 16,289 28081 Kannapolis(u) (704) 34,564 36,293 27284 Kernersville (919) 5,875 4,815 27021 King(u) (919) 8,757 1,033 ..... Kings Grant(u) (919) 6,652 .... 28086 Kings Mountain (704) 9,080 8,465 28501 Kinston (919) 25,234 23,020 28352 Laurinburg (919) 11,480 8,859 28645 Lenoir (704) 13,748 14,705 27292 Lexington (704) 15,711 17,205 28358 Lumberton (919) 18,340 16,961 28212 Mint Hill (704) 9,830 .... 28110 Monroe (704) 12,639 11,282 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 28110 Monroe (704) 12,639 11,282 28115 Mooresville (704) 8,575 8,808 28655 Morganton (704) 13,763 13,625 27030 Mount Airy (919) 6,862 7,325 28560 New Bern (919) 14,557 14,660 27604 New Hope (Wake)(u) (919) 6,768 .... ..... New Hope (Wayne)(u) (919) 6,685 ..... 28540 New River Station(u) (919) 5,401 .... 28658 Newton (704) 7,624 7,857 28012 North Belmont(u) (704) 10,762 10,672 27565 Oxford (919) 7,709 7,178 ..... Piney Green-White Oak(u) (919) 6,058 .... *27611 Raleigh (919) 149,771 122,830 27320 Reidsville (919) 12,492 13,636 27870 Roanoke Rapids (919) 14,702 13,508 28379 Rockingham (919) 8,300 5,852 27801 Rocky Mount (919) 41,526 34,284 27573 Roxboro (919) 7,532 5,370 28601 St. Stephens(u) (704) 10,797 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 28601 St. Stephens(u) (704) 10,797 .... 28144 Salisbury (704) 22,677 22,515 27330 Sanford (919) 14,773 11,716 28150 Shelby (704) 15,310 16,328 27577 Smithfield (919) 7,288 6,677 28387 Southern Pines (919) 8,620 5,937 28390 Spring Lake (919) 6,273 3,968 27045 Stanleyville(u) (919) 5,039 2,362 28677 Statesville (704) 18,622 20,007 28778 Swannanoa(u) (704) 5,586 1,966 27886 Tarboro (919) 8,741 9,425 27360 Thomasville (919) 14,144 15,230 27370 Trinity(u) (919) 6,726 .... 27889 Washington (919) 8,418 8,961 28786 Waynesville (704) 6,765 6,488 28025 West Concord(u) (704) 5,859 5,347 28472 Whiteville (919) 5,565 4,195 27892 Williamston (919) 6,159 6,570 28401 Wilmington (919) 44,000 46,169 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 28401 Wilmington (919) 44,000 46,169 27893 Wilson (919) 34,424 29,347 *27102 Winston-Salem (919) 131,885 133,683 North Dakota (701) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 58501 Bismarck 44,485 34,703 58301 Devils Lake 7,442 7,078 58601 Dickinson 15,924 12,405 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 58601 Dickinson 15,924 12,405 58102 Fargo 61,308 53,365 58237 Grafton 5,293 5,946 58201 Grand Forks 43,765 39,008 58201 Grand Forks AFB(u) 9,390 10,474 58401 Jamestown 16,280 15,385 58554 Mandan 15,513 11,093 58701 Minot 32,843 32,290 58701 Minot AFB(u) 9,880 12,077 58072 Valley City 7,774 7,843 58075 Wahpeton 9,064 7,076 58078 West Fargo 10,099 5,161 58801 Williston 13,336 11,280 Ohio 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 45810 Ada (419) 5,669 5,309 *44309 Akron (216) 237,177 275,425 44601 Alliance (216) 24,315 26,547 44001 Amherst (216) 10,638 9,902 44805 Ashland (419) 20,326 19,872 44004 Ashtabula (216) 23,449 24,313 45701 Athens (614) 19,743 24,168 44202 Aurora (216) 8,177 6,549 44515 Austintown(u) (216) 33,636 29,393 44011 Avon (216) 7,241 7,214 44012 Avon Lake (216) 13,222 12,261 44203 Barberton (216) 29,751 33,052 44140 Bay Village (216) 17,846 18,163 44122 Beachwood (216) 9,983 9,631 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 44122 Beachwood (216) 9,983 9,631 45385 Beavercreek (513) 31,589 ... 44146 Bedford (216) 15,056 17,552 44146 Bedford Heights (216) 13,214 13,063 43906 Bellaire (614) 8,241 9,655 45305 Bellbrook (513) 5,174 1,268 43311 Bellefontaine (513) 11,888 11,255 44811 Bellevue (419) 8,187 8,604 45714 Belpre (614) 7,193 7,189 44017 Berea (216) 19,567 22,465 43209 Bexley (614) 13,405 14,888 43004 Blacklick Estates(u) (614) 11,223 8,351 45242 Blue Ash (513) 9,510 8,324 44512 Boardman(u) (216) 39,161 30,852 43402 Bowling Green (419) 25,728 14,656 44141 Brecksville (216) 10,132 9,137 45231 Brentwood(u) (513) 5,508 .... 45211 Bridgetown(u) (513) 11,460 13,352 44141 Broadview Heights (216) 10,920 11,463 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 44141 Broadview Heights (216) 10,920 11,463 44144 Brooklyn (216) 12,342 13,142 44142 Brook Park (216) 26,195 30,774 44212 Brunswick (216) 27,689 15,852 43506 Bryan (419) 7,879 7,008 44820 Bucyrus (419) 13,433 13,111 43725 Cambridge (614) 13,573 13,656 44405 Campbell (216) 11,619 12,577 44406 Canfield (216) 5,535 4,997 *44711 Canton (216) 93,077 110,053 45822 Celina (419) 9,137 8,072 45459 Centerville (513) 18,886 10,333 45211 Cheviot (513) 9,888 11,135 45601 Chillicothe (614) 23,420 24,842 *45234 Cincinnati (513) 385,409 453,514 43113 Circleville (614) 11,700 11,687 *44101 Cleveland (216) 573,822 750,879 44118 Cleveland Heights (216) 56,438 60,767 43410 Clyde (419) 5,489 5,503 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 43410 Clyde (419) 5,489 5,503 *43235 Columbus (614) 565,032 540,025 44030 Conneaut (216) 13,835 14,552 44410 Cortland (216) 5,011 2,525 43812 Coshocton (614) 13,405 13,747 45238 Covedale(u) (513) 5,830 6,639 44827 Crestline (419) 5,406 5,965 *44222 Cuyahoga Falls (216) 43,710 49,815 *45401 Dayton (513) 193,536 243,023 45236 Deer Park (513) 6,745 7,415 43512 Defiance (419) 16,810 16,281 43015 Delaware (614) 18,780 15,008 45238 Delhi Hills(u) (513) 27,647 .... 45833 Delphos (419) 7,314 7,608 44622 Dover (216) 11,526 11,516 44112 East Cleveland (216) 36,957 39,600 44094 Eastlake (216) 22,104 19,690 43920 East Liverpool (216) 16,687 20,020 44413 East Palestine (216) 5,306 5,604 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 44413 East Palestine (216) 5,306 5,604 45320 Eaton (513) 6,839 6,020 *44035 Elyria (216) 57,504 53,427 45322 Englewood (513) 11,329 7,885 44117 Euclid (216) 59,999 71,552 45324 Fairborn (513) 29,702 32,267 45014 Fairfield (513) 30,777 14,680 44313 Fairlawn (216) 6,100 6,102 44126 Fairview Park (216) 19,311 21,699 45840 Findlay (419) 35,594 35,800 45405 Forest Park (513) 18,566 15,139 45426 Fort McKinley(u) (513) 10,161 11,536 44830 Fostoria (419) 15,743 16,037 45005 Franklin (513) 10,711 10,075 43420 Fremont (419) 17,834 18,490 43230 Gahanna (614) 18,001 12,400 44833 Galion (419) 12,391 13,123 45631 Gallipolis (614) 5,576 7,490 44125 Garfield Heights (216) 33,380 41,417 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 44125 Garfield Heights (216) 33,380 41,417 44041 Geneva (216) 6,655 6,449 45327 Germantown (513) 5,015 4,088 44420 Girard (216) 12,517 14,119 43212 Grandview Heights (614) 7,420 8,460 45123 Greenfield (513) 5,150 4,780 45331 Greenville (513) 12,999 12,380 45239 Groesbeck(u) (513) 9,594 .... 43123 Grove City (614) 16,793 13,911 *45012 Hamilton (513) 63,189 67,865 45030 Harrison (513) 5,855 4,408 43055 Heath (614) 6,969 6,768 44124 Highland Heights (216) 5,739 5,926 43026 Hilliard (614) 8,131 8,369 45133 Hillsboro (513) 6,356 5,584 44484 Howland(u) (216) 7,441 .... 44425 Hubbard (216) 9,245 8,583 45424 Huber Heights(u) (513) 31,731 18,943 43081 Huber Ridge(u) (614) 5,835 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 43081 Huber Ridge(u) (614) 5,835 .... 44839 Huron (419) 7,123 6,896 44131 Independence (216) 8,165 7,034 45638 Ironton (614) 14,290 15,030 45640 Jackson (614) 6,675 6,843 44240 Kent (216) 26,164 28,183 43326 Kenton (419) 8,605 8,315 45236 Kenwood(u) (513) 9,928 15,789 45429 Kettering (513) 61,186 71,864 44094 Kirtland (216) 5,969 5,530 44107 Lakewood (216) 61,963 70,173 43130 Lancaster (614) 34,953 32,911 45036 Lebanon (513) 9,636 7,934 *45802 Lima (419) 47,827 53,734 45215 Lincoln Heights (513) 5,259 6,099 43228 Lincoln Village(u) (614) 10,548 11,215 43138 Logan (614) 6,557 6,269 43140 London (614) 6,958 6,481 *44052 Lorain (216) 75,416 78,185 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 *44052 Lorain (216) 75,416 78,185 44641 Louisville (216) 7,996 6,298 45140 Loveland (513) 9,106 7,126 44124 Lyndhurst (216) 18,092 19,749 44056 Macedonia (216) 6,571 6,375 45243 Madeira (513) 9,341 6,713 *44901 Mansfield (419) 53,927 55,047 44137 Maple Heights (216) 29,735 34,093 45750 Marietta (614) 16,467 16,861 43302 Marion (614) 37,040 38,646 43935 Martins Ferry (614) 9,331 10,757 43040 Marysville (513) 7,414 5,744 45040 Mason (513) 8,692 5,677 44646 Massillon (216) 30,557 32,539 43537 Maumee (419) 15,747 15,937 44124 Mayfield Heights (216) 21,550 22,139 44256 Medina (216) 15,268 10,913 44060 Mentor (216) 42,065 36,912 44060 Mentor-on-the-Lake (216) 7,919 6,517 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 44060 Mentor-on-the-Lake (216) 7,919 6,517 45342 Miamisburg (513) 15,304 14,797 44130 Middleburg Heights (216) 16,218 12,367 45042 Middletown (513) 43,719 48,767 45042 Middletown South(u) (513) 5,260 .... 45150 Milford (513) 5,232 4,828 45239 Monfort Heights(u) (513) 9,745 .... 45242 Montgomery (513) 10,084 5,683 45439 Moraine (513) 5,325 4,898 45231 Mount Healthy (513) 7,562 7,446 43050 Mount Vernon (614) 14,380 13,373 43545 Napoleon (419) 8,614 7,791 43055 Newark (614) 41,200 41,836 45344 New Carlisle (513) 6,498 6,112 43764 New Lexington (614) 5,179 4,921 44663 New Philadelphia (216) 16,883 15,184 44446 Niles (216) 23,088 21,581 45239 Northbrook(u) (513) 8,357 .... 44720 North Canton (216) 14,228 15,228 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 44720 North Canton (216) 14,228 15,228 45239 North College Hill (513) 10,990 12,363 44057 North Madison(u) (216) 8,741 6,882 44070 North Olmsted (216) 36,486 34,861 45502 Northridge(u) (Clark) (513) 5,559 12 45414 Northridge(u) (Montgomery) (513) 9,720 10,084 44039 North Ridgeville (216) 21,522 13,152 44133 North Royalton (216) 17,671 12,807 ..... Northview(u) (513) 9,973 .... 43619 Northwood (419) 5,495 4,222 44203 Norton (216) 12,242 12,308 44857 Norwalk (419) 14,358 13,386 45212 Norwood (513) 26,342 30,420 45873 Oakwood (419) 9,372 10,095 44074 Oberlin (216) 8,660 8,761 44138 Olmsted Falls (216) 5,868 2,504 43616 Oregon (419) 18,675 16,563 44667 Orrville (216) 7,511 7,408 45431 Overlook-Page Manor(u) (513) 14,825 19,719 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 45431 Overlook-Page Manor(u) (513) 14,825 19,719 45056 Oxford (513) 17,655 15,868 44077 Painesville (216) 16,391 16,536 45344 Park Layne(u) (513) 5,372 .... 44129 Parma (216) 92,548 100,216 44130 Parma Heights (216) 23,112 27,192 44124 Pepper Pike (216) 6,177 5,382 44646 Perry Heights(u) (216) 9,206 .... 43551 Perrysburg (419) 10,215 7,693 45356 Piqua (513) 20,480 20,741 45069 Pisgah(u) (513) 15,660 .... 44319 Portage Lakes(u) (216) 11,310 .... 43452 Port Clinton (419) 7,223 7,202 45662 Portsmouth (614) 25,943 27,633 44266 Ravenna (216) 11,987 11,780 45215 Reading (513) 12,879 14,617 43068 Reynoldsburg (614) 20,661 13,921 44143 Richmond Heights (213) 10,095 9,220 44270 Rittman (216) 6,063 6,308 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 44270 Rittman (216) 6,063 6,308 44116 Rocky River (216) 21,084 22,958 43460 Rossford (419) 5,978 5,302 45217 St. Bernard (513) 5,396 6,131 43950 St. Clairsville (614) 5,452 4,754 45885 St. Marys (419) 8,414 7,699 44460 Salem (216) 12,869 14,186 44870 Sandusky (419) 31,360 32,674 44870 Sandusky South(u) (419) 6,548 8,501 44672 Sebring (216) 5,078 4,954 44131 Seven Hills (216) 13,650 12,700 44120 Shaker Heights (216) 32,487 36,306 45241 Sharonville (513) 10,108 11,393 44054 Sheffield Lake (216) 10,484 8,734 44875 Shelby (419) 9,703 9,847 45365 Sidney (513) 17,657 16,332 45236 Silverton (513) 6,172 6,588 44139 Solon (216) 14,341 11,147 44121 South Euclid (216) 25,713 29,579 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 44121 South Euclid (216) 25,713 29,579 45246 Springdale (216) 10,111 8,127 *45501 Springfield (513) 72,563 81,941 43952 Steubenville (614) 26,400 30,771 44224 Stow (216) 25,303 20,061 44240 Streetsboro (216) 9,055 7,966 44136 Strongsville (216) 28,577 15,182 44471 Struthers (216) 13,624 15,343 43560 Sylvania (419) 15,527 12,031 44278 Tallmadge (216) 15,269 15,274 45243 The Village of Indian Hill (513) 5,521 5,651 44883 Tiffin (419) 19,549 21,596 45371 Tipp City (513) 5,595 5,090 *43601 Toledo (419) 354,635 383,062 43964 Toronto (614) 6,934 7,705 45067 Trenton (513) 6,401 5,278 45426 Trotwood (513) 7,802 6,997 45373 Troy (513) 19,086 17,186 44087 Twinsburg (216) 7,632 6,432 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 44087 Twinsburg (216) 7,632 6,432 44683 Uhrichsville (614) 6,130 5,731 45322 Union (513) 5,219 3,654 44118 University Heights (216) 15,401 17,055 43221 Upper Arlington (614) 35,648 38,727 43351 Upper Sandusky (419) 5,967 5,645 43078 Urbana (513) 10,762 11,237 45377 Vandalia (513) 13,161 10,796 45891 Van Wert (419) 11,035 11,320 44089 Vermilion (216) 11,012 9,872 44281 Wadsworth (216) 15,166 13,142 45895 Wapakoneta (419) 8,402 7,324 *44481 Warren (216) 56,629 63,494 44122 Warrensville Heights (216) 16,565 18,925 43160 Washington C.H. (614) 12,682 12,495 43567 Wauseon (419) 6,173 4,932 45692 Wellston (614) 6,016 5,410 43968 Wellsville (216) 5,095 5,891 45449 West Carrollton (513) 13,148 10,748 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 45449 West Carrollton (513) 13,148 10,748 43081 Westerville (614) 23,414 12,530 44145 Westlake (216) 19,483 15,689 43213 Whitehall (614) 21,299 25,263 45239 White Oak(u) (513) 9,563 .... 44092 Wickliffe (216) 16,790 20,632 44890 Willard (419) 5,674 5,510 44094 Willoughby (216) 19,329 18,634 44094 Willoughby Hills (216) 8,612 5,969 44094 Willowick (216) 17,834 21,237 45177 Wilmington (513) 10,431 10,051 45459 Woodbourne-Hyde Park(u) (513) 8,826 .... 44691 Wooster (216) 19,289 18,703 43085 Worthington (614) 15,016 15,326 45215 Wyoming (513) 8,282 9,089 45385 Xenia (513) 24,653 25,373 *44501 Youngstown (216) 115,511 140,909 43701 Zanesville (614) 28,655 33,045 Oklahoma 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 74820 Ada (405) 15,902 14,859 73521 Altus (405) 23,101 23,302 73717 Alva (405) 6,416 7,440 73005 Anadarko (405) 6,378 6,682 73401 Ardmore (405) 23,689 20,881 74003 Bartlesville (918) 34,568 29,683 73008 Bethany (405) 22,038 22,694 74008 Bixby (918) 6,969 3,973 74631 Blackwell (405) 8,400 8,645 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 74631 Blackwell (405) 8,400 8,645 74012 Broken Arrow (918) 35,761 11,018 73018 Chickasha (405) 15,828 14,194 73020 Choctaw (405) 7,520 4,750 74017 Claremore (918) 12,085 9,084 73601 Clinton (405) 8,796 8,513 74023 Cushing (918) 7,720 7,529 73115 Del City (405) 28,523 27,133 73533 Duncan (405) 22,517 19,718 74701 Durant (405) 11,972 11,118 73034 Edmond (405) 34,637 16,633 73644 Elk City (405) 9,579 7,323 73036 El Reno (405) 15,486 14,510 73701 Enid (405) 50,363 44,986 73503 Fort Sill(u) (405) 15,924 21,217 73542 Frederick (405) 6,153 6,132 73044 Guthrie (405) 10,312 9,575 73942 Guymon (405) 8,492 7,674 74437 Henryetta (918) 6,432 6,430 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 74437 Henryetta (918) 6,432 6,430 74848 Holdenville (405) 5,469 5,181 74743 Hugo (405) 7,172 6,585 74745 Idabel (405) 7,622 5,946 74037 Jenks (918) 5,876 2,685 73501 Lawton (405) 80,054 74,470 73055 Marlow (405) 5,017 3,995 74501 McAlester (918) 17,255 18,802 74354 Miami (918) 14,237 13,880 73110 Midwest City (405) 49,559 48,212 73060 Moore (405) 35,063 18,761 74401 Muskogee (918) 40,011 37,331 73064 Mustang (405) 7,496 2,637 73069 Norman (405) 68,020 52,117 *73125 Oklahoma City (405) 404,014 368,164 74447 Okmulgee (918) 16,263 15,180 74055 Owasso (918) 6,149 3,491 73075 Pauls Valley (405) 5,664 5,769 73077 Perry (405) 5,796 5,341 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 73077 Perry (405) 5,796 5,341 74601 Ponca City (405) 26,238 25,940 74953 Poteau (918) 7,089 5,500 74361 Pryor Creek (918) 8,483 7,057 74955 Sallisaw (918) 6,403 4,888 74063 Sand Springs (918) 13,121 10,565 74066 Sapulpa (918) 15,853 15,159 74868 Seminole (405) 8,590 7,878 74801 Shawnee (405) 26,506 25,075 74074 Stillwater (405) 38,268 31,126 73086 Sulphur (405) 5,516 5,158 74464 Tahlequah (918) 9,708 9,254 74873 Tecumseh (405) 5,123 4,451 73120 The Village (405) 11,114 13,695 *74101 Tulsa (918) 360,919 330,350 74156 Turley(u) (918) 6,336 .... 74301 Vinita (918) 6,740 5,847 74467 Wagoner (918) 6,191 4,959 73132 Warr Acres (405) 9,940 9,887 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 73132 Warr Acres (405) 9,940 9,887 73096 Weatherford (405) 9,640 7,959 74884 Wewoka (405) 5,472 5,284 73801 Woodward (405) 13,781 9,563 73099 Yukon (405) 17,112 8,411 Oregon (503) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 97321 Albany 26,511 18,181 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 97321 Albany 26,511 18,181 97005 Aloha(u) 28,353 .... 97601 Altamont(u) 19,805 15,746 97520 Ashland 14,943 12,342 97103 Astoria 9,998 10,244 97814 Baker 9,471 9,354 97005 Beaverton 31,926 18,577 97701 Bend 17,263 13,710 97013 Canby 7,659 3,813 97225 Cedar Hills(u) 9,619 .... ..... Centennial(u) 22,118 .... 97502 Central Point 6,357 4,004 97420 Coos Bay 14,424 13,466 97330 Corvallis 40,960 35,056 97424 Cottage Grove 7,148 6,004 ..... Cully(u) 10,569 .... 97338 Dallas 8,530 6,361 97266 Errol Heights(u) 10,487 .... *97401 Eugene 105,664 79,028 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 *97401 Eugene 105,664 79,028 97116 Forest Grove 11,499 8,275 97301 Four Corners(u) 11,331 5,823 97223 Garden Home-Whitford(u) 6,926 .... 97027 Gladstone 9,500 6,254 97526 Grants Pass 14,997 12,455 97030 Gresham 33,005 10,030 97303 Hayesville(u) 9,213 5,518 97230 Hazelwood(u) 25,541 .... 97838 Hermiston 9,408 4,893 97123 Hillsboro 27,664 14,675 97303 Keizer(u) 18,592 11,405 97601 Klamath Falls 16,661 15,775 97850 La Grande 11,354 9,645 97034 Lake Oswego 22,527 14,615 97355 Lebanon 10,413 6,636 97367 Lincoln City 5,469 4,198 97128 McMinnville 14,080 10,125 97501 Medford 39,746 28,973 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 97501 Medford 39,746 28,973 97223 Metzger(u) 5,544 .... 97862 Milton-Freewater 5,086 4,105 97222 Milwaukie 17,931 16,444 97361 Monmouth 5,594 5,237 97132 Newberg 10,394 6,507 97365 Newport 7,519 5,188 97459 North Bend 9,779 8,553 ..... North Springfield(u) 6,140 .... 97268 Oak Grove(u) 11,640 .... 97914 Ontario 8,814 6,523 97045 Oregon City 14,673 9,176 97220 Parkrose(u) 21,108 .... 97801 Pendleton 14,521 13,197 *97208 Portland 368,148 379,967 97236 Powellhurst(u) 20,132 .... 97754 Prineville 5,276 4,101 97225 Raleigh Hills(u) 6,517 .... 97756 Redmond 6,452 3,721 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 97756 Redmond 6,452 3,721 97404 River Road(u) 10,370 .... 97470 Roseburg 16,644 14,461 97051 St. Helens 7,064 6,212 *97301 Salem 89,091 68,725 97401 Santa Clara(u) 14,288 .... 97138 Seaside 5,193 4,402 97381 Silverton 5,168 4,301 97477 Springfield 41,621 26,874 97386 Sweet Home 6,921 3,799 97058 The Dalles 10,820 10,423 97223 Tigard 14,799 6,499 97060 Troutdale 5,908 1,661 97062 Tualatin 7,483 750 97068 West Linn 11,358 7,091 97225 West Slope(u) 5,364 .... 97501 White City(u) 5,445 .... 97233 Wilkes-Rockwood(u) 23,216 .... 97071 Woodburn 11,196 7,495 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 97071 Woodburn 11,196 7,495 Pennsylvania 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 19001 Abington Township(u) (215) 59,084 63,625 15001 Aliquippa (412) 17,094 22,277 *18101 Allentown (215) 103,758 109,871 *16603 Altoona (814) 57,078 63,115 19002 Ambler (215) 6,628 7,800 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 19002 Ambler (215) 6,628 7,800 15003 Ambridge (412) 9,575 11,324 18403 Archbald (717) 6,295 6,118 19003 Ardmore(u) (215) NA 5,131 15068 Arnold (412) 6,853 8,174 19014 Aston Township(u) (215) 14,530 13,704 15202 Avalon (412) 6,240 7,010 15005 Baden (412) 5,318 5,536 19004 Bala-Cynwyd(u) (215) NA 6,483 15234 Baldwin (412) 24,714 26,729 18013 Bangor (215) 5,006 5,425 15009 Beaver (412) 5,441 6,100 15010 Beaver Falls (412) 12,525 14,635 16823 Bellefonte (814) 6,300 6,828 15202 Bellevue (412) 10,128 11,586 19020 Bensalem Township(u) (215) 52,399 33,038 18603 Berwick (717) 12,189 12,274 15102 Bethel Park (412) 34,755 34,758 *18016 Bethlehem (215) 70,419 72,686 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 *18016 Bethlehem (215) 70,419 72,686 18447 Blakely (717) 7,438 6,391 17815 Bloomsburg (717) 11,717 11,652 15104 Braddock (412) 5,634 8,795 16701 Bradford (814) 11,211 12,672 15227 Brentwood (412) 11,859 13,732 15017 Bridgeville (412) 6,154 6,717 19007 Bristol (215) 10,867 12,085 19007 Bristol Twp(u) (215) 58,733 67,498 19015 Brookhaven (215) 7,912 7,370 16001 Butler (412) 17,026 18,691 15419 California (412) 5,703 6,635 17011 Camp Hill (717) 8,422 9,931 15317 Canonsburg (412) 10,459 11,439 18407 Carbondale (717) 11,255 12,478 17013 Carlisle (717) 18,314 18,079 15106 Carnegie (412) 10,099 10,864 15108 Carnot-Moon(u) (412) 11,102 13,093 15234 Castle Shannon (412) 10,164 12,036 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 15234 Castle Shannon (412) 10,164 12,036 18032 Catasauqua (215) 7,944 5,702 17201 Chambersburg (717) 16,174 17,315 15022 Charleroi (412) 5,717 6,723 19012 Cheltenham Twp(u) (215) 35,509 40,238 *19013 Chester (215) 45,794 56,331 19013 Chester Twp(u) (215) 5,687 5,708 15025 Clairton (412) 12,188 15,051 16214 Clarion (814) 6,198 6,095 18411 Clarks Summit (717) 5,272 5,376 16830 Clearfield (814) 7,580 8,176 19018 Clifton Heights (215) 7,320 8,348 19320 Coatesville (215) 10,698 12,331 19023 Collingdale (215) 9,539 10,605 17512 Columbia (717) 10,466 11,237 15425 Connellsville (412) 10,319 11,643 19428 Conshohocken (215) 8,591 10,195 15108 Coraopolis (412) 7,308 8,435 16407 Corry (814) 7,149 7,435 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 16407 Corry (814) 7,149 7,435 15205 Crafton (412) 7,623 8,233 17821 Danville (717) 5,239 6,176 19023 Darby (215) 11,513 13,729 19036 Darby Twp(u) (215) 12,264 ..... 19333 Devon-Berwyn(u) (215) 5,246 .... 18519 Dickson City (717) 6,699 7,698 15033 Donora (412) 7,524 8,825 15216 Dormont (412) 11,275 12,856 19335 Downingtown (215) 7,650 7,437 18901 Doylestown (215) 8,717 8,270 15801 Du Bois (814) 9,290 10,112 18512 Dunmore (717) 16,781 18,168 15110 Duquesne (412) 10,094 11,410 18642 Duryea (717) 5,415 5,264 19401 East Norriton(u) (215) 12,711 .... 18042 Easton (215) 26,027 29,450 18301 East Stroudsburg (717) 8,039 7,894 15005 Economy (412) 9,538 7,176 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 15005 Economy (412) 9,538 7,176 16412 Edinboro (814) 6,324 4,871 18704 Edwardsville (717) 5,729 5,633 17022 Elizabethtown (717) 8,233 8,072 16117 Ellwood City (412) 9,998 10,857 18049 Emmaus (215) 11,001 11,511 17522 Ephrata (717) 11,095 9,662 *16501 Erie (814) 119,123 129,265 18643 Exeter (717) 5,493 4,670 19054 Falls Twp(u) (215) 36,083 35,830 16121 Farrell (412) 8,645 11,000 19032 Folcroft (215) 8,231 9,610 15221 Forest Hills (412) 8,198 9,561 18704 Forty Fort (717) 5,590 6,114 15238 Fox Chapel (412) 5,049 4,684 17931 Frackville (717) 5,308 5,445 16323 Franklin (814) 8,146 8,629 15143 Franklin Park (412) 6,135 5,310 18052 Fullerton(u) (215) 8,055 7,908 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 18052 Fullerton(u) (215) 8,055 7,908 17325 Gettysburg (717) 7,194 7,275 15045 Glassport (412) 6,242 7,450 19036 Glenolden (215) 7,633 8,697 15601 Greensburg (412) 17,558 17,077 15220 Green Tree (412) 5,722 6,441 16125 Greenville (412) 7,730 8,704 16127 Grove City (412) 8,162 8,312 17331 Hanover (717) 14,890 15,623 *17105 Harrisburg (717) 53,264 68,061 19040 Hatboro (215) 7,579 8,880 19083 Haverford Twp(u) (215) 52,349 55,132 18201 Hazleton (717) 27,318 30,426 18055 Hellertown (215) 6,025 6,615 17033 Hershey(u) (717) 13,249 7,407 18042 Highland Park (Northampton)(u) (215) 5,922 5,500 16648 Hollidaysburg (814) 5,892 6,262 16001 Homeacre-Lyndora(u) (412) 8,333 8,415 15120 Homestead (412) 5,092 6,309 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 15120 Homestead (412) 5,092 6,309 18431 Honesdale (717) 5,128 5,224 19044 Horsham(u) (215) 9,900 .... 17036 Hummelstown (717) 6,159 4,723 16652 Huntingdon (814) 7,042 6,987 15701 Indiana (412) 16,051 16,100 15644 Jeannette (412) 13,106 15,209 15344 Jefferson (412) 8,643 8,512 18229 Jim Thorpe (717) 5,263 5,456 *15901 Johnstown (814) 35,496 42,476 15108 Kennedy Twp(u) (412) 7,159 6,859 18704 Kingston (717) 15,681 18,325 16201 Kittanning (412) 5,432 6,231 *17604 Lancaster (717) 54,725 57,690 19446 Lansdale (215) 16,526 18,451 19050 Lansdowne (215) 11,891 14,090 15650 Latrobe (412) 10,799 11,749 17042 Lebanon (717) 25,711 28,572 18235 Lehighton (215) 5,826 6,095 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 18235 Lehighton (215) 5,826 6,095 17837 Lewisburg (717) 5,407 5,718 17044 Lewistown (717) 9,830 11,098 17543 Lititz (717) 7,590 7.072 17745 Lock Haven (717) 9,617 11,427 15068 Lower Burrell (412) 13,200 13,654 19003 Lower Merion Twp(u) (215) 59,651 63,392 19006 Lower Moreland Twp(u) (215) 12,472 11,746 19047 Lower Southampton Twp(u) (215) 18,305 17,578 19008 Marple Twp(u) (215) 23,642 25,040 15237 McCandless Twp(u) (412) 26,250 22,404 *15134 McKeesport (412) 31,012 37,977 15136 McKees Rocks (412) 8,742 11,901 17948 Mahanoy City (717) 6,167 7,257 17545 Manheim (717) 5,015 5,434 16335 Meadville (814) 15,544 16,573 17055 Mechanicsburg (717) 9,487 9,385 *19063 Media (215) 6,119 6,444 17057 Middletown (Dauphin) (717) 10,122 9,080 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 17057 Middletown (Dauphin) (717) 10,122 9,080 18017 Middletown (Northampton)(u) (215) 5,801 .... ..... Middletown Twp (Delaware)(u) (215) 12,463 12,878 17551 Millersville (717) 7,668 6,396 17847 Milton (717) 6,730 7,723 17954 Minersville (717) 5,635 6,012 15061 Monaca (412) 7,661 7,486 15062 Monessen (412) 11,928 15,216 15063 Monongahela (412) 5,950 7,113 15146 Monroeville (412) 30,977 29,011 17754 Montoursville (717) 5,403 5,985 18507 Moosic (717) 6,068 4,646 19067 Morrisville (215) 9,845 11,309 17851 Mount Carmel (717) 8,190 9,317 17552 Mount Joy (717) 5,680 5,041 15666 Mount Pleasant (412) 5,354 5,895 15228 Mount Lebanon(u) (412) 34,414 39,157 15120 Munhall (412) 14,535 16,574 15668 Murrysville (412) 16,036 12,661 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 15668 Murrysville (412) 16,036 12,661 18634 Nanticoke (717) 13,044 14,638 18064 Nazareth (215) 5,443 5,815 ..... Nether Providence Twp(u) (215) 12,730 13,644 15066 New Brighton (412) 7,364 7,637 *16101 New Castle (412) 33,621 38,559 17070 New Cumberland (717) 8,051 9,803 15068 New Kensington (412) 17,660 20,312 *19401 Norristown (215) 34,684 38,169 18067 Northampton (215) 8,240 8,389 15104 North Braddock (412) 8,711 10,838 15137 North Versailles(u) (412) 13,294 .... 16421 Northwest Harbor-Creek(u) (814) 7,485 ..... 19074 Norwood (215) 6,647 7,229 15139 Oakmont (412) 7,039 7,550 16301 Oil City (814) 13,881 15,033 18518 Old Forge (717) 9,304 9,522 18447 Olyphant (717) 5,204 5,422 18071 Palmerton (215) 5,455 5,620 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 18071 Palmerton (215) 5,455 5,620 17078 Palmyra (717) 7,228 7,615 19301 Paoli(u) (215) 6,698 5,835 17331 Parkville(u) (717) 5,009 5,120 15235 Penn Hills(u) (412) 57,632 .... 18944 Perkasie (215) 5,241 5,451 *19104 Philadelphia (215) 1,688,210 1,949,996 19460 Phoenixville (215) 14,165 14,823 *15219 Pittsburgh (412) 423,959 520,089 *18640 Pittston (717) 9,930 11,113 18705 Plains(u) (717) 5,455 6,606 15236 Pleasant Hills (412) 9,604 10,409 15239 Plum (412) 25,390 21,932 18651 Plymouth (717) 7,605 9,536 19462 Plymouth Twp(u) (215) 17,168 16,876 15133 Port Vue (412) 5,316 5,862 19464 Pottstown (215) 22,729 25,355 17901 Pottsville (717) 18,195 19,715 19076 Prospect Park (215) 6,593 7,250 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 19076 Prospect Park (215) 6,593 7,250 15767 Punxsutawney (814) 7,479 7,792 18951 Quakertown (215) 8,867 7,276 19087 Radnor Twp(u) (215) 27,676 27,459 *19603 Reading (215) 78,686 87,643 17356 Red Lion (717) 5,824 5,645 18954 Richboro(u) (215) 5,141 .... 15853 Ridgway (814) 5,604 6,022 19078 Ridley Park (215) 7,889 9,025 19033 Ridley Twp(u) (215) 33,771 39,085 15237 Ross Twp(u) (412) 35,102 32,892 15857 St. Marys (814) 6,417 7,470 18840 Sayre (717) 6,951 7,473 17972 Schuylkill Haven (717) 5,977 6,125 15683 Scottdale (412) 5,833 5,818 15106 Scott Twp(u) (412) 20,413 21,856 *18503 Scranton (717) 88,117 102,696 17870 Selinsgrove (717) 5,227 5,116 15116 Shaler Twp(u) (412) 33,712 33,369 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 15116 Shaler Twp(u) (412) 33,712 33,369 17872 Shamokin (717) 10,357 11,719 16146 Sharon (412) 19,057 22,653 19079 Sharon Hill (215) 6,221 7,464 16150 Sharpsville (412) 5,375 6,126 17976 Shenandoah (717) 7,589 8,287 19607 Shillington (215) 5,601 6,249 17404 Shiloh(u) (717) 5,315 .... 17257 Shippensburg (717) 5,261 6,536 15501 Somerset (814) 6,474 6,269 18964 Souderton (215) 6,657 6,366 17701 South Williamsport (717) 6,581 7,153 19064 Springfield(u) (215) 25,326 .... 19118 Springfield Twp(u) (215) 20,344 22,394 16801 State College (814) 36,130 32,833 17113 Steelton (717) 6,484 8,556 15136 Stowe Twp(u) (412) 9,202 10,119 18360 Stroudsburg (717) 5,148 5,451 16323 Sugar Creek (717) 5,954 5,944 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 16323 Sugar Creek (717) 5,954 5,944 17801 Sunbury (717) 12,292 13,025 19081 Swarthmore (215) 5,950 6,156 17111 Swatara Twp(u) (717) 18,796 17,178 15218 Swissvale (412) 11,345 13,819 18704 Swoyersville (717) 5,795 6,786 18252 Tamaqua (717) 8,843 9,246 15084 Tarentum (412) 6,419 7,379 18517 Taylor (717) 7,246 6,977 16354 Titusville (814) 6,884 7,331 19401 Trooper(u) (215) 7,370 .... 15145 Turtle Creek (412) 6,959 8,308 16686 Tyrone (814) 6,346 7,072 15401 Uniontown (412) 14,510 16,282 19061 Upper Chichester Twp(u) (215) 14,377 11,414 19082 Upper Darby(u) (215) 84,054 95,910 19034 Upper Dublin Twp(u) (215) 22,348 19,449 19406 Upper Merion Twp(u) (215) 26,138 23,699 19090 Upper Moreland Twp(u) (215) 25,874 24,866 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 19090 Upper Moreland Twp(u) (215) 25,874 24,866 19063 Upper Providence Twp(u) (215) 9,477 9,234 15241 Upper St. Clair(u) (412) 19,023 .... 19006 Upper Southampton Twp(u) (215) 15,806 13,936 15690 Vandergrift (412) 6,823 7,889 18974 Warminster(u) (215) 35,543 .... 16365 Warren (814) 12,146 12,998 15301 Washington (412) 18,363 19,827 17268 Waynesboro (717) 9,726 10,011 ..... Weigelstown(u) (717) 5,213 .... *19380 West Chester (215) 17,435 19,301 19380 West Goshen(u) (215) 7,998 .... 15122 West Mifflin (412) 26,322 28,070 19401 West Norriton(u) (215) 14,034 .... 15905 Westmont (814) 6,113 6,673 18643 West Pittston (717) 5,980 7,074 15229 West View (412) 7,648 8,312 18052 Whitehall (215) 15,143 16,450 19428 Whitemarsh Twp(u) (215) 15,101 15,886 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 19428 Whitemarsh Twp(u) (215) 15,101 15,886 15131 White Oak (717) 9,480 9,304 *18701 Wilkes-Barre (717) 51,551 58,856 15221 Wilkinsburg (412) 23,669 26,780 15145 Wilkins Twp(u) (412) 8,472 8,749 17701 Williamsport (717) 33,401 37,918 15025 Wilson (412) 7,564 8,406 15963 Windber (814) 5,585 6,332 19610 Wyomissing (215) 6,551 7,136 19050 Yeadon (215) 11,727 12,136 *17405 York (717) 44,619 50,335 Rhode Island (401) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 02806 Barrington 16,174 17,554 02809 Bristol 20,128 17,860 02830 Burrillville 13,164 10,087 02863 Central Falls 16,995 18,716 02816 Coventry 27,065 22,947 02910 Cranston 71,992 74,287 02864 Cumberland 27,069 26,605 02864 Cumberland Hill(u) 5,421 .... 02818 East Greenwich 10,211 9,577 02914 East Providence 50,980 48,207 02814 Glocester 7,550 5,160 02828 Greenville(u) 7,576 .... 02833 Hopkinton 6,406 5,392 02919 Johnston 24,907 22,037 02881 Kingston(u) 5,479 5,601 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 02881 Kingston(u) 5,479 5,601 02865 Lincoln 16,949 16,182 02840 Middletown 17,216 29,290 02882 Narragansett 12,088 7,138 02840 Newport 29,259 34,562 02843 Newport East(u) 11,030 10,285 02852 North Kingstown 21,938 29,793 02908 North Providence 29,188 24,337 02876 North Smithfield 9,972 9,349 *02860 Pawtucket 71,204 76,984 02871 Portsmouth 14,257 12,521 *02904 Providence 156,804 179,116 02857 Scituate 8,405 7,489 02917 Smithfield 16,886 13,468 02879 South Kingstown 20,414 16,913 02878 Tiverton 13,526 12,559 02864 Valley Falls(u) 10,892 .... *02880 Wakefield-Peacedale(u) 6,474 6,331 02885 Warren 10,640 10,523 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 02885 Warren 10,640 10,523 *02887 Warwick 87,123 83,694 02891 Westerly 18,580 17,248 02891 Westerly Center(u) 14,093 13,654 02893 West Warwick 27,026 24,323 02895 Woonsocket 45,914 46,820 South Carolina (803) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 29620 Abbeville 5,863 5,515 29801 Aiken 14,978 13,436 29621 Anderson 27,546 27,556 29407 Avondale-Moorland(u) 5,355 5,236 29812 Barnwell 5,572 4,439 29902 Beaufort 8,634 9,434 29627 Belton 5,312 5,257 29841 Belvedere(u) 6,859 .... 29512 Bennettsville 8,774 7,468 29611 Berea(u) 13,164 7,186 ..... Brookdale(u) 6,123 .... 29020 Camden 7,462 8,532 29209 Capitol View(u) 9,962 .... 29033 Cayce 11,701 9,967 *29401 Charleston 69,779 66,945 29404 Charleston Base(u) NA 6,238 29408 Charleston Yard(u) NA 13,565 29520 Cheraw 5,654 5,627 29706 Chester 6,820 7,045 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 29706 Chester 6,820 7,045 29631 Clemson 8,118 6,690 29325 Clinton 8,596 8,138 *29201 Columbia 101,229 113,542 29526 Conway 10,240 8,151 29532 Darlington 7,989 6,990 29204 Dentsville(u) 13,579 .... 29536 Dillon 7,042 6,391 29405 Dorchester Terrace-Brentwood(u) 7,862 .... 29601 Dunean(u) 5,146 1,266 29640 Easley 14,264 11,175 29501 Florence 29,842 25,997 29206 Forest Acres 6,062 6,808 29340 Gaffney 13,453 13,131 29605 Gantt(u) 13,719 11,386 29440 Georgetown 10,144 10,449 29445 Goose Creek 17,811 3,825 *29602 Greenville 58,242 61,436 29203 Greenview(u) 5,515 .... ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 29203 Greenview(u) 5,515 .... 29646 Greenwood 21,613 21,069 29651 Greer 10,525 10,642 29410 Hanahan 13,224 9,118 29550 Hartsville 7,631 8,017 29928 Hilton Head Island(u) 11,344 .... 29621 Homeland Park(u) 6,720 .... 29412 James Island(u) 24,124 .... 29456 Ladson(u) 13,246 .... 29560 Lake City 5,636 6,247 29720 Lancaster 9,703 9,186 29902 Laurel Bay(u) 5,238 .... 29360 Laurens 10,587 10,298 29571 Marion 7,700 7,435 29662 Mauldin 8,143 3,797 29464 Mount Pleasant 14,464 6,879 29574 Mullins 6,068 6,006 29577 Myrtle Beach 18,758 9,035 29108 Newberry 9,866 9,218 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 29108 Newberry 9,866 9,218 29841 North Augusta 13,593 12,883 29406 North Charleston 62,479 21,211 ..... North Trenholm(u) 10,962 .... 29565 Oak Grove(u) 7,092 .... 29115 Orangeburg 14,933 13,252 29905 Parris Island(u) 7,752 8,868 29483 Pinehurst-Sheppard Park(u) 6,956 1,711 29730 Rock Hill 35,327 33,846 29407 St. Andrews (Charleston)(u) 9,908 9,202 29210 St. Andrews (Richland)(u) 20,245 .... 29609 Sans Souci(u) 8,393 .... 29678 Seneca 7,436 6,573 ..... Seven Oaks(u) 16,604 .... 29152 Shaw AFB(u) 6,939 5,819 29681 Simpsonville 9,037 3,308 ..... South Sumter(u) 7,096 .... *29301 Spartanburg 43,826 44,546 29483 Summerville 6,492 3,839 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 29483 Summerville 6,492 3,839 29150 Sumter 24,921 24,555 29687 Taylors(u) 15,801 6,831 29379 Union 10,523 10,775 29205 Valencia Heights(u) 5,328 .... 29607 Wade-Hampton(u) 20,180 17,152 29488 Walterboro 6,036 6,257 29405 Wando Woods(u) 5,266 .... 29611 Welcome(u) 6,922 .... 29169 West Columbia 10,409 7,838 29206 Woodfield(u) 9,588 .... 29388 Woodruff 5,171 4,690 29745 York 6,412 5,081 South Dakota (605) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 57401 Aberdeen 25,851 26,476 57006 Brookings 14,951 13,717 57350 Huron 13,000 14,299 57042 Madison 6,210 6,315 57301 Mitchell 13,916 13,425 57501 Pierre 11,973 9,699 57701 Rapid City 46,492 43,836 *57101 Sioux Falls 81,343 72,488 57785 Sturgis 5,184 4,536 57069 Vermillion 9,582 9,128 57201 Watertown 15,649 13,388 57078 Yankton 12,011 11,919 Tennessee 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 37701 Alcoa (615) 6,870 7,739 37303 Athens (615) 12,080 11,790 38134 Bartlett (901) 17,170 1,150 37660 Bloomingdale(u) (615) 12,088 3,120 38008 Bolivar (901) 6,597 6,674 37027 Brentwood (615) 9,431 4,099 37620 Bristol (615) 23,986 20,064 38012 Brownsville (901) 9,307 7,011 *37401 Chattanooga (615) 169,514 119,923 37040 Clarksville (615) 54,777 31,719 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 37040 Clarksville (615) 54,777 31,719 37311 Cleveland (615) 26,415 21,446 37716 Clinton (615) 5,245 4,794 38017 Collierville (901) 7,839 3,651 37663 Colonial Heights(u) (615) 6,744 3,027 38401 Columbia (615) 26,571 21,471 37922 Concord (Knox)(u) (615) 8,569 .... 38501 Cookeville (615) 20,350 14,403 38019 Covington (901) 6,065 5,801 38555 Crossville (615) 6,394 5,381 37321 Dayton (615) 5,233 4,361 37055 Dickson (615) 7,040 5,665 38024 Dyersburg (901) 15,856 14,523 37801 Eagleton Village(u) (615) 5,331 5,345 37412 East Ridge (615) 21,236 21,799 37643 Elizabethton (615) 12,431 12,269 37334 Fayetteville (615) 7,559 7,691 37064 Franklin (615) 12,407 9,497 37066 Gallatin (615) 17,191 13,253 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 37066 Gallatin (615) 17,191 13,253 38138 Germantown (901) 21,482 3,474 37072 Goodlettsville (615) 8,327 6,168 37075 Greater Hendersonville(u) (615) 25,029 11,996 37743 Greeneville (615) 14,097 13,722 37918 Halls(u) (615) 10,363 .... 37748 Harriman (615) 8,303 8,734 37341 Harrison(u) (615) 6,206 .... 37075 Hendersonville (615) 26,561 412 38343 Humboldt (901) 10,209 10,066 38301 Jackson (901) 49,258 39,996 37760 Jefferson City (615) 5,612 5,124 37601 Johnson City (615) 39,753 33,770 *37662 Kingsport (615) 32,027 31,938 *37901 Knoxville (615) 175,045 174,587 37766 La Follette (615) 8,176 6,902 37086 LaVergne (615) 5,495 5,220 38464 Lawrenceburg (615) 10,175 8,889 37087 Lebanon (615) 11,872 12,492 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 37087 Lebanon (615) 11,872 12,492 37771 Lenoir City (615) 5,180 5,324 37091 Lewisburg (615) 8,760 7,207 38351 Lexington (901) 5,934 5,024 37665 Lynn Garden(u) (615) 7,213 .... 38201 McKenzie (901) 5,405 4,873 37110 McMinnville (615) 10,683 10,662 37355 Manchester (615) 7,250 6,208 38237 Martin (901) 8,898 7,781 37701 Maryville (615) 17,480 13,808 *38101 Memphis (901) 646,174 623,988 37343 Middle Valley(u) (615) 11,420 .... 38358 Milan (901) 8,083 7,313 38053 Millington (901) 20,236 21,177 37814 Morristown (615) 19,570 20,318 37130 Murfreesboro (615) 32,845 26,360 *37202 Nashville-Davidson (615) 455,651 **426,029 37821 Newport (615) 7,580 7,328 37830 Oak Ridge (615) 27,662 28,319 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 37830 Oak Ridge (615) 27,662 28,319 38242 Paris (901) 10,728 9,892 37849 Powell(u) (615) 7,220 .... 38478 Pulaski (615) 7,184 6,989 37415 Red Bank White Oak (615) 13,129 12,715 38063 Ripley (901) 6,366 4,794 37854 Rockwood (615) 5,687 5,259 38372 Savannah (901) 6,992 5,576 37160 Shelbyville (615) 13,530 12,262 37377 Signal Mountain (615) 5,818 4,839 37167 Smyrna (615) 8,839 5,698 37379 Soddy-Daisy (615) 8,388 7,569 37172 Springfield (615) 10,814 9,720 37363 Summit (Hamilton)(u) (615) 8,345 .... 37388 Tullahoma (615) 15,800 15,311 38261 Union City (901) 10,436 11,925 37398 Winchester (615) 5,821 5,256 ** Comprises the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County. Texas 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� *79604 Abilene (915) 98,315 89,653 75001 Addison (214) 5,553 593 78516 Alamo (512) 5,831 4,291 78209 Alamo Heights (512) 6,252 6,933 77039 Aldine(u) (713) 12,623 .... 78332 Alice (512) 20,961 20,121 75002 Allen (214) 8,314 1,940 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 75002 Allen (214) 8,314 1,940 79830 Alpine (915) 5,465 5,971 77511 Alvin (713) 16,515 10,671 *79105 Amarillo (806) 149,230 127,010 79714 Andrews (915) 11,061 8,625 77515 Angleton (409) 13,929 9,906 78336 Aransas Pass (512) 7,173 5,813 *76010 Arlington (817) 160,113 90,229 75751 Athens (214) 10,197 9,582 75551 Atlanta (214) 6,272 5,007 *78710 Austin (512) 345,890 253,539 76020 Azle (817) 5,822 4,493 75149 Balch Springs (214) 13,746 10,464 77414 Bay City (409) 17,837 13,445 77520 Baytown (713) 56,923 43,980 *77704 Beaumont (409) 118,102 117,548 76021 Bedford (817) 20,821 10,049 78102 Beeville (512) 14,574 13,506 77401 Bellaire (713) 14,950 19,009 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 77401 Bellaire (713) 14,950 19,009 76704 Bellmead (817) 7,569 7,698 76513 Belton (817) 10,660 8,696 76126 Benbrook (817) 13,579 8,169 79720 Big Spring (915) 24,804 28,735 75418 Bonham (214) 7,338 7,698 79007 Borger (806) 15,837 14,195 76230 Bowie (817) 5,610 5,185 76825 Brady (915) 5,969 5,557 76024 Breckenridge (817) 6,921 5,944 77833 Brenham (409) 10,966 8,922 77611 Bridge City (409) 7,667 8,164 79316 Brownfield (806) 10,387 9,647 78520 Brownsville (512) 84,997 52,522 76801 Brownwood (915) 19,203 17,368 77801 Bryan (409) 44,337 33,719 76354 Burkburnett (817) 10,668 9,230 76028 Burleson (817) 11,734 7,713 76520 Cameron (817) 5,721 5,546 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 76520 Cameron (817) 5,721 5,546 79015 Canyon (806) 10,724 8,333 78834 Carrizo Springs (512) 6,886 5,374 75006 Carrolton (214) 40,591 13,855 75633 Carthage (214) 6,447 5,392 75104 Cedar Hill (214) 6,849 2,610 75935 Center (409) 5,827 4,989 .... Champions(u) (713) 14,692 .... 77530 Channelview(u) (713) 17,471 .... 79201 Childress (817) 5,817 5,408 76031 Cleburne (817) 19,218 16,015 77327 Cleveland (713) 5,977 5,627 77015 Clover Leaf(u) (713) 17,317 .... 77531 Clute (409) 9,577 6,023 76834 Coleman (915) 5,960 5,608 77840 College Station (409) 37,272 17,676 76034 Colleyville (817) 6,700 3,342 79512 Colorado City (915) 5,405 5,227 75428 Commerce (214) 8,136 9,534 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 75428 Commerce (214) 8,136 9,534 77301 Conroe (409) 18,034 11,969 78109 Converse (512) 5,150 1,383 76522 Copperas Cove (817) 19,469 10,818 *78408 Corpus Christi (512) 232,134 204,525 75110 Corsicana (214) 21,712 19,972 75835 Crockett (713) 7,405 6,616 76036 Crowley (817) 5,852 2,662 78839 Crystal City (512) 8,334 8,104 77954 Cuero (512) 7,124 6,956 79022 Dalhart (806) 6,854 5,705 *75260 Dallas (214) 904,599 844,401 77536 Deer Park (713) 22,648 12,773 78840 Del Rio (512) 30,034 21,330 75020 Denison (214) 23,884 24,923 76201 Denton (817) 48,063 39,874 75115 De Soto (214) 15,538 6,617 75941 Diboll (713) 5,227 3,557 77539 Dickinson (713) 7,505 10,776 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 77539 Dickinson (713) 7,505 10,776 79027 Dimmitt (806) 5,019 4,327 78537 Donna (512) 9,952 7,365 79029 Dumas (806) 12,194 9,771 75116 Duncanville (214) 27,781 14,105 78852 Eagle Pass (512) 21,407 15,364 78539 Edinburg (512) 24,075 17,163 77957 Edna (512) 5,650 5,332 77437 El Campo (619) 10,462 9,332 *79910 El Paso (915) 425,259 322,261 78543 Elsa (512) 5,061 4,400 75119 Ennis (214) 12,110 11,046 76039 Euless (817) 24,002 19,316 76140 Everman (817) 5,387 4,570 78355 Falfurrias (512) 6,103 6,355 75234 Farmers Branch (214) 24,863 27,492 76119 Forest Hill (817) 11,684 8,236 79906 Fort Bliss(u) (915) 12,687 13,288 76544 Fort Hood(u) (817) 31,250 32,597 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 76544 Fort Hood(u) (817) 31,250 32,597 79735 Fort Stockton (915) 8,688 8,283 *76101 Fort Worth (817) 385,164 393,455 78624 Fredericksburg (512) 6,412 5,326 77541 Freeport (409) 13,444 11,997 77546 Friendswood (713) 10,719 5,675 76240 Gainesville (817) 14,081 13,830 77547 Galena Park (713) 9,879 10,479 77550 Galveston (409) 61,902 61,809 *75040 Garland (214) 138,857 81,437 76528 Gatesville (817) 6,078 4,683 78626 Georgetown (512) 9,468 6,395 75644 Gilmer (214) 5,167 4,196 75647 Gladewater (214) 6,548 5,574 78629 Gonzales (512) 7,152 5,854 76046 Graham (817) 9,055 7,477 75050 Grand Prairie (214) 71,462 50,904 76051 Grapevine (817) 11,801 7,049 75401 Greenville (214) 22,161 22,043 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 75401 Greenville (214) 22,161 22,043 77619 Groves (409) 17,090 18,067 76117 Haltom City (817) 29,014 28,127 76541 Harker Heights (817) 7,345 4,216 78550 Harlingen (512) 43,543 33,503 77859 Hearne (713) 5,418 4,982 75652 Henderson (214) 11,473 10,187 79045 Hereford (806) 15,853 13,414 76643 Hewitt (817) 5,247 569 75205 Highland Park (214) 8,909 10,133 77562 Highlands (713) 6,467 3,462 76645 Hillsboro (817) 7,397 7,224 77563 Hitchcock (713) 6,103 5,565 78861 Hondo (512) 6,057 5,487 *77013 Houston (713) 1,595,138 1,233,535 77338 Humble (713) 6,729 3,272 77340 Huntsville (409) 23,936 17,610 76053 Hurst (817) 31,420 27,215 78362 Ingleside (512) 5,436 3,763 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 78362 Ingleside (512) 5,436 3,763 76367 Iowa Park (817) 6,184 5,796 *75061 Irving (214) 109,943 97,260 77029 Jacinto City (713) 8,953 9,563 75766 Jacksonville (214) 12,264 9,734 75951 Jasper (409) 6,959 6,251 77450 Katy (713) 5,660 2,923 79745 Kermit (915) 8,015 7,884 78028 Kerrville (512) 15,276 12,672 75662 Kilgore (214) 11,331 9,495 76541 Killeen (817) 46,296 35,507 78363 Kingsville (512) 28,808 28,915 ..... Kingwood (713) 16,261 .... 78219 Kirby (512) 6,435 3,238 78236 Lackland AFB(u) (512) 14,459 19,141 77566 Lake Jackson (409) 19,102 13,376 77568 La Marque (409) 15,372 16,131 79631 Lamesa (806) 11,790 11,559 76550 Lampasas (512) 6,165 5,922 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 76550 Lampasas (512) 6,165 5,922 75146 Lancaster (214) 14,807 10,522 77571 La Porte (713) 14,062 7,149 78040 Laredo (512) 91,449 69,024 77573 League City (713) 16,578 10,818 78238 Leon Valley (512) 9,088 2,487 79336 Levelland (806) 13,809 11,445 75067 Lewisville (214) 24,273 9,264 77575 Liberty (713) 7,945 5,591 79339 Littlefield (806) 7,409 6,738 78233 Live Oak (512) 8,183 2,779 78644 Lockhart (512) 7,953 6,489 75601 Longview (214) 62,762 45,547 *79408 Lubbock (806) 173,873 149,101 75901 Lufkin (409) 28,562 23,049 78648 Luling (512) 5,039 4,719 78501 McAllen (512) 67,042 37,636 75069 McKinney (214) 16,249 15,193 76063 Mansfield (817) 8,092 3,658 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 76063 Mansfield (817) 8,092 3,658 76661 Marlin (817) 7,099 6,351 75670 Marshall (214) 24,921 22,937 78368 Mathis (512) 5,667 5,351 78570 Mercedes (512) 11,851 9,355 75149 Mesquite (214) 67,053 55,131 76667 Mexia (817) 7,094 5,943 79701 Midland (915) 70,525 59,463 76067 Mineral Wells (817) 14,468 18,411 78572 Mission (512) 22,653 13,043 77459 Missouri City (713) 24,423 4,136 79756 Monahans (915) 8,397 8,333 75455 Mount Pleasant (214) 11,003 9,459 75961 Nacogdoches (409) 27,149 22,544 77868 Navasota (409) 5,971 5,111 77627 Nederland (409) 16,855 16,810 78130 New Braunfels (512) 22,402 17,859 76118 North Richland Hills (817) 30,592 16,514 *79760 Odessa (915) 90,027 78,380 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� *79760 Odessa (915) 90,027 78,380 77630 Orange (409) 23,628 24,457 75801 Palestine (214) 15,948 14,525 79065 Pampa (806) 21,396 21,726 75460 Paris (214) 25,498 23,441 *77501 Pasadena (713) 112,560 89,957 77581 Pearland (713) 13,248 6,444 78061 Pearsall (512) 7,383 5,545 79772 Pecos (915) 12,855 12,682 79070 Perryton (806) 7,991 7,810 78577 Pharr (512) 21,381 15,829 79072 Plainview (806) 22,187 19,096 75075 Plano (214) 72,331 17,872 78064 Pleasanton (512) 6,346 5,407 77640 Port Arthur (409) 61,195 57,371 78374 Portland (512) 12,023 7,302 77979 Port Lavaca (512) 10,911 10,491 77651 Port Neches (409) 13,944 10,894 78580 Raymondville (512) 9,493 7,987 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 78580 Raymondville (512) 9,493 7,987 75080 Richardson (214) 72,496 48,405 76118 Richland Hills (817) 7,977 8,865 77469 Richmond (713) 9,692 5,777 78582 Rio Grande City(u) (512) 8,930 5,676 77019 River Oaks (817) 6,890 8,193 76701 Robinson (817) 6,074 3,807 78380 Robstown (512) 12,100 11,217 76567 Rockdale (512) 5,611 4,655 75087 Rockwall (214) 5,939 3,121 77471 Rosenberg (713) 17,840 12,098 78664 Round Rock (512) 12,740 2,811 75088 Rowlett (214) 7,522 2,243 76179 Saginaw (817) 5,736 2,382 76901 San Angelo (915) 73,240 63,884 *78284 San Antonio (512) 785,940 654,153 78586 San Benito (512) 17,988 15,176 78384 San Diego (512) 5,225 4,490 78589 San Juan (512) 7,608 5,070 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 78589 San Juan (512) 7,608 5,070 78666 San Marcos (512) 23,420 18,860 77550 Santa Fe (713) 5,413 .... 78154 Schertz (512) 7,262 4,061 75159 Seagoville (214) 7,304 4,390 78155 Seguin (512) 17,854 15,934 79360 Seminole (915) 6,080 5,007 75090 Sherman (214) 30,413 29,061 77656 Silsbee (409) 7,684 7,271 78387 Sinton (512) 6,044 5,563 79364 Slaton (806) 6,804 6,583 79549 Snyder (915) 12,705 11,171 77587 South Houston (713) 13,293 11,527 76401 Stephenville (817) 11,881 9,277 77478 Sugar Land (713) 8,826 3,318 75482 Sulphur Springs (214) 12,804 10,642 79556 Sweetwater (915) 12,242 12,020 76574 Taylor (512) 10,619 9,616 76501 Temple (817) 42,354 33,431 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 76501 Temple (817) 42,354 33,431 75160 Terrell (214) 13,269 14,182 75501 Texarkana (214) 31,271 30,497 77590 Texas City (409) 41,201 38,908 75056 The Colony (214) 11,586 .... 77380 The Woodlands (713) 8,443 .... 79088 Tulia (806) 5,033 5,294 75701 Tyler (214) 70,508 57,770 78148 Universal City (512) 10,720 7,613 76308 University Park (214) 22,254 23,498 78801 Uvalde (512) 14,178 10,764 76384 Vernon (817) 12,695 11,454 77901 Victoria (512) 50,695 41,349 77662 Vidor (409) 11,834 9,738 *76701 Waco (817) 101,261 95,326 76148 Watauga (817) 10,284 3,778 75165 Waxahachie (214) 14,624 13,452 76086 Weatherford (817) 12,049 11,750 78596 Weslaco (512) 19,331 15,313 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 78596 Weslaco (512) 19,331 15,313 77005 West University Place (713) 12,010 13,317 77488 Wharton (713) 9,033 7,881 76108 White Settlement (817) 13,508 13,449 *76307 Wichita Falls (817) 94,201 96,265 78239 Windcrest (512) 5,332 3,371 76710 Woodway (817) 7,091 4,819 77995 Yoakum (512) 6,148 5,755 Utah (801) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 84003 American Fork 12,417 7,713 84118 Bennion(u) 9,632 .... 84010 Bountiful 32,877 27,751 84302 Brigham City 15,596 14,007 84720 Cedar City 10,972 8,946 84014 Centerville 8,069 3,268 84015 Clearfield 17,982 13,316 84015 Clinton 5,777 1,768 84121 Cottonwood(u) 11,554 8,431 84121 Cottonwood Heights(u) 22,665 .... 84020 Draper 5,530 .... 84109 East Millcreek(u) 24,150 26,579 84106 Granite Park(u) 5,554 9,573 84117 Holladay(u) 22,189 23,014 84037 Kaysville 9,811 6,192 84118 Kearns(u) 21,353 17,247 84041 Layton 22,862 13,603 84043 Lehi 6,848 4,659 84321 Logan 26,844 22,333 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 84321 Logan 26,844 22,333 84044 Magna(u) 13,138 5,509 84047 Midvale 10,144 7,840 84532 Moab 5,333 4,793 84117 Mount Olympus(u) 6,068 5,909 84107 Murray 25,750 21,206 84404 North Ogden 9,309 5,257 84054 North Salt Lake 5,548 2,143 *84401 Ogden 64,407 69,478 *84057 Orem 52,399 25,729 84651 Payson 8,246 4,501 84062 Pleasant Grove 10,669 5,327 84501 Price 9,086 6,218 *84601 Provo 74,111 53,131 84701 Richfield 5,482 4,471 84065 Riverton 7,032 2,820 84067 Roy 19,694 14,356 84770 St. George 11,350 7,097 *84101 Salt Lake City 163,034 175,885 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 *84101 Salt Lake City 163,034 175,885 *84070 Sandy City 52,210 6,438 84121 South Cottonwood(u) 11,117 .... 84065 South Jordan 7,492 2,942 84403 South Ogden 11,366 9,991 84115 South Salt Lake 10,413 7,810 84660 Spanish Fork 9,825 7,284 84663 Springville 12,101 8,790 84015 Sunset 5,733 6,268 84107 Taylorsville(u) 17,448 .... 84074 Tooele 14,335 12,539 84047 Union-East Midvale(u) 9,663 .... 84010 Val Verda(u) 6,422 .... 84078 Vernal 6,600 3,908 84403 Washington Terrace 8,212 7,241 84084 West Jordan 27,325 4,221 *84119 West Valley City 72,299 .... 84070 White City(u) 7,180 6,402 Vermont (802) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 05641 Barre 9,824 10,209 ..... Barre 7,090 6,509 05201 Bennington 15,815 14,586 ..... Bennington(u) 9,349 7,950 05301 Brattleboro Center(u) 8,596 9,055 ..... Brattleboro 11,886 12,239 05401 Burlington 37,712 38,633 05446 Colchester 12,629 8,776 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 05446 Colchester 12,629 8,776 05451 Essex 14,392 10,951 05452 Essex Junction 7,033 6,511 05753 Middlebury 7,574 6,532 05602 Montpelier 8,241 8,609 05701 Rutland 18,436 19,293 05478 St. Albans 7,308 8,082 05819 St. Johnsbury 7,938 8,409 05401 South Burlington 10,679 10,032 05156 Springfield Center(u) 5,603 5,632 ..... Springfield 10,190 10,063 05404 Winooski 6,318 7,309 Virginia 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 *22313 Alexandria (703) 103,217 110,927 22003 Annandale(u) (703) 49,524 27,405 *22210 Arlington(u) (703) 152,599 174,284 22041 Bailey's Crossroads(u) (703) 12,564 7,295 24523 Bedford (703) 5,991 6,011 22307 Belle Haven(u) (703) 6,520 .... 23234 Bellwood(u) (804) 6,439 .... 23234 Bensley(u) (804) 5,299 .... 24060 Blacksburg (703) 30,638 9,384 24605 Bluefield (703) 5,946 5,286 23235 Bon Air(u) (804) 16,224 10,771 24201 Bristol (703) 19,042 14,857 24416 Buena Vista (703) 6,717 6,425 22015 Burke(u) (703) 33,835 .... 24018 Cave Spring(u) (703) 21,682 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 24018 Cave Spring(u) (703) 21,682 .... 22020 Centreville(u) (703) 7,473 .... 23227 Chamberlayne(u) (804) 5,136 .... 22021 Chantilly(u) (703) 12,259 .... *22906 Charlottesville (804) 45,010 38,880 *23320 Chesapeake (804) 114,226 89,580 23831 Chester(u) (804) 11,728 5,556 24073 Christiansburg (703) 10,345 7,857 24422 Clifton Forge (703) 5,046 5,501 24078 Collinsville(u) (703) 7,517 6,015 23834 Colonial Heights (804) 16,509 15,097 24426 Covington (703) 9,063 10,060 22701 Culpeper (703) 6,621 6,056 22191 Dale City(u) (703) 33,127 13,857 24541 Danville (804) 45,642 46,391 23228 Dumbarton(u) (804) 8,149 .... 22027 Dunn Loring(u) (703) 6,077 .... 23222 East Highland Park(u) (804) 11,797 22030 Fairfax (703) 19,390 22,727 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 22030 Fairfax (703) 19,390 22,727 *22046 Falls Church (703) 9,515 10,772 23901 Farmville (804) 6,067 4,331 22060 Fort Belvoir(u) (703) 7,726 14,591 22308 Fort Hunt(u) (703) 14,294 10,415 23801 Fort Lee(u) (804) 9,784 12,435 22310 Franconia(u) (703) 8,476 .... 23851 Franklin (804) 7,308 6,880 22401 Fredericksburg (703) 15,322 14,450 22630 Front Royal (703) 11,126 8,211 24333 Galax (703) 6,524 6,278 23060 Glen Allen(u) (804) 6,202 .... 23062 Gloucester Point(u) (804) 5,841 .... 22306 Groveton(u) (703) 18,860 11,761 *23660 Hampton (804) 122,617 120,779 22801 Harrisonburg (703) 19,671 14,605 *22070 Herndon (703) 11,449 4,301 23075 Highland Springs(u) (804) 12,146 7,345 24019 Hollins(u) (703) 12,187 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 24019 Hollins(u) (703) 12,187 .... 23860 Hopewell (804) 23,397 23,471 22303 Huntington(u) (703) 5,813 5,559 22306 Hybla Valley(u) (703) 15,533 22043 Idylwood(u) (703) 11,982 .... 22042 Jefferson(u) (804) 24,342 25,432 22041 Lake Barcroft(u) (703) 8,725 11,605 22191 Lake Ridge(u) (703) 11,072 .... 23228 Lakeside(u) (804) 12,289 11,137 23060 Laurel(u) (804) 10,569 .... 22075 Leesburg (703) 8,357 4,821 24450 Lexington (703) 7,292 7,597 22312 Lincolnia(u) (703) 10,350 10,355 22079 Lorton(u) (703) 5,813 .... *24505 Lynchburg (804) 66,743 54,083 24572 Madison Heights(u) (804) 14,146 .... 22110 Manassas (703) 15,438 9,164 22110 Manassas Park (703) 6,524 6,844 22030 Mantua(u) (703) 6,523 6,911 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 22030 Mantua(u) (703) 6,523 6,911 24354 Marion (703) 7,287 8,158 24112 Martinsville (703) 18,149 19,653 22101 McLean(u) (703) 35,664 17,698 23111 Mechanicsville(u) (804) 9,269 5,189 22116 Merrifield(u) (703) 7,525 .... 23231 Montrose(u) (804) 5,349 .... 22121 Mount Vernon(u) (703) 24,058 .... 22122 Newington(u) (703) 8,313 .... *23607 Newport News (804) 144,903 138,177 *23501 Norfolk (804) 266,979 307,951 22151 North Springfield(u) (703) 9,538 8,631 22124 Oakton(u) (703) 19,150 .... 23803 Petersburg (804) 41,055 36,103 22043 Pimmit Hills(u) (703) 6,658 .... 23662 Poquoson (804) 8,726 5,441 *23705 Portsmouth (804) 104,577 110,963 24301 Pulaski (703) 10,106 10,279 22134 Quantico Station(u) (703) 7,121 6,213 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 22134 Quantico Station(u) (703) 7,121 6,213 24141 Radford (703) 13,225 11,596 22090 Reston(u) (703) 36,407 5,723 24641 Richlands (703) 5,796 4,843 *23232 Richmond (804) 219,214 249,332 *24001 Roanoke (703) 100,427 92,115 22310 Rose Hill(u) (703) 11,926 14,492 24153 Salem (703) 23,958 21,982 22044 Seven Corners(u) (703) 6,058 5,590 24592 South Boston (804) 7,093 6,889 *22150 Springfield (703) 21,435 11,613 24401 Staunton (703) 21,857 24,504 22170 Sterling Park(u) (703) 16,080 8,321 23434 Suffolk (804) 47,621 9,858 22170 Sugarland Run(u) (703) 6,258 .... 24502 Timberlake(u) (804) 9,697 .... 23229 Tuckahoe(u) (804) 39,868 .... 22101 Tysons Corner(u) (703) 10,065 .... 22180 Vienna (703) 15,469 17,146 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 22180 Vienna (703) 15,469 17,146 24179 Vinton (703) 8,027 6,347 *23458 Virginia Beach (804) 262,199 172,106 22980 Waynesboro (703) 15,329 16,707 22110 West Gate(u) (703) 7,119 .... 22152 West Springfield(u) (703) 25,012 14,143 23185 Williamsburg (804) 9,870 9,069 22601 Winchester (703) 20,217 14,643 24592 Wolf Trap(u) (804) 9,875 .... 22191 Woodbridge(u) (703) 24,004 25,412 24382 Wytheville (703) 7,135 6,069 Washington 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 98520 Aberdeen (206) 18,739 18,489 98036 Alderwood Manor(u) (206) 16,524 .... 98221 Anacortes (206) 9,013 7,701 98002 Auburn (206) 26,417 21,653 *98009 Bellevue (206) 73,903 61,196 98225 Bellingham (206) 45,794 39,375 98390 Bonney Lake (206) 5,328 2,700 98011 Bothell (206) 7,943 5,420 ..... Boulevard Park(u) (206) 8,382 .... 98310 Bremerton (206) 36,208 35,307 98178 Bryn Mawr-Skyway(u) (206) 11,754 .... 98166 Burien(u) (206) 23,189 .... 98607 Camas (206) 5,681 5,790 98055 Cascade-Fairwood(u) (206) 16,939 .... 98531 Centralia (206) 10,809 10,054 98532 Chehalis (206) 6,100 5,727 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 98532 Chehalis (206) 6,100 5,727 99004 Cheney (509) 7,630 6,358 99403 Clarkston (509) 6,903 6,312 99324 College Place (509) 5,771 4,510 98188 Des Moines (206) 7,378 3,951 99213 Dishman(u) (509) 10,169 9,079 ..... Dumas Bay-Twin Lakes(u) (206) 14,535 .... 98004 Eastgate(u) (206) 8,341 .... ..... East Renton Highlands(u) (206) 12,033 .... 98801 East Wenatchee Bench(u) (509) 11,410 2,446 98020 Edmonds (206) 27,526 23,684 98926 Ellensburg (509) 11,752 13,568 98022 Enumclaw (206) 5,427 4,703 98823 Ephrata (509) 5,359 5,255 99210 Esperance(u) (509) 11,120 .... *98201 Everett (206) 54,413 53,622 99011 Fairchild AFB(u) (509) 5,353 6,754 98201 Fairmont-Intercity(u) (206) 6,997 .... 98055 Fairwood(u) (206) 5,337 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 98055 Fairwood(u) (206) 5,337 .... 98466 Fircrest (206) 5,477 5,651 98433 Fort Lewis(u) (206) 23,761 38,054 98930 Grandview (509) 5,615 3,605 98660 Hazel Dell(u) (206) 15,386 .... 98550 Hoquiam (206) 9,719 10,466 98011 Inglewood(u) (206) 12,467 .... 98027 Issaquah (206) 5,536 4,313 98033 Juanita(u) (206) 17,232 .... 98626 Kelso (206) 11,129 10,296 98028 Kenmore(u) (206) 7,281 .... 99336 Kennewick (509) 34,397 15,212 98031 Kent (206) 22,961 17,711 98033 Kingsgate(u) (206) 12,652 .... 98033 Kirkland (206) 18,785 14,970 98503 Lacey (206) 13,940 9,696 98155 Lake Forest North(u) (206) 7,995 .... ..... Lakeland North(u) (206) 11,451 .... ..... Lakeland South(u) (206) 5,225 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 ..... Lakeland South(u) (206) 5,225 .... ..... Lake Stickney(u) (206) 6,135 .... 98499 Lakes District(u) (206) 54,533 48,195 98632 Longview (206) 31,052 28,373 98036 Lynnwood (206) 21,937 17,381 ..... Martha Lake(u) (206) 7,022 .... 98270 Marysville (206) 5,080 4,343 98438 McChord AFB(u) (206) 5,746 6,515 98040 Mercer Island (206) 21,522 19,047 98837 Moses Lake (509) 10,629 10,310 98043 Mountlake Terrace (206) 16,534 16,600 98273 Mount Vernon (206) 13,009 8,804 98006 Newport Hills(u) (206) 12,245 .... 98155 North City-Ridgecrest(u) (206) 13,551 .... ..... North Hill(u) (206) 10,170 .... 98270 North Marysville(u) (206) 15,159 .... 98277 Oak Harbor (206) 12,271 9,167 *98501 Olympia (206) 27,447 23,296 99214 Opportunity(u) (509) 21,241 16,604 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 99214 Opportunity(u) (509) 21,241 16,604 98662 Orchards(u) (206) 8,828 .... 98444 Parkland(u) (206) 23,355 21,012 99301 Pasco (509) 18,428 13,920 98362 Port Angeles (206) 17,311 16,367 98368 Port Townsend (206) 6,067 5,241 ..... Poverty Bay(u) (206) 8,353 .... 99163 Pullman (509) 23,579 20,509 98371 Puyallup (206) 18,251 14,742 98052 Redmond (206) 23,318 11,020 98055 Renton (206) 31,031 25,878 99352 Richland (509) 33,578 26,290 98160 Richmond Beach-Innis Arden(u) (206) 6,700 .... 98113 Richmond Highlands(u) (206) 24,463 .... 98188 Riverton(u) (206) 14,182 .... 98033 Rose Hill(u) (206) 7,616 .... *98109 Seattle (206) 493,846 530,831 98284 Sedro Woolley (206) 6,110 4,598 98584 Shelton (206) 7,629 6,515 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 98584 Shelton (206) 7,629 6,515 98155 Sheridan Beach(u) (206) 6,873 .... 98201 Silver Lake-Fircrest(u) 10,299 .... 98290 Snohomish (206) 5,294 5,174 98387 Spanaway(u) (206) 8,868 5,768 *99210 Spokane (509) 171,300 170,516 98944 Sunnyside (509) 9,225 6,751 *98402 Tacoma (206) 158,501 154,407 98501 Tanglewilde-Thompson Place(u) 5,910 3,423 98948 Toppenish (509) 6,517 5,744 99268 Town and Country(u) (509) 5,578 6,484 98502 Tumwater (206) 6,705 5,373 98406 University Place(u) (206) 20,381 13,230 ..... Valley Ridge(u) (206) 17,961 .... *98660 Vancouver (206) 42,834 41,859 99037 Veradale(u) (509) 7,256 .... 99362 Walla Walla (509) 25,618 23,619 98801 Wenatchee (509) 17,257 16,912 98003 West Federal Way(u) (206) 16,872 .... ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 98003 West Federal Way(u) (206) 16,872 .... 99301 West Pasco(u) (509) 6,210 .... 98166 White Center-Shorewood(u) (206) 19,362 .... *98901 Yakima (509) 49,826 45,588 98188 Zenith-Saltwater(u) (206) 8,982 .... West Virginia (304) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 25801 Beckley 20,492 19,884 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 25801 Beckley 20,492 19,884 24701 Bluefield 16,060 15,921 26330 Bridgeport 6,604 4,777 26201 Buckhannon 6,820 7,261 *25301 Charleston 63,968 71,505 26301 Clarksburg 22,371 24,864 25064 Dunbar 9,285 9,151 26241 Elkins 8,536 8,287 26554 Fairmont 23,863 26,093 26354 Grafton 6,845 6,433 *25701 Huntington 63,684 74,315 26726 Keyser 6,569 6,586 25401 Martinsburg 13,063 14,626 26505 Morgantown 27,605 29,431 26041 Moundsville 12,419 13,560 26155 New Martinsville 7,109 6,528 25143 Nitro 8,074 8,019 25901 Oak Hill 7,120 4,738 26101 Parkersburg 39,946 44,208 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 26101 Parkersburg 39,946 44,208 25550 Point Pleasant 5,682 6,122 24740 Princeton 7,538 7,253 25177 St. Albans 12,402 14,356 25303 South Charleston 15,968 16,333 26105 Vienna 11,618 11,549 26062 Weirton 25,371 27,131 26452 Weston 6,250 7,323 26003 Wheeling 43,070 48,188 25661 Williamson 5,219 5,831 Wisconsin 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 54301 Allouez(u) (414) 14,882 13,753 54409 Antigo (715) 8,653 9,005 59411 Appleton (414) 58,913 56,377 54806 Ashland (715) 9,115 9,615 54304 Ashwaubenon (414) 14,486 9,323 53913 Baraboo (608) 8,081 7,931 53916 Beaver Dam (414) 14,149 14,265 53511 Beloit (608) 35,207 35,729 53511 Beloit North(u) (608) 5,457 .... 54923 Berlin (414) 5,478 5,338 53005 Brookfield (414) 34,035 31,761 53209 Brown Deer (414) 12,921 12,582 53105 Burlington (414) 8,385 7,479 53012 Cedarburg (414) 9,005 7,697 54729 Chippewa Falls (715) 11,845 12,351 53110 Cudahy (414) 19,547 22,078 53115 Delavan (414) 5,684 5,526 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 53115 Delavan (414) 5,684 5,526 54115 De Pere (414) 14,892 13,309 54701 Eau Claire (715) 51,509 44,619 53122 Elm Grove (414) 6,735 7,201 54935 Fond Du Lac (414) 35,863 35,515 53538 Fort Atkinson (414) 9,785 9,164 53217 Fox Point (414) 7,649 7,939 53132 Franklin (414) 16,871 12,247 53022 Germantown (414) 10,729 6,974 53209 Glendale (414) 13,882 13,426 53024 Grafton (414) 8,381 5,998 *54305 Green Bay (414) 87,899 87,809 53129 Greendale (414) 16,928 15,089 53220 Greenfield (414) 31,353 24,424 53130 Hales Corners (414) 7,110 7,771 53027 Hartford (414) 7,159 6,499 53029 Hartland (414) 5,559 2,763 54303 Howard (414) 8,240 4,911 54016 Hudson (715) 5,434 5,049 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 54016 Hudson (715) 5,434 5,049 53545 Janesville (608) 51,071 46,426 53549 Jefferson (414) 5,647 5,429 54130 Kaukauna (414) 11,310 11,308 53140 Kenosha (414) 77,685 78,805 54136 Kimberly (414) 5,881 6,131 54601 La Crosse (608) 48,347 50,286 53147 Lake Geneva (414) 5,612 4,890 54140 Little Chute (414) 7,907 5,522 *53701 Madison (608) 170,616 171,809 54220 Manitowoc (414) 32,547 33,430 54143 Marinette (715) 11,965 12,696 54449 Marshfield (715) 18,290 15,619 54952 Menasha (414) 14,728 14,836 53051 Menomonee Falls (414) 27,845 31,697 54751 Menomonie (715) 12,769 11,112 53092 Mequon (414) 16,193 12,150 54452 Merrill (715) 9,578 9,502 53562 Middleton (608) 11,851 8,246 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 53562 Middleton (608) 11,851 8,246 *53203 Milwaukee (414) 636,297 717,372 53716 Monona (608) 8,809 10,420 53566 Monroe (608) 10,027 8,654 53150 Muskego (414) 15,277 11,573 54956 Neenah (414) 23,272 22,902 53151 New Berlin (414) 30,529 26,910 54961 New London (414) 6,210 5,801 53154 Oak Creek (414) 16,932 13,928 53066 Oconomowoc (414) 9,909 8,741 54650 Onalaska (608) 9,249 4,909 54901 Oshkosh (414) 49,678 53,082 53818 Platteville (608) 9,580 9,599 54467 Plover (715) 5,310 ... 53073 Plymouth (414) 6,027 5,810 53901 Portage (608) 7,896 7,821 53074 Port Washington (414) 8,612 8,752 53821 Prairie du Chien (608) 5,859 5,540 *53401 Racine (414) 85,725 95,162 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 *53401 Racine (414) 85,725 95,162 53959 Reedsburg (608) 5,038 4,585 54501 Rhinelander (715) 7,873 8,218 54868 Rice Lake (715) 7,691 7,278 54971 Ripon (414) 7,111 7,053 54022 River Falls (715) 9,019 7,238 53207 St. Francis (414) 10,095 10,489 54166 Shawano (715) 7,013 6,488 53081 Sheboygan (414) 48,085 48,484 53085 Sheboygan Falls (414) 5,253 4,771 53211 Shorewood (414) 14,327 15,576 53172 South Milwaukee (414) 21,069 23,297 54656 Sparta (608) 6,934 6,258 54481 Stevens Point (715) 22,970 23,479 53589 Stoughton (608) 7,589 6,096 54235 Sturgeon Bay (414) 8,847 6,776 53590 Sun Prairie (608) 12,931 9,935 54880 Superior (715) 29,571 32,237 54660 Tomah (608) 7,204 5,647 ZIP code Place Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 54660 Tomah (608) 7,204 5,647 54241 Two Rivers (414) 13,354 13,732 53094 Watertown (414) 18,113 15,683 53186 Waukesha (414) 50,365 39,695 53963 Waupun (414) 8,132 7,946 54401 Wausau (715) 32,426 32,806 54401 Wausau West Rib Mt.(u) (715) 6,005 .... 53213 Wauwatosa (414) 51,308 58,676 53214 West Allis (414) 63,982 71,649 53095 West Bend (414) 21,484 16,555 54476 Weston(u) (715) 8,775 3,375 53217 Whitefish Bay (414) 14,930 17,402 53190 Whitewater (414) 11,520 12,038 54494 Wisconsin Rapids (715) 17,995 18,587 Wyoming (307) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 82601 Casper 51,016 39,361 82001 Cheyenne 47,283 41,254 82414 Cody 6,599 5,161 82633 Douglas 6,030 2,677 82930 Evanston 6,265 4,462 82716 Gillette 12,134 7,194 82335 Green River 12,807 4,196 82520 Lander 9,126 7,125 82070 Laramie 24,410 23,143 82435 Powell 5,310 4,807 82301 Rawlins 11,547 7,855 82501 Riverton 9,562 7,995 82901 Rock Springs 19,458 11,657 ZIP code Place 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 82901 Rock Springs 19,458 11,657 82801 Sheridan 15,146 10,856 82240 Torrington 5,441 4,237 82201 Wheatland 5,816 2,498 82401 Worland 6,391 5,055 Census and Areas of Counties and States U.S. Bureau of the Census With names of county seats or court houses Population figures listed below are final counts in the 1980 census, conducted on Apr. 1, 1990, and updated in April 1990, for all counties and states. Figures are subject to change pending the outcome of various lawsuits dealing with the census counts. Alabama (67 counties, 50,767 sq. mi. land; pop., 3,894,025) 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Autauga 32,259 Prattville 597 Baldwin 78,440 Bay Minette 1,589 Barbour 24,756 Clayton 884 Bibb 15,723 Centreville 625 Blount 36,459 Oneonta 643 Bullock 10,596 Union Springs 625 Butler 21,680 Greenville 779 Calhoun 116,936 Anniston 611 Chambers 39,191 Lafayette 596 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Chambers 39,191 Lafayette 596 Cherokee 18,760 Centre 553 Chilton 30,612 Clanton 695 Choctaw 16,839 Butler 909 Clarke 27,702 Grove Hill 1,230 Clay 13,703 Ashland 605 Cleburne 12,595 Heflin 561 Coffee 38,533 Elba 680 Colbert 54,519 Tuscumbia 589 Conecuh 15,884 Evergreen 854 Coosa 11,377 Rockford 657 Covington 36,850 Andalusia 1,038 Crenshaw 14,110 Luverne 611 Cullman 61,642 Cullman 738 Dale 47,821 Ozark 561 Dallas 53,981 Selma 975 De Kalb 53,658 Fort Payne 778 Elmore 43,390 Wetumpka 622 Escambia 38,392 Brewton 951 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Escambia 38,392 Brewton 951 Etowah 103,057 Gadsden 542 Fayette 18,809 Fayette 630 Franklin 28,350 Russellville 643 Geneva 24,253 Geneva 578 Greene 11,021 Eutaw 631 Hale 15,604 Greensboro 661 Henry 15,302 Abbeville 557 Houston 74,632 Dothan 577 Jackson 51,407 Scottsboro 1,070 Jefferson 671,371 Birmingham 1,119 Lamar 16,453 Vernon 605 Lauderdale 80,504 Florence 661 Lawrence 30,170 Moulton 693 Lee 76,283 Opelika 609 Limestone 46,005 Athens 559 Lowndes 13,253 Hayneville 714 Macon 26,829 Tuskegee 614 Madison 196,966 Huntsville 806 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Madison 196,966 Huntsville 806 Marengo 25,047 Linden 982 Marion 30,041 Hamilton 743 Marshall 65,622 Guntersville 567 Mobile 364,379 Mobile 1,238 Monroe 22,651 Monroeville 1,019 Montgomery 197,038 Montgomery 793 Morgan 90,231 Decatur 575 Perry 15,012 Marion 718 Pickens 21,481 Carrollton 890 Pike 28,050 Troy 672 Randolph 20,075 Wedowee 584 Russell 47,356 Phenix City 634 St. Clair 41,205 Ashville & Pell City 646 Shelby 66,298 Columbiana 800 Sumter 16,908 Livingston 907 Talladega 73,826 Talladega 753 Tallapoosa 38,766 Dadeville 701 Tuscaloosa 137,473 Tuscaloosa 1,336 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Tuscaloosa 137,473 Tuscaloosa 1,336 Walker 68,660 Jasper 804 Washington 16,821 Chatom 1,081 Wilcox 14,755 Camden 883 Winston 21,953 Double Springs 613 Alaska (23 divisions, 570,833 sq. mi. land; pop., 401,851) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pop. Land area sq. mi. Pop. Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Census area Aleutian Islands 7,768 10,890 Anchorage Borough 173,017 1,732 Census division Bethel 10,999 36,104 Bristol Bay Borough 1,094 531 Dillingham 4,616 46,042 Fairbanks North Star Borough 53,983 7,404 Haines Borough 1,680 2,374 Juneau Borough 19,528 2,626 Kenai Peninsula Borough 25,282 16,056 Ketchikan Gateway Borough 11,316 1,242 Kobuk 4,831 31,593 Kodiak Island Borough 9,939 4,796 Matanuska-Susitna Borough 17,766 24,502 Nome 6,537 23,871 North Slope Borough 4,199 90,955 Prince of Wales-Outer Ketchikan 3,822 7,660 Sitka Borough 7,803 2,938 Pop. Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sitka Borough 7,803 2,938 Skagway-Yakutat-Angoon 3,478 13,239 Southeast Fairbanks 5,770 24,169 Valdez-Cordova 8,348 39,229 Wade Hampton 4,665 17,816 Wrangell-Petersburg 6,167 5,965 Yukon-Koyukuk 7,873 159,099 Arizona (15 counties, 113,508 sq. mi. land; pop. 2,716,546) 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Apache 52,083 Saint Johns 11,211 Cochise 86,717 Bisbee 6,218 Coconino 74,947 Flagstaff 18,608 Gila 37,080 Globe 4,752 Graham 22,862 Safford 4,630 Greenlee 11,406 Clifton 1,837 La Paz 12,487 Parker 4,430 Maricopa 1,509,175 Phoenix 9,127 Mohave 55,693 Kingman 13,285 Navajo 67,709 Holbrook 9,955 Pima 531,263 Tucson 9,187 Pinal 90,918 Florence 5,343 Santa Cruz 20,459 Nogales 1,238 Yavapai 68,145 Prescott 8,123 Yuma 88,762 Yuma 5,564 Arkansas (75 counties, 52,078 sq. mi. land; pop. 2,286,357) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Arkansas 24,175 DeWitt & Stuttgart 1,006 Ashley 26,538 Hamburg 934 Baxter 27,409 Mountain Home 546 Benton 78,115 Bentonville 843 Boone 26,067 Harrison 584 Bradley 13,803 Warren 654 Calhoun 6,079 Hampton 628 Carroll 16,203 Berryville and Eureka Sp. 634 Chicot 17,793 Lake Village 649 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Chicot 17,793 Lake Village 649 Clark 23,326 Arkadelphia 867 Clay 20,616 Corning; Piggott 641 Cleburne 16,909 Heber Springs 551 Cleveland 7,868 Rison 599 Columbia 26,644 Magnolia 767 Conway 19,505 Morrilton 558 Craighead 63,218 Jonesboro and Lake City 713 Crawford 36,892 Van Buren 594 Crittenden 49,097 Marion 599 Cross 20,434 Wynne 622 Dallas 10,515 Fordyce 668 Desha 19,760 Arkansas City 746 Drew 17,910 Monticello 831 Faulkner 46,192 Conway 645 Franklin 14,705 Charleston and Ozark 609 Fulton 9,975 Salem 616 Garland 69,916 Hot Spgs. Nat'l Pk. 657 Grant 13,008 Sheridan 633 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Grant 13,008 Sheridan 633 Greene 30,744 Paragould 579 Hempstead 23,635 Hope 725 Hot Spring 26,819 Malvern 615 Howard 13,459 Nashville 574 Independence 30,147 Batesville 763 Izard 10,768 Melbourne 581 Jackson 21,646 Newport 633 Jefferson 90,718 Pine Bluff 882 Johnson 17,423 Clarksville 676 Lafayette 10,213 Lewisville 518 Lawrence 18,447 Walnut Ridge 589 Lee 15,539 Marianna 602 Lincoln 13,369 Star City 562 Little River 13,952 Ashdown 516 Logan 20,144 Booneville & Paris 717 Lonoke 34,518 Lonoke 783 Madison 11,373 Huntsville 837 Marion 11,334 Yellville 587 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Marion 11,334 Yellville 587 Miller 37,766 Texarkana 619 Mississippi 59,517 Blytheville and Osceola 896 Monroe 14,052 Clarendon 609 Montgomery 7,771 Mount Ida 774 Nevada 11,097 Prescott 620 Newton 7,756 Jasper 823 Ouachita 30,541 Camden 737 Perry 7,266 Perryville 550 Phillips 34,772 Helena 685 Pike 10,373 Murfreesboro 598 Poinsett 27,032 Harrisburg 762 Polk 17,007 Mena 860 Pope 38,964 Russellville 820 Prairie 10,140 Des Arc and De Valls Bluff 656 Pulaski 340,597 Little Rock 767 Randolph 16,834 Pocahontas 656 St. Francis 30,858 Forrest City 638 Saline 53,156 Benton 725 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Saline 53,156 Benton 725 Scott 9,685 Waldron 896 Searcy 8,847 Marshall 668 Sebastian 94,930 Fort Smith; Greenwood 535 Sevier 14,060 De Queen 560 Sharp 14,607 Ash Flat 606 Stone 9,022 Mountain View 606 Union 49,988 El Dorado 1,053 Van Buren 13,357 Clinton 709 Washington 99,735 Fayetteville 951 White 50,835 Searcy 1,040 Woodruff 11,222 Augusta 592 Yell 17,026 Danville and Dardanelle 930 California (58 counties, 156,299 sq. mi. land; pop. 23,667,764) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alameda 1,105,379 Oakland 736 Alpine 1,097 Markleeville 738 Amador 19,314 Jackson 589 Butte 143,851 Oroville 1,646 Calaveras 20,710 San Andreas 1,021 Colusa 12,791 Colusa 1,152 Contra Costa 656,331 Martinez 730 Del Norte 18,217 Crescent City 1,007 El Dorado 85,812 Placerville 1,715 Fresno 515,013 Fresno 5,978 Glenn 21,350 Willows 1,319 Humboldt 108,525 Eureka 3,579 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Humboldt 108,525 Eureka 3,579 Imperial 92,110 El Centro 4,173 Inyo 17,895 Independence 10,223 Kern 403,089 Bakersfield 8,130 Kings 73,738 Hanford 1,392 Lake 36,366 Lakeport 1,262 Lassen 21,661 Susanville 4,553 Los Angeles 7,477,238 Los Angeles 4,070 Madera 63,116 Madera 2,145 Marin 222,592 San Rafael 523 Mariposa 11,108 Mariposa 1,456 Mendocino 66,738 Ukiah 3,512 Merced 134,558 Merced 1,944 Modoc 8,610 Alturas 4,064 Mono 8,577 Bridgeport 3,018 Monterey 290,444 Salinas 3,303 Napa 99,199 Napa 744 Nevada 51,645 Nevada City 960 Orange 1,932,921 Santa Ana 798 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Orange 1,932,921 Santa Ana 798 Placer 117,247 Auburn 1,416 Plumas 17,340 Quincy 2,573 Riverside 663,199 Riverside 7,214 Sacramento 783,381 Sacramento 971 San Benito 25,005 Hollister 1,388 San Bernardino 893,157 San Bernardino 20,064 San Diego 1,861,846 San Diego 4,212 San Francisco 678,974 San Francisco 46 San Joaquin 347,342 Stockton 1,415 San Luis Obispo 155,345 San Luis Obispo 3,308 San Mateo 588,164 Redwood City 447 Santa Barbara 298,660 Santa Barbara 2,748 Santa Clara 1,295,071 San Jose 1,293 Santa Cruz 188,141 Santa Cruz 446 Shasta 115,613 Redding 3,786 Sierra 3,073 Downieville 959 Siskiyou 39,732 Yreka 6,281 Solano 235,203 Fairfield 834 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Solano 235,203 Fairfield 834 Sonoma 299,827 Santa Rosa 1,604 Stanislaus 265,902 Modesto 1,506 Sutter 52,246 Yuba City 602 Tehama 38,888 Red Bluff 2,953 Trinity 11,858 Weaverville 3,190 Tulare 245,751 Visalia 4,808 Tuolumne 33,920 Sonora 2,234 Ventura 529,899 Ventura 1,862 Yolo 113,374 Woodland 1,014 Yuba 49,733 Marysville 640 Colorado (63 counties, 103,595 sq. mi. land; pop. 2,889,735) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adams 245,944 Brighton 1,235 Alamosa 11,799 Alamosa 719 Arapahoe 293,300 Littleton 800 Archuleta 3,664 Pagosa Springs 1,353 Baca 5,419 Springfield 2,554 Bent 5,945 Las Animas 1,517 Boulder 189,625 Boulder 742 Chaffee 13,227 Salida 1,008 Cheyenne 2,153 Cheyenne Wells 1,783 Clear Creek 7,308 Georgetown 396 Conejos 7,794 Conejos 1,284 Costilla 3,071 San Luis 1,227 Crowley 2,988 Ordway 790 Custer 1,528 Westcliffe 740 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Custer 1,528 Westcliffe 740 Delta 21,225 Delta 1,141 Denver 492,686 Denver 111 Dolores 1,658 Dove Creek 1,064 Douglas 25,153 Castle Rock 841 Eagle 13,171 Eagle 1,690 Elbert 6,850 Kiowa 1,851 El Paso 309,424 Colorado Springs 2,129 Fremont 28,676 Canon City 1,538 Garfield 22,514 Glenwood Springs 2,952 Gilpin 2,441 Central City 149 Grand 7,475 Hot Sulphur Springs 1,854 Gunnison 10,689 Gunnison 3,238 Hinsdale 408 Lake City 1,115 Huerfano 6,440 Walsenburg 1,584 Jackson 1,863 Walden 1,614 Jefferson 371,741 Golden 768 Kiowa 1,936 Eads 1,758 Kit Carson 7,599 Burlington 2,160 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Kit Carson 7,599 Burlington 2,160 Lake 8,830 Leadville 379 La Plata 27,195 Durango 1,692 Larimer 149,184 Fort Collins 2,604 Las Animas 14,897 Trinidad 4,771 Lincoln 4,663 Hugo 2,586 Logan 19,800 Sterling 1,818 Mesa 81,530 Grand Junction 3,309 Mineral 804 Creede 877 Moffat 13,133 Craig 4,732 Montezuma 16,510 Cortez 2,038 Montrose 24,352 Montrose 2,240 Morgan 22,513 Fort Morgan 1,276 Otero 22,567 LaJunta 1,247 Ouray 1,925 Ouray 542 Park 5,333 Fairplay 2,192 Phillips 4,542 Holyoke 688 Pitkin 10,338 Aspen 968 Prowers 13,070 Lamar 1,629 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Prowers 13,070 Lamar 1,629 Pueblo 125,972 Pueblo 2,377 Rio Blanco 6,255 Meeker 3,222 Rio Grande 10,511 Del Norte 913 Routt 13,404 Steamboat Springs 2,367 Saguache 3,935 Saguache 3,167 San Juan 833 Silverton 388 San Miguel 3,192 Telluride 1,287 Sedgwick 3,266 Julesburg 540 Summit 8,848 Breckenridge 607 Teller 8,034 Cripple Creek 559 Washington 5,304 Akron 2,520 Weld 123,438 Greeley 3,990 Yuma 9,682 Wray 2,365 Connecticut (8 counties, 4,872 sq. mi. land; pop. 3,107,564) 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Fairfield 807,143 Bridgeport 632 Hartford 807,766 Hartford 739 Litchfield 156,769 Litchfield 921 Middlesex 129,017 Middletown 373 New Haven 761,325 New Haven 610 New London 238,409 Norwich 669 Tolland 114,823 Rockville 412 Windham 92,312 Putnam 515 Delaware (3 counties, 1,932 sq. mi. land; pop. 594,338) 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Kent 98,219 Dover 595 New Castle 399,002 Wilmington 396 Sussex 98,004 Georgetown 942 District of Columbia (63 sq. mi. land; pop. 638,432) Florida (67 counties, 54,153 sq. mi. land; pop. 9,746,961) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Alachua 151,369 Gainesville 901 Baker 15,289 Macclenny 585 Bay 97,740 Panama City 758 Bradford 20,023 Starke 293 Brevard 272,959 Titusville 995 Broward 1,018,257 Fort Lauderdale 1,211 Calhoun 9,294 Blountstown 568 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Calhoun 9,294 Blountstown 568 Charlotte 59,115 Punta Gorda 690 Citrus 54,703 Inverness 629 Clay 67,052 Green Cove Spgs. 592 Collier 85,791 Naples 1,994 Columbia 35,399 Lake City 796 Dade 1,625,509 Miami 1,955 De Soto 19,039 Arcadia 636 Dixie 7,751 Cross City 701 Duval 570,981 Jacksonville 776 Escambia 233,794 Pensacola 660 Flagler 10,913 Bunnell 491 Franklin 7,661 Apalachicola 545 Gadsden 41,674 Quincy 518 Gilchrist 5,767 Trenton 354 Glades 5,992 Moore Haven 763 Gulf 10,658 Port St. Joe 559 Hamilton 8,761 Jasper 517 Hardee 20,357 Wauchula 637 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hardee 20,357 Wauchula 637 Hendry 18,599 La Belle 1,163 Hernando 44,469 Brooksville 477 Highlands 47,526 Sebring 1,029 Hillsborough 646,939 Tampa 1,053 Holmes 14,723 Bonifay 488 Indian River 59,896 Vero Beach 497 Jackson 39,154 Marianna 942 Jefferson 10,703 Monticello 609 Lafayette 4,035 Mayo 545 Lake 104,870 Tavares 954 Lee 205,266 Fort Myers 803 Leon 148,655 Tallahassee 676 Levy 19,870 Bronson 1,100 Liberty 4,260 Bristol 837 Madison 14,894 Madison 710 Manatee 148,445 Bradenton 747 Marion 122,488 Ocala 1,610 Martin 64,014 Stuart 555 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Martin 64,014 Stuart 555 Monroe 63,098 Key West 1,034 Nassau 32,894 Fernandina Beach 649 Okaloosa 109,920 Crestview 936 Okeechobee 20,264 Okeechobee 770 Orange 470,865 Orlando 910 Osceola 49,287 Kissimmee 1,350 Palm Beach 576,758 West Palm Beach 1,993 Pasco 193,661 Dade City 738 Pinellas 728,409 Clearwater 280 Polk 321,652 Bartow 1,823 Putnam 50,549 Palatka 733 St. Johns 51,303 Saint Augustine 617 St. Lucie 87,182 Fort Pierce 581 Santa Rosa 55,988 Milton 1,024 Sarasota 202,251 Sarasota 573 Seminole 179,752 Sanford 298 Sumter 24,272 Bushnell 561 Suwannee 22,287 Live Oak 690 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Suwannee 22,287 Live Oak 690 Taylor 16,532 Perry 1,058 Union 10,166 Lake Butler 246 Volusia 258,762 De Land 1,113 Wakulla 10,887 Crawfordville 601 Walton 21,300 De Funiak Springs 1,066 Washington 14,509 Chipley 590 Georgia (159 counties, 58,056 sq. mi. land; pop. 5,462,982) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Appling 15,565 Baxley 510 Atkinson 6,141 Pearson 344 Bacon 9,379 Alma 286 Baker 3,808 Newton 347 Baldwin 34,686 Milledgeville 257 Banks 8,702 Horner 234 Barrow 21,293 Winder 163 Bartow 40,760 Cartersville 456 Ben Hill 16,000 Fitzgerald 254 Berrien 13,525 Nashville 456 Bibb 151,085 Macon 253 Bleckley 10,767 Cochran 219 Brantley 8,701 Nahunta 445 Brooks 15,255 Quitman 491 Bryan 10,175 Pembroke 441 Bulloch 35,785 Statesboro 678 Burke 19,349 Waynesboro 833 Butts 13,665 Jackson 187 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Butts 13,665 Jackson 187 Calhoun 5,717 Morgan 284 Camden 13,371 Woodbine 649 Candler 7,518 Metter 248 Carroll 56,346 Carrollton 501 Catoosa 36,991 Ringgold 162 Charlton 7,343 Folkston 780 Chatham 202,226 Savannah 443 Chattahoochee 21,732 Cusseta 250 Chattooga 21,856 Summerville 313 Cherokee 51,699 Canton 424 Clarke 74,498 Athens 122 Clay 3,553 Fort Gaines 196 Clayton 150,357 Jonesboro 148 Clinch 6,660 Homerville 821 Cobb 297,694 Marietta 343 Coffee 26,894 Douglas 602 Colquitt 35,376 Moultrie 557 Columbia 40,118 Appling 290 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Columbia 40,118 Appling 290 Cook 13,490 Adel 233 Coweta 39,268 Newnan 444 Crawford 7,684 Knoxville 328 Crisp 19,489 Cordele 275 Dade 12,318 Trenton 176 Dawson 4,774 Dawsonville 210 Decatur 25,495 Bainbridge 586 De Kalb 483,024 Decatur 270 Dodge 16,955 Eastman 504 Dooly 10,826 Vienna 397 Dougherty 100,710 Albany 330 Douglas 54,573 Douglasville 203 Early 13,158 Blakely 516 Echols 2,297 Statenville 421 Effingham 18,327 Springfield 482 Elbert 18,758 Elberton 367 Emanuel 20,795 Swainsboro 688 Evans 8,428 Claxton 186 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Evans 8,428 Claxton 186 Fannin 14,748 Blue Ridge 384 Fayette 29,043 Fayetteville 199 Floyd 79,800 Rome 519 Forsyth 27,958 Cumming 226 Franklin 15,185 Carnesville 264 Fulton 589,904 Atlanta 534 Gilmer 11,110 Ellijay 427 Glascock 2,382 Gibson 144 Glynn 54,981 Brunswick 412 Gordon 30,070 Calhoun 355 Grady 19,845 Cairo 459 Greene 11,391 Greensboro 389 Gwinnett 166,808 Lawrenceville 435 Habersham 25,020 Clarkesville 278 Hall 75,649 Gainesville 379 Hancock 9,466 Sparta 470 Haralson 18,422 Buchanan 283 Harris 15,464 Hamilton 464 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Harris 15,464 Hamilton 464 Hart 18,585 Hartwell 230 Heard 6,520 Franklin 292 Henry 36,309 McDonough 321 Houston 77,605 Perry 380 Irwin 8,988 Ocilla 362 Jackson 25,343 Jefferson 342 Jasper 7,553 Monticello 371 Jeff Davis 11,473 Hazlehurst 335 Jefferson 18,403 Louisville 529 Jenkins 8,841 Millen 353 Johnson 8,660 Wrightsville 306 Jones 16,579 Gray 394 Lamar 12,215 Barnesville 186 Lanier 5,654 Lakeland 194 Laurens 36,990 Dublin 816 Lee 11,684 Leesburg 358 Liberty 37,583 Hinesville 517 Lincoln 6,949 Lincolnton 196 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lincoln 6,949 Lincolnton 196 Long 4,524 Ludowici 402 Lowndes 67,972 Valdosta 507 Lumpkin 10,762 Dahlonega 287 McDuffie 18,546 Thomson 256 McIntosh 8,046 Darien 425 Macon 14,003 Oglethorpe 404 Madison 17,747 Danielsville 285 Marion 5,297 Buena Vista 366 Meriwether 21,229 Greenville 506 Miller 7,038 Colquitt 284 Mitchell 21,114 Camilla 512 Monroe 14,610 Forsyth 397 Montgomery 7,011 Mount Vernon 244 Morgan 11,572 Madison 349 Murray 19,685 Chatsworth 345 Muscogee 170,108 Columbus 218 Newton 34,666 Covington 277 Oconee 12,427 Watkinsville 186 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Oconee 12,427 Watkinsville 186 Oglethorpe 8,929 Lexington 442 Paulding 26,042 Dallas 312 Peach 19,151 Fort Valley 152 Pickens 11,652 Jasper 232 Pierce 11,897 Blackshear 344 Pike 8,937 Zebulon 219 Polk 32,382 Cedartown 311 Pulaski 8,950 Hawkinsville 249 Putnam 10,295 Eatonton 344 Quitman 2,357 Georgetown 146 Rabun 10,466 Clayton 370 Randolph 9,599 Cuthbert 431 Richmond 181,629 Augusta 326 Rockdale 36,570 Conyers 132 Schley 3,433 Ellaville 169 Screven 14,043 Sylvania 655 Seminole 9,057 Donalsonville 225 Spalding 47,899 Griffin 199 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Spalding 47,899 Griffin 199 Stephens 21,761 Toccoa 177 Stewart 5,896 Lumpkin 452 Sumter 29,360 Americus 489 Talbot 6,536 Talbotton 395 Taliaferro 2,032 Crawfordville 196 Tattnall 18,134 Reidsville 484 Taylor 7,902 Butler 382 Telfair 11,445 MacRae 444 Terrell 12,017 Dawson 337 Thomas 38,098 Thomasville 551 Tift 32,862 Tifton 268 Toombs 22,592 Lyons 371 Towns 5,638 Hiawassee 165 Treutlen 6,087 Soperton 202 Troup 50,003 La Grange 414 Turner 9,510 Ashburn 289 Twiggs 9,354 Jeffersonville 362 Union 9,390 Blairsville 320 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Union 9,390 Blairsville 320 Upson 25,998 Thomaston 326 Walker 56,470 La Fayette 446 Walton 31,211 Monroe 330 Ware 37,180 Waycross 907 Warren 6,583 Warrenton 286 Washington 18,842 Sandersville 684 Wayne 20,750 Jesup 647 Webster 2,341 Preston 210 Wheeler 5,155 Alamo 299 White 10,120 Cleveland 242 Whitfield 65,775 Dalton 291 Wilcox 7,682 Abbeville 382 Wilkes 10,951 Washington 470 Wilkinson 10,368 Irwinton 451 Worth 18,064 Sylvester 575 Hawaii (4 counties, 6,425 sq. mi. land; pop. 964,691) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴� County Pop. County seat or 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Hawaii 92,053 Hilo Honolulu 762,874 Honolulu Kauai 39,082 Lihue Maui* 70,991 Wailuku *Includes population of *Includes population of *Includes popul County Pop. County seat or 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� *Includes population of *Includes population of *Includes popul Kalawao County (146) Kalawao County (146) Kalawao County Idaho (44 counties, 82,412 sq. mi. land; pop. 944,127) 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ada 173,125 Boise 1,052 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ada 173,125 Boise 1,052 Adams 3,347 Council 1,362 Bannock 65,421 Pocatello 1,112 Bear Lake 6,931 Paris 990 Benewah 8,292 Saint Maries 784 Bingham 36,489 Blackfoot 2,096 Blaine 9,841 Hailey 2,634 Boise 2,999 Idaho City 1,901 Bonner 24,163 Sandpoint 1,726 Bonneville 65,980 Idaho Falls 1,840 Boundary 7,289 Bonners Ferry 1,268 Butte 3,342 Arco 2,236 Camas 818 Fairfield 1,071 Canyon 83,756 Caldwell 584 Caribou 8,695 Soda Springs 1,763 Cassia 19,427 Burley 2,560 Clark 798 Dubois 1,763 Clearwater 10,390 Orofino 2,236 Custer 3,385 Challis 4,927 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Custer 3,385 Challis 4,927 Elmore 21,565 Mountain Home 3,071 Franklin 8,895 Preston 664 Fremont 10,813 Saint Anthony 1,852 Gem 11,972 Emmett 558 Gooding 11,874 Gooding 728 Idaho 14,769 Grangeville 8,497 Jefferson 15,304 Rigby 1,093 Jerome 14,840 Jerome 601 Kootenai 59,770 Coeur d'Alene 1,240 Latah 28,749 Moscow 1,077 Lemhi 7,460 Salmon 4,564 Lewis 4,118 Nezperce 478 Lincoln 3,436 Shoshone 1,205 Madison 19,480 Rexberg 468 Minidoka 19,718 Rupert 757 Nez Perce 33,220 Lewiston 845 Oneida 3,258 Malad City 1,200 Owyhee 8,272 Murphy 7,643 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Owyhee 8,272 Murphy 7,643 Payette 15,825 Payette 405 Power 6,844 American Falls 1,403 Shoshone 19,226 Wallace 2,641 Teton 2,897 Driggs 448 Twin Falls 52,927 Twin Falls 1,944 Valley 5,604 Cascade 3,670 Washington 8,803 Weiser 1,454 Illinois (102 counties, 55,645 sq. mi. land; pop. 11,427,409) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adams 71,622 Quincy 852 Alexander 12,264 Cairo 236 Bond 16,224 Greenville 377 Boone 28,630 Belvidere 282 Brown 5,411 Mount Sterling 306 Bureau 39,114 Princeton 869 Calhoun 5,867 Hardin 250 Carroll 18,779 Mount Carroll 444 Cass 15,084 Virginia 374 Champaign 168,392 Urbana 998 Christian 36,446 Taylorville 710 Clark 16,913 Marshall 506 Clay 15,283 Louisville 469 Clinton 32,617 Carlyle 472 Coles 52,992 Charleston 509 Cook 5,253,628 Chicago 958 Crawford 20,818 Robinson 446 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Crawford 20,818 Robinson 446 Cumberland 11,062 Toledo 346 De Kalb 74,628 Sycamore 634 De Witt 18,108 Clinton 397 Douglas 19,774 Tuscola 417 Du Page 658,858 Wheaton 337 Edgar 21,725 Paris 623 Edwards 7,961 Albion 223 Effingham 30,944 Effingham 478 Fayette 22,167 Vandalia 709 Ford 15,265 Paxton 486 Franklin 43,201 Benton 414 Fulton 43,687 Lewiston 871 Gallatin 7,590 Shawneetown 325 Greene 16,661 Carrollton 543 Grundy 30,582 Morris 423 Hamilton 9,172 McLeansboro 436 Hancock 23,877 Carthage 796 Hardin 5,383 Elizabethtown 181 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Hardin 5,383 Elizabethtown 181 Henderson 9,114 Oquawka 373 Henry 57,968 Cambridge 824 Iroquois 32,976 Watseka 1,118 Jackson 61,649 Murphysboro 590 Jasper 11,318 Newton 496 Jefferson 36,558 Mount Vernon 570 Jersey 20,538 Jerseyville 373 Jo Daviess 23,520 Galena 603 Johnson 9,624 Vienna 346 Kane 278,405 Geneva 524 Kankakee 102,926 Kankakee 679 Kendall 37,202 Yorkville 322 Knox 61,607 Galesburg 720 Lake 440,388 Waukegan 454 La Salle 109,139 Ottawa 1,139 Lawrence 17,807 Lawrenceville 374 Lee 36,328 Dixon 725 Livingston 41,381 Pontiac 1,046 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Livingston 41,381 Pontiac 1,046 Logan 31,802 Lincoln 619 McDonough 37,236 Macomb 590 McHenry 147,724 Woodstock 606 McLean 119,149 Bloomington 1,185 Macon 131,375 Decatur 581 Macoupin 49,384 Carlinville 865 Madison 247,661 Edwardsville 728 Marion 43,523 Salem 573 Marshall 14,479 Lacon 388 Mason 19,492 Havana 536 Massac 14,990 Metropolis 241 Menard 11,700 Petersburg 315 Mercer 19,286 Aledo 559 Monroe 20,117 Waterloo 388 Montgomery 31,686 Hillsboro 705 Morgan 37,502 Jacksonville 568 Moultrie 14,546 Sullivan 325 Ogle 46,338 Oregon 759 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ogle 46,338 Oregon 759 Peoria 200,466 Peoria 621 Perry 21,714 Pinckneyville 443 Piatt 16,581 Monticello 439 Pike 18,896 Pittsfield 830 Pope 4,404 Golconda 374 Pulaski 8,840 Mound City 203 Putnam 6,085 Hennepin 160 Randolph 35,566 Chester 583 Richland 17,587 Olney 360 Rock Island 166,759 Rock Island 423 St. Clair 265,469 Belleville 672 Saline 27,360 Harrisburg 385 Sangamon 176,070 Springfield 866 Schuyler 8,365 Rushville 436 Scott 6,142 Winchester 251 Shelby 23,923 Shelbyville 747 Stark 7,389 Toulon 288 Stephenson 49,536 Freeport 564 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Stephenson 49,536 Freeport 564 Tazewell 132,078 Pekin 650 Union 16,851 Jonesboro 414 Vermilion 95,222 Danville 900 Wabash 13,713 Mt. Carmel 224 Warren 21,943 Monmouth 543 Washington 15,472 Nashville 563 Wayne 18,059 Fairfield 715 White 17,864 Carmi 497 Whiteside 65,970 Morrison 682 Will 324,460 Joliet 844 Williamson 56,538 Marion 427 Winnebago 250,884 Rockford 516 Woodford 33,320 Eureka 527 Indiana (92 counties, 35,932 sq. mi. land; pop. 5,490,214) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adams 29,619 Decatur 340 Allen 294,335 Fort Wayne 659 Bartholomew 65,088 Columbus 409 Benton 10,218 Fowler 407 Blackford 15,570 Hartford City 166 Boone 36,446 Lebanon 423 Brown 12,377 Nashville 312 Carroll 19,722 Delphi 372 Cass 40,936 Logansport 414 Clark 88,838 Jeffersonville 376 Clay 24,862 Brazil 360 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Clay 24,862 Brazil 360 Clinton 31,545 Frankfort 405 Crawford 9,820 English 307 Daviess 27,836 Washington 432 Dearborn 34,291 Lawrenceburg 307 Decatur 23,841 Greensburg 373 DeKalb 33,606 Auburn 364 Delaware 128,587 Muncie 392 Dubois 34,238 Jasper 429 Elkhart 137,330 Goshen 466 Fayette 28,272 Connersville 215 Floyd 61,205 New Albany 150 Fountain 19,033 Covington 398 Franklin 19,612 Brookville 385 Fulton 19,335 Rochester 369 Gibson 33,156 Princeton 490 Grant 80,934 Marion 415 Greene 30,416 Bloomfield 546 Hamilton 82,381 Noblesville 398 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Hamilton 82,381 Noblesville 398 Hancock 43,939 Greenfield 307 Harrison 27,276 Corydon 486 Hendricks 69,804 Danville 409 Henry 53,336 New Castle 394 Howard 86,896 Kokomo 293 Huntington 35,596 Huntington 366 Jackson 36,523 Brownstown 513 Jasper 26,138 Rensselaer 561 Jay 23,239 Portland 384 Jefferson 30,419 Madison 363 Jennings 22,854 Vernon 378 Johnson 77,240 Franklin 321 Knox 41,838 Vincennes 520 Kosciusko 59,555 Warsaw 540 Lagrange 25,550 Lagrange 380 Lake 522,917 Crown Point 501 La Porte 108,632 La Porte 600 Lawrence 42,472 Bedford 452 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lawrence 42,472 Bedford 452 Madison 139,336 Anderson 453 Marion 765,233 Indianapolis 396 Marshall 39,155 Plymouth 444 Martin 11,001 Shoals 339 Miami 39,820 Peru 369 Monroe 98,787 Bloomington 385 Montgomery 35,501 Crawfordsville 505 Morgan 51,999 Martinsville 409 Newton 14,844 Kentland 401 Noble 35,443 Albion 413 Ohio 5,114 Rising Sun 87 Orange 18,677 Paoli 408 Owen 15,840 Spencer 386 Parke 16,372 Rockville 444 Perry 19,346 Cannelton 382 Pike 13,465 Petersburg 341 Porter 119,816 Valparaiso 418 Posey 26,414 Mount Vernon 409 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Posey 26,414 Mount Vernon 409 Pulaski 13,258 Winamac 435 Putnam 29,163 Greencastle 482 Randolph 29,997 Winchester 454 Ripley 24,398 Versailles 447 Rush 19,604 Rushville 408 St. Joseph 241,617 South Bend 459 Scott 20,422 Scottsburg 191 Shelby 39,887 Shelbyville 413 Spencer 19,361 Rockport 400 Starke 21,997 Knox 309 Steuben 24,694 Angola 308 Sullivan 21,107 Sullivan 452 Switzerland 7,153 Vevay 223 Tippecanoe 121,702 Lafayette 502 Tipton 16,819 Tipton 260 Union 6,860 Liberty 162 Vanderburgh 167,515 Evansville 236 Vermillion 18,229 Newport 260 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Vermillion 18,229 Newport 260 Vigo 112,385 Terre Haute 405 Wabash 36,640 Wabash 398 Warren 8,976 Williamsport 366 Warrick 41,474 Boonville 391 Washington 21,932 Salem 516 Wayne 76,058 Richmond 404 Wells 25,401 Bluffton 370 White 23,867 Monticello 506 Whitley 26,215 Columbia City 336 Iowa (99 counties; 55,965 sq. mi. land; pop. 2,913,808) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adair 9,509 Greenfield 570 Adams 5,731 Corning 425 Allamakee 15,108 Waukon 633 Appanoose 15,511 Centerville 498 Audubon 8,559 Audubon 444 Benton 23,649 Vinton 718 Black Hawk 137,961 Waterloo 573 Boone 26,184 Boone 573 Bremer 24,820 Waverly 439 Buchanan 22,900 Independence 572 Buena Vista 20,774 Storm Lake 575 Butler 17,668 Allison 582 Calhoun 13,542 Rockwell City 571 Carroll 22,951 Carroll 570 Cass 16,932 Atlantic 565 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cass 16,932 Atlantic 565 Cedar 18,635 Tipton 582 Cerro Gordo 48,458 Mason City 569 Cherokee 16,238 Cherokee 577 Chickasaw 15,437 New Hampton 505 Clarke 8,612 Osceola 431 Clay 19,576 Spencer 569 Clayton 21,098 Elkader 779 Clinton 57,122 Clinton 695 Crawford 18,935 Denison 714 DallasAdel 591 Davis 9,104 Bloomfield 504 Decatur 9,794 Leon 535 Delaware 18,933 Manchester 578 Des Moines 46,203 Burlington 414 Dickinson 15,629 Spirit Lake 381 Dubuque 93,745 Dubuque 607 Emmet 13,336 Estherville 394 Fayette 25,488 West Union 731 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Fayette 25,488 West Union 731 Floyd 19,597 Charles City 501 Franklin 13,036 Hampton 583 Fremont 9,401 Sidney 515 Greene 12,119 Jefferson 571 Grundy 14,366 Grundy Center 501 Guthrie 11,983 Guthrie Center 590 Hamilton 17,862 Webster City 576 Hancock 13,833 Garner 571 Hardin 21,776 Eldora 569 Harrison 16,348 Logan 697 Henry 18,890 Mount Pleasant 436 Howard 11,114 Cresco 473 Humboldt 12,246 Dakota City 436 Ida 8,908 Ida Grove 432 Iowa 15,429 Marengo 587 Jackson 22,503 Maquoketa 638 Jasper 36,425 Newton 731 Jefferson 16,316 Fairfield 440 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jefferson 16,316 Fairfield 440 Johnson 81,717 Iowa City 614 Jones 20,401 Anamosa 576 Keokuk 12,921 Sigourney 580 Kossuth 21,891 Algona 974 Lee 43,106 Fort Madison and Keokuk 522 Linn 169,775 Cedar Rapids 724 Louisa 12,055 Wapello 402 Lucas 10,313 Chariton 432 Lyon 12,896 Rock Rapids 588 Madison 12,597 Winterset 563 Mahaska 22,507 Oskaloosa 571 Marion 29,669 Knoxville 560 Marshall 41,652 Marshalltown 573 Mills 13,406 Glenwood 439 Mitchell 12,329 Osage 470 Monona 11,692 Onawa 697 Monroe 9,209 Albia 434 Montgomery 13,413 Red Oak 424 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Montgomery 13,413 Red Oak 424 Muscatine 40,436 Muscatine 442 O'Brien 16,972 Primghar 574 Osceola 8,371 Sibley 399 Page 19,063 Clarinda 535 Palo Alto 12,721 Emmetsburg 562 Plymouth 24,743 Le Mars 864 Pocahontas 11,369 Pocahontas 577 Polk 303,170 Des Moines 582 Pottawattamie 86,500 Council Bluffs 953 Poweshiek 19,306 Montezuma 585 Ringgold 6,112 Mount Ayr 535 Sac 14,118 Sac City 576 Scott 160,022 Davenport 459 Shelby 15,043 Harlan 591 Sioux 30,813 Orange City 769 Story 72,326 Nevada 574 Tama 19,533 Toledo 721 Taylor 8,353 Bedford 537 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Taylor 8,353 Bedford 537 Union 13,858 Creston 426 Van Buren 8,626 Keosauqua 484 Wapello 40,241 Ottumwa 434 Warren 34,878 Indianola 573 Washington 20,141 Washington 570 Wayne 8,199 Corydon 526 Webster 45,953 Fort Dodge 718 Winnebago 13,010 Forest City 401 Winneshiek 21,876 Decorah 690 Woodbury 100,884 Sioux City 873 Worth 9,075 Northwood 401 Wright 16,319 Clarion 579 Kansas (105 counties, 81,778 sq. mi. land; pop. 2,364,236) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Allen 15,654 Iola 505 Anderson 8,749 Garnett 584 Atchison 18,397 Atchison 431 Barber 6,548 Medicine Lodge 1,136 Barton 31,343 Great Bend 895 Bourbon 15,969 Fort Scott 638 Brown 11,955 Hiawatha 572 Butler 44,782 El Dorado 1,443 Chase 3,309 Cottonwood Falls 777 Chautauqua 5,016 Sedan 644 Cherokee 22,304 Columbus 590 Cheyenne 3,678 Saint Francis 1,021 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cheyenne 3,678 Saint Francis 1,021 Clark 2,599 Ashland 975 Clay 9,802 Clay Center 632 Cloud 12,494 Concordia 718 Coffey 9,370 Burlington 615 Comanche 2,554 Coldwater 789 Cowley 36,824 Winfield 1,128 Crawford 37,916 Girard 595 Decatur 4,509 Oberlin 894 Dickinson 20,175 Abilene 852 Doniphan 9,268 Troy 388 Douglas 67,640 Lawrence 461 Edwards 4,271 Kinsley 620 Elk 3,918 Howard 650 Ellis 26,098 Hays 900 Ellsworth 6,640 Ellsworth 717 Finney 23,825 Garden City 1,302 Ford 24,315 Dodge City 1,099 Franklin 21,813 Ottawa 577 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Franklin 21,813 Ottawa 577 Geary 29,852 Junction City 377 Gove 3,726 Gove 1,072 Graham 3,995 Hill City 898 Grant 6,977 Ulysses 575 Gray 5,138 Cimarron 868 Greeley 1,845 Tribune 778 Greenwood 8,764 Eureka 1,135 Hamilton 2,514 Syracuse 998 Harper 7,778 Anthony 802 Harvey 30,531 Newton 540 Haskell 3,814 Sublette 578 Hodgeman 2,269 Jetmore 860 Jackson 11,644 Holton 658 Jefferson 15,207 Oskaloosa 535 Jewell 5,241 Mankato 910 Johnson 270,269 Olathe 478 Kearny 3,435 Lakin 868 Kingman 8,960 Kingman 865 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Kingman 8,960 Kingman 865 Kiowa 4,046 Greensburg 723 Labette 25,682 Oswego 653 Lane 2,472 Dighton 717 Leavenworth 54,809 Leavenworth 463 Lincoln 4,145 Lincoln 720 Linn 8,234 Mound City 601 Logan 3,478 Oakley 1,073 Lyon 35,108 Emporia 844 McPherson 26,855 McPherson 900 Marion 13,522 Marion 944 Marshall 12,720 Marysville 878 Meade 4,788 Meade 979 Miami 21,618 Paola 590 Mitchell 8,117 Beloit 717 Montgomery 42,281 Independence 646 Morris 6,419 Council Grove 693 Morton 3,454 Elkhart 731 Nemaha 11,211 Seneca 719 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Nemaha 11,211 Seneca 719 Neosho 18,967 Erie 576 Ness 4,498 Ness City 1,074 Norton 6,689 Norton 873 Osage 15,319 Lyndon 695 Osborne 5,959 Osborne 882 Ottawa 5,971 Minneapolis 721 Pawnee 8,065 Larned 755 Phillips 7,406 Phillipsburg 887 Pottawatomie 14,782 Westmoreland 828 Pratt 10,275 Pratt 735 Rawlins 4,105 Atwood 1,069 Reno 64,983 Hutchinson 1,259 Republic 7,569 Belleville 719 Rice 11,900 Lyons 728 Riley 63,505 Manhattan 593 Rooks 7,006 Stockton 888 Rush 4,516 LaCrosse 718 Russell 8,868 Russell 869 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Russell 8,868 Russell 869 Saline 48,905 Salina 721 Scott 5,782 Scott City 718 Sedgwick 367,088 Wichita 1,007 Seward 17,071 Liberal 640 Shawnee 154,916 Topeka 549 Sheridan 3,544 Hoxie 896 Sherman 7,759 Goodland 1,057 Smith 5,947 Smith Center 897 Stafford 5,539 Saint John 788 Stanton 2,339 Johnson 681 Stevens 4,736 Hugoton 727 Sumner 24,928 Wellington 1,183 Thomas 8,451 Colby 1,075 Trego 4,165 Wakeeney 890 Wabaunsee 6,867 Alma 797 Wallace 2,045 Sharon Springs 914 Washington 8,543 Washington 898 Wichita 3,041 Leoti 719 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Wichita 3,041 Leoti 719 Wilson 12,128 Fredonia 575 Woodson 4,600 Yates Center 498 Wyandotte 172,335 Kansas City 149 Kentucky (120 counties, 39,669 sq. mi. land; pop. 3,660,324) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Adair 15,233 Columbia 407 Allen 14,128 Scottsville 338 Anderson 12,567 Lawrenceburg 204 Ballard 8,798 Wickliffe 254 Barren 34,009 Glasgow 482 Bath 10,025 Owingsville 277 Bell 34,330 Pineville 361 Boone 45,842 Burlington 246 Bourbon 19,405 Paris 292 Boyd 55,513 Catlettsburg 160 Boyle 25,066 Danville 182 Bracken 7,738 Brooksville 203 Breathitt 17,004 Jackson 495 Breckinridge 16,861 Hardinsburg 565 Bullitt 43,346 Shepherdsville 300 Butler 11,064 Morgantown 431 Caldwell 13,473 Princeton 347 Calloway 30,031 Murray 386 Campbell 83,317 Alexandria 152 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Campbell 83,317 Alexandria 152 Carlisle 5,487 Bardwell 191 Carroll 9,270 Carrollton 130 Carter 25,060 Grayson 407 Casey 14,818 Liberty 445 Christian 66,878 Hopkinsville 722 Clark 28,322 Winchester 255 Clay 22,752 Manchester 471 Clinton 9,321 Albany 196 Crittenden 9,207 Marion 360 Cumberland 7,289 Burkesville 304 Daviess 85,949 Owensboro 463 Edmonson 9,962 Brownsville 302 Elliott 6,908 Sandy Hook 234 Estill 14,495 Irvine 256 Fayette 204,165 Lexington 285 Fleming 12,323 Flemingsburg 351 Floyd 48,764 Prestonsburg 393 Franklin 41,830 Frankfort 212 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Franklin 41,830 Frankfort 212 Fulton 8,971 Hickman 211 Gallatin 4,842 Warsaw 99 Garrard 10,853 Lancaster 232 Grant 13,308 Williamstown 259 Graves 34,049 Mayfield 557 Grayson 20,854 Leitchfield 493 Green 11,043 Greensburg 289 Greenup 39,132 Greenup 347 Hancock 7,742 Hawesville 189 Hardin 88,911 Elizabethtown 629 Harlan 41,889 Harlan 468 Harrison 15,166 Cynthiana 310 Hart 15,402 Munfordville 412 Henderson 40,849 Henderson 438 Henry 12,740 New Castle 291 Hickman 6,065 Clinton 245 Hopkins 46,174 Madisonville 552 Jackson 11,996 McKee 346 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Jackson 11,996 McKee 346 Jefferson 684,638 Louisville 386 Jessamine 26,065 Nicholasville 174 Johnson 24,432 Paintsville 264 Kenton 137,058 Independence 163 Knott 17,940 Hindman 352 Knox 30,239 Barbourville 388 Larue 11,983 Hodgenville 263 Laurel 38,982 London 434 Lawrence 14,121 Louisa 420 Lee 7,754 Beattyville 211 Leslie 14,882 Hyden 402 Letcher 30,687 Whitesburg 339 Lewis 14,545 Vanceburg 484 Lincoln 19,053 Stanford 337 Livingston 9,219 Smithland 312 Logan 24,138 Russellville 556 Lyon 6,490 Eddyville 209 McCracken 61,310 Paducah 251 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 McCracken 61,310 Paducah 251 McCreary 15,634 Whitley City 427 McLean 10,090 Calhoun 256 Madison 53,352 Richmond 443 Magoffin 13,515 Salyersville 310 Marion 17,910 Lebanon 347 Marshall 25,637 Benton 304 Martin 13,925 Inez 230 Mason 17,760 Maysville 241 Meade 22,854 Brandenburg 306 Menifee 5,117 Frenchburg 203 Mercer 19,011 Harrodsburg 250 Metcalfe 9,484 Edmonton 291 Monroe 12,353 Tompkinsville 331 Montgomery 20,046 Mount Sterling 199 Morgan 12,103 West Liberty 382 Muhlenberg 32,238 Greenville 478 Nelson 27,584 Bardstown 424 Nicholas 7,157 Carlisle 197 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Nicholas 7,157 Carlisle 197 Ohio 21,765 Hartford 596 Oldham 28,094 La Grange 190 Owen 8,924 Owenton 354 Owsley 5,709 Booneville 198 Pendleton 10,989 Falmouth 281 Perry 33,763 Hazard 341 Pike 81,123 Pikeville 785 Powell 11,101 Stanton 180 Pulaski 45,803 Somerset 660 Robertson 2,270 Mount Olivet 100 Rockcastle 13,973 Mount Vernon 318 Rowan 19,049 Morehead 282 Russell 13,708 Jamestown 250 Scott 21,813 Georgetown 286 Shelby 23,328 Shelbyville 385 Simpson 14,673 Franklin 236 Spencer 5,929 Taylorsville 192 Taylor 21,178 Campbellsville 270 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Taylor 21,178 Campbellsville 270 Todd 11,874 Elkton 377 Trigg 9,384 Cadiz 421 Trimble 6,253 Bedford 148 Union 17,821 Morganfield 341 Warren 71,828 Bowling Green 548 Washington 10,764 Springfield 301 Wayne 17,022 Monticello 446 Webster 14,832 Dixon 336 Whitley 33,396 Williamsburg 443 Wolfe 6,698 Campton 223 Woodford 17,778 Versailles 192 Louisiana (64 parishes, 44,521 sq. mi. land; pop. 4,206,116) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Acadia 56,427 Crowley 657 Allen 21,408 Oberlin 765 Ascension 50,068 Donaldsville 296 Assumption 22,084 Napoleonville 342 Avoyelles 41,393 Marksville 846 Beauregard 29,692 De Ridder 1,163 Bienville 16,387 Arcadia 816 Bossier 80,721 Benton 845 Caddo 252,437 Shreveport 894 Calcasieu 167,048 Lake Charles 1,082 Caldwell 10,761 Columbia 541 Cameron 9,336 Cameron 1,417 Catahoula 12,287 Harrisonburg 732 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Catahoula 12,287 Harrisonburg 732 Claiborne 17,095 Homer 765 Concordia 22,981 Vidalia 717 De Soto 25,664 Mansfield 880 East Baton Rouge 366,164 Baton Rouge 458 East Carroll 11,772 Lake Providence 426 East Feliciana 19,015 Clinton 455 Evangeline 33,343 Ville Platte 667 Franklin 24,141 Winnsboro 635 Grant 16,703 Colfax 653 Iberia 63,752 New Iberia 589 Iberville 32,159 Plaquemine 638 Jackson 17,321 Jonesboro 579 Jefferson 454,592 Gretna 348 Jefferson Davis 32,168 Jennings 655 Lafayette 150,017 Lafayette 270 Lafourche 82,483 Thibodaux 1,141 La Salle 17,004 Jena 638 Lincoln 39,763 Ruston 472 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lincoln 39,763 Ruston 472 Livingston 58,655 Livingston 661 Madison 15,682 Tallulah 631 Morehouse 34,803 Bastrop 807 Natchitoches 39,863 Natchitoches 1,264 Orleans 557,927 New Orleans 199 Ouachita 139,241 Monroe 627 Plaquemines 26,049 Pointe a la Hache 1,035 Pointe Coupee 24,045 New Roads 566 Rapides 135,282 Alexandria 1,341 Red River 10,433 Coushatta 394 Richland 22,187 Rayville 563 Sabine 25,280 Many 855 St. Bernard 64,097 Chalmette 486 St. Charles 37,259 Hahnville 286 St. Helena 9,827 Greensburg 409 St. James 21,495 Convent 248 St. John The Baptist 31,924 Edgard 213 St. Landry 84,128 Opelousas 936 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� St. Landry 84,128 Opelousas 936 St. Martin 40,214 Saint Martinville 749 St. Mary 64,395 Franklin 613 St. Tammany 110,554 Covington 873 Tangipahoa 80,698 Amite 783 Tensas 8,525 Saint Joseph 623 Terrebonne 94,393 Houma 1,367 Union 21,167 Farmerville 884 Vermilion 48,458 Abbeville 1,205 Vernon 53,475 Leesville 1,332 Washington 44,207 Franklinton 676 Webster 43,631 Minden 602 West Baton Rouge 19,086 Port Allen 194 West Carroll 12,922 Oak Grove 360 West Feliciana 12,186 Saint Francisville 406 Winn 17,253 Winnfield 953 Maine (16 counties, 30,995 sq. mi. land; pop. 1,125,043) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Androscoggin 99,509 Auburn 477 Aroostook 91,344 Houlton 6,721 Cumberland 215,789 Portland 876 Franklin 27,447 Farmington 1,699 Hancock 41,781 Ellsworth 1,537 Kennebec 109,889 Augusta 876 Knox 32,941 Rockland 370 Lincoln 25,691 Wiscasset 458 Oxford 49,043 South Paris 2,053 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Oxford 49,043 South Paris 2,053 Penobscot 137,015 Bangor 3,430 Piscataquis 17,634 Dover-Foxcroft 3,986 Sagadahoc 28,795 Bath 257 Somerset 45,049 Skowhegan 3,930 Waldo 28,414 Belfast 730 Washington 34,963 Machias 2,586 York 139,739 Alfred 1,008 Maryland (23 cos., 1 ind. city, 9,837 sq. mi. land; pop. 4,216,933) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴� County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Allegany 80,548 Cumberland 421 Anne Arundel 370,775 Annapolis 418 Baltimore 655,615 Towson 598 Calvert 34,638 Prince Frederick 213 Caroline 23,143 Denton 321 Carroll 96,356 Westminster 452 Cecil 60,430 Elkton 360 Charles 72,751 La Plata 452 Dorchester 30,623 Cambridge 593 Frederick 114,263 Frederick 663 Garrett 26,490 Oakland 657 Harford 145,930 Bel Air 448 Howard 118,572 Ellicott City 251 Kent 16,695 Chestertown 278 Montgomery 579,053 Rockville 495 Prince Georges 665,071 Upper Marlboro 487 Queen Annes 25,508 Centreville 372 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Queen Annes 25,508 Centreville 372 St. Mary's 59,895 Leonardtown 373 Somerset 19,188 Princess Anne 338 Talbot 25,604 Easton 259 Washington 113,086 Hagerstown 455 Wicomico 64,540 Salisbury 379 Worcester 30,889 Snow Hill 475 Independent City Baltimore 786,775 80 Massachusetts (14 counties; 7,824 sq. mi. land; pop. 5,737,093) 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Barnstable 147,925 Barnstable 400 Berkshire 145,110 Pittsfield 929 Bristol 474,641 Taunton 557 Dukes 8,942 Edgartown 102 Essex 633,688 Salem 495 Franklin 64,317 Greenfield 702 Hampden 443,018 Springfield 618 Hampshire 138,813 Northampton 528 Middlesex 1,367,034 Cambridge 822 Nantucket 5,087 Nantucket 47 Norfolk 606,587 Dedham 400 Plymouth 405,437 Plymouth 655 Suffolk 650,142 Boston 57 Worcester 646,352 Worcester 1,513 Michigan (83 counties; 56,954 sq. mi. land; pop. 9,262,044) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Alcona 9,740 Harrisville 679 Alger 9,225 Munising 912 Allegan 81,555 Allegan 832 Alpena 32,315 Alpena 567 Antrim 16,194 Bellaire 480 Arenac 14,706 Standish 367 Baraga 8,484 L'Anse 901 Barry 45,781 Hastings 560 Bay 119,881 Bay City 447 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bay 119,881 Bay City 447 Benzie 11,205 Beulah 322 Berrien 171,276 Saint Joseph 576 Branch 40,188 Coldwater 508 Calhoun 141,579 Marshall 712 Cass 49,499 Cassopolis 496 Charlevoix 19,907 Charlevoix 421 Cheboygan 20,649 Cheboygan 720 Chippewa 29,029 Sault Sainte Marie 1,590 Clare 23,822 Harrison 570 Clinton 55,893 Saint Johns 573 Crawford 9,465 Grayling 559 Delta 38,947 Escanaba 1,173 Dickinson 25,341 Iron Mountain 770 Eaton 88,337 Charlotte 579 Emmet 22,992 Petoskey 468 Genesee 450,449 Flint 642 Gladwin 19,957 Gladwin 505 Gogebic 19,686 Bessemer 1,105 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Gogebic 19,686 Bessemer 1,105 Grand Traverse 54,899 Traverse City 466 Gratiot 40,448 Ithaca 570 Hillsdale 42,071 Hillsdale 603 Houghton 37,872 Houghton 1,014 Huron 36,459 Bad Axe 830 Ingham 272,437 Mason 560 Ionia 51,815 Ionia 577 Iosco 28,349 Tawas City 546 Iron 13,635 Crystal Falls 1,163 Isabella 54,110 Mount Pleasant 577 Jackson 151,495 Jackson 705 Kalamazoo 212,378 Kalamazoo 562 Kalkaska 10,952 Kalkaska 563 Kent 444,506 Grand Rapids 862 Keweenaw 1,963 Eagle River 543 Lake 7,711 Baldwin 568 Lapeer 70,038 Lapeer 658 Leelanau 14,007 Leland 341 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Leelanau 14,007 Leland 341 Lenawee 89,948 Adrian 753 Livingston 100,289 Howell 574 Luce 6,659 Newberry 904 Mackinac 10,178 Saint Ignace 1,025 Macomb 694,600 Mount Clemens 482 Manistee 23,019 Manistee 543 Marquette 74,101 Marquette 1,821 Mason 26,365 Ludington 494 Mecosta 36,961 Big Rapids 560 Menominee 26,201 Menominee 1,045 Midland 73,578 Midland 525 Missaukee 10,009 Lake City 565 Monroe 134,659 Monroe 557 Montcalm 47,555 Stanton 713 Montmorency 7,492 Atlanta 550 Muskegon 157,589 Muskegon 507 Newaygo 34,917 White Cloud 847 Oakland 1,011,793 Pontiac 875 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Oakland 1,011,793 Pontiac 875 Oceana 22,002 Hart 541 Ogemaw 16,436 West Branch 570 Ontonagon 9,861 Ontonagon 1,311 Osceola 18,928 Reed City 569 Oscoda 6,858 Mio 568 Otsego 14,993 Gaylord 516 Ottawa 157,174 Grand Haven 567 Presque Isle 14,267 Rogers City 656 Roscommon 16,374 Roscommon 528 Saginaw 228,059 Saginaw 815 St. Clair 138,802 Port Huron 734 St. Joseph 56,083 Centreville 503 Sanilac 40,789 Sandusky 964 Schoolcraft 8,575 Manistique 1,173 Shiawassee 71,140 Corunna 540 Tuscola 56,961 Caro 812 Van Buren 66,814 Paw Paw 611 Washtenaw 264,740 Ann Arbor 710 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Washtenaw 264,740 Ann Arbor 710 Wayne 2,337,843 Detroit 615 Wexford 25,102 Cadillac 566 Minnesota (87 counties; 79,548 sq. mi. land; pop., 4,075,970) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Aitkin 13,404 Aitkin 1,834 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Aitkin 13,404 Aitkin 1,834 Anoka 195,998 Anoka 430 Becker 29,336 Detroit Lakes 1,312 Beltrami 30,982 Bemidji 2,507 Benton 25,187 Foley 408 Big Stone 7,716 Ortonville 497 Blue Earth 52,314 Mankato 749 Brown 28,645 New Ulm 610 Carlton 29,936 Carlton 864 Carver 37,046 Chaska 351 Cass 21,050 Walker 2,033 Chippewa 14,941 Montevideo 584 Chisago 25,717 Center City 417 Clay 49,327 Moorhead 1,049 Clearwater 8,761 Bagley 999 Cook 4,092 Grand Marais 1,412 Cottonwood 14,854 Windom 640 Crow Wing 41,722 Brainerd 1,008 Dakota 194,111 Hastings 574 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dakota 194,111 Hastings 574 Dodge 14,773 Mantorville 439 Douglas 27,839 Alexandria 643 Faribault 19,714 Blue Earth 714 Fillmore 21,930 Preston 862 Freeborn 36,329 Albert Lea 705 Goodhue 38,749 Red Wing 763 Grant 7,171 Elbow Lake 547 Hennepin 941,411 Minneapolis 541 Houston 19,617 Caledonia 564 Hubbard 14,098 Park Rapids 936 Isanti 23,600 Cambridge 440 Itasca 43,006 Grand Rapids 2,661 Jackson 13,690 Jackson 699 Kanabec 12,161 Mora 527 Kandiyohi 36,763 Willmar 784 Kittson 6,672 Hallock 1,104 Koochiching 17,571 International Falls 3,108 Lac qui Parle 10,592 Madison 772 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lac qui Parle 10,592 Madison 772 Lake 13,043 Two Harbors 2,053 Lake of the Woods 3,764 Baudette 1,296 Le Sueur 23,434 Le Center 446 Lincoln 8,207 Ivanhoe 538 Lyon 25,207 Marshall 714 McLeod 29,657 Glencoe 489 Mahnomen 5,535 Mahnomen 559 Marshall 13,027 Warren 1,760 Martin 24,687 Fairmont 706 Meeker 20,594 Litchfield 624 Mille Lacs 18,430 Milaca 578 Morrison 29,311 Little Falls 1,124 Mower 40,390 Austin 711 Murray 11,507 Slayton 702 Nicollet 26,929 Saint Peter 440 Nobles 21,840 Worthington 714 Norman 9,379 Ada 877 Olmsted 91,971 Rochester 655 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Olmsted 91,971 Rochester 655 Otter Tail 51,937 Fergus Falls 1,973 Pennington 15,258 Thief River Falls 618 Pine 19,871 Pine City 1,421 Pipestone 11,690 Pipestone 466 Polk 34,844 Crookston 1,982 Pope 11,657 Glenwood 668 Ramsey 459,784 Saint Paul 154 Red Lake 5,471 Red Lake Falls 433 Redwood 19,341 Redwood Falls 882 Renville 20,401 Olivia 984 Rice 46,087 Faribault 501 Rock 10,703 Luverne 483 Roseau 12,574 Roseau 1,677 St. Louis 222,229 Duluth 6,125 Scott 43,784 Shakopee 357 Sherburne 29,908 Elk River 435 Sibley 15,448 Gaylord 593 Stearns 108,161 Saint Cloud 1,338 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Stearns 108,161 Saint Cloud 1,338 Steele 30,328 Owatonna 431 Stevens 11,322 Morris 560 Swift 12,920 Benson 743 Todd 24,991 Long Prairie 941 Traverse 5,542 Wheaton 575 Wabasha 19,335 Wabasha 537 Wadena 14,192 Wadena 538 Waseca 18,448 Waseca 422 Washington 113,571 Stillwater 390 Watonwan 12,361 Saint James 435 Wilkin 8,382 Breckenridge 751 Winona 46,256 Winona 630 Wright 58,962 Buffalo 672 Yellow Medicine 13,653 Granite Falls 758 Mississippi (82 counties, 47,233 sq. mi. land; pop. 2,520,770) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adams 38,071 Natchez 456 Alcorn 33,036 Corinth 401 Amite 13,369 Liberty 732 Attala 19,865 Kosciusko 737 Benton 8,153 Ashland 407 Bolivar 45,965 Cleveland & Rosedale 892 Calhoun 15,664 Pittsboro 573 Carroll 9,776 Carrollton & Vaiden 634 Chickasaw 17,851 Houston & Okolona 503 Choctaw 8,996 Ackerman 420 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Choctaw 8,996 Ackerman 420 Claiborne 12,279 Port Gibson 494 Clarke 16,945 Quitman 692 Clay 21,082 West Point 415 Coahoma 36,918 Clarksdale 559 Copiah 26,503 Hazlehurst 779 Covington 15,927 Collins 416 De Soto 53,930 Hernando 483 Forrest 66,018 Hattiesburg 469 Franklin 8,208 Meadville 566 George 15,297 Lucedale 483 Greene 9,827 Leakesville 718 Grenada 21,115 Grenada 421 Hancock 24,496 Bay Saint Louis 478 Harrison 157,665 Gulfport 581 Hinds 250,998 Jackson & Raymond 875 Holmes 22,970 Lexington 759 Humphreys 13,931 Belzoni 430 Issaquena 2,513 Mayersville 406 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Issaquena 2,513 Mayersville 406 Itawamba 20,518 Fulton 540 Jackson 118,015 Pascagoula 731 Jasper 17,265 Bat Springs & Paulding 678 Jefferson 9,181 Fayette 523 Jefferson Davis 13,846 Prentiss 409 Jones 61,912 Ellisville & Laurel 696 Kemper 10,148 De Kalb 766 Lafayette 31,030 Oxford 669 Lamar 23,821 Purvis 499 Lauderdale 77,285 Meridian 705 Lawrence 12,518 Monticello 435 Leake 18,790 Carthage 584 Lee 57,061 Tupelo 451 Leflore 41,525 Greenwood 605 Lincoln 30,174 Brookhaven 587 Lowndes 57,304 Columbus 517 Madison 41,613 Canton 718 Marion 25,708 Columbia 548 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Marion 25,708 Columbia 548 Marshall 29,296 Holly Springs 709 Monroe 36,404 Aberdeen 772 Montgomery 13,366 Winona 408 Neshoba 23,789 Philadelphia 572 Newton 19,967 Decatur 580 Noxubee 13,212 Macon 698 Oktibbeha 36,018 Starkville 459 Panola 28,164 Batesville & Sardis 694 Pearl River 33,795 Poplarville 818 Perry 9,864 New Augusta 651 Pike 36,173 Magnolia 410 Pontotoc 20,918 Pontotoc 499 Prentiss 24,025 Booneville 418 Quitman 12,636 Marks 406 Rankin 69,427 Brandon 782 Scott 24,556 Forest 610 Sharkey 7,964 Rolling Fork 435 Simpson 23,441 Mendenhall 591 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Simpson 23,441 Mendenhall 591 Smith 15,077 Raleigh 635 Stone 9,716 Wiggins 446 Sunflower 34,844 Indianola 706 Tallahatchie 17,157 Charleston & Sumner 651 Tate 20,119 Senatobia 406 Tippah 18,739 Ripley 458 Tishomingo 18,434 Iuka 434 Tunica 9,652 Tunica 460 Union 21,741 New Albany 416 Walthall 13,761 Tylertown 404 Warren 51,627 Vicksburg 596 Washington 72,344 Greenville 733 Wayne 19,135 Waynesboro 813 Webster 10,300 Walthall 424 Wilkinson 10,021 Woodville 678 Winston 19,474 Louisville 610 Yalobusha 13,183 Coffeeville & Water Valley 478 Yazoo 27,349 Yazoo City 933 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Yazoo 27,349 Yazoo City 933 Missouri (114 cos., 1 ind. city, 68,945 sq. mi. land; pop. 4,916,766) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴� County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adair 24,870 Kirksville 567 Andrew 13,980 Savannah 435 Atchison 8,605 Rockport 542 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Atchison 8,605 Rockport 542 Audrain 26,458 Mexico 697 Barry 24,408 Cassville 773 Barton 11,292 Lamar 596 Bates 15,873 Butler 849 Benton 12,183 Warsaw 729 Bollinger 10,301 Marble Hill 621 Boone 100,376 Columbia 687 Buchanan 87,888 Saint Joseph 409 Butler 37,693 Poplar Buff 698 Caldwell 8,660 Kingston 430 Callaway 32,252 Fulton 842 Camden 19,963 Camdenton 641 Cape Girardeau 58,837 Jackson 577 Carroll 12,131 Carrollton 695 Carter 5,532 Van Buren 509 Cass 51,029 Harrisonville 701 Cedar 11,894 Stockton 470 Chariton 10,489 Keytesville 758 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Chariton 10,489 Keytesville 758 Christian 22,402 Ozark 564 Clark 8,493 Kahoka 507 Clay 136,488 Liberty 403 Clinton 15,916 Plattsburg 423 Cole 56,663 Jefferson City 392 Cooper 14,643 Boonville 567 Crawford 18,300 Steelville 744 Dade 7,383 Greenfield 491 Dallas 12,096 Buffalo 543 Daviess 8,905 Gallatin 568 De Kalb 8,222 Maysville 425 Dent 14,517 Salem 755 Douglas 11,594 Ava 814 Dunklin 36,320 Kennett 547 Franklin 71,129 Union 922 Gasconade 13,181 Hermann 521 Gentry 7,887 Albany 493 Greene 185,302 Springfield 677 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Greene 185,302 Springfield 677 Grundy 11,959 Trenton 437 Harrison 9,890 Bethany 725 Henry 19,672 Clinton 729 Hickory 6,367 Hermitage 379 Holt 6,882 Oregon 457 Howard 10,008 Fayette 465 Howell 28,807 West Plains 928 Iron 11,084 Ironton 552 Jackson 629,180 Independence 611 Jasper 86,958 Carthage 641 Jefferson 146,814 Hillsboro 661 Johnson 39,059 Warrensburg 834 Knox 5,508 Edina 507 Laclede 24,323 Lebanon 768 Lafayette 29,931 Lexington 632 Lawrence 28,973 Mount Vernon 613 Lewis 10,901 Monticello 509 Lincoln 22,193 Troy 627 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lincoln 22,193 Troy 627 Linn 15,495 Linneus 620 Livingston 15,739 Chillicothe 537 McDonald 14,917 Pineville 540 Macon 16,313 Macon 797 Madison 10,725 Fredericktown 497 Maries 7,551 Vienna 528 Marion 28,638 Palmyra 438 Mercer 4,685 Princeton 454 Miller 18,539 Tuscumbia 593 Mississippi 15,726 Charleston 410 Moniteau 12,068 California 417 Monroe 9,716 Paris 670 Montgomery 11,537 Montgomery City 540 Morgan 13,807 Versailles 594 New Madrid 22,945 New Madrid 658 Newton 40,555 Neosho 627 Nodaway 21,996 Maryville 875 Oregon 10,238 Alton 792 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Oregon 10,238 Alton 792 Osage 12,014 Linn 606 Ozark 7,961 Gainesville 731 Pemiscot 24,987 Caruthersville 517 Perry 16,784 Perryville 473 Pettis 36,378 Sedalia 686 Phelps 33,633 Rolla 674 Pike 17,568 Bowling Green 673 Platte 46,341 Platte City 421 Polk 18,822 Bolivar 636 Pulaski 42,011 Waynesville 550 Putnam 6,092 Unionville 520 Ralls 8,984 New London 482 Randolph 25,460 Huntsville 477 Ray 21,378 Richmond 568 Reynolds 7,230 Centerville 809 Ripley 12,458 Doniphan 631 St. Charles 143,455 St. Charles 558 St. Clair 8,622 Osceola 699 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� St. Clair 8,622 Osceola 699 St. Francois 42,600 Farmington 451 St. Louis 974,180 Clayton 506 Ste. Genevieve 15,180 Ste. Genevieve 504 Saline 24,913 Marshall 755 Schuyler 4,979 Lancaster 309 Scotland 5,415 Memphis 438 Scott 39,647 Benton 423 Shannon 7,885 Eminence 1,004 Shelby 7,826 Shelbyville 501 Stoddard 29,009 Bloomfield 815 Stone 15,587 Galena 451 Sullivan 7,434 Milan 651 Taney 20,467 Forsyth 608 Texas 21,070 Houston 1,180 Vernon 19,806 Nevada 837 Warren 14,900 Warrenton 429 Washington 17,983 Potosi 762 Wayne 11,277 Greenville 762 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wayne 11,277 Greenville 762 Webster 20,414 Marshfield 594 Worth 3,008 Grant City 266 Wright 16,188 Hartville 682 Independent CitySt. Louis 452,801 61 Montana (56 counties, 145,388 sq. mi. land; pop., 786,690) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Beaverhead 8,186 Dillon 5,529 Big Horn 11,096 Hardin 4,983 Blaine 6,999 Chinook 4,257 Broadwater 3,267 Townsend 1,189 Carbon 8,099 Red Lodge 2,056 Carter 1,799 Ekalaka 3,342 Cascade 80,696 Great Falls 2,699 Chouteau 6,092 Fort Benton 3,987 Custer 13,109 Miles City 3,776 Daniels 2,835 Scobey 1,427 Dawson 11,805 Glendive 2,374 Deer Lodge 12,518 Anaconda 740 Fallon 3,763 Baker 1,623 Fergus 13,076 Lewistown 4,340 Flathead 51,966 Kalispell 5,112 Gallatin 42,865 Bozeman 2,510 Garfield 1,656 Jordan 4,491 Glacier 10,628 Cut Bank 2,994 Golden Valley 1,026 Ryegete 1,172 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Golden Valley 1,026 Ryegete 1,172 Granite 2,700 Philipsburg 1,729 Hill 17,985 Havre 2,897 Jefferson 7,029 Boulder 1,657 Judith Basin 2,646 Stanford 1,871 Lake 19,056 Polson 1,445 Lewis & Clark 43,039 Helena 3,461 Liberty 2,329 Chester 1,426 Lincoln 17,752 Libby 3,616 McCone 2,702 Circle 2,626 Madison 5,448 Virginia City 3,590 Meagher 2,154 White Sulphur Springs 2,392 Mineral 3,675 Superior 1,216 Missoula 76,016 Missoula 2,582 Musselshell 4,428 Roundup 1,871 Park 12,869 Livingston 1,665 Petroleum 655 Winnett 1,652 Phillips 5,367 Malta 5,130 Pondera 6,731 Conrad 1,632 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Pondera 6,731 Conrad 1,632 Powder River 2,520 Broadus 3,288 Powell 6,958 Deer Lodge 2,329 Prairie 1,836 Terry 1,732 Ravalli 22,493 Hamilton 2,384 Richland 12,243 Sidney 2,081 Roosevelt 10,467 Wolf Point 2,357 Rosebud 9,899 Forsyth 5,019 Sanders 8,675 Thompson Falls 2,749 Sheridan 5,414 Plentywood 1,681 Silver Bow 38,092 Butte 718 Stillwater 5,598 Columbus 1,793 Sweet Grass 3,216 Big Timber 1,903 Teton 6,491 Choteau 2,275 Toole 5,559 Shelby 1,931 Treasure 981 Hysham 975 Valley 10,250 Glasgow 4,936 Wheatland 2,359 Harlowton 1,419 Wibaux 1,476 Wibaux 888 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wibaux 1,476 Wibaux 888 Yellowstone 108,035 Billings 2,624 Nebraska (93 counties, 76,644 sq. mi. land; pop., 1,569,825) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Adams 30,656 Hastings 564 Antelope 8,675 Neligh 859 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Antelope 8,675 Neligh 859 Arthur 513 Arthur 711 Banner 918 Harrisburg 747 Blaine 867 Brewster 714 Boone 7,391 Albion 687 Box Butte 13,696 Alliance 1,077 Boyd 3,331 Butte 532 Brown 4,377 Ainsworth 1,214 Buffalo 34,797 Kearney 945 Burt 8,813 Tekamah 486 Butler 9,330 David City 584 Cass 20,297 Plattsmouth 557 Cedar 10,852 Hartington 740 Chase 4,758 Imperial 894 Cherry 6,758 Valentine 5,961 Cheyenne 10,057 Sidney 1,196 Clay 8,106 Clay Center 574 Colfax 9,890 Schuyler 410 Cuming 11,664 West Point 575 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cuming 11,664 West Point 575 Custer 13,877 Broken Bow 2,571 Dakota 16,573 Dakota City 258 Dawes 9,609 Chadron 1,397 Dawson 22,162 Lexington 982 Deuel 2,462 Chappell 437 Dixon 7,137 Ponca 474 Dodge 35,847 Fremont 534 Douglas 397,884 Omaha 333 Dundy 2,861 Benkelman 920 Fillmore 7,920 Geneva 576 Franklin 4,377 Franklin 576 Frontier 3,647 Stockville 976 Furnas 6,486 Beaver City 721 Gage 24,456 Beatrice 858 Garden 2,802 Oshkosh 1,680 Garfield 2,363 Burwell 570 Gosper 2,140 Elwood 461 Grant 877 Hyannis 775 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Grant 877 Hyannis 775 Greeley 3,462 Greeley 570 Hall 47,690 Grand Island 537 Hamilton 9,301 Aurora 543 Harlan 4,292 Alma 555 Hayes 1,356 Hayes Center 713 Hitchcock 4,079 Trenton 709 Holt 13,552 O'Neill 2,406 Hooker 990 Mullen 721 Howard 6,773 Saint Paul 564 Jefferson 9,817 Fairbury 575 Johnson 5,285 Tecumseh 377 Kearney 7,053 Minden 519 Keith 9,364 Ogallala 1,039 Keya Paha 1,301 Springview 769 Kimball 4,882 Kimball 952 Knox 11,457 Center 1,105 Lancaster 192,884 Lincoln 839 Lincoln 36,455 North Platte 2,525 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Lincoln 36,455 North Platte 2,525 Logan 983 Stapleton 571 Loup 859 Taylor 574 McPherson 593 Tryon 859 Madison 31,382 Madison 575 Merrick 8,945 Central City 478 Morrill 6,085 Bridgeport 1,405 Nance 4,740 Fullerton 439 Nemaha 8,367 Auburn 409 Nuckolls 6,726 Nelson 576 Otoe 15,183 Nebraska City 615 Pawnee 3,937 Pawnee City 433 Perkins 3,637 Grant 885 Phelps 9,769 Holdrege 540 Pierce 8,481 Pierce 575 Platte 28,852 Columbus 669 Polk 6,320 Osceola 437 Red Willow 12,615 McCook 718 Richardson 11,315 Falls City 553 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Richardson 11,315 Falls City 553 Rock 2,383 Bassett 1,003 Saline 13,131 Wilber 575 Sarpy 86,015 Papillion 238 Saunders 18,716 Wahoo 753 Scotts Bluff 38,344 Gering 725 Seward 15,789 Seward 575 Sheridan 7,544 Rushville 2,453 Sherman 4,226 Loup City 564 Sioux 1,845 Harrison 2,070 Stanton 6,549 Stanton 431 Thayer 7,582 Hebron 575 Thomas 973 Thedford 713 Thurston 7,186 Pender 391 Valley 5,633 Ord 567 Washington 15,508 Blair 386 Wayne 9,858 Wayne 443 Webster 4,858 Red Cloud 575 Wheeler 1,060 Bartlett 575 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Wheeler 1,060 Bartlett 575 York 14,798 York 576 Nevada (16 cos., 1 ind. city, 109,894 sq. mi. land; pop., 800,508) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴� County Pop. County seat or court house Land area s 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Churchill 13,917 Fallon 4,990 Clark 461,816 Las Vegas 7,881 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area s 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Clark 461,816 Las Vegas 7,881 Douglas 19,421 Minden 708 Elko 17,269 Elko 17,135 Esmeralda 777 Goldfield 3,587 Eureka 1,198 Eureka 4,175 Humboldt 9,449 Winnemucca 9,698 Lander 4,082 Austin 5,515 Lincoln 3,732 Pioche 10,635 Lyon 13,594 Yerington 2,007 Mineral 6,217 Hawthorne 3,744 Nye 9,048 Tonopah 18,155 Pershing 3,408 Lovelock 6,036 Storey 1,459 Virginia City 264 Washoe 193,623 Reno 6,317 White Pine 8,167 Ely 8.902 Independent CityCarson City 32,022 Carson City 146 New Hampshire (10 counties, 8,993 sq. mi. land; pop., 920,610) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Belknap 42,884 Laconia 404 Carroll 27,931 Ossipee 933 Cheshire 62,116 Keene 711 Coos 35,147 Lancaster 1,804 Grafton 65,806 Woodsville 1,719 Hillsborough 276,608 Nashua 876 Merrimack 98,302 Concord 936 Rockingham 190,345 Exeter 699 Strafford 85,408 Dover 370 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Strafford 85,408 Dover 370 Sullivan 36,063 Newport 540 New Jersey (21 counties, 7,468 sq. mi. land; pop., 7,365,011) 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Atlantic 194,119 Mays Landing 568 Bergen 845,385 Hackensack 237 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bergen 845,385 Hackensack 237 Burlington 362,542 Mount Holly 808 Camden 471,650 Camden 223 Cape May 82,266 Cape May Court House 263 Cumberland 132,866 Bridgeton 498 Essex 851,304 Newark 127 Gloucester 199,917 Woodbury 327 Hudson 556,972 Jersey City 46 Hunterdon 87,361 Flemington 426 Mercer 307,863 Trenton 227 Middlesex 595,893 New Brunswick 316 Monmouth 503,173 Freehold 472 Morris 407,630 Morristown 470 Ocean 346,038 Toms River 641 Passaic 447,585 Paterson 187 Salem 64,676 Salem 338 Somerset 203,129 Somerville 305 Sussex 116,119 Newton 526 Union 504,094 Elizabeth 103 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Union 504,094 Elizabeth 103 Warren 84,429 Belvidere 359 New Mexico (33 counties, 121,335 sq. mi. land; pop., 1,303,302) 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bernalillo 420,261 Albuquerque 1,169 Catron 2,720 Reserve 6,929 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Catron 2,720 Reserve 6,929 Chaves 51,103 Roswell 6,066 Cibola 30,347 Grants 4,468 Colfax 13,706 Raton 3,762 Curry 42,019 Clovis 1,408 De Baca 2,454 Fort Sumner 2,323 Dona Ana 96,340 Las Cruces 3,819 Eddy 47,855 Carlsbad 4,184 Grant 26,204 Silver City 3,969 Guadalupe 4,496 Santa Rosa 3,032 Harding 1,090 Mosquero 2,122 Hidalgo 6,049 Lordsburg 3,445 Lea 55,634 Lovington 4,389 Lincoln 10,997 Carrizozo 4,832 Los Alamos 17,599 Los Alamos 109 Luna 15,585 Deming 2,965 McKinley 56,536 Gallup 5,442 Mora 4,205 Mora 1,930 Otero 44,665 Alamogordo 6,626 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Otero 44,665 Alamogordo 6,626 Quay 10,577 Tucumcari 2,874 Rio Arriba 29,282 Tierra Amarilla 5,856 Roosevelt 15,695 Portales 2,453 Sandoval 34,400 Bernalillo 3,707 San Juan 80,833 Aztec 5,521 San Miguel 22,751 Las Vegas 4,709 Santa Fe 75,519 Santa Fe 1,905 Sierra 8,454 Truth or Consequences 4,178 Socorro 12,969 Socorro 6,625 Taos 18,862 Taos 2,204 Torrance 7,491 Estancia 3,335 Union 4,725 Clayton 3,830 Valencia 60,853 Los Lunas 5,616 New York (62 counties, 47,377 sq. mi. land; pop., 17,558,165) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Albany 285,909 Albany 524 Allegany 51,742 Belmont 1,032 Bronx 1,168,972 Bronx 42 Broome 213,648 Binghamton 712 Cattaraugus 85,697 Little Valley 1,306 Cayuga 79,894 Auburn 695 Chautauqua 146,925 Mayville 1,064 Chemung 97,656 Elmira 411 Chenango 49,344 Norwich 897 Clinton 80,750 Plattsburgh 1,043 Columbia 59,487 Hudson 638 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Columbia 59,487 Hudson 638 Cortland 48,820 Cortland 500 Delaware 46,824 Delhi 1,440 Dutchess 245,055 Poughkeepsie 804 Erie 1,015,472 Buffalo 1,046 Essex 36,176 Elizabethtown 1,806 Franklin 44,929 Malone 1,642 Fulton 55,153 Johnstown 497 Genesee 59,400 Batavia 495 Greene 40,861 Catskill 648 Hamilton 5,034 Lake Pleasant 1,721 Herkimer 66,714 Herkimer 1,416 Jefferson 88,151 Watertown 1,273 Kings 2,231,028 Brooklyn 70 Lewis 25,035 Lowville 1,283 Livingston 57,006 Geneseo 633 Madison 65,150 Wampsville 656 Monroe 702,238 Rochester 663 Montgomery 53,439 Fonda 404 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Montgomery 53,439 Fonda 404 Nassau 1,321,582 Mineola 287 New York 1,428,285 New York 22 Niagara 227,354 Lockport 526 Oneida 253,466 Utica 1,219 Onondaga 463,920 Syracuse 784 Ontario 88,909 Canandaigua 644 Orange 259,603 Goshen 826 Orleans 38,496 Albion 391 Oswego 113,901 Oswego 954 Otsego 59,075 Cooperstown 1,004 Putnam 77,193 Carmel 231 Queens 1,891,325 Jamaica 109 Rensselaer 151,966 Troy 655 Richmond 352,029 Saint George 59 Rockland 259,530 New City 175 St. Lawrence 114,347 Canton 2,728 Saratoga 153,759 Ballston Spa 810 Schenectady 149,946 Schenectady 206 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Schenectady 149,946 Schenectady 206 Schoharie 29,710 Schoharie 624 Schuyler 17,686 Watkins Glen 329 Seneca 33,733 Ovid & Waterloo 327 Steuben 99,217 Bath 1,396 Suffolk 1,284,231 Riverhead 911 Sullivan 65,155 Monticello 976 Tioga 49,812 Owego 519 Tompkins 87,085 Ithaca 477 Ulster 158,158 Kingston 1,131 Warren 54,854 Queensbury 882 Washington 54,795 Hudson Falls 836 Wayne 84,581 Lyons 605 Westchester 866,599 White Plains 438 Wyoming 39,895 Warsaw 595 Yates 21,459 Penn Yan 339 North Carolina (100 counties, 48,843 sq. mi. land; pop., 5,880,095) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Alamance 99,136 Graham 433 Alexander 24,999 Taylorsville 259 Alleghany 9,587 Sparta 235 Anson 25,562 Wadesboro 533 Ashe 22,325 Jefferson 426 Avery 14,409 Newland 247 Beaufort 40,266 Washington 826 Bertie 21,024 Windsor 701 Bladen 30,448 Elizabethtown 879 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bladen 30,448 Elizabethtown 879 Brunswick 35,767 Southport 860 Buncombe 160,934 Asheville 659 Burke 72,504 Morganton 504 Cabarrus 85,895 Concord 364 Caldwell 67,746 Lenoir 471 Camden 5,829 Camden 240 Carteret 41,092 Beaufort 526 Caswell 20,705 Yanceyville 428 Catawba 105,208 Newton 396 Chatham 33,415 Pittsboro 708 Cherokee 18,933 Murphy 452 Chowan 12,558 Edenton 182 Clay 6,619 Hayesville 214 Cleveland 83,435 Shelby 468 Columbus 51,037 Whiteville 938 Craven 71,043 New Bern 701 Cumberland 247,160 Fayetteville 657 Currituck 11,089 Currituck 256 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Currituck 11,089 Currituck 256 Dare 13,377 Manteo 391 Davidson 113,162 Lexington 548 Davie 24,599 Mocksville 267 Duplin 40,952 Kenansville 819 Durham 152,235 Durham 298 Edgecombe 55,988 Tarboro 506 Forsyth 243,704 Winston-Salem 412 Franklin 30,055 Louisburg 494 Gaston 162,568 Gastonia 357 Gates 8,875 Gatesville 338 Graham 7,217 Robbinsville 289 Granville 33,995 Oxford 534 Greene 16,117 Snow Hill 266 Guilford 317,154 Greensboro 651 Halifax 55,076 Halifax 724 Harnett 59,570 Lillington 601 Haywood 46,495 Waynesville 555 Henderson 58,580 Hendersonville 374 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Henderson 58,580 Hendersonville 374 Hertford 23,368 Winton 356 Hoke 20,383 Raeford 391 Hyde 5,873 Swanquarter 624 Iredell 82,538 Statesville 574 Jackson 25,811 Sylva 491 Johnston 70,599 Smithfield 795 Jones 9,705 Trenton 470 Lee 36,718 Sanford 259 Lenoir 59,819 Kinston 402 Lincoln 42,372 Lincolnton 298 McDowell 35,135 Marion 437 Macon 20,178 Franklin 517 Madison 16,827 Marshall 451 Martin 25,948 Williamston 461 Mecklenburg 404,270 Charlotte 528 Mitchell 14,428 Bakersville 222 Montgomery 22,469 Troy 490 Moore 50,505 Carthage 701 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Moore 50,505 Carthage 701 Nash 67,153 Nashville 540 New Hanover 103,471 Wilmington 185 Northampton 22,195 Jackson 538 Onslow 112,784 Jacksonville 763 Orange 77,055 Hillsboro 400 Pamlico 10,398 Bayboro 341 Pasquotank 28,462 Elizabeth City 228 Pender 22,262 Burgaw 875 Perquimans 9,486 Hertford 246 Person 29,164 Roxboro 398 Pitt 83,651 Greenville 657 Polk 12,984 Columbus 238 Randolph 91,300 Asheboro 789 Richmond 45,161 Rockingham 477 Robeson 101,577 Lumberton 949 Rockingham 83,426 Wentworth 569 Rowan 99,186 Salisbury 519 Rutherford 53,787 Rutherfordton 568 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Rutherford 53,787 Rutherfordton 568 Sampson 49,687 Clinton 947 Scotland 32,273 Laurinburg 319 Stanly 48,517 Albemarle 396 Stokes 33,086 Danbury 452 Surry 59,449 Dobson 539 Swain 10,283 Bryson City 526 Transylvania 23,417 Brevard 378 Tyrrell 3,975 Columbia 407 Union 70,436 Monroe 639 Vance 36,748 Henderson 249 Wake 301,429 Raleigh 854 Warren 16,232 Warrenton 427 Washington 14,801 Plymouth 332 Watauga 31,678 Boone 314 Wayne 97,054 Goldsboro 554 Wilkes 58,657 Wilkesboro 752 Wilson 63,132 Wilson 374 Yadkin 28,439 Yadkinville 336 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Yadkin 28,439 Yadkinville 336 Yancey 14,934 Burnsville 314 North Dakota (53 counties, 69,300 sq. mi. land; pop., 652,717) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Adams 3,584 Hettinger 988 Barnes 13,960 Valley City 1,498 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Barnes 13,960 Valley City 1,498 Benson 7,944 Minnewaukan 1,412 Billings 1,138 Medora 1,152 Bottineau 9,338 Bottineau 1,668 Bowman 4,229 Bowman 1,162 Burke 3,822 Bowbells 1,118 Burleigh 54,811 Bismarck 1,618 Cass 88,247 Fargo 1,767 Cavalier 7,636 Langdon 1,507 Dickey 7,207 Ellendale 1,139 Divide 3,494 Crosby 1,288 Dunn 4,627 Manning 1,993 Eddy 3,554 New Rockford 634 Emmons 5,877 Linton 1,499 Foster 4,611 Carrington 640 Golden Valley 2,391 Beach 1,003 Grand Forks 66,100 Grand Forks 1,440 Grant 4,274 Carson 1,660 Griggs 3,714 Cooperstown 708 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Griggs 3,714 Cooperstown 708 Hettinger 4,275 Mott 1,133 Kidder 3,833 Steele 1,362 La Moure 6,473 La Moure 1,150 Logan 3,493 Napoleon 1,000 McHenry 7,858 Towner 1,887 McIntosh 4,800 Ashley 984 McKenzie 7,132 Watford City 2,754 McLean 12,288 Washburn 2,065 Mercer 9,378 Stanton 1,044 Morton 25,177 Mandan 1,921 Mountrail 7,679 Stanley 1,837 Nelson 5,233 Lakota 991 Oliver 2,495 Center 723 Pembina 10,399 Cavalier 1,120 Pierce 6,166 Rugby 1,037 Ramsey 13,048 Devils Lake 1,241 Ransom 6,698 Lisbon 862 Renville 3,608 Mohall 874 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Renville 3,608 Mohall 874 Richland 19,207 Wahpeton 1,436 Rolette 12,177 Rolla 914 Sargent 5,512 Forman 857 Sheridan 2,819 McClusky 989 Sioux 3,620 Fort Yates 1,099 Slope 1,157 Amidon 1,219 Stark 23,697 Dickinson 1,338 Steele 3,106 Finley 713 Stutsman 24,154 Jamestown 2,263 Towner 4,052 Cando 1,035 Traill 9,624 Hillsboro 861 Walsh 15,371 Grafton 1,290 Ward 58,392 Minot 2,041 Wells 6,979 Fessenden 1,288 Williams 22,237 Williston 2,074 Ohio (88 counties, 41,004 sq. mi. land; pop., 10,797,603) 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Adams 24,328 West Union 586 Allen 112,241 Lima 405 Ashland 46,178 Ashland 424 Ashtabula 104,215 Jefferson 703 Athens 56,399 Athens 508 Auglaize 42,554 Wapakoneta 398 Belmont 82,569 Saint Clairsville 537 Brown 31,920 Georgetown 493 Butler 258,787 Hamilton 470 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Butler 258,787 Hamilton 470 Carroll 25,598 Carrollton 393 Champaign 33,649 Urbana 429 Clark 150,236 Springfield 398 Clermont 128,483 Batavia 456 Clinton 34,603 Wilmington 410 Columbiana 113,572 Lisbon 534 Coshocton 36,024 Coshocton 566 Crawford 50,075 Bucyrus 403 Cuyahoga 1,498,295 Cleveland 459 Darke 55,096 Greenville 600 Defiance 39,987 Defiance 414 Delaware 53,840 Delaware 443 Erie 79,655 Sandusky 264 Fairfield 93,678 Lancaster 506 Fayette 27,467 Washington C. H. 405 Franklin 869,126 Columbus 543 Fulton 37,751 Wauseon 407 Gallia 30,098 Gallipolis 471 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Gallia 30,098 Gallipolis 471 Geauga 74,474 Chardon 408 Greene 129,769 Xenia 416 Guernsey 42,024 Cambridge 522 Hamilton 873,203 Cincinnati 412 Hancock 64,581 Findlay 532 Hardin 32,719 Kenton 471 Harrison 18,152 Cadiz 400 Henry 28,383 Napoleon 415 Highland 33,477 Hillsboro 553 Hocking 24,304 Logan 423 Holmes 29,416 Millersburg 424 Huron 54,608 Norwalk 494 Jackson 30,592 Jackson 420 Jefferson 91,564 Steubenville 410 Knox 46,309 Mount Vernon 529 Lake 212,801 Painesville 231 Lawrence 63,849 Ironton 457 Licking 120,981 Newark 686 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Licking 120,981 Newark 686 Logan 39,155 Bellefontaine 458 Lorain 274,909 Elyria 495 Lucas 471,741 Toledo 341 Madison 33,004 London 467 Mahoning 289,487 Youngstown 417 Marion 67,974 Marion 403 Medina 113,150 Medina 422 Meigs 23,641 Pomeroy 432 Mercer 38,334 Celina 457 Miami 90,381 Troy 410 Monroe 17,382 Woodsfield 457 Montgomery 571,697 Dayton 458 Morgan 14,241 McConnelsville 420 Morrow 26,480 Mount Gilead 406 Muskingum 83,340 Zanesville 654 Noble 11,310 Caldwell 399 Ottawa 40,076 Port Clinton 253 Paulding 21,302 Paulding 419 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Paulding 21,302 Paulding 419 Perry 31,032 New Lexington 412 Pickaway 43,662 Circleville 503 Pike 22,802 Waverly 443 Portage 135,856 Ravenna 493 Preble 38,223 Eaton 426 Putnam 32,991 Ottawa 484 Richland 131,205 Mansfield 497 Ross 65,004 Chillicothe 692 Sandusky 63,267 Fremont 409 Scioto 84,545 Portsmouth 613 Seneca 61,901 Tiffin 553 Shelby 43,089 Sidney 409 Stark 378,823 Canton 574 Summit 524,472 Akron 412 Trumbull 241,863 Warren 612 Tuscarawas 84,614 New Philadelphia 570 Union 29,536 Marysville 437 Van Wert 30,458 Van Wert 410 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Van Wert 30,458 Van Wert 410 Vinton 11,584 McArthur 414 Warren 99,276 Lebanon 403 Washington 64,266 Marietta 640 Wayne 97,408 Wooster 557 Williams 36,369 Bryan 422 Wood 107,372 Bowling Green 619 Wyandot 22,651 Upper Sandusky 406 Oklahoma (77 counties, 68,655 sq. mi. land; pop., 3,025,487) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Adair 18,575 Stillwell 577 Alfalfa 7,077 Cherokee 864 Atoka 12,748 Atoka 980 Beaver 6,806 Beaver 1,808 Beckham 19,243 Sayre 904 Blaine 13,443 Watonga 920 Bryan 30,535 Durant 902 Caddo 30,905 Anadarko 1,286 Canadian 56,452 El Reno 901 Carter 43,610 Ardmore 828 Cherokee 30,684 Tahlequah 748 Choctaw 17,203 Hugo 762 Cimarron 3,648 Boise City 1,842 Cleveland 133,173 Norman 529 Coal 6,041 Coalgate 520 Comanche 112,456 Lawton 1,076 Cotton 7,338 Walters 656 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cotton 7,338 Walters 656 Craig 15,014 Vinita 763 Creek 59,210 Sapulpa 930 Custer 25,995 Arapaho 981 Delaware 23,946 Jay 720 Dewey 5,922 Taloga 1,007 Ellis 5,596 Arnett 1,232 Garfield 62,820 Enid 1,060 Garvin 27,856 Pauls Valley 813 Grady 39,490 Chickasha 1,106 Grant 6,518 Medford 1,004 Greer 6,877 Mangum 638 Harmon 4,519 Hollis 537 Harper 4,715 Buffalo 1,039 Haskell 11,010 Stigler 570 Hughes 14,338 Holdenville 806 Jackson 30,356 Altus 817 Jefferson 8,294 Waurika 769 Johnston 10,356 Tishomingo 639 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Johnston 10,356 Tishomingo 639 Kay 49,852 Newkirk 921 Kingfisher 14,187 Kingfisher 906 Kiowa 12,711 Hobart 1,019 Latimer 9,840 Wilburton 728 Le Flore 40,698 Poteau 1,585 Lincoln 26,601 Chandler 964 Logan 26,881 Guthrie 748 Love 7,469 Marietta 519 McClain 20,291 Purcell 582 McCurtain 36,151 Idabel 1,826 McIntosh 15,495 Eufaula 599 Major 8,772 Fairview 958 Marshall 10,550 Madill 372 Mayes 32,261 Pryor 644 Murray 12,147 Sulphur 420 Muskogee 67,033 Muskogee 815 Noble 11,573 Perry 736 Nowata 11,486 Nowata 540 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Nowata 11,486 Nowata 540 Okfuskee 11,125 Okemah 628 Oklahoma 568,933 Oklahoma City 708 Okmulgee 39,169 Okmulgee 698 Osage 39,327 Pawhuska 2,265 Ottawa 32,870 Miami 465 Pawnee 15,310 Pawnee 551 Payne 62,435 Stillwater 691 Pittsburg 40,524 McAlester 1,251 Pontotoc 32,598 Ada 717 Pottawatomie 55,239 Shawnee 783 Pushmataha 11,773 Antlers 1,417 Roger Mills 4,799 Cheyenne 1,146 Rogers 46,436 Claremore 683 Seminole 27,465 Wewoka 639 Sequoyah 30,749 Sallisaw 678 Stephens 43,419 Duncan 884 Texas 17,727 Guymon 2,040 Tillman 12,398 Frederick 904 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Tillman 12,398 Frederick 904 Tulsa 470,593 Tulsa 572 Wagoner 41,801 Wagoner 559 Washington 48,113 Bartlesville 423 Washita 13,798 Cordell 1,006 Woods 10,923 Alva 1,291 Woodward 21,172 Woodward 1,242 Oregon (36 counties, 96,184 sq. mi. land; pop., 2,633,156) 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Baker 16,134 Baker 3,072 Benton 68,211 Corvallis 679 Clackamas 241,911 Oregon City 1,870 Clatsop 32,489 Astoria 805 Columbia 35,646 Saint Helens 651 Coos 64,047 Coquille 1,606 Crook 13,091 Prineville 2,984 Curry 16,992 Gold Beach 1,629 Deschutes 62,142 Bend 3,025 Douglas 93,748 Roseburg 5,044 Gilliam 2,057 Condon 1,213 Grant 8,210 Canyon City 4,525 Harney 8,314 Burns 10,174 Hood River 15,835 Hood River 521 Jackson 132,456 Medford 2,787 Jefferson 11,599 Madras 1,789 Josephine 58,820 Grants Pass 1,640 Klamath 59,117 Klamath Falls 5,954 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Klamath 59,117 Klamath Falls 5,954 Lake 7,532 Lakeview 8,251 Lane 275,226 Eugene 4,562 Lincoln 35,264 Newport 980 Linn 89,495 Albany 2,296 Malheur 26,896 Vale 9,861 Marion 204,692 Salem 1,184 Morrow 7,519 Heppner 2,044 Multnomah 562,647 Portland 431 Polk 45,203 Dallas 741 Sherman 2,172 Moro 827 Tillamook 21,164 Tillamook 1,101 Umatilla 58,861 Pendleton 3,218 Union 23,921 La Grande 2,035 Wallowa 7,273 Enterprise 3,150 Wasco 21,732 The Dalles 2,384 Washington 245,860 Hillsboro 725 Wheeler 1,513 Fossil 1,713 Yamhill 55,332 McMinnville 715 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Yamhill 55,332 McMinnville 715 Pennsylvania (67 counties, 44,888 sq. mi. land; pop., 11,864,720) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Adams 68,292 Gettysburg 521 Allegheny 1,450,195 Pittsburgh 727 Armstrong 77,768 Kittanning 646 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Armstrong 77,768 Kittanning 646 Beaver 204,441 Beaver 436 Bedford 46,784 Bedford 1,017 Berks 312,509 Reading 861 Blair 136,621 Hollidaysburg 527 Bradford 62,919 Towanda 1,152 Bucks 479,180 Doylestown 610 Butler 147,912 Butler 789 Cambria 183,263 Ebensburg 691 Cameron 6,674 Emporium 398 Carbon 53,285 Jim Thorpe 384 Centre 112,760 Bellefonte 1,106 Chester 316,660 West Chester 758 Clarion 43,362 Clarion 607 Clearfield 83,578 Clearfield 1,149 Clinton 38,971 Lock Haven 891 Columbia 61,967 Bloomsburg 486 Crawford 88,869 Meadville 1,011 Cumberland 179,625 Carlisle 547 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cumberland 179,625 Carlisle 547 Dauphin 232,317 Harrisburg 528 Delaware 555,029 Media 184 Elk 38,338 Ridgeway 830 Erie 279,780 Erie 804 Fayette 160,395 Uniontown 794 Forest 5,072 Tionesta 428 Franklin 113,629 Chambersburg 774 Fulton 12,842 McConnellsburg 438 Greene 40,355 Waynesburg 577 Huntingdon 42,253 Huntingdon 877 Indiana 92,281 Indiana 829 Jefferson 48,303 Brookville 657 Juniata 19,188 Mifflintown 392 Lackawanna 227,908 Scranton 461 Lancaster 362,346 Lancaster 952 Lawrence 107,150 New Castle 363 Lebanon 109,829 Lebanon 363 Lehigh 273,582 Allentown 348 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Lehigh 273,582 Allentown 348 Luzerne 343,079 Wilkes-Barre 891 Lycoming 118,416 Williamsport 1,237 McKean 50,635 Smethport 979 Mercer 128,299 Mercer 672 Mifflin 46,908 Lewistown 413 Monroe 69,409 Stroudsburg 609 Montgomery 643,371 Norristown 486 Montour 16,675 Danville 131 Northampton 225,418 Easton 376 Northumberland 100,381 Sunbury 461 Perry 35,718 New Bloomfield 557 Philadelphia 1,688,210 Philadelphia 136 Pike 18,271 Milford 550 Potter 17,726 Coudersport 1,081 Schuylkill 160,630 Pottsville 782 Snyder 33,584 Middleburg 329 Somerset 81,243 Somerset 1,073 Sullivan 6,349 Laporte 451 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Sullivan 6,349 Laporte 451 Susquehanna 37,876 Montrose 826 Tioga 40,973 Wellsboro 1,131 Union 32,870 Lewisburg 317 Venango 64,444 Franklin 679 Warren 47,449 Warren 885 Washington 217,074 Washington 958 Wayne 35,237 Honesdale 731 Westmoreland 392,184 Greensburg 1,033 Wyoming 26,433 Tunkhannock 399 York 312,963 York 906 Rhode Island (5 counties, 1,055 sq. mi. land; pop., 947,154) 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bristol 46,942 Bristol 26 Kent 154,163 East Greenwich 172 Newport 81,383 Newport 107 Providence 571,349 Providence 416 Washington 93,317 West Kingston 333 South Carolina (46 counties, 30,203 sq. mi. land; pop., 3,120,729) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Abbeville 22,627 Abbeville 508 Aiken 105,630 Aiken 1,092 Allendale 10,700 Allendale 413 Anderson 133,235 Anderson 718 Bamberg 18,118 Bamberg 395 Barnwell 19,868 Barnwell 558 Beaufort 65,364 Beaufort 579 Berkeley 94,745 Moncks Corner 1,108 Calhoun 12,206 Saint Matthews 380 Charleston 276,556 Charleston 938 Cherokee 40,983 Gaffney 396 Chester 30,148 Chester 580 Chesterfield 38,161 Chesterfield 802 Clarendon 27,464 Manning 602 Colleton 31,676 Walterboro 1,052 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Colleton 31,676 Walterboro 1,052 Darlington 62,717 Darlington 563 Dillon 31,083 Dillon 406 Dorchester 59,045 Saint George 575 Edgefield 17,528 Edgefield 490 Fairfield 20,700 Winnsboro 685 Florence 110,163 Florence 804 Georgetown 42,461 Georgetown 822 Greenville 287,895 Greenville 795 Greenwood 55,859 Greenwood 451 Hampton 18,159 Hampton 561 Horry 101,419 Conway 1,143 Jasper 14,504 Ridgeland 655 Kershaw 39,015 Camden 723 Lancaster 53,361 Lancaster 552 Laurens 52,214 Laurens 712 Lee 18,929 Bishopville 411 Lexington 140,353 Lexington 707 McCormick 7,797 McCormick 350 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 McCormick 7,797 McCormick 350 Marion 34,179 Marion 493 Marlboro 31,634 Bennettsville 483 Newberry 31,111 Newberry 634 Oconee 48,611 Walhalla 629 Orangeburg 82,276 Orangeburg 1,111 Pickens 79,292 Pickens 499 Richland 269,600 Columbia 762 Saluda 16,136 Saluda 456 Spartanburg 203,023 Spartanburg 814 Sumter 88,243 Sumter 665 Union 30,764 Union 515 Williamsburg 38,226 Kingstree 934 York 106,720 York 685 South Dakota (67 counties, 75,952 sq. mi. land; pop., 690,768) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Aurora 3,628 Plankinton 707 Beadle 19,195 Huron 1,259 Bennett 3,236 Martin 1,182 Bon Homme 8,059 Tyndall 552 Brookings 24,332 Brookings 795 Brown 36,962 Aberdeen 1,722 Brule 5,245 Chamberlain 815 Buffalo 1,795 Gannvalley 475 Butte 8,372 Belle Fourche 2,251 Campbell 2,243 Mound City 732 Charles Mix 9,680 Lake Andes 1,090 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Charles Mix 9,680 Lake Andes 1,090 Clark 4,894 Clark 953 Clay 13,135 Vermillion 409 Codington 20,885 Watertown 694 Corson 5,196 McIntosh 2,467 Custer 6,000 Custer 1,559 Davison 17,820 Mitchell 436 Day 8,133 Webster 1,022 Deuel 5,289 Clear Lake 631 Dewey 5,366 Timber Lake 2,310 Douglas 4,181 Armour 434 Edmunds 5,159 Ipswich 1,149 Fall River 8,439 Hot Springs 4,742 Faulk 3,327 Faulkton 1,004 Grant 9,013 Milbank 681 Gregory 6,015 Burke 1,013 Haakon 2,794 Philip 1,822 Hamlin 5,261 Hayti 512 Hand 4,948 Miller 1,437 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Hand 4,948 Miller 1,437 Hanson 3,415 Alexandria 433 Harding 1,700 Buffalo 2,678 Hughes 14,220 Pierre 757 Hutchinson 9,350 Olivet 816 Hyde 2,069 Highmore 860 Jackson 3,437 Kadoka 1,872 Jerauld 2,929 Wessington Spgs 530 Jones 1,463 Murdo 971 Kingsbury 6,679 De Smet 824 Lake 10,724 Madison 560 Lawrence 18,339 Deadwood 800 Lincoln 13,942 Canton 578 Lyman 3,864 Kennebec 1,679 McCook 6,444 Salem 576 McPherson 4,027 Leola 1,148 Marshall 5,404 Britton 848 Meade 20,717 Sturgis 3,481 Mellette 2,249 White River 1,311 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mellette 2,249 White River 1,311 Miner 3,739 Howard 570 Minnehaha 109,435 Sioux Falls 810 Moody 6,692 Flandreau 520 Pennington 70,133 Rapid City 2,783 Perkins 4,700 Bison 2,884 Potter 3,674 Gettysburg 869 Roberts 10,911 Sisseton 1,102 Sanborn 3,213 Woonsocket 569 Shannon 11,323 (Attached to Fall River) 2,094 Spink 9,201 Redfield 1,505 Stanley 2,533 Fort Pierre 1,431 Sully 1,990 Onida 972 Todd 7,328 (Attached to Tripp) 1,388 Tripp 7,268 Winner 1,618 Turner 9,255 Parker 617 Union 10,938 Elk Point 453 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Union 10,938 Elk Point 453 Walworth 7,011 Selby 707 Washabaugh - (Attached to Jackson) - Yankton 18,952 Yankton 518 Ziebach 2,308 Dupree 1,969 Tennessee (95 counties, 41,155 sq. mi. land; pop., 4,591,023) 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Anderson 67,346 Clinton 339 Bedford 27,916 Shelbyville 475 Benton 14,901 Camden 392 Bledsoe 9,478 Pikeville 407 Blount 77,770 Maryville 558 Bradley 67,547 Cleveland 327 Campbell 34,841 Jacksboro 479 Cannon 10,234 Woodbury 266 Carroll 28,285 Huntingdon 600 Carter 50,205 Elizabethton 341 Cheatham 21,616 Ashland City 304 Chester 12,727 Henderson 289 Claiborne 24,595 Tazewell 432 Clay 7,676 Celina 227 Cocke 28,792 Newport 432 Coffee 38,311 Manchester 428 Crockett 14,941 Alamo 266 Cumberland 28,676 Crossville 682 Davidson 477,811 Nashville 501 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Davidson 477,811 Nashville 501 Decatur 10,857 Decaturville 330 De Kalb 13,589 Smithville 291 Dickson 30,037 Charlotte 491 Dyer 34,663 Dyersburg 520 Fayette 25,305 Somerville 705 Fentress 14,826 Jamestown 498 Franklin 31,983 Winchester 543 Gibson 49,467 Trenton 602 Giles 24,625 Pulaski 610 Grainger 16,751 Rutledge 273 Greene 54,406 Greeneville 619 Grundy 13,787 Altamont 361 Hamblen 49,300 Morristown 156 Hamilton 287,643 Chattanooga 539 Hancock 6,887 Sneedville 223 Hardeman 23,873 Bolivar 670 Hardin 22,280 Savannah 578 Hawkins 43,751 Rogersville 486 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hawkins 43,751 Rogersville 486 Haywood 20,318 Brownsville 534 Henderson 21,390 Lexington 520 Henry 28,656 Paris 560 Hickman 15,151 Centerville 610 Houston 6,871 Erin 200 Humphreys 15,957 Waverly 528 Jackson 9,398 Gainesboro 308 Jefferson 31,284 Dandridge 265 Johnson 13,745 Mountain City 297 Knox 319,694 Knoxville 506 Lake 7,455 Tiptonville 169 Lauderdale 24,555 Ripley 474 Lawrence 34,110 Lawrenceburg 617 Lewis 9,700 Hohenwald 282 Lincoln 26,483 Fayetteville 571 Loudon 28,553 Loudon 235 McMinn 41,878 Athens 429 McNairy 22,525 Selmer 562 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 McNairy 22,525 Selmer 562 Macon 15,700 Lafayette 307 Madison 74,546 Jackson 558 Marion 24,416 Jasper 512 Marshall 19,698 Lewisburg 376 Maury 51,095 Columbia 616 Meigs 7,431 Decatur 189 Monroe 28,700 Madisonville 648 Montgomery 83,342 Clarksville 539 Moore 4,510 Lynchburg 129 Morgan 16,604 Wartburg 523 Obion 32,781 Union City 550 Overton 17,575 Livingston 433 Perry 6,111 Linden 412 Pickett 4,358 Byrdstown 159 Polk 13,602 Benton 438 Putnam 47,601 Cookeville 399 Rhea 24,235 Dayton 309 Roane 48,425 Kingston 357 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Roane 48,425 Kingston 357 Robertson 37,021 Springfield 476 Rutherford 84,058 Murfreesboro 606 Scott 19,259 Huntsville 528 Sequatchie 8,605 Dunlap 266 Sevier 41,418 Sevierville 590 Shelby 777,113 Memphis 772 Smith 14,935 Carthage 313 Stewart 8,665 Dover 454 Sullivan 143,968 Blountville 415 Sumner 85,790 Gallatin 529 Tipton 32,747 Covington 454 Trousdale 6,137 Hartsville 114 Unicoi 16,362 Erwin 186 Union 11,707 Maynardville 218 Van Buren 4,728 Spencer 273 Warren 32,653 McMinnville 431 Washington 88,755 Jonesboro 326 Wayne 13,946 Waynesboro 734 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Wayne 13,946 Waynesboro 734 Weakley 32,896 Dresden 581 White 19,567 Sparta 373 Williamson 58,108 Franklin 584 Wilson 56,064 Lebanon 570 Texas (254 counties, 262,017 sq. mi. land; pop., 14,225,513) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Anderson 38,381 Palestine 1,077 Andrews 13,323 Andrews 1,501 Angelina 64,172 Lufkin 807 Aransas 14,260 Rockport 280 Archer 7,266 Archer City 907 Armstrong 1,994 Claude 909 Atascosa 25,055 Jourdanton 1,218 Austin 17,726 Bellville 656 Bailey 8,168 Muleshoe 826 Bandera 7,084 Bandera 793 Bastrop 24,726 Bastrop 895 Baylor 4,919 Seymour 862 Bee 26,030 Beeville 880 Bell 157,820 Belton 1,055 Bexar 988,971 San Antonio 1,248 Blanco 4,681 Johnson City 714 Borden 859 Gail 900 Bosque 13,401 Meridian 989 Bowie 75,301 Boston 891 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Bowie 75,301 Boston 891 Brazoria 169,587 Angleton 1,407 Brazos 93,588 Bryan 589 Brewster 7,573 Alpine 6,169 Briscoe 2,579 Silverton 887 Brooks 8,428 Falfurrias 942 Brown 33,057 Brownwood 936 Burleson 12,313 Caldwell 669 Burnet 17,803 Burnet 994 Caldwell 23,637 Lockhart 546 Calhoun 19,574 Port Lavaca 540 Callahan 10,992 Baird 899 Cameron 209,680 Brownsville 906 Camp 9,275 Pittsburg 203 Carson 6,672 Panhandle 924 Cass 29,430 Linden 937 Castro 10,556 Dimmitt 899 Chambers 18,538 Anahuac 616 Cherokee 38,127 Rusk 1,052 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cherokee 38,127 Rusk 1,052 Childress 6,950 Childress 707 Clay 9,582 Henrietta 1,086 Cochran 4,825 Morton 775 Coke 3,196 Robert Lee 908 Coleman 10,439 Coleman 1,277 Collin 144,490 McKinney 851 Collingsworth 4,648 Wellington 909 Colorado 18,823 Columbus 965 Comal 36,446 New Braunfels 555 Comanche 12,617 Comanche 930 Concho 2,915 Paint Rock 992 Cooke 27,656 Gainesville 893 Coryell 56,767 Gatesville 1,057 Cottle 2,947 Paducah 895 Crane 4,600 Crane 782 Crockett 4,608 Ozona 2,806 Crosby 8,859 Crosbyton 899 Culberson 3,315 Van Horn 3,815 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Culberson 3,315 Van Horn 3,815 Dallam 6,531 Dalhart 1,505 Dallas 1,556,419 Dallas 880 Dawson 16,184 Lamesa 903 Deaf Smith 21,165 Hereford 1,497 Delta 4,839 Cooper 278 Denton 143,126 Denton 911 Dewitt 18,903 Cuero 910 Dickens 3,539 Dickens 907 Dimmit 11,367 Carrizo Springs 1,307 Donley 4,075 Clarendon 929 Duval 12,517 San Diego 1,795 Eastland 19,480 Eastland 924 Ector 115,374 Odessa 903 Edwards 2,033 Rocksprings 2,121 Ellis 59,743 Waxahachie 939 El Paso 479,899 El Paso 1,014 Erath 22,560 Stephenville 1,080 Falls 17,946 Marlin 770 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Falls 17,946 Marlin 770 Fannin 24,285 Bonham 895 Fayette 18,832 La Grange 950 Fisher 5,891 Roby 897 Floyd 9,834 Floydada 992 Foard 2,158 Crowell 703 Fort Bend 130,962 Richmond 876 Franklin 6,893 Mount Vernon 294 Freestone 14,830 Fairfield 888 Frio 13,785 Pearsall 1,133 Gaines 13,150 Seminole 1,504 Galveston 195,738 Galveston 399 Garza 5,336 Post 895 Gillespie 13,532 Fredericksburg 1,061 Glasscock 1,304 Garden City 900 Goliad 5,193 Goliad 859 Gonzales 16,949 Gonzales 1,068 Gray 26,386 Pampa 921 Grayson 89,796 Sherman 934 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Grayson 89,796 Sherman 934 Gregg 99,495 Longview 273 Grimes 13,580 Anderson 799 Guadalupe 46,708 Seguin 713 Hale 37,592 Plainview 1,005 Hall 5,594 Memphis 877 Hamilton 8,297 Hamilton 836 Hansford 6,209 Spearman 921 Hardeman 6,368 Quanah 688 Hardin 40,721 Kountze 898 Harris 2,409,544 Houston 1,734 Harrison 52,265 Marshall 908 Hartley 3,987 Channing 1,462 Haskell 7,725 Haskell 901 Hays 40,594 San Marcos 678 Hemphill 5,304 Canadian 903 Henderson 42,606 Athens 888 Hidalgo 283,323 Edinburg 1,569 Hill 25,024 Hillsboro 968 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Hill 25,024 Hillsboro 968 Hockley 23,230 Levelland 908 Hood 17,714 Granbury 425 Hopkins 25,247 Sulphur Springs 789 Houston 22,299 Crockett 1,234 Howard 33,142 Big Spring 901 Hudspeth 2,728 Sierra Blanca 4,567 Hunt 55,248 Greenville 840 Hutchinson 26,304 Stinnett 872 Irion 1,386 Mertzon 1,052 Jack 7,408 Jacksboro 920 Jackson 13,352 Edna 844 Jasper 30,781 Jasper 921 Jeff Davis 1,647 Fort Davis 2,257 Jefferson 248,652 Beaumont 937 Jim Hogg 5,168 Hebbronville 1,136 Jim Wells 36,498 Alice 867 Johnson 67,649 Cleburne 730 Jones 17,268 Anson 931 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jones 17,268 Anson 931 Karnes 13,593 Karnes City 753 Kaufman 39,038 Kaufman 788 Kendall 10,635 Boerne 663 Kenedy 543 Sarita 1,389 Kent 1,145 Jayton 878 Kerr 28,780 Kerrville 1,107 Kimble 4,063 Junction 1,250 King 425 Guthrie 914 Kinney 2,279 Brackettville 1,359 Kleberg 33,358 Kingsville 853 Knox 5,329 Benjamin 845 Lamar 42,156 Paris 919 Lamb 18,669 Littlefield 1,013 Lampasas 12,005 Lampasas 714 La Salle 5,514 Cotulla 1,517 Lavaca 19,004 Hallettsville 971 Lee 10,952 Giddings 631 Leon 9,594 Centerville 1,079 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Leon 9,594 Centerville 1,079 Liberty 47,088 Liberty 1,174 Limestone 20,224 Groesbeck 930 Lipscomb 3,766 Lipscomb 933 Live Oak 9,606 George West 1,057 Llano 10,144 Llano 939 Loving 91 Mentone 670 Lubbock 211,651 Lubbock 900 Lynn 8,605 Tahoka 888 McCulloch 8,735 Brady 1,071 McLennan 170,755 Waco 1,031 McMullen 789 Tilden 1,163 Madison 10,649 Madisonville 472 Marion 10,360 Jefferson 385 Martin 4,684 Staton 914 Mason 3,683 Mason 934 Matagorda 37,828 Bay City 1,127 Maverick 31,398 Eagle Pass 1,287 Medina 23,164 Hondo 1,331 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Medina 23,164 Hondo 1,331 Menard 2,346 Menard 902 Midland 82,636 Midland 902 Milam 22,732 Cameron 1,019 Mills 4,477 Goldthwaite 748 Mitchell 9,088 Colorado City 912 Montague 17,410 Montague 928 Montgomery 127,222 Conroe 1,047 Moore 16,575 Dumas 905 Morris 14,629 Daingerfield 256 Motley 1,950 Matador 959 Nacogdoches 46,786 Nacogdoches 939 Navarro 35,323 Corsicana 1,068 Newton 13,254 Newton 935 Nolan 17,359 Sweetwater 915 Nueces 268,215 Corpus Christi 847 Ochiltree 9,588 Perryton 919 Oldham 2,283 Vega 1,485 Orange 83,838 Orange 362 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Orange 83,838 Orange 362 Palo Pinto 24,062 Palo Pinto 949 Panola 20,724 Carthage 812 Parker 44,609 Weatherford 902 Parmer 11,038 Farwell 885 Pecos 14,618 Fort Stockton 4,777 Polk 24,407 Livingston 1,061 Potter 98,637 Amarillo 902 Presidio 5,188 Marfa 3,857 Rains 4,839 Emory 243 Randall 75,062 Canyon 917 Reagan 4,135 Big Lake 1,173 Real 2,469 Leakey 697 Red River 16,101 Clarksville 1,054 Reeves 15,801 Pecos 2,626 Refugio 9,289 Refugio 771 Roberts 1,187 Miami 915 Robertson 14,653 Franklin 864 Rockwall 14,528 Rockwall 128 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rockwall 14,528 Rockwall 128 Runnels 11,872 Ballinger 1,056 Rusk 41,382 Henderson 932 Sabine 8,702 Hemphill 486 San Augustine 8,785 San Augustine 524 San Jacinto 11,434 Coldspring 572 San Patricio 58,013 Sinton 693 San Saba 5,841 San Saba 1,136 Schleicher 2,820 Eldorado 1,309 Scurry 18,192 Snyder 900 Shackelford 3,915 Albany 915 Shelby 23,084 Center 791 Sherman 3,174 Stratford 923 Smith 128,366 Tyler 932 Somervell 4,154 Glen Rose 188 Starr 27,266 Rio Grande City 1,226 Stephens 9,926 Breckenridge 894 Sterling 1,206 Sterling City 923 Stonewall 2,406 Aspermont 925 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Stonewall 2,406 Aspermont 925 Sutton 5,130 Sonora 1,455 Swisher 9,723 Tulia 902 Tarrant 860,880 Fort Worth 868 Taylor 110,932 Abilene 917 Terrell 1,595 Sanderson 2,357 Terry 14,581 Brownfield 887 Throckmorton 2,053 Throckmorton 912 Titus 21,442 Mount Pleasant 412 Tom Green 84,784 San Angelo 1,515 Travis 419,335 Austin 989 Trinity 9,450 Groveton 692 Tyler 16,223 Woodville 922 Upshur 28,595 Gilmer 587 Upton 4,619 Rankin 1,243 Uvalde 22,441 Uvalde 1,564 Val Verde 35,910 Del Rio 3,150 Van Zandt 31,426 Canton 855 Victoria 68,807 Victoria 887 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Victoria 68,807 Victoria 887 Walker 41,789 Huntsville 786 Waller 19,798 Hempstead 514 Ward 13,976 Monahans 836 Washington 21,998 Brenham 610 Webb 99,258 Laredo 3,362 Wharton 40,242 Wharton 1,086 Wheeler 7,137 Wheeler 904 Wichita 121,082 Wichita Falls 606 Wilbarger 15,931 Vernon 947 Willacy 17,495 Raymondville 589 Williamson 76,521 Georgetown 1,137 Wilson 16,756 Floresville 807 Winkler 9,944 Kermit 840 Wise 26,525 Decatur 902 Wood 24,697 Quitman 689 Yoakum 8,299 Plains 800 Young 19,001 Graham 919 Zapata 6,628 Zapata 999 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Zapata 6,628 Zapata 999 Zavala 11,666 Crystal City 1,298 Utah (29 counties, 82,073 sq. mi. land; pop. 1,461,037 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Beaver 4,378 Beaver 2,586 Box Elder 33,222 Brigham City 5,614 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Box Elder 33,222 Brigham City 5,614 Cache 57,176 Logan 1,171 Carbon 22,179 Price 1,479 Daggett 769 Manila 699 Davis 146,540 Farmington 299 Duchesne 12,565 Duchesne 3,233 Emery 11,451 Castle Dale 4,449 Garfield 3,673 Panguitch 5,148 Grand 8,241 Moab 3,689 Iron 17,349 Parowan 3,301 Juab 5,530 Nephi 3,396 Kane 4,024 Kanab 3,898 Millard 8,970 Fillmore 6,818 Morgan 4,917 Morgan 603 Piute 1,329 Junction 759 Rich 2,100 Randolph 1,034 Salt Lake 619,066 Salt Lake City 756 San Juan 12,253 Monticello 7,725 Sanpete 14,620 Manti 1,587 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Sanpete 14,620 Manti 1,587 Sevier 14,727 Richfield 1,910 Summit 10,198 Coalville 1,865 Tooele 26,033 Tooele 6,919 Uintah 20,506 Vernal 4,479 Utah 218,106 Provo 2,018 Wasatch 8,523 Heber City 1,191 Washington 26,065 Saint George 2,422 Wayne 1,911 Loa 2,461 Weber 144,616 Ogden 566 Vermont (14 counties, 9,273 sq. mi. land; pop. 511,456) 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Addison 29,406 Middlebury 773 Bennington 33,345 Bennington 677 Caledonia 25,808 Saint Johnsbury 651 Chittenden 115,534 Burlington 540 Essex 6,313 Guildhall 666 Franklin 34,788 Saint Albans 649 Grand Isle 4,613 North Hero 89 Lamoille 16,767 Hyde Park 461 Orange 22,739 Chelsea 690 Orleans 23,440 Newport 697 Rutland 58,347 Rutland 932 Washington 52,393 Montpelier 690 Windham 36,933 Newfane 787 Windsor 51,030 Woodstock 972 Virginia (95 cos., 41 ind. cities, 39,704 sq. mi. land; pop. 5,346,797) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Accomack 31,268 Accomac 476 Albemarle 50,689 Charlottesville 725 Alleghany 14,333 Covington 446 Amelia 8,405 Amelia, C.H. 357 Amherst 29,122 Amherst 479 Appomattox 11,971 Appomattox 336 Arlington 152,599 Arlington 26 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Arlington 152,599 Arlington 26 Augusta 53,732 Staunton 989 Bath 5,860 Warm Springs 538 Bedford 34,927 Bedford 747 Bland 6,349 Bland 359 Botetourt 23,270 Fincastle 545 Brunswick 15,632 Lawrenceville 563 Buchanan 37,989 Grundy 504 Buckingham 11,751 Buckingham 583 Campbell 45,424 Rustburg 505 Caroline 17,904 Bowling Green 535 Carroll 27,270 Hillsville 478 Charles City 6,692 Charles City 181 Charlotte 12,266 Charlotte Courthouse 477 Chesterfield 141,372 Chesterfield 434 Clarke 9,965 Berryville 178 Craig 3,948 New Castle 330 Culpeper 22,620 Culpeper 382 Cumberland 7,881 Cumberland 300 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cumberland 7,881 Cumberland 300 Dickenson 19,806 Clintwood 331 Dinwiddie 22,602 Dinwiddie 507 Essex 8,864 Tappahannock 263 Fairfax 596,901 Fairfax 394 Fauquier 35,889 Warrenton 651 Floyd 11,563 Floyd 381 Fluvanna 10,244 Palmyra 290 Franklin 35,740 Rocky Mount 683 Frederick 34,150 Winchester 415 Giles 17,810 Pearisburg 362 Gloucester 20,107 Gloucester 225 Goochland 11,761 Goochland 281 Grayson 16,579 Independence 446 Greene 7,625 Stanardsville 157 Greensville 10,903 Emporia 300 Halifax 30,418 Halifax 816 Hanover 50,398 Hanover 467 Henrico 180,735 Richmond 238 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Henrico 180,735 Richmond 238 Henry 57,654 Martinsville 382 Highland 2,937 Monterey 416 Isle of Wight 21,603 Isle of Wight 319 James City 22,763 Williamsburg 153 King and Queen 5,968 King and Queen 317 King George 10,543 King George 180 King William 9,327 King William 278 Lancaster 10,129 Lancaster 133 Lee 25,956 Jonesville 437 Loudoun 57,427 Leesburg 521 Louisa 17,825 Louisa 497 Lunenburg 12,124 Lunenburg 432 Madison 10,232 Madison 322 Mathews 7,995 Mathews 87 Mecklenburg 29,444 Boydton 616 Middlesex 7,719 Saluda 134 Montgomery 63,516 Christiansburg 390 Nelson 12,204 Lovingston 474 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Nelson 12,204 Lovingston 474 New Kent 8,781 New Kent 213 Northampton 14,625 Eastville 226 Northumberland 9,828 Heathsville 185 Nottoway 14,666 Nottoway 316 Orange 17,827 Orange 342 Page 19,401 Luray 313 Patrick 17,585 Stuart 481 Pittsylvania 66,147 Chatham 995 Powhatan 13,062 Powhatan 261 Prince Edward 16,456 Farmville 354 Prince George 25,733 Prince George 266 Prince William 144,703 Manassas 339 Pulaski 35,229 Pulaski 318 Rappahannock 6,093 Washington 267 Richmond 6,952 Warsaw 193 Roanoke 72,945 Salem 251 Rockbridge 17,911 Lexington 603 Rockingham 57,038 Harrisonburg 865 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Rockingham 57,038 Harrisonburg 865 Russell 31,761 Lebanon 479 Scott 25,068 Gate City 535 Shenandoah 27,559 Woodstock 512 Smyth 33,345 Marion 452 Southampton 18,731 Courtland 603 Spotsylvania 34,435 Spotsylvania 404 Stafford 40,470 Stafford 271 Surry 6,046 Surry 281 Sussex 10,874 Sussex 491 Tazewell 50,511 Tazewell 520 Warren 21,200 Front Royal 217 Washington 46,487 Abingdon 562 Westmoreland 14,041 Montross 227 Wise 43,863 Wise 405 Wythe 25,522 Wytheville 465 York 35,463 Yorktown 113 Independent cities Alexandria 103,217 15 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Alexandria 103,217 15 Bedford 5,991 7 Bristol 19,042 12 Buena Vista 6,717 3 Charlottesville 45,010 10 Chesapeake 114,226 340 Clifton Forge 5,046 3 Colonial Heights 16,509 8 Covington 9,063 4 Danville 45,642 17 Emporia 4,840 2 Fairfax 19,390 6 Falls Church 9,515 2 Franklin 7,308 4 Fredericksburg 15,322 6 Galax 6,524 8 Hampton 122,617 51 Harrisonburg 19,671 6 Hopewell 23,397 10 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hopewell 23,397 10 Lexington 7,292 2 Lynchburg 66,743 50 Manassas 15,438 8 Manassas Park 6,524 2 Martinsville 18,149 11 Newport News 144,903 65 Norfolk 266,979 53 Norton 4,757 7 Petersburg 41,055 23 Poquoson 8,726 17 Portsmouth 104,577 30 Radford 13,225 7 Richmond 219,214 60 Roanoke 100,427 43 Salem 23,958 14 South Boston 7,093 6 Staunton 21,857 9 Suffolk 47,621 409 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Suffolk 47,621 409 Virginia Beach 262,199 256 Waynesboro 15,329 8 Williamsburg 9,870 5 Winchester 20,217 9 Washington (39 counties, 66,511 sq. mi. land; pop., 4,132,353) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴� County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adams 13,267 Ritzville 1,921 Asotin 16,823 Asotin 635 Benton 109,444 Prosser 1,715 Chelan 45,061 Wenatchee 2,916 Clallam 51,648 Port Angeles 1,753 Clark 192,227 Vancouver 627 Columbia 4,057 Dayton 865 Cowlitz 79,548 Kelso 1,140 Douglas 22,144 Waterville 1,817 Ferry 5,811 Republic 2,200 Franklin 35,025 Pasco 1,243 Garfield 2,468 Pomeroy 706 Grant 48,522 Ephrata 2,660 Grays Harbor 66,314 Montesano 1,918 Island 44,048 Coupeville 212 Jefferson 15,965 Port Townsend 1,805 King 1,269,898 Seattle 2,128 Kitsap 146,609 Port Orchard 393 Kittitas 24,877 Ellensburg 2,308 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Kittitas 24,877 Ellensburg 2,308 Klickitat 15,822 Goldendale 1,880 Lewis 55,279 Chehalis 2,409 Lincoln 9,604 Davenport 2,310 Mason 31,184 Shelton 961 Okanogan 30,663 Okanogan 5,281 Pacific 17,237 South Bend 908 Pend Oreille 8,580 Newport 1,400 Pierce 485,667 Tacoma 1,675 San Juan 7,838 Friday Harbor 179 Skagit 64,138 Mount Vernon 1,735 Skamania 7,919 Stevenson 1,672 Snohomish 337,016 Everett 2,098 Spokane 341,835 Spokane 1,762 Stevens 28,979 Colville 2,470 Thurston 124,264 Olympia 727 Wahkiakum 3,832 Cathlamet 261 Walla Walla 47,435 Walla Walla 1,261 Whatcom 106,701 Bellingham 2,125 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Whatcom 106,701 Bellingham 2,125 Whitman 40,103 Colfax 2,151 Yakima 172,508 Yakima 4,287 West Virginia (55 counties, 24,119 sq. mi. land; pop., 1,950,186) 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Barbour 16,639 Philippi 343 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Barbour 16,639 Philippi 343 Berkeley 46,775 Martinsburg 321 Boone 30,447 Madison 503 Braxton 13,894 Sutton 513 Brooke 31,117 Wellsburg 90 Cabell 106,835 Huntington 282 Calhoun 8,250 Grantsville 280 Clay 11,265 Clay 346 Doddridge 7,433 West Union 321 Fayette 57,863 Fayetteville 667 Gilmer 8,334 Glenville 340 Grant 10,210 Petersburg 480 Greenbrier 37,665 Lewisburg 1,025 Hampshire 14,867 Romney 644 Hancock 41,053 New Cumberland 84 Hardy 10,030 Moorefield 585 Harrison 77,710 Clarksburg 417 Jackson 25,794 Ripley 464 Jefferson 30,302 Charles Town 209 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Jefferson 30,302 Charles Town 209 Kanawha 231,414 Charleston 901 Lewis 18,813 Weston 389 Lincoln 23,675 Hamlin 439 Logan 50,679 Logan 456 McDowell 49,899 Welch 535 Marion 65,789 Fairmont 312 Marshall 41,608 Moundsville 305 Mason 27,045 Point Pleasant 433 Mercer 73,870 Princeton 420 Mineral 27,234 Keyser 329 Mingo 37,336 Williamson 424 Monongalia 75,024 Morgantown 363 Monroe 12,873 Union 473 Morgan 10,711 Berkeley Springs 230 Nicholas 28,126 Summersville 650 Ohio 61,389 Wheeling 106 Pendleton 7,910 Franklin 698 Pleasants 8,236 St. Marys 131 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Pleasants 8,236 St. Marys 131 Pocahontas 9,919 Marlinton 942 Preston 30,460 Kingwood 651 Putnam 38,181 Winfield 346 Raleigh 86,821 Beckley 608 Randolph 28,734 Elkins 1,040 Ritchie 11,442 Harrisville 454 Roane 15,952 Spencer 484 Summers 15,875 Hinton 353 Taylor 16,584 Grafton 174 Tucker 8,675 Parsons 421 Tyler 11,320 Middlebourne 258 Upshur 23,427 Buckhannon 355 Wayne 46,021 Wayne 508 Webster 12,245 Webster Springs 556 Wetzel 21,874 New Martinsville 359 Wirt 4,922 Elizabeth 235 Wood 93,627 Parkersburg 367 Wyoming 35,993 Pineville 502 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Wyoming 35,993 Pineville 502 Wisconsin (72 counties, 54,426 sq. mi. land; pop., 4,705,642) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adams 13,457 Friendship 648 Ashland 16,783 Ashland 1,048 Barron 38,730 Barron 865 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Barron 38,730 Barron 865 Bayfield 13,822 Washburn 1,462 Brown 175,280 Green Bay 524 Buffalo 14,309 Alma 699 Burnett 12,340 Grantsburg 818 Calumet 30,867 Chilton 326 Chippewa 51,702 Chippewa Falls 1,017 Clark 32,910 Neillsville 1,218 Columbia 43,222 Portage 771 Crawford 16,556 Prairie du Chien 566 Dane 323,545 Madison 1,205 Dodge 74,747 Juneau 887 Door 25,029 Sturgeon Bay 492 Douglas 44,421 Superior 1,305 Dunn 34,314 Menomonie 853 Eau Claire 78,805 Eau Claire 638 Florence 4,172 Florence 486 Fond Du Lac 88,952 Fond du Lac 725 Forest 9,044 Crandon 1,011 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Forest 9,044 Crandon 1,011 Grant 51,736 Lancaster 1,144 Green 30,012 Monroe 583 Green Lake 18,370 Green Lake 357 Iowa 19,802 Dodgeville 760 Iron 6,730 Hurley 751 Jackson 16,831 Black River Falls 998 Jefferson 66,152 Jefferson 562 Juneau 21,037 Mauston 774 Kenosha 123,137 Kenosha 273 Kewaunee 19,539 Kewaunee 343 La Crosse 91,056 La Crosse 457 Lafayette 17,412 Darlington 634 Langlade 19,978 Antigo 873 Lincoln 26,311 Merrill 886 Manitowoc 82,918 Manitowoc 594 Marathon 111,270 Wausau 1,559 Marinette 39,314 Marinette 1,395 Marquette 11,672 Montello 455 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Marquette 11,672 Montello 455 Menominee 3,373 Keshena 359 Milwaukee 964,988 Milwaukee 241 Monroe 35,074 Sparta 904 Oconto 28,947 Oconto 1,002 Oneida 31,216 Rhinelander 1,130 Outagamie 128,730 Appleton 642 Ozaukee 66,981 Port Washington 235 Pepin 7,477 Durand 231 Pierce 31,149 Ellsworth 577 Polk 32,351 Balsam Lake 919 Portage 57,420 Stevens Point 810 Price 15,788 Phillips 1,256 Racine 173,132 Racine 335 Richland 17,476 Richland Center 585 Rock 139,420 Janesville 723 Rusk 15,589 Ladysmith 913 St. Croix 43,872 Hudson 723 Sauk 43,469 Baraboo 838 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sauk 43,469 Baraboo 838 Sawyer 12,843 Hayward 1,255 Shawano 35,928 Shawano 897 Sheboygan 100,935 Sheboygan 515 Taylor 18,817 Medford 975 Trempealeau 26,158 Whitehall 736 Vernon 25,642 Viroqua 808 Vilas 16,535 Eagle River 867 Walworth 71,507 Elkhorn 556 Washburn 13,174 Shell Lake 815 Washington 84,848 West Bend 430 Waukesha 280,203 Waukesha 554 Waupaca 42,831 Waupaca 754 Waushara 18,526 Wautoma 628 Winnebago 131,772 Oshkosh 449 Wood 72,799 Wisconsin Rapids 801 Wyoming (23 counties, 96,989 sq. mi. land; pop., 469,557) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Albany 29,062 Laramie 4,268 Big Horn 11,896 Basin 3,139 Campbell 24,367 Gillette 4,796 Carbon 21,896 Rawlins 7,877 Converse 14,069 Douglas 4,271 Crook 5,308 Sundance 2,855 Fremont 40,251 Lander 9,181 Goshen 12,040 Torrington 2,186 Hot Springs 5,710 Thermopolis 2,005 County Pop. County seat or court house Land area sq. mi. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Hot Springs 5,710 Thermopolis 2,005 Johnson 6,700 Buffalo 4,166 Laramie 68,649 Cheyenne 2,684 Lincoln 12,177 Kemmerer 4,070 Natrona 71,856 Casper 5,347 Niobrara 2,924 Lusk 2,684 Park 21,639 Cody 6,936 Platte 11,975 Wheatland 2,023 Sheridan 25,048 Sheridan 2,532 Sublette 4,548 Pinedale 4,872 Sweetwater 41,723 Green River 10,352 Teton 9,355 Jackson 4,011 Uinta 13,021 Evanston 2,085 Washakie 9,496 Worland 2,243 Weston 7,106 Newcastle 2,402 Population of Outlying Areas U.S. Bureau of the Census Population figures are final counts from the census conducted on Apr. 1, 1980. Puerto Rico 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Municipios Pop. Land area sq. mile 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 00601 Adjuntas 18,786 67 00602 Aguada 31,567 31 00603 Aguadilla 54,606 37 00607 Aguas Buenas 22,429 30 00609 Aibonito 22,167 31 ZIP code Municipios Pop. Land area sq. mile 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 00609 Aibonito 22,167 31 00610 Anasco 23,274 40 00612 Arecibo 86,766 127 00615 Arroyo 17,014 15 00617 Barceloneta 18,942 24 00618 Barranquitas 21,639 34 00619 Bayamon 196,206 45 00623 Cabo Rojo 34,045 72 00625 Caguas 117,959 59 00627 Camuy 24,884 47 00629 Canovanas 31,880 33 00630 Carolina 165,954 48 00632 Catano 26,243 6 00633 Cayey 41,099 52 00635 Ceiba 14,944 27 00638 Ciales 16,211 67 00639 Cidra 28,365 36 00640 Coamo 30,822 78 00642 Comerio 18,212 29 ZIP code Municipios Pop. Land area sq. mile 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 00642 Comerio 18,212 29 00643 Corozal 28,221 43 00645 Culebra 1,265 13 00646 Dorado 25,511 24 00648 Fajardo 32,087 31 00650 Florida 7,232 10 00653 Guanica 18,799 37 00654 Guayama 40,183 65 00656 Guayanilla 21,050 42 00657 Guaynabo 80,742 27 00658 Gurabo 23,574 28 00659 Hatillo 28,958 42 00660 Hormigueros 14,030 11 00661 Humacao 46,134 45 00662 Isabela 37,435 56 00664 Jayuya 14,722 44 00665 Juana Diaz 43,505 61 00666 Juncos 25,397 27 00667 Lajas 21,236 60 ZIP code Municipios Pop. Land area sq. mile 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 00667 Lajas 21,236 60 00669 Lares 26,743 62 00670 Las Marias 8,747 46 00671 Las Piedras 22,412 34 00672 Loiza 20,867 21 00673 Luquillo 14,895 26 00701 Manati 36,562 46 00706 Maricao 6,737 37 00707 Maunabo 11,813 21 00708 Mayaguez 96,193 77 00716 Moca 29,185 50 00717 Morovis 21,142 39 00718 Naguabo 20,617 52 00719 Naranjito 23,633 28 00720 Orocovis 19,332 64 00723 Patillas 17,774 47 00724 Penuelas 19,116 45 00731 Ponce 189,046 117 00742 Quebradillas 19,728 23 ZIP code Municipios Pop. Land area sq. mile 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 00742 Quebradillas 19,728 23 00743 Rincon 11,788 14 00745 Rio Grande 34,283 62 00747 Sabana Grande 20,207 36 00751 Salinas 26,438 71 00753 San German 32,922 54 *00936 San Juan 434,849 47 00754 San Lorenzo 32,428 53 00755 San Sebastian 35,690 71 00757 Santa Isabel 19,854 35 00758 Toa Alta 31,910 28 00759 Toa Baja 78,246 24 00760 Trujillo Alto 51,389 21 00761 Utuado 34,505 115 00762 Vega Alta 28,696 28 00763 Vega Baja 47,115 48 00765 Vieques 7,662 53 00766 Villalba 20,734 37 00767 Yabucoa 31,425 55 ZIP code Municipios Pop. Land area sq. mile 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 00767 Yabucoa 31,425 55 00768 Yauco 37,742 69 Total Total 3,196,520 3,459 American Samoa 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Area Pop. Land area sq. mile 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 96799 American Samoa 32,297 77 Guam 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Area Pop. Land area sq. mile 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 96910 Agana 896 1 Agana Hts. 3,284 1 96915 Agat 3,999 10 Asan 2,034 6 96913 Barrigada 7,756 9 Chalan-Pago-Ordot 3,120 6 96912 Dededo 23,644 30 96916 Inarajan 2,059 19 Mangilao 6,840 10 96916 Merizo 1,663 6 ZIP code Area Pop. Land area sq. mile 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 96916 Merizo 1,663 6 Mongmong-Toto-Maite 5,245 2 Piti 2,866 7 96915 Santa Rita 9,183 17 Sinajana 2,485 1 Talofofo 2,006 17 96911 Tamuning 13,580 6 Umatac 732 6 Yigo 10,359 35 96914 Yona 4,228 20 Total Total 105,979 209 Virgin Islands 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Area Pop. Land area sq. mile 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� St. Croix 49,725 80 St. John 2,472 20 St. Thomas 44,372 3 00801 Charlotte Amalie 11,671 00820 Christiansted 2,904 00840 Frederiksted 1,046 Total Total 96,569 132 Trust Territory of Pacific Islands 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ZIP code Area Pop. Land area sq. mile 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Kosrae NA 42 Marshall Islands NA 70 Palau NA 192 Ponape NA 176 Truk NA 49 Yap NA 46 Total Total NA 533 No. Mariana Islands 16,758 184 RELIGIOUS INFORMATION Census of Religious Groups in the U.S. 1990 Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adventist churches: Advent Christian Ch. (251) 19,900 Primitive Advent Christian Ch. (10) 546 Seventh-day Adventists (4,145) 687,200 American Rescue Workers (20) 2,700 Anglican Orthodox Church (40) 6,000 Baha'i Faith (1,700) 110,000 Baptist churches: Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Baptist churches: Amer. Baptist Assn. (1,705) 250,000 Amer. Baptist Chs. in U.S.A. (5,839) 1,549,563 Baptist General Conference (789) 135,125 Baptist Missionary Assn. of America (1,347) 227,897 Conservative Baptist Assn. of America (1,121) 204,496 Duck River (and Kindred) Assn. of Baptists (85) **8,632 Free Will Baptists (2,496) 204,382 Gen. Assn. of Regular Baptist Chs. (1,585) 260,000 Natl. Baptist Convention of America (11,398) **2,668,799 Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Natl. Baptist Convention of America (11,398) **2,668,799 Natl. Baptist Convention, U.S.A. (26,000) **5,500,000 Natl. Primitive Baptist Convention (616) **250,000 No. Amer. Baptist Conference (259) 42,629 Seventh Day Baptist General Conference (81) 5,149 Southern Baptist Convention (37,517) 14,812,844 Brethren (German Baptists): Brethren Ch. (Ashland, Ohio) (124) 14,753 Fellowship of Grace Brethren (312) 41,767 Brethren, River: Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Brethren, River: Brethren in Christ Ch. (193) 17,081 Buddhist Churches of America (100) 100,000 Christadelphians (850) **15,800 The Christian and Missionary Alliance (1,793) 259,612 Christian Catholic Church (6) 2,500 Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) (4,159) 1,073,119 Christian Churches and Churches of Christ (5,579) 1,070,616 Christian Methodist Episcopal Church (2,340) 718,922 Christian Nation Church U.S.A. (5) 200 Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Christian Nation Church U.S.A. (5) 200 Christian Union (114) 6,000 Churches of Christ (13,375) 1,626,000 Churches of Christ in Christian Union (260) 10,418 Churches of God: Chs. of God, General Conference (343) 33,778 Ch. of God (Anderson, Ind.) (2,336) 198,842 Ch. of God (Seventh Day), Denver, Col. (135) 6,498 Church of Christ, Scientist (3,000)* Church of God by Faith (106) **4,500 Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Church of God by Faith (106) **4,500 Church of the Nazarene (5,129) 552,264 Conservative Congregational Christian Conference (176) 29,015 Eastern Orthodox churches: Albanian Orth. Diocese of America (2) 586 American Carpatho-Russian Orth. Greek Catholic Ch. (70) **100,000 Antiochian Orth. Christian Archdiocese of No. Amer. (150) 300,000 Diocese of the Armenian Ch. of America (66) **450,000 Bulgarian Eastern Orth. Ch. (13) **86,000 Coptic Orthodox Ch. (40) 160,000 Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Coptic Orthodox Ch. (40) 160,000 Greek Orth. Archdiocese of N. and S. America (535) **1,950,000 Orthodox Ch. in America (440) **1,000,000 Patriarchal Parishes of the Russian Orth. Ch. in the U.S.A. 9,780 (38) Romanian Orth. Episcopate of America (34) 60,000 Serbian Eastern Orth. Ch. (68) 67,000 Syrian Orth. Ch. of Antioch (Archdiocese of the U.S.A. and 30,000 Canada) (28) Ukrainian Orth. Ch. of America (Ecumenical Patriarchate) 5,000 (27) Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Ukrainian Orthodox Church in the U.S.A. (107) **87,745 The Episcopal Church in the U.S.A. (7,360) 2,455,422 American Ethical Union (Ethical Culture Movement) (21) 3,212 Evangelical Church of North America (155) 17,417 Evangelical Congregational Church (156) 33,318 The Evangelical Covenant Church of America (584) 87,750 Evangelical Free Church of America (880) 95,722 Evangelical associations: Apostolic Christian Chs. of America (80) 11,300 Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Apostolic Christian Ch. (Nazarean) (48) 2,799 Christian Congregation (1,456) 107,902 Friends: Evangelical Friends Alliance (217) 24,095 Friends General Conference (505) 31,690 Friends United Meeting (545) 55,501 Grace Gospel Fellowship (52) 4,500 Independent Fundamental Churches of America (1,019) 120,446 Jehovah's Witnesses (8,851) 804,639 Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Jewish organizations: Union of Amer. Hebrew Congregations (Reform) (839) 1,300,000 Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America (1,000) 1,000,000 United Synagogue of America (Conservative) (850) 2,000,000 Latter-day Saints: Ch. of Jesus Christ (Bickertonites) (70) 2,986 Ch. of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon) (8,682) 4,000,000 Reorganized Ch. of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 190,950 (1,137) Lutheran churches: Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lutheran churches: Ch. of the Lutheran Brethren of America (128) 13,695 Ch. of the Lutheran Confession (67) 8,655 Evangelical Luthern Church in America (11,120) 5,251,534 Evangelical Lutheran Synod (123) 21,378 Assn. of Free Lutheran Congregations (193) 26,870 Latvian Evangelical Lutheran Church of America (56) 13,211 Lutheran Ch.-Missouri Synod (5,939) 2,604,278 Protestant Conference (Lutheran) (7) 1,035 Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (1,191) 418,691 Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (1,191) 418,691 Mennonite churches: Beachy Amish Mennonite Chs. (100) 6,800 Evangelical Mennonite Ch. (26) 3,888 General Conference of Mennonite Brethren Chs. (128) 17,065 The General Conference Mennonite Ch. (224) 34,693 Hutterian Brethren (77) 3,988 Mennonite Ch. (1,023) 92,682 Old Order Amish Ch. (756) 64,040 Old Order (Wisler) Mennonite Ch. (36) 9,731 Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Old Order (Wisler) Mennonite Ch. (36) 9,731 Methodist churches: African Methodist Episcopal Ch. (6,200) 2,210,000 African Methodist Episcopal Zion Ch. (6,060) 1,220,260 Evangelical Methodist Ch. (130) 8,282 Free Methodist Ch. of North America (1,071) 73,647 Fundamental Methodist Ch. (13) 733 Primitive Methodist Ch., U.S.A. (85) 8,244 Reformed Methodist Union Episcopal Ch. (18) 3,800 Southern Methodist Ch. (150) 7,283 Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Southern Methodist Ch. (150) 7,283 United Methodist Ch. (37,641) 9,055,575 Moravian churches: Moravian Ch. (Unitas Fratrum), Northern Province (100) 31,468 Moravian Ch. in America (Unitas Fratrum), Southern 21,467 Province (54) Unity of the Brethren (26) 2,873 Moslems **6,000,000+ New Apostolic Church of North America (491) 36,972 North American Old Roman Catholic Church (133) 62,611 Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Old Catholic churches: Christ Catholic Ch. (6) 2,500 Pentecostal churches: Apostolic Faith (Portland, Ore.) (45) 4,100 Assemblies of God (11,123) 2,147,041 Bible Church of Christ (6) 6,405 Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ World Wide (350) **30,000 Church of God (Cleveland, Tenn.) (5,763) 582,203 Church of God of Prophecy (2,111) 73,977 Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Congregational Holiness Ch. (174) 8,347 Gen. Council, Christian Ch. of No. Amer. (104) 13,500 Intl. Ch. of the Foursquare Gospel (1,363) 198,715 Open Bible Standard Chs. (325) 46,000 Pentecostal Assemblies of the World (550) **4,500 Pentecostal Church of God (1,157) 86,000 Pentecostal Free-Will Baptist Ch. (130) 10,700 United Pentecostal Ch. Intl. (3,592) 500,000 Polish Natl. Catholic Church of America (162) **282,411 Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Presbyterian churches: Associate Reformed Presbyterian Ch. (Gen. Synod) (181) 36,949 Cumberland Presbyterian Ch. (752) 91,491 Evangelical Presbyterian Ch. (155) 50,300 Orthodox Presbyterian Ch. (188) 19,094 Presbyterian Ch. in America (1,067) 208,394 Presbyterian Ch. (U.S.A.) (11,505) 2,929,608 Reformed Presbyterian Ch. in No. Amer. (68) 5,174 Reformed churches: Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Christian Reformed Ch. in N. America (699) 222,408 Hungarian Reformed Ch. in America (31) 12,500 Protestant Reformed Chs. in America (21) 4,544 Reformed Ch. in America (925) 333,798 Reformed Ch. in the U.S. (34) 3,778 The Roman Catholic Church (23,091) 54,918,949 The Salvation Army (1,097) 433,448 The Schwenkfelder Church (5) 2,516 Social Brethren (40) **1,784 Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Natl. Spiritualist Assn. of Churches (142) 5,558 Gen. Convention, The Swedenborgian Church (50) 2,423 Unitarian Universalist Assn. (956) 178,623 United Brethren: Ch. of the United Brethren in Christ (256) 26,869 United Christian Ch. (12) 420 United Church of Christ (6,362) 1,644,787 Universal Fellowship of Metropolitan Community Chs. (230) 34,000 Vedanta Society (13) 2,500 Group Members 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Volunteers of America (607) **36,634 The Wesleyan Church (3,217) 185,861 The 1990 Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches reported a total of 145,383,738 members of religious groups in the U.S.--58.7 percent of the population; membership rose 1.1 percent from the previous year. Comparisons of membership statistics from group to group are not necessarily meaningful. Membership definitions vary--e.g., Roman Catholics count members from infancy, but some Protestant groups count only "adult" members, usually 13 years or older; some groups compile data carefully, but others estimate; not all groups report annually. The number of churches appear in parentheses. Asterisk (*) indicates church declines to publish membership figures; (**) indicates figures date from 1980 or earlier. Religious Population of the U.S. 1990 Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches (Membership in thousands, except as indicated) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴� Membership Member Religious Body 1960 1965 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total 114,449 124,68 Members as percent of population 64 64 Buddhists 20 92 Eastern Churches 2,699 3,172 Jews 5,367 5,600 Old Catholic, Polish National Catholic, Armenian Churches 590 484 Roman Catholics 42,105 46,246 Protestants 63,669 69,088 Miscellaneous - - Membership Member Religious Body 1960 1965 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Miscellaneous - - Estimated Religious Population of the World, mid-1989 The 1989 Encyclopedia Britannica Book of the year (in thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴� Africa Asia Europe Latin America Northe 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Christians 293,547 236,700 410,310 410,240 234,60 Roman Catholics 110,264 111,028 260,450 381,800 95,200 Protestants 77,327 73,563 73,330 15,500 94,600 Orthodox 26,262 3,300 35,860 1,660 5,900 Africa Asia Europe Latin America Northe 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Orthodox 26,262 3,300 35,860 1,660 5,900 Anglicans 24,108 645 32,690 1,230 7,200 Other Christians 55,586 48,164 7,980 10,050 31,700 Muslims 263,132 608,500 12,360 1,200 5,220 Nonreligious 1,700 690,000 52,158 16,000 21,700 Hindus 1,450 685,000 594 750 1,100 Buddhists 14 310,000 222 495 400 Atheists 250 150,000 18,460 2,900 1,200 Chinese folk religionists 10 170,000 50 60 101 New Religionists 15 125,000 35 460 1,300 Tribal Religionists 66,240 23,500 - 950 50 Sikhs 23 17,350 217 7 230 Jews 300 4,310 1,447 1,010 7,100 Shamanists - 10,500 - - - Confucians - 5,800 1 - 18 Baha'is 1,310 2,510 85 750 340 Jains 45 3,520 10 3 2 Shintoists - 3,200 - 1 3 Other religionists 279 5,719 736 4,237 405 Africa Asia Europe Latin America Northe 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Other religionists 279 5,719 736 4,237 405 Total Population 628,317 3,051,609 496,686 439,064 273,77 Headquarters, Leaders of U.S. Religious Groups Year organized in parentheses. See Associations and Societies section for religious organizations. Adventist churches: Advent Christian Church(1854) -- Pres., Rev. Donald E. Wrigley; sec., Rev. Marshall Tidwell, 1002 Grove Ave. SW, Lenoir, NC 28645. Primitive Advent Christian Church-- Pres., Donald Young; sec.-treas., Hugh W. Good, 395 Frame Rd., Elkview, WV 25071. Seventh-day Adventists(1863) -- Pres., Neal C. Wilson; sec., G. Ralph Thompson, 6840 Eastern Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20012. Baptist churches: American Baptist Assn.(1905) -- Pres., Ken Ashlock; sec.-treas., D.S. Madden, P.O. Box 1050, Texarkana, AR 75504. American Baptist Churches in the U.S.A. (1907) -- Pres., Harold Davis; gen. sec., Daniel E. Weiss, P.O. Box 851, Valley Forge, PA 19482. Baptist General Conference(1879) -- Pres., Dr. Robert S. Ricker, 2002 S. Arlington Heights Rd., Arlington Heights, IL 60005. Baptist Missionary Assn. of America (formerly North American Baptist Assn.)(1950) -- Pres., Rev. Gary D. Divine, rec. sec., Rev. Ralph Cottrell, P.O. Box 1203, Van, TX 75790. Conservative Baptist Assn. of America(1947) -- Gen. Dir., Dr. Tim Blanchard, Box 66, Wheaton, IL 60189. Free Will Baptists(1727) -- Mod., Rev. Ralph Hampton; exec. sec., Dr. Melvin Worthington, P.O. Box 1088, Nashville, TN 37202. General Assn. of General Baptists(1823) -- Mod., Rev. Dean Trivitt; clerk, Rev. Edwin Runyon, 801 Kendall, Poplar Bluff, MO 63901. General Assn. of Regular Baptist Churches(1932) -- Chpsn., Dr. David Nettleton; sec., Dr. John White, 1300 N. Meacham Rd., Schaumburg, IL 60173. Natl. Baptist Convention, U.S.A.(1880) -- Pres., Dr. T.J. Jemison; gen. sec., W. Franklyn Richardson, 52 S. 6th Ave., Mt. Vernon, NY 10550. North American Baptist Conference(1865) -- Mod., Rev. Harvey Mehlhaff; exec. dir., Dr. John Binder, 1 S. 210 Summit Ave., Oakbrook Terrace, IL 60181. Southern Baptist Convention(1845) -- Pres., C. Jerry Vines; rec. sec., Martin B. Bradley, 127 9th Ave. N., Nashville, TN 37234. Brethren in Christ Church (1798) -- Mod., Bishop John A. Byers; gen. sec., Dr. R. Donald Shafer, P.O. Box 245, Upland, CA 91785. Brethren (German Baptists): Brethren Church (Ashland, Oh.)(1882) -- Mod., Dr. Dale Stoffer, sec., Norma Waters, RR 1, Box 421, McGaheysville, VA 22840. Buddhist Churches of America (1899) -- Bishop, Rt. Rev. Seigen H. Yamaoka; exec. asst., Rev. Seikan Fukuma, 1710 Octavia St., San Francisco, CA 94109. The Christian and Missionary Alliance (1887) -- Pres., David L. Rambo; sec., Elwood N. Nielsen, 350 N. Highland Ave., Nyack, NY 10960. Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) (1809) -- Gen. minister and pres., John O. Humbert; v.p. for communication, Carolyn W. Day, 222 S. Downey Ave., Box 1986, Indianapolis, IN 46206. Christian Methodist Episcopal Church (1870) -- Exec. sec., Dr. W. Clyde Williams, 2805 Shoreland Dr., Atlanta, GA 30331. sec., Rev. Edgar L. Wade, P.O. Box 3403, Memphis, TN 38101. Churches of Christ in Christian Union (1909) -- Gen. supt., Rev. Robert Kline; gen. sec., Rev. Robert Barth, P.O. Box 188, Alma, GA 31510. Grace Brethren Church, Fellowship of (1882) -- Mod., Dr. John Davies; sec., Rev. Kenneth Koontz, 855 Turnbull St., Delona, FL 32725. Churches of God: Churches of God, General Conference(1825) -- Pres., Pastor Larry G. White; journalizing sec., Rev. Harry G. Cadamore, 157 N. Second St., W. Newton, PA 15089. Church of God (Anderson, Ind.)(1880) -- Chpsn., Samuel G. Hines; exec. sec., Edward L. Foggs, Box 2420, Anderson, IN 46018. Church of Christ, Scientist (1879) -- Pres., Pearline B. Thompson; clk., Mrs. Virginia S. Harris, The First Church of Christ, Scientist, 175 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115. Church of the Nazarene (1908) -- Gen. sec., B. Edgar Johnson, 6401 The Paseo, Kansas City, MO 64131. National Association of Congregational Christian Churches (1955) -- Mod., Rev. Cliff Schutger; exec. sec., J. Fred Rennebohm, Box 1620, Oak Creek, WI 53154. Eastern Orthodox churches: Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America(formerly Syrian Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese) (1894) -- Primate, Metropolitan Archbishop Philip (Saliba); aux., Archbishop Michael (Shaheen), Bishop Antoun (Khouri), 358 Mountain Rd., Englewood, NJ 07631. Diocese of the Armenian Church of America(1889) -- Primate, Eastern Diocese, Archbishop Torkom Manoogian; sec., Edward Onanian, 13010 Hathaway Dr., Wheaton, MD 20906; Western Diocese, Primate, His Eminence Archbishop Vatche Hovsepian, 1201 N. Vine St., Hollywood, CA 90038. Coptic Orthodox Ch.-- Archpriest Fr. Gabriel Abdelsayed, 427 West Side Ave., Jersey City, NJ 07304. Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America(1864) -- Pres., Archbishop Iakovos; sec., Peter Kourides, 8-10 E. 79th St., N.Y., NY 10021. Orthodox Church in America (formerly Russian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church of North America) (1792) -- Primate, Metropolitan Theodosius; chancellor, V. Rev. Robert S. Kondratick, P.O. Box 675, Syosset, NY 11791. Romanian Orthodox Episcopate of America(1929) -- Archbishop Victorin (Urache); sec., Rev. Fr. Felix Dubneae, 3355 Ridgewood Rd., Akron, OH 44313. Serbian Orthodox Church for the U.S.A. and Canada-- Bishops, Rt. Rev. Bishop Firmilian, Rt. Rev. Bishop Chrysostom; Bishop Christopher; St. Sava Monastery, Box 519, Libertyville, IL 60048. Syrian Orthodox Church of Antioch, Archdiocese of the U.S.A. and Canada(1957) -- Primate, Archbishop Mar- Athanasius Y. Samuel; gen. sec., Very Rev. Chorepiscopus John Meno, 45 Fairmount Ave., Hackensack, NJ 07601. Ukrainian Orthodox Church in America (Ecumenical Patriarchate)(1928) -- Primate, Rev. Bishop Vsevolod; sec., Rt. Rev. Ivan Tkaczuk, 90-34 139th St., Jamaica, NY 11435. Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the U.S.A.(1919) -- Metropolitan, Most Rev. Mstyslav S. Skrypnyk, Box 495, South Bound Brook, NJ 08880. The Episcopal Church (1789) -- Presiding bishop and primate, Most Rev. Edmond L. Browning; sec., Rt. Rev. Herbert A. Donovan Jr., Box 6120, Little Rock, AR 72216. The Evangelical Covenant Church (1885) -- Pres., Dr. Paul E. Larsen; sec., Rev. Timothy C. Ek, 5101 N. Francisco Ave., Chicago, IL 60625. Friends: Evangelical Friends Alliance(1965) -- Mid-America YM, Ed Key, 2018 Maple, Wichita, KS 67213. Friends General Conference(1900) -- Gen. sec., Meredith Walton, 1520B Race St., Phila., PA 19102. Friends United Meeting(formerly Five Years Meeting of Friends) (1902) -- Presiding clerk, Paul Enyart, 101 Quaker Hill Dr., Richmond, IN 47374. Independent Fundamental Churches of America(1930) -- Natl. Exec. Dir., Dr. Richard Gregory, 2684 Meadow Ridge Dr., Bryon Ctr., MI 49315. Jehovah's Witnesses (1879) -- Pres., Frederick W. Franz, 25 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, NY 11201. Jewish congregations: Union of American Hebrew Congregations(Reform) -- Pres., Rabbi Alexander M. Schindler, 838 5th Ave., N.Y., NY 10021. Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America-- Pres., Sidney Kwestel, 45 W. 36th St., N.Y., NY 10018. United Synagogue of America(Conservative) -- Pres., Franklin D. Kreutzer, 155 5th Ave., N.Y., NY 10010. Latter-day Saints: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon)(1830) -- Pres., Ezra Taft Benson, 50 E. North Temple St., Salt Lake City, UT 84150. Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints(1830) -- Pres., Wallace B. Smith; sec., W. Grant McMurray, The Auditorium, P.O. Box 1059, Independence, MO 64051. Lutheran churches: Church of the Lutheran Brethren of America(1900) -- Pres., Rev. Robert M. Overgard Sr.; sec., Rev. Richard Vettrus, 707 Crestview Dr., W. Union, IA 52175. Church of the Lutheran Confession(1961) -- Pres., Rev. Daniel Fleischer; sec., Rev. Paul F. Nolting, 620 E. 50th St., Loveland, CO 80537. Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (1987) -- Bishop, Rev. Dr. Herbert W. Chilstrom; sec., Rev. Dr. Lowell G. Almen, 8765 W. Higgins Rd., Chicago, IL 60631. Evangelical Lutheran Synod(1853) -- Pres., Rev. George Orvick; sec., Rev. Alf Merseth, 106 13th St. S., Northwood, IA 50459. Assn. of Free Lutheran Congregations(1962) -- Pres. Rev. Richard Snipstead; sec., Rev. Ronald Knutson, 402 W. 11th St., Canton, SD 57013. Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod(1847) -- Pres., Dr. Ralph A. Bohlmann; sec., Dr. Walter L. Rosin, 1333 S. Kirkwood, St. Louis, MO 63122. Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod(1850) -- Pres., Rev. Carl H. Mischke; sec., Prof. David Worgull, 1270 N. Dobson, Chandler, AZ 85224. Mennonite churches: The General Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches(1860) -- Chpsn., Herb Brandt; sec., Roland Reimer, 8000 W. 21st St., Wichita, KS 67212. Mennonite Church(1690) -- Mod., George R. Brunk, II, 421 S. Second St. Ste. 600, Elkhart, IN 46516. Methodist churches: African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church(1796) -- Sr. Bishop, William Milton Smith; sec., Bd. of Bishops, Bishop John Henry Miller, Sr., 8605 Caswell Court, Raleigh, NC 27612. Free Methodist Church of North America(1860) -- Bishops R.F. Andrews, D. Bastian, G.E. Bates, D.M. Foster, N. Nzeyimana, C.E. Van Valin; gen. conf. sec., Melvin J. Spencer, 901 College Ave., Winona Lake, IN 46590. The United Methodist Church(1968) -- Sec., Gen. Conference, Faith Richardson, 168 Mt. Vernon St., Newtonville, MA 02160. Universal Fellowship of Metropolitan Community Churches -- Mod., Rev. Elder Troy D. Perry; clerk, Rev. Elder Nancy L. Wilson, 5300 Santa Monica Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90029. Moravian Church (Unitas Fratrum) (1740) Northern Province -- Pres., Dr. Gordon L. Sommers, 1021 Center St., P.O. Box 1245, Bethlehem, PA 18016. Southern Province -- Pres., Rev. Graham H. Rights, 459 S. Church St., Winston-Salem, NC 27108. Pentecostal churches: Assemblies of God (1914) -- Gen. supt., G. Raymond Carlson; gen. sec., Joseph R. Flower, 1445 Boonville Ave., Springfield, MO 65802. Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ World Wide(1927) -- Presiding bishop, Smallwood E. Williams; gen. sec., Bishop Edward William, 5118 Clarendon Rd., Brooklyn, NY 11226. Gen. Council, Christian Church of No. America(1948) -- Gen. overseer; Rev. Guy BonGiovanni; gen. sec.-treas., Rev. Richard A. Tedesco, Rt. 18 & Rutledge Rd., Box 141-A, RD #1, Transfer, PA 16154. The Church of God(1903) -- Gen. overseer, Bishop Voy M. Bullen; gen. sec.-treas., Marie Powell, Box 13036, 1207 Willow Brook, Huntsville, AL 35802. Church of God (Cleveland, Tenn.)(1886) -- Gen. overseer, Raymond Crowley; gen. sec.-treas., John Nichols, P.O. Box 2430, Cleveland, TN 37320. International Church of the Foursquare Gospel(1927) -- Pres., Dr. John R. Holland; sec., Rev. John W. Bowers, 1100 Glendale Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90026. National Gay Pentecostal Alliance(1980) -- Pres., Rev. Wm. H. Carey, P.O. Box 1391, Schenectady, NY 12301. Open Bible Standard Churches(1919) -- Gen. supt., Ray E. Smith; sec.-treas., Patrick L. Bowlin, 2020 Bell Ave., Des Moines, IA 50315. Pentecostal Church of God(1919) -- Gen. supt., Dr. James D. Gee; gen. sec.-treas., Dr. Ronald R. Minor, 4901 Pennsylvania, P.O. Box 850, Joplin, MO 64802. Pentecostal Free Will Baptist Church(1959) -- Gen. supt., Rev. Don Sauls; gen. sec., Rev. J.T. Hammond, Box 1568, Dunn, NC 28334. United Pentecostal Church International(1945) -- Gen. supt., Rev. Nathaniel A. Urshan; gen. sec.-treas., Rev. C. M. Becton, 8855 Dunn Rd., Hazelwood, MO 63042. Presbyterian churches: Cumberland Presbyterian Church(1810) -- Mod., Beverly St. John; stated clerk, Robert Prosser, 1978 Union Ave., Memphis, TN 38104. Evangelical Presbyterian Church(1981) -- Mod., Richard Heidtman; stated clerk, Rev. L. Edward Davis, 26049 Five Mile Rd., Detroit, MI 48239. The Orthodox Presbyterian Church(1936) -- Mod., Mark T. Bube; stated clerk, John P. Galbraith, 2345 Willow Brook Dr., Huntingdon Valley, PA 19006. Presbyterian Church in America(1973) -- Mod., Dr. D. James Kennedy; stated clerk, Dr. Paul R. Gilchrist, 1852 Century Pl., Atlanta, GA 30345. Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)(1983) -- Mod., C. Kenneth Hall; stated clerk, Rev. James E. Andrews, 100 Witherspoon St., Louisville, KY 40202. Reformed Presbyterian Church of No. America(1871) -- Mod., Dr. John H. White; clerk, Rev. Paul M. Martin, 1117 E. Devonshire, Phoenix, AZ 85014. Reformed churches: Christian Reformed Church in North America(1857) -- Stated clerk, Rev. Leonard J. Hofman, 2850 Kalamazoo Ave., SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49560. Reformed Church in America(1628) -- Pres., Wilbur T. Washington; gen. sec., Edwin G. Mulder, 475 Riverside Dr., N.Y., NY 10115. Reformed Episcopal Church(1873) -- Pres., and Presid. Bishop, Rev. William H. S. Jerden Jr; sec., Rev. Roger F. Spence, 6300 Greenwood Pkwy., 203, Sagamore Hills, OH 44067. Roman Catholic Church -- National Conference of Catholic Bishops. Pres., Archbishop John L. May; sec., Archbishop Eugene Marino, 1312 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20005. The Salvation Army (1880) -- Natl. Cmdr. Commissioner Andrew S. Miller; natl. chief sec., Col. Harold E. Shoults, 799 Bloomfield Ave., Verona, NJ 07044. Sikh (1972) -- Chief adm., Siri Singh Sahib, Harbhajan Singh Khalsa Yogiji; sec. gen., Mukhia Sardarni Sahiba, Sardarni Premka Kaur Khalsa, 1649 S. Robertson Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90035. Unitarian Universalist Assn. (1961) -- Pres., Rev. William Schulz; sec., Barry Johnson-Fay, 25 Beacon St., Boston, MA 02108. United Brethren in Christ (1789) -- Chpsn., Bishop C. Ray Miller; 302 Lake St., Huntington, IN 46750. United Church of Christ (1957) -- Pres., Rev. Avery D. Post; sec., Rev. Carol Joyce Brun, 105 Madison Ave., N.Y., NY 10016. Volunteers of America (1896) -- Pres., Raymond C. Tremont; 3813 N. Causeway Blvd., Metairie, LA 70002. The Wesleyan Church (1968) -- Gen. supt., Rev. J. Stevan Manley; gen. sec., Rev. Robert W. Wilson, 10880 State Rt. 170, Negley, OH. Religious Preference of Teens The Gallup Organization, Jan. 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Protestant Catholic Protestant Catholic 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� National 53% 32% Sex Male 48 33 Female 55 31 Age Ages 13 to 15 54 30 Ages 16 to 17 54 30 Race Whites 49 33 Non-Whites 64 28 Family White-collar 48 35 Blue-collar 56 30 Region East 40 42 Midwest 49 40 South 72 18 West 36 33 Urbanization Protestant Catholic 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Urbanization Central cities 49 36 Suburbs 49 32 Non-metropolitan areas 60 27 Church Attendance By Teens & Adults The Gallup Organization, Jan. 1990 Worship Service Attendance In Past Seven Days 露컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Adults Teens 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Adults Teens 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1989 43% 57% 1988 42 51 1987 40 52 1986 40 54 1985 42 52 1984 40 52 1983 40 53 1982 41 50 1981 41 54 1980 41 50 Jewish Holy Days, Festivals, and Fasts 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴� 1990 1990 1990 1991 (5750-51) (5750-51) (5750-51) (5751-52) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Tu B'Shvat Feb. 10 Sat. Jan. Ta'anis Esther (Fast of Esther) Mar. 8 Thu.* Feb. Purim Mar. 11 Sun. Feb. Passover Apr. 10 Tue. Mar. Apr. 17 Tue. Apr. Lag B'Omer May 13 Sun. May Shavuot May 30 Wed. May May 31 Thu. May Fast of the 17th Day of Tammuz July 10 Tue. June Fast of the 9th Day of Ac July 31 Tue. July Rosh Hashanah Sept. 20 Thu. Sept. Sept. 21 Fri Sept. Fast of Gedalya Sept. 23 Sun.* Sept. 1990 1990 1990 1991 (5750-51) (5750-51) (5750-51) (5751-52) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Oct. 12 Fri. Oct. Chanukah Dec. 12 Wed. Dec. Dec. 19 Wed. Dec. Fast of the 10th of Tevet Dec. 27 Thu. Dec. The months of the Jewish year are: 1) Tishri; 2) Cheshvan (also Marcheshvan); 3) Kislev; 4) Tebet (also Tebeth); 5) Shebat (also Shebhat); 6) Adar; 6a) Adar Sheni (II) added in leap years; 7) Nisan; 8) Iyar; 9) Sivan; 10) Tammuz; 11) Av (also Abh); 12) Elul. All Jewish holy days, etc., begin at sunset on the day previous. *Date changed to avoid Sabbath. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코� 1991 1992 1993 199 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Triodion begins January 27 February 16 February 7 Feb Sat. of Souls February 9 February 29 February 20 Mar Meat Fare February 10 March 1 February 21 Mar 2nd Sat. of Souls February 16 March 7 February 27 Mar Lent Begins February 18 March 9 March 1 Mar St. Theodore 3rd Sat. of Souls February 23 March 14 March 6 Mar Sunday of Orthodoxy February 24 March 15 March 7 Mar Sat. of Lazarus March 30 April 18 April 10 Apr Palm Sunday March 31 April 19 April 11 Apr Holy (Good) Friday April 5 April 24 April 16 Apr Western Easter March 31 April 19 April 11 Apr Orthodox Easter April 7 April 26 April 18 May Ascension May 16 June 4 May 27 Jun Sat. of Souls May 25 June 13 June 5 Jun Pentecost May 26 June 14 June 6 Jun All Saints June 2 June 21 June 13 Jun Islamic (Moslem) Calendar 1990-1991 (1411-1412) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Name of month Month begins 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1411 Muharram (New Year) July 24, 1990 1411 Safar Aug. 23, 1990 1411 Rabia I Sept. 21, 1990 1411 Rabia II Oct. 21, 1990 1411 Jumada I Nov. 19, 1990 1411 Jumada II Dec. 19, 1990 1411 Rajab Jan. 17, 1991 1411 Shaban Feb. 16, 1991 1411 Ramadan Mar. 17, 1991 1411 Shawwai Apr. 16, 1991 1411 Zu'lkadah May 15, 1991 1411 Zu'lhijjah June 14, 1991 Year Name of month Month begins 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1411 Zu'lhijjah June 14, 1991 1412 Muharram (New Year) July 13, 1991 1412 Safar Aug. 12, 1991 1412 Rabia I Sept. 10, 1991 1412 Rabia II Oct. 10, 1991 1412 Jamada I Nov. 8, 1991 The Islamic Calendar is a lunar reckoning from the year of the hegira, 622 A.D., when Muhammed moved from Mecca to Medina. It runs in cycles of 30 years, of which the 2d, 5th, 7th, 10th, 13th, 16th, 18th, 21st, 24th, 26th, and 29th are leap years; 1411 is the 1st year, 1412 the 2d year of the cycle. Common years have 354 days, leap years 355, the extra day being added to the last month, Zu'lhijjah. Except for this case, the 12 months beginning with Muharram have alternately 30 and 29 days. Episcopal Church Calendar and Liturgical Colors 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코� Days, etc. 1987 1987 1988 1988 1989 1989 1990 199 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Golden Number 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 Sunday Letter D D CB CB A A G G Sundays after Epiphany 8 8 6 6 5 5 8 8 Ash Wednesday Mar. 4 Feb. 17 Feb. 8 Feb. 28 First Sunday in Lent Mar. 8 Feb. 21 Feb. 12 Mar. 4 Passion/Palm Sunday Apr. 12 Mar. 27 Mar. 19 Apr. 8 Good Friday Apr. 17 Apr. 1 Mar. 24 Apr. 13 Easter Day Apr. 19 Apr. 3 Mar. 26 Apr. 15 Ascension Day May 28 May 12 May 4 May 24 The Day of Pentecost June 7 May 22 May 14 June 3 Trinity Sunday June 14 May 29 May 21 June 10 Numbered Proper of 2 Pentecost #7 #7 #5 #5 #3 #3 #6 #6 First Sunday of Advent Nov. 29 Nov. 27 Dec. 3 Dec. 2 White--from Christmas Day through the First Sunday after Epiphany; Maundy Thursday (as an alternative to crimson at the Eucharist); from the Vigil of Easter to the Day of Pentecost (Whitsunday); Trinity Sunday; Feasts of the Lord (except Holy Cross Day); the Confession of St. Peter; the Conversion of St. Paul; St. Joseph; St. Mary Magdalene; St. Mary the Virgin; St. Michael and All Angels; All Saint's Day; St. John the Evangelist; memorials of other saints who were not martyred; Independence Day and Thanksgiving Day; weddings and funerals. Red.--the Day of Pentecost; Holy Cross Day; feasts of apostles and evangelists (except those listed above); feasts and memorials of martyrs (including Holy Innocents' Day). Violet--Advent and Lent. Crimson (dark red)--Holy Week. Green--the seasons after Epiphany and after Pentecost. Black--optional alternative for funerals. Alternative colors used in some churches: Blue--Advent; Lenten White--Ash Wednesday to Palm Sunday. In the Episcopal Church the days of fasting are Ash Wednesday and Good Friday. Other days of special devotion (abstinence) are the 40 days of Lent and all Fridays of the year, except those in Christmas and Easter seasons and any Feasts of the Lord which occur on a Friday or during Lent. Ember Days (optional) are days of prayer for the Church's ministry. They fall on the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday after the first Sunday in Lent, the Day of Pentecost, Holy Cross Day, and the Third Sunday of Advent. Rogation Days (also optional) are the three days before Ascension Day, and are days of prayer for God's blessing on the crops, on commerce and industry, and for the conservation of the earth's resources. Ash Wednesday and Easter Sunday 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Ash Wed. Ash Wed. Easter Sunday Easter Sunday 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1901 Feb. 20 Apr. 7 1902 Feb. 12 Mar. 30 1903 Feb. 25 Apr. 12 1904 Feb. 17 Apr. 3 1905 Mar. 8 Apr. 23 1906 Feb. 28 Apr. 15 1907 Feb. 13 Mar. 31 1908 Mar. 4 Apr. 19 1909 Feb. 24 Apr. 11 Year Ash Wed. Ash Wed. Easter Sunday Easter Sunday 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1909 Feb. 24 Apr. 11 1910 Feb. 9 Mar. 27 1911 Mar. 1 Apr. 16 1912 Feb. 21 Apr. 7 1913 Feb. 5 Mar. 23 1914 Feb. 25 Apr. 12 1915 Feb. 17 Apr. 4 1916 Mar. 8 Apr. 23 1917 Feb. 21 Apr. 8 1918 Feb. 13 Mar. 31 1919 Mar. 5 Apr. 20 1920 Feb. 18 Apr. 4 1921 Feb. 9 Mar. 27 1922 Mar. 1 Apr. 16 1923 Feb. 14 Apr. 1 1924 Mar. 5 Apr. 20 1925 Feb. 25 Apr. 12 1926 Feb. 17 Apr. 4 1927 Mar. 2 Apr. 17 Year Ash Wed. Ash Wed. Easter Sunday Easter Sunday 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1927 Mar. 2 Apr. 17 1928 Feb. 22 Apr. 8 1929 Feb. 13 Mar. 31 1930 Mar. 5 Apr. 20 1931 Feb. 18 Apr. 5 1932 Feb. 10 Mar. 27 1933 Mar. 1 Apr. 16 1934 Feb. 14 Apr. 1 1935 Mar. 6 Apr. 21 1936 Feb. 26 Apr. 12 1937 Feb. 10 Mar. 28 1938 Mar. 2 Apr. 17 1939 Feb. 22 Apr. 9 1940 Feb. 7 Mar. 24 1941 Feb. 26 Apr. 13 1942 Feb. 18 Apr. 5 1943 Mar. 10 Apr. 25 1944 Feb. 23 Apr. 9 1945 Feb. 14 Apr. 1 Year Ash Wed. Ash Wed. Easter Sunday Easter Sunday 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1945 Feb. 14 Apr. 1 1946 Mar. 6 Apr. 21 1947 Feb. 19 Apr. 6 1948 Feb. 11 Mar. 28 1949 Mar. 2 Apr. 17 1950 Feb. 22 Apr. 9 1951 Feb. 7 Mar. 25 1952 Feb. 27 Apr. 13 1953 Feb. 18 Apr. 5 1954 Mar. 3 Apr. 18 1955 Feb. 23 Apr. 10 1956 Feb. 15 Apr. 1 1957 Mar. 6 Apr. 21 1958 Feb. 19 Apr. 6 1959 Feb. 11 Mar. 29 1960 Mar. 2 Apr. 17 1961 Feb. 15 Apr. 2 1962 Mar. 7 Apr. 22 1963 Feb. 27 Apr. 14 Year Ash Wed. Ash Wed. Easter Sunday Easter Sunday 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1963 Feb. 27 Apr. 14 1964 Feb. 12 Mar. 29 1965 Mar. 3 Apr. 18 1966 Feb. 23 Apr. 10 1967 Feb. 8 Mar. 26 1968 Feb. 28 Apr. 14 1969 Feb. 19 Apr. 6 1970 Feb. 11 Mar. 29 1971 Feb. 24 Apr. 11 1972 Feb. 16 Apr. 2 1973 Mar. 7 Apr. 22 1974 Feb. 27 Apr. 14 1975 Feb. 12 Mar. 30 1976 Mar. 3 Apr. 18 1977 Feb. 23 Apr. 10 1978 Feb. 8 Mar. 26 1979 Feb. 28 Apr. 15 1980 Feb. 20 Apr. 6 1981 Mar. 4 Apr. 19 Year Ash Wed. Ash Wed. Easter Sunday Easter Sunday 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1981 Mar. 4 Apr. 19 1982 Feb. 24 Apr. 11 1983 Feb. 16 Apr. 3 1984 Mar. 7 Apr. 22 1985 Feb. 20 Apr. 7 1986 Feb. 12 Mar. 30 1987 Mar. 4 Apr. 19 1988 Feb. 17 Apr. 3 1989 Feb. 8 Mar. 26 1990 Feb. 28 Apr. 15 1991 Feb. 13 Mar. 31 1992 Mar. 4 Apr. 19 1993 Feb. 24 Apr. 11 1994 Feb. 16 Apr. 3 1995 Mar. 1 Apr. 16 1996 Feb. 21 Apr. 7 1997 Feb. 12 Mar. 30 1998 Feb. 25 Apr. 12 1999 Feb. 17 Apr. 4 Year Ash Wed. Ash Wed. Easter Sunday Easter Sunday 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1999 Feb. 17 Apr. 4 2000 Mar. 8 Apr. 23 2001 Feb. 28 Apr. 15 2002 Feb. 13 Mar. 31 2003 Mar. 5 Apr. 20 2004 Feb. 25 Apr. 11 2005 Feb. 9 Mar. 27 2006 Mar. 1 Apr. 16 2007 Feb. 21 Apr. 8 2008 Feb. 6 Mar. 23 2009 Feb. 25 Apr. 12 2010 Feb. 17 Apr. 4 2011 Mar. 9 Apr. 24 2012 Feb. 22 Apr. 8 2013 Feb. 13 Mar. 31 2014 Mar. 5 Apr. 20 2015 Feb. 18 Apr. 5 2016 Feb. 10 Mar. 27 2017 Mar. 1 Apr. 16 Year Ash Wed. Ash Wed. Easter Sunday Easter Sunday 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 2017 Mar. 1 Apr. 16 2018 Feb. 14 Apr. 1 2019 Mar. 6 Apr. 21 2020 Feb. 26 Apr. 12 2021 Feb. 17 Apr. 4 2022 Mar. 2 Apr. 17 2023 Feb. 22 Apr. 9 2024 Feb. 14 Mar. 31 2025 Mar. 5 Apr. 20 2026 Feb. 18 Apr. 5 2027 Feb. 10 Mar. 28 2028 Mar. 1 Apr. 16 2029 Feb. 14 Apr. 1 2030 Mar. 6 Apr. 21 2031 Feb. 26 Apr. 13 2032 Feb. 11 Mar. 28 2033 Mar. 2 Apr. 17 2034 Feb. 22 Apr. 9 2035 Feb. 7 Mar. 25 Year Ash Wed. Ash Wed. Easter Sunday Easter Sunday 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 2035 Feb. 7 Mar. 25 2036 Feb. 27 Apr. 13 2037 Feb. 18 Apr. 5 2038 Mar. 10 Apr. 25 2039 Feb. 23 Apr. 10 2040 Feb. 15 Apr. 1 2041 Mar. 6 Apr. 21 2042 Feb. 19 Apr. 6 2043 Feb. 11 Mar. 29 2044 Mar. 2 Apr. 17 2045 Feb. 22 Apr. 9 2046 Feb. 7 Mar. 25 2047 Feb. 27 Apr. 14 2048 Feb. 19 Apr. 5 2049 Mar. 3 Apr. 18 2050 Feb. 23 Apr. 10 2051 Feb. 15 Apr. 2 2052 Mar. 6 Apr. 21 2053 Feb. 19 Apr. 6 Year Ash Wed. Ash Wed. Easter Sunday Easter Sunday 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 2053 Feb. 19 Apr. 6 2054 Feb. 11 Mar. 29 2055 Mar. 3 Apr. 18 2056 Feb. 16 Apr. 2 2057 Mar. 7 Apr. 22 2058 Feb. 27 Apr. 14 2059 Feb. 12 Mar. 30 2060 Mar. 3 Apr. 18 2061 Feb. 23 Apr. 10 2062 Feb. 8 Mar. 26 2063 Feb. 28 Apr. 15 2064 Feb. 20 Apr. 6 2065 Feb. 11 Mar. 29 2066 Feb. 24 Apr. 11 2067 Feb. 16 Apr. 3 2068 Mar. 7 Apr. 22 2069 Feb. 27 Apr. 14 2070 Feb. 12 Mar. 30 2071 Mar. 4 Apr. 19 Year Ash Wed. Ash Wed. Easter Sunday Easter Sunday 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 2071 Mar. 4 Apr. 19 2072 Feb. 24 Apr. 10 2073 Feb. 8 Mar. 26 2074 Feb. 28 Apr. 15 2075 Feb. 20 Apr. 7 2076 Mar. 4 Apr. 19 2077 Feb. 24 Apr. 11 2078 Feb. 16 Apr. 3 2079 Mar. 8 Apr. 23 2080 Feb. 21 Apr. 7 2081 Feb. 12 Mar. 30 2082 Mar. 4 Apr. 19 2083 Feb. 17 Apr. 4 2084 Feb. 9 Mar. 26 2085 Feb. 28 Apr. 15 2086 Feb. 13 Mar. 31 2087 Mar. 5 Apr. 20 2088 Feb. 25 Apr. 11 2089 Feb. 16 Apr. 3 Year Ash Wed. Ash Wed. Easter Sunday Easter Sunday 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 2089 Feb. 16 Apr. 3 2090 Mar. 1 Apr. 16 2091 Feb. 21 Apr. 8 2092 Feb. 13 Mar. 30 2093 Feb. 25 Apr. 12 2094 Feb. 17 Apr. 4 2095 Mar. 9 Apr. 24 2096 Feb. 29 Apr. 15 2097 Feb. 13 Mar. 31 2098 Mar. 5 Apr. 20 2099 Feb. 25 Apr. 12 2100 Feb. 10 Mar. 28 The Ten Commandments According to Judeo-Christian tradition, as related in the Bible, the Ten Commandments were revealed by God to Moses, and form the basic moral component of God's covenant with Israel. The Ten Commandments appear in two different places in the Old Testament--Exodus 20:1-17 and Deuterotomy 5:6-21--the phrasing similar but not identical. Most Protestant, Anglican, and Orthodox Christians enumerate the commandments differently from Roman Catholics and Lutherans. Jewish tradition considers the introduction, "I am the Lord . . . " to be the first commandment and makes the prohibition against "other gods" and idolatry the second. Abridged Text of the Ten Commandments in Exodus 20:1-17 I. I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. You shall have no other gods before me. II. You shall not make for yourself a graven image. You shall not bow down to them or serve them. III. You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain. IV. Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. V. Honor your father and your mother. VI. You shall not kill. VII. You shall not commit adultery. VIII. You shall not steal. IX. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. X. You shall not covet. Books of the Bible Old Testament--Standard Protestant English Versions Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth I Samuel II Samuel I Kings II Kings I Chronicles II Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Solomon Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi New Testament--Standard Protestant English Versions Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans I Corinthians II Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Phillippians Colossians I Thessalonians II Thessalonians I Timothy II Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James I Peter II Peter I John II John III John Jude Revelation Catholic Versions All the Catholic books of the Bible (Old Testament and New Testament) have the same names as Protestant Versions. A Catholic Version (and Pre-Reformation Bibles) simply has the books Tobit, Judith, Wisdom, Sirach (Ecclesiasticus), Baruch, I Maccabees, and II Maccabees as part of the Old Testament. The Old Testament books that a Catholic Bible includes and a Protestant Bible does not are called "Deuterocanonical Books." Roman Catholic Hierarchy U.S. Catholic Conference; Mid-year, 1990 Supreme Pontiff At the head of the Roman Catholic Church is the Supreme Pontiff, Pope John Paul II, Karol Wojtyla, born at Wadowice (Krakow), Poland, May 18, 1920; ordained priest Nov. 1, 1946; promoted to Archbishop of Krakow Jan. 13, 1964; proclaimed Cardinal June 26, 1967; elected pope as successor of Pope John Paul I Oct. 16, 1978; solemn commencement as pope Oct. 22, 1978. College of Cardinals Members of the Sacred College of Cardinals are chosen by the Pope to be his chief assistants and advisors in the administration of the church. Among their duties is the election of the Pope when the Holy See becomes vacant. The title of cardinal is a high honor, but it does not represent any increase in the powers of holy orders. In its present form, the College of Cardinals dates from the 12th century. The first cardinals, from about the 6th century, were deacons and priests of the leading churches of Rome, and bishops of neighboring diocese. The title of cardinal was limited to members of the college in 1567. The number of cardinals was set at 70 in 1586 by Pope Sixtus V. From 1959 Pope John XXIII began to increase the number. However, the number of cardinals eligible to participate in papal elections was limited to 120. There were lay cardinals until 1918, when the Code of Canon Law specified that all cardinals must be priests. Pope John XXIII in 1962 established that all cardinals must be bishops. The first age limits were set in 1971 by Pope Paul VI, who decreed that at age 80 cardinals must retire from curial departments and offices and from participation in papal elections. They continue as members of the college, with all rights and privileges. U.S. Cardinals 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Name Office 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Aponte Martinez, Luis Archbishop of San Juan Baum, William Prefect of Congregation for Seminaries and Institutes Study Name Office 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Bernardin, Joseph Archbishop of Chicago Carberry, John* Archbishop emeritus of St. Louis Hickey, James Archbishop of Washington Krol, John Archbishop emeritus of Philadelphia Law, Bernard F. Archbishop of Boston O'Connor, John J Archbishop of New York Szoka, Edmund Archbishop of Detroit *Asterisk indicates cardinals ineligible to take part in papal elections. Major Christian Denominations: How Do They Differ? Italics indicate that area which, generally speaking, most distinguishes that denomination from any other. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴� Denomination Origins Organization Authority 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Baptists In radical Congregational, Scripture; some Reformation i.e., each local Baptists, objections to church is particularly in infant baptism, autonomous. the South, demands for interpret the church-state Bible literally. separation; John Smyth, English Separatist in 1609; Roger Williams, Denomination Origins Organization Authority 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Roger Williams, 1638, Providence, R.I. Church of Christ Among evangelical Congregational. "Where the (Disciples) Presbyterians in Ky. Scriptures spea (1804) and Penn. we speak; where (1809), in distress the Scriptures a over Protestant silent, we are factionalism and silent." decline of fervor. Organized 1832. Episcopalians Henry VIII Bishops, in Scripture as separated English apostolic interpreted by Catholic Church succession, are tradition, esp. from Rome, 1534, elected by Articles Denomination Origins Organization Authority 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� reasons. representatives; Tri-annual Protestant part of Anglican convention of Episcopal Church in Communion, bishops, priests U.S. founded 1789. symbolically and laymen. headed by Archbishop of Canterbury. Lutherans Martin Luther in Varies from Scripture, and Wittenberg, Germany, congregational to tradition as 1517, objected to episcopal; in U.S. spelled out in Catholic doctrine a combination of Augsburg of salvation by regional synods Confession (1530 merit and sale of and congregational and other creeds indulgences; break polities is most These confession Denomination Origins Organization Authority 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� vary. Methodists Rev. John Wesley Conference and Scripture as began movement, superintendent interpreted by 1738, within Church system. In United tradition, reaso of England. First Methodist Church, and experience. U.S. denomination general Baltimore, 1784. superintendents are bishops -- not a priestly order, only an office -- who are elected Denomination Origins Organization Authority 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� which he received a Council of 12 pronouncements o new revelation on Apostles and 1st the 1st golden tablets: Presidency (1st Presidency. The Book of Mormon. President, 2 counselors). Orthodox Original Christian Synods of bishops Scripture, proselytizing in in autonomous, tradition, and t 1st century; broke usually national, first 7 church Denomination Origins Organization Authority 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� church. Pentecostal In Topeka, Kansas Originally a Scripture, (1901), and Los movement, not a individual Angeles (1906) in formal charismatic reaction to loss of organization, leaders, the evangelical fervor Pentecostalism now teachings of the among Methodists has a variety of Holy Spirit. Denomination Origins Organization Authority 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� government. John (presbyters) in Knox founded Scotch local, regional Presbyterian church and national about 1560. bodies. (synods). Roman Catholics Denomination Origins Organization Authority 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� United Church of By ecumenical union, Congregational; a Scripture Christ 1957, of General Synod, Congregationalists representative of and Evangelical & all congregations, Buddhism Founded: About 525 BC, reportedly near Benares, India. Founder: Gautama Siddhartha (ca. 563-480), the Buddha, who achieved enlightenment through intense meditation. Sacred Texts: The Tripitaka, a collection of the Buddha's teachings, rules of monastic life, and philosophical commentaries on the teachings; also a vast body of Buddhist teachings and commentaries, many of which are called sutras. Organization: The basic institution is the sangha or monastic order through which the traditions are passed to each generation. Monastic life tends to be democratic and anti-authoritarian. Large lay organizations have developed in some sects. Practice: Divisions: A wide variety of sects grouped into 3 primary branches: Therevada (sole survivor of the ancient Hinayana schools) which emphasizes the importance of pure thought and deed; Mahayana, which includes Zen and Soka-gakkai, ranges from philosophical schools to belief in the saving grace of higher beings or ritual practices, and to practical meditative disciplines; and Tantrism, an unusual combination of belief in ritual magic and sophisticated philosophy. Location: Throughout Asia, from Ceylon to Japan. Zen and Soka-gakkai have several thousand adherents in the U.S. Beliefs: Life is misery and decay, and there is no ultimate reality in it or behind it. The cycle of endless birth and rebirth continues because of desire and attachment to the unreal "self". Right meditation and deeds will end the cycle and achieve Nirvana, the Void, nothingness. Hinduism Founded: Ca. 1500 BC by Aryan invaders of India where their Vedic religion intermixed with the practices and beliefs of the natives. Sacred texts: The Veda, including the Upanishads, a collection of rituals and mythological and philosophical commentaries; a vast number of epic stories about gods, heroes and saints, including the Bhagavadgita, a part of the Mahabharata, and the Ramayana; and a great variety of other literature. Organization: None, strictly speaking. Generally, rituals should be performed or assisted by Brahmins, the priestly caste, but in practice simpler rituals can be performed by anyone. Brahmins are the final judges of ritual purity, the vital element in Hindu life. Temples and religious organizations are usually presided over by Brahmins. Practice: A variety of private rituals, primarily passage rites (eg. initiation, marriage, death, etc.) and daily devotions, and a similar variety of public rites in temples. Of the latter, the puja, a ceremonial dinner for a god, is the most common. Divisions: There is no concept of orthodoxy in Hinduism, which presents a bewildering variety of sects, most of them devoted to the worship of one of the many gods. The 3 major living traditions are those devoted to the gods Vishnu and Shiva and to the goddess Shakti; each of them divided into further sub-sects. Numerous folk beliefs and practices, often in amalgamation with the above groups, exist side-by-side with sophisticated philosophical schools and exotic cults. Location: Confined to India, except for the missionary work of Vedanta, the Krishna Consciousness society, and individual gurus (teachers) in the West. Beliefs: There is only one divine principle; the many gods are only aspects of that unity. Life in all its forms is an aspect of the divine, but it appears as a separation from the divine, a meaningless cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara)determined by the purity or impurity of past deeds(karma). To improve one's karma or escape samsara by pure acts, thought, and/or devotion is the aim of every Hindu. Islam Founded: 622 AD in Medina, Arabian peninsula. Founder: Mohammed (ca. 570-632), the Prophet. Sacred texts: Koran, the words of God. Hadith, collections of the sayings of the Prophet. Organization: Theoretically the state and religious community are one, administered by a caliph. In practice, Islam is a loose collection of congregations united by a very conservative tradition. Islam is basically egalitarian and non-authoritarian. Practice: Every Moslem has 5 duties: to make the profession of faith ("There is no god but Allah . . . "), pray 5 times a day, give a regular portion of his goods to charity, fast during the day in the month of Ramadan, and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca if possible. Divisions: The 2 major sects of Islam are the Sunni (orthodox) and the Shi'ah. The Shi'ah believe in 12 imams, perfect teachers, who still guide the faithful from Paradise. Shi'ah practice tends toward the ecstatic, while the Sunni is staid and simple. The Shi'ah sect affirms man's free will; the Sunni is deterministic. The mystic tradition in Islam is Sufism. A Sufi adept believes he has acquired a special inner knowledge direct from Allah. Location: From the west coast of Africa to the Philipines across a broad band that includes Tanzania, southern USSR and western China, India, Malaysia and Indonesia. Islam claims over 2 million adherents in the U.S. Beliefs: Strictly monotheistic. God is creator of the universe, omnipotent, just, and merciful. Man is God's highest creation, but limited and commits sins. He is misled by Satan, an evil spirit. God revealed the Koran to Mohammed to guide men to the truth. Those who repent and sincerely submit to God return to a state of sinlessness. In the end, the sinless go to Paradise, a place of physical and spiritual pleasure, and the wicked burn in Hell. Judaism Founded: About 1300 BCE. Founder: Abrahm is regarded as the founding patriarch, but the Torah of Moses is the basic source of the teachings. Sacred Texts: The five books of Moses constitute the written Torah. Special sanctity is also assigned other writings of the Hebrew Bible--the teachings of oral Torah are recorded in the Talmud, the Midrash, and various commentaries. Organization: Originally theocratic, Judaism has evolved a congregational polity. The basic institution is the local synagogue, operated by the congregation and led by a rabbi of their choice. Chief Rabbis in France and Great Britain have authority only over those who accept it; in Israel, the 2 Chief Rabbis have civil authority in family law. Practice: Among traditional practitioners, almost all areas of life are governed by strict religious discipline. Sabbath and holidays are marked by special observances, and attendance at public worship is regarded as especially important then. The chief annual observances are Passover, celebrating the liberation of the Israelites from Egypt and marked by the ritual Seder meal in the home, and the 10 days from Rosh Hashana (New Year) to Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement), a period of fasting and penitence. Divisions: Judaism is an unbroken spectrum from ultra conservative to ultra liberal, largely reflecting different points of view regarding the binding character of the prohibitions and duties--particularly the dietary and Sabbath observations--prescribed in the daily life of the Jew. Location: Almost worldwide, with concentrations in Israel and the U.S. Beliefs: Strictly monotheistic. God is the creator and absolute ruler of the universe. Men are free to choose to rebel against God's rule. God established a particular relationship with the Hebrew people: by obeying a divine law God gave them they would be a special witness to God's mercy and justice. The emphasis in Judaism is on ethical behavior (and, among the traditional, careful ritual obedience) as the true worship of God. STATES AND OTHER AREAS OF THE U.S. Population: Commerce Dept., Bureau of the Census (July, 1989 provisional estimates, inc. armed forces personnel in each state but excluding such personnel stationed overseas); area: Bureau of the Census, Geography Division; forested land: Agriculture Dept., Forest Service; lumber production: Bureau of the Census, Industry Division; mineral production: Interior Dept., Bureau of Mines (preliminary); commercial fishing: Commerce Dept., Natl. Marine Fisheries Service; value of construction: McGraw-Hill Information Systems Co., F.W. Dodge Division; per capita income (estimate): Commerce Dept., Bureau of Economic Analysis; unemployment: Labor Dept., Bureau of Labor Statistics; finance: Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., U.S. League of Savings Institutions; federal employees: Labor Dept., Office of Personnel Management; energy: Energy Dept., Energy Information Administration; education: Education Dept., National Education Assn. Other information from sources in individualstates, usually Commerce Dept. Alabama Heart of Dixie, Camellia State People. Population (1989): 4,118,000; rank:22. Pop. density: 79.6 per sq. mi. Urban(1985): 60%. Racial distrib. (1985): 73.8% White; 26.2% Black; Hispanic 18,300. Net change (1985-89): +96,000; 2.4%. Geography. Total area: 51,705 sq. mi.; rank: 29. Land area: 50,708 sq. mi. Acres forested land:21,361,100. Location: in the east south central U.S., extending N-S from Tenn. to the Gulf of Mexico; east of the Mississippi River. Climate: long, hot summers; mild winters; generally abundant rainfall. Topography: coastal plains inc. Prairie Black Belt give way to hills, broken terrain; highest elevation, 2,407 ft. Capital: Montgomery. Economy. Principal industries: pulp and paper, chemicals, electronics, apparel, textiles, primary metals, lumber and wood, food processing, fabricated metals, automotive tires. Principal manufactured goods (1988-1989): electronics, cast iron and plastic pipe, fabricated steel prods., ships, paper products, chemicals, steel, mobile homes, fabrics, poultry processing. Agriculture: Chief crops (1988-89): peanuts, cotton, soybeans, hay, corn, wheat, potatoes, pecans, sweet potatoes, cottonseed, catfish. Livestock (1989): 1.8 mln. cattle; 345,000 hogs/pigs; 16.3 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): pine, hardwoods; 2.1 bln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $483 mln., mostly cement, clays, lime,sand & gravel, stone. Commercial fishing (1989): $38.3 mln. Chief ports:Mobile. Value of construction (1989): $2.9 bln. Employment distribution(1989): 24% mfg.; 21.9% trade; 18.4% serv. Per capita income (1989): $13,679.Unemployment (1989): 7.0%. Tourism (1988): tourists spent $2.3 bln. Sales Tax (1989): 4%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 228. Deposits: $23.4 bln. Savings institutions(1990): 36. Assets: $9.3 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 47,133. Avg. salary: $29,396. Notable federal facilities: George C. Marshall NASA Space Center, Huntsville; Gunter & Maxwell AFB, Montgomery; Ft. Rucker, Ozark; Ft. McClellan, Anniston; Natl. Fertilizer Development Center, Muscle Shoals; Navy Station & U.S. Corps of Engineers, Mobile; Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville. Energy. Electricity production (1989, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 5.4 mln. Mineral: 49.2 mln. Nuclear: 13.0 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 18.7. Avg. salary, public school teachers(1990): $25,500. State data. Motto: We dare defend our rights. Flower: Camellia. Bird: Yellowhammer. Tree: Southern Pine. Song: Alabama. Entered union Dec. 14, 1819; rank, 22d. State fair at: Birmingham; early Oct. History. First Europeans were Spanish explorers in the early 1500s. The French made the first permanent settlement, on Mobile Bay, 1701-02; later, English settled in the northern areas. France ceded the entire region to England at the end of the French and Indian War, 1763, but Spanish Florida claimed the Mobile Bay area until U.S. troops took it, 1813. Gen. Andrew Jackson broke the power of the Creek Indians, 1814, and they were removed to Oklahoma. The Confederate States were organized Feb. 4, 1861, at Montgomery, the first capital. Tourist attractions. Jefferson Davis' "first White House" of the Confederacy; Ivy Green, Helen Keller's birthplace, Tuscumbia; statue of Vulcan, Birmingham; George Washington Carver Museum, Tuskegee Univ.; W.C. Handy Home & Museum, Florence; Alabama Space and Rocket Center, Huntsville; Alabama Shakespeare Festival, Montgomery; Moundville State Monument, Moundville; Pike Pioneer Museum, Troy, USS Alabama Memorial Park, Mobile; 28 hunting areas, 24 public lakes, 82 campgrounds, 21 state parks. At Russell Cave National Monument, near Bridgeport: a detailed record of occupancy by humans from about 10,000 BC to 1650 AD. Famous Alabamians include Hank Aaron, Tallulah Bankhead, Hugo L. Black, Paul "Bear" Bryant, George Washington Carver, Nat King Cole, William C. Handy, Helen Keller, Harper Lee, Joe Louis, Willie Mays, John Hunt Morgan, Jesse Owens, George Wallace, Booker T. Washington, Hank Williams. Alabama Business Council (State Chamber of Commerce). 468 S. Perry St., P.O. Box 76, Montgomery, AL 36195; 1-800-248-5033. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-392-8096; 1-800-ALABAMA out of state. Alaska Unofficial nickname: "The Last Frontier" People. Population (1989): 527,000; rank:49. Pop. density: 0.89 per sq. mi., Urban (1980): 64.3%. Net change (1985-89): +5,000; 1.0%. Geography. Total area: 591,000 sq. mi.; rank:1. Land area: 570,833 sq. mi. Acres forested land: 119,145,000. Location: NW corner of North America, bordered on east by Canada. Climate: SE, SW, and central regions, moist and mild; far north extremely dry. Extended summer days, winter nights, throughout. Topography:includes Pacific and Arctic mountain systems, central plateau, and Arctic slope. Mt. McKinley, 20,320 ft., is the highest point in North America. Capital: Juneau. Economy. Principal industries: oil, gas, tourism, commercial fishing. Principal manufactured goods: fish products, lumber and pulp, furs. Agriculture (1988): Chief crops: barley, hay, greenhouse nursery prods., potatoes, lettuce, milk. Livestock (1988): 9,500 cattle; 2,400 sheep; 6,000 poultry; 23,000 reindeer. Timber/lumber:spruce, yellow cedar, hemlock. Nonfuel minerals (1989): $252 mln.; gold, sand & gravel, crushed and broken stone. Commercial fishing(1989): $1.2 bln. Chief ports: Anchorage, Dutch Harbor, Kodiak, Seward, Skagway, Juneau, Sitka, Valdez, Wrangell. International airports at: Anchorage, Fairbanks, Ketchikan, Juneau. Value of construction (1989): $609 mln. Employment distribution (1989): 30.8% gvt.; 20.3% serv.; 19.9% trade. Per capita income (1989): $21,173. Unemployment (1989): 6.7%. Tourism (1987-88): $500 mln. Finance. Commercial bank deposits, per capita (1985): $7,475. Savings institutions (1990): 3. Assets: $287 mln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 11,528. Avg. salary: $33,501. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 935,000. Mineral: 3.3 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 17.0.Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990.): $43,153. State data. Motto: North to the future. Flower:Forget-Me-Not. Bird: Willow Ptarmigan. Tree: Sitka Spruce. Song: Alaska's Flag. Entered union:Jan. 3, 1959; rank, 49th. State fair at: Palmer; late Aug.--early Sept. History. Vitus Bering, a Danish explorer working for Russia, was the first European to land in Alaska, 1741. Alexander Baranov, first governor of Russian America, set up headquarters at Archangel, near present Sitka, in 1799. Secretary of State William H. Seward in 1867 bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million, a bargain some called "Seward's Folly." In 1896 gold was discovered and the famed Gold Rush was on. Tourist attractions: Portage Glacier, Mendenhall Glacier, Glacier Bay National Park, Katmai National Park & Preserve, Denali National Park, one of North America's great wildlife sanctuaries, surrounding Mt. McKinley, No. America's highest peak. Pribilof Islands fur seal rookeries, restored St. Michael's Russian Orthodox Cathedral, Sitka. Famous Alaskans include Tom Bodett, Susan Butcher, Ernest Gruening, Sydney Laurence, Libby Riddles, Jefferson "Soapy" Smith. Tourist information. Alaska Division of Tourism, P.O. Box E, Juneau, AK 99811-0800. Arizona Grand Canyon State People. Population (1989): 3,556,000; rank:24. Pop. density: 31.2 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 83.8% Racial distrib. (1985): 91.6% White; 2.0% Black; 6.6% Other (includes American Indians); Hispanic 533,200. Net change (1985-89): +395,000; 12.5%. Geography. Total area: 114,000 sq. mi.; rank:6. Land area: 113,508 sq. mi. Acres forested land: 18,493,900. Location: in the southwestern U.S. Climate: clear and dry in the southern regions and northern plateau; high central areas have heavy winter snows. Topography: Colorado plateau in the N, containing the Grand Canyon; Mexican Highlands running diagonally NW to SE; Sonoran Desert in the SW. Capital: Phoenix. Economy: Principal industries: manufacturing, tourism, mining, agriculture. Principal manufactured goods:electronics, printing and publishing, foods, primary and fabricated metals, aircraft and missiles, apparel. Agriculture: Chief crops: cotton, sorghum, barley, corn, wheat, sugar beets, citrus fruits. Livestock (1989): 830,000 cattle; 100,000 hogs/pigs; 262,000 sheep; 320,000 poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): pine, fir, spruce; 435 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $3.2 bln.; copper, molybdenum, gold, silver. International airports at: Phoenix, Tucson, Yuma. Value of construction (1989): $5.0 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 26.7% services; 25.2% trade; 16.9% gvt.; 12.9% mfg. Per capita income (1989): $15,881. Unemployment (1989): 5.2%. Tourism (1989): tourists spent $5.6 bln. Sales tax: 5.0% (Maricopa, Pinal Countries, 5.5%). Finance. FDIC-insured commercial bank & trust companies (1987): 54. Deposits: $23.8 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 12. Assets: $20.4 bln. Federal government: No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 28,149. Avg. salary: $27,195. Notable federal facilities: Williams, Luke, Davis-Monthan AF bases; Ft. Huachuca Army Base; Yuma Proving Grounds. Energy. Electricity production (1989, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 7.8 mln.; Mineral: 30.8; Nuclear: 22.9. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 18.1. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $29,600. State data. Motto: Ditat Deus (God enriches). Flower: Blossom of the Saguaro cactus. Bird: Cactus wren. Tree: Paloverde. Song: Arizona. Entered union Feb. 14, 1912; rank, 48th.State fair at: Phoenix; late Oct.-early Nov. History. Marcos de Niza, a Franciscan, and Estevan, a black slave, explored the area, 1539. Eusebio Francisco Kino, Jesuit missionary, taught Indians Christianity and farming, 1690-1711, left a chain of missions. Spain ceded Arizona to Mexico, 1821. The U. S. took over at the end of the Mexican War, 1848. The area below the Gila River was obtained from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase, 1854. Long Apache wars did not end until 1886, with Geronimo's surrender. Tourist attractions. The Grand Canyon of the Colorado, an immense, vari-colored fissure 217 mi. long, 4 to 13 mi. wide at the brim, 4,000 to 5,500 ft. deep; the Painted Desert, extending for 30 mi. along U.S. 66; the Petrified Forest; Canyon Diablo, 225 ft. deep and 500 ft. wide; Meteor Crater, 4,150 ft. across, 570 ft. deep, made by a prehistoric meteor. Also, London Bridge at Lake Havasu City. Famous Arizonans include Cochise, Geronimo, Barry Goldwater, Zane Grey, Carl Hayden, George W. P. Hunt, Helen Jacobs, Percival Lowell, Sandra Day O'Connor, William H. Pickering, John J. Rhodes, Morris Udall, Stewart Udall, Frank Lloyd Wright. Tourist information. Phoenix & Valley of the Sun Visitor and Convention Bureau, 1-602-254-6500. Arkansas Land of Opportunity People. Population (1989): 2,406,000; rank:33. Pop. density: 46.2 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 51.5%. Racial distrib. (1985): 83.4% White; 16.6% Black; Hispanic 13,500. Net change (1985-89): +46,000; 1.9%. Geography. Total area: 53,187 sq. mi.; rank: 27. Land area: 52,078 sq. mi. Acres forested land:18,281,500. Location: in the west south-central U.S. Climate: long, hot summers, mild winters; generally abundant rainfall. Topography: eastern delta and prairie, southern lowland forests, and the northwestern highlands, which include the Ozark Plateaus. Capital: Little Rock. Economy. Principal industries: manufacturing, agriculture, tourism, forestry. Principal manufactured goods: food prods., chemicals, lumber, paper, electric motors, furniture, home appliances, auto components, airplane parts, apparel, machinery, petroleum prods. Agriculture: Chief crops: soybeans, rice, cotton, tomatoes, watermelons, winegrapes, blueberries, apples, commercial vegetables. Livestock (1988): 1.75 mln. cattle; 540,000 hogs/pigs; $1.65 bln. poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): oak, hickory, gum, cypress, pine; 1.5 bln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $342 mln.; abrasives, bauxite, bromine. Commercial fishing (1986): $7.3 mln. Chief ports: Little Rock, Pine Bluff, Osceola, Helena, Fort Smith, Van Buren, Camden, Dardanelle, North Little Rock, West Memphis, Crosset. Value of construction (1989): $1.8 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 21.8% mfg.; 19.4% trade; 16.5% serv.; 4.1% agric. Per capita income (1989): $12,984. Unemployment (1989): 7.2% Tourism (1988): travelers spent $2.1 bln. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 256. Deposits: $15.9 bln. Savings institutions(1990): 34. Assets: $5.3 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 12,414. Avg. salary: $26,306.Notable federal facilities: Nat'l. Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson; Pine Bluff Arsenal, Little Rock AFB. Energy. Electricity production (1987, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 2.8 mln.; Mineral: 22.1 mln.; Nuclear: 8.9 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 15.7. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $22,009. State data. Motto: Regnat Populus (The people rule). Flower: Apple Blossom. Bird: Mockingbird. Tree: Pine. Song: Arkansas. Entered union: June 15, 1836; rank, 25th. State fair at: Little Rock; late Sept.- early Oct. History. First European explorers were de Soto, 1541, Jolliet, 1673; La Salle, 1682. First settlement was by the French under Henri de Tonty, 1686, at Arkansas Post. In 1762 the area was ceded by France to Spain, then back again in 1800, and was part of the Louisiana Purchase by the U.S. in 1803. Arkansas seceded from the Union in 1861, only after the Civil War began, and more than 10,000 Arkansans fought on the Union side. Tourist attractions. 5 natl. parks & 45 state parks, inc. Hot Springs National Park, water ranging from 95 deg to 147 degF. Eureka Springs, resort since 1880s; Blanchard Caverns, near Mountain View, are among the nation's largest; Crater of Diamonds, near Murfreesboro, only U.S. diamond mine; Buffalo Natl. River; Mid-America Museum, Ozark Folk Center. Famous Arkansans include Dee Brown, Glen Campbell, Johnny Cash, Hattie Caraway, "Dizzy" Dean, Orval Faubus, James W. Fulbright, Douglas MacArthur, John L. McClellan, James S. McDonnel, Dick Powell, Winthrop Rockefeller, Mary Steenburgen, Edward Durell Stone, Archibald Yell. Chamber of Commerce. One Spring Bldg., Little Rock, AR 72201. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-828-8974. California Golden State People. Population (1989): 29,063,000; rank:1. Pop. density: 185.9 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 91.3%. Racial distrib. (1985): 85.6% White; 7.8% Black; 6.6% Other (includes American Indians, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders); Hispanic 5.9%. Net change (1985-89): +2,709; 10.3%. Geography. Total area 158,706 sq. mi.; rank: 3. Land area: 156,299 sq. mi. Acres forested land:40,152,100. Location: on western coast of the U.S. Climate: moderate temperatures and rainfall along the coast; extremes in the interior. Topography: long mountainous coastline; central valley; Sierra Nevada on the east; desert basins of the southern interior; rugged mountains of the north. Capital: Sacramento. Economy. Principal industries: agriculture, manufacturing, services, trade. Principal manufactured goods: foods, primary and fabricated metals, machinery, electric and electronic equipment, transportation equipment. Agriculture: Chief crops: grapes, cotton, flowers, oranges, nursery products, hay, tomatoes, lettuce, strawberries, almonds, broccoli, walnuts, sugar beets, peaches, potatoes. Livestock (1990): 4.9 mln. cattle & calves; 140,000 hogs/pigs; 955,000 sheep; 281.5 mln. poultry. Timber/ lumber (1988): fir, pine, redwood, oak; 4.9 bln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals: (1989): $2.84 bln.; mostly asbestos, boron minerals, cement, diatomite, calcined gypsum, construction sand & gravel. Commercial fishing (1989): $123.3 mln. Chief ports:Long Beach, San Diego, Oakland, San Francisco, Sacramento, Stockton. International airports at: Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Jose. Value of construction (1989): $41.5 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 26.3% serv.; 23.7% trade; 17.2% mfg.; 15.9% gvt. Per capita income (1989): $19,740. Unemployment (1989): 5.1% Tourism (1989): $39.9 bln. Sales tax: 6-7%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 484. Deposits: $241 bln. Savings institutions(1990): 182. Assets: $370.5 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees(Mar. 1989): 212,217. Avg. salary: $29,008. Notable federal facilities: Vandenberg, Beale, Travis, McClellan AF bases, San Francisco Mint. Energy. Electricity production (1989, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 23.5 mln.; Mineral: 61.5 mln.; Nuclear: 30.9 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 22.7. Avg. salary, public school State Data. Motto:Eureka (I have found it). Flower: Golden poppy. Bird: California valley quail. Tree: California redwood. Song: I Love You, California. Entered Union Sept. 9, 1850; rank, 31st.State fair at: Sacramento; late Aug.--early Sept. History. First European explorers were Cabrillo, 1542, and Drake, 1579. First settlement was the Spanish Alta California mission at San Diego, 1769, first in a string founded by Franciscan Father Junipero Serra. U.S. traders and settlers arrived in the 19th century and staged the abortive Bear Flag Revolt, 1846; the Mexican War began later in 1846 and U.S. forces occupied California; Mexico ceded the province to the U.S., 1848, the same year the Gold Rush began. Tourist attractions. Scenic regions are Yosemite Valley; Lassen and Sequoia-Kings Canyon national parks; Lake Tahoe; the Mojave and Colorado deserts; San Francisco Bay; and Monterey Peninsula. Oldest living things on earth are believed to be a stand of Bristlecone pines in the Inyo National Forest, est. to be 4,600 years old. The world's tallest tree, the Howard Libbey redwood, 362 ft. with a girth of 44 ft., stands on Redwood Creek, Humboldt County. Also, RMS Queen Mary, Spruce Goose, both Long Beach; Palomar Observatory; Disneyland; J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu; Tournament of Roses and Rose Bowl. Famous Californians include Luther Burbank, John C. Fremont, Bret Harte, Wm. R. Hearst, Jack London, Aimee Semple McPherson, John Muir, Richard M. Nixon, William Saroyan, Junipero Serra, Leland Stanford, John Steinbeck, Earl Warren. Chamber of Commerce: 1027 10th, Sacramento, CA 95814. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-862-2543, x T100. Colorado Centennial State People. Population (1989): 3,317,000; rank:26. Pop. density: 31.9 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 80.6%. Racial distrib. (1985): 96.3% White; 3.7% Black; Hispanic 383,500. Net change (1985-89): +85,000; 2.6%. Geography. Total area: 104,091 sq. mi.; rank:8. Land area: 103,595 sq. mi. Acres forested land: 22,271,000. Location: in west central U.S. Climate: low relative humidity, abundant sunshine, wide daily, seasonal temperatures ranges; alpine conditions in the high mountains. Topography: eastern dry high plains; hilly to mountainous central plateau; western Rocky Mountains of high ranges alternating with broad valleys and deep, narrow canyons. Capital: Denver. Economy. Principal industries: manufacturing, government, tourism, agriculture, aerospace, electronics equipment. Principal manufactured goods: computer equipment, instruments, foods, machinery, aerospace products. Agriculture: Chief crops: corn, wheat, hay, sugar beets, barley, potatoes, apples, peaches, pears, dry edible beans, sorghum, onions, oats. Livestock (1989): 2.8 mln. cattle; 220,000 hogs/pigs; 825,000 sheep; 4.0 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber(1988): oak, ponderosa pine, Douglas fir; 147 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $443 mln.; gold, construction sand & gravel, crushed stone. International airports at: Denver. Value of construction(1989): $2.8 bln. Employment distribution (1987 est.): 26.7% serv.; 20.8% trade; 17.0% gvt.; 10.0% mfg. Per capita income (1989): $17,494. Unemployment (1989): 5.8%. Tourism (1989): $5.6 bln. Sales Tax: 3%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 471. Deposits: $21.6 bln. Savings Institutions (1990): 35. Assets: $13.3 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 36,286. Avg. salary: $29,939.Notable federal facilities: U.S. Air Force Academy; U.S. Mint; Ft. Carson, Lowry AFB; Solar Energy Research Institute; U.S. Rail Transport. Test Center; N. Amer. Aerospace Defense Command; Consolidated Space Operations Center; U.S. Documents Center, Fitzsimons Army Medical Center, Federal Center. Energy. Electricity production (1989, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 1.7 mln.; Mineral: 28.5 mln. Nuclear: 0.6 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 17.8. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $30,700. State Data. Motto: Nil Sine Numine (Nothing without Providence). Flower: Rocky Mountain columbine. Bird:Lark bunting. Tree: Colorado blue spruce. Song:Where the Columbines Grow. Entered union Aug. 1, 1876; rank 38th. State fair at: Pueblo; last week in Aug. History. Early civilization centered around Mesa Verde 2,000 years ago. The U.S. acquired eastern Colorado in the Louisiana Purchase, 1803; Lt. Zebulon M. Pike explored the area, 1806, discovering the peak that bears his name. After the Mexican War, 1846-48, U.S. immigrants settled in the east, former Mexicans in the south. Tourist attractions. 310 or more sunshine days per year; more than 1,000 peaks of 2 or more miles; Rocky Mountain National Park; Garden of the Gods; Great Sand Dunes, Dinosaur, Black Canyon of the Gunnison, and Colorado national monuments; Pikes Peak and Mt. Evans highways; Mesa Verde National Park (Ancient Anasazi Indian cliff dwellings); 35 major ski areas; the Grand Mesa tableland comprises Grand Mesa Forest, 659,584 acres, with 200 lakes stocked with trout. Mining towns of Central City, Silverton, Cripple Creek; Burlington's Old Town; Bent's Fort, outside La Junta; Georgetown Loop Historic Mining Railroad Park, Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad. Famous Coloradans include Frederick Bonfils, Molly Brown, William N. Byers, M. Scott Carpenter, Jack Dempsey, Mamie Eisenhower, Douglas Fairbanks, Scott Hamilton, "Baby Doe" Tabor, Lowell Thomas, Byron R. White, Paul Whiteman. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-433-2656. Connecticut Constitution State, Nutmeg State People. Population (1989): 3,239,000; rank:27. Pop. density: 645.5 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 78.8% Racial distrib. (1985): 92.3% White; 7.7% Black; Hispanic 139,200. Net change (1985-89): +62,000; 2.0%. Geography. Total area: 5,018 sq. mi.; rank: 48. Land area: 4,872 sq. mi. Acres forested land:1,860,800. Location: New England state in the northeastern corner of the U.S. Climate: moderate; winters avg. slightly below freezing, warm, humid summers. Topography: western upland, the Berkshires, in the NW, highest elevations; narrow central lowland N-S; hilly eastern upland drained by rivers. Capital: Hartford. Economy. Principal industries: manufacturing, retail trade, government, services, finances, insurance, real estate. Principal manufactured goods:aircraft engines and parts, submarines, helicopters, instruments, machinery & computer equipment, electronics & electrical equipment. Agriculture: Chief crops: nursery stock, vegetables, sweet corn, tobacco, apples. Livestock (1989): 73,000 cattle; 6,800 hogs/pigs; 8,400 sheep; 5.6 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber: oak, birch, beech, maple. Non-fuel Minerals(1989): $115 mln; crushed stone; construction sand & gravel. Commercial fishing (1989): $18.3 mln. Chief ports: New Haven, Bridgeport, New London. International airports at:Windsor Locks. Value of construction (1989): $3.6 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 21.4% mfg.; 25.3% serv. Per capita income (1989): $24,604. Unemployment (1989): 3.7%. Tourism (1989): out-of-state visitors spent $3.2 bln. Sales tax: 8.0%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 59. Deposits: $26.7 bln. Savings institutions(1990): 26. Assets: $92.5 bln. Federal Government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 9,403. Avg. salary: $30,696. Notable federal facilities: U.S. Coast Guard Academy; U.S. Navy Submarine Base. Energy. Electricity production (1989, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 324,000; Mineral: 13.6 mln.; Nuclear: 22.3 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 13.1. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $40,496. State Data. Motto: Qui Transtulit Sustinet (He who transplanted still sustains). Flower: Mountain laurel. Bird: American robin. Tree: White oak. Song:Yankee Doodle Dandy. Fifthof the 13 original states to ratify the Constitution, Jan. 9, 1788. History. Adriaen Block, Dutch explorer, was the first European visitor, 1614. By 1634, settlers from Plymouth Bay started colonies along the Connecticut River and in 1637 defeated the Pequot Indians. In the Revolution, Connecticut men fought in most major campaigns and turned back British raids on Danbury and other towns, while Connecticut privateers captured British merchant ships. Tourist attractions. Mark Twain House, Hartford; Yale University's Art Gallery, Peabody Museum, all in New Haven; Mystic Seaport; Mystic Marine Life Aquarium; P.T. Barnum Museum, Bridgeport; Gillette Castle, Hadlyme; U.S.S. Nautilus Memorial, Groton (1st nuclear-powered submarine). Famous "Nutmeggers" include Ethan Allen, Phineas T. Barnum, Samuel Colt, Jonathan Edwards, Nathan Hale, Katharine Hepburn, Isaac Hull, J. Pierpont Morgan, Israel Putnam, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Mark Twain, Noah Webster, Eli Whitney. Tourist information. State Dept. of Economic Development, 865 Brook St., Rocky Hill, CT 06067. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-CT-BOUND (282-6863). Delaware First State, Diamond State People. Population (1989): 673,000; rank:46. Pop. density: 329.1 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 70.6%. Racial distrib. (1985): 82.9% White; 17.1% Black; Hispanic 10,000. Net change (1985-89): +47,000; 7.5%. Geography. Total area: 2,045 sq. mi.; rank: 49. Land area: 1,932 sq. mi. Acres forested land:391,800. Location: occupies the Delmarva Peninsula on the Atlantic coastal plain. Climate: moderate. Topography: Piedmont plateau to the N, sloping to a near sea-level plain. Capital: Dover. Economy. Principal industries: chemistry, agriculture, finance, poultry, shellfish, tourism, auto assembly, food processing, transportation equipment. Principal manufactured goods: nylon, apparel, luggage, foods, autos, processed meats and vegetables, railroad and aircraft equipment. Agriculture: Chief crops: soybeans, potatoes, corn, mushrooms, lima beans, green peas, barley, cucumbers, snap beans, watermelons, apples. Livestock (1988): 29,000 cattle; 217.5 mln. broilers. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $6 mln; construction sand & gravel, magnesium compounds, greensand marl. Commercial fishing (1989): $3.5 mln. Chief ports: Wilmington. International airports at: Philadelphia/Wilmington.Value of construction (1989): $877.3 mln. Employment distribution (1988): 78.9% non-manufacturing; 21.1% mfg. Per capita income(1989): $19,116. Unemployment (1989): 3.5%. Tourism(1985): out-of-state visitors spent $666 mln. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 42. Deposits: $16.4 bln. Savings institutions(1990): 4. Assets: $5.1 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 2,960. Avg. salary: $27,377. Notable federal facilities: Dover Air Force Base, Federal Wildlife Refuge, Bombay Hook. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Mineral: 9.0 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 16.4. Avg. salary, public school teachers(1990): $33,480. State Data. Motto: Liberty and independence. Flower: Peach blossom. Bird: Blue hen chicken. Tree: American holly. Song: Our Delaware. First of original 13 states to ratify the Constitution, Dec. 7, 1787. State fair at: Harrington; end of July. History. The Dutch first settled in Delaware near present Lewes, 1631, but were wiped out by Indians. Swedes settled at present Wilmington, 1638; Dutch settled anew, 1651, near New Castle and seized the Swedish settlement, 1655, only to lose all Delaware and New Netherland to the British, 1664. Tourist attractions. Ft. Christina Monument, the site of founding of New Sweden; John Dickinson "Penman of the Revolution" home, Dover; Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum; Hagley Museum, Wilmington; Rehoboth Beach, "nation's summer capitol," Rehoboth; Dover Downs Intl. Speedway, Dover; Old Swedes (Trinity Parish) Church, erected 1698, is the oldest Protestant church in the U.S. still in use. Famous Delawareans include Thomas F. Bayard, Henry Seidel Canby, E. I. du Pont, John P. Marquand, Howard Pyle, Caesar Rodney. Chamber of Commerce. One Commerce Center, Wilmington, DE 19801. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-441-8846. Florida Sunshine State People. Population (1989): 12,671,000; rank:4. Pop. density: 216.0 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 84.3%. Racial distrib. (1985): 86.1% White; 13.9% Black; Hispanic 1.1 mln. Net change (1985-89): +1.3 mln.; 11.5%. Geography: Total area: 58,664 sq. mi.; rank: 22. Land area: 54,153 sq. mi. Acres forested land:17,039,700. Location: peninsula jutting southward 500 mi. bet. the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico. Climate:subtropical N of Bradenton-Lake Okeechobee-Vero Beach line; tropical S of line. Topography: land is flat or rolling; highest point is 345 ft. in the NW. Capital: Tallahassee. Economy. Principal industries: services, trade, gvt., manufacturing, tourism. Principal manufactured goods: electric & electronic equip., transp. equipment; food; printing & publishing; machinery. Agriculture: Chief crops: citrus fruits, vegetables, potatoes, melons, strawberries, sugar cane. Livestock (1987): 1.97 mln. cattle; 150,000 hogs/pigs; 7,360 sheep; 13.5 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): pine, cypress, cedar; 602 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $1.6 bln.; mostly cement, phosphate rock, crushed stone. Commercial fishing (1989): $185.9 mln. Chief ports: Pensacola, Tampa, Miami, Port Everglades, Jacksonville, St. Petersburg, Canaveral. International airports at:Miami, Tampa, Jacksonville, Orlando, Ft. Lauderdale, W. Palm Beach. Value of construction (1989): $20.5 bln. Per capita income (1989): $17,694. Unemployment (1989): 5.6% Tourism (1989): out-of-state visitors spent $24.3 bln. Sales tax: 6%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 417. Deposits: $87.2 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 141. Assets: $79.4 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 61,458. Avg. salary: $28,999. Notable federal facilities: John F. Kennedy Space Center, NASA-Kennedy Space Center's Spaceport USA; Eglin Air Force Base. Energy. Electricity production (1989, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 209,000; Mineral: 97.7 mln.; Nuclear: 26.2 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 17.1. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $28,525. State Data. Motto: In God we trust. Flower: Orange blossom. Bird: Mockingbird. Tree: Sabal palmetto palm. Song: Old Folks at Home. Entered unionMar. 3, 1845; rank, 27th. State fair at: Tampa; early to mid-Feb. History. First European to see Florida was Ponce de Leon, 1513. France established a colony, Fort Caroline, on the St. Johns River, 1564; Spain settled St. Augustine, 1565, and Spanish troops massacred most of the French. Britain's Francis Drake burned St. Augustine, 1586. Britain held the area briefly, 1763-83, returning it to Spain. After Andrew Jackson led a U.S. invasion, 1818, Spain ceded Florida to the U.S., 1819. The Seminole War, 1835-42, resulted in removal of most Indians to Oklahoma. Florida seceded from the Union, 1861, was readmitted, 1868. Tourist attractions. Miami, with a variety of luxury hotels at Miami Beach; St. Augustine, oldest city in U.S.; Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom and EPCOT; Spaceport U.S.A. Everglades National Park preserves the beauty of the vast Everglades swamp. Castillo de San Marcos, St. Augustine, is a national monument. Also, the Ringling Museum of Art, and the Ringling Museum of the Circus, both in Sarasota; Sea World, Orlando; Busch Gardens, Tampa; Universal Studios. Famous Floridians include Henry M. Flagler, James Weldon Johnson, MacKinlay Kantor, Henry B. Plant, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Joseph W. Stilwell, Charles P. Summerall. Tourist information. Florida Division of Tourism, 126 Van Buren St., Tallahassee, FL 32399-2000, 1-904-487-1462. Georgia Empire State of the South, Peach State People. Population (1989): 6,436,000; rank:11. Pop. density: 109.3 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 62.4%. Racial distrib. (1985): 73.0% White; 27.0% Black; Hispanic 47,700. Net (1985-89): +460,000; 7.7%. Geography. Total area: 58,910 sq. mi.; rank: 21. Land area: 58,056 sq. mi. Acres forested land:25,256,000. Location: South Atlantic state. Climate: maritime tropical air masses dominate in summer; continental polar air masses in winter; east central area drier. Topography: most southerly of the Blue Ridge Mtns. cover NE and N central; central Piedmont extends to the fall line of rivers; coastal plain levels to the coast flatlands. Capital: Atlanta. Economy. Principal industries: manufacturing, forestry, agriculture, chemicals. Principal manufactured goods (1989): textiles, apparel, food, electric, electronic machinery, transportation equipment, lumber, paper. Agriculture: Chief crops: (1989): peanuts, soybeans, corn, tobacco, cotton, corn. Livestock(1989): 7.9 mln. poultry; 1.5 mln. cattle; 500,000 hogs/pigs; 8,726 sheep; Timber/lumber (1988): pine, hardwood; 2.6 bln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $1.2 bln.; clays, crushed stone. Commercial fishing (1989): $19.8 mln. Chief ports: Savannah, Brunswick. International airports at: Atlanta. Value of construction (1989): $7.8 bln. Employment distribution: 26% trade; 21% serv.; 19% mfg.; 17% gvt. Per capita income (1989): $16,188. Unemployment (1989): 5.5%. Tourism (1989): tourists spent $9.1 bln. Sales tax: 4%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 369. Deposits: $39.0 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 69. Assets: $18.9 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 67,518. Avg. salary: $27,824. Notable federal facilities: Dobbins AFB; Fts. Benning, Gordon, McPherson; Fed. Law Enforcement Training Ctr., Glynco, Warner Robins AFB; Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta. Energy. Electricity production (1987, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 2.0 mln.; Mineral: 64.9 mln.; Nuclear: 15.2 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 18.5. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $27,892. State Data. Motto: Wisdom, justice and moderation. Flower: Cherokee rose. Bird: Brown thrasher. Tree: Live oak. Song: Georgia On My Mind. Fourthof the 13 original states to ratify the Constitution, Jan. 2, 1788. History. Gen. James Oglethorpe established the first settlements, 1733, for poor and religiously-persecuted Englishmen. Oglethorpe defeated a Spanish army from Florida at Bloody Marsh, 1742. In the Revolution, Georgians seized the Savannah armory, 1775, and sent the munitions to the Continental Army; they fought seesaw campaigns with Cornwallis' British troops, twice liberating Augusta and forcing final evacuation by the British from Savannah, 1782. Tourist attractions. Atlanta area: State Capitol, Stone Mt. Park, Six Flags over Georgia, Kennesaw Mt. Natl. Battlefield Park, Martin Luther King Center, Underground Atlanta, Jimmy Carter Lib. & Museum. NW: Chickamauga Battlefield Park, Chattahoochee Natl. Forest. NE: alpine village of Helen; Dahlonega, site of America's first gold rush; Brasstown Bald Mt., Lake Lanier. SW: Roosevelt's Little White House, Callaway Gardens, Andersonville Natl. Historic Site. SE: Okefenokee Swamp. Coastal: Jekyll Island, St. Simons Island, Cumberland Island Natl. Seashore, historic riverfront district in Savannah, Ft. Pulaski. Famous Georgians include Hank Aaron, Griffin Bell, James Bowie, Erskine Caldwell, Jimmy Carter, Ray Charles, Lucius D. Clay, Ty Cobb, John C. Fremont, Joel Chandler Harris, Gladys Knight, Juliette Gordon Low, Martin Luther King Jr., Sidney Lanier, Margaret Mitchell, Flannery O'Connor, Jackie Robinson, Joseph Wheeler. Chamber of Commerce. 235 International Blvd., Atlanta, GA 30303. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-VISIT GA. Hawaii The Aloha State People. Population (1989): 1,112,000; rank: 39. Pop. density: 171.8 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 86.5%. Racial distrib. (1985): 24.5% Caucasian; 23.2% Japanese; 11.3% Filipino; 20% Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian. Net change (1985-89): +63,000; 6.0%. Geography. Total area: 6,471 sq. mi.; rank: 47. Land area: 6,425 sq. mi. Acres forested land:1,986,000. Location: Hawaiian Islands lie in the North Pacific, 2,397 mi. SW from San Francisco. Climate: subtropical, with wide variations in rainfall; Waialeale, on Kauai, wettest spot in U.S. (annual rainfall 444 in.)Topography: islands are tops of a chain of submerged volcanic mountains; active volcanoes: Mauna Loa, Kilauea. Capital: Honolulu. Economy. Principal industries: tourism, defense and other government, sugar refining, pineapple and diversified agriculture, aquaculture, fishing, motion pictures. Principal manufactured goods: sugar, canned pineapple, clothing, foods, printing and publishing.Agriculture: Chief crops: sugar, pineapples, macadamia nuts, fruits, coffee, vegetables, melons, and floriculture. Livestock(1988): 208,000 cattle and calves; 43,000 hogs/pigs; 1.22 mln. chickens. Nonfuel Minerals(1989): $93 mln.; mostly crushed stone & cement. Commercial fishing(1989): $47.1 mln. Chief ports: Honolulu, Nawiliwili, Barbers Point, Kahului, Hilo. International airports at: Honolulu. Value of construction (1989): $2.0 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 24% trade; 24.5% serv.; 19.3% gvt. Per capita income (1989): $18,306. Unemployment (1989): 2.6%. Tourism (1988): visitors spent $9.2 bln. General excise tax: 4%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies: (1987): 22. Deposits: $9.8 bln. Savings institutions(1990): 6. Assets: $7.2 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 23,117. Avg. salary: $29,824. Notable federal facilities: Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard; Hickam AFB; Schofield Barracks. Energy. Electricity production (1989, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 14,000; Mineral: 7.6 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 21.1. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $32,047. State Data. Motto: The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness. Flower: Yellow Hibiscus. Bird: Hawaiian goose. Tree: Candlenut. Song: Hawaii Ponoi. Entered union Aug. 21, 1959; rank, 50th. State fair at: Honolulu; late May-mid-June. History. Polynesians from islands 2,000 mi. to the south settled the Hawaiian Islands, probably between 300 A.D. and 600 A.D. First European visitor was British Capt. James Cook, 1778. Missionaries arrived, 1820, taught religion, reading and writing. King Kamehameha III and his chiefs created the first Constitution and a Legislature which set up a public school system. Sugar production began in 1835 and it became the dominant industry. In 1893, Queen Liliuokalani was deposed, followed, 1894, by a republic headed by Sanford B. Dole. Annexation by the U.S. came in 1898. Tourist attractions. Hawaii Volcanoes, Haleakala National Parks; Polynesian Cultural Center, Waikiki Beach, Nuuanu Pali, Bishop Museum, Waimea Canyon, Wailua River State Park, Honolulu Academy of Arts. Famous Islanders include Bernice Pauahi Bishop, John A. Burns, Father Damien de Veuster, Daniel K. Inouye, Duke Kahanamoku, King Kamehameha the Great, Queen Kaahumanu, Queen Liliuokalani, Ellison Onizuka. Chamber of Commerce. Dillingham Bldg., 735 Bishop St., Honolulu, HI 96813. Idaho Gem State People. Population (1989): 1,014,000; rank:42. Pop. density: 12.1 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 54.0%. Racial distrib. (1980): 95.5% White; 0.3% Black; Hispanic 41,800. Net change (1985-89): +9,000; 0.9%. Geography. Total area: 83,564 sq. mi.; rank: 13. Land area: 82,412 sq. mi. Acres forested land:21,726,600. Location: Pacific Northwest-Mountain state bordering on British Columbia. Climate: tempered by Pacific westerly winds; drier, colder, continental clime in SE; altitude an important factor. Topography: Snake R. plains in the S; central region of mountains, canyons, gorges (Hells Canyon, 7,900 ft., deepest in N.A.); subalpine northern region. Capital: Boise. Economy. Principal industries: agriculture, manufacturing, tourism, lumber, mining, electronics. Principal manufactured goods: processed foods, lumber and wood products, chemical products, primary metals, fabricated metal products, machinery, electronic components. Agriculture: Chief crops: potatoes, peas, sugar beets, alfalfa seed, wheat, hops, barley, plums and prunes, mint, onions, corn, cherries, apples, hay. Livestock: 1.62 mln. cattle; 80,000 hogs/pigs; 324,000 sheep; 1.28 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): yellow, white pine; Douglas fir; white spruce; 2.1 bln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals(1989): $323 mln.; phosphate rock, silver, gold, sand & gravel. Chief ports: Lewiston. Value of construction (1989) $740 mln. Employment distribution: 21% trade; 15% serv., 14% mfg.; 10% agric. Per capita income (1989): $13,762. Unemployment (1989): 5.1%. Tourism (1989): travellers spent $1.4 bln. Sales tax:5%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 24. Deposits: $5.9 bln. Savings institutions(1990): 5. Assets: $904 mln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 7,079. Avg. salary: $29,027.Notable federal facilities: Ida. Nat'l. Engineering Lab, Idaho Falls; Mt. Home Air Force Base, Mt. Home. Energy. Electricity production (1989, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 6.8 mln. Education: Student-teacher ratio (1988): 20.6. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $23,494. State Data. Motto: Esto Perpetua (It is perpetual). Flower: Syringa. Bird: Mountain bluebird. Tree: White pine. Song: Here We Have Idaho. Entered union July 3, 1890; rank, 43d. State fair at: Boise, late Aug.; and Blackfoot, early Sept. History. Exploration of the Idaho area began with Lewis and Clark, 1805-06. Next came fur traders, setting up posts, 1809-34, and missionaries, establishing missions, 1830s-1850s. Mormons made their first permanent settlement at Franklin, 1860. Idaho's Gold Rush began that same year, and brought thousands of permanent settlers. Strangest of the Indian Wars was the 1,300-mi. trek in 1877 of Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce tribe, pursued by troops that caught them a few miles short of the Canadian border. In 1890, Idaho adopted a progressive Constitution and became a state. Tourist attractions. Hells Canyon, deepest gorge in N.A.; Craters of the Moon; Sun Valley, year-round resort in the Sawtooth Mtns.; Crystal Falls Cave; Shoshone Falls; Lava Hot Springs; Lake Pend Oreille; Lake Coeur d'Alene; Sawtooth Natl. Recreation Area; River of No Return Wilderness Area. Famous Idahoans include William E. Borah, Frank Church, Fred T. Dubois, Chief Joseph, Sacagawea. Tourist information. Department of Commerce, 700 W. State St., Boise, ID 83720. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-635-7820. Illinois The Prairie State People. Population (1989): 11,658,000; rank:6. Pop. density: 206.9 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 83.3%. Racial distrib. (1985): 84.6% White; 15.4% Black; Hispanic 754,900. Net change (1985-89): +119,000; 1.6%. Geography. Total area: 56,345 sq. mi.; rank: 24. Land area: 55,645 sq. mi. Acres forested land:3,810,400. Location: east-north central state; western, southern, and eastern boundaries formed by Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash Rivers, respectively. Climate: temperate; typically cold, snowy winters, hot summers. Topography: prairie and fertile plains throughout; open hills in the southern region. Capital: Springfield. Economy. Principal industries: manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, finance, insurance, foods, agriculture. Principal manufactured goods: machinery, electric and electronic equipment, primary and fabricated metals, chemical products, printing and publishing. Agriculture: Chief crops: corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, hay. Livestock (1989): 1.9 mln. cattle; 5.6 mln. hogs/pigs; 140,000 sheep; 3.76 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): oak, hickory, maple, cottonwood; 120 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals(1989): $644 mln.; mostly crushed stone, cement, construction & industrial sand & gravel. Commercial fishing (1989): $304,000. Chief ports: Chicago. International airports at: Chicago. Value of construction (1989): $11.8 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 24.7% serv.; 24.6% trade; 19.0% mfg. Per capita income (1989): $18,858. Unemployment (1989) 6.0%. Tourism (1989): out-of-state visitors spent $12.0 bln. Sales tax: 6.25%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 1,219. Deposits: $134.7 bln. Savings institutions(1990): 240. Assets: $64.1 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 53,587. Avg. salary: $29,426. Notable federal facilities: Fermi Nat'l. Accelerator Lab; Argonne Nat'l. Lab; Ft. Sheridan; Rock Island; Great Lakes, Naval Training Station, Scott AFB. Energy. Electricity production (1989, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 48,000; Mineral: 54.1 mln.; Nuclear: 69.2 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 17.1. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $33,014. State Data. Motto: State sovereignty--national union. Flower: Native violet. Bird: Cardinal. Tree: White oak. Song: Illinois. Entered union Dec. 3, 1818; rank, 21st. State fair at: Springfield; early Aug.; DuQuoin, late Aug. History. Fur traders were the first Europeans in Illinois, followed shortly, 1673, by Jolliet and Marquette, and, 1680, La Salle, who built a fort near present Peoria. First settlements were French, at Fort St. Louis on the Illinois River, 1692, and Kaskaskia, 1700. France ceded the area to Britain, 1763; Amer. Gen. George Rogers Clark, 1778, took Kaskaskia from the British without a shot. Defeat of Indian tribes in Black Hawk War, 1832, and railroads in 1850s, inspired change. Tourist attractions: Chicago museums, parks; Lincoln shrines at Springfield, New Salem, Sangamon; Cahokia Mounds, E. St. Louis; Starved Rock State Park; Crab Orchard Wildlife Refuge; Mormon settlement at Nauvoo; Fts. Kaskaskia, Chartres, Massac (parks); Shawnee Natl. Forest, Southern Illinois; Illinois State Museum, Springfield; Dickson Mounds Museum, btwn. Havana & Lewistown. Famous Illinoisans include Jane Addams, Saul Bellow, Jack Benny, Ray Bradbury, Gwendolyn Brooks, William Jennings Bryan, St. Francis Xavier Cabrini, Clarence Darrow, John Deere, Stephen A. Douglas, James T. Farrell, George W. Ferris, Marshall Field, Betty Friedan, Benny Goodman, Ulysses S. Grant, Ernest Hemingway, Wild Bill Hickock, Abraham Lincoln, Vachel Lindsay, Edgar Lee Masters, Oscar Mayer, Cyrus McCormick, Ronald Reagan, Carl Sandburg, Adlai Stevenson, Frank Lloyd Wright, Philip Wrigley. Tourist information. Illinois Dept. of Commerce and Community Affairs, 620 E. Adams St., Springfield, IL 62701. Toll-free literature on Illinois events. 1-800-223-0121. Indiana Hoosier State People. Population (1989): 5,593,000; rank:14. Pop. density: 154.6 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 64.2%. Racial distrib. (1985): 92.0 White; 8.0% Black; Hispanic 182,600. Net change (1985-89): +92,000; 1.7%. Geography. Total area: 36,185 sq. mi.; rank: 38. Land area: 35,932 sq. mi. Acres forested land:3,942,900. Location: east north-central state; Lake Michigan on northern border. Climate: 4 distinct seasons with a temperate climate. Topography: hilly southern region; fertile rolling plains of central region; flat, heavily glaciated north; dunes along Lake Michigan shore. Capital:Indianapolis. Economy: Principal industries: manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade, agriculture, government, services. Principal manufactured goods: primary and fabricated metals, transportation equipment, electrical and electronic equipment, non-electrical machinery, plastics, chemical products, foods. Agriculture: Chief crops (1987): corn, sorghum, oats, wheat, rye, soybeans, hay. Livestock (1987): 1.2 mln. cattle; 4.4 mln. hogs/pigs; 82,757 sheep; 28 mln. chickens. Timber/lumber (1988): oak, tulip, beech, sycamore; 365 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $437 mln.; mostly crushed stone, abrasives, cement, construction sand & gravel. Commercial fishing(1989): $1.9 mln. Chief ports: Burns Harbor, Portage; Southwind Maritime, Mt. Vernon; Clark Maritime, Jeffersonville. International airports at: Indianapolis. Value of construction (1989): $5.5 bln. Employment distribution(1986): 27.1% mfg.; 23.6% trade; 19.2% serv. Per capita income (1989): $16,005. Unemployment (1989): 4.7%. Tourism (1985): tourists spent $3 bln. Sales tax: 5%, with exemptions. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 355. Deposits: $40.7 bln. Savings institutions(1990): 101. Assets: $13.5 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 25,461. Avg. salary: $27,469. Notable federal facilities: Naval Avionics Ctr.; Ft. Benjamin Harrison; Grissom AFB; Navy Weapons Support Ctr., Crane. Energy. Electricity production (1989 mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 441,000; Mineral: 83.5 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 17.8. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $30,493. State Data. Motto: Crossroads of America. Flower: Peony. Bird: Cardinal. Tree: Tulip poplar. Song: On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away. Entered union Dec. 11, 1816; rank, 19th. State fair at: Indianapolis; mid-Aug. History: Pre-historic Indian Mound Builders of 1,000 years ago were the earliest known inhabitants. A French trading post was built, 1731-32, at Vincennes and La Salle visited the present South Bend area, 1679 and 1681. France ceded the area to Britain, 1763. During the Revolution, American Gen. George Rogers Clark captured Vincennes, 1778, and defeated British forces 1779; at war's end Britain ceded the area to the U.S. Miami Indians defeated U.S. troops twice, 1790, but were beaten, 1794, at Fallen Timbers by Gen. Anthony Wayne. At Tippecanoe, 1811, Gen. William H. Harrison defeated Tecumseh's Indian confederation. Tourist attractions. Lincoln Boyhood, George Rogers Clark memorials; Wyandotte Cave; Vincennes, Tippecanoe sites; Indiana Dunes; Hoosier Nat'l. Forest; Benjamin Harrison Home. Famous "Hoosiers" include Larry Bird, Ambrose Burnside, Hoagy Carmichael, Jim Davis, James Dean, Eugene V. Debs, Theodore Dreiser, Paul Dresser, Gil Hodges, David Letterman, Jane Pauley, Cole Porter, Gene Stratton Porter, Ernie Pyle, James Whitcomb Riley, Oscar Robertson, Red Skelton, Booth Tarkington, Lew Wallace, Wendell L. Willkie, Wilbur Wright. Chamber of Commerce. One North Capital, Suite 200, Indianapolis, IN 46204. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-289-6646. Iowa Hawkeye State People. Population (1989): 2,840,000; rank:29. Pop. density: 50.5 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 58.6%. Racial distrib. (1985): 98.4% White; 1.6% Black; 0.5% Hispanic 25,800. Net change (1985-89): -30,000; -1.1%. Geography. Total area: 56,275 sq. mi.; rank: 25. Land area: 55,965 sq. mi. Acres forested land:1,561,300. Location: Midwest state bordered by Mississippi R. on the E and Missouri R. on the W. Climate:humid, continental. Topography: Watershed from NW to SE; soil especially rich and land level in the N central counties. Capital: Des Moines. Economy. Principal industries: insurance, manufacturing, agriculture. Principal manufactured goods: tires, farm machinery, electronic products, appliances, office furniture, chemicals, fertilizers, auto accessories. Agriculture: Chief crops: silage and grain corn, soybeans, oats, hay. Livestock (1989): 4.8 mln. cattle; 13.5 mln. hogs/pigs; 400,000 sheep; 7.6 mln. turkeys. Timber/lumber (1988): red cedar; 52 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $292 mln.; mostly crushed stone, portland cement, construction sand & gravel. Value of construction (1989): 1.8 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 25.7% trade; 22.8% serv; 19.7% mfg.; 18.0% gvt. Per capita income (1989): $15,524. Unemployment (1989): 4.3%. Tourism (1988): tourists spent $2.1 bln. Sales tax:4%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 614. Deposits: $26.0 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 45. Assets: $9.0 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 7,708. Avg. salary: $27,642. Energy. Electricity production (1989, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 698,000; Mineral: 23.1 mln.; Nuclear: 3.2 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 15.8. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $26,747. State Data. Motto: Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain. Flower: Wild rose. Bird:Eastern goldfinch. Tree: Oak. Rock: Geode.Entered union Dec. 28, 1846; rank, 29th. State fair at: Des Moines; mid-Aug. History. A thousand years ago several groups of pre-historic Indian Mound Builders dwelt on Iowa's fertile plains. Marquette and Jolliet gave France its claim to the area, 1673. It became U.S. territory through the 1803 Louisiana Purchase. Indian tribes were moved into the area from states further east, but by mid-19th century were forced to move on to Kansas. Before and during the Civil War, Iowans strongly supported Abraham Lincoln and became traditional Republicans. Tourist attractions. Herbert Hoover birthplace and library, West Branch; Effigy Mounds Nat'l. Monument, Marquette, a pre-historic Indian burial site; Amana colonies; Davenport Municipal Art Gallery's collection of Grant Wood's paintings and memorabilia; Living History Farms, Des Moines; Adventureland, Altoona; Boone & Scenic Valley Railroad, Boone; Greyhound Parks in Dubuque, Council Bluffs & Waterloo; Prairie Meadows horse racing, Altoona. Famous Iowans include James A. Van Allen, Marquis Childs, Buffalo Bill Cody, Mamie Dowd Eisenhower, George Gallup, Susan Glaspell, James Norman Hall, Harry Hansen, Herbert Hoover, Glenn Miller, Billy Sunday, Carl Van Vechten, Henry Wallace, John Wayne, Meredith Willson, Grant Wood. Tourist information. Bureau of Tourism & Visitors, Iowa Dept. of Economic Development, 200 E. Grand Ave. Des Moines, IA 50309. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-345-IOWA. Kansas Sunflower State People. Population (1989): 2,513,000; rank:32. Pop. density: 30.5 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 66.7%. Racial distrib. (1985): 94.4% White; 5.6% Black; Hispanic 69,900. Net change (1985-89): +64,000; 2.6%. Geography. Total area: 82,277 sq. mi.; rank: 14. Land area: 81,778 sq. mi. Acres forested land:1,344,400. Location: West North Central state, with Missouri R. on E. Climate: temperate but continental, with great extremes bet. summer and winter. Topography: hilly Osage Plains in the E; central region level prairie and hills; high plains in the W. Capital: Topeka. Economy. Principal industries: agriculture, machinery, mining, aerospace. Principal manufactured goods:processed foods, aircraft, petroleum products, farm machinery. Agriculture: Chief crops: wheat, sorghum, corn, hay. Livestock (1989): 5.86 mln. cattle; 1.45 mln. hogs/pigs; 277,000 sheep; 2.1 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber: oak, walnut. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $292 mln.; cement, salt, crushed stone. Chief ports: Kansas City. International airports at: Wichita. Value of construction (1989): $2.1 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 25.0% trade; 20.5% serv.; 19.9% gvt.; 17.1% mfg. Per capita income (1989): $16,182. Unemployment (1989): 4.0%. Tourism (1985): out-of-state visitors spent $1.9 bln. Sales tax: 6.25% maximum. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 613. Deposits: $21.5 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 53. Assets: $22.0 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 15,828. Avg. salary: $27,086. Notable federal facilities: McConnell AFB; Fts. Riley, Leavenworth. Energy. Electricity production (1989, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 12,000; Mineral: 24.7 mln; Nuclear: 6.7 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 15.2. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $28,671. State Data. Motto: Ad Astra per Aspera (To the stars through difficulties). Flower: Native sunflower. Bird: Western meadowlark. Tree: Cottonwood. Song: Home on the Range. Entered union Jan. 29, 1861; rank, 34th. State fair at: Hutchinson; 2d week of Sept. History. Coronado marched through the Kansas area, 1541; French explorers came next. The U.S. took over in the Louisiana Purchase, 1803. In the pre-war North-South struggle over slavery, so much violence swept the area it was called Bleeding Kansas. Railroad construction after the war made Abilene and Dodge City terminals of large cattle drives from Texas. Tourist attractions. Eisenhower Center and "Place of Meditation," Abilene; Agricultural Hall of Fame and National Ctr., Bonner Springs, displays farm equipment; Dodge City-Boot Hill & Frontier Town; Cowtown-historic frontier town, Wichita; Ft. Scott & Ft. Larned-restored 1800s cavalry forts. Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Discovery Center, Hutchinson. Famous Kansans include Thomas Hart Benton, John Brown, Walter P. Chrysler, John Steuart Curry, Amelia Earhart, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ron Evans, Wild Bill Hickok, Cyrus Holliday, William Inge, Walter Johnson, Alf Landon, Carry Nation, Gordon Parks, Jim Ryun, William Allen White. Tourist information. Kansas Dept. of Commerce, Travel and Tourism Div., 400 SW 8th St., 5th Fl., Topeka, KS 66603; 1-913-296-2009. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-2KANSAS in state. Kentucky Bluegrass State People. Population (1989): 3,727,000 rank:23. Pop. density: 92.2 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 50.9% Racial Distrib. (1985): 92.9% White; 7.1% Black; Hispanic 14,300. Net change (1985-89): +2,000; 0.1%. Geography. Total area: 40,410 sq. mi.; rank: 37. Land area: 39,669 sq. mi. Acres forested land:12,160,800. Location: east south central state, bordered on N by Illinois, Indiana, Ohio; on E by West Virginia and Virginia; in S by Tennessee; on W by Missouri. Climate: moderate, with plentiful rainfall. Topography: mountainous in E; rounded hills of the Knobs in the N; Bluegrass, heart of state; wooded rocky hillsides of the Pennyroyal; Western Coal Field; the fertile Purchase the SW. Capital: Frankfort. Economy. Principal industries: manufacturing, coal mining, construction, agriculture. Principal manufactured goods: nonelectrical machinery, food products, electrical & electronic products, apparel, primary metals, chemicals and allied prods. Agriculture: Chief crops (1986): tobacco, soybeans, corn. Livestock (1987): 2.5 mln. cattle; 880,000 hogs/pigs; 32,000 sheep; 1.8 mln. chickens; 1985 receipts for horse & mule sales, $450 mln. Timber/lumber (1988): hardwoods, pines; 423 mln. bd. ft. Non-fuel Minerals (1989): $331 mln.; mostly crushed stone. Chief ports: Paducah, Louisville, Covington, Owensboro, Ashland, Henderson County, Lyon County, Hickman-Fulton County. International airports at:Covington. Value of construction (1989): $3.3 bln. Employment distribution: 23.8% trade; 20.4% mfg.; 19.7% serv.; 18.4% gvt. Per capita income (1989): $13,777. Unemployment (1989): 6.2%. Tourism (1989): tourists spent $4.3 bln. Sales tax: 5%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 331. Deposits: $26.5 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 62. Assets: $7.8 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 27,747. Avg. salary: $24,809. Notable federal facilities: U.S. Gold Bullion Depository, Fort Knox; Federal Correctional Institution, Lexington. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 2.4 mln.; Mineral: 74.0 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 17.8. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $26,275. State Data. Motto: United we stand, divided we fall. Flower: Goldenrod. Bird: Cardinal. Tree: Kentucky coffee tree. Song: My Old Kentucky Home. Entered union June 1, 1792; rank, 15th. State fair at: Louisville. History. Kentucky was the first area west of the Alleghenies settled by American pioneers; first permanent settlement, Harrodsburg, 1774. Daniel Boone blazed the Wilderness Trail through the Cumberland Gap and founded Fort Boonesborough, 1775. Indian attacks, spurred by the British, were unceasing until, during the Revolution, Gen. George Rogers Clark captured British forts in Indiana and Illinois, 1778. In 1792, after Virginia dropped its claims to the region, Kentucky became the 15th state. Tourist attractions. Kentucky Derby and accompanying festivities, Louisville; Land Between the Lakes Nat'l. Recreation Area encompassing Kentucky Lake and Lake Barkley; Mammoth Cave National Park with 300 mi. of explored passageways, 200-ft. high rooms, blind fish, and Echo River, 360 ft. below ground; Shaker Village of Pleasant Hill, Harrodsburg; Lincoln birthplace, Hodgenville; My Old Kentucky Home, Bardstown; Cumberland Gap Natl. Historical Park, Middlesboro; Kentucky Horse Park, Lexington. Famous Kentuckians include Muhammad Ali, John James Audubon, Alben Barkley, Daniel Boone, Louis D. Brandeis, John C. Breckinridge, Kit Carson, Albert B. "Happy" Chandler, Cassius Marcellus Clay, Henry Clay, Jefferson Davis, "Casey" Jones, Abraham Lincoln, Mary Todd Lincoln, Thomas Hunt Morgan, Carry Nation, Col. Harland Sanders, Diane Sawyer, Jesse Stuart, Adlai Stevenson, Zachary Taylor, Robert Penn Warren, Whitney Young, Jr. Chamber of Commerce. 452 Versailles Rd., P.O. Box 817, Frankfort, KY 40602. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-225-TRIP in U.S., Ontario & Quebec, Canada. Louisiana Pelican State People. Population (1989): 4,382,000; rank:20. Pop. density: 91.8 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 68.7%. Racial distrib. (1985): 70.0% White; 30.0% Black; Hispanic 98,400. Net change (1985-89): -103,000; -2.3%. Geography. Total area: 47,752 sq. mi.; rank: 31. Land area: 44,521 sq. mi. Acres forested land:14,558,100. Location: south central Gulf Coast state. Climate: subtropical, affected by continental weather patterns. Topography: lowlands of marshes and Mississippi R. flood plain; Red R. Valley lowlands; upland hills in the Florida Parishes; average elevation, 100 ft. Capital:Baton Rouge. Economy. Principal industries: wholesale and retail trade, government, manufacturing, construction, transportation, mining. Principal manufactured goods: chemical products, foods, transportation equipment, electronic equipment, apparel, petroleum products. Agriculture: Chief crops: soybean, sugarcane, rice, corn, cotton, sweet potatoes, melons, pecans. Livestock (1989): 573,000 cattle; 154,000 hogs/pigs; 21,000 sheep; 600,000 poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): pines, hardwoods, oak; 816 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals(1989): $392 mln., mostly salt, sand & gravel, sulfur. Commercial fishing (1989): $264.2 mln. Chief ports: New Orleans, Baton Rouge, Lake Charles, S. Louisiana Port Commission at La Place. International airports at: New Orleans. Value of construction (1989): $3.2 bln. Employment distribution (1985): 23.8% trade; 21.5% gvt.; 21.3% serv.; 10.9% mfg. Per capita income (1989): $13,041. Unemployment (1989): 7.9%. Tourism (1989): out-of-state visitors spent $4.4 bln. Sales tax: .04%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 298. Deposits: $31.7 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 86. Assets: $13.3 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 21,212. Avg. salary: $27,115. Notable federal facilities: Barksdale, England, Ft. Polk military bases; Strategic Petroleum Reserve, New Orleans; Michoud Assembly Plant, New Orleans; U.S. Public Service Hospital, Carville. Energy. Electricity production (1989, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 2.1 mln.; Mineral: 43.0 mln; Nuclear: 13.8 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 18.2. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $22,993. State Data. Motto: Union, justice and confidence. Flower: Magnolia. Bird: Eastern brown pelican. Tree: Cypress. Song: Give Me Louisiana. Entered union Apr. 30, 1812; rank, 18th. State fair at: Shreveport; Oct. History. The area was first visited, 1530, by Cabeza de Vaca and Panfilo de Narvaez. The region was claimed for France by LaSalle, 1682. First permanent settlement was by French at Biloxi, now in Mississippi, 1699. France ceded the region to Spain, 1762, took it back, 1800, and sold it to the U.S., 1803, in the Louisiana Purchase. During the Revolution, Spanish Louisiana aided the Americans. Admitted to statehood, 1812, Louisiana was the scene of the Battle of New Orleans, 1815. Louisiana Creoles are descendants of early French and/or Spanish settlers. About 4,000 Acadians, French settlers in Nova Scotia, Canada, were forcibly transported by the British to Louisiana in 1755 (an event commemorated in Longfellow's Evangeline) and settled near Bayou Teche; their descendants became known as Cajuns. Another group, the Islenos, were descendants of Canary Islanders brought to Louisiana by a Spanish governor in 1770. Traces of Spanish and French survive in local dialects. Tourist attractions. Mardi Gras, French Quarter, Superdome, Dixieland jazz, all New Orleans; Battle of New Orleans site; Longfellow-Evangeline Memorial Park; Kent House Museum, Alexandria; Hodges Gardens, Natchilotches. Famous Louisianans include Louis Armstrong, Pierre Beauregard, Judah P. Benjamin, Braxton Bragg, Grace King, Huey Long, Leonidas K. Polk, Henry Miller Shreve, Edward D. White Jr. Tourist Information. State Dept. of Culture, Recreation & Tourism, P.O. Box 94291, Baton Rouge, LA 70804-9291. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-33-GUMBO. Maine Pine Tree State People. Population (1989): 1,222,000; rank:38. Pop. density: 36.7 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 47.5% Racial distrib. (1980): 98.3% White; 0.3% Black; Hispanic: 4,400. Net change (1985-89): +58,000; 5.0%. Geography. Total area: 33,265 sq. mi.; rank: 39. Land area: 33,215 sq. mi. Acres forested land:17,718,300. Location: New England state at northeastern tip of U.S. Climate: Southern interior and coastal, influenced by air masses from the S and W; northern clime harsher, avg. + 100 in. snow in winter. Topography:Appalachian Mtns. extend through state; western borders have rugged terrain; long sand beaches on southern coast; northern coast mainly rocky promontories, peninsulas, fjords. Capital: Augusta. Economy. Principal industries: manufacturing, services, trade, government, finance, insurance, real estate, construction. Principal manufactured goods: paper and wood products, leather goods. Agriculture: Chief crops: potatoes, apples, hay, blueberries. Livestock (1986): 135,000 cattle; 79,000 hogs/pigs; 17,000 sheep; 4.9 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): pine, spruce, fir; 769 mln. bd ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $66 mln.; construction sand & gravel, cement, crushed stone, dimension stone. Commercial fishing (1989): $132.5 mln. Chief ports:Searsport, Portland, Eastport. International airports at: Portland, Bangor. Value of construction (1989): $961.3 mln. Employment distribution (1987): 24.3% trade; 21.4% serv.; 20.1% mfg.; 18.9% gvt. Per capita income (1989): $16,310. Unemployment (1989): 4.1%. Tourism(1989): $2 bln. Sales tax: 5%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 22. Deposits: $5.2 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 14. Assets: $7.4 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 12,858. Avg. salary: $26,545. Notable federal facilities: Kittery Naval Shipyard; Brunswick Naval Air Station; Loring Air Force Base. Energy. Electricity production (1989, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 1.6 mln.; Mineral: 2.9 mln.; Nuclear: 5.0 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 14.6. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $26,881. State Data. Motto: Dirigo (I direct). Flower:White pine cone and tassel. Bird: Chickadee. Tree: Eastern white pine. Song: State of Maine Song. Entered union: Mar. 15, 1820; rank, 23d. History. Maine's rocky coast was explored by the Cabots, 1498-99. French settlers arrived, 1604, at the St. Croix River; English, 1607, on the Kennebec. In 1691, Maine was made part of Massachusetts. In the Revolution, a Maine regiment fought at Bunker Hill; a British fleet destroyed Falmouth (now Portland), 1775, but the British ship Margaretta was captured near Machiasport. In 1820, Maine broke off from Massachusetts, became a separate state. Tourist attractions. Acadia Nat'l. Park, Bar Harbor, on Mt. Desert Is.; Funtown, Saco; Bath Iron Works and Marine Museum; Boothbay (Harbor) Railway Museum; Portland Art Museum; Sugarloaf/USA Ski Area; Ogunquit, Portland, York. Famous "Down Easters" include James G. Blaine, Cyrus H.K. Curtis, Hannibal Hamlin, Longfellow, Sir Hiram and Hudson Maxim, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Kate Douglas Wiggin, Ben Ames Williams. Chamber of Commerce and Industry. 126 Sewall St., Augusta, ME 04330. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-533-9595, winter only, out of state only; 1-207-289-2423 year round. Maryland Old Line State, Free State People. Population (1989): 4,694,000; rank: 19 Pop. density: 448.8 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 80.3% Racial distrib. (1985): 75.8% White; 24.2% Black; Hispanic 71,400. Net change (1985-89): +301,000; 6.8%. Geography. Total area: 10,460 sq. mi.; rank: 42. Land area: 9,837 sq. mi. Acres forested land:2,653,200. Location: Middle Atlantic state stretching from the Ocean to the Allegheny Mtns. Climate:continental in the west; humid subtropical in the east. Topography: Eastern Shore of coastal plain and Maryland Main of coastal plain, piedmont plateau, and the Blue Ridge, separated by the Chesapeake Bay. Capital: Annapolis. Economy. Principal industries: manufacturing, tourism. Principal manufactured goods: electric and electronic equipment; food and kindred products; chemicals and allied products. Agriculture: Chief crops (1989): corn, soybeans, greenhouse & nursery prods. Livestock (1989): 328,000 cattle; 180,000 hogs/pigs; 32,000 sheep; 257.8 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber: hardwoods. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $367 mln.; crushed stone, sand & gravel, Portland cement. Commercial fishing (1989): $52.1 mln. Chief ports: Baltimore. International airports at: Baltimore. Value of construction (1989): $7.3 bln. Employment distribution (1988): 27.4% serv.; 25.9% trade; 18.3% gvt. Per capita income(1989): $21,020. Unemployment (1989): 3.7%. Tourism (1988): tourists spent $5.9 bln. Sales tax: 5%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 93. Deposits: $30.0 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 102. Assets: $23.5 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 104,172. Avg. salary: $33,389. Notable federal facilities: U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis; Natl. Agric. Research Cen.; Ft. George G. Meade, Aberdeen Proving Ground; Goddard Space Flight Center. Energy. Electricity production (1989, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 1.3 mln.; Mineral: 27.3 mln.; Nuclear: 11.7 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 16.8. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $36,092. State data. Motto. Fatti Maschii, Parole Femine (Manly deeds, womanly words). Flower: Black-eyed susan. Bird: Baltimore oriole. Tree: White oak. Song: Maryland, My Maryland. Seventh of the original 13 states to ratify Constitution, Apr. 28, 1788. State fair at: Timonium;late Aug.-early Sept. History. Capt. John Smith first explored Maryland, 1608. William Claiborne set up a trading post on Kent Is. in Chesapeake Bay, 1631. Britain granted land to Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore, 1632; his brother led 200 settlers to St. Marys River, 1634. The bravery of Maryland troops in the Revolution, as at the Battle of Long Island, won the state its nickname, The Old Line State. In the War of 1812, when a British fleet tried to take Fort McHenry, Marylander Francis Scott Key, 1814, wrote The Star-Spangled Banner. Tourist attractions. Racing events include the Preakness, at Pimlico track, Baltimore; the International at Laurel Race Course; the Maryland Million at Pimlico. Also Annapolis yacht races; Ocean City summer resort; restored Ft. McHenry, Baltimore, near which Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner; Antietam Battlefield, 1862, near Hagerstown; South Mountain Battlefield, 1862; Edgar Allan Poe house, Baltimore; The State House, Annapolis, 1772, the oldest still in use in the U.S.; Montgomery & Prince George's County gateway to Washington, D.C. Famous Marylanders include Benjamin Banneker, Francis Scott Key, H.L. Mencken, William Pinkney, Upton Sinclair, Roger B. Taney, Charles Willson Peale. Chamber of Commerce. 60 West St., Suite 405, Annapolis, MD 21401. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-543-1036. Massachusetts Bay State, Old Colony People. Population (1989): 5,913,000; rank:13. Pop. density: 713.8 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 83.8% Racial distrib. (1985): 96.5% White; 3.5% Black; Hispanic 154,100. Net change (1985-89): +89,000; 1.5%. Geography. Total area: 8,284 sq. mi.; rank: 45. Land area: 7,824 sq. mi. Acres forested land:2,952,300. Location: New England state along Atlantic seaboard. Climate: temperate, with colder and drier clime in western region. Topography: jagged indented coast from Rhode Island around Cape Cod; flat land yields to stony upland pastures near central region and gentle hilly country in west; except in west, land is rocky, sandy, and not fertile. Capital: Boston. Economy. Principal industries: services, trade, manufacturing. Principal manufactured goods (1989): electric and electronic equipment, machinery, printing and publishing, instruments, fabricated metal products. Agriculture: Chief crops: cranberries, greenhouse, nursery, vegetables. Livestock (1983): 120,000 cattle; 50,000 hogs/pigs; 8,000 sheep; 125,000 horses, ponies; 3.6 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): white pine, oak, other hard woods; 85 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $144 mln.; mostly construction sand & gravel, crushed stone. Commercial fishing (1989): $272.9 mln. Chief ports: Boston, Fall River, New Bedford, Salem, Gloucester. International airport at: Boston. Value of construction (1989): $6.4 bln. Employment distribution(1989): 29.7% serv.; 23.9% trade; 18.1% mfg. Per capita income (1989): $22,196. Unemployment (1989): 4.0%. Tourism (1987): out-of-state visitors spent $12.9 bln. Sales tax: 5%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 107. Deposits: $66.9 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 29. Assets: $98.2 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 30,755. Avg. salary: $29,425. Notable federal facilities: Ft. Devens; Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Federal Bldg., J.W. McCormack Bldg., John Fitzgerald Kennedy Federal Bldg., Boston; Q.M. Laboratory, Natick. Energy. Electricity production (1989, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 150,000; Mineral: 33.3 mln.; Nuclear: 1.1 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 13.7. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $34,225. State Data. Motto: Ense Petit Placidam Sub Libertate Quietem (By the sword we seek peace, but peace only under liberty). Flower: Mayflower. Bird: Chickadee. Tree: American elm. Song: All Hail to Massachusetts. Sixth of the original 13 states to ratify Constitution, Feb. 6, 1788. History. Pilgrims settled in Plymouth, 1620; the following year they gave thanks for their survival with the first Thanksgiving Day. Indian opposition reached a high point in King Philip's War, 1675-76, won by the colonists. Demonstrations against British restrictions set off the "Boston Massacre," 1770, and Boston "tea party," 1773. First bloodshed of the Revolution was at Lexington, 1775. Tourist attractions. Cape Cod--Plymouth Rock, Plymouth Plantation, Mayflower II, Provincetown artists colony; Boston--Freedom Trail, Museum of Fine Arts, Children's Museum, Museum of Science, New England Aquarium, JFK Library, Boston Ballet, Boston Pops, Boston Symphony Orchestra; Berkshires--Tanglewood, Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival, Hancock Shaker Village, Berkshire Scenic Railroad; Old Sturbridge Village; Walden Pond; Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, Springfield. Famous "Bay Staters" include John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Samuel Adams, Louisa May Alcott, Horatio Alger, Susan B. Anthony, Crispus Attucks, Clara Barton, Alexander Graham Bell, Emily Dickinson, Ralph Waldo Emerson, John Hancock, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Oliver W. Holmes, Winslow Homer, Elias Howe, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Samuel F.B. Morse, Edgar Allan Poe, Paul Revere, Henry David Thoreau, James McNeil Whistler, John Greenleaf Whittier. Tourist information. Massachusetts Office of Travel & Tourism, 100 Cambridge St., 13th Floor, Boston, MA 02202. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-624-MASS. Michigan Great Lakes State, Wolverine State People. Population (1989): 9,273,000; rank:8. Pop. density: 158.4 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 70.7%. Racial distrib. (1985): 86.5% White; 13.5% Black; Hispanic 155,200. Net change (1985-89) +185,000; 2.0%. Geography. Total area: 58,527 sq. mi.; rank: 23. Land area: 56,954 sq. mi. Acres forested land:19,270,400. Location: east north central state bordering on 4 of the 5 Great Lakes, divided into an Upper and Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, which link lakes Michigan and Huron. Climate: well-defined seasons tempered by the Great Lakes. Topography: low rolling hills give way to northern tableland of hilly belts in Lower Peninsula; Upper Peninsula is level in the east, with swampy areas; western region is higher and more rugged. Capital:Lansing. Economy. Principal industries: manufacturing, services, tourism, agriculture, mining. Principal manufactured goods: transportation equipment, machinery, fabricated metals, primary metals, food prods., rubber & plastics. Agriculture: Chief crops: corn, winter wheat, soybeans, dry beans, oats, hay, sugar beets, honey, asparagus, sweet corn, apples, cherries, grapes, peaches, blueberries, flowers. Livestock (1986): 1.4 min. cattle; 1.2 mln. hogs/pigs; 108,000 sheep; 8.9 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): maple, oak, aspen; 298 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $1.59 bln.; iron ore, Portland cement, crushed stone, sand & gravel. Commercial fishing (1989): $9.9 mln. Chief ports: Detroit, Saginaw River, Escanaba, Muskegon, Saulte Ste. Marie, Port Huron. International airports at: Detroit, Sault St. Marie. Value of construction (1989): $8.1 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 22% mfg.; 20% serv.; Per capita income (1989): $17,745. Unemployment (1989): 7.1%. Tourism (1989): travellers spent $16.5 bln. Sales tax: 4%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 345. Deposits: $64.7 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 44. Assets: $35.1 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 27,118. Avg. salary: $29,016. Notable federal facilities: Isle Royal, Sleeping Bear Dunes national parks. Energy. Electricity production (1989, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 483,000 mln; Mineral: 70.6 mln.; Nuclear: 17.8 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 19.8. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $36,010. State Data. Motto: Si Quaeris Peninsulam Amoenam Circumspice (If you seek a pleasant peninsula, look about you). Flower: Apple blossom. Bird: Robin. Tree:White pine. Song: Michigan, My Michigan. Entered union Jan. 26, 1837; rank, 26th. State fair at: Detroit, late Aug.-early Sept.; Upper Peninsula (Escanaba) mid-Aug; Michigan Festival, mid.-Aug. History. French fur traders and missionaries visited the region, 1616, set up a mission at Sault Ste. Marie, 1641, and a settlement there, 1668. The whole region went to Britain, 1763. Anthony Wayne defeated their Indian allies at Fallen Timbers, Ohio, 1794. The British returned, 1812, seized Ft. Mackinac and Detroit. Oliver H. Perry's Lake Erie victory and William H. Harrison's troops, who carried the war to the Thames River in Canada, 1813, freed Michigan once more. Tourist attractions. Henry Ford Museum, Greenfield Village, reconstruction of a typical 19th cent. American village, both in Dearborn; Michigan Space Ctr., Jackson; Tahquamenon (Hiawatha) Falls; DeZwaan windmill and Tulip Festival, Holland; "Soo Locks," St. Marys Falls Ship Canal, Sault Ste. Marie. Famous Michiganians include Ralph Bunche, Thomas A. Edison, Gerald R. Ford, Paul de Kruif, Edna Ferber, Henry Ford, Aretha Franklin, Edgar Guest, Lee Iacocca, Robert Ingersoll, Magic Johnson, Will Kellogg, Ring Lardner, Elmore Leonard, Charles Lindbergh, Joe Louis, Madonna, Pontiac, Diana Ross, Tom Selleck, Lily Tomlin, Stewart Edward White, Malcolm X. Chamber of Commerce: 200 N. Washington Sq., Suite 400, Lansing, MI 48933. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-543-2937. Minnesota North Star State, Gopher State People. Population (1989): 4,353,000; rank:21. Pop. density: 51.6 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 66.9%. Racial distrib. (1985): 98.5% White; 1.5% Black; Hispanic 33,500. Net change (1985-89): +162,000; 3.9%. Geography. Total area: 84,402 sq. mi.; rank: 12. Land area: 79,548 sq. mi. Acres forested land:16,709,200. Location: north central state bounded on the E by Wisconsin and Lake Superior, on the N by Canada, on the W by the Dakotas, and on the S by Iowa. Climate: northern part of state lies in the moist Great Lakes storm belt; the western border lies at the edge of the semi-arid Great Plains. Topography: central hill and lake region covering approx. half the state; to the NE, rocky ridges and deep lakes; to the NW, flat plain; to the S, rolling plains and deep river valleys. Capital: St. Paul. Economy. Principal industries: agri business, forest products, mining, manufacturing, tourism. Principal manufactured goods: food processing, non-electrical machinery, chemicals, paper, electric and electronic equipment, printing and publishing, instruments, fabricated metal products. Agriculture: Chief crops: corn, soybeans, wheat, sugar beets, sunflowers, barley. Livestock (1989): 2.9 mln. cattle; 4.7 mln. hogs/pigs; 263,000 sheep; 11.7 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): needle-leaves and hardwoods; 158 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): 1.3 bln.; mostly iron ore. Commercial fishing (1989): $73,000. Chief ports: Duluth, St. Paul, Minneapolis. International airports at: Minneapolis-St. Paul. Value of construction (1989): $5.0 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 25.1% trade; 24.3% serv.; 19.5% mfg.; 15.9% gvt. Per capita income (1989): $17,746. Unemployment (1989): 4.3%. Tourism (1987): out-of-state visitors spent $3.6 bln. Sales tax: 6%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 733. Deposits: $41.2 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 32. Assets: $13.5 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 14,379. Avg. salary: $29,502. Energy. Electricity production (1989, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 532,000; Mineral: 25.4 mln.; Nuclear: 12.3 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 17.0. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $32,190. State Data. Motto: L'Etoile du Nord (The star of the north). Flower: Pink and white lady's-slipper. Bird:Common loon. Tree: Red pine. Song: Hail! Minnesota. Entered union May 11, 1858; rank, 32d. State fair at: Saint Paul; late Aug. to early Sept. History. Fur traders and missionaries from French Canada opened the region in the 17th century. Britain took the area east of the Mississippi, 1763. The U.S. took over that portion after the Revolution and in 1803 bought the western area as part of the Louisiana Purchase. The U.S. built present Ft. Snelling, 1820, bought lands from the Indians, 1837. Sioux Indians staged a bloody uprising, 1862, and were driven from the state. Tourist attractions. Minnehaha Falls, Minneapolis, inspiration for Longfellow's Hiawatha; over 10,000 lakes; 64 state parks; 20 historical sites; Minneapolis Aquatennial; Ordway Theater, St. Paul; Guthrie Theater, Minneapolis; professional baseball, football, hockey. Voyageurs Nat'l. Park, a water wilderness along the Canadian border; Mayo Clinic, Rochester; St. Paul Winter Carnival. Famous Minnesotans include F. Scott Fitzgerald, Cass Gilbert, Hubert Humphrey, Sister Elizabeth Kenny, Sinclair Lewis, Paul Manship, E. G. Marshall, William and Charles Mayo, Walter F. Mondale, Charles Schulz, Harold Stassen, Thorstein Veblen. Tourist Information. Minnesota Office of Tourism, 375 Jackson St., 250 Skyway Level, St. Paul, MN 55101. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-328-1461. Mississippi Magnolia State People. Population (1989): 2,621,000; rank:31. Pop. density: 55.0 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 47.3%. Racial distrib. (1985): 63.7% White; 36.3% Black; Hispanic 11,700. Net change (1985-89): +8,000; 0.3%. Geography. Total area: 47,689 sq. mi.; rank: 32. Land area: 47,233 sq. mi. Acres forested land:16,715,600. Location: south central state bordered on the W by the Mississippi R. and on the S by the Gulf of Mexico. Climate: semi-tropical, with abundant rainfall, long growing season, and extreme temperatures unusual. Topography: low, fertile delta bet. the Yazoo and Mississippi rivers; loess bluffs stretching around delta border; sandy Gulf coastal terraces followed by piney woods and prairie; rugged, high sandy hills in extreme NE followed by black prairie belt. Pontotoc Ridge, and flatwoods into the north central highlands. Capital: Jackson. Economy. Principal industries: manufacturing, food processing, seafood, government, wholesale and retail trade, agriculture. Principal manufactured goods: apparel, furniture, lumber and wood products, foods and kindred products, electrical machinery and equipment, transportation equip. Agriculture: Chief crops: cotton, soybeans, catfish, rice. Livestock (1989): 1.4 mln. cattle; 180,000 hogs/pigs; 387 mln. broilers. Timber/lumber (1988): pine, oak, hardwoods; 2.2 bln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $108 mln., mostly construction sand & gravel. Commercial fishing (1989): $44.0 mln. Chief ports: Pascagoula, Vicksburg, Gulfport, Natchez, Greenville. Value of construction (1989): $1.6 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 26.4% mfg.; 21.7% gvt.; 21.4% trade; 16.6% serv. Per capita income (1989): $11,835. Unemployment(1989): 7.8%. Tourism (1989): out-of-state visitors spent $1.5 bln. Sales tax: 6%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 138. Deposits: $15.1 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 40. Assets: $4.8 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 17,749. Avg. salary: $27,963. Notable federal facilities: Columbus, Keesler AF bases; Meridian Naval Air Station, John F. Stennis Space Center. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Mineral: 15.5 mln; Nuclear: 9.6 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 18.4. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $24,363. State Data. Motto: Virtute et Armis (By valor and arms). Flower: Magnolia. Bird: Mockingbird. Tree: Magnolia. Song: Go, Mississippi! Entered union Dec. 10, 1817; rank, 20th. State fair at: Jackson; Fall. History. De Soto explored the area, 1540, discovered the Mississippi River, 1541. La Salle traced the river from Illinois to its mouth and claimed the entire valley for France, 1682. First settlement was the French Ft. Maurepas, near Ocean Springs, 1699. The area was ceded to Britain, 1763; American settlers followed. During the Revolution, Spain seized part of the area and refused to leave even after the U.S. acquired title at the end of the Revolution, finally moving out, 1798. Mississippi seceded 1861. Union forces captured Corinth and Vicksburg and destroyed Jackson and much of Meridian. Tourist attractions. Vicksburg National Military Park and Cemetery, other Civil War sites; Natchez Trace; Indian mounds; Antebellum Home; pilgrimages at Natchez, Columbus, Vicksburg; Mardi Gras andblessing ofthe shrimp fleet, June, both in Biloxi. Famous Mississippians include Dana Andrews, Jimmy Buffet, Hodding Carter III, William Faulkner, Shelby Foote, Fannie Lou Hamer, Jim Henson, L.Q.C. Lamar, Elvis Presley, Leontyne Price, Charlie Pride, Eudora Welty, Tennessee Williams. Chamber of Commerce. P.O. Box 1849, Jackson, MS 39205. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-962-2346; 1-800-647-2290 out of state. Missouri Show Me State People. Population (1989): 5,159,000; rank:15. Pop. density: 74.0 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 68.1%. Racial distrib. (1985): 89.1% White; 10.9% Black; Hispanic 48,300. Net change (1985-89): +123,000; 2.4%. Geography. Total area: 69,697 sq. mi.; rank: 19. Land area: 68,945 sq. mi. Acres forested land:12,876,000. Location: West North central state near the geographic center of the conterminous U.S.; bordered on the E by the Mississippi R., on the NW by the Missouri R. Climate: continental, susceptible to cold Canadian air, moist, warm Gulf air, and drier SW air. Topography: Rolling hills, open, fertile plains, and well-watered prairie N of the Missouri R.; south of the river land is rough and hilly with deep, narrow valleys; alluvial plain in the SE; low elevation in the west. Capital: Jefferson City. Economy. Principal industries: agriculture, manufacturing, aerospace, tourism. Principal manufactured goods: transportation equipment, food and related products, electrical and electronic equipment, chemicals. Agriculture: Chief crops: soybeans, corn, wheat, cotton. Livestock (1988): 4.5 mln. cattle; 2.9 mln. hogs/pigs; 125,000 sheep; 7.9 mln. chickens, 16.5 mln. turkeys. Timber/lumber (1988): oak, hickory; 371 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $1.1 bln., mostly lead, crushed stone, Portland cement. Chief ports: St. Louis, Kansas City. International airports at: St. Louis, Kansas City. Value of construction (1989): $4.2 bln. Employment distribution (1987): 24% trade; 23% serv.; 19% mfg.; 16% gvt. Per capita income (1989): $16,431. Unemployment (1989): 5.5%. Tourism (1987): total travelers spent $5 bln. Sales tax: 4.225%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 610. Deposits: $43.9 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 80. Assets: $23.0 bln. Federal government: No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 45,268. Avg. salary: $27,861. Notable federal facilities: Federal Reserve banks, St. Louis, Kansas City; Ft. Leonard Wood, Rolla; Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis; Whiteman AFB, Knob Noster. Energy. Electricity production (1988 mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 1.5 mln.; Mineral: 49.3 mln; Nuclear: 8.9 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 15.9. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990); $27,229. State Data. Motto: Salus Populi Suprema Lex Esto (The welfare of the people shall be the supreme law). Flower: Hawthorn. Bird: Bluebird. Tree: Dogwood. Song: Missouri Waltz. Entered union Aug. 10, 1821; rank, 24th. State fair at: Sedalia; 3d week in Aug. History. DeSoto visited the area, 1541. French hunters and lead miners made the first settlement, c. 1735, at Ste. Genevieve. The U.S. acquired Missouri as part of the Louisiana Purchase, 1803. The fur trade and the Santa Fe Trail provided prosperity; St. Louis became the "jump-off" point for pioneers on their way West. Pro- and anti-slavery forces battled each other there during the Civil War. Tourist attractions. Mark Twain Area, Hannibal; Pony Express Museum, St. Joseph; Harry S. Truman Library, Independence; Gateway Arch, St. Louis; Silver Dollar City, Branson Worlds of Fun, Kansas City; Lake of the Ozarks, Churchill Memorial, Fulton. Famous Missourians include Josephine Baker, Thomas Hart Benton, George Caleb Bingham, Gen. Omar Bradley, George Washington Carver, Walter Cronkite, Dale Carnegie, Walt Disney, T.S. Eliot, Betty Grable, Jesse James, J.C. Penney, John J. Pershing, Joseph Pulitzer, Ginger Rogers, Bess Truman, Harry S. Truman, Mark Twain, Tennessee Williams. Chamber of Commerce: 400 E. High St., P.O. Box 149, Jefferson City, MO 65101. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-877-1234. Montana Treasure State People. Population (1989): 806,000; rank:44. Pop. density: 5.48 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 52.9%. Racial distrib. (1980): 94.0% White; 0.2% Black; Hispanic 10,800. Net change (1985-89): -20,000; -2.4%. Geography. Total area: 147,046 sq. mi.; rank:4. Land area: 145,388 sq. mi. Acres forested land: 22,559,300. Location: Mountain state bounded on the E by the Dakotas, on the S by Wyoming, on the S/SW by Idaho, and on the N by Canada. Climate: colder, continental climate with low humidity. Topography: Rocky Mtns. in western third of the state; eastern two-thirds gently rolling northern Great Plains. Capital: Helena. Economy. Principal industries: agriculture, timber, mining, tourism, oil & gas. Principal manufactured goods: food prods., wood & paper prods., primary metals, printing & publishing, petroleum & coal prods. Agriculture: Chief crops: wheat, barley, sugar beets, hay, oats. Livestock (1989): 2.35 mln. cattle; 245,000 hogs/pigs; 568,000 sheep; 910,000 poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): Douglas fir, pines, larch; 1.7 bln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $637 mln. mostly metallics. International airports at: Great Falls, Billings, Kalispell, Missoula. Value of construction(1989): $482.9 mln. Employment distribution (1988): 26.0% serv.; 21.9% trade; 18.5% govt.; 7.7% agric; 5.9% mfg. Per capita income (1989): $13,852. Unemployment (1989): 5.9%. Tourism(1988-89): non-resident visitors spent $658 mln. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 169. Deposits: $6.1 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 10. Assets: $1.2 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 8,292. Avg. salary: $28,606. Notable federal facilities: Malmstrom AFB; Ft. Peck, Hungry Horse, Libby, Yellowtail dams, numerous missile silos. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 8.3 mln; Mineral: 16.5 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 15.8. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $25,081. State Data. Motto: Oro y Plata (Gold and silver). Flower: Bitterroot. Bird: Western meadowlark. Tree: Ponderosa pine. Song: Montana. Entered union Nov. 8, 1889; rank, 41st. State fair at: Great Falls; late July to early Aug. History. French explorers visited the region, 1742. The U.S. acquired the area partly through the Louisiana Purchase, 1803, and partly through the explorations of Lewis and Clark, 1805-06. Fur traders and missionaries established posts in the early 19th century. Indian uprisings reached their peak with the Battle of the Little Big Horn, 1876. Mining activity and the coming of the Northern Pacific Railway, 1883, brought population growth. Tourist attractions. Glacier Natl. Park, on the Continental Divide, is a scenic and recreational wonderland, with 60 glaciers, 200 lakes, and many trout streams. Yellowstone Natl. Park has 3 or 5 entrances in Montana, with 2,221,000 acres of scenic beauty, inc. geysers, mountains, canyons, streams, lakes, forests, waterfalls. Also, Museum of the Plains Indian, Blackfeet Reservation near Browning; Custer Battlefield National Cemetery; Flathead Lake, in the NW, Lewis and Clark Caverns State Park, near Whitehall; 7 Indian reservations, covering over 5 million acres; state capitol and historical society, Helena. Famous Montanans include Gary Cooper, Marcus Daly, Chet Huntley, Will James, Myrna Loy, Mike Mansfield, Brent Musberger, Jeannette Rankin, Charles M. Russell, Lester Thurow. Chamber of Commerce. 2030 11th Ave., P.O. Box 1730, Helena, MT 59624. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-541-1447. Nebraska Cornhusker State People. Population (1989): 1,611,000; rank:36. Pop. density: 20.8 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 62.9%. Racial distrib. (1985): 96.7% White; 3.3% Black; Hispanic 29,900. Net change (1985-89): +6,000; 0.4%. Geography. Total area: 77,355 sq. mi.; rank: 15. Land area: 76,644 sq. mi. Acres forested land:1,029,100. Location: West North Central state with the Missouri R. for a NE/E border. Climate: continental semi-arid. Topography: till plains of the central lowland in the eastern third rising to the Great Plains and hill country of the north central and NW. Capital: Lincoln. Economy. Principal industries: agriculture, food processing, manufacturing. Principal manufactured goods: foods, machinery, electric and electronic equipment, primary and fabricated metal products, transportation equipment, instruments & related prod. Agriculture: Chief crops: corn, sorghum, soybeans, hay, wheat, beans, oats, potatoes, sugar beets. Livestock (1989): 5.5 mln. cattle; 4.0 mln. hogs/pigs; 180,000 sheep; 4.5 mln. poultry. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $85 mln.; mostly Portland cement, crushed stone, construction sand & gravel. Chief ports: Omaha, Sioux City, Brownville, Blair, Plattsmouth, Nebraska City. Value of construction (1989): $1.1 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 25.8% trade; 23.0% serv.; 20.1% gvt.; 13.8% mfg.; 8.8% agric. Per capita income (1989): $15,360. Unemployment (1989): 3.1%. Tourism (1989): traveler expenditures $3.6 bln. Sales tax:4%, + some local sales taxes of .5-1.5%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 437. Deposits: $14.5 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 23. Assets: $11.0 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 9,039. Avg. salary: $28,148. Notable federal facilities: Strategic Air Command Base, Omaha. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 1.4 mln.; Mineral: 12.5 mln.; Nuclear: 6.8 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 15.0. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $24,751. State Data. Motto: Equality before the law. Flower: Goldenrod. Bird: Western meadowlark. Tree: Cottonwood. Song: Beautiful Nebraska. Entered union Mar. 1, 1867; rank, 37th. State fair at: Lincoln; Aug. 31-Sept. 9, 1990. History. Spanish and French explorers and fur traders visited the area prior to the Louisiana Purchase, 1803. Lewis and Clark passed through, 1804-06. First permanent settlement was Bellevue, near Omaha, 1823. Many Civil War veterans settled under free land terms of the 1862 Homestead Act; struggles followed between homesteaders and ranchers. Tourist attractions. Architecturally unique, 400' tall state capitol, Lincoln; Stuhr Museum of the Prairie Pioneer, Grand Island; Museum of the Fur Trade, Chadron; State Museum (Elephant Hall), Lincoln; Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha; Strategic Air Command Museum, Bellevue; Boys Town, founded by Fr. Flanagan, west of Omaha; Arbor Lodge State Park, Nebraska City; Buffalo Bill Ranch State Historical Park, North Platte; Pioneer Village, Minden; Oregon Trail landmarks, Scotts Bluff National Monument, Chimney Rock Historic Site, Ft. Robinson; Hastings Museum, McDonald Planetarium, Hastings. Famous Nebraskans include Fred Astaire, Charles W. and William Jennings Bryan, Johnny Carson, Willa Cather, William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody, Loren Eiseley, Rev. Edward J. Flanagan, Henry Fonda, Gerald R. Ford, Rollin Kirby, Harold Lloyd, Wright Morris, J. Sterling Morton, John Neidhardt, George Norris, Gen. John J. Pershing, Chief Red Cloud, Mari Sandoz, Malcolm X, Roscoe Pound. Chamber of Commerce. 1320 Lincoln Mall, Box 95128, Lincoln, NE 68501. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-742-7595; 1-800-228-4307 out of state. Nevada Sagebrush State, Battle Born State, Silver State People. Population (1989): 1,111,000; rank:40. Pop. density: 10.0 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 85.3%. Racial distrib. (1985): 93.4% White; 6.6% Black; Hispanic 69,700. Net change (1985-89): +171,000; 18.3%. Geography. Total area: 110,561 sq. mi.; rank:7. Land area: 109,894 sq. mi. Acres forested land: 7,683,300. Location: Mountain state bordered on N by Oregon and Idaho, on E by Utah and Arizona, on SE by Arizona, and on SW/W by California. Climate: semi-arid and arid. Topography: rugged N-S mountain ranges; highest elevation, Boundary Peak, 13,140 ft.; southern area is within the Mojave Desert; lowest elevation, Colorado R. Canyon, 470 ft. Capital: Carson City. Economy. Principal industries: gaming, tourism, mining, manufacturing, government, agriculture, warehousing, trucking. Principal manufactured goods: gaming devices, chemicals, aerospace prods.; lawn & garden irrigation equip.; seismic & machinery-monitoring devices. Agriculture: Chief crops: alfalfa seed, potatoes, hay, barley, wheat. Livestock (1988): 500,000 cattle; 16,000 hogs/pigs; 96,000 sheep; 18,000 poultry. Timber/lumber: pinon, juniper, other pines. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $2.0 bln.; mostly gold, silver, barite, construction sand & gravel. International airports at Las Vegas, Reno. Value of construction (1989): $3.3 bln. Employment distribution(1989): 43% serv.; 21% trade; 12% gvt. Per capita income (1989): $18,827. Unemployment (1989): 5.0%. Tourism (1987): out-of-state travelers spent $8.2 bln. Sales tax: 5.75-6%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 18. Deposits: $6.1 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 6. Assets: $5.0 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 6,718. Avg. salary: $29,851. Notable federal facilities: Nevada Test Site; Hawthorne Army Ammunition Plant, Nellis Air Force Base & Gunnery Range; Fallon Naval Air Station; Palomino Valley Wild Horse & Burro Placement Center. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 2.1 mln.; Mineral: 18.2 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 20.3. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $30,587. State Data. Motto: All for our country. Flower:Sagebrush. Bird: Mountain bluebird. Trees: Single-leaf pinon and bristlecone pine. Song: Home Means Nevada. Entered union Oct. 31, 1864; rank, 36th. State fair at Reno; early Sept. History. Nevada was first explored by Spaniards in 1776. Hudson's Bay Co. trappers explored the north and central region, 1825; trader Jedediah Smith crossed the state, 1826 and 1827. The area was acquired by the U.S., in 1848, at the end of the Mexican War. First settlement, Mormon Station, now Genoa, was est. 1849. In the early 20th century, Nevada adopted progressive measures such as the initiative, referendum, recall, and woman suffrage. Tourist attractions. Legalized casino gambling provided the impetus for the development of resort facilities at Lake Tahoe, Reno, Las Vegas, and elsewhere. Ghost towns, rodeos, mountain climbing, skiing, golfing, trout fishing, water sports and hunting important. Notable are Hoover Dam, Lake Mead Natl. Recreation Area, Lake Tahoe, Great Basin Natl. Park, Valley of Fire State Park & Virginia City. Annual events inc. Helldorado Days & Rodeo, Las Vegas; Reno Rodeo; Basque Festival, Elko; Nevada Day, Carson City; Cowboy Poetry Gathering, Elko. Famous Nevadans include Walter Van Tilburg Clark, Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins, Paul Laxalt, John William Mackay, Pat McCarran, Dat So La Lee, Key Pittman, William Morris Stewart. Tourist Information. Commission on Tourism, Capitol Complex, Carson City, NV 89710. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-638-2328. New Hampshire Granite State People. Population (1989): 1,107,000; rank:41. Pop. density: 119.3 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 52.2%. Racial distrib. (1980): 98.8% White; 0.4% Black; Hispanic 5,700. Net change (1985-89): +109,000; 10.9%. Geography. Total area: 9,279 sq. mi.; rank: 44. Land area: 8,993 sq. mi. Acres forested land:5,013,500. Location: New England state bounded on S by Massachusetts, on W by Vermont, on N/NW by Canada, on E by Maine and the Atlantic O. Climate: highly varied, due to its nearness to high mountains and ocean. Topography: low, rolling coast followed by countless hills and mountains rising out of a central plateau. Capital: Concord. Economy. Principal industries: tourism, manufacturing, agriculture, trade, mining. Principal manufactured goods: machinery, electrical & electronic products, plastics, fabricated metal products, leather goods. Agriculture: Chief crops: dairy products, nursery and greenhouse products, hay, vegetables, fruit, maple syrup & sugar prods. Livestock (1988): 55,000 cattle; 9,000 hogs/pigs; 12,000 sheep; 365,000 poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): white pine, hemlock, oak, birch; 158 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals(1989): $49 mln.; mostly construction sand & gravel, crushed & dimension stone. Commercial fishing (1989): $10.3 mln. Chief ports: Portsmouth, Hampton, Rye. Value of construction (1989): $1.3 bln. Employment distribution (1988): 22.5% mfg.; 25.7% trade; 22.4% serv; 12.9% gvt. Per capita income (1989): $20,251. Unemployment (1989): 3.5%. Tourism (1989): out-of-state visitors spent $2.2 bln. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 60. Deposits: $6.9 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 11. Assets: $1.9 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 3,644. Avg. salary: $30,434. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 968,000; Mineral: 6.0 mln. Education: Student-teacher ratio (1988): 16.2. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $28,939. State Data. Motto: Live free or die. Flower: Purple lilac. Bird: Purple finch. Tree: White birch. Song: Old New Hampshire. Ninth of the original 13 states to ratify the Constitution, June 21, 1788. History. First explorers to visit the New Hampshire area were England's Martin Pring, 1603, and Champlain, 1605. First settlement was Odiorne's Point (now port of Rye), 1623. Indian raids were halted, 1759, by Robert Rogers' Rangers. Before the Revolution, New Hampshire men seized a British fort at Portsmouth, 1774, and drove the royal governor out, 1775. Three regiments served in the Continental Army and scores of privateers raided British shipping. Tourist attractions. Mt. Washington, highest peak in Northeast, hub of network of trails; Lake Winnipesaukee; White Mt. Natl. Forest; Crawford, Franconia, Pinkham notches in White Mt. region--Franconia famous for the Old Man of the Mountains, described by Hawthorne as the Great Stone Face; the Flume, a spectacular gorge; the aerial tramway on Cannon Mt; Strawbery Banke, Portsmouth; Shaker Village, Canterbury. Famous New Hampshirites include Salmon P. Chase, Ralph Adams Cram, Mary Baker Eddy, Daniel Chester French, Robert Frost, Horace Greeley, Sarah Buell Hale, Franklin Pierce, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Daniel Webster. Tourist Information. Department of Resources and Economic Development, Office of Vacation Travel, P.O. Box 856, Concord, NH 03301. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-258-3608 in northeast; to obtain guidebook, 1-800-441-5370. New Jersey Garden State People. Population (1989): 7,736,000; rank:9. Pop. density: 993.5 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 89.0%. Racial distrib. (1985): 86.4% White; 13.6% Black; Hispanic 573,200. Net change (1985-89): +168,000; 2.2%. Geography. Total area: 7,787 sq. mi.; rank: 46. Land area: 7,468 sq. mi. Acres forested land:1,928,400. Location: Middle Atlantic state bounded on the N and E by New York and the Atlantic O., on the S and W by Delaware and Pennsylvania. Climate: moderate, with marked difference bet. NW and SE extremities. Topography:Appalachian Valley in the NW also has highest elevation, High Pt., 1,801 ft.; Appalachian Highlands, flat-topped NE-SW mountain ranges; Piedmont Plateau, low plains broken by high ridges (Palisades) rising 400-500 ft.; Coastal Plain, covering three-fifths of state in SE, gradually rises from sea level to gentle slopes. Capital: Trenton. Economy. Principal industries: services, trade, manufacturing. Principal manufactured goods: chemicals, electronic and electrical equipment, non-electrical machinery, fabricated metals. Agriculture: Chief crops: hay, corn, soybeans, tomatoes, blueberries, peaches, cranberries. Livestock (1987): 77,500 cattle; 32,000 hogs/pigs; 12,600 sheep; 2.1 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): pine, cedar, mixed hardwoods; 7 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $230 mln.; mostly crushed stone, construction sand & gravel. Commercial fishing (1989): $78.8 mln. Chief ports: Newark, Elizabeth, Hoboken, Camden. International airports at: Newark. Value of construction (1989): $7.3 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 25.7% serv.; 24.0% trade; 17.6% mfg.; 15.1% gvt. Per capita income (1989): $23,764. Unemployment (1989): 4.1%. Tourism (1988): tourists spent $13.6 bln. Sales tax: 6%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 125. Deposits: $59.6. Savings institutions (1990): 130. Assets: $52.0 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 37,644. Avg. salary: $29,946. Notable federal facilities: McGuire AFB Fort Dix; Fort Monmouth; Picatinny Arsenal; Lakewood Naval Air Station, Lakehurst Naval Air Engineering Center. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Mineral: 16.7 mln.; Nuclear: 23.9 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 13.6. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $36,030. State Data. Motto: Liberty and prosperity. Flower: Purple violet. Bird: Eastern goldfinch. Tree: Red oak. Third of the original 13 states to ratify the Constitution, Dec. 18, 1787. State fair: usually Aug. History. The Lenni Lenape (Delaware) Indians had mostly peaceful relations with European colonists who arrived after the explorers Verrazano, 1524, and Hudson, 1609. The Dutch were first; when the British took New Netherland, 1664, the area between the Delaware and Hudson Rivers was given to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. New Jersey was the scene of nearly 100 battles, large and small, during the Revolution, including Trenton, 1776, Princeton, 1777, Monmouth, 1778. Tourist attractions. 127 miles of beaches; Miss America Pageant and hotel-casinos, Atlantic City; Grover Cleveland birthplace, Caldwell. Cape May Historic District; Edison Labs, W. Orange; Great Adventure amusement park; Liberty State Park; Meadowlands Sports Complex; Pine Barrens wilderness area; Princeton University; numerous Revolutionary War historical sites. Famous New Jerseyans include Count Basie, Aaron Burr, Grover Cleveland, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Crane, Thomas Edison, Albert Einstein, Alexander Hamilton, Joyce Kilmer, Gen. George McClellan, Thomas Paine, Molly Pitcher, Paul Robeson, Walter Schirra, Frank Sinatra, Bruce Springsteen, Walt Whitman, Woodrow Wilson. Chamber of Commerce. 51 Commerce St., Newark, NJ 07102. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-JERSEY-7. New Mexico Land of Enchantment People. Population (1989): 1,528,000; rank:37. Pop. density: 12.6 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 72.1%. Racial distrib. (1985): 89.0% White; 2.0% Black; 9.0% Other (includes American Indians); Hispanic 550,600. Net change (1985-89): +78,000; 5.4%. Geography. Total area: 121,593 sq. mi.; rank:5. Land area: 121,335 sq. mi. Acres forested land: 18,059,800. Location: southwestern state bounded by Colorado on the N, Oklahoma, Texas, and Mexico on the E and S, and Arizona on the W. Climate: dry, with temperatures rising or falling 5 degF with every 1,000 ft. elevation. Topography: eastern third, Great Plains; central third Rocky Mtns. (85% of the state is over 4,000 ft. elevation); western third high plateau. Capital: Santa Fe. Economy. Principal industries: extractive industries, tourism, agriculture. Principal manufactured goods: foods, electrical machinery, apparel, lumber, printing, transportation equipment. Agriculture: Chief crops: wheat, hay, sorghum, grain, onions, cotton, corn. Livestock: 1.72 mln. cattle; 72,000 hogs/pigs; 578,000 sheep; 1.21 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): Ponderosa pine, Douglas fir; 176 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $1.2 bln.; copper, potash, construction sand & gravel. International airports at: Albuquerque. Value of construction (1989): $1.3 bln. Employment distribution: 22.3% serv.; 18.0% agric.; 10% mfg.; 26.2% gvt. Per capita income (1989): $13,191. Unemployment (1989): 6.7%. Tourism (1989): out-of-state visitors spent $2.2 bln. Sales tax: 43/4%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 94. Deposits: $8.5 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 24. Assets: $4.9 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 23,369. Avg. salary: $28,182. Notable federal facilities: Kirtland, Cannon, Holloman AF bases; Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory; White Sands Missile Range. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 100,000; Mineral: 26.3 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 18.5. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $25,120. State Data. Motto: Crescit Eundo (It grows as it goes). Flower: Yucca. Bird: Roadrunner. Tree: Pinon. Song: O, Fair New Mexico, Asi Es Nuevo Mexico. Entered union Jan. 6, 1912; rank, 47th. State fair at: Albuquerque; mid-Sept. History. Franciscan Marcos de Niza and a black slave Estevan explored the area, 1539, seeking gold. First settlements were at San Juan Pueblo, 1598, and Santa Fe, 1610. Settlers alternately traded and fought with the Apaches, Comanches, and Navajos. Trade on the Santa Fe Trail to Missouri started 1821. The Mexican War was declared May, 1846, Gen. Stephen Kearny took Santa Fe, August. In the 1870s, cattlemen staged the famed Lincoln County War in which Billy (the Kid) Bonney played a leading role. Pancho Villa raided Columbus, 1916. Tourist attractions. Carlsbad Caverns, a national park, has caverns on 3 levels and the largest natural cave "room" in the world, 1,500 by 300 ft., 300 ft. high; White Sands Natl. Monument, the largest gypsum deposit in the world. Pueblo ruins from 100 AD, Chaco Canyon; Acoma, the "sky city," built atop a 357-ft. mesa; 19 Pueblo, 4 Navajo, and 2 Apache reservations. Also, ghost towns, dude ranches, skiing, hunting, and fishing. Famous New Mexicans include Billy (the Kid) Bonney, Kit Carson, Peter Hurd, Archbishop Jean Baptiste Lamy, Nancy Lopez, Bill Mauldin, Georgia O'Keeffe, Kim Stanley, Al Unser, Bobby Unser, Lew Wallace. Tourist information. New Mexico Travel Division, Joseph M. Montoya Bldg., 1100 St. Francis Dr., Santa Fe, N.M. 87503. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-545-2040. New York Empire State People. Population (1989): 17,950,000; rank:2. Pop. density: 365.5 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 84.6%. Racial distrib. (1985): 84.6% White; 15.4% Black; Hispanic: 1.9 mln. Net change (1985-89): +182,000; 1.0%. Geography. Total area: 49,108 sq. mi.; rank: 30. Land area: 47,377 sq. mi. Acres forested land:17,218,400. Location: Middle Atlantic state, bordered by the New England states, Atlantic Ocean, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, Lakes Ontario and Erie, and Canada. Climate: variable; the SE region moderated by the ocean. Topography: highest and most rugged mountains in the NE Adirondack upland; St. Lawrence-Champlain lowlands extend from Lake Ontario NE along the Canadian border; Hudson-Mohawk lowland follows the flows of the rivers N and W, 10-30 mi. wide; Atlantic coastal plain in the SE; Appalachian Highlands, covering half the state westward from the Hudson Valley, include the Catskill Mtns., Finger Lakes; plateau of Erie-Ontario lowlands. Capital: Albany. Economy. Principal industries: manufacturing, finance, communications, tourism, transportation, services. Principal manufactured goods: books and periodicals, clothing and apparel, pharmaceuticals, machinery, instruments, toys and sporting goods, electronic equipment, automotive and aircraft components. Agriculture: Chief crops: apples, cabbage, cauliflower, celery, cherries, grapes, corn, peas, snap beans, sweet corn. Products: milk, cheese, maple syrup, wine. Livestock (1988): 1.7 mln. cattle; 151,000 hogs/pigs; 63,000 sheep; 10.9 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): saw log production; 304 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $746 mln.; mostly crushed stone, cement, construction sand & gravel, zinc. Commercial fishing (1989): $51.1 mln. Chief ports:New York, Buffalo, Albany. International airports at: New York, Buffalo, Syracuse, Massena, Ogdensburg, Watertown, Niagara Falls, Newburgh, Sullivan county. Value of construction (1989): $16.4 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 18% mfg.; 32% serv.; 26% trade. Per capita income (1989): $20,540. Unemployment (1989): 5.1%. Tourism (1988): tourists spent $20.0 bln. Sales tax: 4-81/4%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 200. Deposits: $468.8 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 86. Assets: $56.7 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 68,719. Avg. salary: $28,365. Notable federal facilities: West Point Military Academy; Merchant Marine Academy; Ft. Drum; Griffiss, Plattsburgh AF bases; Watervliet Arsenal. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 24.0 mln.; Mineral: 76.6 mln.; Nuclear: 24.2 mln. Education: Student-teacher ratio (1988): 14.9. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $38,800. State Data. Motto: Excelsior (Ever upward). Flower: Rose. Bird: Bluebird. Tree: Sugar maple. Song: I Love New York. Eleventh of the original 13 states to ratify the Constitution, July 26, 1788. State fair at: Syracuse, late Aug.-early Sept. History. In 1609 Henry Hudson discovered the river that bears his name and Champlain explored the lake, far upstate, which was named for him. Dutch built posts near Albany 1614 and 1624; in 1626 they settled Manhattan. A British fleet seized New Netherland, 1664. Ninety-two of the 300 or more engagements of the Revolution were fought in New York, including the Battle of Bemis Heights-Saratoga, a turning point of the war. Tourist attractions. New York City; Adirondack and Catskill mtns.; Finger Lakes, Great Lakes; Long Island beaches; Thousand Islands; Niagara Falls; Saratoga Springs racing and spas; Philipsburg Manor, Sunnyside, the restored home of Washington Irving, The Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow, all in North Tarrytown; Corning Glass Center and Steuben factory, Corning; Fenimore House, National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, both in Cooperstown; Ft. Ticonderoga overlooking lakes George and Champlain; Albany's Empire State Plaza, Lake Placid Olympic Village. The Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site, Hyde Park, includes the graves of Pres. and Mrs. Roosevelt, the family home since 1867, the Roosevelt Library. Sagamore Hill, Oyster Bay, the Theodore Roosevelt estate, includes his home. Famous New Yorkers include Susan B. Anthony, Peter Cooper, George Eastman, Millard Fillmore, Julia Ward Howe, Charles Evans Hughes, Henry and William James, Herman Melville, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, Alfred E. Smith, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Martin Van Buren, Walt Whitman. Tourist information: N.Y. State Dept. of Economic Development, 1 Commerce Plaza, Albany, NY 12245. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-CALLNYS, from the 48 contiguous states; 1-518-474-4116 from other areas and Canada. North Carolina Tar Heel State, Old North State People. Population (1989): 6,571,000; rank:10. Pop. density: 124.8 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 42.9%. Racial distrib. (1985): 77.5% White; 22.5% Black; Hispanic: 38,900. Net change (1985-89): +312,000; 5.0%. Geography. Total area: 52,669 sq. mi.; rank: 28. Land area: 48,843 sq. mi. Acres forested land:20,043,300. Location: South Atlantic state bounded by Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, and the Atlantic O. Climate: sub-tropical in SE, medium-continental in mountain region; tempered by the Gulf Stream and the mountains in W. Topography: coastal plain and tidewater, two-fifths of state, extending to the fall line of the rivers; piedmont plateau, another two-fifths, 200 mi. wide of gentle to rugged hills; southern Appalachian Mtns. contains the Blue Ridge and Great Smoky mtns. Capital: Raleigh. Economy. Principal industries: manufacturing, agriculture, tobacco, tourism. Principal manufactured goods:textiles, tobacco products, electrical/electronic equip., chemicals, furniture, food products, non-electrical machinery. Agriculture: Chief crops: tobacco, soybeans, corn, peanuts, small sweet potatoes, feed grains, vegetables, fruits. Livestock (1987): 950,000 cattle; 2.6 mln. hogs/pigs; 20.9 mln. chickens. Timber/lumber (1988): yellow pine, oak, hickory, poplar, maple. 1.7 bln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals(1989): Total $584 mln., mostly clay, sand & gravel, crushed stone. Commercial fishing (1989): $70.6 mln. Chief ports: Morehead City, Wilmington. Value of construction (1989): $7.2 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 29.2% mfg.; 22.9% trade; 17.6% serv.; 15.3% gvt. Per capita income (1989): $15,221. Unemployment (1989): 3.5%. Tourism(1989): out-of-state visitors spent $6.2 bln. Sales tax: 5.0%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 65. Deposits: $41.0 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 129. Assets: $21.2 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 28,990. Avg. salary: $26,802. Notable federal facilities: Ft. Bragg; Camp LeJeune Marine Base; U.S. EPA Research and Development Labs, Cherry Point Marine Corps Air Station; Natl. Humanities Center; Natl. Inst. of Environmental Health Science; Natl. Center for Health Statistics Lab, Research Triangle Park. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 2.9 mln.; Mineral: 46.4 mln.; Nuclear: 29.2 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 17.5. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $27,814. State Data. Motto: Esse Quam Videri (To be rather than to seem). Flower: Dogwood. Bird: Cardinal. Tree: Pine. Song: The Old North State. Twelfth of the original 13 states to ratify the Constitution, Nov. 21, 1789. State fair at: Raleigh; mid-Oct. History. The first English colony in America was the first of 2 established by Sir Walter Raleigh on Roanoke Is., 1585 and 1587. The first group returned to England; the second, the "Lost Colony," disappeared without trace. Permanent settlers came from Virginia, c. 1660. Roused by British repressions, the colonists drove out the royal governor, 1775; the province's congress was the first to vote for independence; ten regiments were furnished to the Continental Army. Cornwallis' forces were defeated at Kings Mountain, 1780, and forced out after Guilford Courthouse, 1781. Tourist attractions. Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout national seashores; Great Smoky Mtns. (half in Tennessee); Guilford Courthouse and Moore's Creek parks, 66 Revolutionary battle sites; Bennett Place, NW of Durham, where Gen. Joseph Johnston surrendered the last Confederate army to Gen. Wm. Sherman; Ft. Raleigh, Roanoke Is., where Virginia Dare, first child of English parents in the New World, was born Aug. 18, 1587; Wright Brothers National Memorial, Kitty Hawk; N.C. Zoo, Asheboro; N. Carolina Symphony, Raleigh. Famous North Carolinians include Richard J. Gatling, Billy Graham, Andrew Jackson, Andrew Johnson, Wm. Rufus King, Dolley Madison, Edward R. Murrow, James K. Polk, Enos Slaughter, Moses Waddel, Thomas Wolfe. Tourist information. Division of Travel & Tourism Development, P.O. Box 25249, Raleigh, NC 27611. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-VISITNC. North Dakota Peace Garden State People. Population (1989): 660,000; rank:47. Pop. density: 9.3 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 48.8%. Racial distrib. (1980): 95.8% White; 0.39% Black; Hispanic (1980): 3,700. Net change (1985-89): -25,000; -3.6%. Geography. Total area: 70,702 sq. mi.; rank: 17. Land area: 69,300 sq. mi. Acres forested land:421,800. Location: West North Central state, situated exactly in the middle of North America, bounded on the N by Canada, on the E by Minnesota, on the S by South Dakota, on the W by Montana. Climate: continental, with a wide range of temperature and moderate rainfall. Topography: Central Lowland in the E comprises the flat Red River Valley and the Rolling Drift Prairie; Missouri Plateau of the Great Plains on the W. Capital: Bismarck. Economy. Principal industries: agriculture, mining, tourism, manufacturing. Principal manufactured goods: farm equipment, processed foods. Agriculture: Chief crops: spring wheat, durum, barley, rye, flaxseed, oats, potatoes, dried edible beans, honey, soybeans, sugarbeets, sunflowers, hay. Livestock (1987): 2.0 mln. cattle; 285,000 hogs/pigs; 180,000 sheep; 1.4 mln. poultry. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $14 mln. mostly lime, construction sand & gravel, crushed stone. International airports at: Fargo, Grand Forks, Bismarck, Minot. Value of construction (1989): $458.3 mln. Employment distribution: 21.9% trade; 20.4% gvt.; 18.6% serv.; 17.2% agric. Per capita income (1989): $13,261. Unemployment (1989): 4.2%. Tourism (1988): $565 mln. Sales tax: 6.5%-7.5%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 176. Deposits: $6.1 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 6. Assets: $4.2 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 5,552. Avg. salary: $26,291. Notable federal facilities: Strategic Air Command bases at Minot, Grand Forks; Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center; Garrison Dam; Theodore Roosevelt Natl. Park; Grand Forks Energy Research Center; Ft. Union Natl. Historic Site. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 1.9 mln.; Mineral: 25.5 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 15.4. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $23,016. State Data. Motto: Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable. Flower: Wild prairie rose. Bird: Western Meadowlark. Tree: American elm. Song: North Dakota Hymn. Entered union Nov. 2, 1889; rank, 39th. State fair at: Minot; 3d week in July. History. Pierre La Verendrye was the first French fur trader in the area, 1738, followed later by the English. The U.S. acquired half the territory in the Louisiana Purchase, 1803. Lewis and Clark built Ft. Mandan, spent the winter of 1804-05 there. In 1818, American ownership of the other half was confirmed by agreement with Britain. First permanent settlement was at Pembina, 1812. Missouri River steamboats reached the area, 1832; the first railroad, 1873, bringing many homesteaders. The state was first to hold a presidential primary, 1912. Tourist attractions. North Dakota Heritage Center, state capitol grounds; Bonanzaville, Fargo, restored pioneer town; Ft. Union Trading Post Natl. Historic Site, built 1829; Lake Sakakawea, 180 miles of fishing, boating, 1,600 miles of shoreline. Interntl. Peace Garden, 2,200-acre tract extending across the border into Manitoba; 65,000-acre Theodore Roosevelt National Park, Badlands, contains the president's Elkhorn Ranch; Ft. Abraham Lincoln State Park and Museum, S of Mandan. Famous North Dakotans include Maxwell Anderson, Angie Dickinson, John Bernard Flannagan; Louis L'Amour, Peggy Lee, Eric Sevareid, Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Lawrence Welk. Chamber of Commerce. P.O. Box 2467, Fargo, ND 58108. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-437-2077. Ohio Buckeye State People. Population (1989): 10,907,000; rank:7. Pop. density: 263.9 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 73.3%. Racial distrib. (1985): 89.4% White; 10.6% Black; Hispanic (1980): 107,700. Net change (1985-89): +132,000; 1.2%. Geography. Total area: 41,330 sq. mi.; rank: 35. Land area: 41,004 sq. mi. Acres forested land:6,146,600. Location: East North Central state bounded on the N by Michigan and Lake Erie; on the E and S by Pennsylvania, West Virginia; and Kentucky; on the W by Indiana. Climate: temperate but variable; weather subject to much precipitation. Topography: generally rolling plain; Allegheny plateau in E; Lake [lsqb ]Erie[rsqb ] plains extend southward; central plains in the W. Capital: Columbus. Economy. Principal industries: manufacturing, trade, services. Principal manufactured goods: transportation equipment, machinery, primary and fabricated metal products. Agriculture: Chief crops: corn, hay, winter wheat, oats, soybeans. Livestock (1985): 1.8 mln. cattle; 2.0 mln. hogs/pigs; 275,000 sheep; 22.0 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): oak, ash, maple, walnut, beech; 303 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $787 mln.; mostly crushed stone, construction sand & gravel, lime, Portland cement. Commercial fishing (1989): $1.3 mln. Chief ports: Toledo, Conneaut, Cleveland, Ashtabula. International airports at:Cleveland, Cincinnati, Columbus, Dayton. Value of construction (1989): $10.3 bln. Employment distribution (1985): 25.6% mfg.; 24.2% trade; 21.8% serv.; 15.2% gvt. Per capita income (1989): $16,499. Unemployment (1989): 5.5%. Tourism (1982): travelers spent nearly $5.4 bln. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 308. Deposits: $70.4 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 217. Assets: $50.5. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 54,732. Avg. salary: $30,506. Notable federal facilities: Wright Patterson AF base; Defense Construction Supply Center; Lewis Research Ctr.; Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant; Mound Laboratory. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 176,000; Mineral: 115.0 mln.; Nuclear: 8.5. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 17.6. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $31,170. State Data. Motto: With God, all things are possible. Flower: Scarlet carnation. Bird: Cardinal. Tree: Buckeye. Song: Beautiful Ohio. Entered union Mar. 1, 1803; rank, 17th. State fairat: Columbus; mid-Aug. History. LaSalle visited the Ohio area, 1669. American fur-traders arrived, beginning 1685; the French and Indians sought to drive them out. During the Revolution, Virginians defeated the Indians, 1774, but hostilities were renewed, 1777. The region became U.S. territory after the Revolution. First organized settlement was at Marietta, 1788. Indian warfare ended with Anthony Wayne's victory at Fallen Timbers, 1794. In the War of 1812, Oliver H. Perry's victory on Lake Erie and William H. Harrison's invasion of Canada, 1813, ended British incursions. Tourist attractions. Mound City Group National Monuments, a group of 24 prehistoric Indian burial mounds; Neil Armstrong Air and Space Museum, Wapakoneta; Air Force Museum, Dayton; Pro Football Hall of Fame, Canton; King's Island amusement park, King's Island; Cedar Point amusement park, Sandusky. birthplaces, homes, and memorials to Ohio's 8 U.S. presidents: Wm. Henry Harrison, Grant, Garfield, Hayes, McKinley, Harding, Taft, Benjamin Harrison; Lake Erie Islands, Sandusky; Amish Region, Tuscarawas/Holmes counties; German Village, Columbus; Sea World, Aurora; Jack Nicklaus Sports Center, Mason; Bob Evans Farm, Rio Grande. Famous Ohioans include Sherwood Anderson, Neil Armstrong, George Bellows, Ambrose Bierce, Clarence Darrow, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Thomas Edison, Clark Gable, John Glenn, Bob Hope, Jack Nicklaus, Jesse Owens, Eddie Rickenbacker, John D. Rockefeller Sr. and Jr., Pete Rose, Gen. Wm. Sherman, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Charles Taft, Robert A. Taft, William H. Taft, James Thurber, Orville Wright. Chamber of Commerce. 35 E. Gay St., Columbus, OH 43215. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-BUCKEYE. Oklahoma Sooner State People. Population (1989): 3,224,000; rank:28. Pop. density: 46.1 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 67.3%. Racial distrib. (1985): 85.6% White; 6.9% Black; 6.3% Amer. Ind; Hispanic 69,800. Net change (1985-89): -90,000; -2.7%. Geography. Total area: 69,919 sq. mi.; rank: 18. Land area: 68,782 sq. mi. Acres forested land:8,513,300. Location: West South Central state bounded on the N by Colorado and Kansas; on the E by Missouri and Arkansas; on the S and W by Texas and New Mexico. Climate: temperate; southern humid belt merging with colder northern continental; humid eastern and dry western zones. Topography: high plains predominate the W, hills and small mountains in the E; the east central region is dominated by the Arkansas R. Basin, and the Red R. Plains, in the S. Capital:Oklahoma City. Economy. Principal industries: manufacturing, mineral and energy exploration and production, agriculture, printing & publishing. Principal manufactured goods: non-electrical machinery, fabricated metal products, petroleum. Agriculture: Chief crops: wheat, hay, peanuts, grain sorghum, soybeans, corn, pecans, oats, barley, rye. Livestock (1989): 5.2 mln. cattle; 240,000 hogs/pigs; 136,000 sheep; 4.65 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): pine, oaks, hickory; 283 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $221 mln.; mostly crushed stone, Portland cement, sand & gravel. Chief ports: Catoosa, Muskogee. International airports at: Oklahoma City, Tulsa. Value of construction (1989): $1.9 bln. Employment distribution (1988): 20.2% trade; 19.4% gvt.; 23.2% serv.; 10.7% mfg. Per capita income(1989): $14,151. Unemployment (1989): 5.6%. Tourism (1987): tourists spent $2.9 bln. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 520. Deposits: $25.4 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 39. Assets: $10.2 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 37,465. Avg. salary: $27,234. Notable federal facilities: Federal Aviation Agency and Tinker AFB, both Oklahoma City; Ft. Sill, Lawton; Altus AFB, Altus; Vance AFB, Enid. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 2.1 mln.; Mineral: 42.0 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 16.5. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $23,070. State Data. Motto: Labor Omnia Vincit (Labor conquers all things). Flower: Mistletoe. Bird: Scissortailed flycatcher. Tree: Redbud. Song: Oklahoma! Entered union Nov. 16, 1907; rank, 46th. State fair at: Oklahoma City; last week of Sept. History. Part of the Louisiana Purchase, 1803, Oklahoma was known as Indian Territory (but was not given territorial government) after it became the home of the "Five Civilized Tribes"--Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole--1828-1846. The land was also used by Comanche, Osage, and other Plains Indians. As white settlers pressed west, land was opened for homesteading by runs and lottery, the first run taking place Apr. 22, 1889. The most famous run was to the Cherokee Outlet, 1893. Tourist attractions. Will Rogers Memorial, Claremore; National Cowboy Hall of Fame, Oklahoma City; restored Ft. Gibson Stockade, near Muskogee, the Army's largest outpost in Indian lands; Indian pow-wows; rodeos; fishing; hunting; Ouachita National Forest; Enterprise Square, museum devoted to American economic system. Famous Oklahomans include Carl Albert, L. Gordon Cooper, Woody Guthrie, Gen. Patrick J. Hurley, Karl Jansky, Mickey Mantle, Carry Nation, Wily Post, Oral Roberts, Will Rogers, Maria Tallchief, Jim Thorpe. Chamber of Commerce. 4020 N. Lincoln Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73105. Tourism Dept. P.O. Box 60000, Oklahoma City, OK 73146. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-652-6552. Oregon Beaver State People. Population (1989): 2,820,000; rank:30. Pop. density: 29.1 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 67.9%. Racial distrib. (1985): 98.5% White; 1.5% Black; Hispanic: 76,000. Net change (1985-89): +132,000; 4.9%. Geography. Total area: 97,073 sq. mi.; rank: 10. Land area: 96,184 sq. mi. Acres forested land:29,810,000. Location: Pacific state, bounded on N by Washington; on E by Idaho; on S by Nevada and California; on W by the Pacific. Climate: coastal mild and humid climate; continental dryness and extreme temperatures in the interior. Topography: Coast Range of rugged mountains; fertile Willamette R. Valley to E and S; Cascade Mtn. Range of volcanic peaks E of the valley; plateau E of Cascades, remaining two-thirds of state. Capital: Salem. Economy. Principal industries: forestry, agriculture, tourism, high technology, manufacturing.Principal manufactured goods: lumber & wood products, foods, machinery, fabricated metals, paper, printing & publishing, primary metals. Agriculture: Chief crops: hay, grass seed, farm forest prods., wheat, potatoes, onions, pears. Livestock (1988): 1.4 mln. cattle; 100,000 hogs/pigs; 475,000 sheep; 21.9 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): Douglas fir, hemlock, ponderosa pine; 8.4 bln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $199 mln.; mostly crushed stone, construction sand & gravel. Commercial fishing (1989): $78.9 mln. Chief ports: Portland, Astoria, Newport, Coos Bay. International airports at: Portland. Value of construction (1989): $2.4 bln. Employment distribution(1985): 25.2% trade; 20.8% serv.; 19.4% mfg.; 19.2% gvt. Per capita income (1989): $15,785. Unemployment (1989): 5.7%. Tourism (1988): travel expenditures, $2 bln. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 59. Deposits: $14.5 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 12. Assets: $11.1 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 19,081. Avg. salary: $29,551. Notable federal facilities: Bonneville Power Administration. Energy: Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 34.7 mln.; Nuclear: 6.3 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 18.4. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $30,563. State Data. Motto: She flies with her own wings. Flower:Oregon grape. Bird: Western meadowlark. Tree: Douglas fir. Song: Oregon, My Oregon. Entered union Feb. 14, 1859; rank, 33d. State fair at: Salem; late Aug. to early Sept. History. American Capt. Robert Gray discovered and sailed into the Columbia River, 1792; Lewis and Clark, traveling overland, wintered at its mouth 1805-06; fur traders followed. Settlers arrived in the Willamette Valley, 1834. In 1843 the first large wave of settlers arrived via the Oregon Trail. Early in the 20th century, the "Oregon System," reforms which included the initiative, referendum, recall, direct primary, and woman suffrage, was adopted. Tourist attractions. John Day Fossil Beds National Monument; Columbia River Gorge; Mt. Hood & Timberline Lodge; Crater Lake National Park; Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area; Ft. Clatsop National Memorial; Oregon Caves National Monument; Shakespearean Festival, Ashland; High Desert Museum, Bend. Also, skiing, fishing; Annual Albany Timber Carnival, Pendelton Round-Up, Portland Rose Festival. Famous Oregonians include Ernest Bloch, Ernest Haycox, Chief Joseph, Edwin Markham, Tom McCall, Dr. John McLoughlin, Joaquin Miller, Linus Pauling, John Reed, Alberto Salazar, Mary Decker Slaney, William Simon U'Ren. Tourist Information: Economic Development Department, 775 Summer St. NE, Salem, OR 97310. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-543-8838; 1-800-547-7842 out of state. Pennsylvania Keystone State People. Population (1989): 12,040,000; rank:5. Pop. density: 265.7 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 69.3%. Racial distrib. (1985): 90.7% White; 9.3% Black; Hispanic: 158,500. Net change (1985-89): +174,000; 1.5%. Geography. Total area: 45,308 sq. mi.; rank: 33. Land area: 44,888 sq. mi. Acres forested land:16,825,900. Location: Middle Atlantic state, bordered on the E by the Delaware R., on the S by the Mason-Dixon Line; on the W by West Virginia and Ohio; on the N/NE by Lake Erie and New York. Climate: continental with wide fluctuations in seasonal temperatures. Topography:Allegheny Mtns. run SW to NE, with Piedmont and Coast Plain in the SE triangle; Allegheny Front a diagonal spine across the state's center; N and W rugged plateau falls to Lake Erie Lowland. Capital: Harrisburg. Economy. Principal industries: steel, travel, health, apparel, machinery, food & agriculture. Principal manufactured goods: primary metals, foods, fabricated metal products, non-electrical machinery, electrical machinery. Agriculture: Chief crops: corn, hay, mushrooms, apples, potatoes, winter wheat, oats, vegetables, tobacco, grapes. Livestock (1985): 1.96 mln. cattle; 800,000 hogs/pigs; 88,000 sheep; 22.5 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): pine, oak, maple; 611 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $1.0 bln.; mostly crushed stone, cement, lime, construction sand & gravel. Commercial fishing (1989): $264,000. Chief ports: Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Erie. International airports at: Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Erie, Harrisburg. Value of construction (1989): $10.5 bln. Employment distribution (1986): 24.4% serv.; 23.9% trade; 23.3% mfg.; 14.9% gvt. Per capita income (1989): $17,422 Unemployment (1989): 4.5%. Tourism (1985): out-of-state visitors spent $8.9 bln. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 299. Deposits: $109.1 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 161. Assets: $42.6 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 87,890. Avg. salary: $26,878. Notable federal facilities: Army War College, Carlisle; Ships Control Ctr., Mechanicsburg; New Cumberland Army Depot; Philadelphia Navy Yard, Philadelphia. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 705,000 Mineral: 114.4 mln. Nuclear: 37.9 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 15.9. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $32,809. State Data. Motto: Virtue, liberty and independence. Flower: Mountain laurel. Bird: Ruffed grouse. Tree: Hemlock. Second of the original 13 states to ratify the Constitution, Dec. 12, 1787. State fair at: Harrisburg; 2d week in Jan. History. First settlers were Swedish, 1643, on Tinicum Is. In 1655 the Dutch seized the settlement but lost it to the British, 1664. The region was given by Charles II to William Penn, 1681, Philadelphia (brotherly love) was the capital of the colonies during most of the Revolution, and of the U.S., 1790-1800. Philadelphia was taken by the British, 1777; Washington's troops encamped at Valley Forge in the bitter winter of 1777-78. The Declaration of Independence, 1776, and the Constitution, 1787, were signed in Philadelphia. Tourist attractions. Independence Hall & Natl. Historic Park, Franklin Institute Science Museum, Philadelphia Museum of Art, all in Philadelphia; Valley Forge Natl. Historic Park, Gettysburg Natl. Military Park; Pennsylvania Dutch Country; Hershey; Dusquesne Incline, Carnegie Institute, Heinz Hall, all in Pittsburgh; yearround outdoor sports in Pocono Mtns., Pine Creek River Gorge, Alleghenies, Laurel Highlands & Presque Isle State Park. Famous Pennsylvanians include Marian Anderson, Maxwell Anderson, James Buchanan, Andrew Carnegie, Stephen Foster, Benjamin Franklin, George C. Marshall, Andrew W. Mellon, Robert E. Peary, Mary Roberts Rinehart, Betsy Ross. Chamber of Commerce. 222 N. 3d St., Harrisburg, PA 17101. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-VISITPA. Rhode Island Little Rhody, Ocean State People. Population (1989): 998,000; rank:43. Pop. density: 823.4 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 87.0% Racial distrib. (1985): 96.5% White; 3.5% Black; Hispanic: 19,700. Net change (1985-89): +32,000; 3.3%. Geography. Total area: 1,212 sq. mi.; rank: 50. Land area: 1,055 sq. mi. Acres forested land:404,200. Location: New England state. Climate:invigorating and changeable. Topography: eastern lowlands of Narragansett Basin; western uplands of flat and rolling hills. Capital: Providence. Economy. Principal industries: manufacturing, services. Principal manufactured goods: costume jewelry, machinery, textiles, electronics, silverware. Agriculture: Chief crops: nursery prods., turf, potatoes, apples. Livestock: 7,000 cattle; 6,400 hogs/pigs; 6,500 sheep; 430,000 poultry. Timber/lumber: oak, chestnut. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $11 mln.; construction sand & gravel, crushed stone. Commercial fishing (1989): $75.0 mln. Chief ports: Providence, Quonset Point, Newport, Tiverton. Value of construction (1989): $1.3 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 25.0% mfg.; 25.4% serv.; 22.8% trade. Per capita income (1989): $18,061. Unemployment (1989): 4.1%. Tourism (1987): visitors spent $1.1 bln. Sales tax: 6%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 15. Deposits: $9.0 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 4. Assets: $3.4 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 5,917. Avg. salary: $29,779. Notable federal facilities: Naval War College; Naval Underwater Systems Center. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Mineral: 764,000. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 14.5. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $36,057. State Data. Motto: Hope. Flower: Violet. Bird: Rhode Island red. Tree: Red maple. Song:Rhode Island. Thirteenth of original 13 states to ratify the Constitution, May 29, 1790. State fair at: E. Greenwich; mid-Aug. History. Rhode Island is distinguished for its battle for freedom of conscience and action, begun by Roger Williams, founder of Providence, who was exiled from Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1636, and Anne Hutchinson, exiled in 1638. Rhode Island gave protection to Quakers in 1657 and to Jews from Holland in 1658. The colonists broke the power of the Narragansett Indians in the Great Swamp Fight, 1675, the decisive battle in King Philip's War. British trade restrictions angered the colonists and they burned the British revenue cutter Gaspee, 1772. The colony declared its independence May 4, 1776. Gen. John Sullivan and Lafayette won a partial victory, 1778, but failed to oust the British. Tourist attractions. Newport mansions; summer resorts and water sports; various yachting races inc. Newport to Bermuda. Touro Synagogue, Newport, 1763; first Baptist Church in America, Providence, 1638; Gilbert Stuart birthplace, Saunderstown; Narragansett Indian Fall Festival. Famous Rhode Islanders include Ambrose Burnside, George M. Cohan, Nelson Eddy, Jabez Gorham, Nathanael Greene, Christopher and Oliver La Farge, Matthew C. and Oliver Perry, Gilbert Stuart. Chamber of Commerce. 30 Exchange Terr., Providence, RI 02908. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-556-2484. South Carolina Palmetto State People. Population (1989): 3,512,000. rank:25. Pop. density: 112.9 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 54.1%. Racial distrib. (1985): 69.5% White; 30.5% Black; Hispanic: 20,100. Net change (1985-89): +177,000; 5.3%. Geography. Total area: 31,113 sq. mi.; rank: 40. Land area: 30,203 sq. mi. Acres forested land: 12,249,400. Location: south Atlantic coast state, bordered by North Carolina on the N; Georgia on the SW and W; the Atlantic O. on the E, SE and S. Climate: humid sub-tropical. Topo- graphy: Blue Ridge province in NW has highest peaks; piedmont lies between the mountains and the fall line; coastal plain covers two-thirds of the state. Capital:Columbia. Economy: Principal industries: tourism, agriculture, manufacturing. Principal manufactured goods: textiles, chemicals and allied products, machinery & fabricated metal products, apparel and related products. Agriculture: Chief crops: tobacco, soybeans, corn, cotton, peaches, hay. Livestock (1989): 620,000 cattle; 400,000 hogs/pigs; 8.1 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): pine, oak; 1.5 bln. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $399 mln.; mostly crushed stone, Portland cement, clay. Commercial fishing (1989): $24.9 mln. Chief ports: Charleston, Georgetown, Port Royal. International airports at: Charleston. Value of construction (1989): $3.4 bln. Employment distribution (1987): 26.8% mfg.; 18.3% gvt.; 17.3% serv. Per capita income (1989): $13,616. Unemployment(1989): 4.7%. Tourism (1987): $4.3 bln. Sales tax: 5%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 73. Deposits: $13.2 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 48. Assets: $11.7 bln. Federal government: No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 25,872. Avg. Salary: $26,696. Notable federal facilities: Polaris Submarine Base; Barnwell Nuclear Power Plant; Ft. Jackson; Parris Island; Savannah River Plant. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 631,000; Mineral: 23.8 mln.; Nuclear: 40.8 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 17.2. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $27,076. State Data. Motto: Dum Spiro Spero (While I breathe, I hope). Flower: Yellow jessamine. Bird: Carolina wren. Tree: Palmetto. Song: Carolina. Eighth of the original 13 states to ratify the Constitution, May 23, 1788. State fair at: Columbia; mid-Oct. History. The first English colonists settled, 1670, on the Ashley River, moved to the site of Charleston, 1680. The colonists seized the government, 1775, and the royal governor fled. The British took Charleston, 1780, but were defeated at Kings Mountain that year, and at Cowpens and Eutaw Springs, 1781. In the 1830s, South Carolinians, angered by federal protective tariffs, adopted the Nullification Doctrine, holding a state can void an act of Congress. The state was the first to secede and, in 1861, Confederate troops fired on and forced the surrender of U. S. troops at Ft. Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, launching the Civil War. Tourist attractions. Restored historic Charleston harbor area and Charleston gardens: Middleton Place, Magnolia, Cypress; other gardens at Brookgreen, Edisto, Glencairn; state parks; coastal islands; shore resorts such as Myrtle Beach and Hilton Head Island; fishing and quail hunting; Ft. Sumter National Monument, in Charleston Harbor; Charleston Museum, est. 1773, is the oldest museum in the U.S.; South Carolina State Museum, one of largest museums in South, Columbia. Famous South Carolinians include Charles Bolden, James F. Byrnes, John C. Calhoun, DuBose Heyward, Ernest F. Hollings, Andrew Jackson, Jesse Jackson, James Longstreet, Francis Marion, Ronald McNair, Charles Pinckney, John Rutledge, Thomas Sumter, Strom Thurmond. Chamber of Commerce. 1301 Gervais St., Suite 520, No. Carolina National Bank Tower, Columbia, SC 29201. South Dakota Coyote State, Sunshine State People. Population (1989): 715,000; rank:45. Pop. density: 9.3 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 46.4%. Racial distrib. (1980): 92.6% White; 0.31% Black; 7.1% Other (includes American Indians); Hispanic: 3,700. Net change (1985-89): +7,000; 1.0%. Geography. Total area: 77,116 sq. mi.; rank: 16. Land area: 75,952 sq. mi. Acres forested land:1,702,000. Location: West North Central state bounded on the N by North Dakota; on the E by Minnesota and Iowa; on the S by Nebraska; on the W by Wyoming and Montana. Climate: characterized by extremes of temperature, persistent winds, low precipitation and humidity. Topography: Prairie Plains in the E; rolling hills of the Great Plains in the W; the Black Hills, rising 3,500 ft. in the SW corner. Capital: Pierre. Economy: Principal industries: agriculture, services, manufacturing. Principal manufactured goods (1986): food & kindred prods., machinery, electric & electronic equipment. Agriculture: Chief crops (1989): corn, oats, wheat, sunflowers, soybeans, sorghum. Livestock (1989): 3.4 mln. cattle; 1.7 mln. hogs/ pigs; 590,000 sheep. Timber/lumber (1989): ponderosa pine; 192 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $296 mln.; mostly gold, Portland cement. Value of construction (1989): $498.3 mln. Employment distribution (1989): 24.4% serv.; 11.5% mfg. Per capita income (1989): $13,244. Unemployment (1989): 4.2%. Tourism (1989): travellers spent $755 mln. Sales tax: 4%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 135. Deposits: $8.1 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 12. Assets: $1.5 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 6,871. Avg. salary: $26,280. Notable federal facilities: Bureau of Indian Affairs, Ellsworth AFB, Corp of Engineers, Nat'l Park Service. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 5.3 mln.; Mineral: 2.6 mln. Education: Student-teacher ratio (1988): 15.4. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $21,300. State Data. Motto: Under God, the people rule. Flower: Pasque flower. Bird: Ringnecked pheasant. Tree: Black Hills spruce. Song: Hail, South Dakota. Entered union Nov. 2, 1889;rank, 40th. State fair at: Huron; late Aug.-early Sept. History. Les Verendryes explored the region, 1742-43. Lewis and Clark passed through the area, 1804 and 1806. First white American settlement was at Fort Pierre, 1817. Gold was discovered, 1874, on the Sioux Reservation; miners rushed in. The U.S. first tried to stop them, then relaxed its opposition. The Sioux relinquished the land, 1877, and the "great Dakota Boom" began, 1879. A new Indian uprising came in 1890, climaxed by the massacre of Indian families at Wounded Knee. Tourist attractions. Black Hills; Mt. Rushmore, with colossal likeness of the faces of U.S. Presidents Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln & T. Roosevelt carved by sculptor Gutzon Borglum; Needles Highway; Harney Peak, at 7,242 ft. the tallest peak between the Rockies and the Alps; Deadwood, an 1876 Gold Rush town; Custer State Park's buffalo and burro herds; Jewel Cave, the 4th largest cave in the world; Badlands Natl. Park's "moonscape"; "Great Lakes of So. Dakota"; Ft. Sisseton, restored 1864 army frontier post; Great Plains Zoo & Museum; Corn Palace in Mitchell; Wind Cave; Mammoth Site, ongoing excavation of prehistoric mammoths; Crazy Horse, mountain carving in progress. Famous South Dakotans include Sparky Anderson, Catherine Bach, Tom Brokaw, "Calamity Jane", Mary Hart, Crazy Horse, Myron Floren, Alvin H. Hansen, Cheryl Ladd, Dr. Ernest O. Lawrence, George McGovern, Billy Mills, Allen Neuharth, Pat O'Brien, Sitting Bull. Tourist information. South Dakota Tourism, 711 Wells Ave., Pierre, SD 57501-3335. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-952-2217; 1-800-843-1930 out of state. Tennessee Volunteer State People. Population (1989): 4,940,000; rank:16. Pop. density: 117.2 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 60.4%. Racial distrib. (1985): 83.8% White; 16.2% Black; Hispanic: 18,200. Net change (1985-89): +173,000; 3.6%. Geography. Total area: 42,144 sq. mi.; rank: 34. Land area: 41,155 sq. mi. Acres forested land:13,160,500. Location: East South Central state bounded on the N by Kentucky and Virginia; on the E by North Carolina; on the S by Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi; on the W by Arkansas and Missouri. Climate: humid continental to the N; humid sub-tropical to the S. Topography: rugged country in the E; the Great Smoky Mtns. of the Unakas; low ridges of the Appalachian Valley; the flat Cumberland Plateau; slightly rolling terrain and knobs of the Interior Low Plateau, the largest region; Eastern Gulf Coastal Plain to the W, is laced with meandering streams; Mississippi Alluvial Plain, a narrow strip of swamp and flood plain in the extreme W. Capital: Nashville. Economy. Principal industries: trade, services, construction; transp., commun., public utilities; finance, ins., real estate. Principal manufactured goods: chemicals & allied prods.; food & kindred prods.; nonelectrical machinery; electric/electronic equip.; apparel; fabr. metal prods.; transp. equip.; rubber/misc. plastic prods.; paper & allied prods., printing and publishing. Agriculture: Chief crops (1987): greenhouse nursery, soybeans, lint, cotton, tobacco. Livestock (1988): 2.3 mln. cattle; 1.1 mln. hogs/pigs; 10,000 sheep; 2.1 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): red oak, white oak, yellow poplar, hickory; 684 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $650 mln.; mostly clay, sand and gravel, crushed stone. Chief ports: Memphis, Nashville, Chattanooga, Knoxville. International airports at: Memphis, Nashville. Value of construction (1989): $4.8 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 24.3% mfg.; 23.6% trade; 21.6% serv.; 15.5% gvt. Per capita income (1989): $14,765. Unemployment (1989): 5.1%. Tourism (1989): out-of-state visitors spent $3.3 bln. Sales tax: 51/2%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 283. Deposit: $32.3 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 58. Assets: $11.6 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 41,116. Avg. salary: $29,158. Notable federal facilities: Tennessee Valley Authority; Oak Ridge Nat'l. Laboratories. Energy: Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 4.6 mln.; Mineral: 51.3 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 19.3. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $27,052. State Data. Motto: Agriculture and commerce. Flower: Iris. Bird: Mockingbird. Tree: Tulip poplar. Song: The Tennessee Waltz. Entered union June 1, 1796; rank, 16th. State fair at: Nashville; mid-Sept. History. Spanish explorers first visited the area, 1541. English traders crossed the Great Smokies from the east while France's Marquette and Jolliet sailed down the Mississippi on the west, 1673. First permanent settlement was by Virginians on the Watauga River, 1769. During the Revolution, the colonists helped win the Battle of Kings Mountain, N.C., 1780, and joined other eastern campaigns. The state seceded from the Union 1861, and saw many engagements of the Civil War, but 30,000 soldiers fought for the Union. Tourist attractions. Natural wonders include Reelfoot Lake, the reservoir basin of the Mississippi R. formed by the 1811 earthquake; Lookout Mountain, Chattanooga; Fall Creek Falls, 256 ft. high; Great Smoky Mountains National Park; Lost Sea, Sweetwater; Cherokee Natl. Forest. Also, the Hermitage, 13 mi. E of Nashville, home of Andrew Jackson; the homes of presidents Polk and Andrew Johnson; American Museum of Science, Oak Ridge; the Parthenon, Nashville, a replica of the Parthenon of Athens; the Grand Old Opry, Nashville, Opryland, USA, theme park, Nashville; Graceland, home of Elvis Presley, Memphis; Alex Haley Home & Museum, Henning; Casey Jones Home & Museum, Jackson. Famous Tennesseans include Davy Crockett, David Farragut, William C. Handy, Sam Houston, Cordell Hull, Grace Moore, Dinah Shore, Alvin York. Tourist information. Dept. of Tourist Development, 5th Floor, Rachel Jackson Bldg., Nashville, TN 37219. Texas Lone Star State People. Population (1989): 16,991,000; rank: 3. Pop. density: 63.7 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 79.6%. Racial distrib. (1985): 88.2% White; 11.8% Black; Hispanic 3.7 mln. Net change (1985-89): +612,000; 3.7%. Geography: Total area: 266,807 sq. mi.; rank: 2. Land area: 262,017 sq. mi.; Acres forested land: 23,279,300. Location: Southwestern state, bounded on the SE by the Gulf of Mexico; on the SW by Mexico, separated by the Rio Grande; surrounding states are Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico. Climate: extremely varied; driest region is the Trans-Pecos; wettest is the NE. Topography: Gulf Coast Plain in the S and SE; North Central Plains slope upward with some hills; the Great Plains extend over the Panhandle, are broken by low mountains; the Trans-Pecos is the southern extension of the Rockies. Capital: Austin. Economy. Principal industries: trade, services, manufacturing. Principal manufactured goods: machinery, transportation equipment, foods, refined petroleum, apparel. Agriculture: Chief crops: cotton, grain sorghum, grains, vegetables, citrus and other fruits, pecans, peanuts. Livestock (1985): 14.1 mln. cattle; 415,000 hogs/pigs; 1.81 mln. sheep; 17.4 mln. poultry. Timber/ lumber (1988): pine, cypress; 1.3 bln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals(1989): $1.5 bln.; mostly cement, stone, sand & gravel. Commercial fishing (1989): $170.1 mln. Chief ports: Houston, Galveston, Brownsville, Beaumont, Port Arthur, Corpus Christi. Major international airports at: Houston, Dallas/Ft. Worth, San Antonio. Value of construction (1989) $12.8 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 24.8% trade; 23.7% serv.; 18.0% gvt.; 14.2% mfg. Per capita income (1989): $15,483. Unemployment (1989): 6.7%. Tourism (1987): out-of-state visitors spent $17.6 bln. Sales tax: 6%, + optional 1% local, 1% transit. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 1,972. Deposits: $165.0 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 196. Assets: $90.6 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): $121,266. Avg. salary: $27,108. Notable federal facilities: Fort Hood (Killeen); Kelly AFB, and Ft. Sam Houston, both San Antonio. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 1.2 mln.; Mineral: 215.2 mln. Nuclear: 3.7 mln. Education. Expenditures per pupil, public schools (1987): $3,409 Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $27,502. State Data. Motto: Friendship. Flower: Bluebonnet. Bird: Mockingbird. Tree: Pecan. Song: Texas, Our Texas. Entered union Dec. 29, 1845; rank, 28th. State fair at: Dallas; mid-Oct. History. Pineda sailed along the Texas coast, 1519; Cabeza de Vaca and Coronado visited the interior, 1541. Spaniards made the first settlement at Ysleta, near El Paso, 1682. Americans moved into the land early in the 19th century. Mexico, of which Texas was a part, won independence from Spain, 1821; Santa Anna became dictator, 1835. Texans rebelled; Santa Anna wiped out defenders of the Alamo, 1836. Sam Houston's Texans defeated Santa Anna at San Jacinto and independence was proclaimed the same year. In 1845, Texas was admitted to the Union. Tourist attractions. Padre Island National Seashore; Big Bend, Guadalupe Mtns. national parks; The Alamo; Ft. Davis; Six Flags Amusement Park. Named for Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson are a state park, a natl. historic site marking his birthplace, boyhood home, and ranch, all near Johnson City, and a library in Austin. Famous Texans include Stephen F. Austin, James Bowie, Carol Burnett, J. Frank Dobie, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Sam Houston, Howard Hughes, Lyndon B. Johnson, Mary Martin, Chester Nimitz, Katharine Ann Porter, Sam Rayburn. Chamber of Commerce. 300 W. 15th, #875, Austin, TX 78701. Utah Beehive State People. Population (1989): 1,707,000; rank:35. Pop. density: 20.1 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 84.4%. Racial distrib. (1985): 97.1% White; Hispanic 70,600. Net change (1985-89): +63,000; 3.8%. Geography. Total area: 84,899 sq. mi.; rank: 11. Land area: 82,073 sq. mi. Acres forested land:15,557,400. Location: Middle Rocky Mountain state; its southeastern corner touches Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, and is the only spot in the U.S. where 4 states join. Climate: arid; ranging from warm desert in SW to alpine in NE. Topography: high Colorado plateau is cut by brilliantly-colored canyons of the SE; broad, flat, desert-like Great Basin of the W; the Great Salt Lake and Bonneville Salt Flats to the NW; Middle Rockies in the NE run E-W; valleys and plateaus of the Wasatch Front. Capital: Salt Lake City. Economy. Principal industries: services, trade, manufacturing, government, construction.Principal manufactured goods: guided missiles and parts, electronic components, food products, fabricated metals, steel, electrical equipment. Agriculture: Chief crops: hay, wheat, apples, barley, alfalfa seed, corn, potatoes, cherries, onions. Livestock: 855,000 cattle; 34,000 hogs/pigs; 600,000 sheep; 3.8 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber: aspen, spruce, pine. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $1.2 mln.; copper, gold, magnesium. International airports at: Salt Lake City. Value of construction (1989): $1.4 bln. Employment distribution: (1989) 24.2% serv.; 29.0% trade; 21.2% govt; 14.9% mfg. Per capita income (1989): $13,027. Unemployment (1989): 4.6%. Tourism (1986): travellers spent $2.0 bln. Sales tax: 6.25%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 61. Deposits: $9.1 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 13. Assets: $6.9 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 33,138. Avg. salary: $26,355. Notable federal facilities: Hill AFB; Tooele Army Depot, IRS Western Service Center. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 593,000 mln.; Mineral: 28.9 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 24.5. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $23,652. State Data. Motto: Industry. Flower: Sego lily. Bird: Seagull. Tree: Blue spruce. Song: Utah, We Love Thee. Entered union Jan. 4, 1896; rank, 45th. State fair at: Salt Lake City; Sept. History. Spanish Franciscans visited the area, 1776, the first white men to do so. American fur traders followed. Permanent settlement began with the arrival of the Mormons, 1847. They made the arid land bloom and created a prosperous economy, organized the State of Deseret, 1849, and asked admission to the Union. This was not achieved until 1896, after a long period of controversy over the Mormon Church's doctrine of polygamy, which it discontinued in 1890. Tourist attractions. Temple Square, Mormon Church hdqtrs., Salt Lake City; Great Salt Lake; fishing streams, lakes and reservoirs, numerous winter sports; campgrounds. Natural wonders may be seen at Zion, Canyonlands, Bryce Canyon, Arches, and Capitol Reef national parks; Dinosaur, Rainbow Bridge, Timpanogos Cave, and Natural Bridges national monuments. Also Lake Powell and Flaming Gorge reservoirs. Famous Utahans include Maude Adams, Ezra Taft Benson, John Moses Browning, Mariner Eccles, Philo Farnsworth, James Fletcher, David M. Kennedy, J. Willard Marriott, Osmond Family, Merlin Olsen, Ivy Baker Priest, George Romney, Brigham Young, Loretta Young. Tourist information. Utah Travel Council, Council Hall, Salt Lake City, UT 84114. Vermont Green Mountain State People. Population (1989): 567,000; rank:48. Pop. density: 59.0 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 33.8%. Racial distrib. (1980): 96.0% White; 0.22% Black; Hispanic 3,700. Net change (1985-89): +32,000; 6.0%. Geography. Total area: 9,614 sq. mi.; rank: 43. Land area: 9,273 sq. mi. Acres forested land:4,511,700. Location: northern New England state. Climate: temperate, with considerable temperature extremes; heavy snowfall in mountains. Topography: Green Mtns. N-S backbone 20-36 mi. wide; avg. altitude 1,000 ft. Capital: Montpelier. Economy. Principal industries: manufacturing, tourism, agriculture, trade; finance, insurance, real estate, government. Principal manufactured goods: machine tools, furniture, scales, books, computer components, fishing rods. Agriculture: Chief crops: dairy products, apples, maple syrup, silage corn, hay. Livestock (1989): 320,000 cattle; 5,100 hogs/ pigs; 20,456 sheep; 406,000 poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): pine, spruce, fir, hemlock; 138 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $520 mln.; mostly dimension stone, crashed stone, construction sand & gravel. International airports at: Burlington. Value of construction (1989): $627.6 mln. Employment distribution (1990): 26% serv.; 23% trade; 19% mfg. Per capita income (1989): $16,399. Unemployment (1989): 3.7%. Tourism (1988): visitors spent $1.25 bln. Sales tax. 4%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 25. Deposits: $4.2 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 4. Assets $565 mln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 2,527. Avg. salary: $27,421. Energy. Electricity production (1987, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 809,000; Mineral: 26,000; Nuclear: 4.1 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 13.6. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $28,798. State Data. Motto: Freedom and unity. Flower:Red clover. Bird: Hermit thrush. Tree: Sugar maple. Song: Hail, Vermont. Entered union Mar. 4, 1791; rank, 14th. State fair at: Rutland; early Sept. History. Champlain explored the lake that bears his name, 1609. First American settlement was Ft. Dummer, 1724, near Brattleboro. Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys captured Ft. Ticonderoga, 1775; John Stark defeated part of Burgoyne's forces near Bennington, 1777. In the War of 1812, Thomas MacDonough defeated a British fleet on Champlain off Plattsburgh, 1814. Tourist attractions. Year-round outdoor sports, esp. hiking, camping and skiing; there are over 56 ski areas in the state. Popular are the Shelburne Museum; Rock of Ages Tourist Center, Graniteville; Vermont Marble Exhibit, Proctor; Bennington Battle Museum; Pres. Coolidge homestead, Plymouth; Maple Grove Maple Museum, St. Johnsbury. Famous Vermonters include Ethan Allen, Chester A. Arthur, Calvin Coolidge, Adm. George Dewey, John Dewey, Stephen A. Douglas, Dorothy Canfield Fisher, James Fisk. Tourist Information. Vermont Travel Division, 134 State St., Montpelier, VT 05602. Virginia Old Dominion People. Population (1989): 6,098,000; rank:12. Pop. density: 149.6 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 66.0% Racial distrib. (1985): 81.0% White; 19.0% Black; Hispanic 87,000. Net change (1985-89): +394,000; 6.9%. Geography. Total area: 40,767 sq. mi.; rank: 36. Land area: 39,704 sq. mi. Acres forested land:16,417,400. Location: South Atlantic state bounded by the Atlantic O. on the E and surrounded by North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Maryland. Climate:mild and equable. Topography: mountain and valley region in the W, including the Blue Ridge Mtns.; rolling piedmont plateau; tidewater, or coastal plain, including the eastern shore. Capital: Richmond. Economy. Principal industries: services, trade, government, manufacturing, tourism, agriculture. Principal manufactured goods: textiles, transportation equipment, electric & electronic equipment, food processing, chemicals. Agriculture: Chief crops (1988): tobacco, soybeans, peanuts, winterwheat, corn, far grain, tomatoes. Livestock (1989): 1.67 mln. cattle; 450,000 hogs/pigs; 158,000 sheep; 5.82 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber (1988): pine and hardwoods; 1.1 bln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $59 mln.; mostly crushed stone. Commercial fishing (1989): $100.0 mln. Chief ports: Hampton Roads, Richmond, Alexandria. International airports at: Norfolk, Dulles, Richmond, Newport News. Value of construction (1989): $9.0 bln. Employment distribution(1988): 24% serv.; 23% trade; 20% gvt.; 15.4% mfg. Per capita income (1989): $16,399. Unemployment (1989): 3.9%. Tourism (1988): out-of-state visitors spent $4.4 bln. Sales tax: 4.5%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 171. Deposits: $41.2 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 63. Assets: $29.9 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 135,379. Avg. salary: $31,488. Notable federal facilities: Pentagon; Naval Sta., Norfolk; Naval Air Sta., Norfolk, Virginia Beach; Naval Shipyard, Portsmouth; Marine Corps Base, Quantico; Langley AFB; NASA at Langley. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Mineral: 24.4 mln.; Nuclear: 21.0 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 16.1. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $30,926. State Data. Motto: Sic Semper Tyrannis (Thus always to tyrants). Flower: Dogwood. Bird: Cardinal. Tree: Dogwood. Song: Carry Me Back to Old Virginia. Tenth of the original 13 states to ratify the Constitution, June 25, 1788. State fair at: Richmond; late Sept.-early Oct. History. English settlers founded Jamestown, 1607. Virginians took over much of the government from royal Gov. Dunmore in 1775, forcing him to flee. Virginians under George Rogers Clark freed the Ohio-Indiana-Illinois area of British forces. Benedict Arnold burned Richmond and Petersburg for the British, 1781. That same year, Britain's Cornwallis was trapped at Yorktown and surrendered. Tourist attractions. Colonial Williamsburg; Busch Gardens; Wolf Trap Farm, near Falls Church; Arlington National Cemetery; Mt. Vernon, home of George Washington; Jamestown Festival Park; Yorktown; Jefferson's Monticello, Charlottesville; Robert E. Lee's birthplace, Stratford Hall, and grave, at Lexington; Appomattox; Shenandoah National Park; Blue Ridge Parkway; Virginia Beach. Famous Virginians include Richard E. Byrd, James B. Cabell, William Henry Harrison, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, Joseph E. Johnston, Robert E. Lee, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, James Madison, George Mason, James Monroe, John Marshall, Edgar Allan Poe, Walter Reed, Zachary Taylor, John Tyler, Maggie Walker, Booker T. Washington, George Washington, Woodrow Wilson. Chamber of Commerce: 9th South Fifth St., Richmond, VA 23219. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-VISITVA. Washington Evergreen State People. Population (1989): 4,761,000; rank:18. Pop. density: 69.9 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 73.5%. Racial distrib. (1985): 97.2% White; 2.8% Black; Hispanic 142,000. Net change (1985-89): +354,000; 8.0%. Geography. Total area: 68,139 sq. mi.; rank: 20. Land area: 66,511 sq. mi. Acres forested land:23,181,000. Location: northwestern coastal state bordered by Canada on the N; Idaho on the E; Oregon on the S; and the Pacific O. on the W. Climate: mild, dominated by the Pacific O. and protected by the Rockies. Topography: Olympic Mtns. on NW peninsula; open land along coast to Columbia R.; flat terrain of Puget Sound Lowland; Cascade Mtns. region's high peaks to the E; Columbia Basin in central portion; highlands to the NE; mountains to the SE. Capital: Olympia. Economy. Principal industries: aerospace, forest products, food products, primary metals, agriculture. Principal manufactured goods: aircraft, pulp and paper, lumber and plywood, aluminum, processed fruits and vegetables. Agriculture: Chief crops: hops, spearmint oil, raspberries, apples, asparagus, pears, cherries, peppermint oil, potatoes. Livestock (1986): 1.3 mln. cattle; 50,000 hogs/pigs; 59,000 sheep; 5.7 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber(1988): Douglas fir, hemlock, cedar, pine; 4.5 bln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $451 mln.; mostly construction sand & gravel, crushed stone, Portland cement. Commercial fishing (1989): $134.6 mln. Chief ports: Seattle, Tacoma, Vancouver, Kelso-Longview. International airports at: Seattle/Tacoma, Spokane, Boeing Field. Value of construction (1989): $5.2 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 24.4% trade; 20.7% serv.; 18.3% gvt.; 17.3% mfg. Per capita income (1989): $17,640. Unemployment (1989): 6.2%. Tourism (1988): $4.6 bln. Sales tax: 6.5%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 94. Deposits: $26.9 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 32. Assets: $17.5 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 48,161. Avg. salary: $29,562. Notable federal facilities: Bonneville Power Admin.; Ft. Lewis; McChord AFB; Hanford Nuclear Reservation; Bremerton Naval Shipyards. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 68.4 mln.; Mineral: 8.8 mln.; Nuclear: 6.0 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 20.4. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $30,475. State data. Motto. Alki (By and by). Flower: Western rhododendron. Bird: Willow goldfinch. Tree:Western hemlock. Song: Washington, My Home. Entered union Nov. 11, 1889; rank, 42d. State fairs at: S.E. Washington, W. Washington, N. Cent. Washington District, Cent. Washington. History. Spain's Bruno Hezeta sailed the coast, 1775. American Capt. Robert Gray sailed up the Columbia River, 1792. Canadian fur traders set up Spokane House, 1810; Americans under John Jacob Astor established a post at Fort Okanogan, 1811. Missionary Marcus Whitman settled near Walla Walla, 1836. Final agreement on the border of Washington and Canada was made with Britain, 1846, and gold was discovered in the state's northeast, 1855, bringing new settlers. Tourist attractions. Mt. Rainier, Olympic and North Cascades National Parks; Mt. St. Helens; Pacific beaches; Puget Sound; wineries; Indian cultures; year- round outdoor recreation: Seattle Waterfront, Seattle Center, Space Needle, San Juan Islands, Grand Coulee Dam, Spokane's Riverfront Park. Famous Washingtonians include Bing Crosby, William O. Douglas, Henry M. Jackson, Gary Larson, Mary McCarthy, Edward R. Murrow, Theodore Roethke, Marcus Whitman, Minoru Yamasaki. Local Chambers of Commerce. P.O. Box 658, Olympia, WA 98507. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-544-1800. West Virginia Mountain State People. Population (1989): 1,857,000. rank:34. Pop. density: 76.6 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 36.2. Racial distrib. (1985): 96.7% White; 3.3% Black; Hispanic (1980): 7,900. Net change (1985-89): -80,000; -4.1%. Geography. Total area: 24,232 sq. mi.; rank: 41. Land area: 24,119 sq. mi. Acres forested land:11,668,600. Location: South Atlantic state bounded on the N by Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland; on the S and W by Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio; on the E by Maryland and Virginia. Climate: humid continental climate except for marine modification in the lower panhandle. Topography: ranging from hilly to mountainous; Allegheny Plateau in the W, covers two-thirds of the state; mountains here are the highest in the state, over 4,000 ft. Capital: Charleston. Economy. Principal industries: manufacturing, services, mining, tourism. Principal manufactured goods: machinery, plastic and hardwood prods., fabricated metals, basic organic and inorganic chemicals, aluminum, steel. Agriculture: Chief crops: apples, peaches, hay, tobacco, corn, wheat, oats. Chief products: dairy prods., eggs. Livestock (1989): 500,000 cattle; 37,000 hogs/pigs; 82,000 sheep; 810,000 chickens. Timber/ lumber (1988): oak, yellow poplar, hickory, walnut, cherry; 402 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $110 mln.; mostly crushed stone. Chief port: Huntington. Value of construction (1989): $844.2 mln. Employment distribution (1989): 23% trade; 21% gvt.; 22% serv.; 14% mfg. Per capita income (1989): $12,529. Unemployment (1989): 8.6%. Tourism (1989): travel-related expenditures were $2.3 bln. Sales tax: 6%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 213. Deposits: $12.8 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 16. Assets: $2.2 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 10,126. Avg. salary: $27,506. Notable federal facilities: National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank; Bureau of Public Debt. Bldg., Parkersburg; Natl. Park, Harper's Ferry; Correctional Institution for Women, Alderson. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 298,000; Mineral: 81.0 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 15.1. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $22,842. State Data. Motto: Montani Semper Liberi (Mountaineers are always free) Flower: Big rhododendron. Bird: Cardinal. Tree: Sugar maple. Songs:The West Virginia Hills; This Is My West Virginia; West Virginia, My Home, Sweet Home. Entered union June 20, 1863; rank, 35th. State fair at: Lewisburg (Fairlea), late Aug. History. Early explorers included George Washington, 1753, and Daniel Boone. The area became part of Virginia and often objected to rule by the eastern part of the state. When Virginia seceded, 1861, the Wheeling Conventions repudiated the act and created a new state, Kanawha, subsequently changed to West Virginia. It was admitted to the Union as such, 1863. Tourist attractions. Harpers Ferry National Historic Park has been restored to its condition in 1859, when John Brown seized the U.S. Armory. Also Science and Cultural Center, Charleston; White Sulphur and Berkeley Springs mineral water spas; Monongahela Natl. Forest; state parks and forests; trout fishing; turkey, deer, and bear hunting; white water rafting, paddleboat tours, skiing; glass tours at Fenton Glass in Williamstown, Viking Glass in New Martinsville, Blenko Glass in Milton; Sternwheel Regatta, Charleston; Mountain State Forest Festival; Mountain State Arts & Crafts Fair, Ripley. Famous West Virginians include Newton D. Baker, Pearl Buck, John W. Davis, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson, Don Knotts, Dwight Whitney Morrow, Nick Nolte, Michael Owens, Cyrus Vance, Col. Charles "Chuck" Yeager. Tourist information. Dept. of Commerce, State Capitol, Charleston WV 25305. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-CALLW.VA. Wisconsin Badger State People. Population (1989): 4,867,000; rank:17. Pop. density: 86.7 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 64.2%. Racial distrib. (1985): 95.7% White; 4.3% Black; Hispanic 66,300. Net change (1985-89): +114,000; 2.4%. Geography. Total area: 56,153 sq. mi.; rank: 26. Land area: 54,426 sq. mi. Acres forested land:14,907,700. Location: North central state, bounded on the N by Lake Superior and Upper Michigan; on the E by Lake Michigan; on the S by Illinois; on the W by the St. Croix and Mississippi rivers. Climate: long, cold winters and short, warm summers tempered by the Great Lakes. Topography:narrow Lake Superior Lowland plain met by Northern Highland which slopes gently to the sandy crescent Central Plain; Western Upland in the SW; 3 broad parallel limestone ridges running N-S are separated by wide and shallow lowlands in the SE. Capital: Madison. Economy. Principal industries: manufacturing, trade, services, government, transportation, communications, agriculture, tourism. Principal manufactured goods: machinery, foods, fabricated metals, transportation equipment, paper and wood products. Agriculture: Chief crops: corn, beans, beets, peas, hay, oats, cabbage, cranberries. Chief products: milk, butter, cheese. Livestock (1989): 4.1 mln. cattle, 1.3 mln. hogs/pigs; 84,000 sheep; 4.1 mln. poultry. Timber/lumber(1988): maple, birch, oak, evergreens; 429 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $202 mln.; mostly crushed stone, construction & industrial sand & gravel, lime. Commercial fishing(1989): $5.6 mln. Chief ports: Superior, Ashland, Milwaukee, Green Bay, Kewaunee, Pt. Washington, Manitowoc, Sheboygan, Marinette, Kenosha. International airports at: Milwaukee. Value of construction (1989): $4.4 bln. Employment distribution (1989): 23.6% trade; 25.2% mfg.; 22.4% serv.; 15.0% gvt. Per capita income (1989): $16,759. Unemployment (1989): 4.4%. Tourism (1987): out-of-state visitors spent $5.0 bln. Sales tax: 5%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 566. Deposits: $34.1 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 70. Assets: $17.1 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 12,119. Avg. salary: $27,266. Notable federal facilities: Ft. McCoy. Energy. Electricity production (1988, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 1.2 mln.; Mineral: 32.1 mln.; Nuclear: 11.5 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 16.0. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $32,320. State Data. Motto: Forward. Flower: Wood violet. Bird: Robin. Tree: Sugar maple. Song: On, Wisconsin! Entered union May 29, 1848; rank, 30th. State fair at: West Allis; mid-Aug. History. Jean Nicolet was the first European to see the Wisconsin area, arriving in Green Bay, 1634; French missionaries and fur traders followed. The British took over, 1763. The U.S. won the land after the Revolution but the British were not ousted until after the War of 1812. Lead miners came next, then farmers. Railroads were started in 1851, serving growing wheat harvests and iron mines. Tourist attractions. Old Wade House and Carriage Museum, Greenbush; Villa Louis, Prairie du Chien; Circus World Museum, Baraboo; Wisconsin Dells; Old World Wisconsin, Eagle; Door County peninsula; Chequamegon and Nicolet national forests; Lake Winnebago; numerous lakes for water sports, ice boating and fishing; skiing and hunting. Famous Wisconsinites include Edna Ferber, King Camp Gillette, Harry Houdini, Robert LaFollette, Alfred Lunt, Georgia O'Keeffe, Spencer Tracy, Thorstein Veblen, Orson Welles, Thornton Wilder, Frank Lloyd Wright. Tourist information. Wisconsin Dept. of Development, Division of Tourism, 123 W. Washington Ave., Madison, WI 53702. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-372-2737. Wyoming Equality State People. Population (1989) 475,000; rank: 50. Pop. density: 4.9 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 62.7%. Racial distrib. (1980): 95.0% White; 0.71% Black; Hispanic (1980): 26,500. Net change (1985-89): -35,000; -6.8%. Geography. Total area: 97,809 sq. mi.; rank: 9. Land area: 96,989 sq. mi. Acres forested land:10,028,300. Location: Mountain state lying in the high western plateaus of the Great Plains. Climate: semi-desert conditions throughout; true desert in the Big Horn and Great Divide basins. Topography: the eastern Great Plains rise to the foothills of the Rocky Mtns.; the Continental Divide crosses the state from the NW to the SE. Capital: Cheyenne. Economy. Principal industries: mineral extraction, tourism and recreation, agriculture. Principal manufactured goods: refined petroleum products, foods, wood products, stone, clay and glass products. Agriculture: Chief crops:wheat, beans, barley, oats, sugar beets, hay. Livestock (1989): 1.38 mln. cattle; 16,000 hogs/pigs; 837,000 sheep. Timber/lumber (1988): aspen, yellow pine; 301 mln. bd. ft. Nonfuel Minerals (1989): $799 mln.; mostly Portland cement, crushed stone. International airports at: Casper. Value of construction (1989): $407.6 mln. Employment distribution (1988): 21.4% serv.; 19.7% trade; 13% mining. Per capita income (1989): $14,135. Unemployment (1989): 6.3%. Tourism (1989): out-of-state visitors spent $1.5 bln. State sales tax. 3%. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies: 106. Deposits: $3.9 bln. Savings institutions (1990): 10. Assets: $1.2 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (Mar. 1989): 4,886. Avg. salary: $28,110. Notable federal facilities: Warren AFB. Energy. Electricity production (1986, mwh, by source): Hydroelectric: 789,000; Mineral: 38.4 mln. Education. Student-teacher ratio (1988): 14.6. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1990): $28,184. State Data. Motto: Equal Rights. Flower: Indian paintbrush. Bird: Meadowlark. Tree: Cottonwood. Song: Wyoming. Entered union July 10, 1890; rank, 44th. State fair at: Douglas; late Aug. History. Frances Francois and Louis Verendrye were the first Europeans, 1743. John Colter, American, was first to traverse Yellowstone Park, 1807-08. Trappers and fur traders followed in the 1820s. Forts Laramie and Bridger became important stops on the pioneer trail to the West Coast. Indian wars followed massacres of army detachments in 1854 and 1866. Population grew after the Union Pacific crossed the state, 1869. Women won the vote, for the first time in the U.S., from the Territorial Legislature, 1869. Tourist attractions. Yellowstone National Park, 3,472 sq. mi. in the NW corner of Wyoming and the adjoining edges of Montana and Idaho, the oldest U.S. national park, est. 1872, has some 10,000 geysers, hot springs, mud volcanoes, fossil forests, a volcanic glass (obsidian) mountain, the 1,000-ft.-deep canyon and 308-ft.-high waterfall of the Yellowstone River, and a wide variety of animals living free in their natural habitat. Also, Grand Teton National Park, with mountains 13,000 ft. high; National Elk Refuge, covering 25,000 acres; Devils Tower, a columnar rock of igneous origin 1,280 ft. high; Fort Laramie and surrounding areas of pioneer trails; Buffalo Bill Museum, Cody; Cheyenne Frontier Days Celebration, last full week in July, the state's largest rodeo, and world's largest purse. Famous Wyomingites include James Bridger, Buffalo Bill Cody, Nellie Tayloe Ross. Tourist information. Travel Commission, Etchepare Circle, Cheyenne, WY 82002. Toll-free travel information. 1-800-CALLWYO. District of Columbia Area: 69 sq. mi. Population: (1989): 604,000. Motto: Justitia omnibus, Justice for all. Flower: American beauty rose. Tree: Scarlet oak. Bird: Wood thrush. The city of Washington is coextensive with the District of Columbia. The District of Columbia is the seat of the federal government of the United States. It lies on the west central edge of Maryland on the Potomac River, opposite Virginia. Its area was originally 100 sq. mi. taken from the sovereignty of Maryland and Virginia. Virginia's portion south of the Potomac was given back to that state in 1846. The 23d Amendment, ratified in 1961, granted residents the right to vote for president and vice president for the first time and gave them 3 members in the Electoral College. The first such votes were cast in Nov. 1964. Congress, which has legislative authority over the District under the Constitution, established in 1878 a government of 3 commissioners appointed by the president. The Reorganization Plan of 1967 substituted a single commissioner (also called mayor), assistant, and 9-member City Council. Funds were still appropriated by Congress; residents had no vote in local government, except to elect school board members. In Sept. 1970, Congress approved legislation giving the District one delegate to the House of Representatives. The delegate could vote in committee but not on the House floor. The first was elected 1971. In May 1974 voters approved a charter giving them the right to elect their own mayor and a 13-member city council; the first took office Jan. 2, 1975. The district won the right to levy its own taxes but Congress retained power to veto council actions, and approve the city's annual budget. Proposals for a "federal town" for the deliberations of the Continental Congress were made in 1783, 4 years before the adoption of the Constitution that gave the Confederation a national government. Rivalry between northern and southern delegates over the site appeared in the First Congress, 1789. John Adams, presiding officer of the Senate, cast the deciding vote of that body for Germantown, Pa. In 1790 Congress compromised by making Philadelphia the temporary capital for 10 years. The Virginia members of the House wanted a capital on the eastern bank of the Potomac; they were defeated by the Northerners, while the Southerners defeated the Northern attempt to have the nation assume the war debts of the 13 original states, the Assumption Bill fathered by Alexander Hamilton. Hamilton and Jefferson arranged a compromise: the Virginia men voted for the Assumption Bill, and the Northerners conceded the capital to the Potomac. President Washington chose the site in Oct. 1790 and persuaded landowners to sell their holdings to the government at [pound ]25, then about $66, an acre. The capital was named Washington. Washington appointed Pierre Charles L'Enfant, a French engineer who had come over with Lafayette, to plan the capital on an area not over 10 mi. square. The L'Enfant plan, for streets 100 to 110 feet wide and one avenue 400 feet wide and a mile long, seemed grandiose and foolhardy. But Washington endorsed it. When L'Enfant ordered a wealthy landowner to remove his new manor house because it obstructed a vista, and demolished it when the owner refused, Washington stepped in and dismissed the architect. The official map and design of the city was completed by Benjamin Banneker, a distinguished black architect and astronomer, and Andrew Ellicott. On Sept. 18, 1793, Pres. Washington laid the cornerstone of the north wing of the Capitol. On June 3, 1800, Pres. John Adams moved to Washington and on June 10, Philadelphia ceased to be the temporary capital. The City of Washington was incorporated in 1802; the District of Columbia was created as a municipal corporation in 1871, embracing Washington, Georgetown, and Washington County. Outlying U.S. Areas Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico) People. Population (1986): 3,286,000. Pop. density: 956.6 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 66.8%. Racial distribution (1980): 99.9% Hispanic. Net migration (1985): -27,691. Geography. Total area: 3,435 sq. mi. Land area:3,421 sq. mi. Location: island lying between the Atlantic to the N and the Caribbean to the S; it is easternmost of the West Indies group called the Greater Antilles, of which Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica are the larger islands. Climate:mild, with a mean temperature of 77 deg. Topography: mountainous throughout three-fourths of its rectangular area, surrounded by a broken coastal plain; highest peak is Cerro de Punta, 4,389 ft. Capital: San Juan. Economy. Principal industries: manufacturing. Principal manufactured goods: pharmaceuticals; chemicals, machinery and metals, electric machinery and equipment, petroleum refining, food products, apparel. Agriculture: Chief crops: coffee; plantains; bananas; yams; taniers; pineapples; pidgeon peas; peppers; pumpkins; coriander; lettuce; tobacco. Livestock(1985): 579,810 cattle; 210,013 pigs; 7.4 mln. poultry. Nonfuel Minerals (1987): $111.6 mln., mostly cement. Commercial fishing (1984): $7.9 mln. Chief ports/river shipping: San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, Guayanilla, Guanica, Yabucoa, Aguirre. Major airports at: San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, Aguadilla. Value of construction (1987): $2.5 bln. Employment distribution: 24% gvt.; 18% manuf.; 19% trade; 20% serv. Per capita income (1985): $4,301. Unemployment (1988): 15%. Tourism (1987): Out-of-area visitors spent $1 bln. Finance. FDIC-insured commercial banks & trust companies (1987): 14. Deposits: $9.7 bln. No. savings institutions (1987): 10. Assets: $6.2 bln. Federal government. No. federal civilian employees (1985): 9,989. Notable federal facilities: U.S. Naval Station at Roosevelt Roads; U.S. Army Salinas Training Area and Ft. Allen; Sabana SECA Communications Center (U.S. Navy); Ft. Buchanan. Energy Production (1985): Steam and gas: 11,938 mln. kwh; Other: 209 mln. kwh. Education. No. schools (1985): 1,782 public, 818 private elem. and second.; 69 higher ed. Avg. salary, public school teachers (1985): $12,000. Misc. Data. Motto. Joannes Est Nomen Eius (John is his name). Flower: Maga. Bird: Reinita. Tree: Ceiba. National anthem: La Borinquena. History: Puerto Rico (or Borinquen, after the original Arawak Indian name Boriquen), was discovered by Columbus, Nov. 19, 1493. Ponce de Leon conquered it for Spain, 1509, and established the first settlement at Caparra, across the bay from San Juan. Sugar cane was introduced, 1515, and slaves were imported 3 years later. Gold mining petered out, 1570. Spaniards fought off a series of British and Dutch attacks; slavery was abolished, 1873. Under the treaty of Paris, Puerto Rico was ceded to the U.S. after the Spanish-American War, 1898. In 1952 the people voted in favor of Commonwealth status. The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is a self-governing part of the U.S. with a primary Hispanic culture. Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens and about 2.0 million now live on the mainland, although since 1974 there has also been a reverse migration flow. The current commonwealth political status of Puerto Rico gives the island's citizens virtually the same control over their internal affairs as the fifty states of the U.S. However, they do not vote in national elections, although they do vote in national primary elections. Puerto Rico is represented in Congress solely by a resident commissioner who has a voice but no vote, except in committees. No federal income tax is collected from residents on income earned from local sources in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico's famous "Operation Bootstrap," begun in the late 1940s, succeeded in changing the island from "The Poorhouse of the Caribbean" to an area with the highest per capita income in Latin America. This pioneering program encouraged manufacturing and the development of the tourist trade by selective tax exemption, low-interest loans, and other incentives. Despite the marked success of Puerto Rico's development efforts over an extended period of time, per capita income in Puerto Rico is low in comparison to that of the U.S. In calendar year 1985, the transfer payments from the U.S. government to individuals and governments in Puerto Rico totalled $3.2 bln., or 22% of the Gross Domestic Product of $14.8 bln. General tourist attractions: Ponce Museum of Art; forts El Morro and San Cristobal; Old Walled City of San Juan; Arecibo Observatory; Cordillera Central and state parks; El Yunque Rain Forest; San Juan Cathedral; Porta Coeli Chapel and Museum of Religious Art, Interamerican Univ., San German; Condado Convention Center; Casa Blanca, Ponce de Leon family home, Puerto Rican Family Museum of 16th and 17 centuries and the Fine Arts Center in San Juan. Cultural facilities, festivals, etc.: Festival Casals classical music concerts, mid-June; Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra at Music Conservatory; Botanical Garden and Museum of Anthropology, Art, and History at the University of Puerto Rico; Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, at the Dominican Convent, and many popular festivals throughout the island. Famous Puerto Ricans include: Jose Celso Barbosa, Julia de Burgos, Pablo Casals, Orlando Cepeda, Roberto Clemente, Jose de Diego, Jose Feliciano, Luis A. Ferre, Jose Ferrer, Dona Felisa Rincon de Gautier, Commodore Diego E. Hernandez, Rafael Hernandez (El Jibarito), Raul Julia, Luis Munoz Marin, Rene Marques, Luis Pales Matos, Concha Melendez, Rita Moreno, Adm. Horacio Rivero, Rafael Hernandez Colon, Marta Casals Istomier, Miguel Hernando Agosto. Chamber of Commerce: 100 Tetuan P.O.Box. S-3789, San Juan, PR 00904; Ponce & South: El Senorial Bldg., Ponce, PR 00731. Guam Where America's Day Begins People. Population (1987): 127,675. Pop. density: 589 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 39.5%. Major ethnic groups (1987): Chamorro 48.8%, Filipino 25.2%, stateside immigrants 20%, remainder Micronesians. Native Guamanians, ethnically called Chamorros, are basically of Indonesian stock, with a mixture of Spanish and Filipino. In addition to the offical language, they speak the native Chamorro. Geography. Total area: 209 sq. mi. land, 30 mi. long and 4 to 8.5 mi. wide. Location: largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands in the West Pacific, 3,700 mi. W of Hawaii. Climate: tropical, with temperatures from 70 deg to 90 degF; avg. annual rainfall, about 70 in. Topography: coralline limestone plateau in the N; southern chain of low volcanic mountains sloping gently to the W, more steeply to coastal cliffs on the E; general elevation, 500 ft.; highest pt., Mt. Lamlam, 1,334 ft. Capital: Agana. Economy. Principal industries: construction, light manufacturing, tourism, banking, defense. Principal manufactured goods: textiles, foods. Agriculture: Chief crops: cabbages, eggplants, cucumber, long beans, tomatoes, bananas, coconuts, watermelon, yams, canteloupe, papayas, maize, sweet potatoes. Livestock (1984): 2,000 cattle; 14,000 hogs/pigs. Chief ports: Apra Harbor. International airports at: Tamuning. Value of construction (1980): $80.60 mln. Employment distribution (1987): 61.3% private sector; 38.7% gvt. Per capita income(1986): $7,116. Unemployment (1987): 3%. Tourism (1980): visitors' receipts $117.9 mln. Finance. Notable industries: insurance, real estate, finance. No. banks: 13; No. savings and loan assns.:2. Federal government. No. federal employees (1980): 6,600. Notable federal facilities: Anderson AFB; naval, air and port bases. Education. No. public schools: 37 elementary; 19 secondary; 2 higher education. Misc. Data. Flower: Puti Tai Nobio (Bougainvillea). Bird: Toto (Fruit dove). Tree: Ifit (Intsiabijuga). Song: Stand Ye Guamians. History. Magellan arrived in the Marianas Mar. 6, 1521. They were colonized in 1668 by Spanish missionaries who named them the Mariana Islands in honor of Maria Anna, queen of Spain. When Spain ceded Guam to the U.S., it sold the other Marianas to Germany. Japan obtained a League of Nations mandate over the German islands in 1919; in Dec. 1941 it seized Guam; the island was retaken by the U.S. in July 1944. Guam is a self-governing organized unincorporated U.S. territory. Under the jurisdiction of the Interior Department, it is administered under the Organic Act of 1950, which provides for a governor and a 21-member unicameral legislature, elected biennially by the residents who are American citizens but do not vote for president. Beginning in Nov., 1970, Guamanians elected their own governor, previously appointed by the U.S. president. He took office in Jan. 1971. In 1972 a U.S. law gave Guam one delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives; the delegate may vote in committee but not on the House floor. General tourist attractions. annual mid-Aug. Merizo Water Festival; Tarzan Falls; beaches; water sports, duty-free port shopping. Virgin Islands St. John, St. Croix, St. Thomas People. Population (1988): 106,000 (52,400, St. Croix; 50,860, St. Thomas; 2,740, St. John). Pop. density: 814.47 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 39%. Racial distribution: 15% White; 85% Black. Major ethnic groups: West Indian, French, Hispanic. Geography. Total area: 133 sq. mi.; Land area:136 sq. mi. Location: 3 larger and 50 smaller islands and cays in the S and W of the V.I. group (British V.I. colony to the N and E) which is situated 70 mi. E of Puerto Rico, located W of the Anegada Passage, a major channel connecting the Atlantic O. and the Caribbean Sea. Climate:subtropical; the sun tempered by gentle trade winds; humidity is low; average temperature, 78 deg F. Topography: St. Thomas is mainly a ridge of hills running E and W, and has little tillable land; St. Croix rises abruptly in the N but slopes to the S to flatlands and lagoons; St. John has steep, lofty hills and valleys with little level tillable land. Capital: Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas. Economy. Principal industries: tourism, rum, alumina prod., petroleum refining, watch industry, textiles, electronics. Principal manufactured goods: rum, textiles, pharmaceuticals, perfumes. Gross Domestic Product (1987): $1.246 bln. Agriculture: Chief crops: truck garden produce. Minerals: sand, gravel. Chief ports:Cruz Bay, St. John; Frederiksted and Christiansted, St. Croix; Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas. International airports on: St. Thomas, St. Croix. Value of construction (1987): $167.0 mln. Per capita income (1987): $7,465. Unemployment (1989): 4.4%. Tourism (1988): $662.8. No. banks (1990): 8. Education (1987): No. public schools: 34 elem. and second.; 1 college. Avg. starting salary, public school teachers:$18,001. Misc. data. Flower: Yellow elder or yellow trumpet, local designation Ginger Thomas. Bird: Yellow breast. Song: Virgin Islands March. History. The islands were discovered by Columbus in 1493. Spanish forces, 1555, defeated the Caribes and claimed the territory; by 1596 the native population was annihilated. First permanent settlement in the U.S. territory, 1672, by the Danes; U.S. purchased the islands, 1917, for defense purposes. The Virgin Islands has a republican form of government, headed by a governor and lieut. governor elected, since 1970, by popular vote for 4-year terms. There is a 15-member unicameral legislature, elected by popular vote. Residents of the V.I. have been U.S. citizens since 1927. Since 1973 they have elected a delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives, who may vote in committee but not in the House. General tourist attractions. Magens Bay, St. Thomas; duty-free shopping; Virgin Islands National Park, 14,488 acres on St. John of lush growth, beaches, Indian relics, and evidence of colonial Danes. Tourist information. Dept. of Economic Development & Agriculture, St. Thomas, P.O. Box 6400, St. Thomas, VI 00801; St. Croix, P.O. Box 4535, Christiansted, St. Croix 00820. American Samoa Capital: Pago Pago, Island of Tutuila. Area:77 sq. mi. Population: (1988) 38,000. Motto: Samoa Muamua le Atua (In Samoa, God Is First). Song: Amerika Samoa. Flower: Paogo (Ula-fala). Plant: Ava. Blessed with spectacular scenery and delightful South Seas climate, American Samoa is the most southerly of all lands under U.S. sovereignty. It is an unincorporated territory consisting of 6 small islands of the Samoan group: Tutuila, Aunu'u, Manu'a Group (Ta'u, Olosega and Ofu), and Rose.Also administered as part of American Samoa is Swain's Island, 210 mi. to the NW, acquired by the U.S. in 1925. The islands are 2,300 mi. SW of Honolulu. American Samoa became U. S. territory in Feb., 1900 by a treaty with the United Kingdom and Germany in 1899. The islands were ceded by local chiefs in April, 1900 and July, 1904, and became U.S territories. The U.S. acquired commercial rights pursuant to the convention 1899, a tripartite agreement among Great Britain, Germany, and the U.S. Samoa (Western), comprising the larger islands of the Samoan group, was a New Zealand mandate and UN Trusteeship until it became an independent nation Jan. 1, 1962 (see Index.) Tutuila and Annu'u have an area of 53 sq. mi. Ta'u has an area of 17 sq. mi., and the islets of Ofu and Olosega, 5 sq. mi. with a population of a few thousand. Swain's Island has nearly 2 sq. mi. and a population of about 100. About 70% of the land is bush. Chief products and exports are fish products, copra, and handicrafts. Taro, bread-fruit, yams, coconuts, pineapples, oranges, and bananas are also produced. From 1900-1951, American Samoa was under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Navy. Since 1951, it has been under the Interior Dept. On Jan. 3, 1978, the first popularly elected Samoan governor and lieutenant governor were inaugurated. Previously, the governor was appointed by the Secretary of the Interior. American Samoa has a bicameral legislature and elects its own member of Congress, who can introduce legislation and vote in committee, but not in the House. The American Samoans are of Polynesian origin. They are nationals of the U.S.; 20,000 live in Hawaii, 65,000 in California and Washington. Minor Caribbean Islands Quita Sueno Bank, Roncador and Serrana, lie in the Caribbean between Nicaragua and Jamaica. They are uninhabited. U.S. claim to the islands was relinquished in a treaty with Colombia, which entered into force on Sept. 17, 1981. Navassa lies between Jamaica and Haiti, covers about 2 sq. mi., is reserved by the U.S. for a lighthouse and is uninhabited. It is administered by the U.S. Coast Guard. Wake, Midway, Other Islands Wake Island, and its sister islands, Wilkes and Peale, lie in the Pacific Ocean on the direct route from Hawaii to Hong Kong, about 2,300 mi. W of Hawaii and 1,290 mi. E of Guam. The group is 4.5 mi. long, 1.5 mi. wide, and totals less than 3 sq. mi. The U.S. flag was hoisted over Wake Island, July 4, 1898, formal possession taken Jan. 17, 1899; Wake has been administered by the U.S. Air Force since 1972. The population consists of a number of USAF personnel. The Midway Islands, acquired in 1867, consist of 2, Sand and Eastern, in the North Pacific 1,150 mi. NW of Hawaii, with area of about 3 sq. mi., administered by the U.S. Navy. There is no indigenous population; it is currently populated with several U.S. military personnel. Johnston Atoll, SW of Hawaii, area 1 sq. mi. is operated by The Defense Nuclear Agency, and Kingman Reef, S of Hawaii, is under Navy control. Howland, Jarvis, and Baker Islands, 1,500-1,650 miles southwest of the Hawaiian group, uninhabited since World War II, are under the Interior Dept. Palmyra is an atoll about 1,000 miles south of Hawaii, 4 sq. mi. Privately owned, it is under the Interior Dept. Islands Under Trusteeship The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands was established in 1947, as the only strategic trusteeship of the 11 trusteeships established by the U.N. The territory has a heterogeneous population of about 140,000 people scattered among more than 2,100 islands and atolls in 3 major archipelagos: the Carolines, the Marshalls, and the Marianas. The entire geographic area is sometimes referred to as "Micronesia," meaning "little islands." The area of the Trust Territory covered some 3 million sq. miles of the Pacific Ocean, slightly larger than the continental U.S. However, its islands constituted a land area of only 715.8 sq. miles--half the size of Rhode Island. It formerly contained 4 political jurisdictions: The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), and the Republic of Palau (RP). As of Oct. 21, 1986, the RMI entered into free association with the U.S., as did the FSM effective Nov. 3, 1986. The CNMI became a commonwealth of the U.S., also effective Nov. 3. Only the RP remains under trusteeship. Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Located in the perpetually warm climes between Guam and the Tropic of Cancer, the 16 islands of the Northern Marianas form a 300-mile-long archipelago, comprising a total land area of 183.5 sq. miles. The native population, estimated at 21,777, is concentrated on the 3 largest of the 6 inhabited islands:Saipan, the seat of government and commerce (19,156),Rota (1,507), and Tinian (975). The people of the Northern Marianas are predominantly of Chamorro cultural extraction, although numbers of Carolinians and immigrants from other areas of E. Asia and Micronesia have also settled in the islands. Pursuant to the Covenant of 1975, which established the Northern Marianas as a commonwealth in political union with the U.S., most natives and many domiciliaries of these islands achieved U.S. citizenship on Nov. 13, 1986, when the U.S. terminated its administration of the U.N. trusteeship as it affected the Northern Marianas. From July 18, 1947, the U.S. had administered the Northern Marianas under a trusteeship agreement with the U.N. Security Council. English is among the several languages commonly spoken. The Northern Mariana Islands has been self-governing since 1978, when both a constitution drafted and adopted by the people became effective, and a bicameral legislature with offices of governor and lieutenant governor was inaugurated. Commercial activity has increased steadily in the last few years, with 3,537 business licenses issued in the CNM, mostly in tourism, construction, and light industry. In 1989, more than 300,000 tourists visited, an increase of 7.5% over previous years. An agreement with the U.S. for 1986-1992 entitles the Northern Marianna Islands to $228 million for capital development, government operations and special programs. Federated States of Micronesia The Federated States of Micronesia extends across the 1,800-mile-long Caroline Island archipelago. The 4 states of the FSM are Pohnpei, Kosrae, Truk, and Yap. Each state consists of several islands, except for Kosrae, a single island. The capital of the FSM is Pohnpei. Populations are: Pohnpei 52,000; Truk, 31,000; Kosrae, 16,500; Yap, 12,000. Pohnpei is 2,900 miles SW of Honolulu and 1,000 miles SE of Guam. The islands vary geologically from high, mountainous islands to low, coral atolls. The FSM lies between the equator and 9 degrees N and 138 degrees and 168 degrees E. Average year-round temperature is 80 degrees. Pohnpei gets the highest annual rainfall, averaging up to 250 inches. The cultures of the FSM are very diverse. Several languages, each with dialects, are spoken throughout: Yapese, Ulithian, Woleaian, Ponapean, Nukuoran, Kapingamarangi, Trukese, and Kosraean. Each state has a constitution and government, headed by a governor. The status of free association recognizes that the FSM is a sovereign-self-governing state, with the U.S. responsible for defense and also extending agreed-upon amounts of economic and service assistance. Each of the state's constitutions recognizes a role for traditional leaders and customs. Republic of the Marshall Islands The Republic of the Marshall Islands consists of 2 island/atoll chains, the Ratak (sunrise) Chain, and the Ralik (sunset) Chain, totalling 31 atolls. Each atoll is a cluster of several small islands circling a lagoon. Total land area is 70 sq. miles. The capital is Majuro, 2,000 miles SW of Honolulu and 1,300 SE of Guam. Population is 43,000, 20,000 in Majuro. Average year-round temperature is 81 degrees. Marshallese culture revolves around the complex clan system. Land is owned by each clan and passed down over the generations. In the late 1970's, the U.S. embarked upon an ambitious Capital Improvement Program, with a goal of building a major infrastructure (airport, dock, roads, water-power-sewer system) in Majuro. Funding was completed in 1985. The Marshall Islands' Constitution includes both American and British concepts. The executive branch is the Nitijela (parliament) and is consulted by a Council of Iroij (local chiefs). The Nitijela elects the President from among its own members. The status of free association recognizes that the Marshall Islands is a sovereign, self-governing state, with the U.S. responsible for defense, and for extending agreed-upon amounts of economic and service assistance. A subsidiary agreement allows the U.S. continued use of Kwajalein Missile Range for 30 years. Another subsidiary agreement provides for settlement of all claims arising out of the nuclear testing programs conducted by the U.S. at Bikini and Enewetak Atolls from 1946 to 1958. Republic of Palau Palau consists of more than 200 islands in the Caroline chain, of which 8 are permanently inhabited. The capital of Palau, Koror, lies 3,997 miles SW of Honolulu and 813 miles S of Guam. Population of Palau is approximately 14,000, 8,100 in Koror. Average year-round temperature is 80 degrees, average annual rainfall 150 inches. Until 1979, a High Commissioner appointed by the U.S. president, himself appointed a district administrator for Palau to oversee programs and administration there. In support of the evolving political status, the U.S. recognized the Constitution of Palau and the establishment of the Government of Palau. The Constitution became effective in 1980. The President and Vice President are elected by popular vote. A Council of Chiefs advises the President on matters concerning traditional law and custom. Palau has a bicameral national legislature composed of a House of Delegates and a Senate. Washington, Capital of the U.S. Arlington National Cemetery Arlington National Cemetery, on the former Custis estate in Virginia, is the site of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and the final resting place of John Fitzgerald Kennedy,president of the United States, who was buried there Nov. 25, 1963. A torch burns day and night over his grave. The remains of his brother Sen. Robert F. Kennedy (N.Y.) were interred on June 8, 1968, in an area adjacent. Many other famous Americans are also buried at Arlington, as well as 175,000 American soldiers from every major war. U.S. Marine Corps War Memorial (Iwo Jima) North of the National Cemetery, approximately 350 yards, stands the bronze statue of the raising of the United States flag on Mt. Suribachi during WWII, executed by Felix de Weldon from the photograph by Joe Rosenthal, and presented to the nation by members and friends of the U.S. Marine Corps. Vietnam War Memorial Dedicated on November 13, 1982, it is a symbol of the U.S.' honor and recognition of the men and women who served in the armed forces in the Vietnam War. It is inscribed with the names of the more than 58,000 who gave their lives or remain missing. The Capitol The United States Capitol was originally designed by Dr. William Thornton, an amateur architect, who submitted a plan in the spring of 1793 that won him $500 and a city lot. The south, or House wing, was completed in 1807 under the direction of Benjamin H. Latrobe. The present Senate and House wings and the iron dome were designed and constructed by Thomas U. Walter, the 4th architect of the Capitol, between 1851-1863. The present cast iron dome at its greatest exterior measures 135 ft. 5 in., and it is topped by the bronze Statue of Freedom that stands 191/2 ft. and weighs 14,985 pounds. On its base are the words "E Pluribus Unum" (Out of Many One). The Capitol is normally open from 9 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Tours through the Capitol, including the House and Senate galleries, are conducted from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. without charge. Folger Shakespeare Library The Folger Shakespeare Library on Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C., is a research institution devoted to the advancement of learning in the background of Anglo-American civilization in the 16th and 17th centuries, and in most aspects of the continental Renaissance. It has the largest collection of Shakespeareana in the world, with 79 copies of the First Folio. Library of Congress Established by and for Congress in 1800, the Library of Congress has extended its services over the years to other government agencies and other libraries, to scholars, and to the general public, and it now serves as the national library. It contains over 80 million items in 470 languages. The library's exhibit halls are open to the public. Guided tours are given every hour from 9 a.m. through 4 p.m. Monday through Friday. Thomas Jefferson Memorial Dedicated in 1943, The Thomas Jefferson Memorial stands on the south shore of the Tidal Basin in West Potomac park. It is a circular stone structure, with Vermont marble on the exterior and Georgia white marble inside and combines architectural elements of the dome of the Pantheon in Rome and the rotunda designed by Jefferson for the University of Virginia. The memorial is open daily from 8 a.m. to midnight. An elevator and curb ramps for the handicapped are in service. Lincoln Memorial The Lincoln Memorial in West Potomac Park, on the axis of the Capitol and the Washington Monument, consists of a large marble hall enclosing a heroic statue of Abraham Lincoln in meditation sitting on a large armchair. It was dedicated on Memorial Day, May 30, 1922. The Memorial was designed by Henry Bacon. The statue was made by Daniel Chester French and sculpted by the Piccirilli family. Murals and ornamentation on the bronze ceiling beams are by Jules Guerin. The memorial is open daily from 8 a.m. to midnight. An elevator for the handicapped is in service. John F. Kennedy Center John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, designated by Congress as the National Cultural Center and the official memorial in Washington to President Kennedy, opened September 8, 1971. Tours are available daily between 10:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. Mount Vernon Mount Vernon on the south bank of the Potomac R., 16 miles below Washington, D. C., is part of a large tract of land in northern Virginia. The present house is an enlargement of one apparently built on the site of an earlier one by Augustine Washington, who lived there 1735-1738. His son Lawrence came there in 1743, when he renamed the plantation Mount Vernon in honor of Admiral Vernon under whom he had served in the West Indies. Lawrence Washington died in 1752 and was succeeded as proprietor of Mount Vernon by his half-brother, George Washington. National Archives The Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, and the Bill of Rights are on permanent display in the National Archives Exhibition Hall. They are sealed in glass-and-bronze cases. The National Archives also holds the permanently valuable federal records of the United States government. National Gallery of Art The National Gallery of Art, situated in an area bounded by Constitution Avenue and the Mall, between Third and Seventh Streets, was established by Joint Resolution of Congress Mar. 24, 1937, and opened Mar. 17, 1941. Normally open daily from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.; noon to 9 p.m. Sunday. Summer, 10 a.m. to 9 p.m., noon to 9 p.m. on Sunday. The Pentagon The Pentagon, headquarters of the Department of Defense, is one of the world's largest office buildings. Situated in Arlington, Va., it houses more than 23,000 employees in offices that occupy 3,707,745 square feet. Tours are available Monday through Friday (excluding federal holidays), from 9 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution, established in 1846, the world's largest museum complex, is comprised of 14 museums and the National Zoo. It holds some 100 million artifacts and specimens in its trust "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." Nine museums are located on the National Mall between the Washington Monument and the Capitol; 4 other museums and the zoo are elsewhere in Washington, and the Cooper-Hewitt Museum in New York City. The National Air and Space Museum, National Museum of Natural History, and the National Portrait Gallery are some of the more popular museums. They are open daily, except Dec. 25, from 10 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. unless otherwise noted. Washington Monument The Washington Monument, dedicated in 1885, is a tapering shaft or obelisk of white marble, 555 ft., 5-1/8 inches in height and 55 ft., 1-1/2 inches square at base. Eight small windows, 2 on each side, are located at the 500-ft. level, where points of interest are indicated. Open daily except Dec. 25, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., 8 a.m. to 12 p.m. in summer. The White House The White House, the president's residence, stands on 18 acres on the south side of Pennsylvania Avenue, between the Treasury and the Executive Office Building. The walls are of sandstone, quarried at Aquia Creek, Va. The exterior walls were painted, causing the building to be termed the "White House." On Aug. 24, 1814, during Madison's administration, the house was burned by the British. James Hoban rebuilt it by Oct. 1817. The White House is normally open from 10 a.m. to 12 noon, Tuesday through Saturday. Only the public rooms on the ground floor and state floor may be visited. CITIES OF THE U.S. Bureau of the Census: population (1988 estimates); population growth (1970-1980); population over 65 and under 35 (1980). Geography Division, Bureau of the Census: population density (1980); area (1980). Bureau of Labor Statistics: employment (Jan. 1990). Bureau of Economic Analysis: per capita personal income (MSA, 1988). Based on 1988 estimates, the 100 most populated cities (inc.=incorporated; est.=established;NA=not available). Akron, Ohio Population: 221,510; Pop. density: 4,312 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -13.9%; Pop. over 65: 13.5%; Pop. under 35: 57.1%. Area: 55 sq. mi. Employment: 101,401 employed, 8.6% unemployed; Per capita income: $15,946; % change 1983-88: 34.4. History: settled 1825; inc. as city 1865; located on Ohio-Erie Canal and is a port of entry; since 1870 the rubber capital of the U.S. Transportation: 1 airport; major trucking industry; Conrail; metro transit system. Communications: 4 TV, 7 radio stations; CATV. Medical facilities: 11 hospitals; specialized children's treatment center. Educational facilities: 13 univ. and colleges; 68 public schools.Further information: Akron Regional Development Board or Akron-Summit Convention and Visitors Bureau, Cascade Plaza, Akron, OH 44308. Albuquerque, New Mexico Population: 378,480; Pop. density: 3,492 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 35.7%; Pop. over 65: 8.4%; Pop. under 35: 61.6%. Area: 95 sq. mi.Employment: 204,485 employed, 4.0% unemployed; Per capita income: $15,019; % change 1983-88: 31.4. History: founded 1706 by the Spanish; inc. 1890. Transportation: 1 international airport; 2 railroads; 2 bus lines. Communications: 5 TV, 31 radio stations; CATV. Medical facilities: 10 major hospitals. Educational facilities: 1 university. Further information: Convention & Visitors Bureau, 625 Silver S.W., Albuquerque, NM 87125. Amarillo, Texas Population: 166,010; Pop. density: 1,863 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 17.5%; Pop. over 65: 10.1%; Pop. under 35: 60.1%. Area: 80 sq. mi. Employment: 76,698 employed, 6.5% (Mar.) unemployed; Per capita income: $14,634; % change 1983-88: 17.9. History: founded 1887 as a junction of two railroads; inc. 1899; became industrial city after discovery of oil (1921) and helium gas. Transportation: 1 airport; 2 railroads; 3 bus lines; city transit system. Communications: 5 TV, 17 radio stations; CATV. Medical facilities: 5 hospitals; Amarillo Medical Ctr. Educational facilities: 47 public schools; 1 college. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 9480, Amarillo, TX 79105. Anaheim, California Population: 244,670; Pop. density: 5,349 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 31.6%; Pop. over 65: 7.7%;Pop. under 35: 60.7%. Area: 41 sq. mi. Employment: 156,827 employed. 3.3% unemployed; Per capita income: $22,753; % change 1983-88: 42.4. History: founded 1858; inc. 1876; now known as home of Disneyland (since 1955). Transportation: 3 municipal airports; 4 railroads; Greyhound buses. Communications: 12 TV, 4 radio stations; CATV. Medical facilities: 6 general hospitals. Educational facilities: 3 colleges, 5 junior colleges; 62 elementary, 8 junior high, 8 high schools. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 100 South Anaheim Blvd., Suite 300, Anaheim, CA 92805. Anchorage, Alaska Population: 218,500 Pop. density: 100 per sq. mi.;Pop. growth: 259.5%; Pop. over 65: 2.0%; Pop. under 35:70.2%. Area: 1,732 sq. mi. Employment: 109,506 employed, 5.9% unemployed; Per capita income: $21,840; % change 1983-88: 8.9. History: founded 1914 as a construction camp for railroad; HQ of Alaska Defense Command, WWII; severely damaged in earthquake 1964. Transportation: 1 international airport, 3 other airports. Communications: 6 TV, 16 radio stations. Medical facilities: 3 hospitals. Educational facilities: 2 univ., 1 comm. college. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 437 E St., Anchorage, AK 99501. Arlington, Texas Population: 257,460; Pop. density: 2,024 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 77.5%; Pop. over 65: 4.5%; Pop. under 35:67.3%. Area: 79 sq. mi.; Employment: 123,977 employed, 3.8% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,551; % change 1983-88: 26.9. History: settled in 1840s between Dallas & Ft. Worth; inc. 1884. Transportation: Dallas/Ft. Worth airport is 20 minutes away; 11 railway lines; intercity transport system in planning stage. Communications: 13 TV, 53 radio stations; CATV. Medical facilities: 4 hospitals. Educational facilities: 51 public schools; 1 univ. Further information:Chamber of Commerce, 316 W. Main St., Arlington, TX 76010. Atlanta, Georgia Population: 420,220; Pop. density: 3,244 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -14.1%; Pop. over 65: 11.5%;Pop. under 35: 60.7%. Area: 131 sq. mi. Employment:212,861 employed, 6.8% unemployed; Per capita income: $18,400; % change 1983-88: 42.3. History: founded as "Terminus" 1837; renamed Atlanta 1845 after Atlantis; inc. 1847; played major role in Civil War and burned during Gen. Sherman's "March to the Sea." Transportation: 1 international airport; 7 railroad lines, 2 systems; 2 bus terminals; rapid rail. Communications: 9 TV, 41 radio stations; 21 cable TV companies.Medical facilities: 60 hospitals; VA hospital; Natl. Centers for Disease Control; Natl. Cancer Center. Educational facilities:37 colleges, universities, seminaries, junior colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 235 International Blvd., Atlanta, GA 30303. Aurora, Colorado Population: 218,720; Pop. density: 2,652 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 111.5%; Pop. over 65: 4.3%; Pop. under 35: 67.3%. Area: 60 sq. mi. Employment: 106,728 employed, 4.5% unemployed; Per capita income: $18,155; % change 1983-88: 22.4. History: residential suburb 5 mi. east of Denver; fast-growing trade center for large livestock and farm area. Transportation: 1 international airport; 4 railroads; 2 bus lines; city bus system. Further information: ECO Aurora, Inc., 1470 S. Havana, Ste. 708, Aurora, CO 80012. Austin, Texas Population: 464,690; Pop. density: 2,978 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 36.3%; Pop. over 65: 7.5%;Pop. under 35: 69%. Area: 116 sq. mi. Employment: 262,866 employed, 4.3% unemployed; Per capita income: $15,342; % change 1983-88: 22.7. History: first permanent settlement 1835; capital of Rep. of Texas 1838; named after Stephen Austin; inc. 1840. Transportation: 1 international airport; 4 railroads.Communications: 5 TV, 18 radio stations. Medical facilities:15 hospitals. Educational facilities: 7 universities and colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 1967, Austin, TX 78767. Baltimore, Maryland Population: 751,400; Pop. density: 9,835 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -13.1%; Pop. over 65: 12.8%;Pop. under 35%: 56.9%. Area: 80 sq. mi. Employment: 316,832 employed, 6.7% unemployed; Per capita income: $19,010; % change 1983-88: 41.8. History: founded by Maryland legislature 1729; inc. 1797; bombing of its Ft. McHenry 1814 inspired Francis Scott Key to write "Star-Spangled Banner;" rebuilt after fire 1904. Transportation: 1 major airport; 3 railroads, bus system; subway system, 2 underwater tunnels. Communications: 6 TV, 33 radio stations. Medical facilities: 29 hospitals; 2 major medical centers. Educational facilities:189 public schools; over 30 universities and colleges. Further information: Greater Baltimore Committee, Suite 900, Two Hopkins Plaza, Baltimore, MD 21202. Baton Rouge, Louisiana Population: 235,270; Pop. density: 5,673 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 32.2%; Pop. over 65: 8.7%; Pop. under 35: 64.0%. Area: 61 sq. mi. Employment: 111,429 employed; 5.4% unemployed; Per capita income: $13,784; % change 1983-88: 20.6. History: claimed by Spain at time of La. Purchase 1803; est. independence by rebellion 1810; inc. as town 1817; held by Union during most of Civil War. Transportation: 1 airport, 7 airlines; 1 bus line; 3 railroad trunk lines. Communications: 5 TV, 19 radio stations; CATV. Medical facilities: 7 hospitals. Educational facilities: 96 public, 46 private schools; 2 univ. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 3217, Baton Rouge, LA 70821. Birmingham, Alabama Population: 277,280; Pop. density: 2,872 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -5.5%; Pop. over 65: 13.9%;Pop. under 35: 57.5%. Area: 99 sq. mi. Employment: 119,986 employed, 6.9% unemployed; Per capita income: $14,798; % change 1983-88: 37.0. History: settled due to discovery of elements needed for steel production; inc. 1871; named after Great Britain's steel making center. Transportation: 1 airport; 4 major rail freight lines, Amtrak; 1 bus line; 75 truck line terminals; 4 interstate highways.Communications: 5 TV, 22 radio stations; 1 educational TV, 1 educational radio station. Medical facilities: Univ. of Alabama in Birmingham Medical Center; VA hospital with organ transplant program; 15 other hospitals. Educational facilities: 1 university, 2 colleges, 2 junior colleges.Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 2027 First Ave. N., Birmingham, AL 35202. Boston, Massachusetts Population: 577,830; Pop. density: 11,979 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -12.2%; Pop. over 65: 12.7%;Pop. under 35: 60.4%. Area: 46 sq. mi. Employment: 284,704 employed, 4.4% unemployed; Per capita income: $22,248; % change 1983-88: 52.3. History: settled 1630 by John Winthrop; capital of Mass. Bay Colony; figured strongly in Am. Revolution, earning distinction as the "Cradle of Liberty;" inc. 1822. Transportation: 1 major airport; 2 railroads; city rail and subway system; 2 underwater tunnels. Communications: 8 TV, 17 radio stations; CATV. Medical facilities: 16 hospitals; 8 major medical research centers. Educational facilities: 11 universities and colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, Federal Reserve Bank, 600 Atlantic Ave., 13th Fl., Boston, MA 02106. Buffalo, New York Population: 313,570; Pop. density: 8,520 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -22.7%; Pop. over 65: 15.0%; Pop. under 35: 55.3%. Area: 42 sq. mi. Employment:135,115 employed, 7.6% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,342; % change 1983-88: 37.1. History: founded 1790 by the Dutch; raided twice by British during War of 1812; as western terminus for Erie Canal became a center for trade and manufacturing; inc. 1832. Transportation: 1 international airport; 6 major railroads; metro rail system; water service to Great Lakes-St. Lawrence seaways system, and Atlantic seaboard. Communications: 5 TV, 23 radio stations, 2 cable systems. Medical facilities: 21 hospitals. Educational facilities: 2 universities, 9 colleges; 78 public schools. Further information: Greater Buffalo Chamber of Commerce, 107 Delaware Ave., Buffalo, NY 14202. Charlotte, North Carolina Population: 367,860; Pop. density: 2,278 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 30.2%; Pop. over 65: 8.6%; Pop. under 35: 60.4%. Area: 138 sq. mi.Employment: 211,622 employed, 3.4% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,348; % change 1983-88: 45.2. History: settled by Scotch-Irish immigrants 1740s; inc. 1767 and named after Queen Charlotte, George III's wife; scene of first major U.S. gold discovery 1799. Transportation: 1 airport; 2 major railway lines; 2 bus lines; 200 trucking firms. Communications: 6 TV, 20 radio stations. Medical facilities: 12 hospitals, 1 medical center. Educational facilities: 2 universities, 5 colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 32785, Charlotte, NC 28232. Chattanooga, Tennessee Population: 162,670; Pop. density: 1,370 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 41.4%; Pop. over 65: 12.7%; Pop. under 35: 57.3%. Area: 124 sq. mi.Employment: 77,435 employed, 4.5% unemployed; Per capita income: $14,304; % change 1983-88: 40.9. History: first permanent white settlement 1835; chartered 1839, as city 1851. Transportation: 1 airport, 7 airlines; 1 bus line and local service; 2 railroads. Communications: 6 TV stations; CATV; 23 radio stations. Medical facilities: 17 hospitals. Educational facilities: 53 public schools; 2 universities; 3 junior colleges, 4 colleges. Further information: Partners for Economic Progress, Civic Forum, 1001 Market St., Chattanooga, TN 37402. Chicago, Illinois Population: 2,977,520; Pop. density: 13,180 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -10.8%; Pop. over 65: 11.4%; Pop. under 35: 58.5%. Area: 228 sq. mi. Employment: 1,332,912 employed, 7.7% unemployed; Per capita income: $19,060; % change 1983-88: 35.9. History: site acquired from Indians 1795; area began settlement with opening of Erie Canal 1825; chartered as city 1837; boomed with arrival of railroads from east and canal to Mississippi R.; much of city destroyed by fire 1871; major grain & livestock market. Transportation: 3 airports; major railroad system; major trucking industry. Communications: 9 TV, 31 radio stations. Medical facilities: over 123 hospitals. Educational facilities: 95 institutions of higher learning. Further information: Association of Commerce and Industry, 200 N. LaSalle St., Chicago, IL 60601. Cincinnati, Ohio Population: 370,480; Pop. density: 4,941 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -15.0%; Pop. over 65: 14.5%; Pop. under 35: 58.5%. Area: 78 sq. mi. Employment: 190,038 employed, 6.3% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,633; % change 1983-88: 36.4. History: founded 1788 and named after the Society of Cincinnati, an organization of Revolutionary War officers; chartered as village 1802; inc. as city 1819. Transportation: 1 international airport; 3 railroads; 1 bus system. Communications: 6 TV, 3 CATV systems; 27 radio stations. Medical facilities: 32 hospitals; Children's Hospital Medical Center; VA hospital.Educational facilities: 4 universities; 5 colleges, 8 technical & 2-year colleges.Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 300 Carew Tower, 441 Vine St., Cincinnati, OH 45202. Cleveland, Ohio Population: 521,370; Pop. density: 7,264 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -23.6%; Pop. over 65: 13.0%;Pop. under 35: 56.7%. Area: 79 sq. mi. Employment: 221,074 employed, 9.1% unemployed; Per capita income: $18,168; % change 1983-88: 35.3. History: surveyed in 1796; inc. as village 1814, as city 1836; annexed Ohio City 1854. Transportation: 1 intl. airport; rail service; major port; rapid transit system. Communications: 7 TV, 20 radio stations. Medical facilities: numerous hospitals; major medical research center. Educational facilities: 124 public schools; 8 universities and colleges. Further information: Convention & Visitor's Bureau, 3100 Terminal Tower, Cleveland, OH 44115. Colorado Springs, Colorado Population: 283,110; Pop. density: 2,088 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 58.8%; Pop. over 65: 8.3%; Pop. under 35: 62.3%. Area: 103 sq. mi.Employment: 133,948 employed, 6.4% unemployed;Per capita income: $15,464; % change 1983-88: 29.2. History: founded 1859 at the foot of Pikes Peak; inc. 1886. Transportation: 1 municipal airport; 2 railroads; Greyhound-Trailways bus line. Communications: 5 TV, 22 radio stations. Medical facilities: 9 hospitals. Educational facilities: 3 universities, 7 colleges.Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Drawer B, Colorado Springs, CO 80901. Columbus, Georgia Population: 178,680; Pop. density: 779 per sq. mi.;Pop. growth: 9.3%; Pop. over 65: 8.9%; Pop. under 35:61.5%. Area: 218 sq. mi. Employment: 69,816 employed, 5.6% unemployed; Per capita income: $12,726; % change 1983-88: 37.9. History: settled and inc. 1828; a port city on Chattahouchee R. Transportation: 1 airport; metro bus system; 2 bus lines; 2 railroads. Communications: 5 TV, 11 radio stations. Medical facilities: 5 hospitals. Educational facilities:53 public schools; 1 college. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 1200, Columbus, GA 31902. Columbus, Ohio Population: 569,570; Pop. density: 3,121 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 4.6%; Pop. over 65: 8.9%; Pop. under 35: 64.4%. Area: 181 sq. mi. Employment: 314,959 employed, 5.9% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,251; % change 1983-88: 37.7. History: first settlement 1797; laid out as new capital 1812 with current name; became city 1834. Transportation: 2 airports; 3 railroads; 4 intercity bus lines. Communications: 5 TV, 19 radio stations. Medical facilities: 22 hospitals. Educational facilities: 12 universities and colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 1527, Columbus, OH 43216. Corpus Christi, Texas Population: 260,930; Pop. density: 2,230 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 13.4%; Pop. over 65: 8.2%; Pop. under 35: 63.2%. Area: 104 sq. mi. Employment: 109,635 employed, 6.2% unemployed; Per capita income: $12,408; % change 1983-88: 16.5. History: settled 1839 and inc. 1852. Transportation: 1 international airport; 2 bus lines, metro bus system; 3 freight railroads. Communications: 6 TV, 17 radio stations. Medical facilities: 14 hospitals including a children's center. Educational facilities: 54 public schools; 1 univ., 1 college. Futher information: Chamber of Commerce, PO Box 640, Corpus Christi, TX 78403. Dallas, Texas Population: 987,360; Pop. density: 2,715 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 7%; Pop. over 65: 9.5%; Pop. under 35: 61.1%. Area: 333 sq. mi.Employment: 602,974 employed, 5.2% unemployed; Per capita income: $18,580; % change 1983-88: 24.9. History: first settled 1841; platted 1846; inc. 1871; developed as the financial and commercial center of Southwest; known for its oil industry and cotton market. Transportation: 1 international airport; Amtrak; major transit system.Communications: 10 TV, 49 radio stations.Medical facilities: 70 hospitals; major medical center.Educational facilities: 7 univ., 2 colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 1507 Pacific Ave., Dallas, TX 75201. Dayton, Ohio Population: 178,000; Pop. density: 4,236 per sq, mi.; Pop, growth: -16.3%; Pop. over 65: 11.8%; Pop. under 35: 59.8%. Area: 48 sq. mi.Employment: 81,808 employed, 9.9% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,107; % change 1983-88: 36.9. History: settled 1796; inc. 1805; disastrous flood 1913; site where Wright Bros. invented first airplane to sustain flight 1903. Transportation: 1 international airport, 12 airlines, 2 railroads; 4 bus lines; countywide Dayton Regional Transit Authority. Communications: 5 TV, 8 radio stations.Medical facilities: 15 hospitals including VA facility.Educational facilities: 26 institutions of higher learning.Further information: Dayton Area Chamber of Commerce, Fifth and Main, Chamber Plaza, Dayton, OH 45402. Denver, Colorado Population: 492,200; Pop. density: 4,435 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -4.3%; Pop. over 65: 12.6%;Pop. under 35: 58.9%. Area: 111 sq. mi. Employment:245,794 employed, 5.9% unemployed; Per capita income: $18,155; % change 1983-88: 22.4. History: settled 1858 by gold prospectors and miners; inc. 1861; growth spurred by gold and silver boom; the financial and industrial center of Rocky Mt. region. Transportation: 1 international airport; 5 major rail freight lines, Amtrak; 2 bus lines.Communications: 7 TV, 35 radio stations. Medical facilities:34 hospitals. Educational facilities: 2 universities; 3 colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 1301 Welton St., Denver, CO 80204. Des Moines, Iowa Population: 192,910 Pop. density: 2,890 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -5.2%; Pop. over 65: 12.5%;Pop. under 35: 58.4%. Area: 66 sq. mi.Employment: 117,793 employed, 4.4% unemployed; Per capita income: $17,156; % change 1983-88: 31.2. History: Fort Des Moines built 1843; settled and inc. 1851; chartered as city 1857. Transportation: 1 international airport; 3 bus lines; 4 railroads; metro bus system. Communications: 5 TV, 18 radio stations; CATV. Medical facilities: 8 hospitals.Educational facilities: 1 univ., 2 colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 8th & High Sts., Des Moines, IA 50309. Detroit, Michigan Population: 1,035,920; Pop. density: 8,848 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -20.5%; Pop. over 65: 11.7%;Pop. under 35: 59.5%. Area: 136 sq. mi. Employment:399,742 employed, 12.0% unemployed; Per capita income: $18,554; % change 1983-88: 43.5. History: founded by French 1701; controlled by British 1760; acquired by U.S. 1796; destroyed by fire 1805; capital of state 1837-47; inc. as city 1824; auto manufacturing began 1899. Transportation: 1 international airport; 10 railroads; major international port; public transit system. Communications: 9 TV, 37 radio stations. Medical facilities: 28 hospitals, major medical center. Educational facilities: 13 universities and colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 150 Michigan Avenue, Detroit, MI 48226. El Paso, Texas Population: 510,970; Pop. density: 1,779 per sq. mi. Pop. growth: 32.0%; Pop. over 65: 6.9%; Pop. under 35: 65%. Area: 239 sq. mi. Employment: 207,907 employed, 9.5% unemployed; Per capita income: $10,008; % change 1983-88: 23.7. History: first settled 1827; inc. 1873; arrival of railroad 1881 boosted city's population and industries. Transportation: International airport; 5 major rail lines; 8 bus lines; 9 major highways; gateway to Mexico. Communications: 6 TV, 23 radio stations. Medical facilities: 16 hospitals; cancer treatment center. Educational facilities: 2 colleges and universities. Further information: Convention and Visitors Bureau, 5 Civic Center Plaza, El Paso, TX 79901. Fort Wayne, Indiana Population: 179,810; Pop. density: 3,274 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -3.4%; Pop. over 65: 11.9%; Pop. under 35: 60.5%. Area: 52 sq. mi.Employment: 92,911 employed, 7.4% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,336; % change 1983-88: 44.1. History: French fort 1680; U.S. fort 1794; settled by 1832; inc. 1840 prior to Wabash-Erie canal completion 1843. Transportation: 1 airport, 9 airlines; 3 railroads; 5 bus lines. Communications: 5 TV stations; 13 radio stations.Medical facilities: 3 major hospitals; VA hospital. Educational facilities: 82 public schools; 5 colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 826 Ewing Street, Fort Wayne, IN 46802. Fort Worth, Texas Population: 426,610; Pop. density: 1,604 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -2.1%; Pop. over 65: 11.8%; Pop. under 35: 58.5%. Area: 240 sq. mi. Employment: 256,009 employed, 5.8% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,551; % change 1983-88: 26.9. History: est. as military post 1849; inc. 1873; oil discovered 1917; Fort Worth is a sister city to Dallas. Transportation: 1 intl. airport; 8 major railroads, Amtrak; local bus service; 2 transcontinental, 2 intrastate bus lines. Communications: 9 TV, 37 radio stations. Medical facilities: 35 hospitals; 2 children's hospitals; 4 government hospitals. Educational facilities: 8 colleges & universities. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 700 Throckmorton, Fort Worth, TX 76102. Fremont, California Population: 166,590; Pop. density: 1,683 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 30.8%; Pop. over 65: 5.2%; Pop. under 18: 30.1%. Area: 78.4 sq. mi. Employment: NA Per capita income: NA History: area first settled by Spanish 1769; during 1800s a collection of towns formed the area; inc. 1956. Transportation: intracity bus line; Bay Area Rapid Transit System (southern terminal). Communications: NA Medical facilities: 1 hospital. Educational facilities: 43 public schools; 1 jr. college. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, One Fremont Pl., 39650 Liberty St., Ste. 130, Fremont, CA 94538. Fresno, California Population: 307,090; Pop. density: 3,356 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 31.7%; Pop. over 65: 10.9%; Pop. under 35: 62.5%. Area: 65 sq. mi. Employment: 116,853 employed, 9.4% unemployed; Per capita income: $15,012; % change 1983-88: 32.4. History: founded 1872; inc. as city 1885. Transportation: 2 municipal airports; Amtrak; 1 bus line; intracity bus system.Communications: 11 TV stations, 5 CATV services; 58 radio stations. Medical facilities: 6 general hospitals including a VA facility.Educational facilities: 8 colleges and univ.; 85 public schools. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 1469, Fresno, CA 93721. Garland, Texas Population: 180,450; Pop. density: 2,493 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 70.5%; Pop. over 65: 4.1%; Pop. under 35: 33.7%. Area: 56 sq. mi. Employment: 94,283 employed, 4.5% unemployed; Per capita income: $18,580; % change 1983-88: 24.9. History: city in Dallas co., 14 mi. NE of Dallas. Transportation: 45 miles from Dallas/Ft. Worth airport; 2 railroads. Communications: 3 TV stations (from Dallas). Medical facilities: total of 306 hospital beds.Educational facilities: 53 public schools; 1 univ., 2 community colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 460939, Garland, TX 75046. Grand Rapids, Michigan Population: 185,370; Pop. density: 4,190 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -8.0%; Pop. over 65: 13.4%; Pop. under 35: 60.5%. Area: 43.4 sq. mi.Employment: 98,396 employed, 8.2% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,713; % change 1983-88: 42.3. History: originally site of Ottowa Indian village; trading post 1826; became lumbering center and chartered as town 1850. Transportation: 1 international airport; 4 railroads; 5 bus lines; transit bus system. Communications: 6 TV, 25 radio stations. Medical facilities: 10 hospitals.Educational facilities: 64 public schools; 8 colleges.Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 17 Fountain St., NW, Grand Rapids, MI 49503. Greensboro, North Carolina Population: 181,970; Pop. density: 2,581 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 8.0%; Pop. over 65: 9.8%; Pop. under 35: 57%. Area: 60 sq. mi.;Employment: 87,309 employed, 4.2% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,614; % change 1983-88: 43.7. History: settled 1749; site of Revolutionary War conflict 1781 between Nathanael Greene and Cornwallis; inc. 1807. Transportation: 1 regional airport; 2 railroads; Trailways/Greyhound bus service. Communications: all cable TV stations; 11 radio stations. Medical facilities:4 hospitals. Educational facilities: 38 public schools; 2 univ., 1 college. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 3246, Greensboro, NC 27402. Hialeah, Florida Population: 162,080; Pop. density: 7,487 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 41.8%; Pop. over 65: 11.4%; Pop. under 18: 24.2%. Area: 19.4 sq. mi.;Employment: NA Per capita income: $16,874; % change 1983-88: 38.3. History: inc. 1925; built over drained swamplands NW of Miami. Transportation: Miami Int'l. airport is 5 miles away; Amtrak; 2 rail freight lines. Communications: NA. Medical facilities:3 hospitals. Educational facilities: 2 universities.Further information: Hialeah Dept. of Eco. Development, Office of the Mayor, 501 Palm Ave., Hialeah, FL 33010. Honolulu, Hawaii Population: 376,110; Pop. density: 1,280 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 20.9%; Pop. over 65: 7.4%; Pop. under 35: 62.4%. Area: 596 sq. mi. Employment: 375,385 employed, 2.7% unemployed (MSA); Per capita income: $17,540; % change 1983-88: 33.8. History: harbor first discovered 1794; city began 1816; became capital 1816. Transportation: 1 major airport; large, active port for passengers and cargo. Communications: 10 TV, 28 radio stations. Medical facilities: 33 hospitals.Educational facilities: 163 public schools (state); 102 private schools (state); 4 univ., 1 college. Further information: Visitors Bureau, 2270 Kalakaua Avenue, Honolulu, HI 96815. Houston, Texas Population: 1,698,090; Pop. density: 2,869 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 29.3%; Pop. over 65: 6.9%; Pop. under 35: 64.4%. Area: 556 sq. mi. Employment: 938,333 employed; 5.1% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,192; % change 1983-88: 15.7. History: founded 1836; inc. 1837; capital of Rep. of Texas 1837-39, 1842-45; developed rapidly after completion of canal to Gulf of Mexico 1914; important oil center. Transportation: 2 commercial airports; 5 railroads; major bus transit system; major international port. Communications: 9 TV, 45 radio stations. Medical facilities: 59 hospitals; major medical center. Educational facilities: 27 universities and colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 1100 Milam, Houston, TX 77002. Huntington Beach, California Population: 186,880; Pop. density: 6,315 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 47%. Area: 27 sq. mi. Employment: 124,148 employed, 2.9% unemployed; Per capita income: $22,753; % change 1983-88: 42.4. History: settled in early 1880s; inc. 1909; oil discovered 1920, led to city's development. Transportation: 1 airport; 1 railroad; 2 bus lines.Communications: 1 TV station; CATV. Medical facilities: 2 hospitals. Educational facilities: 45 public schools; 1 junior college. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, Seacliff Village, 2213 Main #32, Huntington Beach, CA 92648. Indianapolis, Indiana Population: 727,130; Pop. density: 1,991 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -4.9%; Pop. over 65: 10.3%;Pop. under 35: 59.4%. Area: 352 sq. mi. Employment:385,237 employed, 4.6% unemployed; Per capita income:$16,987; % change 1983-88: 40.4. History: settled in 1820, made into capital 1825. Transportation: 1 international airport; 5 railroads; 3 interstate bus lines. Communications: 7 TV, 25 radio stations.Medical facilities: 17 hospitals; 1 major medical and research center.Educational facilities: 6 universities and colleges; major public library system. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 320 N. Meridian Street, Indianapolis, IN 46204. Jackson, Mississippi Population: 201,250; Pop. density: 1,914 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 31.8%; Pop. over 65: 9.9%; Pop. under 35: 59.3%. Area: 106.2 sq. mi.Employment: 102,130 employed, 5.3% unemployed; Per capita income: $14,311; % change 1983-88: 32.2. History: originally known as Le Fleur's Bluff, selected as capital 1821 and named for Andrew Jackson; inc. 1833; scene of secession convention 1861; captured by Sherman 1863. Transportation: 5 airlines; 2 bus lines; Ill. Central railroad. Communications: 5 TV, 25 radio stations.Medical facilities: 12 hospitals including a VA facility.Educational facilities: 1 univ., 5 colleges.Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 22548, Jackson, MS 39225. Jacksonville, Florida Population: 635,430; Pop. density: 712 per sq. mi.;Pop. growth: 7.3%; Pop. over 65: 9.6%; Pop. under 35:60.0%. Area: 760 sq. mi. Employment: 301,986 employed, 6.2% unemployed; Per capita income: $15,452; % change 1983-88: 34.6. History: settled 1816 as Cowford; renamed after Andrew Jackson 1822; inc. 1832; rechartered 1851; scene of conflicts in Seminole and Civil Wars. Transportation: 1 international airport; 3 railroads; 2 interstate bus lines. Communications: 6 TV, 21 radio stations.Medical facilities: 14 hospitals. Educational facilities: 5 universities and colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 3 Independent Drive, P.O. Box 329, Jacksonville, FL 32201. Jersey City, New Jersey Population: 217,630; Pop. density: 16,934 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -14.1%; Pop. over 65: 11.8%;Pop. under 35: 57.6%. Area: 13.2 sq. mi. Employment:92,146 employed, 8.8% unemployed; Per capita income:$16,915; % change 1983-88: 44.5 History: bought from Indians 1830; chartered as town by British 1668; scene of Revolutionary War conflict 1779; chartered under present name 1838; important station on Underground Railroad. Transportation: bus and subway system. Medical facilities:10 hospitals. Educational facilities: 3 colleges.Further information: Chamber of Commerce & Industry of Hudson County, 911 Bergen Ave., Jersey City, NJ 07303. Kansas City, Kansas Population: 162,070; Pop. density: 1,500 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -4.2%; Pop. over 65: 11.7%;Pop. under 35: 57.1%. Area: 107 sq. mi. Employment: 76,739 employed, 8.4% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,309. Transportation: 1 airport, 11 airlines; 9 railroads; bus system. Communications: 4 TV stations; 32 radio stations. Medical facilities: 3 hospitals, medical center. Educational facilities: 50 public schools; 1 junior college, Univ. of Kansas Medical Ctr. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 1310, Kansas City, KS 66117. Kansas City, Missouri Population: 438,950; Pop. density: 1,418 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -11.7%; Pop. over 65: 12.3%;Pop. under 35: 57.1%. Area: 316 sq. mi. Employment:230,452 employed, 7.3% unemployed; Per capita income:$17,078; % change 1983-88: 32.1. History: settled by 1838 at confluence of the Missouri and Kansas Rivers; inc. 1851. Transportation: 1 international airport; a major rail center; 191 trunk lines; several barge companies. Communications:7 TV, 29 radio stations. Medical facilities: 14 hospitals; VA facility. Educational facilities: 9 colleges & universities. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 600 Boatmen's Center, 920 Main St., Kansas City, MO 64105. Knoxville, Tennessee Population: 172,080; Pop. density: 2,273 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: .25%; Pop. over 65: 13.8%; Pop. under 35: 57.8%. Area: 77 sq. mi.Employment: 81,649 employed, 4.5% unemployed; Per capita income: $14,218; % change 1983-88: 42.6. History: founded 1785; city officially founded 1791; territorial capital 1792; named after Washington's Sec. of War. Transportation: 1 airport, 2 bus lines, 61 motor freight carriers; 2 railroads. Communications: 5 TV, 17 radio stations; CATV. Medical facilities: 8 hospitals.Educational facilities: 85 public schools; 1 univ., 1 college. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 2688, Knoxville, TN 37901. Las Vegas, Nevada Population: 210,620; Pop. density: 2,994 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 30.9%; Pop. over 65: 8.3%; Pop. under 35: 58.4%. Area: 55 sq. mi. Employment: 125,540 employed, 4.7% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,979; % change 1983-88: 36.1. History: occupied by Mormons 1855-57; bought by railroad 1903; city of Las Vegas inc. 1911; gambling legalized 1931. Transportation: 1 international airport; 2 railroads; bus system. Communcations: 7 TV and 28 radio stations. Medical facilities: 8 hospitals. Educational facilities: 130 public schools; 1 college; 1 univ. Further information:Chamber of Commerce, 2301 E. Sahara Ave., Las Vegas, NV, 89104. Lexington-Fayette, Kentucky Population: 225,700; Pop. density: 719 per sq. mi.;Pop. growth: 88.8%; Pop. over 65: 8.6%; Pop. under 35:63.3%. Area: 284 sq. mi. Employment: 128,163 employed, 3.0% unemployed; Per capita income: $15,725; % change 1983-88: 32.1. History: site was founded and named 1775 by hunters who heard of the Revolutionary War battle at Lexington, Mass.; settled 1779; inc. 1832. Transportation: 8 airlines, 2 railroads; city buses.Communications: 5 TV stations, CATV; 9 radio stations.Medical facilities: 5 general, 5 specialized hospitals. Educational facilities: 2 univ., 2 colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 330 East Main, Lexington, KY 40507. Lincoln, Nebraska Population: 187,890; Pop. density: 2,866 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 15.0%; Pop. over 65: 10.3%; Pop. under 35: 63.9%. Area: 60 sq. mi. Employment: 112,958 employed, 2.2% unemployed; Per capita income: $15,078; % change 1983-88: 28.4. History: originally called Lancaster, chosen state capital 1867 and renamed after Abraham Lincoln; inc. 1869. Transportation: 1 airport; Greyhound, Amtrak, 2 railroads.Communications:1 TV, 13 radio stations. Medical facilities: 4 hospitals including a VA facility. Educational facilities:2 univ., 1 college, 46 public, 15 private schools. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 1221 N St., Lincoln, NE 68508. Little Rock, Arkansas Population: 180,450; Pop. density: 1,996 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 19.6%; Pop. over 65: 11.0%; Pop. under 35: 60.8%. Area: 79 sq. mi.Employment: 91,460 employed, 4.7% unemployed; Per capita income: $14,688; % change 1983-88: 31.3. History: founded 1821; inc. as city 1835. Transportation: 1 airport, 7 airlines; 3 railroads; 1 bus line. Communications: 7 TV stations; 34 radio stations.Medical facilities: 16 hospitals; veterans' medical center.Educational facilities: 49 public schools; 8 colleges and universities; Univ. of Arkansas. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, One Spring St., Little Rock, AR 72201. Long Beach, California Population: 415,040; Pop. density: 7,256 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 0.7%; Pop. over 65: 14.0%; Pop. under 35: 56.6%. Area: 50 sq. mi.Employment: 193,030 employed, 5.7% unemployed; Per capita income: $18,790; % change 1983-88: 34.7. History: settled as early as 1769 by Spanish; by 1884 present site developed due to its harbor; inc. 1888; oil discovered 1921. Transportation: 1 airport; 3 railroads; major international port; 6 bus lines, "lite" rail service.Communications: CATV; 4 radio stations. Medical facilities: 10 hospitals.Educational facilities: 78 public schools; 1 university, 1 college. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, One World Trade Center, Long Beach, CA 90831. Los Angeles, California Population: 3,352,700; Pop. density: 6,380 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: +5.5%; Pop. over 65: 10.6%;Pop. under 35: 58.1%. Area: 465 sq. mi. Employment: 1,653,691 employed, 6.6% unemployed; Per capita income: $18,790; % change 1983-88: 34.7. History: founded by Spanish 1781; captured by U.S. 1846; inc. 1850; Hollywood a district of L.A. Transportation: 1 intl. airport; 4 railroads; major freeway system; intracity transit system. Communications: 19 TV, 71 radio stations. Medical facilities: 822 hospitals and clinics. Educational facilities: 11 universities and colleges; 1,642 public schools; 800 private schools. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 404 S. Bixel St., P.O. Box 3696, Los Angeles, CA 90051. Louisville, Kentucky Population: 281,800; Pop. density: 4,974 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -17.5%; Pop. over 65: 15.3%;Pop. under 35: 54.1%. Area: 60 sq. mi. Employment: 133,153 employed, 5.6% unemployed. Per capita income: $15,682; % change 1983-88: 35.7. History: settled 1778; named for Louis XVI of France; inc. 1828; base for Union forces in Civil War. Transportation: 2 municipal airports; 1 terminal, 6 trunk-line railroads; 3 bus lines; 5 barge lines.Communications: 4 TV, 20 radio stations, 2 educational, CATV. Medical facilities: 21 hospitals. Educational facilities: 10 colleges & universities, 9 business colleges & technical schools. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, One Riverfront Plaza, Louisville, KY 40202. Lubbock, Texas Population: 188,090; Pop. density: 1,933 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 16.7%; Pop. over 65: 7.8%; Pop. under 35: 66.9%. Area: 90 sq. mi. Employment: 91,592 employed, 4.3% unemployed; Per capita income: $13,432; % change 1983-88: 21.0. History: settled 1879; inc. in 1909 through merger of two towns. Transportation: 1 international airport; 2 railroads, bus line. Communications: 5 TV, 18 radio stations. Medical facilities: 7 hospitals. Educational facilities: 51 public schools; 2 univ., 1 college. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 561, Lubbock, TX 79408. Madison, Wisconsin Population: 178,180; Pop. density: 3,165 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -.7%; Pop. over 65: 8.7%; Pop. under 35: 65.1%. Area: 60 sq. mi.Employment: 108,268 employed, 2.8% unemployed; Per capita income: $17,909; % change 1983-88: 36.2. History: first white settlement 1832; named after James Madison who died in 1836; chartered 1856. Transportation: 1 airport, 8 airlines; 2 railroads; intracity bus system. Communications: 6 TV, 18 radio stations.Medical facilities: 6 hospitals. Educational facilities:39 public schools; 3 colleges and universities; Univ. of Wisconsin. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 71, Madison, WI 53701. Memphis, Tennessee Population: 645,190; Pop. density: 2,448 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 3.6%; Pop. over 65: 10.4%; Pop. under 35: 60.5%. Area: 264 sq. mi.Employment: 308,476 employed, 4.5% unemployed; Per capita income: $15,456; % change 1983-88: 40.9. History: French, Spanish and U.S. forts by 1797; settled by 1819; inc. as town 1826, as city 1840; surrendered charter to state 1879 after yellow fever epidemics; rechartered as city 1893. Transportation: 1 international airport; 6 railroads; bus system. Communications: 6 TV, 29 radio stations. Medical facilities: 21 hospitals.Educational facilities: 12 universities and colleges; 205 public, 76 private schools. Further information: Memphis Area Chamber of Commerce, 22 N. Front St., Box 224, Memphis TN 38101. Mesa, Arizona Population: 280,360; Pop. density: 2,242 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 141.8%; Pop. over 65: 11.2%;Pop. under 35: 62.4%. Area: 68 sq. mi. Employment: 100,091 employed, 3.5% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,815; % change 1983-88: 34.8. History: founded by Mormons 1878; inc. 1883; 15 mi. from Phoenix; population boomed fivefold from 1960-80. Transportation: 1 intl. airports; 2 railroads; trolley and bus lines. Medical facilities: 4 major hospitals. Educational facilities:49 public schools; 1 college, 1 univ. Further information: Convention and Visitor's Bureau, 120 N. Center, Mesa, AZ 85201. Miami, Florida Population: 371,100; Pop. density: 11,256 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 3.6%; Pop. over 65: 17.0%; Pop. under 35: 46.5%. Area: 34 sq. mi. Employment: 187,563 employed; 7.9% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,874; % change 1983-88: 38.3. History: site of fort 1836; settlement began 1870; inc. 1896 and modern city developed into resort and recreation center; land speculation 1920s added to city's growth, as did Cuban immigration in 1970s and 1980s. Transportation: 1 international airport; 2 passenger railroads, 1 all-freight; 2 bus lines; 65 truck lines. Communications: 6 commercial, 5 educational TV stations; 31 radio stations. Medical facilities: 41 hospitals, VA Hospital.Educational facilities: 6 colleges & universities. Further information: Metro-Dade Department of Tourism, 234 W. Flagler St., Miami, FL 33130. Milwaukee, Wisconsin Population: 599,380; Pop. density: 6,627 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -11.3%; Pop. over 65: 12.5%;Pop. under 35: 59.8%. Area: 96 sq. mi.Employment: 297,374 employed, 5.6% unemployed; Per capita income: $17,880; % change 1983-88: 34.9. History: Indian trading post by 1674; settlement began 1835; inc. as city 1848; beer industry is famous. Transportation: 1 international airport; 2 railroads; major port; 4 bus lines. Communications: 12 TV, 33 radio stations.Medical facilities: 25 hospitals; major medical center.Educational facilities: 12 universities and colleges. Further information: Association of Commerce, 756 N. Milwaukee Street, Milwaukee, WI 53202. Minneapolis, Minnesota Population: 344,670; Pop. density: 6,744 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -14.6%; Pop. over 65: 15.4%;Pop. under 35: 59.4%. Area: 55 sq. mi. Employment: 198,052 employed; 3.3% unemployed; Per capita income: $19,371; % change 1983-88: 37.7. History: site visited by Hennepin 1680; included in area of military reservations 1819; inc. 1867. Transportation: 1 international airport; 6 railroads; mass transit systems; 5 major barge lines. Communications: 6 TV, 39 radio stations. Medical facilities: 36 hospitals, including leading heart hospital at Univ. of Minnesota. Educational facilities: 48 public school districts; 13 colleges and universities. Further information: Greater Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce, 81 S. 9th St., Ste. 200, Minneapolis, MN 55402. Mobile, Alabama Population: 208,820; Pop. density: 1,630 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 5.5%; Pop. over 65: 11.1%; Pop. under 35: 59.3%. Area: 123 sq. mi.Employment: 86,113 employed, 7.0% unemployed; Per capita income: $12,233; % change 1983-88: 28.5. History: settled by French 1711; later occupied by U.S. 1813; inc. as town 1814, as city 1819; only seaport of Alabama. Transportation: 4 rail freight lines, Amtrak, 4 major airlines, 65 truck lines; leading river system. Communications: 7 TV, 19 radio stations; CATV. Medical facilities: 7 hospitals. Educational facilities: 1 univ., 2 colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 2187, Mobile, AL 36652. Montgomery, Alabama Population: 193,510; Pop. density: 1,389 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 33.3%; Pop. over 65: 10.1%; Pop. under 35:60.7%. Area: 128 sq. mi. Employment: 84,456 employed, 6.3% unemployed; Per capita income: $14,053; % change 1983-88: 37.4. History: inc. as town 1819, as city 1837; first capital of Confederacy 1861. Transportation: 12 airlines; 2 railroads; 1 bus line; Alabama River is navigable to Gulf of Mexico. Communications: 5 TV, 6 radio stations; CATV. Medical facilities: 16 hospitals; VA and 32 clinics. Educational facilities: 48 public, 28 private schools, 5 universities. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 79, Montgomery, AL 36101. Nashville-Davidson, Tennessee Population: 481,400; Pop. density: 949 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 7.0%; Pop. over 65: 11.0%; Pop. under 35: 58.7%. Area: 480 sq. mi.Employment: 260,459 employed, 3.4% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,258; % change 1983-88: 43.6. History: settled 1779; first chartered 1806; important Union base during Civil War. Transportation: 1 airport, 2 railroads; 3 bus lines; transit system. Communications: 7 TV, 30 radio stations. Medical facilities: 14 hospitals; VA Hospital, speech-hearing center. Educational facilities: 16 colleges & universities. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 161 4th Ave., Nashville, TN 37219. Newark, New Jersey Population: 313,800; Pop. density: 13,718 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -13.8%; Pop. over 65: 8.8%; Pop. under 35: 61.6%. Area: 24 sq. mi. Employment: 115,665 employed, 10.0% unemployed; Per capita income: $22,963; % change 1983-88: 47.3. History: settled by Puritans 1666; used as supply base by Washington 1776; inc. as town 1833, as city 1836. Transportation: 1 international airport; 2 railroads; bus system; 2 subways. Communications: 3 TV, 5 radio stations.Medical facilities: 6 hospitals. Educational facilities:5 universities and colleges; 71 public schools. Further information: Metro Newark Chamber of Commerce, 40 Clinton St., Newark, NJ 07102. New Orleans, Louisiana Population: 531,700; Pop. density: 2,802 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -6%; Pop. over 65: 11.7%;Pop. under 35: 60.1%. Area: 199 sq. mi. Employment: 207,030 employed, 6.5% unemployed; Per capita income: $14,034; % change 1983-88: 18.5. History: founded by French 1718, became major seaport on Mississippi R.; acquired by U.S. as part of La. Purchase 1803; inc. as city 1805; 29-day Battle of New Orleans fought during War of 1812. Transportation: 2 airports; major railroad center; major international port. Communications: 7 TV, 18 radio stations. Medical facilities: numerous hospitals; major medical research center. Educational facilities: 13 universities and colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 301 Camp Street, New Orleans, LA 70130. New York City, New York Population: 7,352,700; Pop. density: 23,494 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -10.4%; Pop. over 65: 13.5%;Pop. under 35: 53.7%. Area: 301 sq. mi.Employment: 3,174,000 employed, 7.0% unemployed; Per capita income: $20,396; % change 1983-88: 40.6. History: trading post established by H. Hudson 1609; British took control from Dutch 1664 and named New York; briefly capital of U.S.; Washington inaugurated as president 1789; comprised of 5 boroughs: The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island. Transportation: 2 airports; 2 rail terminals; major subway network; ferry system; 4 underwater tunnels. Communications: 13 TV stations, 117 radio stations. Medical facilities: 100 hospitals; 5 medical research centers. Educational facilities: 94 universities and colleges; 976 public schools, 914 private schools. Further information: Convention and Visitors Bureau, 2 Columbus Circle, New York, NY 10019. Norfolk, Virginia Population: 286,500; Pop. density: 5,037 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -13.3%; Pop. over 65: 9.2%;Pop. under 35: 68.6%. Area: 53 sq. mi. Employment: 90,369 employed, 5.4% unemployed; Per capita income: $15,051; % change 1983-88: 30.8. History: founded 1682; burned by patriots to prevent capture by British during Revolutionary War; rebuilt and inc. as town 1805, as city 1845; location of world's largest naval base. Transportation: 1 international airport; 4 major railroad systems in area. Communications: 7 TV, 38 radio stations.Medical facilities: 11 hospitals.Educational facilities: 53 public schools; 2 universities, 1 college.Further information: Hampton Roads Chamber of Commerce, 480 Bank St., Norfolk, VA 23510. Oakland, California Population: 356,860; Pop. density: 6,284 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -6.2%; Pop. over 65: 13.2%;Pop. under 35: 57%. Area: 54 sq. mi. Employment: 181,820 employed, 5.5% unemployed; Per capita income: $21,096; % change 1983-88: 36.4. History: area settled by Spanish 1820; inc. as city under present name 1854. Transportation: 1 international airport; western terminus for 3 railroads; underground, underwater 75-mile subway. Communications:1 TV, 3 radio stations. Medical facilities: 7 hospitals, including Children's Hospital Medical Center, VA hospital.Educational facilities: 94 public schools; 8 "eastbay" colleges and universities. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 475 14th St., Oakland, CA 94612-1903. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Population: 434,380; Pop. density: 667 per sq. mi.;Pop. growth: 9.5%; Pop. over 65: 11.3%; Pop. under 35:58.2%. Area. 604 sq. mi. Employment: 214,405 employed, 7.2% unemployed; Per capita income: $14,612; % change 1983-88: 15.7. History: settled during landrush in Midwest 1889; inc. 1890; oil discovered 1928. Transportation: 1 international airport; 3 railroads; public transit system; 5 major bus lines. Communications: 8 TV, 24 radio stations; cable TV. Medical facilities: 12 hospitals, VA hospital. Educational facilities: 87 public schools; 17 colleges and universities. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, One Santa Fe Plaza, Oklahoma City, OK 73102. Omaha, Nebraska Population: 353,170; Pop. density: 3,453 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -9.5%; Pop. over 65: 12.2%;Pop. under 35: 41.9%. Area: 91 sq. mi. Employment: 179,257 employed, 3.5% unemployed; Per capita income: $15,873; % change 1983-88: 28.9. History: founded 1854; inc. 1857; large livestock market; home for U.S. Strategic Air Command. Transportation: 8 major airlines; 4 major railroads; intercity bus line. Communications: 8 TV, 22 radio stations. Medical facilities: 17 hospitals; institute for cancer research.Educational facilities: 229 public, 138 private schools; 3 universities, 6 colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 1301 Harney St., Omaha, NE 68102. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Population: 1,647,000; Pop. density: 12,413 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -13.4%; Pop. over 65: 14.1%;Pop. under 35: 54.4%. Area: 136 sq. mi.Employment: 681,906 employed, 5.8% unemployed; Per capita income: $18,504; % change 1983-88: 39.3. History: first settled by Swedes 1636; by English 1681; named Philadelphia 1682; chartered 1701; Continental Congress met 1774, 1775; Dec. of Independence signed 1776; national capital 1790-1800; cap. of Penn. 1683-1799. Transportation: 1 major airport; 3 railroads; major freshwater port; subway, el, rail commuter, bus, and streetcar system. Communications: 6 TV stations; 53 radio stations.Medical facilities: 124 hospitals. Educational facilities: 88 degree-granting institutions.Further information: Office of City Representative, 1660 Municipal Services Bldg., Philadelphia, PA 19107. Phoenix, Arizona Population: 923,750; Pop. density: 2,438 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 35.1%; Pop. over 65: 9.3%; Pop. under 35: 60.4%. Area: 324 sq. mi.Employment: 557,227 employed, 3.8% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,815; % change 1983-88: 34.8. History: settled in 1870; inc. as city 1881. Transportation: 1 intl. airport; 2 railroads; 2 transcontinental bus lines; public transit system. Communications:8 TV, 35 radio stations; CATV. Medical facilities:42 hospitals, 1 medical research center. Educational facilities: 411 public schools; 11 institutions of higher learning. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 34 W. Monroe, Suite 900, Phoenix, AZ 85003. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Population: 375,230; Pop. density: 7,707 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -18%; Pop. over 65: 16.0%; Pop. under 35: 52.9%. Area: 55 sq. mi. Employment: 163,170 employed, 5.1% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,484; % change 1983-88: 32.4. History: settled around Ft. Pitt 1758; inc. as city 1816; has one of largest inland ports; by Civil War, already a center for iron production. Transportation: 1 international airport; 20 railroads; 2 bus lines; trolley/subway system. Communications: 6 TV, 25 radio stations. Medical facilities: 32 hospitals; VA installation. Educational facilities: 86 public schools; 3 universities, 6 colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 3 Gateway Ctr., Pittsburgh, PA 15222. Portland, Oregon Population: 418,470; Pop. density: 3,557 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -3.6%; Pop. over 65: 10.9%;Pop. under 35: 58.9%. Area: 103 sq. mi. Employment: 198,573 employed, 5.1% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,837; % change 1983-88: 32.0. History: settled by pioneers 1845, developed as trading center, aided by California Gold Rush 1849; chartered as city 1851. Transportation: 1 international airport; 3 major rail freight lines, Amtrak; 2 intercity bus lines; 27-mi. frontage freshwater port; mass transit bus and rail system. Communications: 5 TV, 23 radio stations.Medical facilities: 32 hospitals; VA hospital. Educational facilities: 11 colleges and universities, 3 community colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 221 N.W. 2nd Ave., Portland, OR 97209. Raleigh, North Carolina Population: 186,720; Pop. density: 2,793 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 22.3%; Pop. over 65: 8.3%; Pop. under 35: 62.8%. Area: 54 sq. mi.Employment: 115,428 employed, 3.2% unemployed; Per capita income: $17,671; % change 1983-88: 45.9. History: named after Sir Walter Raleigh, site chosen for capital 1788; laid out 1792; inc. 1795; occupied by Gen. Sherman 1865. Transportation: 1 airport, 7 airlines; 3 railroads; 1 bus line. Communications: 6 TV stations; 20 radio stations.Medical facilities: 11 hospitals. Educational facilities: 4 colleges and universities, 4 junior colleges; 82 public schools. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 800 S. Salisbury St., P.O. Box 2978, Raleigh, NC 27602. Richmond, Virginia Population: 213,300; Pop. density: 3,650 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -12.1%; Pop. over 65: 14.1%;Pop. under 35: 56.9%. Area: 60 sq. mi. Employment: 105,363 employed, 4.8% unemployed; Per capita income: $18,617; % change 1983-88: 40.1. History: first settled 1607; attacked by British under Benedict Arnold 1781; inc. as city 1782; capital of Confederate States of America, 1861. Transportation: 1 international airport; 4 railroads, 3 intracity bus lines; deepwater terminal accessible to ocean-going ships. Communications: 6 TV, 26 radio stations; CATV. Medical facilities: Medical Coll. of Virginia renowned for heart and kidney transplants; 19 other hospitals including VA facility.Educational facilities: 173 public, 45 private schools; 9 colleges and universities. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 12324, Richmond, VA 23241. Riverside, California Population: 210,630; Pop. density: 2,406 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 22.0%; Pop. over 65: 8.8%; Pop. under 35: 62.8%. Area: 71 sq. mi.Employment: 123,514 employed, 5.9% unemployed; Per capita income: $15,655; % change 1983-88: 31.8. History: founded 1870; inc. 1886; known for its citrus industry. Communications: 11 TV, 13 radio stations.Educational facilities: 1 univ., 1 college. Further information:Chamber of Commerce, 4261 Main St., Riverside, CA 92501. Rochester, New York Population: 229,780; Pop. density: 7,068 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -18.1%; Pop. over 65: 14.0%;Pop. under 35: 60.0%. Area: 34 sq. mi. Employment: 110,656 employed, 5.6% unemployed; Per capita income: $18,299; % change 1983-88: 34.2. History: first permanent white settlement 1812; inc. as village 1817, as city 1834; developed as Erie Canal town. Transportation: 1 airport; Amtrak; 3 bus lines; intracity transit service; Port of Rochester.Communications: 5 TV, 18 radio stations. Medical facilities:8 general hospitals. Educational facilities: 10 colleges, 3 community colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 55 St. Paul St., Rochester, NY 14604. Sacramento, California Population: 338,220; Pop. density: 2,872 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 10.7%; Pop. over 65: 9.6%; Pop. under 35: 59%. Area: 96 sq. mi. Employment: 162,963 employed, 5.3% unemployed; Per capita income: $17,050; % change 1983-88: 37.2. History: settled 1839; important trading center during California Gold Rush 1840s. Transportation: metropolitan airport; 2 mainline transcontinental rail carriers; bus and light rail system. Communications: 7 TV, 25 radio stations. Medical facilities: 8 hospitals. Educational facilities: 2 universities, 4 community colleges.Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 917 7th St., P.O. Box 1017, Sacramento, CA 95805. St. Louis, Missouri Population: 403,700; Pop. density: 7,427 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -27.2%; Pop. over 65: 17.6%;Pop. under 35: 54%. Area: 61 sq. mi. Employment: 166,624 employed, 8.9% unemployed; Per capita income: $17,806; % change 1983-88: 35.4. History: founded 1764 as a fur trading post by French; acquired by U.S. 1803; chartered as city 1822; gateway to Missouri R. Transportation: 1 international airport; major rail center, 17 trunk line railroads; major inland port; 14 bus lines; 14 barge lines. Communications:6 TV, 35 radio stations. Medical facilities: 65 hospitals. Educational facilities: 5 universities, 26 colleges and seminaries. Further information: Regional Commerce and Growth Assoc., Ten Broadway, St. Louis, MO 63102. St. Paul, Minnesota Population: 259,110; Pop. density: 5,196 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -12.8%; Pop. over 65: 15.0%;Pop. under 35: 41.5%. Area: 52 sq. mi.Employment: 138,470 employed, 3.9% unemployed; Per capita income: $19,371; % change 1983-88: 37.7. History: founded in early 1840s as "Pig's Eye Landing;" became capital of the Minnesota territory 1849 and chartered as St. Paul. Transportation: 1 international airport; 6 major rail lines; 3 interstate bus lines; public transit system.Communications: 6 TV, 35 radio stations; CATV. Medical facilities: 7 hospitals. Educational facilities: 2 univ., 5 colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 600 N. Central Tower, 445 Minnesota St., St. Paul, MN 55101. St. Petersburg, Florida Population: 235,450; Pop. density: 4,186 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 10.4%; Pop. over 65: 25.8%; Pop. under 35: 43.7%. Area: 57 sq. mi. Employment: 127,530 employed, 5.7% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,409; % change 1983-88: 36.7. History: settled in 1888; inc. 1892. Transportation: 1 international airport; bus system; 1 full-service port. Communications: 9 TV, 49 radio stations. Medical facilities: 9 hospitals.Educational facilities: 128 public schools; 6 colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 1371, St. Petersburg, FL 33731. San Antonio, Texas Population: 941,150; Pop. density: 2,988 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 20%; Pop. over 65: 9.5%; Pop. under 35: 62.1%. Area: 263 sq. mi. Employment: 411,731 employed, 6.6% unemployed; Per capita income: $13,436; % change 1983-88: 24.1. History: first Spanish garrison 1718; Battle at the Alamo fought here 1835; city subsequently captured by Texans; inc. 1837. Transportation: 1 intl. airport; 4 railroads; 6 bus lines; public transit system. Communications: 7 TV, 31 radio stations.Medical facilities: 26 hospitals; major medical center. Educational facilities: 14 universities and colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 602 E. Commerce, P.O. Box 1628, San Antonio, TX 78296. San Diego, California Population: 1,070,310; Pop. density: 2,736 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 25.5%; Pop. over 65: 9.7%;Pop. under 35: 62.1%. Area: 320 sq. mi. Employment: 532,319 employed, 3.8% unemployed; Per capita income: $17,576; % change 1983-88: 35.1. History: claimed by the Spanish 1542, first mission est. 1769; scene of conflict during Mexican-American War 1846; inc. 1850. Transportation: 1 major airport; 1 railroad; major freeway system; bus system. Communications: 7 TV, 27 radio stations. Medical facilities: 20 hospitals. Educational facilities: 5 universities, 3 colleges. Further information:Chamber of Commerce, 110 West "C," Suite 1600, San Diego, CA 92101. San Francisco, California Population: 731,600, Pop. density: 14,760 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -5.1%; Pop. over 65: 15.4%; Pop. under 35: 51.7%. Area: 46 sq. mi. Employment: 378,093 employed, 4.0% unemployed; Per capita income: $26,309; % change 1983-88: 38.9. History: sited by Spanish 1542, settled by 1776; claimed by U.S. 1846; became a major city during California Gold Rush 1849; inc. as city 1850; earthquake devasted city 1906. Transportation: 1 major airport; intracity railway system; 2 railway transit systems; bus and railroad service; ferry system; 1 underwater tunnel. Communications: 14 TV and cable stations; 69 radio stations. Medical facilities: 23 hospitals; 1 major medical center. Educational facilities:4 universities and colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 465 California Street, San Francisco, CA 94104. San Jose, California Population: 738,420; Pop. density: 3,984 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 36.9%; Pop. over 65: 6.2%; Pop. under 35: 64.7%. Area: 158 sq. mi.Employment: 366,657 employed, 4.3% unemployed; Per capita income: $23,181; % change 1983-88: 39.4. History: founded by the Spanish 1777 between San Francisco and Monterey; briefly capital of Calif. 1849-51; inc. 1850. Transportation: 1 international airport; 2 railroads; bus system. Communications: 4 TV, 14 radio stations. Medical facilities: 6 hospitals.Educational facilities: 3 universities and colleges. Further information:Chamber of Commerce, 180 S. Market St., San Jose, CA 95113. Santa Ana, California Population: 239,540, Pop. density: 7,544 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 30.8%; Pop. over 65: 7.4%; Pop. under 35: 66.9%. Area: 27 sq. mi. Employment: 131,972 employed, 3.8% unemployed (county); Per capita income: $22,753; % change 1983-88: 42.4. History: founded 1869; inc. as city 1886. Transportation: 1 airport; 5 major freeways including main Los Angeles-San Diego artery; Amtrak.Communications: CATV system. Medical facilities: 4 hospitals. Educational facilities: 1 university, 1 community college. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 600 W. Santa Ana Blvd., P.O. Box 205, Santa Ana, CA 92702. Seattle, Washington Population: 502,200; Pop. density: 5,879 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -7.0%; Pop. over 65: 15.4%;Pop. under 35: 54.9%. Area: 84 sq. mi. Employment: 336,284 employed, 4.5% unemployed; Per capita income: $19,703; % change 1983-88: 34.0. History: settled 1851; inc. 1869; suffered severe fire 1889; played prominent role during Alaska Gold Rush 1897; growth followed opening of Panama Canal 1914; center of aircraft industry WWII. Transportation: 1 international airport; 2 railroads; ferries serve Puget Sound, Alaska, Canada. Communications: 7 TV, 42 radio stations. Medical facilities: 27 hospitals.Educational facilities: 4 colleges; 11 community colleges.Further information: Greater Seattle Chamber of Commerce, 600 University St., Ste. 1200, Seattle, WA 98101-3186. Shreveport, Louisiana Population: 218,010; Pop. density: 2,572 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 13%; Pop. over 65: 11.7%;Pop. under 35: 59.4%. Area: 80 sq. mi. Employment: 88,149 employed, 10.2% unemployed; Per capita income: $13,156; % change 1983-88: 17.2. History: founded 1833 near site of a 160-mile log jam cleared by Capt. Henry Shreve; inc. 1839; oil discovered 1906. Transportation: 1 airport; 2 bus lines. Communications: 5 TV, 16 radio stations; CATV. Medical facilities: 11 hospitals.Educational facilities: 3 univ., 3 colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 20074, Shreveport, LA 71120. Spokane, Washington Population: 170,900; Pop. density: 3,313 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: .5; Pop. over 65: 15.3%; Pop. under 35: 59.2%. Area: 52 sq. mi.Employment: 81,115 employed, 7.7% unemployed; Per capita income: $14,373; % change 1983-88: 28.3. History: settled 1872; inc. as village of Spokane Falls 1881 but destroyed in fire 1889; reinc. as city of Spokane 1891. Transportation: 1 international airport; 2 railroads; bus system. Communications: 5 TV and 25 radio stations. Medical facilities: 6 major hospitals.Educational facilities: 8 colleges and universities; 14 public school districts, 11 high schools. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, W. 1020 Riverside Ave., P.O. Box 2147, Spokane, WA 99210. Stockton, California Population: 190,680; Pop. density: 3,744 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 36.2%; Pop. over 65: 11.0%; Pop. under 35: 58.0%. Area: 40 sq. mi.Employment: 75,276 employed, 10.8% unemployed;Per capita income: $11,288; % change 1983-88: 25.7. History: site purchased 1842; settled 1847; inc. 1850; chief distributing point for agricultural products of San Joaquin Valley. Transportation: 1 airport, 7 railroads; 2 bus lines, city bus system. Communications: 5 TV stations. Medical facilities:4 hospitals; regional burn center. Educational facilities: 45 public schools; 4 colleges and universities.Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 445 W. Weber Ave., Suite 220, Stockton, CA 95203. Tacoma, Washington Population: 163,960; Pop. density: 3,316 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 2.7%; Pop. over 65: 14%; Pop. under 35: 42%. Area: 47.8 sq. mi.Employment: 82,038 employed, 6.4% unemployed; Per capita income: $14,661; % change 1983-88: 27.1. History: discovered 1792 by the British; first permanent settlement 1864; terminus for the Northern Pacific Railroad; inc. 1884. Transportation: 1 airport; 1 railroad; transit system; Port of Tacoma. Communications: NA Medical facilities: 6 hospitals, VA facility.Educational facilities: 2 univ., 2 colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 1933, Tacoma, WA 98401-1933. Tampa, Florida Population: 281,790; Pop. density: 3,232 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -2.2%; Pop. over 65: 14.8%;Pop. under 35: 54%. Area: 84 sq. mi. Employment: 173,685 employed, 5.5% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,409; % change 1983-88: 36.7 History: U.S. army fort on site 1824; inc. 1855. Transportation: 1 international airport; Port of Tampa, 140 steamship lines; 2 bus lines. Communications: 7 TV, 27 radio stations. Medical facilities: 19 hospitals.Educational facilities: 131 public schools; 4 colleges and universities. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 801 E. Kennedy Blvd., P.O. Box 420, Tampa, FL 33601. Toledo, Ohio Population: 340,760; Pop. density: 4,221 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -7.4%; Pop. over 65: 12.5%;Pop. under 35: 58.5%. Area: 84 sq. mi. Employment: 155,203 employed, 12.3% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,083; % change 1983-88: 34.5. History: site of Ft. Industry, 1794; settled 1817; figured in "Toledo War" 1835-36 between Ohio and Michigan over their borders; inc. 1837. Transportation: 10 major airlines; 9 railroads; 100 motor freight lines; 2 interstate bus lines. Communications: 5 TV, 17 radio stations; 4 cablevision cos. Medical facilities: 9 major hospital complexes. Educational facilities: 7 colleges and universities. Further information: Office of Tourism and Conventions, 218 Huron, Toledo, OH 43604. Tucson, Arizona Population: 385,720; Pop. density: 3,338 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 25.7%; Pop. over 65: 11.7%;Pop. under 35: 60.7%. Area: 99 sq. mi. Employment: 191,242 employed, 3.7% unemployed; Per capita income: $14,362; % change 1983-88: 32.5. History: settled 1775 by Spanish as a presidio; acquired by U.S. in Gadsen Purchase 1853; inc. 1877. Transportation: 1 international airport; 3 railroads; bus system. Communications: 6 TV, 27 radio stations; CATV. Medical facilities: 15 hospitals.Educational facilities: 2 univ., 1 college; 165 public schools. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, P.O. Box 991, Tucson, AZ 85702. Tulsa, Oklahoma Population: 368,330; Pop. density: 1,940 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 9.3%; Pop. over 65: 10.8%;Pop. under 35: 58.1%. Area: 185.6 sq. mi. Employment:182,916 employed, 5.5% unemployed; Per capita income:$15,075; % change 1983-88: 18.6. History: settled in 1830s by Creek Indians; modern town founded 1882 and inc. 1898; oil discovered early 20th century. Transportation: 1 international airport; 5 rail lines; 2 bus lines; transit bus system. Communications:7 TV, 23 radio stations. Medical facilities: 6 hospitals.Educational facilities: 57 public and 23 private schools; 6 colleges and universities. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 616 S. Boston Ave., Tulsa, OK 74119. Virginia Beach, Virginia Population: 365,300; Pop. density: 1,028 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 52.3%; Pop. over 65: 4.5%; Pop. under 35: 66.0%. Area: 255 sq. mi.Employment: 159,315 employed, 4.7% unemployed; Per capita income: $15,051; % change 1983-88: 30.8. History: area founded by Capt. John Smith 1607; formed by merger with Princess Anne co. 1963. Transportation: 1 airport; 2 railroads; 2 bus lines; public transit system. Communications: 6 TV, 40 radio stations. Medical facilities: 2 hospitals. Educational facilities: 62 public schools; 1 university, 2 colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 4512 Virginia Beach Blvd., Virginia Beach, VA 23462. Washington, District of Columbia Population: 617,000; Pop. density: 10,121 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -15.7%; Pop. over 65: 11.6%;Pop. under 35: 56.9%. Area: 63 sq. mi.Employment: 292,068 employed, 4.9% unemployed; Per capita income: $23,175; % change 1983-88: 43.9. History: capital of the U.S.; 10-mile-square diamond at Potomac R. chosen by George Washington 1790 on land ceded from Va. and Md.; Congress first met 1800; inc. 1802; sacked by British, War of 1812. Transportation: 2 airports; rail transit system; extensive local bus service; 1 bus, 2 rail lines.Communications: 5 TV, 61 radio stations. Medical facilities: 43 hospitals; major medical research center.Educational facilities: 6 universities and colleges. Further information: Convention and Visitors Association, 1411 K St. NW, Suite 500, Washington, DC 20005. Wichita, Kansas Population: 295,320; Pop. density: 2,765 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: 1.0%; Pop. over 65: 10.6%; Pop. under 35: 59.9%. Area: 101 sq. mi. Employment: 157,302 employed, 4.6% unemployed; Per capita income: $16,467; % change 1983-88: 25.6. History: founded 1864; inc. 1871. Transportation: 1 airport; 3 major rail freight lines; 2 bus lines. Communications: 5 TV, 23 radio stations. Medical facilities: 7 hospitals. Educational facilities: 95 public schools; 2 univ., 2 colleges. Further information: Chamber of Commerce, 350 W. Douglas, Wichita, KS 67202. Yonkers, New York Population: 183,000; Pop. density: 10,852 per sq. mi.; Pop. growth: -4%. Pop. over 65: 14.8%. Area: 18 sq. mi. Employment: 100,311 employed, 4.2% unemployed; Per capita income: $20,396; % change 1983-88: 40.6. History: founded 1641 by the Dutch; inc. as town 1855; chartered as city 1872; borders NYC to the North. Transportation: intracity bus system; rail service.Communications: see New York City. Medical facilities:3 hospitals. Educational facilities: 30 public schools; 3 colleges. Further information:Chamber of Commerce, 480 N. Broadway, Yonkers, NY 10701. Percentage of the U.S. Population Living in Metropolitan Areas: 1987 U.S. Bureau of the Census 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 New Jersey 100.0 California 95.7 Maryland 92.9 Connecticut 92.6 Rhode Island 92.6 Florida 90.8 Massachusetts 90.7 New York 90.5 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 New York 90.5 Pennsylvania 84.7 Nevada 82.6 Illinois 82.5 Colorado 81.7 Washington 81.2 Texas 81.0 Michigan 80.2 Ohio 78.9 Utah 77.2 Hawaii 76.7 Arizona 76.2 Virginia 71.7 Louisiana 69.0 Oregon 67.6 Indiana 68.0 Alabama 67.2 Tennessee 67.0 Wisconsin 66.5 Minnesota 66.2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Minnesota 66.2 Delaware 66.0 Missouri 66.0 Georgia 64.6 South Carolina 60.4 Oklahoma 58.8 New Hampshire 56.3 North Carolina 55.3 Kansas 52.8 New Mexico 48.4 Nebraska 47.2 Kentucky 45.8 Iowa 43.1 Alaska 42.4 Arkansas 39.5 North Dakota 38.0 West Virginia 36.3 Maine 36.1 Mississippi 30.3 Wyoming 29.0 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Wyoming 29.0 South Dakota 28.7 Montana 24.2 Vermont 23.1 Idaho 19.6 Notable Tall Buildings in North American Cities 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Akron, Oh. Akron, Oh. Akron, Oh. First National Tower 330 28 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  National City Center 301 23 Albany, N.Y. Albany, N.Y. Albany, N.Y. Erastus Corning II Tower 589 44 State Office Building 388 34 Agency (4 bldgs.), So. Mall 310 23 Atlanta, Ga. Atlanta, Ga. Atlanta, Ga. *C & S Plaza, 600 Peachtree St. 1,024 55 *One Peachtree Center 843 61 IBM Tower, 1179 W. Peachtree 828 52 (1988) City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 (1988) 191 Peachtree (1990) 770 54 Westin Peachtree Plaza 723 71 Georgia Pacific Tower 697 51 Southern Bell Telephone, 677 47 Promenade II (1989) 617 40 Concourse Tower #6 567 32 First Atlanta Bank, 2 556 44 Peachtree Marriott Marquis 554 52 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Concourse Tower, (1988) 570 32 Equitable Building, 100 453 34 Peachtree 101 Marietta Tower, 101 446 36 Marietta St. *Ravinia #3 444 34 Bell South Enterprises (1990) 428 28 Atlanta Plaza I 425 32 Park Place, 2660 Peachtree 420 40 Club Towers Apts. (1989) 410 38 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  First American Bank 409 32 Peachtree Summit 406 31 North Avenue Tower, 310 North 403 26 Ave. Tower Place, 3361 Piedmont 401 29 Road First Union Bank, 999 396 30 Peachtree Richard B. Russell, Federal 383 26 Bldg. Atlanta Hilton Hotel 383 32 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Peachtree Center, Harris Bldg. 382 31 AT&T Long Line Bldg. 380 . . . Marquis One 378 30 Marquis Two, 275 Peachtree 378 30 Trust Company Bank 377 28 Coastal States Insurance 377 27 Peachtree Center Cain Building 376 30 Peachtree Center Building 374 31 One Georgia Center 371 29 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  The Campanile, 1145 Peachtree 367 25 Riverwood Tower (1989) 362 26 Austin, Tex. Austin, Tex. Austin, Tex. One American Center, 600 395 32 Congress One Congress Plaza, 111 391 30 Congress First RepublicBank Tower, 515 328 26 Congress Baltimore, Md. Baltimore, Md. Baltimore, Md. U.S. Fidelity & Guaranty Co. 529 40 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 U.S. Fidelity & Guaranty Co. 529 40 Maryland National Bank Bldg. 509 34 6 St. Paul Place 493 37 World Trade Center Bldg. 395 32 Tremont Plaza Hotel 395 37 250 W. Pratt St. 360 26 Harbor Court 356 28 Blaustein Bldg. 342 30 Union Trust Tower 335 24 Central Savings Bank Bldg. 330 28 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Central Savings Bank Bldg. 330 28 Charles Center South 330 26 Baton Rouge, La. Baton Rouge, La. Baton Rouge, La. State Capitol 460 34 American Bank Bldg. 315 24 Birmingham, Ala. Birmingham, Ala. Birmingham, Ala. South Trust Tower 454 34 First Natl. Southern Natural 390 30 Bldg. South Central Bell Hdqts. Bldg. 390 30 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  City Federal Bldg. 325 27 Boston, Mass. Boston, Mass. Boston, Mass. John Hancock Tower 790 60 Prudential Center 750 52 Boston Co. Bldg., Court St. 605 41 Federal Reserve Bldg. 604 32 International Place, 100 600 46 Oliver St. First National Bank of Boston 591 37 One Financial Center 590 46 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 One Financial Center 590 46 Shawmut Bank Bldg. 520 38 Exchange Place, 53 State St. 510 39 Sixty State St. 509 38 One Post Office Sq. 507 40 One Beacon St. 507 40 New England Merch. Bank Bldg. 500 40 U.S. Custom House 496 32 John Hancock Bldg. 495 26 State St. Bank Bldg. 477 34 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 State St. Bank Bldg. 477 34 125 High St. (1990) 455 30 One Hundred Summer St. 450 33 McCormack Bldg. 401 22 Keystone Custodian Funds 400 32 Saltonstall Office Bldg. 396 22 Devonshire, 250 Wash. St. 396 40 Harbor Towers (2 bldgs.) 396 40 Westin Hotel, Copley Place 395 36 Federal Center (1988) 393 28 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Federal Center (1988) 393 28 75 State St. (1988) 390 31 John F. Kennedy Bldg. 387 24 Marriott Hotel, Copley Place 383 39 101 Federal St. (1988) 382 31 Longfellow Towers (2 bldgs.) 380 38 Buffalo, N.Y. Buffalo, N.Y. Buffalo, N.Y. Marine Midland Center 529 40 City Hall 378 32 Rand Bldg., not incl. 40-ft. 351 29 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Rand Bldg., not incl. 40-ft. 351 29 beacon Main Place Tower 350 26 Calgary, Alta. Calgary, Alta. Calgary, Alta. Petro-Canada Tower #2 689 52 Benkers Hall (1989) 645 50 Calgary Tower 626 . . . Canterra Tower (1988) 580 46 First Canadian Centre 547 44 Scotia Centre 504 38 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Nova Bldg., 801 7th Ave. SW 500 37 Petro-Canada Tower #1 469 33 Two Bow Valley Square 468 39 Fifth & Fifth Bldg. 460 35 Home Oil Tower 463 34 Shell Tower 460 34 Dome Oil Tower 449 33 Four Bow Valley Square 441 37 Esso Plaza (twin towers) 435 34 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Oxford Square 421 33 Family Life Bldg. 410 33 Pan Canadian Bldg., 150 9th 410 28 Ave. SW Norcen Tower 408 33 Alberta Stock Exchange Bldg. 407 33 Amoco Centre (1988) 396 30 Western Centre 385 40 Calgary Place 385 30 Three Bow Valley Square 382 33 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Three Bow Valley Square 382 33 Charlotte, N.C. Charlotte, N.C. Charlotte, N.C. One First Union Center 580 42 NCNB Plaza 503 40 Interstate Tower 462 32 Two First Union Center 433 32 Wachovia Center 420 32 Charlotte Plaza 388 27 First Citizens Plaza 320 23 Chicago, Ill. Chicago, Ill. Chicago, Ill. City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Chicago, Ill. Chicago, Ill. Chicago, Ill. Sears Tower (world's tallest) 1,454 110 Amoco 1,136 80 John Hancock Center 1,127 100 311 S. Wacker 970 65 Two Prudential Plaza 901 64 AT&T Corporate Center (1989) 891 60 900 N. Michigan 871 66 Water Tower Place 859 74 First Natl. Bank 852 60 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 First Natl. Bank 852 60 Three First National Plaza 775 57 Olympia Centre 727 63 Leo Burnett Bldg. (1989) 700 46 600 N. Lakeshore Dr. 697 75 IBM Plaza 695 52 One Magnificent Mile 673 58 Daley Center 662 31 1,000 Lake Shore Plaza 648 55 Lake Point Tower 645 70 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Lake Point Tower 645 70 Board of Trade, incl. 81 ft. 605 44 statue Prudential Bldg., 130 E. 601 41 Randolph Antenna tower, 311 ft., makes 912 . . . total CNA Plaza 600 44 Huron Apts. 599 56 Marina City Apts., 2 buildings 588 61 Mid Continental Plaza, 55 E. 580 50 Monroe City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Monroe Associates Center 575 41 Pittsfield, 55 E. Washington 572 38 St. Onterie Center (1985) 570 58 Civic Opera Bldg. 555 45 Newberry Plaza, State & Oak 553 56 One South Wacker Dr. 550 40 Harbor Point 550 54 Madison Plaza 551 45 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  190 S. LaSalle 550 40 LaSalle Natl. Bank, 135 S. 535 44 LaSalle St. One LaSalle Street 530 49 111 E. Chestnut St. 529 56 Chicago Mercantile Exchange (2 525 40 Bldgs) River Plaza, Rush & Hubbard 524 56 35 E. Wacker Drive 523 40 United Ins. Bldg., 1 E. Wacker 522 41 Dr. City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Dr. Lincoln Tower, 75 E. Wacker Dr. 519 42 Quaker Tower 518 35 Carbide & Carbon, 230 N. Mich. 503 37 Walton Colonnade 500 44 Xerox Center 500 40 One Financial Place 498 40 LaSalle-Wacker, 221 N. LaSalle 491 41 St. Amer. Nat'l. Bank, 33 N. 479 40 LaSalle St. City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 LaSalle St. Bankers, 105 W. Adams St. 476 41 Brunswick Bldg. 475 37 310 Center 475 37 American Furniture Mart 474 24 333 Wacker Dr. 472 36 Sheraton Hotel, 505 N. Mich. 471 42 Ave. Playboy Bldg., 919 N. Mich. 468 37 Ave. Cincinnati, Oh. Cincinnati, Oh. Cincinnati, Oh. City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cincinnati, Oh. Cincinnati, Oh. Cincinnati, Oh. Carew Tower 568 49 Central Trust Tower 504 33 Dubois Tower, 5th & Walnut 423 32 Netherland Plaza 372 31 Central Trust Center 355 27 Atrium Two 350 30 Star Bank Center 351 26 Clarion North Tower 350 33 Cinn. Commerce Center 346 29 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cinn. Commerce Center 346 29 Cleveland, Oh. Cleveland, Oh. Cleveland, Oh. *Ameritrust Center/Hyatt Hotel 920 61 *Society Center 888 57 Tower City 708 52 BP America 658 46 Plaza Tower at Erieview 529 40 One Cleveland Center 450 31 *Bank One Tower 446 38 Justice Center, 1250 Ontario 420 26 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Justice Center, 1250 Ontario 420 26 Federal Bldg. 419 32 National City Center 410 35 Ameritrust 383 29 Cleveland St. J.F. Rhodes 373 20 Tower Eaton Center 360 28 Ohio-Bell. 360 22 Columbus, Oh. Columbus, Oh. Columbus, Oh. James A. Rhodes (State Office 629 41 Tower) City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Tower) LeVeque Tower, 50 W. Broad 555 47 Ohio Bureau of Worker's 530 33 Compensation & Ind. Comm. (1990) Huntington Center, 41 S. High 512 37 St. Verne-Riffe State Office Tower 503 33 One Nationwide Plaza 482 40 One Riverside Plaza 456 31 Borden Bldg., 180 E. Broad 438 34 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Three Nationwide Plaza (1989) 408 27 One Columbus 366 26 Columbus Center, 100 E. Broad 357 24 Capitol Square 348 26 Ohio Bell Bldg., 150 E. Gay St. 346 26 Dallas, Tex. Dallas, Tex. Dallas, Tex. First RepublicBank Plaza, 901 939 73 Main St. Momentum Place 787 61 Texas Commerce Tower 738 55 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Texas Commerce Tower 738 55 Allied Bank Tower 721 60 Renaissance Tower 710 56 Trammell Crow Tower 686 50 Arco Tower, 1601 Bryan St. 660 49 First City Center 655 49 Thanksgiving Tower, 1600 645 50 Pacific Ave. First National Bank 625 52 Republic Bank Tower 598 50 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  SW Bell Admin. Tower 580 37 One Lincoln Plaza 579 45 Olympia York, 1999 Bryan St. 562 37 Reunion Tower 560 50 Southland Life Tower 550 42 Maxus Energy, 717 N. Harwood 550 34 St. 2001 Bryan St. 512 40 San Jacinto Tower 456 33 Republic Bank Bldg., not incl. 452 36 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Republic Bank Bldg., not incl. 452 36 150-ft. ornamental tower Stouffer Hotel 451 29 Skyway Tower 448 31 One Main Place 445 34 1600 Pacific Bldg. 434 31 Mercantile Natl. Bank Bldg., 430 31 not incl. 115-ft. weather beacon Magnolia Bldg. 430 31 Mart Hotel 400 29 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Complex Union Tower 400 33 One Dallas Centre 386 30 Southwestern Bell Toll Bldg. 372 22 Dayton, Oh. Dayton, Oh. Dayton, Oh. Kettering Tower, 2d & Main 405 30 Mead World Hqtrs, 10 W. 2d St. 365 28 Centre City Office Bldg, 40 S. 297 20 Main St. Denver, Col. Denver, Col. Denver, Col. Republic Plaza 714 56 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Republic Plaza 714 56 Mountain Bell Center 709 54 United Bank of Denver 698 52 1999 Broadway 544 43 Arco Tower 527 41 Anaconda Tower 507 40 Amoco Bldg., 17th Ave. & 448 36 Broadway 17th Street Plaza 438 35 Stellar Plaza 437 31 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  First Interstate Tower North 434 32 One Denver Place 428 34 Brooks Towers, 1020 15th St. 420 42 Tabor Center, #1 408 32 Manville Plaza 404 29 Colorado Nat'l. Bank, 17th & 389 26 Curtis First Interstate Tower South 385 28 Security Life Bldg. 384 33 Mellon Financial Center 374 31 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mellon Financial Center 374 31 Dominion Plaza 368 30 Lincoln Center 366 30 Denver Natl. Bank Plaza 363 29 Bank Western 357 27 Colorado State Bank 352 26 Des Moines, Ia. Des Moines, Ia. Des Moines, Ia. Principal Financial Group Bldg. 630 44 Ruan Center 457 36 Financial Center, 7th & Walnut 345 25 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Financial Center, 7th & Walnut 345 25 Marriott Hotel, 700 Grand Ave. 340 33 Plaza, 3d & Walnut 340 25 Detroit, Mich. Detroit, Mich. Detroit, Mich. Westin Hotel 720 71 Penobscot Bldg. 557 47 Guardian 485 40 Renaissance Center (4 bldgs.) 479 39 Book Tower 472 35 150 W. Jefferson Bldg. 470 29 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 150 W. Jefferson Bldg. 470 29 Prudential 3000 Town Center 448 32 Cadillac Tower 437 40 David Stott 436 38 ANR Bldg. 430 32 Fisher 420 28 J.L. Hudson Bldg. 397 28 McNamara Federal Office Bldg. 393 27 2000 Prudential Town Ctr. 392 28 American Center 374 27 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 American Center 374 27 Top of Troy Bldg. 374 27 Comerica Bldg., 211 N. Fort 370 28 Edison Plaza 365 25 David Broderick Tower 358 34 1st National Bldg. 350 25 Buhl, 535 Griswold 350 26 Edmonton, Alta. Edmonton, Alta. Edmonton, Alta. Manulife Place, 10170-101 St. 479 39 Royal Trust Tower 476 30 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Royal Trust Tower 476 30 AGT Tower, 10020-100 St. 441 34 CCB Tower, 10124-103 Ave. 410 34 Principal Plaza, 10303 Jasper 370 30 Ave. Scotia Place, 10060 Jasper Ave. 366 30 CN Tower, 1004-104 Ave. 365 26 Phipps McKinnon 359 21 Fort Wayne, Ind. Fort Wayne, Ind. Fort Wayne, Ind. One Summit Square, (1981) 442 26 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Ft. Wayne Natl. Bank (1970) 339 755 Fort Worth, Tex. Fort Worth, Tex. Fort Worth, Tex. City Center Tower II 546 38 1st United Tower 536 40 Continental Plaza 525 40 1st City Bank Tower 475 33 Texas American Bank 454 37 Texas Bldg. 380 30 Hamilton, Ont. Hamilton, Ont. Hamilton, Ont. City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Century Twenty One 418 43 Stelco Tower 339 25 Harrisburg, Pa. Harrisburg, Pa. Harrisburg, Pa. State Office Tower #2 334 21 333 Market St. (incl. tower) 327 19 Hartford, Conn. Hartford, Conn. Hartford, Conn. City Place 535 38 Travelers Ins. Co. Bldg. 527 34 Goodwin Square 522 30 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Hartford Plaza 420 22 Hartford Natl. Bank & Trust 360 26 One Commercial Plaza 349 27 Bushnell Tower 349 27 One Financial Plaza, 755 Main 335 26 Honolulu, Hi. Honolulu, Hi. Honolulu, Hi. Ala Moana Hotel 396 38 Pacific Tower 350 30 Franklin Towers 350 41 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Honolulu Tower 350 40 Discovery Bay 350 42 Hyatt Regency Waikiki 350 39 Maile Court Hotel 350 43 Regency Tower, 2525 Date St. 350 42 Pearlridge Square 350 43 Yacht Harbor Towers 350 40 Canterbury Place 350 40 Royal Iolani 350 38 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Island Colony 350 44 Century Center 350 41 Pacific Beach Hotel 350 43 Hawaiian Monarch Hotel 350 43 Waikiki Hobron 350 43 Honolulu Tower 2 350 40 Tapa Tower, 2005 Kalia Rd. 350 36 Executive Center, 1088 Bishop 350 41 St. 1001 Bishop 350 28 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1001 Bishop 350 28 Houston, Tex. Houston, Tex. Houston, Tex. Texas Commerce Tower 1,002 75 Allied Bank Plaza, 1000 992 71 Louisiana Transco Tower 901 64 RepublicBank Center 780 56 Heritage Plaza, 1111 Bagby 762 53 InterFirst Plaza 744 55 1600 Smith St. 729 54 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Gulf Tower, 1301 McKinney 725 52 One Shell Plaza (not incl. 285 714 50 ft. TV tower) Four Allen Center 692 50 Capital Natl. Bank Plaza 685 50 One Houston Center 678 47 First City Tower 662 47 1100 Milam Bldg. 651 47 San Felipe Plaza 620 45 Exxon Bldg. 606 44 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Exxon Bldg. 606 44 The America Tower 577 42 Marathon Oil Tower 572 41 Two Houston Center 570 40 Dresser Tower 550 40 1415 Louisiana Tower 550 44 Pennzoil, 700 Milam (2 bldgs.) 523 36 Two Allen Center 521 36 Entex Bldg. 518 35 Huntington 506 34 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Huntington 506 34 Tenneco Bldg. 502 33 Conoco Tower 465 32 One Allen Center 452 34 Summit Tower West 441 31 Coastal Tower 441 31 Four Leafs Towers (2 bldgs.) 439 40 Phoenix Tower 434 34 Gulf Bldg. 428 37 The Spires 426 41 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 The Spires 426 41 Central Tower (4 Oaks Place) 420 30 First City Natl. Bank 410 32 Houston Lighting & Power 410 27 Niels Esperson Bldg. 409 31 Hyatt Regency Houston 401 34 Indianapolis, Ind. Indianapolis, Ind. Indianapolis, Ind. Bank One Tower (1989) 728 51 AUL Tower 533 38 Market Tower (1988) 515 32 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Market Tower (1988) 515 32 Indiana Natl. Bank Tower 504 35 Riley Towers (2 bldgs.) 427 30 300 N. Meridian Bldg. (1988) 408 28 First Indiana Plaza 396 31 City-County Bldg. 375 28 Indiana Bell Telephone 321 20 Jacksonville, Fla. Jacksonville, Fla. Jacksonville, Fla. Barnett Tower 631 43 Independent Life & Acccident 535 37 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Independent Life & Acccident 535 37 Ins. Co. Southern Bell (1983) 447 32 Gulf Life Tower 435 27 American Heritage Ins. Bldg. 357 23 Blue Cross-Blue Shield (1973) 350 22 Kansas City, Mo. Kansas City, Mo. Kansas City, Mo. One Kansas City Place 626 42 AT&T Town Pavilion 590 38 Hyatt Regency 504 40 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Kansas City Power and Light 476 32 Bldg. City Hall 443 29 Federal Office Bldg. 413 35 Commerce Tower 402 32 City Center Sq. 402 30 Southwest Bell Telephone Bldg. 394 27 Pershing Road Associates 352 28 Las Vegas, Nev. Las Vegas, Nev. Las Vegas, Nev. Fitzgerald Casino-Hotel 400 34 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Fitzgerald Casino-Hotel 400 34 Landmark Hotel 356 31 Las Vegas Hilton 345 30 Lexington, Ky. Lexington, Ky. Lexington, Ky. Lexington Financial Center 410 30 Kincaid Tower 333 22 Little Rock, Ark. Little Rock, Ark. Little Rock, Ark. TCBY Towers 546 40 First Commercial Bank 454 30 Worthen Bank & Trust 375 24 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Worthen Bank & Trust 375 24 First South Bldg. 365 25 Tower Bldg. 350 18 Union National Bank 331 21 Los Angeles, Cal. Los Angeles, Cal. Los Angeles, Cal. First Interstate World Center 1,017 73 (1989) First Interstate Bank 858 62 *Cal. Plaza 11A 750 57 Wells Fargo Tower 750 54 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Security Pacific Plaza 735 55 So. Cal. Gas Center (1990) 733 55 *777 Tower 725 52 Mitsui Fudoson (1990) 716 52 Atlantic Richfield Tower 699 52 Bank of America Tower 699 52 444 S. Flower St. 625 48 AT&T Bldg. 620 42 One California Plaza 578 42 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Century Plaza Towers (2 bldgs.) 571 44 IBM Tower 560 45 Citicorp Plaza 534 42 1999 Ave. of the Stars (1989) 533 39 Manulife Tower (1990) 517 37 Union Bank Square 516 41 MCA-Getty 506 36 WTC Bldg. 496 36 Fox Plaza 492 34 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  ARCO Center 462 33 City Hall 454 28 Equitable Life Bldg. 454 34 Transamerica Center 452 32 Mutual Benefit Life Ins. Bldg. 435 31 Warner Center Plaza III 415 25 Broadway Plaza 414 33 1900 Ave. of Stars 398 27 1 Wilshire Bldg. 395 28 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  The Evian 390 31 400 S. Hope St. 375 26 Westin Bonaventure Hotel 367 35 Beaudry Center 365 29 Cal. Fed. Savings & Loan Bldg. 363 28 Century City North 363 26 Home Savings Tower 356 25 Louisville, Ky. Louisville, Ky. Louisville, Ky. First Natl. Bank 512 40 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Citizen's Plaza 420 30 Humana Bldg. 350 27 Meindinger Tower 338 26 Brown & Williamson Tower 338 26 Memphis, Tenn. Memphis, Tenn. Memphis, Tenn. 100 N. Main Bldg. 430 37 Commerce Square 396 31 Sterick Bldg. 365 31 Clark, 5100 Poplar 365 32 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Morgan Keegan Tower, 50 Front 341 23 St. First Natl. Bank Bldg. 332 25 Miami, Fla. Miami, Fla. Miami, Fla. Southeast Financial Center 764 55 (1983) Centrust Tower (1987) 562 35 Metro-Dade Administration Bldg. 510 30 Florida National Tower (1986) 484 35 One Biscayne Corp. 456 40 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Amerifirst Bldg. (1973) 375 32 Hotel Inter-Continental Miami 366 35 Venitia, 1635 Bayshore Dr. 365 42 Dade County Court House 357 28 Milwaukee, Wis. Milwaukee, Wis. Milwaukee, Wis. First Wis. Center & Office 625 42 Tower Milwaukee Center 422 28 Faison Bldg. (1989) 417 34 411 Bldg. 385 30 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 411 Bldg. 385 30 Northwestern Mutual Insurance 359 19 (1989) City Hall 350 9 Allen-Bradley Co. 333 17 Minneapolis, Minn. Minneapolis, Minn. Minneapolis, Minn. IDS Center 775 57 Norwest 772 57 Multifoods Tower 668 52 Piper Jaffray Tower 579 42 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Pillsbury Center, 200 S. 6th 561 42 St. Opus, 150 S. 5th 503 36 Plaza VII, 45 S. 7th 475 36 Lincoln Centre, 333 S. 7th 454 32 Foshay Tower, not including 447 32 163-ft. antenna tower Marriott Hotel 440 32 Northwestern Bell 416 26 Hennepin County Government 403 24 Center City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Center First Natl. Bank Bldg. 366 28 100 South Fifth 356 25 Municipal Building 355 14 100 Washington Square 340 22 Montreal, Que. Montreal, Que. Montreal, Que. Place Victoria 624 47 Place Ville Marie 616 42 Canadian Imperial Bank of 604 43 Commerce City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Le Complexe Desjardins La Tour du Sud 498 40 La Tour du L'Est 428 32 La Tour du Nord 355 27 La Tour Laurier 425 36 C.I.L. House 429 32 Chateau Champlain Hotel 420 38 Port Royal Apts. 400 33 Royal Bank Tower 397 22 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Sun Life Bldg. 390 26 Banque Canadienne National 390 32 Nashville, Tenn. Nashville, Tenn. Nashville, Tenn. Third National Financial 490 30 Center American General Center 452 31 Landmark Center 409 30 James K. Polk State Office 392 32 Bldg. Stouffer Hotel (1987) 385 35 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  First American N.A. Bank 354 28 One Nashville Plaza 346 23 Newark, N.J. Newark, N.J. Newark, N.J. Natl. Newark & Essex Bldg. 465 36 Raymond-Commerce 448 37 Park Plaza Bldg. 400 26 Prudential Plaza 370 24 Public Service Elec. & Gas 360 26 Prudential Ins. Co., 753 Broad 360 26 St. City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 St. AT&T Bldg. 359 31 Gateway 1 355 28 New Orleans, La. New Orleans, La. New Orleans, La. One Shell Square 697 51 Place St. Charles 645 53 Plaza Tower 531 45 Energy Centre 530 39 LL&E Tower, 901 Poydras 481 36 Sheraton Hotel 478 47 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Sheraton Hotel 478 47 Marriott Hotel 450 42 Texaco Bldg. 442 33 Canal Place One 439 32 1010 Common 438 31 Int'l. Trade Mart Bldg. 407 33 225 Baronne St. 362 28 One Poydras Plaza 360 28 Hyatt-Regency Hotel, Poydras 360 25 Plaza City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Hibernia Bank Bldg. 355 23 New York, N.Y. New York, N.Y. New York, N.Y. World Trade Center (2 towers) 1,368/1,362 110/110 (1973) Empire State, 34th St. & 5th 1,250 102 Ave. TV tower, 164 ft., makes total 1,414 . . . (1931) Chrysler, Lexington & 43d 1,046 77 (1930) Amer. International, 70 Pine 950 67 (1932) City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 (1932) 40 Wall Tower (1929) 927 71 Citicorp Center (1977) 914 46 G.E. Bldg., Rockefeller Center 850 70 (1933) Chase Manhattan Plaza (1960) 813 60 Pan Am Bldg., 200 Park Ave. 808 59 (1963) Cityspire (1989) 802 72 Woolworth, 233 Broadway (1913) 792 60 1 Worldwide Plaza 778 47 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1 Worldwide Plaza 778 47 1 Penn Plaza (1972) 764 57 Carnegie Tower 756 59 Exxon, 1251 Ave. of Americas 750 54 (1971) Equitable Center Tower West 750 58 (1985) 60 Wall St. (1989) 745 50 1 Liberty Plaza (1972) 743 50 Citibank (1907) 741 57 World Financial Center, Tower 739 54 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 World Financial Center, Tower 739 54 C (1988) One Astor Plaza (1969) 730 54 Solow Bldg. (1979) 725 50 Marine Midland 724 52 Metropolitan Tower (1988) 716 66 Union Carbide Bldg. (1960) 707 52 General Motors Bldg. (1968) 705 50 Metropolitan Life, (1909) 700 50 500 5th Ave. (1928) 697 58 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Chem. Bank, N.Y. Trust Bldg. 687 50 (1963) 55 Water St. 687 53 1585 Broadway 685 42 Chanin, Lexington & 42d (1929) 680 56 15 Columbus Circle (1970) 679 44 McGraw Hill, 1221 Ave. of Am. 674 51 (1972) Citicorp (Queens) (1990) 673 50 Lincoln, 60 E. 42d Street 673 53 (1939) City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 (1939) 1633 Broadway 670 48 Trump Tower, 725 5th Ave. 664 68 (1983) 599 Lexington Ave. (1988) 653 47 Museum Tower Apts. (1985) 650 58 712 5th Ave. (1990) 650 56 American Brands, 245 Park Ave. 648 47 A.T.&T. Tower, (1983) 648 37 World Financial Center Tower B 645 50 (1986) City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 (1986) General Electric, 570 640 50 Lexington (1931) Irving Trust, 1 Wall St. (1932) 640 50 345 Park Ave. 634 44 Grace Plaza, 1114 Ave. of Am. 630 50 1 New York Plaza (1969) 630 50 Home Insurance Co. Bldg. 630 44 N.Y. Telephone, 1095 Ave. of 630 40 Am. Central Park Place (1988) 628 56 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Central Park Place (1988) 628 56 888 7th Ave. 628 42 1 Hammarskjold Plaza 628 50 Waldorf-Astoria, 301 Park Ave. 625 47 (1931) Burlington House, (1970) 625 50 Olympic Tower, 645 5th Ave. 620 51 (1976) 10 E. 40th St. 620 48 101 Park Ave. 618 50 750 7th Ave. 615 35 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 750 7th Ave. 615 35 New York Life, 51 Madison Ave. 615 40 (1928) Rihga Royal Hotel 610 54 17 State St. 610 41 Penney Bldg., 1301 Ave. of Am. 609 46 IBM, 590 Madison Ave. (1983) 603 41 780 3rd Ave. 600 50 560 Lexington Ave. 600 22 Celanese Bldg. (1973) 592 45 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  U.S. Court House, 505 Pearl St. 590 37 (1976) *Kalikow Hotel 588 58 Federal Bldg., Foley Square 587 41 Time & Life, 1271 Ave. of Am. 587 47 (1959) Cooper Bregstein Bldg., 1250 580 40 Bway. Stevens Tower, 1185 Ave. of Am. 580 42 Municipal, Bldg. (1919) 580 34 520 Madison Ave. (1983) 577 42 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 520 Madison Ave. (1983) 577 42 1 Madison Square Plaza (1968) 576 42 World Financial Center Tower A 575 42 (1986) One Financial Sq. (1987) 575 37 Park Ave. Plaza (1981) 575 44 Westvaco Bldg. 299 Park Ave. 574 42 Marriott Marquis Hotel (1985) 574 42 Socony Mobil Bldg., East 42d 572 45 St. Sperry Rand Bldg., 1290 Ave. 570 43 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Sperry Rand Bldg., 1290 Ave. 570 43 of Am. 600 3d Ave. 570 42 Helmsley Bldg., 230 Park (1929) 565 35 1 Bankers Trust Plaza 565 40 Hemsley Palace Hotel (1980) 563 51 30 Broad St. 562 48 Park Ave Tower (1986) 561 36 Sherry-Netherland, 5th Ave. & 560 40 59th St. Continental Can, 633 3d Ave. 557 39 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Continental Can, 633 3d Ave. 557 39 (1983) Sperry & Hutchinson, 330 555 39 Madison Continental Corp., 180 Maiden 555 41 Lane Galleria, 117 E. 57th St. 552 57 (1975) Interchem Bldg., 1133 Ave. of 552 45 Am. 151 E. 44th St. 550 44 N.Y. Telephone, 323 Bway. 550 45 (1979) City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 (1979) 919 3d Ave. 550 47 Burroughs Bldg., 605 3d Ave. 550 44 Bankers Trust, 33 E. 48 St. 547 41 (1963) Transportation Bldg., 225 Bway. 546 45 Equitable, 120 Broadway (1915) 545 42 1 Brooklyn Bridge Plaza (1976) 540 42 Paine Webber Bldg. (1961) 540 42 Ritz Tower, Park Ave. & 57th 540 41 St. City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 St. Bankers Trust, 6 Wall St. 540 39 1166 Ave. of Americas 540 44 1700 Broadway 533 41 Downtown Athletic Club, 19 530 45 West St. Nelson Towers, 7th Ave. & 34th 525 45 St. 767 3d Ave. 525 39 Hotel Pierre, 5th Ave. & 61st 525 44 St. (1928) City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  House of Seagram, (1958) 525 38 7 World Trade Center (1985) 525 44 Random House, 825 3d Ave. 522 40 3 Park Ave. 522 42 North American Plywood, 800 3d 520 41 Ave. Du Mont Bldg., 515 Madison Ave. 520 42 26 Broadway 520 31 Newsweek Bldg., 444 Madison 518 43 Ave. City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Sterling Drug Bldg., 90 Park 515 41 Ave. First National City Bank 515 41 Bank of New York, 48 Wall St. 513 32 Navarre, 512 7th Ave. 513 43 Manhattan Savings Bank, Bklyn. 512 42 ITT--American, 437 Madison Ave. 512 40 International, Rockefeller Ctr. 512 41 1407 Broadway Realty Corp. 512 44 United Nations, 405 E. 42 St. 505 39 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 United Nations, 405 E. 42 St. 505 39 (1953) Oakland, Cal. Oakland, Cal. Oakland, Cal. Ordway Bldg., 2150 Valdez St. 404 28 Kaiser Bldg. 390 28 Lake Merritt Plaza 371 27 American President Lines (1990) 360 29 Raymond Kaiser Engineer Bldg. 336 25 Clorox Bldg. 330 24 Oklahoma City, Okla. Oklahoma City, Okla. Oklahoma City, Okla. City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Liberty Tower (1971) 500 36 First National Center (1974) 493 33 City Place (1935) 440 32 First Oklahoma Tower (1982) 425 31 Kerr-McGee Center 393 30 Mid America Tower (1981) 362 19 Citizens Plaza (1984) 321 22 Omaha, Neb. Omaha, Neb. Omaha, Neb. Woodmen Tower 469 30 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Northwestern Bell Telephone 334 16 Hdqrs. Masonic Manor 320 22 First Natl. Center 320 22 Orlando, Fla. Orlando, Fla. Orlando, Fla. Sun Bank Center Tower (1988) 441 31 First F.A. Bldg. (1988) 409 28 Ottawa, Ont. Ottawa, Ont. Ottawa, Ont. Place de Ville, Tower C 368 29 R.H. Coats Bldg. 326 27 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 R.H. Coats Bldg. 326 27 Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. One Liberty Place (1987) 945 61 Two Liberty Place (1989) 809 58 Mellon Bank Center (1989) 792 53 Bell Atlantic Tower 725 53 Blue Cross Tower 700 50 1919 Market St. 700 50 Commerce Sq., #1 559 41 City Hall Tower, incl. 37-ft. 548 7 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 City Hall Tower, incl. 37-ft. 548 7 statue of Wm. Penn. 1818 Market St. 500 40 Provident Mutual Life 491 40 Fidelity Mutual Life Ins. Bldg. 492 38 (1972) Phila. Saving Fund Society 492 39 (1932) Central Penn Natl. Bank 490 36 Centre Square (2 towers) (1973) 490/416 38/32 Industrial Valley Bank 482 32 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Philadelphia National Bank 475 25 Two Mellon Plaza 450 30 2000 Market St. 435 29 Two Logan Square 435 34 Fidelity Bank Bldg. 405 30 2 Girard Plaza 404 30 One Logan Square 400 32 Lewis Tower, 15th & Locust 400 33 1500 Locust St. 390 44 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Philadelphia Electric Co. 384 27 INA Annex 383 27 Academy House, 1420 Locust St. 377 37 Penn Mutual Life 375 20 The Drake, 15th & Spruce 375 33 Medical Tower, 255 So. 17th 364 33 State Bldg., 1400 Spring 351 18 Garden United Engineers, 17th & 344 20 Ludlow City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Packard, 15th & Chestnut 340 25 Inquirer Building 340 18 Phoenix, Ariz. Phoenix, Ariz. Phoenix, Ariz. Valley National Bank (1972) 483 40 Arizona Bank Downtown(1976) 407 31 Phoenix Plaza (1989) 397 25 First Interstate Bank Plaza 372 27 (1971) Phoenix Center (1979) 361 28 Citibank Plaza (1964) 356 27 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Citibank Plaza (1964) 356 27 One Renaissance Sq. (1987) 347 26 Two Renaissance Sq. (1989) 347 26 Merabank Tower 341 26 Pittsburgh, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. USX Towers 841 64 One Mellon Bank Center 725 54 One PPG Place 635 40 Fifth Avenue Place (1987) 616 32 One Oxford Centre 615 46 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 One Oxford Centre 615 46 Gulf, 7th Ave. and Grant St. 582 44 University of Pittsburgh 535 42 Mellon Bank Bldg. 520 41 1 Oliver Plaza 511 39 Grant, Grant St. at 3rd Ave. 485 40 Koppers, 7th Ave. and Grant 475 34 Equibank Bldg. 445 34 CNG Tower (1987) 430 32 Pittsburgh National Bldg. 424 30 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Pittsburgh National Bldg. 424 30 Alcoa Bldg., 425 Sixth Ave. 410 30 Liberty Tower 358 29 Westinghouse Bldg. 355 23 Oliver, 535 Smithfield St. 347 25 Gateway Bldg. No. 3 344 24 Centre City Tower 341 26 Federal Bldg., 1000 Liberty 340 23 Ave. Bell Telephone, 416 7th Ave. 339 21 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Hilton Hotel 333 22 Frick, 437 Grant St. 330 20 Portland, Ore. Portland, Ore. Portland, Ore. First Interstate Tower 546 41 U.S. Bancorp Tower 536 39 Koin Tower Plaza 509 35 Standard Insurance Center 367 27 Pacwest Center 356 31 Providence, R.I. Providence, R.I. Providence, R.I. City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Fleet National Bank 420 26 Rhode Island Hospital Trust 410 30 Tower 40 Westminster Bldg. 301 24 Raleigh, N.C. Raleigh, N.C. Raleigh, N.C. 2 Hanover Sq. 431 29 *First Citizens 406 30 *First Union 400 30 Richmond, Va. Richmond, Va. Richmond, Va. James Monroe Bldg. 450 29 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 James Monroe Bldg. 450 29 City Hall (incl. penthouse) 425 17 Crestar Bank Hdqt. Bldg. 400 24 Federal Reserve Bank 393 26 Sovran Center 333 25 Rochester, N.Y. Rochester, N.Y. Rochester, N.Y. Xerox Tower 443 30 Lincoln First Tower 390 26 Eastman Kodak Bldg. 360 19 St. Louis, Mo. St. Louis, Mo. St. Louis, Mo. City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 St. Louis, Mo. St. Louis, Mo. St. Louis, Mo. Gateway Arch 630 . . . Metropolitan Square Tower 591 42 S.W. Bell Telephone Bldg. 587 44 Mercantile Center Tower 550 37 Centerre Plaza 433 31 Laclede Gas. Bldg., 8th & 400 31 Olive S.W. Bell Telephone Bldg. 398 31 Civil Courts 387 13 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Queeny Tower 321 24 Counsel Tower 320 30 St. Paul, Minn. St. Paul, Minn. St. Paul, Minn. First Natl. Bank Bldg., incl. 517 32 100-ft. sign Minn. World Trade Center 471 36 Galtier Plaza's Jackson Tower 440 46 Osborn Bldg., 320 Wabasha 368 20 Kellogg Square Apts. 366 32 Northwestern Bell Telephone (2 340 16 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Northwestern Bell Telephone (2 340 16 bldgs.) Pointe of St. Paul 340 34 American National Bank Bldg. 335 25 North Central Tower, 445 Minn. 328 27 Amhoist/Park Tower 324 26 Salt Lake City, Ut. Salt Lake City, Ut. Salt Lake City, Ut. L.D.S. Church Office Bldg. 420 30 Beneficial Life Tower 351 21 Amer. Towers (2 bldgs.) 324 27 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  San Antonio, Tex. San Antonio, Tex. San Antonio, Tex. Tower of the Americas 622 . . . Marriott Rivercenter (1988) 546 38 NBC Plaza (1988) 444 32 Tower Life 404 30 NCNB Plaza 387 28 Nix Professional Bldg. 375 23 San Diego, Cal. San Diego, Cal. San Diego, Cal. Symphony Tower (1989) 499 34 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  First Interstate Bank (1985) 398 23 Union Bank (1969) 388 27 First National Bank (1982) 379 27 The Meridan 375 27 Imperial Bank 355 24 Executive Complex (1963) 350 25 Wells Fargo Bldg. (1982) 348 20 Great American Bldg. (1974) 339 24 San Francisco, Cal. San Francisco, Cal. San Francisco, Cal. City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Transamerica Pyramid 853 48 Bank of America 778 52 101 California St. 600 48 5 Fremont Center 600 43 Embarcadero Center, No. 4 570 45 Security Pacific Bank 569 45 One Market Plaza, Spear St. 565 43 Wells Fargo Bldg. 561 43 Standard Oil, 575 Market St. 551 39 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  One Sansome-Citicorp 550 39 Shaklee Bldg., 444 Market 537 38 Aetna Life 529 38 First & Market Bldg. 529 38 Metropolitan Life 524 38 Crocker National Bank 500 38 Hilton Hotel 493 46 Pacific Gas & Electric 492 34 Union Bank 487 37 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Pacific Insurance 476 34 Bechtel Bldg., Fremont St. 475 33 333 Market Bldg. 474 33 Hartford Bldg. 465 33 Mutual Benefit Life 438 32 Russ Bldg. 435 31 Pacific Telephone Bldg. 435 26 Pacific Gateway 416 30 Embarcadero Center, No. 3 412 31 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Embarcadero Center, No. 2 412 31 595 Market Bldg. 410 31 101 Montgomery St. 405 28 Cal. State Automobile Assn. 399 29 Alcoa Bldg. 398 27 St. Francis Hotel 395 32 Shell Bldg. 386 29 Del Monte 378 28 Pacific 3-Apparel Mart 376 30 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Meridien Hotel 374 34 Seattle, Wash. Seattle, Wash. Seattle, Wash. Columbia Seafirst Center 954 76 Two Union Square 740 56 Washington Mutual Tower 730 55 *AT&T Gateway Tower 722 62 1001 4th Pl. 609 50 Space Needle 605 . . . Pacific First Center 580 44 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  First Interstate Center 574 48 Seafirst 5th Ave. Plaza 543 42 Bank of Cal., 900 4th Ave. 536 42 Rainier Bank Tower, 4th & Univ. 514 42 Smith Tower 500 42 Key Tower 493 40 Federal Office Bldg. 487 37 Pacific Northwest Bell 466 33 One Union Square 456 38 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1111 3d Ave. Bldg. 454 35 Washington Plaza Second Tower 448 44 Westin Bldg., 2001 6th Ave. 409 34 Westin Hotel 397 40 Financial Center 389 30 Daon Bldg., 840 Olive Way 381 19 Sheraton Seattle Hotel 371 34 Sixth & Pike Bldg. 365 29 Fourth & Blanchard Bldg. 360 24 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Crown Plaza Hotel 352 33 Tampa, Fla. Tampa, Fla. Tampa, Fla. Barnett Plaza 577 42 Tampa City Center 537 39 First Financial Tower 458 36 NCNB Plaza (1988) 454 33 Toledo, Oh. Toledo, Oh. Toledo, Oh. Owens-Illinois Corp. 411 32 Headquarters Owens-Corning Fiberglas Tower 400 30 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Owens-Corning Fiberglas Tower 400 30 Ohio Citizens Bank Bldg. 368 27 Toledo Govt. Center 327 22 Toronto, Ont. Toronto, Ont. Toronto, Ont. CN Tower, World's tallest 1,821 . . . self-supporting structure First Canadian Place 952 72 *Bay/Adelaide Project 902 57 Scotia Plaza 886 68 Canada Trust Tower (1990) 846 52 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  BCE Place (2 towers) (1990) 790/705 53/43 Commerce Court West 784 57 Toronto-Dominion Tower (TD 758 56 Centre) Royal Trust Tower (TD Centre) 600 46 Royal Bank Plaza--South Tower 589 41 Manulife Centre 545 53 IBM Tower TD Centre 520 36 Two Bloor West 486 34 Exchange Tower 480 36 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Exchange Tower 480 36 Commerce Court North 476 34 Simpson Tower 473 33 *Eaton Centre 471 31 Cadillac-Fairview Bldg., 10 465 36 Queen St. Palace Place (1990) 455 46 Palace Pier 452 46 Continental Bank Bldg. 450 35 Sheraton Centre 443 43 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Hudson's Bay Centre 442 35 Old Toronto Exchange Bldg. 436 31 (1990) Leaside Towers (2 bldgs.) 423 44 *Metro Hall 420 27 Commercial Union Tower (TD 420 32 Centre) Maple Leaf Mills Tower 419 30 Plaza 2 Hotel 415 41 Sun Life Bldg., 150 King St. 410 28 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Royal York Hotel 399 27 Tulsa, Okla. Tulsa, Okla. Tulsa, Okla. Bank of Oklahoma Tower 667 52 City of Faith Clinic Tower 648 60 Mid-Continent Tower 530 36 1st National Tower 516 41 4th Natl. Bank of Tulsa 412 33 320 South Boston Bldg. 400 24 Cities Service Bldg. 388 28 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Univ. Club Tower 377 32 City of Faith Hospital 348 30 Philtower 343 24 Vancouver, B.C. Vancouver, B.C. Vancouver, B.C. Royal Centre Tower (1973) 460 36 Canada Trust Tower, 1055 454 35 Melville Scotiabank Tower 451 36 Bentall IV (1981) 450 35 Vancouver Center (1977) 450 36 City Hgt. ft. Stories 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Vancouver Center (1977) 450 36 Park Place (1984) 450 35 T-D Bank Tower (1978) 440 30 200 Granville Square (1973) 438 28 Harbour Centre (1977) 428 21 Bentall III (1974) 399 31 Winston-Salem, N.C. Winston-Salem, N.C. Winston-Salem, N.C. Wachovia Bldg. 410 30 Reynolds Bldg. 315 21 Height from sidewalk to roof, including penthouse and tower if enclosed as integral part of structure; actual number of stories beginning at street level. Asterisks (*) denote buildings still under construction Jan. 1991. Year is date of completion Other Notable Tall Buildings in U.S. Cape Canaveral, Fla., Vehicle Assembly Bldg., 40 (552); Allentown, Pa., Power & Light Bldg., 23 (320); Amarillo, Tex., American Natl. Bank, 33 (374); Atlantic City, N.J., Taj Mahal, 51 (429); Bethlehem, Pa., Martin Tower, 21 (332); Charleston, W. Va., Kanawha Valley Bldg., 20 (384); Frankfort, Ky., Capital Plaza Office Tower, 28 (338); Galveston, Tex., American National Ins., 20 (358); Knoxville, Tenn., United American Bank, 30 (400); Lincoln, Neb., State Capitol (432); Mobile, Ala., First Natl. Bank, 33 (420); Niagara Falls, Ont., Skylon, (520); Shreveport La., Commercial National Tower, 24 (365); Springfield, Mass., Valley Bank Tower, 29 (370); Tallahassee, Fla., State Capitol Tower, 22 (345). Notable Bridges in North America State Highway Engineers: Canadian Civil Engineering -- ASCE Asterisk (*) designates railroad bridge. Span of a bridge is distance (in feet) between its supports. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Suspension Suspension Suspension 1964 Verrazano-Narrows New York, N.Y. 1937 Golden Gate San Fran. Bay, 1957 Mackinac Sts. of Mackina 1931 Geo. Washington Hudson River, N Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1950 Tacoma Narrows Washington 1936 1Transbay San Fran. Bay, 1939 Bronx-Whitestone East R., N.Y.C. 1970 Pierre Laporte Quebec 1951 Del. Memorial Wilmington, Del 1968 Del. Mem. (new) Wilmington, Del 1957 Walt Whitman Phila., Pa. 1929 Ambassador Detroit-Canada 1961 Throgs Neck Long Is. Sound Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1926 Benjamin Franklin Philadelphia 1924 Bear Mt., N.Y. Hudson River 1952 2Wm. Preston Lane Mem. Sandy Point, Md 1903 Williamsburg East R., N.Y.C. 1969 Newport Narragansett Ba 1883 Brooklyn East R., N.Y.C. 1939 Lion's Gate Burrard Inlet, 1930 Mid-Hudson, N.Y. Poughkeepsie 1964 Vincent Thomas Los Angeles Har Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1909 Manhattan East R., N.Y.C. 1936 Triboro East R., N.Y.C. 1931 St. Johns Portland, Ore. 1929 Mount Hope Rhode Island 1960 Ogdensburg, N.Y. St. Lawrence R. 1939 Deer Isle Maine 1931 Maysville (Ky.) Ohio River 1867 Cincinnati Ohio River 1971 Dent Clearwater Co., Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1900 Miampimi Mexico 1849 Wheeling, W. Va. Ohio River Cantilever Cantilever Cantilever 1917 Quebec Quebec 1981 Ravenswood W. Va. 1974 Commodore Barry Chester, Pa. 1958 Mississippi R. New Orleans, La 1936 Transbay San Fran. Bay 1968 W. 17th St. Huntington, W. Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1968 Mississippi R. Baton Rouge, La 1955 Tappan Zee Hudson River 1930 Longview, Wash. Columbia River 1909 Queensboro East R., N.Y.C. 1927 Carquinez Strait California 1958 Parallel Span " 1930 Jacques Cartier Montreal, P.Q. 1968 Isaiah D. Hart Jacksonville, F 1957 3Richmond San Fran. Bay, Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1929 Grace Memorial Charleston, S.C 1963 Newburgh-Beacon Hudson, R., N.Y 1982 Yeager Charleston, W. 1975 Caruthersville, Mo. Mississippi R. 1977 Saint Marys Saint Marys, W. 1969 Silver Memorial Pt. Pleasant, W 1987 Carl Perkins Ohio River/So. 1940 Natchez Mississippi R. 1938 Blue Water Pt. Huron, Mich Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1972 Vicksburg Mississippi Riv 1972 N. Fork American R. Auburn, Cal. 1940 *Baton Rouge Mississippi R. 1899 *Cornwall St. Lawrence R. 1940 Greenville Mississippi R. 1961 Helena, Ark. Mississippi R. 1963 Brent Spence Covington, Ky. 1963 Cincinnati, Oh. Ohio River 1963 Mississippi, R. Donaldsonville, Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1930 *Vicksburg Mississippi R. 1929 Louisville Ohio River 1961 Campbellton-Cross Point New Brunswick-Q 1950 Maurice J. Tobin Boston, Mass. 1935 Rip Van Winkle Catskill, N.Y. 1938 Cairo Ohio River, Ill 1932 Washington Mem. Seattle, Wash. 1936 McCullough Coos Bay, Ore. 1935 4Huey P Long New Orleans Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1916 *Memphis (Harahan) Mississippi R. 1892 *Memphis Mississippi R. 1949 Memphis-Arkansas Mississippi R. 1904 *Mingo Jct., W. Va. Ohio River 1910 *Beaver, Pa. Ohio River 1966 5S.N. Pearman Charleston, S.C 1940 Owensboro Ohio River 1928 Outerbridge, N.Y.-N.J. Arthur Kill 1910 *P&LE Beaver, Pa. Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Simple Truss Simple Truss Simple Truss 1976 Chester Chester, W. Va. 1917 *Metropolis Ohio River 1929 Irvin S. Cobb Ohio River-Ill. 1922 *Tanana River Nenana, Alaska 1933 *Henderson Ohio River-Ind. 1967 I-77, Ohio River Williamstown, W 1917 4MacArthur, Ill.-Mo. St. Louis 1919 Louisville Ohio River Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1933 Atchafalaya Morgan City, La 1924 *Castleton Hudson River 1937 Delaware R. Easton, Pa. 1889 *Cincinnati Ohio River 1951 Allegheny River Allegheny Co., 1914 Pittsburgh Allegheny R. 1930 *Martinez California 1951 Rankin Pittsburgh, Pa. 1913 Old Brownsville Brownsville, Pa Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1906 Donora-Webster Donora-Webster, 1909 Hulton Pittsburgh, Pa. 1967 Tanana River Alaska Steel Truss Steel Truss Steel Truss 1973 Atchafalaya R. Krotz Springs, 1972 Atchafalaya R. Simmesport, La. 1975 I-24 Tenn R., Ky. 1938 US-62, Ky. Green River 1952 US-62, Ky. Cumberland Rive Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1940 Jamestown Jamestown, R.I. 1940 Greenville Mississippi R., 1949 Memphis Mississippi R., 1978 Atchafalaya R. Morgan City, La 1938 US-22 Delaware River, 1955 Interstate (I-5) Columbia River, 1910 4McKinley, St. Louis Mississippi Riv 1972 Mississippi River Muscatine, Ia. 1896 Newport Ohio River, Ky. Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1970 Lake Koocanusa Lincoln Co., Mo 1931 US-60 Cumberland R., 1958 Lake Oahe Mobridge, S.D. 1958 Lake Oahe Gettysburg, S.D Continuous Truss Continuous Truss Continuous Trus 1966 Columbia R. (Astoria) Ore.-Wash. 1977 Francis Scott Key Baltimore, Md. 1943 Dubuque, Ia. Mississippi R. 1956 8Earl C. Clements Ohio R., Ill-Ky Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1953 John E. Mathews Jacksonville, F 1940 Gov. Nice Mem. Potomac River, 1957 Kingston-Rhinecliff Hudson R., N.Y. 1986 Rochester-Monaca Rochester-Monac 1918 *Sciotoville Ohio River 1981 Sewickley Sewickley, Pa. 1984 13th St. Bridge, Ohio R. Ashland, Ky. 1959 Monaca-E. Rochester Monaca-East Roc 1976 Betsy Ross Philadelphia, P Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1929 Madison-Milton Ohio River 1970 Vanport Vanport, Pa. 1966 6Matthew E. Welsh Mauckport 1962 Champlain Montreal, P.Q. 1973 Girard Point Philadelphia, P 1954 Pa. Tpk., Delaware R. Philadephia, Pa 1949 George Platt Philadelphia, P 1938 Port Arthur-Orange Texas 1929 *Cincinnati Ohio River Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1928 Cape Girardeau, Mo. Mississippi R. 1946 Chester, Ill. Mississippi R. 1970 Gulfgate Port Arthur, Te 1930 Quincy, Ill. Mississippi R. 1961 Shippingport Shippingport, P 1959 US 181, over harbor Corpus Christi, 1934 Bourne Cape Cod Canal 1935 Sagamore Cape Cod Canal 1965 Clarion R. (I-80) Clarion Co., Pa Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1975 Donora-Monesson Donora-Monesson 1957 Blatnik Duluth, Minn. 1965 Rio Grande Gorge Taos, N.M. 1941 Columbia River Kettle Falls, W 1954 Columbia River Umatilla, Ore. 1954 Columbia River The Dalles, Ore 1962 W. Br. Feather River Oroville, Cal. 1967 Glenwood Pittsburgh, Pa. 1936 Meredosia Illinois River Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1936 Mark Twain Mem. Hannibal, Mo. 1957 Mackinac Mackinac Strait 1937 Homestead Pittsburgh 1961 Ship Canal Seattle, Wash. 1932 Pulaski Skyway Passaic R., N.J 1973 I-95, Thames River New London, Con 1966 Emlenton Emlenton, Pa. Continuous Box and Plate Continuous Box and Plate Continuous Box Girder Girder Girder 1988 Piney Creek-US19 Beckley, W. Va. Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1988 Piney Creek-US19 Beckley, W. Va. 1973 Danville-US119 Danville, W. Va 1983 Mississippi R. Luling, La. 1974 Dunbar-S. Charleston South Charlesto 1988 Beaver Creek-I-64 Beckley, W. Va. 1967 San Mateo-Hayward No. 2 San Fran. Bay, 1977 Intracoastal Canal Gibbstown, La. 1976 Intracoastal Canal Forked Is., La. 1963 Gunnison River Gunnison, Col. 1969 7San Diego-Coronado San Diego Bay, Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1969 7San Diego-Coronado San Diego Bay, 1973 Ship Channel (I-610) Houston, Tex. 1981 Douglas Juneau, Alaska 1976 Wax L. Outlet Calumet, La. 1975 S. Charleston-I-64 South Charlesto 1981 Glenn Jackson (I-205) Columbia R., Or 1967 Poplar St. St. Louis, Mo. 1982 Illinois R. Pekin, Ill. 1982 I-440 Arkansas R. 1977 US-64, Tennessee R. Savannah, Tenn. Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1977 US-64, Tennessee R. Savannah, Tenn. 1988 Mon City Monongahela, Pa 1965 McDonald-Cartier Ottawa, Ont. 1972 Sitka Harbor Sitka, Alaska 1986 Veterans Pittsburgh, Pa. 1986 SR 76, Cumberland R. Dover, Tenn. 1985 SR 20, Tennessee R. Perryville, Ten 1970 Willamette R., I-205 West Linn, Ore. 1974 I-430 Arkansas R. 1985 I-435 Missouri R., K Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1985 I-435 Missouri R., K 1984 US-36 Missouri R., K 1972 I-635, Kansas City Missouri R., Ka 1985 FAU 3456, Tennessee R. Chattanooga, Te 1967 I-24, Tennessee R. Marion Co., Ten 1978 Snake River Clarkston, Wash 1976 35th St. Bridge, Kanawha Charleston, W. 1986 SR 1, Tennessee R. New Johnsonvill 1979 Arkansas R. Clarksville, Ar 1975 Yukon River Alaska Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1975 Yukon River Alaska 1973 Intracoastal Waterway Corpus Christi, 1972 I-75, Tennessee River Loudon Co., Te 1941 Susquehanna Susquehanna R., 1987 Clairton-Glassport Clairton-Glassp Continuous Plate Continuous Plate Continuous Plat 1982 Houston Ship Chan Texas 1971 W. Atchafalaya Henderson, La. 1981 Illinois 23 Illinois R., Il 1968 Trinity R. Dallas, Tex. Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1968 Trinity R. Dallas, Tex. 1978 San Joaquin R. Antioch, Cal. 1977 Thomas Johnson Mem. Solomons, Md. 1975 I-129 Missouri R., Ia 1967 Mississippi River LaCrescent, Min 1966 I-480 Missouri R., Ia 1970 I-435 Missouri R., Mo 1972 I-80 Missouri R., Ia 1971 St. Croix River Hudson, Wisc. 1968 Lafayette St. St. Paul, Minn. Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1968 Lafayette St. St. Paul, Minn. 1967 San Mateo Creek Hillsborough, C 1961 Whiskey Creek Shasta Co., Cal 1964 Lexington Ave. St. Paul, Minn. I-Beam Girder I-Beam Girder I-Beam Girder 1980 Shreveport Int. Louisiana 1941 US-31E Rolling Fork R. 1948 US-27 Licking River, 1947 US-31E Green River, Ky 1941 US-62 Rolling Fork, K Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1941 US-62 Rolling Fork, K 1942 Licking River Owingsville, Ky 1954 Fuller Warren Jacksonville, F Steel Arch Steel Arch Steel Arch 1977 New River Gorge Fayetteville, W 1931 Bayonne, N.J. Kill Van Kull 1973 Fremont Portland, Ore. 1964 Port Mann British Columbi 1916 *Hell Gate East R., N.Y.C. 1959 Glen Canyon Colorado River Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1959 Glen Canyon Colorado River 1967 Trois-Rivieres St. Lawrence R. 1962 Lewiston-Queenston Niagara River, 1976 Perrine Twin Falls, Ida 1941 Rainbow Niagara Falls 1986 Moundsville Bridge, Ohio R. Moundsville, W. 1984 I-255 Mississippi R., 1972 10I-40, Mississippi R. Memphis, Tenn. 1970 Lake Quinsigamond Worcester, Mass 1966 Charles Braga Somerset, Mass. Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1966 Charles Braga Somerset, Mass. 1936 Henry Hudson Harlem River, N 1967 Lincoln Trail Ohio R., Ind.-K 1978 I-57, Cairo, Ill. Mississippi R. 1961 Sherman Minton Louisville, Ky. 1936 French King Conn. R. (Rt. 2 1978 I-470 Bridge, Ohio R. Wheeling, W. Va 1930 West End Pittsburgh 1976 I-471, Ohio R. Newport, Ky. Concrete Arch Concrete Arch Concrete Arch Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Concrete Arch Concrete Arch Concrete Arch 1971 Selah Creek (twin) Selah, Wash. 1968 Cowlitz River Mossyrock, Wash 1931 Westinghouse Pittsburgh 1923 Cappelen Minneapolis 1973 Elwha River Port Angeles, W Twin Concrete Trestle Twin Concrete Trestle Twin Concrete T 1979 I-55/I-10 Manchae, La. 1969 L. Pontchartrain Cswy. Mandeville, La. 1972 Atchafalaya Flwy. Baton Rouge, La Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1972 Atchafalaya Flwy. Baton Rouge, La 1963 9L. Pontchartrain Slidell, La. Concrete Slab Dam Concrete Slab Dam Concrete Slab D 1927 Conowingo Dam Maryland 1952 SR-4, Roanoke R. Mecklenburg Co. 1936 Hoover Dam Boulder City, N Drawbridges: Vertical Lift Drawbridges: Vertical Lift Drawbridges: Ve 1937 Marine Parkway Jamaica Bay, N. 1959 *Arthur Kill N.Y.-N.J. 1935 *Cape Cod Canal Massachusetts Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1935 *Cape Cod Canal Massachusetts 1960 *Delair, N.J. Delaware River 1931 Burlington, N.J. Delaware R. 1968 Second Narrows Vancouver, B.C. 1912 *A-S-B Fratt Kansas City 1945 *Harry S. Truman Kansas City 1955 Roosevelt Island East River, N.Y 1980 US-17, James R. Isle of Wight, 1932 *M-K-T R.R. Missouri R. 1969 Wilm'gtn Mem. Wilmington, N.C Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1969 Wilm'gtn Mem. Wilmington, N.C 1930 Aerial Duluth, Minn. 1941 Main St. Jacksonville, F 1962 Burlington Ontario 1941 Acosta St. Johns R., F 1922 *Cincinnati Ohio River 1967 SR-156, James R. Prince George C 1964 Red R. Alexandria, La. 1957 Industrial Canal New Orleans, La 1950 Red R. Moncla, La. Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1950 Red R. Moncla, La. 1936 Tribo Harlem River, N 1961 4Corpus Christi Harbor Corpus Christi, 1939 U.S. 1&9, Passaic R. Newark, N.J. 1929 Carlton Bath-Woolwich, 1930 *Martinez California 1960 St. Andrews Bay Panama City, Fl 1929 *Penn-Lehigh Newark Bay 1920 *Chattanooga Tennessee R. Drawbridges: Bascule Drawbridges: Bascule Drawbridges: Ba Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Drawbridges: Bascule Drawbridges: Bascule Drawbridges: Ba 1969 E. Pearl River Slidell, La. 1955 Chehalis R. Aberdeen, Wash. 1917 SR-8, Tennessee River Chattanooga, Te 1940 Lorain, Ohio Black River 1968 Elizabeth River Chesapeake, Va. 1913 Broadway Portland, Ore. 1982 Columbus Drive Chicago R. 1954 Fuller Warren St. Johns R., F 1958 Morrison Portland, Ore. Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1958 Morrison Portland, Ore. 1926 Burnside Portland, Ore. 1977 Curtis Creek Baltimore, Md. Drawbridges: Swing Bridges Drawbridges: Swing Bridges Drawbridges: Sw 1926 4Fort Madison Mississippi R. 1930 Rigolets Pass New Orleans, La 1950 Douglass Memorial Wash. D.C. 1916 Keokuk Municipal Mississippi R., 1945 Lord Delaware Mattaponi River 1957 Eltham Pamunkey River, Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1957 Eltham Pamunkey River, Drawbridges: Swing Span Drawbridges: Swing Span Drawbridges: Sw 1908 *Willamette R. Portland, Ore. 1903 *East Omaha Missouri R. 1952 US-17 York River, Va. 1897 *Duluth, Minn. St. Louis Bay 1899 *C.M.&N.R.R. Chicago 1913 Rt. 82, Conn-R. E. Haddam, Ct. 1914 *Coos Bay Oregon Drawbridges: Floating Pontoon Drawbridges: Floating Pontoon Drawbridges: Fl Year Bridge Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Drawbridges: Floating Pontoon Drawbridges: Floating Pontoon Drawbridges: Fl 1963 Evergreen Pt. Seattle, Wash. 1940 Lacey V. Murrow Seattle 1961 Hood Canal Pt. Gamble, Was 1989 3rd Lake Washington Bridge Seattle, Wash. 1 The Transbay Bridge has 2 spans of 2,310 ft. each. 2 A second bridge in parallel was completed in 1973. 3 The Richmond Bridge has twin spans 1,070 ft. each. 4 Railroad and vehicular bridge. 5 Two spans each 760 ft. 6 Two spans each 707 ft. 7 Two spans each 660 ft. 8 Two spans each 825 ft. 9 Total length of bridge. 10 Two spans each 900 ft. Notable International Bridges Angostura, suspension type, span 2,336 feet, 1967 at Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela. Total length, 5,507. Bendorf Bridge on the Rhine River, 5 mi. n. of Coblenz, completed 1965, is a 3-span cement girder bridge, 3,378 ft. overall length, 101 ft. wide, with the main span 682 ft. Bosporus Bridge linking Europe and Asia opened at Istanbul in 1973, at 3,524 ft. is the fifth longest suspension bridge in the world. Gladesville Bridge at Sydney, Australia, has the longest concrete arch in the world (1,000 ft. span). Humber Bridge, with a suspension span of 4,626 ft., the longest in the world, crosses the Humber estuary 5 miles west of the city of Kingston upon Hull, England. Unique in a large suspension bridge are the towers of reinforced concrete instead of steel. Second Narrow's Bridge, Canada's longest railway lift span connecting Vancouver and North Vancouver over Burrard Inlet. Oland Island Bridge in Sweden was completed in 1972. It is 19,882 feet long, Europe's longest. Oosterscheldebrug, opened Dec. 15, 1965, is a 3.125-mile causeway for automobiles over a sea arm in Zeeland, the Netherlands. It completes a direct connection between Flushing and Rotterdam. Rio-Niteroi, Guanabara Bay, Brazil, completed in 1972, is world's longest continuous box and plate girder bridge, 8 miles, 3,363 feet long, with a center span of 984 feet and a span on each side of 656 feet. Tagus River Bridge near Lisbon, Portugal, has a 3,323-ft. main span. Opened Aug. 6, 1966, it was named Salazar Bridge for the former premier. Zoo Bridge across the Rhine at Cologne, with steel box girders, has a main span of 850 ft. Oldest Bridge in Continuous Use Completed in 1841, the 178 ft. long, wood truss (with orthotropic steel deck) covered bridge spans the Housatonic River on Rt. 128 in West Cornwall, Connecticut. Underwater Vehicular Tunnels in North America (3,000 feet in length or more) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Name Location Waterway 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Bart Trans-Bay Tubes (Rapid Transit) San Francisco, Cal. S.F. Bay Brooklyn-Battery New York, N.Y. East River Holland Tunnel New York, N.Y. Hudson River Lincoln Tunnel New York, N.Y. Hudson River Thimble Shoal Channel Newport News, Va. Chesapeake Bay Chesapeake Channel Northampton Co., Va. Chesapeake Bay Name Location Waterway 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Chesapeake Channel Northampton Co., Va. Chesapeake Bay Baltimore Harbor Tunnel Baltimore, Md. Patapsco River Hampton Roads Newport News, Va. Hampton Roads Fort McHenry Tunnel (2) Baltimore, Md. Baltimore Harbor Queens Midtown New York, N.Y. East River Sumner Tunnel Boston, Mass. Boston Harbor Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine Tunnel Montreal, Que. St. Lawrence Rive Detroit-Windsor Detroit, Mich. Detroit River Callahan Tunnel Boston, Mass. Boston Harbor Midtown Tunnel Norfolk, Va. Elizabeth River Baytown Tunnel Baytown, Tex. Houston Ship Chan Posey Tube Oakland, Cal. Oakland Estuary Downtown Tunnel Norfolk, Va. Elizabeth River Webster St. Alameda, Cal. Oakland Estuary Bankhead Tunnel Mobile, Ala. Mobile River I-10 Twin Tunnel Mobile, Ala. Mobile River Land Vehicular Tunnels in U.S. (over 2,000 feet in length.) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name Location Lgth. Ft. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� E. Johnson Memorial I-70, Col. 8,959 Eisenhower Memorial I-70, Col. 8,941 Allegheny (twin) Penna. Turnpike 6,072 Liberty Tubes Pittsburgh, Pa. 5,920 Zion Natl. Park Rte. 9, Utah 5,766 East River Mt. (twin) Interstate 77, W. Va.-Va. 5,412 Tuscarora (twin) Penna. Turnpike 5,400 Kittatinny (twin) Penna. Turnpike 4,660 Blue Mountain (twin) Penna. Turnpike 4,435 Lehigh Penna. Turnpike 4,379 Wawona Yosemite Natl. Park 4,233 Big Walker Mt. Route I-77, Va. 4,229 Name Location Lgth. Ft. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Big Walker Mt. Route I-77, Va. 4,229 Squirrel Hill Pittsburgh, Pa. 4,225 Fort Pitt Pittsburgh, Pa. 3,560 Mall Tunnel Dist. of Columbia 3,400 Caldecott Oakland, Cal. 3,371 Cody No. 1 U.S. 14, 16, 20, Wyo. 3,202 Kalihi Honolulu, Ha. 2,780 Memorial W. Va. Tpke. (I-77) 2,669 Ft. Cronkhite Sausalito, Cal. 2,690 Cross-Town 178 St. N.Y.C. 2,414 F.D. Roosevelt Dr. 81-89 Sts. N.Y.C. 2,400 Dewey Sq. Boston, Mass. 2,400 Battery Park N.Y.C. 2,300 Battery St. Seattle, Wash. 2,140 Big Oak Flat Yosemite Natl. Park 2,083 World's Longest Railway Tunnels Railway Directory & Year Book. Tunnels over 5 miles in length. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴� Tunnel Date Miles Operating railway Country 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Seikan 1985 33.5 Japanese National Japan Dai-shimizu 1979 14 Japanese National Japan Simplon No. 1 and 2 1906, 1922 12 Swiss Fed. & Italian St. Switz.-I Kanmon 1975 12 Japanese National Japan Apennine 1934 11 Italian State Italy Rokko 1972 10 Japanese National Japan Mt. MacDonald 1989 9.1 Canadian Pacific Canada Gotthard 1882 9 Swiss Federal Switzerl Lotschberg 1913 9 Bern-Lotschberg-Simplon Switzerl Hokuriku 1962 9 Japanese National Japan Mont Cenis (Frejus) 1871 8 Italian State France-I Shin-Shimizu 1961 8 Japanese National Japan Tunnel Date Miles Operating railway Country 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Shin-Shimizu 1961 8 Japanese National Japan Aki 1975 8 Japanese National Japan Cascade 1929 8 Burlington Northern U.S. Flathead 1970 8 Burlington Northern U.S. Keijo 1970 7 Japanese National Japan Lierasen 1973 7 Norwegian State Norway Santa Lucia 1977 6 Italian State Italy Arlberg 1884 6 Austrian Federal Austria Moffat 1928 6 Denver & Rio Grande Western U.S. Shimizu 1931 6 Japanese National Japan ASSOCIATIONS AND SOCIETIES World Almanac questionnaire Arranged according to key words in titles. Founding year of organization in parentheses; last figure after ZIP code indicates membership. AFS Intercultural Programs (1917), 313 E. 43rd Street, N.Y., NY 10017; approx. 7,000. Aaron Burr Assn. (1946), 2064 Faculty Dr., Winston-Salem, NC 27106; 400. Abortion Federation, Natl. (1977), 1436 U St. NW, Suite 103, Washington, DC 20009; 300 organizations. Accountants, Amer. Institute of Certified Public (1887), 1211 Ave. of the Americas, N.Y., NY 10036; 294,000. Accountants, Natl. Assn. of (1919), 10 Paragon Dr., Box 433, Montvale, NJ 07645-1760; 85,000. Accountants, Natl. Society of Public (1945), 1010 N. Fairfax St., Alexandria, VA 22314. Accountants for Cooperatives, Natl. Soc. of (1936), 6320 Augusta Dr., Ste. 802-C Springfield, VA 22150; 2,000. Acoustical Society of America (1929), 500 Sunnyside Blvd., Woodbury, NY 11797; 6,500. Actors' Equity Assn. (1913), 165 W. 46 St., N.Y., NY 10036. Actors' Fund of America (1882), 1501 Broadway, N.Y., NY 10036; 3,500. Actuaries, American Academy of (1965), 1720 I St. NW, Wash., DC 20006; 9,500. Actuaries, Society of (1949), 475 N. Martingale Rd., Suite 800, Schaumburg, IL 60173-2226; 12,200. Adirondack Mountain Club (1922), RR 3, Box 3055, Lake George, NY 12845; 17,858. Advertisers, Assn. of Natl. (1910), 155 E. 44th St., N.Y., NY 10017. Advertising Agencies, Amer. Assn. of (1917), 666 Third Ave., N.Y., NY 10017; 765 agencies. Aeronautic Assn., Natl. (1905), 1815 N. Fort Myer Dr., Ste. 700, Arlington, VA 22209; 7,392. Aeronautics and Astronautics, Amer. Institute of (1963), 1633 Broadway, N.Y., NY 10019; 38,000. Aerospace Industries Assn. of America (1919), 1250 Eye St. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 53 cos. Aerospace Medical Assn. (1929), 320 S. Henry St., Alexandria, VA 22314-3524; 4,350. Afro-American Life and History, Assn. for the Study of (1915), 1401 14th St. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 1,800. Aging Assn., Amer. (1970), 600 South 42nd St., Omaha, NE 68198-4635; 400. Agricultural Chemicals Assn., Natl. (1933), 1155 15th St. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 125 cos. Agricultural Economics Assn., Amer. (1910), 80 Heady Hall, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA 50011; 4,500. Agricultural History Society (1919), Room 928, 1301 New York Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20005-4788; 1,400. Agronomy, Amer. Society of (1907), 677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711; 12,443. Aircraft Assn., Experimental (1953), EAA Aviation Center, Oshkosh, WI 54903-3086; 125,000. Aircraft Owners and Pilots Assn. (1939), 421 Aviation Way, Frederick, MD 2l701; 300,000. Air Force Assn. (1946), 1501 Lee Hwy., Arlington, VA 22209; 200,000. Air Force Sergeants Assn. (1961), P.O. Box 31050, Temple Hills, MD 20748. Air Line Employees Assn. (1951), 5600 S. Central Ave., Chicago, IL 60638. Air Line Pilots Assn. (1931), 1625 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 41,000. Air Pollution Control Assn. (1907), P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230; 8,500. Air Transport Assn. of America (1936), 1709 New York Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20006; 27 airlines. Air & Waste Management Assn. (1907), P.O. Box 2861, Pittsburgh, PA 15230; 11,000. Al-Anon Family Groups (1950), P.O. Box 862, Midtown Sta., N.Y., NY 10018; 24,918. Alcohol Problems, Amer. Council on (1964), 3426 Bridgeland Dr., Bridgeton, MO 63044. Alcoholics Anonymous (1935), 468 Park Ave. So., N.Y., NY 10016; 1 mln.+. Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Natl. Council on (1944), 12 W. 21st St., N.Y., NY 10010; 200 affiliates. All-Terrain Vehicle Owners Assn., Natl. (1972), P.O. Box 1272, Bensalem, PA 19020; 2,514. Allergy and Immunology, Amer. Academy of (1943), 611 E. Wells St., Milwaukee, WI 53202; 4,000. Alpine Club, Amer. (1902), 113 E. 90th St., N.Y., NY 10028. Altrusa Intl. (1917), 332 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60604. Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Assn. (1980), 70 E. Lake St., Chicago, IL 60601-5997; 170 chapters. Amer. Indian Affairs, Assn. on (1923), 95 Madison Ave., N.Y., NY, 10016; 40,000. American Legion, The (1919), 700 N. Pennsylvania St., Indianapolis, IN 46204; 3.0 mln. American Legion Auxiliary(1920), 777 N. Meridian St., Indianapolis, IN 46204; 950,000. Amer. States, Organization of (1890), 17th & Constitution Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20006; 32 countries. Amer. Veterans of World War II, Korea & Vietnam (AMVETS), (1944), 4647 Forbes Blvd., Lanham, MD 20706; 200,000. AMVETS Auxiliary(1946), 4647 Forbes Blvd., Lanham, MD 20706; 20,000. Amideast (Amer. Mideast Educational & Training Services) (1951), 1100 17th St. NW, Suite 300, Wash., DC 20036; 225 institutions. Amnesty Intl. USA (1961), 322 Eighth Ave., N.Y., NY 10001; 700,000+. Amputation Foundation, Natl. (1923), 157-12 89th St., Whitestone, NY 11357; 2,200. Anderson, Inc., Historical (1973), P.O. Box 268, Anderson, TX 77830; 250. Andersonville, Natl. Soc. of (1975), P.O. Box 65, Andersonville, GA 31711; 140. Animal Protection Institute of America (1968), 2831 Fruitridge Rd., P.O. Box 95822, Sacramento, CA 95822; 135,000. Animal Welfare Institute (1951), 1686 34th St. NW, Wash., DC 20007; 8,000. Animals, Amer. Society for Prevention of Cruelty to (ASPCA) (1866), 441 E. 92d St., N.Y., NY 10128; 300,000. Animals, The Fund for (1967), 200 W. 57th St., N.Y., NY 10019; 200,000. Antelopes, Grand United Order of (1925), 162 Fourth Ave., E. Orange, NJ 01017; 499. Anthropological Assn., Amer. (1902), 1703 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20009; 10,000. Antiquarian Society, Amer. (1812), 185 Salisbury St., Worcester, MA 01609-1634; 522. Anti-Vivisection Society, Amer. (1883), Suite 204, Noble Plaza, 801 Old York Rd., Jenkintown, PA 19046; 10,000+. Appalachian Mountain Club (1876), 5 Joy St., Boston, MA 02108; 37,500. Appalachian Trail Conference (1925), Washington & Jackson Sts., Harpers Ferry, WV 25425; 23,000. Appraisers, Amer. Society of (1936), 535 Herndon Pwky., #150, Herndon, VA 22070; 5,600. Arab Americans, Natl. Assn. of (1972), 2033 M St. NW, Wash., DC 20036. Arbitration Assn., Amer. (1926), 140 W. 51st St., N.Y., NY 10020-1203; 6,523. Arboriculture, Intl. Society of (1924), 5 Lincoln Sq., Urbana, IL 61801; 4,500. Archaeological Institute of America (1879), 675 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215; 8,200. Archaeology, Institute of Nautical (1976), P.O. Drawer HG, College Station, TX 77841; 800. Archery Assn., Natl. (1879), 1750 E. Boulder St., Colorado Springs, CO 80909; 3,500. Architects, Amer. Institute of (1857), 1735 New York Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20006; 51,000. Architectural Historians, Society of (1940), 1232 Pine Street, Phila., PA 19107-5944; 3,600. Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Assn. (1946), 4400 Fair Lakes Ct., Fairfax, VA 22033; 37,000. Army, Assn. of the United States (1950), 2425 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22201; 160,000. Arts, Amer. Council for the (1960), 1285 Avenue of the Americas, N.Y., NY 10019; 3,000. Arts, Amer. Federation of (1909), 41 E. 65th St., N.Y., NY 10021; 1,100. Arts and Letters, Amer. Academy and Institute of (1898), 633 W. 155th St., N.Y., NY 10032; 250. Arts and Letters, Natl. Society of (1944), 2800 Quebec St. NW, Washington, DC 20008; 1,700. Arts & Sciences, Amer. Academy of (1780), Norton's Woods, 136 Irving St., Cambridge, MA 02138; 3,370. Assistance League, Natl. (1949), 5627 Fernwood Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90038; 17,000. Association Executives, American Society of (1920), 1575 Eye St. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 18,000. Association Publications, Society of Natl. (1963), 3299 K St. NW, Suite 700, Wash., DC 20007; 210 publications. Astrologers, Amer. Federation of (1938), P.O. Box 22040, Tempe, AZ 85285; 4,500. Astronautical Society, Amer. (1954), 6352 Rolling Mill Pl., Suite 102, Springfield, VA 22152; 1,500. Astronomical Society, Amer. (1899), 2000 Florida Ave., NW, Suite 300, Wash., DC 20009; 5,000. Ataxia Foundation, Natl. (1957), 600 Twelve Oaks Cntr., 15500 Wayzata Blvd., Wayzata MN 55391; 1,400. Atheist Assn. (1925), Box 2832, San Diego, CA 92112. Atheists, Amer. (1963), P.O. Box 2117, Austin, TX 78768. Athetic Assn., Natl. Jr. College (1949), 1825 Austin Bluffs Pkwy., Colorado Springs, CO 80918; 556. Athletic Assn., Natl. Scholastic (1985), 6991 Simson St., Oakland, CA 94605-2226. Athletic Associations, Natl. Federation of State H. S. (1920), 11724 Plaza Circle, Box 20626, Kansas City, MO 64195. Athletic Union of the U.S., Amateur (1888), 3400 W. 86th St., Indianapolis, IN 46268. Athletics Congress/USA, The (1979), One Hoosier Dome, Indianapolis, IN 46225; 125,000. Auctioneers Assn., Natl. (1949), 8880 Ballentine, Overland Park, KS 66214; 5,000. Audubon Society, Natl. (1905), 950 Third Ave., N.Y., NY 10022; 578,000. Authors League of America (1912), 234 W. 44th St., N.Y., NY 10036; 15,000. Autism, Natl. Society for Children and Adults with, (1965), 1234 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 6,000. Autograph Collectors Club, Universal (1965), P.O. Box 6181, Wash., DC 20044-6181; 2,447. Automobile Assn., Amer. (1902), 8111 Gatehouse Rd., Falls Church, VA 22047; 28 million+. Automobile Club, Natl. (1924), One Market Plaza, San Francisco, CA 94105; 316,000. Automobile Club of America, Antique (1935), 501 W. Governor Rd., Hershey, PA 17033; 53,000. Automobile Dealers Assn., Natl. (1917), 8400 Westpark Dr., McLean, VA 22102; 20,000. Automobile License Plate Collectors' Assn. (1954), P.O. Box 712, Weston, W. VA 26452; 2,384. Automotive Hall of Fame (1939), 3225 Cook Rd., Midland, MI 48640; 2,500. Avon Collectors, Inc., Natl. Assn. of (1971), P.O. Box 68, W. Newton, IN 46183; 100 clubs. Badminton Assn., U.S. (1936), 501 W. Sixth Street, Papillion, NE 68046; 2,000. Bald-Headed Men of America (1973), 3819 Bridges St., Morehead City, N.C. 28557; approx. 20,000. Ball Players of Amer., Assn. of Professional (1924), 12062 Valley View St., #211, Garden Grove, CA 92645; 58,000. Band & Choral Directors Hall of Fame, Natl. (1985), 519 N. Halifax Ave., Daytona Beach, FL 32118. Bankers Assn., Amer. (1875), 1120 Connecticut Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20036. Bankers Assn. of America, Independent (1930), One Thomas Circle NW, Suite 950, Wash. DC 20005; 6,400 banks. Bar Assn., Federal (1920), 1815 H St. NW, Wash., DC 20006; 15,000. Barbershop Quartet Singing in Amer., Soc. for Preservation & Encouragement of (1938), 6315 Third Ave., Kenosha, WI 53140-5199; 38,000. Baseball Congress, Amer. Amateur (1935), 118-19 Redfield Plaza, Marshall, MI 49068; 14,200 teams. Baseball Congress, Natl. (1931), P.O. Box 1420, Wichita, KS 67201. Baseball Research, Society for Amer. (1971), P.O. Box 470, Garrett Pk., MD 20896; 5,800. Basketball Assn., Natl. (1946), 645 Fifth Ave., N.Y., NY 10022. Battleship Assn., Amer. (1964), P.O. Box 11247, San Diego, CA 92111; 2,100. Beer Can Collectors of America (1970), 747 Merus Ct., Fenton, MO 63026-2092; 4,000. Beta Gamma Sigma (1913), 605 Old Ballas Rd., Suite 200, St. Louis, MO 63141; 285,000. Beta Sigma Phi (1931), P.O. Box 8500, Kansas City, MO 64114; 250,000. Bible Society, Amer. (1816), 1865 Broadway, N.Y., NY 10023; 500,000. Biblical Literature, Society of (1880), 819 Houston Mill Rd. NE, Atlanta, GA 30329. Bibliographical Society of America (1904), P.O. Box 397, Grand Central Sta., N.Y., NY 10163; 1,300. Big Brothers/Big Sisters of America (1903), 230 No. 13th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107; 80,000. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Amer. Society for (1906), 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814. Blind, Amer. Council of the (1961) 1010 Vermont Ave. NW, Suite 1100, Wash., DC 20005; 20,000. Blind, Amer. Foundation for the (1921), 15 W. 16th St., N.Y., NY 10011; 250. Blind, Natl. Federation of the (1940), 655 15th St. NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20005. Blindness, Natl. Society to Prevent (1908), 500 E. Remington Rd., Schaumburg, IL 60173; 26 affiliates. Blindness, Research to Prevent (1960), 598 Madison Ave., N.Y., NY 10023; 1,400. Blue Angels Assn. (1982), 4600 Twin Oaks Dr., Apt. 702, Warrington, FL 32506; 250. Blue Cross and Blue Shield Assn. (1946), 676 St. Clair, Chicago, IL 60611; 74 plans. Blueberry Council, No. Amer. (1965), P.O. Box 166, Marmora, NJ 08223; 37 members, 19 assoc., 13 contributing. Bluebird Society, No. Amer. (1978), 2 Countryside Ct., Silver Spring, MD 20906; 5,000. B'nai B'rith Intl. (1843), 1640 Rhode Island Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 500,000. Boat Assn., Amer. Power (1903), 17640 E. Nine Mile Rd., E. Detroit, MI 48021; 5,000. Boat Club, Chris Craft Antique (1973), 217 S. Adams St., Tallahassee, FL 32301; 1,600. Boat Owners Assn. of the U.S. (1966), 880 S. Pickett St., Alexandria, VA 22304; 350,000. Bodybuilders Assn., Amer. (1981), 6991 Simson St., Oakland, CA 94605-2226; 854. Bookplate Collectors and Designers, Amer. Soc. of (1922), 605 N. Stoneman Ave. #F, Alhambra, CA 91801; 250. Booksellers Assn., Amer. (1900), 122 E. 42d St., N.Y., NY 10168; 5,557. Botanical Gardens & Arboreta, Amer. Assn. of (1940), 786 Church Rd, Wayne, PA 19087; 1,800. Bottle Clubs, Federation of Historical (1969), 5001 Queen Ave. N., Minneapolis, MN 55430; 90 clubs. Bowling Congress, Amer. (1895), 5301 S. 76th St., Greendale, WI 53129; 3.1 mln. Boys' Brigades of America, United (1893), 2803 Glendale Ave., Baltimore, MD 21234; 150. Boys' Clubs of America (1906), 771 First Ave., N.Y., NY 10017; 1.2 mln. Boy Scouts of America (1910), 1325 Walnut Hill Lane, Irving, TX 75015-2079; 5.3 mln. Bread for the World (1974), 802 Rhode Island Ave. NE, Washington, DC 20018; 40,000. Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Assn., Intl. (1932), 2120 L St. NW, Suite 305, Wash., DC 20037; 275 organizations. Brith Sholom, Natl. (1905), 3939 Conshohocken Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19131; 5,000. Broadcasters, Natl. Assn. of (1922), 1771 N St. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 6,170 radio & TV stations. Burroughs Bibliophiles, The (1960), 454 Elaine Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15236; 256. Bus Assn., Amer. (1928), 1015 15th St. NW, Suite 250, Wash., DC 20005; 3,000. Business Bureaus, Council of Better (1970), 4200 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22203; 180 bureaus. Business Clubs, Natl. Assn. of Amer. (1922), 3315 No. Main St., High Point, NC 27262; 7,000. Business Communication, Assn. for (1935), 608 S. Wright St., Urbana, IL 61801; 1,650. Business Communicators, Intl. Assn. of (1970), One Hallidie Pl., Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94920; 11,000. Business Education Assn., Natl. (1946), 1906 Association Dr., Reston, VA 22091; 18,000. Business Real Estate & Law Assn., Amer. (1923), Dept. of Legal Studies, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; 1,200. Business-Professional Advertising Assn. (1922), 100 Metroplex Dr., Edison, NJ 08817; 4,500. Button Society, Natl. (1938), 2733 Juno Pl., Akron, OH 44313; 2,400+. Byron Society, The (1971 England, 1973 in U.S.), 259 New Jersey Ave., Collingswood, NJ 08108; 300. CARE (Cooperative For American Relief Everywhere) (1945), 660 First Ave., N.Y., NY 10016. CB Radio Patrol of Amer., Federation of Police (1977), 1100 NE 125th St., N. Miami, FL 33161; 35,000. CLU & CHFC, Amer. Soc. of (1928), 270 Bryn Mawr Ave., Bryn Mawr, PA 19010; 32,000. CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) (1942), 1457 Flatbush Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11210. CPCU, The Society of (1944), 720 Providence Rd., Malvern, PA 19355; 18,000. Campers & Hikers Assn., Natl. (1954), 4804 Transit Rd., Bld. 2, Depew, NY 14043; 24,000 families. Camp Fire Boys & Girls (1910), 4601 Madison Ave., Kansas City, MO 64112; 600,000. Campers & Hikers Assn., Inc. (1954), 7172 Transit Rd., Buffalo, NY 14221; 30,000. Camping Assn., Amer. (1910), 5000 SR 67 N., Martinsville, IN 46151; 5,200. Cancer Society, Amer. (1913), 90 Park Ave., N.Y., NY 10017; 257. Canoe Assn., U.S. (1968), 606 Ross St., Middletown, OH 45044; 1,300. Carillonneurs in North America, Guild of (1936), 3718 Settle Rd., Cincinnati, OH 45227; 483. Carnegie Hero Fund Commission (1904), 2307 Oliver Bldg., Pittsburgh, PA 15222. Cartoonists Society, Natl. (1946), 157 W. 57th St., Suite 904, N.Y., NY 10019; 500. Cat Fanciers' Assn. (1906), 1309 Allaire Ave., Ocean, NJ 07712; 600 member clubs. Catholic Bishops, Natl. Conference of/U.S. Cath. Conference (1966), 1312 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20005. Catholic Charities, USA (1910), 1319 F St. NW, Wash., DC 20004; 3,350. Catholic Church Extension Society of the U.S.A. (1905), 35 E. Wacker Dr., Chicago, IL 60601. Catholic Daughters of the Americas (1903), 10 W. 71st St., N.Y., NY 10023; 150,000. Catholic Educational Assn., Natl. (1904), 1077-30th St. NW, Suite 100, Wash, DC 20007; 18,353. Catholic Historical Soc., Amer. (1884), 263 S. Fourth St., Philadelphia, PA 19106; 815. Catholic Library Assn. (1921), 461 W. Lancaster Ave., Haverford, PA 19041; 1,518. Catholic Press Assn. of U.S. and Canada (1911), 119 N. Park Ave., Rockville Centre, NY 11570. Catholic Rural Life Conference, Natl. (1923), 4625 NW Beaver Ave., Des Moines, IA 50310; 2,000. Catholic War Veterans of the U.S.A. (1935), 419 North Lee Street, Alexandria, VA 22314; 25,000. Celiac Sprue Assn./USA (1986), 2313 Rocklyn Dr., Suite 1, Des Moines, IA 50322; 1,800. Cemetery Assn., Amer. (1887), 5201 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041; 2,300. Ceramic Society, Amer. (1898), 757 Brooksedge Plaza Dr., Westerville, OH 43081; 13,500. Cerebral Palsy Assns., United (1949), 7 Penn Plaza, N.Y., NY 10001; 180 affiliates. Chamber of Commerce of the U.S.A. (1912), 1615 H St. NW, Wash., DC 20062; 200,000. Chamber Music Players, Amateur (1948), 545 Eighth Ave., N.Y., NY 10018; 4,000. Chaplain's Intl. Assn. (1962), U.S. Box 4266, Norton Air Force Base, San Bernardino, CA 92409; 790. Chaplains Assn. of the U.S.A., The Military (1925), P.O. Box 645, Riverdale, MD 20737-0645; 1,500. Checker Federation, Amer., (1948), 3475 Belmont Ave., Baton Rouge, LA 70808; 1,000. Chemical Manufacturers Assn. (1872), 2501 M St. NW, Wash., DC 20037; 171 companies. Chemical Society, Amer. (1876), 1155 16th St. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 135,000. Chemistry, Amer. Assn. for Clinical (1948), 2029 K St. NW, 7th fl. Wash., DC 20006; 9,600. Chemists, Amer. Institute of (1923), 7315 Wisconsin Ave., Bethesda, Md. 20814; 6,500 Chemists, Amer. Society of Brewing (1934), 3340 Pilot Knob Rd., St. Paul MN 55121; 857. Chemists, Amer. Assn. of Cereal (1915), 3340 Pilot Knob Rd., St. Paul, MN 55121; 3,523. Chess Federation, U.S. (1939), 186 Rte. 9W, New Windsor, NY 12550; 60,000. Chess League of Amer., Correspondence (1897), P.O. Box 416, Warrenville, IL 60555; 1,000. Child Welfare League of America (1920), 440 First St. NW, Wash., DC 20001; 600 agencies. Childbirth Without Pain Education Assn. (1959), 20134 Snowden, Detroit, MI 48235; 3,000. Childhood Education Intl., Assn. for (1892), 11141 Georgia Ave., Suite 200, Wheaton, MD 20902; 14,000. Children of the Amer. Revolution, Natl. Society of the (1895), 1776 D St. NW, Wash., DC 20006; 10,000. Children's Aid Society (1853), 105 E. 22d St., N.Y., NY 10010; 1,207. Children's Book Council (1945), 568 Broadway, Suite 404, N.Y., NY 10012; 65 publishing houses. Chiropractic Assn., Amer. (1930), 1916 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22201; 20,000. Chiropractors Assn., Intl. (1926), 1901 L St. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 7,000. Christian Endeavor, Intl. Society of (1881), 1221 E. Broad St., Columbus, OH 43216. Christian Laity Counseling Board (1970), 5901 Plainfield Dr., Charlotte, NC 28215; 38 mln. Christians and Jews, Natl. Conference of (1927), 71 Fifth Ave., Suite 1100 N.Y., NY 10003. Church Business Administration, Natl. Assn. of (1956), 7001 Grapevine Hwy., Suite 324, Ft. Worth, TX 76180; 1,500. Church Federation, Ecumenical (1982), 13014-270, N. Dalemabry, Tampa, FL 33618-2808. Churches, U.S. Conference for the World Council of (1948), 475 Riverside Dr., N.Y., NY 10115; 27 churches. Church Women United (1941), The Interchurch Center, 475 Riverside Dr., Rm. 812, N.Y., NY 10115. Cincinnati, Society of the (1783), 2118 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20008; 3,200. Circulation Managers Assn., Intl. (1889), 11600 Sunrise Valley Dr., Reston, VA 22091; 1,536. Circus Fans Assn. of America (1926), P.O. Box 3187, Flint, MI 48502; 2,400. Cities, Natl. League of (1924), 1301 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20004; 15,000 cities. Citizens Band Radio Patrol (1977), 1100 NE 125th St., N. Miami, FL 33161; 35,000. City Management Assn., Intl. (1914), 1120 G St. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 7,240. Civic League, Natl. (1894), 1601 Grant St., Suite 250, Denver, CO 80203; 1,500. Civil Air Patrol, (1941), Bldg. 714, Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-5572; 73,000. Civil Engineers, Amer. Society of (1852), 345 E. 47th St., N.Y., NY 10017; 104,000. Civil Liberties Union, Amer. (1920), 132 W. 43rd St., N.Y. NY 10036; 250,000. Civil War Round Table of New York (1951), P.O. Box 3485, N.Y., NY 10185; 150+. Civic League, Natl. (1894), 55 West 44th St., N.Y., NY 10036; 3,000. Civitan Internatl. (1920), 1401 52nd St. S., Birmingham, AL 35213-1903; 35,000. Classical League, Amer. (1919), Hall, Miami Univ., Oxford, OH 45056; 3,604. Clinical Pastoral Education, Assn. for (1967), 1549 Clairmont Rd., Decatur, GA 30033; 4,366. Clinical Pathologists, Amer. Society of (1922), 2100 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612; 47,300. Coal Association, Natl. (1917), 1130 17th St. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 175 corporate members. College Athletic Assn., Natl. Junior (1949), 1825 Austin Bluffs Pkwy., Colorado Springs, CO 80918; 565 schools. College Athletic Conference, Eastern (1938), 1311 Craigville Beach Rd., P.O. Box 3, Centerville, MA 02632. College Board, The (1900), 45 Columbus Ave., N.Y., NY 10023; 2,600 institutions. College Music Society (1958), P.O. Box 18000, Boulder, CO 80308; 6,000. College Physical Education Assn. for Men, Natl. (1897), 108 Cooke Hall, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455. College Placement Council (1956), 62 Highland Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18017; 3,010. Colleges, Amer. Assn. of Community and Jr. (1921), One Dupont Circle NW, Suite 410, Wash., DC 20036. Colleges, Assn. of Amer. (1915), 1818 R St. NW, Wash., DC 20009; 620 institutions. Colleges and Universities, Assn. of Intl. (1973), l301 S. Noland Rd., Independence, MO 64055; 11,825. Collegiate Athletic Assn., Natl. (1906), 6201 College Blvd., Overland Park, KS 66211-2422. Collegiate Body-Building Assn., Natl. (1983), 6991 Simson St., Oakland, CA 94605; 683. Collegiate Schools of Business, Amer. Assembly of (1916), 605 Old Ballas Rd., St. Louis, MO 63141-7077; 800+ schools. Colonial Dames of Amer. (1899), 421 E. 61 St., N.Y., NY 10021; 2,049. Colonial Dames XVII Century, Natl. Society (1915), 1300 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 13,000. Colonial Wars, General Society of (1892), 840 Woodbine Ave., Glendale, OH 45246; 4,400. Commercial Collectors Assn., Amer. (1969), 4040 W. 70th St., Minneapolis, MN 55435; 3,159. Commercial Law League of America (1895), 175 W. Jackson, #1541, Chicago, IL 60604; 5,300. Commercial Travelers of America, Order of United (1888), 632 N. Park St., Columbus, OH 43215; 186,000. Common Cause (1970), 2030 M St. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 270,000. Communication, Intl. Training In (1938), 2519 Woodland Dr., Anaheim, CA 92801; 20,000. Communication, Soc. for Technical (1953), 815 15th St. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 15,000. Communication Administration, Assn. for (1971), 5105 Backlick Rd., Annadale, VA 22003; 700. Communities, Federation of Egalitarian (1976), E. Wind, Rt. 3WA, Box 6B2, Tecumseh, MO 65760; 200. Community Cultural Center Assoc., Amer. (1978), 19 Foothills Dr., Pompton Plains, NJ 07444. Composers/USA, Natl. Assn. of (1932), P.O. Box 49652, Barrington Sta., Los Angeles, CA 90049; 600. Composers, Authors & Publishers, Amer. Society of (ASCAP) (1914), One Lincoln Plaza, N.Y., NY 10023; 24,000. Computing Machinery, Assn. for (1947), 11 W. 42nd St., N.Y., NY 10036; 55,000. Concrete Institute, Amer. (1904), 22400 W. Seven Mile Rd., Detroit, MI 48219-1849; 16,770. Conscientious Objection, Central Committee for (1948), 2208 South St., Phila., PA 19146. Conservation Engineers, Assn. of (1961), Missouri Dept. of Conservation, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65076. Constantian Society, The (1970), 123 Orr Rd., Pittsburgh, PA 15241; 420. Construction Industry Manufacturers Assn. (1911), 111 E. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53202; 150 companies. Construction Specifications Institute (1948), 601 Madison St., Alexandria, VA 22314-1791; 19,200. Consumer Credit Assn., Intl. (1912), 243 N. Lindbergh, St. Louis, MO 63141; 20,000. Consumer Federation of America (1968), 1314 14th St. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 200+. Consumer Interests, Amer. Council on (1953), 240 Stanley Hall, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211; 1,680. Consumer Protection Institute (1970), 5901 Plainfield Dr., Charlotte, NC 28215. Consumers League, Natl. (1899), 815 15th St. NW, Suite 516, Wash., DC 20005. Consumers Union of the U.S. (1936), 256 Washington St., Mount Vernon, NY 10553; 291,000. Contraception, Assn. for Voluntary Surgical (1943), 122 E. 42nd St., New York, NY 10168; 5,000. Contract Bridge League, Amer. (1937), 2200 Democrat Rd., Memphis, TN 38132; 190,000. Contract Management Assn., Natl. (1959), 6728 Old McLean Village Dr., McLean, VA 22101; 20,176. Contractors, Natl. Assn. of Education and Training (1989), 50 E St. SE, Wash., DC 20003; 18. Contractors of Amer., General (1918), 1957 E St. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 30,000. Cooperative Business Assn., Natl. (1916), 1401 New York Ave. NW, #1100, Wash., DC 20005; 180 organizations, 50 indvls. Cooperative League of the U.S.A. (1916), 1401 New York Ave. NW, Suite 1100, Wash., DC 20005; 285 co-ops. Correctional Assn., Amer. (1870), 8025 Laurel Lakes Court, Laurel, MD 20707; 24,000. Correctional Officers, Intl. Assn. of (1977), P.O. Box 7051, Marquette, MI 49855; 10,000. Cosmetology Assn., Natl. (1921), 3510 Olive St., St. Louis, MO 63103; 47,000. Cosmopolitan Intl. (1919), 7341 W. 80th, Overland Park, KS 66204; 3,200. Cotton Council of America, Natl. (1938), 1918 North Parkway, Memphis, TN 38112; 297 delegates. Counseling and Development, Amer. Assn. for (1952), 5999 Stevenson Ave., Alexandria, VA 22304; 55,000. Counselors and Family Therapists, Natl. Academy of (1970), 55 Morris Ave., Springfield, NJ 07081-1422; 500. Country Music Assn. (1958), P.O. Box 22299, Nashville, TN 37202; 8,000+. Creative Children and Adults, Natl. Assn. for (1974), 8080 Springvalley Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45236; 1,500. Credit Assn., International (1912), 243 N. Lindberg, St. Louis, MO 63141; 13,500. Credit Management, Nat. Assn. of (1896), 8815 Centre Park Dr., Columbia, MD 21045. Credit Union Natl. Assn. (1934), 5710 Mineral Point Rd., Madison, WI 53705; 52 state credit union leagues. Crime and Delinquency, Natl. Council on (1907), 685 Marnet St., Suite 620, San Francisco, CA 94105; 200. Criminal Investigators Assn., Intl. (1970), P.O. Box 15350, Chevy Chase, MD 20815; 1,000. Criminology, Amer. Society of (1941), 1314 Kinnear Rd., Suite 212, Columbus, OH 43212; 2,200. Crop Science Society of America (1955), 677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711; 5,464. Cross-Examination Debate Assn. (1971), California State Univ.-Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330. Cryptogram Assn., Amer. (1929) 4 Hawthorne Dr., Cherry Hill, NJ 08003; 1,100. Cyprus, Sovereign Order of (1192, 1964 in U.S.), 853 Seventh Ave., N.Y., NY 10019; 474. Dairy Council, Natl. (1915), 6300 N. River Rd., Rosemont, IL 60018. Dairy and Food Industries Supply Assn. (1912), 6245 Executive Blvd., Rockville, MD 20852; 832. Dairy Goat Assn., American (1904), 209 W. Main St., Spindale, NC 28160; 12,000. Dairylea Cooperative (1907), 831 James St., Syracuse, NY13203; 3,000. Danish Brotherhood in America (1882), 3717 Harney St., Omaha, NE 68131; 9,534. Daughters of the American Revolution, Natl. Society, (1890), 1776 D St. NW, Wash., DC 20006-5392; 202,197. Daughters of the Confederacy, United (1894), 328 N. Blvd., Richmond, VA 23220-4057; 26,000. Daughters of 1812, Natl. Society, U.S. (1892), 1461 Rhode Island Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 4,700. Daughters of the Republic of Texas (1891), 5758 Balcones Dr., Ste. 201, Austin, TX 78731; 6,008. Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War (1885), 503 S. Walnut St., Springfield, IL 62704; 4,000. Deaf, Alexander Graham Bell Assn. for the (1890), 3417 Volta Pl. NW, Wash., DC 20007; 5,000. Deaf, Natl. Assn. of the (1880), 814 Thayer Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910; 20,000. Death and Dying, Natl. Council on (1990), 250 W. 50th St., N.Y., NY 10019; 120,000. Defense Preparedness Assn., Amer. (1919), 2101 Wilson Blvd., Ste. 400, Arlington, VA 22209; 40,000. Delta Kappa Gamma Society Intl. (1929), P.O. Box 1589, Austin, TX 78767; 164,000. Deltiologists of America (1960), P.O. Box 8, Norwood, PA 19074; 1,600. Democratic Natl. Committee, (1792), 430 S. Capitol St. SE, Wash., DC 20003; 380. DeMolay, Intl. Council, Order of (1919), 10200 N. Executive Hills Blvd., Kansas City, MO 64153; 2 mln. Dental Assn., Amer. (1859), 211 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611; 140,000. Descendants of the Colonial Clergy, Society of the (1933), 30 Leewood Rd., Wellesley, MA 02181; 1,400. Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence (1907), 1300 Locust St., Phila., PA 19107; 937. Descendants of Washington's Army at Valley Forge, Society of (1976), P.O. Box 915, Valley Forge, PA 19482-0915. Diabetes Assn., Amer. (1940), 1660 Duke St., Alexandria, VA 22314; 259,000. Dialect Society, Amer. (1889), c/o Allan Metcalf, English Dept., MacMurray College, Jacksonville, IL 62650; 600. Direct Marketing Assn. (1917), 6 E. 43d St., N.Y., NY 10017. Directors Guild of America (1936), 7950 Sunset Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90046; 7,800. Disabled Amer. Veterans (1920), 3725 Alexandria Pike, Cold Spring, KY 41076; 1.09 mln. Disc Sports, U.S. (1982), 1090 S. Avenue, #3, Rochester, NY 14620; 14,750. Dogs on Stamps Study Unit, Amer. Topical Assn. (1979), 3208 Hana Rd., Edison, NJ 08817; 250. Dowsers, Amer. Society of (1961), Brainerd St., Danville, VT 05828; 3,500. Dozenal Society of America (1945), Math Dept., Nassau Community College, Garden City, NY 11530; 130. Dracula Society, Count (1962), 334 W. 54th St., Los Angeles, CA 90037; 500. Drug, Chemical and Allied Trades Assn. (1890), 2 Roosevelt Ave., Syosset, NY 11791; 2,000. Ducks Unlimited (1937), One Waterfowl Way at Gilmer Rd., Long Grove, IL 60014; 640,000. Dutch Settlers Soc. of Albany (1924), 6 DeLucia Terr., Albany, NY 12211; 271. Eagles, Fraternal Order of (1898), 12660 West Capitol Dr., Brookfield, WI 53055; 1.1 mln. Earth, Friends of the (1969), 530 7th St. SE, Washington, DC 20003; 20,000. Easter Seal Society, Natl. (1919), 70 E. Lake St., Chicago, IL 60601. Eastern Star, General Grand Chapter, Order of the (1876), 1618 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20009; 1.5 mln. Economic Assn., Amer. (1885), 1313 21st Ave. So., #809, Nashville, TN 37212; 20,000. Economic Development, Committee for (1942), 1700 K St., NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20006; 365. Edison Electric Institute (1933), 701 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20004-2696; 180 corporations. Education, Amer. Assn. for Adult and Continuing (1982), 1201 16th St. NW, Suite 230, Wash., DC 20036; 3,500. Education, Amer. Council on (1918), One Dupont Circle NW, #800, Wash., DC 20036; 1,600 schools. Education, Amer. Soc. for Engineering (1893), 11 Dupont Circle NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20036; 10,000+. Education, Council for Advancement & Support of (1974), 11 Dupont Circle NW, Wash., DC 20036; 2,500 schools. Education, Council for Basic (1956), 725 15th St. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 10,000. Education, Institute of Intl. (1919), 809 United Nations Plaza, N.Y., NY 10017. Education, Natl. Committee for Citizens in (1973), 10840 Little Patuxent Pwky., Suite 301, Columbia, MD 21044. Education, Natl. Society for the Study of (1901), 5835 Kimbark Ave., Chicago, IL 60637; 2,400. Education Assn., Natl. (1857), 1201 16th St. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 1.9 mln. Education Society, Comparative and Intl. (1956), Univ. of S. California, Univ. Park, Los Angeles, CA 90089; 2,500. Education of Young Children, Natl. Assn. for the (1926), 1834 Connecticut Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20009; 70,000. Educational Exchange, Council on Intl. (1947), 205 E. 42d St., N.Y., NY 10017; 180 organizations. Educational Research Assn., Amer. (1916), 1230 17th St. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 14,000+. 8th Air Force Historical Society (1975), P.O. Box 727, Oldsmar, FL 34677; 15,000. 82nd Airborne Division Assn., Inc. (1944), P.O. Box 1442, Bloomington, IN 47402; 20,200. 88th Infantry Division Assn., Inc. (1948), P.O. Box 925, Havertown, PA 19083; 5,152. Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Institute of (1884), 345 E. 47th St., N.Y., NY 10017; 300,000. Electrical Manufacturers Assn., Natl. (1926), 2101 L St. NW, Wash., DC 20037; 560 companies. Electrochemical Society (1902), 10 S. Main St., Pennington, NJ 08534-2896; 6,000. Electronic Industries Assn. (1924), 2001 Pennsylvania Ave., Wash., DC 20006-1813; 1,058 companies. Electronics Sales & Service Dealers Assn., Natl. (1973), 2708 W. Berry, Ft. Worth, TX 76109; 1,400. Electronics Technicians, Intl. Society of Certified (1970), 2708 W. Berry, Ft. Worth, TX 76109; 1,400. Electroplaters' and Surface Finishers' Society, Amer. (1909), 12644 Research Pkwy, Orlando, FL 32826; 8,600. Elks of the U.S.A., Benevolent and Protective Order of (1868), 2750 Lakeview Ave., Chicago, IL 60614; 1.5 mln. Energy Research Institute, Clean (1974), 1251 Memorial Dr., 219 MacArthur Engineering Bldg., Coral Gables, FL, 33146. Energy, Intl. Assn. for Hydrogen (1975), P.O. Box 242866, Miami, FL 33124-8266; 2,500. Engine and Boat Manufacturers, Natl. Assn. of (1904), 401 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611. Engineering, Natl. Academy of (1964), 2101 Constitution Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20418; 1,535. Engineering, Soc. for the Advancement of Material & Process (1944), P.O. Box 2459, Covina, CA 91722; 10,000. Engineering Societies, Amer. Assn. of (1979), 345 E. 47th St., N.Y., NY 10017; 38 societies. Engineering Society of N. America, Illuminating (1906), 345 E. 47th St., N.Y., NY 10017; 9,641. Engineering Trustees, United (1904), 345 E. 47th St., N.Y., NY 10017. Engineers, Amer. Inst. of Chemical (1908), 345 E. 47th St., N.Y., N.Y. 10003; 52,000. Engineers, Amer. Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum (1871), 345 E. 47th St., N.Y., NY 10017. Engineers, Amer. Soc. of Agricultural (1907), 2950 Niles Rd., St. Joseph, MI 49085-9659; 10,000. Engineers, Amer. Soc. of Civil (1852), 345 E. 47th St., N.Y., NY 10017; 111,112. Engineers, Amer. Soc. of Naval (1888), 1452 Duke St., Alexandria, VA 22314; 8,500. Engineers, Amer. Soc. of Plumbing (1964), 3617 Thousand Oaks Blvd., #210, Westlake Vlge, CA 91362-3625; 4,500. Engineers, Amer. Soc. of Safety (1911), 1800 E. Oakton St., Des Plains, IL 60018; 21,000. Engineers, Assn. of Conservation (1961), Missouri Conservation Dept., P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102; 200. Engineers, Assn. of Energy (1977), 4025 Pleasantdale Rd., Suite 420, Atlanta, GA 30340; 6,200. Engineers, Inst. of Industrial (1948), 25 Technology Park, Atlanta, GA 30092; 43,000. Engineers, Inst. of Transportation (1930), Suite 410, 525 School St. NW, Wash., DC 20024, 7,700. Engineers, Natl. Society of Professional (1934), 1420 King St., Alexandria, VA 22314; 75,000. Engineers, Soc. of Fire Protection (1950), 60 Batterymarch St., Boston, MA 02110; 3,550. Engineers, Soc. of Logistics (1966), 125 W. Park Loop, Suite 201, Huntsville, AL 35806; 10,000. Engineers, Soc. of Manufacturing (1932), One SME Drive, P.O. Box 930, Dearborn, MI 48121; 80,000. Engineers, Society of Mining (1871), 8307 Shaffer Pkwy., Littleton, CO 80127; 23,058. Engineers, Society of Plastics (1942), 14 Fairfield Dr., Brookfield Ctr., CT 06805; 25,000. Engineers, Society of Tribologists & Lubrication (1944), 838 Busse Hwy., Park Ridge, IL 60068; 4,100. English Assn., College (1939), English Dept., Nazareth College, 4245 East Ave., Rochester, NY 14610; 1,450. English-Speaking Union of the U.S. (1920), 16 E. 69th St., N.Y., NY 10021; 27,000. Entomological Society of America (1889), 9301 Annapolis Rd., Lanham, MD 20706. Environmental Health Assn., Natl. (1937), 720 S. Colorado Blvd., Suite 970, Denver, CO 80222; 5,000. Epigraphic Society, Inc., The (1974), 6625 Bamburgh Dr., San Diego, CA 92117; 1,100. Esperanto League for North America (1932), P.O. Box 1129, El Cerrito, CA 94530; 937. Evangelism Crusades, Intl. (1959), 14617 Victory Blvd., Van Nuys, CA 91411. Exchange Club, Natl. (1911), 3050 Central Ave., Toledo, OH 43606-1757; 41,949. Executive Management Services Corp. (1973), P.O. Box 58, Atlantic Beach, NY 11509. Experiment in Intl. Living/School for Intl. Training (1932), P.O. Box 676, Kipling Rd., Brattleboro, VT 05302; 65,000. Fairs & Expositions, Intl. Assn. of (1919), P.O. Box 985, Springfield, MO 65801; 1,500. Family Life, Natl. Alliance for, Inc. (1973), Ste. 4, 225 Jericho Tpk., Floral Park, NY 11001; 499. Family Relations, Natl. Council on (1938), 3989 Central Ave. NE, Suite 550, Minneapolis, MN 55421; 4,000. Family Service Assn. of America (1911), 11700 W. Lake Park Dr., Park Pl, Milwaukee, WI 53224; 286 agencies. Farm Bureau Federation, Amer. (1919), 225 Touhy Ave., Park Ridge, IL 60068; 3.8 mln. families. Farmers of America, Future (1928), 5632 Mt. Vernon Memorial Hwy., Alexandria, VA 22309-0160; 397,107. Farmers Union, Natl. (1902), Denver, CO 80251; 250,000. Farmers' Educational and Co-Operative Union of America (1902), 10065 E. Harvard Ave., Denver, CO 80231; 250,000. Fast Draw Assn., World (1975), 1026 Llagas Rd., Morgan Hill, CA 95037; 320. Fat Acceptance, Natl. Assn. to Advance (NAAFA) (1969), P.O. Box 188620, Sacramento, CA 95818; 2,500. Federal Employees Veterans Assn. (1954), Leslie Harris, 1024 E. Cliveden St., Phila., PA 19119; 4,562. Feminists for Life of America (1972), 811 E. 47th St., Kansas City, MO 64110; 2,000. Fencers League of America, Amateur (1893), 601 Curtis St., Albany, CA 94706; 8,000. Film Library Assn., Educational (1943), 45 John St., Suite 301, N.Y., NY 10038; 1,600. Financial Analysts Federation (1945), [num ]5 Boar's Head Lane, Charlottesville, VA 22901; 17,000. Financial Executives Institute (1931), 10 Madison Ave., P.O. Box 1938, Morristown, NJ 07960, 13,200. Financiers, Intl. Soc. of (1979), P.O. Box 18508, Asheville, NC 28814; 400. Fire Chiefs, Intl. Assn. of (1873), 1329 18th St. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 9,500. Fire Marshals Assn. of No. America (1906), NFPA, Batterymarch Pk., Quincy, MA 02269-9101. Fire Protection Assn., Natl. (1896), Batterymarch Park, Quincy MA 02269; 38,000. Fish Assn., Intl. Game (1939), 3000 E. Las Olas Blvd., Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33316; 25,000. Fisheries Institute, Natl. (1945), 2000 M St., Washington, DC 20036; 1,250. Fishes, Soc. for the Protection of Old (1967), School of Fisheries, WH-10 Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; 250. Fishing Institute, Sport (1949), 1010 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Suite 100, Wash., DC 20001; 230. Fishing Tackle Manufacturers Assn., Amer. (1950), 1250 Grove Ave., Barrington, IL 60010. Flag Research Center, The (1962), 3 Edgehill Rd., Winchester, MA 01890; 1,200. Flight Attendants, Assn. of (1973), 1625 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 28,000. Florida Tobacco & Candy Assn. (1976), 217 S. Adams St., Tallahassee, FL 32302; 35. Fly Fishers, Fed. of (1965), Box 1088, 200 Yellowstone Ave., W. Yellowstone, MT 59758; 12,000. Flying Disc Fed., World (1985), Gnejsvagen 24, 85240; Sundsvall, Sweden; 34,592. Food Brokers Assn., Natl. (1904), 1010 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20001; 1,800 companies. Food Institute, Amer. Frozen (1942), 1764 Old Meadow Ln., Suite 350, McLean, VA 22102; 500 firms. Footwear Industries Assn., Amer. (1871), 3700 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19104; 180. Foreign Relations, Council on (1921), 58 E. 68th St., N.Y., NY 10021; 2,510. Foreign Student Affairs, Natl. Assn. for (1948), 1860 19th St. NW, Wash., DC 20009; 5,500. Foreign Study, Amer. Institute for (1964), 102 Greenwich Ave., Greenwich, CT 06830; 300,000. Foreign Trade Council, Inc., Natl. (1914), 1625 K St. NW, Washington, DC 20002; 500 companies. Forensic Sciences, Amer. Academy of (1948), 218 E. Cache La Poudre, Colorado Springs, CO 80903; 3,500. Forest Council (1932), 1250 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 320, Washington, DC 20036. Forest History Society (1946), 701 Vickers Ave., Durham, NC 27701. Forest Products Assn., Natl. (1902), 1250 Connecticut Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 700 companies. Forest Products Research Society (1947), 2801 Marshall Ct., Madison, WI 53705; 3,600. Foresters, Society of Amer. (1900), 5400 Grosvenor La., Bethesda, MD 20814; 19,500. Forestry Assn., Amer. (1875), 1516 P St. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 40,000. Fortean Organization, Intl. (1965), P.O. Box 367, Arlington, VA 22205; 700+. Founders and Patriots of Amer., The Order of the (1896), 3813 Acapulco Ct., Irving, TX 75062; 1,250. Foundrymen's Society, Amer. (1896), Golf & Wolf Rds., Des Plaines, IL 60016; 13,255. 4-H Clubs (1901-1905), Extension Service, U.S. Dept of Agriculture, Wash., DC 20250; 5.8 mln. Franklin D. Roosevelt Philatelic Society (1963), 154 Laguna Ct., St. Augustine Shores, FL 32086; 696. Freedom, Young Americans for (1960), Box 1002, Woodland Rd. Sterling, VA 22170; 80,000. Freedom of Information Center (1958), School of Journalism, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge (1949), Valley Forge, PA 19481; 5,000. Friedreich's Ataxia Group in America (1969), P.O. Box 11116, Oakland, CA 94611; 2,100+. French Institute (1911), 22 E. 60th St., N.Y., NY 10022. Friendship and Good Will, Intl. Soc. of (1978), 211 W. 4th Ave., P.O. Box 2637, Gastonia, NC 28053-2637. Frisbee Assn., Intl. (1967), 900 E. El Monte, San Gabriel, CA 91776; 110,000. Funeral and Memorial Societies, Continental Assn. of (1963), 2001 S. St. NW, Suite 530, Washington, DC 20009. GASP (Group Against Smokers' Pollution) (1971), P.O. Box 632, College Park, MD 20740; 10,000. Gamblers Anonymous (1957), 3255 Wilshire Blvd., #610, Los Angeles, CA 90010; 1,200 groups. Garden Club of Amer. (1913), 598 Madison Ave., N.Y., NY 10022; 15,000. Garden Clubs, Natl. Council of State (1929), 4401 Magnolia Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110; 308,623. Garden Clubs of America, Men's (1932), 5560 Merle Hay Rd., Johnston, IA 50131; 9,500. Gas Appliance Manufacturers Assn. (1935), 1901 N. Ft. Myer Dr., Arlington, VA 22209; 240 companies. Gas Assn., Amer. (1918), 1515 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22209; 300 companies; 3,000 individuals. Gay and Lesbian Task Force, Natl. (1973), 1517 U St. NW, Washington, DC 20009; 17,000. Genealogical Society, Natl. (1903), 4527 17th St. N., Arlington, VA 22207; 9,500. Genetic Assn., Amer. (1903), P.O. Box 39, Buckeystown, MD 21717; 3,000. Geographers, Assn. of Amer. (1904), 1710 16th St. NW, Wash., DC 20009-3198; 6,300. Geographic Education, Natl. Council for (1915), 16A Leonard Hall, IUPA, Indiana, PA 15705; 3,500. Geographic Society, Natl. (1888), 1145 17 St. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 10 mln. Geographical Society, Amer. (1851), 156 Fifth Ave., Suite 600, N.Y., NY 10010-7002; 1,400. Geolinguistics, Amer. Society of (1965), University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02892; 70. Geological Institute, Amer. (1948), 4220 King St., Alexandria, VA 22302; 21 societies. Geological Society of America (1888), 3300 Penrose Pl., P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301; 16,300. Geologists, Assn. of Engineering (1960), 323 Boston Post Rd. Suite 2D, Sudbury, MA 01776; 2,800. Geologists, Amer. Assn. of Petroleum (1917), 1444 S. Boulder, Tulsa, OK 74119; 32,000. Geophysicists, Society of Exploration (1930), 8801 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa OK 74137; 14,854. Geriatrics Society, Amer. (1942), 770 Lexington Ave., Suite 400, N.Y., NY 10021; 6,000. Gideons Intl. (1899), 2900 Lebanon Rd., Nashville, TN 37214; 104,000. Gifted & Talented Club, Natl. (1987), 4049 Ross Park Dr., San Jose, CA 95118; 200. Gifted Children, Amer. Assn. for (1946), 15 Gramercy Park, N.Y., NY 10003. Gifted Children, Natl. Assn. for (1954), 4175 Lovell Rd., Suite 140, Circle Pines, MN 55014; 6,500. Girls Clubs of America (1945), 30 E. 33d St., N.Y., NY 10016; 250,000+. Girl Scouts of the U.S.A. (1912), 830 Third Ave., N.Y., NY 10022; 2.9 mln. Gladiolus Council, No. Amer. (1945), 9338 Manzanita Dr., Sun City, AZ 85373; 1,275. Gold Star Mothers, Amer. (1929), 2128 Leroy Pl. NW, Wash., DC 20008; 4,000. Golf Association, U.S. (1894), Liberty Corner Rd., Far Hills, NJ 07931; 6,187 clubs. Goose Island Bird & Girl Watching Society (1960), 301 Arthur Ave., Park Ridge, IL 60068; 831. Gospel Music Assn. (1964), 38 Music Square W., Nashville, TN 37203; 3,000. Governing Boards, Assn. of (1922), 1 Dupont Circle, Ste. 400, Washington, DC 20036; 1,107. Government Finance Officers Assn. (1906), 180 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 800, Chicago, IL 60601; 12,000. Gov't. Funding of Soc. Serv., Greater Wash. Organizations for (1981), 6612 Virginia View Ct. NW, Wash., DC 20816. Graduate Schools in the U.S., Council of (1961), One Dupont Circle NW, Wash., DC 20036; 365 institutions. Grandmother Clubs of America, Natl. Federation of (1934), 203 N. Wabash Ave., Chicago, IL 60601; 10,000. Grange, Natl. (1867), 1616 H St. NW, Wash., DC 20006; 330,000. Graphic Artists, Society of Amer. (1915), 32 Union Sq., East, N.Y., NY 10003; 203. Graphic Arts, Amer. Institute of (1914), 1059 Third Ave., N.Y., NY 10021; 6,000. Gray Panthers (1970), 1424 16th St. NW, Suite L-1, Wash., DC 20036; 70,000. Greek-Amer. War Veterans in America, Natl. Legion of (1938), 739 W. 186th St., N.Y., NY 10033; 11. Green Mountain Club, The (1910), 43 State St., Box 889, Montpelier, VT 05601; 5,550. Grocers, Natl. Assn. of (1893), 1825 Samuel Morse Dr., Reston, VA 22090. Grocery Manufacturers of America (1908), 1010 Wisconsin Ave., Suite 800, Wash., DC 20007; 137 companies. Guide Dog Foundation for the Blind (1946), 341 E. Jericho Tpke., Smithtown, NY 11787-2976. Gyro Intl. (1912), 1096 Mentor Ave., Painesville, OH 44077; 5,044. HIAS (Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society) (1880), 200 Park Ave. S, N.Y., NY 10003; 6,000. Hadassah, the Women's Zionist Organization of America (1912), 50 W. 58th St., N.Y., NY 10019; 385,000. Hairdressers and Cosmetologists Assn., Natl. (1921), 3510 Olive St., St. Louis, MO 63103; 50,406. Handball Assn., U.S. (1951), 930 N. Benton Ave., Tucson, AZ 85711; 10,000. Handgun, Intl. Metallic Silhouette Assn. (1976), P.O. Box 368, Burlington, IA 52601; 1,300. Handicapped, Federation of the (1935), 211 W. 14th St., N.Y., NY 10011; 650. Handicapped, Natl. Assn. of the Physically (1958), Bethesda Scarlet Oaks, #117, 440 Lafayette Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45220-1000; 700. Health Council, Natl. (1920), 350 Fifth Ave., Suite 1118, N.Y., NY 10017; 90 natl. organizations. Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, Amer. Alliance for (1885), 1900 Association Dr., Reston, VA 22091. Hearing Aid Society, Natl. (1951), 20361 Middlebelt Rd., Livonia, MI 48152; 4,000. Hearing and Speech Action, Natl. Assn. for (1910), 10801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852; 3,500. Heart Assn., Amer. (1924), 7320 Greenville Ave., Dallas TX 75231; 144,000. Hearts, Mended (1951), 7320 Greenville Ave., Dallas TX 75231; 18,000. Heating, Refrigerating & Air Conditioning Engineers, Amer. Soc. of (1894), 1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329. Helicopter Assn. Intl. (1948), 1619 Duke St., Alexandria, VA 22314; 1,500. Helicopter Society Intl., Amer. (1943), 217 N. Washington St., Alexandria VA 22314; 8,000. Hemispheric Affairs, Council on (1975), 1612 20th St. NW, Wash., DC 20009; 2,400. High School Assns., Natl. Federation of State (1920), P.O. Box 20626, 11724 Plaza Circle, Kansas City, MO 64195; 51. High Twelve Internatl. (1921), 11155-B2 South Towne Square, St. Louis, MO 63123; 26,000. Hiking Society, Amer. (1977), 1015 31st St. NW, Wash., DC 20007-4490; 4,500. Historians, Organization of Amer. (1907), 112 N. Bryan St., Bloomington, IN 47408; 12,000. Historical Assn., Amer. (1884), 400 A St. SE, Wash., DC 20003; 14,000. Historic Preservation, Natl. Trust for (1966), 1785 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 240,000. Hockey Assn. of the U.S., Amateur (1937), 2997 Broadmoor Valley Rd., Colorado Springs, CO 80906; 300,000. Holy Cross of Jerusalem, Order of (1965), 853 Seventh Ave., N.Y., NY 10019; 2,225. Home Builders, Natl. Assn. of (1942), 15th & M Sts. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 157,479. Home Economics Assn., Amer. (1909), 1555 King St., Alexandria, VA 22314; 23,038. Homemakers of America, Future (1945), 1910 Association Dr., Reston, VA 22091; 281,000+. Homemakers Council, Natl. Extension (1936), 4089 Snake Island Rd., Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235; 355,000. Hospital Marketing and Public Relations of the Amer. Hospital, Amer. Soc. for (1964), 840 N. Lake Shore Dr., 9E, Chicago, IL 60611; 3,100. Horatio Alger Soc. (1965), 4907 Allison Dr., Lansing, MI 48910; 300. Horse Council, American (1969), 1700 K St. NW, #300, Washington, DC 20006; 2,100. Horse Protection Assn., Amer. (1966), 1000 29th St. NW, Suite T-100, Wash., DC 20007; 8,000. Horse Show Assn. of America Ltd., Natl. (1883), 680 5th Ave., #1602, N.Y., NY 10019. Horse Shows Assn., Amer. (1917), 220 E. 42 St., N.Y., NY 10017-5806; 54,000+. Hospital Association, Amer. (1899), 840 N. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60611; 40,000. Hospital Marketing and Public Relations, Amer. Society for (1964), 840 N. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60611; 3,167. Hotel & Motel Assn., Amer. (1910), 888 Seventh Ave., N.Y., NY 10106; 10,000. Human Resource Management, Society for (1947), 606 N. Washington St., Alexandria, VA 22314; 44,200. Human Rights and Social Justice, Americans for (1977), P.O. Box 6258, Ft. Worth, TX 76115. Humane Society of the U.S. (1954), 2100 L St. NW, Wash., DC 20037; 1 mln.+. Humanics, American (1949), 4601 Madison Ave., Kansas City, MO 64112; 2,000. Hydrogen Energy, Intl. Assn. for (1975), P.O. Box 248266, Coral Gables, FL 33124; 2,000. Idaho, U.S.S. (BB-42) Assn. (1957), P.O. Box 11247, San Diego, CA 92111; 1,100. Identification, Intl. Assn. for (1916), P.O. Box 2423, Alameda, CA 94501; 2,850. Illustrators, Society of (1901), 128 E. 63 St., N.Y., NY 10021; 975. Industrial Democracy, League for (1905), 181 Hudson St., N.Y., NY 10013; 1,500. Industrial Designers Society of America (1965), 1142-E Walker Rd., Great Falls, VA 22066; 2,030. Industrial Engineers, Amer. Institute of (1948), 25 Technology Park, Norcross, GA 30092; 35,000. Industrial Health Foundation (1935), 34 Penn Circle West, Pittsburgh, PA 15206; 170 companies. Industrial Security, Amer. Soc. for (1955), 1655 N. Ft. Myer Dr., Suite 1200, Arlington, VA 22209; 25,000. Information, Freedom of, Center (1958), P.O. Box 858, Columbia, MO 65205. Information and Image Management, Assn. for (1945), 1100 Wayne Ave., Ste. 1100, Silver Springs, MD 20910; 7,808. Information Industry Assn. (1968), 555 New Jersey Ave. NW, Suite 800, Wash., DC 20001; 600 companies. Insurance Assn., Amer. (1964), 1130 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 1000, Wash., DC 20036; 220 companies. Insurance Society, Inc., Intl. (1965), Rm. 328, Farrah Hall, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487; 900. Intelligence Officers, Assn. of Former (1975), 6723 Whittier Ave., Suite 303A, McLean, VA 22101; 3,500. Intercollegiate Athletics, Natl. Assn. of (1936), 1221 Baltimore Ave., Kansas City, MO 64105; 490 schools. Interior Designers, Amer. Society of (1975), 1430 Broadway, N.Y., NY 10018; 28,000. International Interculture Programs, AFS (1947), 313 E. 43rd St., N.Y., NY 10017; 100,000. Intertel, Inc. (1966), P.O. Box 150580, Lakewood, CO 80215; 2,200. Inventors, Amer. Assn. of (1891), 2020 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20006; 5,727. Investment Clubs, Natl. Assn. of (1951), 1515 E. Eleven Mile Rd., Royal Oak, MI 48067; 65,000. Investment Management and Research, Assn. for (1990), 5 Boar's Head Ln., Charlottesville, VA 22901; 21,000. Investors Corp., Natl. Assn. of (1951), 1515 E. Eleven Mile Rd., Royal Oak, MI 48067; 115,000. Irish-American Cultural Inst. (1962), 2115 Summit Ave., St. Paul, MN 55105. Iron Castings Society (1897), 455 State St., Des Plaines, IL 60016; 200 firms. Iron and Steel Engineers, Assn. of (1907), Three Gateway Center, Suite 2350, Pittsburgh, PA 15222; 11,856. Iron and Steel Institute, Amer. (1908), 1133 15th St. NW, Wash., DC 20005-2701; 1,200. Italian Historical Society of America (1949), 111 Columbia Heights, Bklyn., NY 11201. Italy-America Chamber of Commerce (1887), 350 Fifth Ave., N.Y., NY 10118; 850. Izaak Walton League of America, The (1922), 1401 Wilson Blvd., Level B, Arlington, VA 22209; 50,000. (Jesse) James Farm, Friends of, (1979), Rt. 2, Box 236, Kearney, MO 64060; 300. Jamestowne Society (1936), P.O. Box 14523, Richmond, VA 23221; 2,721. Jane Austen Society of N. Amer. (1979), 4169 Lions Ave., N. Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V7R 352; 2,400. Japanese Amer. Citizens League (1929), 1765 Sutter St., San Francisco, CA 94115; 27,000. Jaycees, U.S. (1920), 4 W. 21st St., Tulsa, OK 74114; 240,000. Jewish Appeal, United (1939), 99 Park Avenue, N.Y., NY 10016. Jewish Book Council (1943), 15 E. 26th St., N.Y., NY 10010. Jewish Committee, Amer. (1906), 165 E. 56th St., N.Y., NY 10022; 50,000. Jewish Congress, Amer. (1918), 15 E. 84th St., N.Y., NY 10028; 50,000. Jewish Federations, Council of (1932), 730 Broadway, N.Y., NY 10003; 200 agencies. Jewish Historical Society, Amer. (1892), 2 Thornton Rd., Waltham, MA 02154; 3,400. Jewish War Veterans of the U.S.A. (1896), 1811 R St. NW, Wash., DC 20009; 100,000. Jewish Welfare Bd. Natl. (1917), 15 E. 26th St., N.Y., NY 10010. Jewish Women, Natl. Council of (1893), 53 W. 23rd St., N.Y., NY 10010; 100,000. Job's Daughters, Internatl. Order of (1920), 233 W. 6th St., Papillion, NE 68046; 32,000. Jockey Club (1894), 380 Madison Ave., N.Y., NY 10017; 90. John Birch Society (1958), 395 Concord Ave., Belmont, MA 02178; 25,000. John Pelham Historical Assn. (1982), 7 Carmel Terr., Hampton, VA 23666; 125. Joseph Diseases Foundation, Intl. (1977), P.O. Box 2550, Livermore, CA 94550; 4,500. Journalists, Society of Professional (Sigma Delta Chi) (1909), 53 W. Jackson Blvd., Suite 731, Chicago, IL 60604. Journalists and Authors, Amer. Society of (1948), 1501 Broadway, Suite 1907, N.Y., NY 10036; 750+. Judaism, Amer. Council for (1943), 298 Fifth Ave., N.Y., NY 10001; 20,000. Judicature Society, Amer. (1913), 25 E. Washington, Chicago, IL 60602; 20,000. Juggler's Assn., Intl. (1947), P.O. Box 3707, Akron, OH 44314-3707; 3,000. Junior Achievement (1919), 550 Summer St., Stamford, CT 06901; 300,000. Junior Auxiliaries, Natl. Assn. of (1941), 845 S. Main, Greenville, MS 38701; 8,950. Junior Colleges, Amer. Assn. of Community and (1920), One Dupont Circle NW, Wash., DC 20036; 900. Junior Leagues, Assn. of (1921), 660 First Ave., N.Y., NY 10016; 189,000. Kennel Club, Amer. (1884), 51 Madison Ave., N.Y., NY 10010; 130 clubs. Kidney Fund, Amer. (1971), 6110 Executive Blvd., [num ]1010, Rockville, MD 20852. Kiwanis Intl. (1915), 3636 Woodview Trace, Indianapolis, IN 46268-3196; 320,000. Klinefelter's Syndrome Assn. of Canada (1988), P.O. Box 5000, Penetanguishene, Ontario, Canada LOK 1PO. Knights of Columbus (1882), One Columbus Plaza, New Haven, CT 06507; 1.4 mln. Knights of Pythias (1864), 2785 E. Desert Inn Rd., [num ]150, Las Vegas, NV 89121; 96,000. Knights Templar U.S.A., Grand Encampment (1816), 14 E. Jackson Blvd., Suite 1700, Chicago, IL 60604-2293; 295,000. La Leche League Intl. (1956), 9616 Minneapolis Ave., P.O. Box 1209, Franklin Park, IL 60131; 50,000. Lambs, The (1874), 3 W. 51st St., N.Y., NY 10019; 185. Landscape Architects, Amer. Society of (1899), 1733 Connecticut Ave., NW, Wash., DC 20009; 7,000. Law, Amer. Society of International (1906), 2223 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20008; 4,300. Law Enforcement Officers Assn., Amer. (1966), 1000 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 9, Wash., DC 20036; 50,000. Law Libraries, Amer. Assn. of (1906), 53 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, IL 60604; 4,700. Law and Social Policy, Center for (1969), 1751 N St. NW, Wash., DC 20036. Learned Societies, Amer. Council of (1919), 228 E. 45th St., N.Y., NY 10017; 45 societies. Lefthanders, League of (1975), P.O. Box 89, New Milford, NJ 07646; 1,200. Lefthanders Intl. (1975), P.O. Box 8249, Topeka, KS 66608; 30,000. Legal Administrators, Assn. of (1971), 175 E. Hawthorn Pkwy. [num ]325, Vernon Hills, IL 60061-1428; 6,700. Legion of Valor of the U.S.A. (1890), 92 Oak Leaf Lane, Chapel Hill, NC 27516; 750. Leif Ericson Society (1962), Box 301, Chicago, IL 60690-0301; 1,200. Leprosy Missions, Amer. (1906), One Broadway, Elmwood Park, NJ 07407. Leukemia Society of America (1949), 733 Third Ave., N.Y., NY 10017; 57 chapters. Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc. (1969), P.O. Box 3434, Great Falls, MT 59403; 1,450. Lewis Carroll Society of N. America (1974), 617 Rockford Rd., Silver Spring, MD 20902; 325. Liberty Lobby (1955), 300 Independence Ave. SE, Wash., DC 20003; 25,000. Libraries Assn., Special (1909), 1700 18th St., NW, Wash., DC 20009; 12,500. Library Administration & Management Assn. (1957), 50 E. Huron St., Chicago, IL 60611; 5,074. Library Assn., Amer. (1876), 50 E. Huron St., Chicago, IL 60611; 50,000. Library Assn., Medical (1898), 6 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 300, Chicago, IL 60602; 5,000+. Life, Americans United for (1971), 343 S. Dearborn, Chicago, IL 60604. Life Insurance, Amer. Council of (1975), 1001 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Wash., DC 20004; 612 firms. Life Office Management Assn. (1924), 5770 Powers Ferry Rd., Atlanta, GA 30327; 870 companies. Life Underwriters, Amer. Soc. of Certified (1929), 270 Bryn Mawr Ave., Byrn Mawr, PA 19010; 28,000. Life Underwriters, Natl. Assn. of (1890), 1922 F St. NW, Wash., DC 20006; 135,000. Lighter-Than-Air Society (1952), 1800 Triplett Blvd., Akron, OH 44306; 1,200. Lions Clubs, Intl. Assn. of (1917), 300 22d St., Oak Brook, IL 60521-8842; 1,363,000. Litchfield Institute, The (1984), 151 N. Main St., Bristol, CT 06010-0483; 43. Literacy Intl., Laubach (1955), 1320 Jamesville Ave., Box 131, Syracuse, NY 13210. Literacy Volunteers of America (1962), 5795 Widewaters Parkway, Syracuse, NY 13214; 80,000. Little League Baseball (1939), P.O. Box 3485, Williamsport, PA 17701; 16,450 leagues. Little People of America (1957), P.O. Box 9897, Washington, DC 20016; 5,000. London Club (1975), Rt. One, Big Springs, KS 66050; 200. Longwave Club of America (1974), 45 Wildflower Rd., Levittown, PA 19057; 536. Lung Assn., Amer. (1904), 1740 Broadway, N.Y., NY 10019. Lutheran Education Assn. (1942), 7400 Augusta St., River Forest, IL 60305; 3,750. Magazine Publishers Assn. (1919), 575 Lexington Ave., N.Y., NY 10022; 215 publishers. Magicians, Intl. Brotherhood of (1926), 103 N. Main St., Bluffton, OH 45817; 13,000. Magicians Assn. Worldwide, Amateur (1988), P.O. Box 8073, East Lynne, MA 01904-0073; 16,000. Magicians, Society of Amer. (1902), 1333 Cory St., Yellow Springs, OH 45387; 5,500. Management Assn., Amer. (1923), 135 W. 50th St., N.Y., NY 10020; 75,000. Management Consultants, Institute of (1968), 230 Park Ave., Suite 544, N.Y., NY 10169; 2,200. Management Consulting Firms, Assn. of (1929), 230 Park Ave., N.Y., NY 10169; 53 firms. Manufacturers, Natl. Assn. of (1897), 1776 F St. NW, Wash., DC 20006; 13,000 companies. Manufacturers' Agents Natl. Assn. (1947), 23016 Mill Creek Rd., P.O. Box 3467, Laguna Hills, CA 92654; 10,000. March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation (1938), 1275 Mamaroneck Ave., White Plains, NY 10605. Marijuana Laws, Natl. Organization for the Reform of (NORML) (1970), 1636 R St. NW, #3, Wash., DC 20009; 10,000. Marine Corps League (1923), P.O. Box 3070, Merrifield, VA 22116-3070; 34,000. Marine Manufacturers Assn., Natl. (1904), 401 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611; 1,650 companies. Marine Technology Society (1963), 1825 K St. NW, Suite 218, Wash., DC 20006; 2,500. Marketing Assn., Amer. (1934), 250 S. Wacker Dr., Chicago, IL 60606; 49,122. Masonic Relief Assn. of U.S. and Canada (1885), 32613 Seidel Dr., Burlington, WS 53105; 14,700. Masonic Service Assn. of the U.S. (1919), 8120 Fenton St., Silver Spring, MD 20910; 43 Grand Lodges. Masons, Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, Southern Jurisdiction, Supreme Council (1801), 1733 16th St. NW, Wash., DC 20009; 575,746. Masons, Supreme Council 33 deg, Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, Northern Masonic Jurisdiction (1813), 33 Marrett Rd., Lexington, MA 02173; 424,602. Masons, Royal Arch, General Grand Chapter (1797), 1084 New Circle Rd. NE, Lexington, KY 40805; 290,500. Mathematical Assn. of America (1915), 1529 Eighteenth Street, NW, Wash., DC 20036; 26,000. Mathematical Society, Amer. (1888), 201 Charles St., Providence, RI 02904; 27,000. Mathematical Statistics, Institute of (1935), 3401 Investment Blvd., #7, Hayward, CA 94545; 3,704. Mathematics, Society for Industrial and Applied (1952), 3600 University City Science Ctr., Phila., PA 19104-2688; 7,645. Mayflower Descendants, General Society of (1897), 4 Winslow St., P.O. Box 3297, Plymouth, MA 02361; 25,000. Mayors, U.S. Conference of (1932), 1620 Eye St. NW, Wash., DC 20006; 946 cities. Mechanical Engineers, Amer. Society of (1880), 345 E. 47th St., N.Y., NY 10017; 120,000. Mechanics, Amer. Academy of (1969), Dept. of Civil Engineering, Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL 60201; 1,200. Medical Assn., Amer. (1847), 535 N. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60610; 290,000. Medical Assn., Natl. (1895), 1012 Tenth St. NW, Wash., DC 20001; 16,000. Medical Record Assn., Amer. (1928), 875 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611; 28,000. Medical Technologists, Amer. College of (1942), 5608 Lane, Raytown, MO 64133; 368. Medieval Academy of America (1926), 1430 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138; 3,700. Mensa, Amer. (1960), 2626 E. 14th St., Brooklyn, NY 11235; 55,000. Mental Health Assn., Natl. (1909), 1021 Prince St., Alexandria, VA 22314; 1 mln. Mental Health Program Directors, Natl. Assn. of State (1963), 1101 King St., Suite 160, Alexandria, VA 22314; 55. Mentally Ill, Natl. Alliance for the (1979), 2101 Wilson Blvd., Suite 302, Arlington, VA 22201; 80,000. Merchant Marine Library Assn., Amer. (1921), One World Trade Center, Suite 1365, N.Y., NY 10048. Merchant Marine Veterans, Amer. (1983), 905 Cape Coral Pkwy., Cape Coral, FL 33904; 1,734. Merchant Marine Veterans of WWII, U.S. (1944), P.O. Box 629, San Pedro, CA 90731; 7,126. Merchants Assn., Natl. Retail (1911), 100 W. 31st St., N.Y., NY 10001; 45,000. Metal Finishers, Natl. Assn. of (1950), 111 E. Wacker Dr., Suite 600, Chicago, IL 60601; 900. Metallurgy Institute, Amer. Powder (1959), 105 College Rd. East, Princeton, NJ 08540; 2,750. Metal Powder Industries Federation, (1943), 105 College Rd. East, Princeton, NJ 08540; 260 cos. Metals, Amer. Society for (ASM Internatl.) (1913), Metals Park, OH 44073; 53,000. Meteorological Society, Amer. (1919), 45 Beacon St., Boston, MA 02108; 10,200. Metric Assn., U.S. (1916), 10245 Andasol Ave., Northridge, CA 91325; 2,000. Microbiology, Amer. Society for (1899), 1325 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Wash. DC 20005; 37,000. Mideast Educational and Training Services, America-, (1951), 1100 17th Street, NW, Wash., DC 20036. Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.A. (1865), 1805 Pine St., Phila., PA 19103; 792. Military Order of the Purple Heart of the USA (1932), 5413-B Backlick Rd., Springfield, VA 22151; 21,000. Military Order of the World Wars (1919), 435 N. Lee St., Alexandria, VA 22314; 15,000. Mining and Metallurgical Society of America (1908), 275 Madison Ave., N.Y., NY 10016; 295. Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration, Inc., Society for (1871), 8307 Shaffer Pkwy., Littleton, CO 80127; 20,279. Ministerial Assn., Amer. (1929), 2210 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 582, Santa Monica, CA 90403; 2,500+. Missouri Alliance for Historic Preservation (1970), P.O. Box 895, Jefferson City, MO 65102; 250. Model Railroad Assn., Natl. (1935), 4121 Cromwell Rd., Chattanooga, TN 37421; 24,008. Modern Language Assn. of America (1883), 10 Astor Pl., N.Y., NY 10003; 31,291. Modern Language Teachers Assns., Natl. Federation of (1916), Gannon Univ., Erie, PA 16541; 7,200. Moose, Loyal Order of (1888), Mooseheart, IL 60539; 1.8 mln. Mothers, American (1935), 301 Park Ave., N.Y., NY 10022; 4,000. Mothers-in-Law Club Intl. (1970), 420 Adelberg Ln., Cedarhurst, NY 11516; 5,000. Mothers of Twins Clubs, Natl. Organization of (1960), 12404 Princess Jeanne NE, Albuquerque, NM 87112-4640; 12,000. Motion Picture Arts & Sciences, Academy of (1927), 8949 Wilshire Blvd., Beverly Hills, CA 90211; 5,300. Motion Pictures, Natl. Board of Review of (1909), P.O. Box 589, Lenox Hill Sta., N.Y., NY 10021. Motion Picture & Television Engineers, Society of (1916), 595 West Hartsdale Ave., White Plains, NY 10607; 9,500. Motor Vehicle Administrators, Amer. Assn. of (1933), 4200 Wilson Blvd.; Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22203; 1,000. Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Assn. (1900), 7430 2nd Ave., Suite 300, Detroit, MI 48202; 17 companies. Motorcyclist Assn., American (1924), 33 Collegeview Rd., Westerville, OH 43081; 160,000. Multiple Sclerosis Society, Natl. (1946), 205 E. 42d St., N.Y., NY 10017; 360,000. Murray Hill Assn., The (1940), 237 Madison Ave., The Morgan Hotel, N.Y., NY 10016; 100. Muscular Dystrophy Assn. (1950), 810 Seventh Ave., N.Y., NY 10019. Museums, Amer. Assn. of (1906), 1055 Thomas Jefferson St. NW, Wash., DC 20007; 8,780. Music Center, Amer. (1939), 30 W. 26th St., N.Y., NY 10010; 1,800. Music Council, Natl. (1940), 40 W. 37th St., N.Y., NY 10018; 50 organizations. Music Educators Natl. Conference (1907), 1902 Association Dr., Reston, VA 22090; 54,069. Music Scholarship Assn., Amer. (1956), 1826 Carew Tower, Cincinnati, OH 45202; 1,400. Music Teachers Natl. Assn. (1876), 617 Vine St., Suite 1432, Cincinnati, OH 45202-2439; 22,000+. Musicological Society, Amer. (1934), 201 S. 34th St., Phila., PA 19104-6313, 3,500. Music Publishers' Assn., Natl. (1917), 205 E. 42nd St., N.Y., NY 10017; 300. Muzzle Loading Rifle Assn., Natl. (1933), P.O. Box 67, Friendship, IN 47021; 25,300. NAACP (Natl. Assn. for the Advancement of Colored People) (1909), 4805 Mt. Hope Drive, Baltimore, MD 21215. NOT-SAFE (1981), Box 5743-WA, Montecito, CA 93150; 1,491. Na'amat USA (1925), 200 Madison Ave., N.Y., NY 10016; 50,000. Narcolepsy and Cataplexy Foundation of Amer. (1975), 1410 York Ave., Suite 2D, N.Y. NY 10021; 3,991. Narcolepsy Assoc., Amer. (1975), P.O. Box 1187, San Carlos, CA 94070; 4,000. Narcotics Anonymous (1953), P.O. Box 9999, Van Nuys, CA 91409; 1 million. National Guard Assn. of the U.S. (1878), One Massachusetts Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20001; 54,000. Nature Conservancy (1951), 1815 N. Lynn St., Arlington, VA 22209; 436,407. Naturist Society, The (1980), P.O. Box 132, Oshkosh, WI 54902; 15,000. Naturopathy Institute, The (1984), P.O. Box 56, Malverne, NY 11565. Navajo Code Talkers Assn. (1971), Box 1182, Window Rock, AZ 86515; 295. Naval Institute, U.S. (1873), Preble Hall, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402; 105,000. Naval Reserve Assn. (1954), 1619 King St., Alexandria, VA 22314; 24,500. Navigation, Institute of (1945), 1026 16th St. NW, Suite 104, Wash., DC 20036; 3,200. Navy Club of the U.S.A. Auxiliary (1941), 418 W. Pontiac St., Ft. Wayne, IN 46807; 1,000. Navy League of the U.S. (1902); 2300 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22201; 71,000. Needlework Guild of America (1885), 1007-B St. Road, Southhampton, PA 18966. Negro College Fund, United (1944), 500 E. 62d St., N.Y., NY 10021; 42 institutions. Neurofibromatosis Foundation, Natl. (1978), 141 Fifth Ave., Suite 7-S, N.Y., NY 10010; 25,000. New Age Walker's (1982), 3301 Bellaire Dr., Altadena, CA 91001; 4,500. Newspaper Editors, Amer. Society of (1922), P.O. Box 17004, Wash., DC 20041; 1,000. Newspaper Marketing Assn., Intl. (1930), 11600 Sunrise Valley Dr., Reston, VA 22091; 1,300+. Newspaper Publishers Assn., Amer. (1887), 11600 Sunrise Valley Dr., Reston, VA 22091; 1,416 newspapers. Ninety-Nines (Intl. Organization of Women Pilots) (1929), P.O. Box 59965; Will Rogers Airport, Oklahoma City, OK 73159; 6,600. Nobel Anniversary Committee, Amer. (1942), 1 Morningside Dr. N., Westport, CT 06880; 1,000. Non-Commissioned Officers Assn. (1960), 10635 IH 35 No., San Antonio, TX 78233; 151,416. Northern Cross Society (1983), Route One, Lecompton, KS 66050; 100. Notaries, Amer. Society of (1965), 918 16th St. NW, Wash., DC 20006; 27,169. Nuclear Society, Amer. (1954), 555 N. Kensington Ave., La Grange Park, IL 60525; 15,000. Numismatic Assn., Amer. (1891), 818 N. Cascade Ave., Colorado Springs, CO 80903-3279; 30,528. Numismatic Society, Amer. (1858), Broadway at 155th St., N.Y., NY 10032; 2,400. Nurses' Assn., Amer. (1896), 2420 Pershing Rd., Kansas City, MO 64108. Nursing, Natl. League for (1952), 350 Hudson St., N.Y., NY 10014; 18,000. Nutrition, Amer. Institute of (1928), 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814; 2,750. ORT Federation, Amer. (Org. for Rehabilitation through Training) (1922), 817 Broadway, N.Y., NY 10003; 17,000. Odd Fellows, Sovereign Grand Lodge Independent Order of (1819), 422 N. Trade St., Winston Salem, NC 27101. Old Crows, Assn. of (1964), 1000 N. Payne St., Alexandria, VA 22314-1696; 25,000. Olympic Committee, U.S. (1921), 1750 E. Boulder St., Colorado Springs, CO 80909; 70 organizations. Opthalmology, Amer. Academy of (1979), 655 Beach St., San Francisco, CA 94109; 16,250. Optical Society of America (1916), 2010 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 11,208. Optimist Intl. (1919), 4494 Lindell Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63108; 170,000. Optometric Assn., Amer. (1898), 243 N. Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63141; 27,800. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, Amer. Assn. of (1918), 9700 W. Bryn Mawr Ave., Rosemont, IL 60018; 5,302. Organists, Amer. Guild of (1896), 475 Riverside Dr., Suite 1260, N.Y., NY 10115; 24,300. Oriental Society, Amer. (1842), 329 Sterling Memorial Library, Yale Sta., New Haven, CT 06520; 1,440. Ornithologists' Union, Amer. (1883), c/o National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian, Wash., DC 20560; 5,000. Osteopathic Assn., Amer. (1887), 212 E. Ohio St., Chicago, IL 60611; 23,292. Ostomy Assn., United (1962), 36 Executive Park, Suite 120, Irving, CA 92714, 45,000. Outlaw and Lawman History, Natl. Organization for (1974), 615-C N. 8th St., Killeen, TX 76541; 500. Overeaters Anonymous (1960), 4025 Spencer St., [num ]203, Torrance, CA 90503; 120,000. PTA (Natl. Congress of Parents and Teachers), Natl. (1897), 700 N. Rush St., Chicago, IL 60611; 6.6 mln. Paleontological Research Institution (1932), 1259 Trumansburg Rd., Ithaca, NY 14850; 700+. Paper Industry, Technical Assn. of the Pulp and (1916), P.O. Box 105113, Atlanta, GA 30348; 28,000. Paper Institute, Amer. (1964), 260 Madison Ave., N.Y., NY 10016; 166 companies. Parasitologists, Amer. Society of (1924), 1041 New Hampshire St., Box 368, Lawrence, KS 66044; 1,491. Parents Without Partners (1957), 8807 Colesville Rd., Silver Spring, MD 20910; 250,000. Parkinson's Disease Foundation (1957), 650 W. 168th St., N.Y., NY 10032; 580,000. Parliamentarians, Amer. Institute of (1958), 124 W. Washington Blvd. Suite 144, Ft. Wayne, IN 46802; 1,350. Parliamentarians, Natl. Assn. of (1930), 6601 Winchester, Kansas City, MO 64133-4600; 4,500. Parliamentary Law, Intl. Organization of Professionals in (1976), 3611 Victoria Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90016; 200. Pasta Assn., Natl. (1904), 1901 N. Ft. Myer Dr., Suite 1000, Arlington, VA 22209; 100 member companies. Pathologists, Amer. Assn. of (1976), 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814; 2,350. Patriotism, Natl. Committee for Responsible (1967), P.O. Box 665, Grand Central Sta., N.Y., NY 10163; 160. Pearl Harbor History Associates (1985), P.O. Box 205, Sperryville, VA 22740-0205; 375. Pearl Harbor Survivors Assn. (1958), 3215 Albert St., Orlando, FL 32806. PEN Amer. Center (1922), 568 Broadway, N.Y., NY 10012; 2,500. PEN Women, Natl. League of Amer. (1897), 1300 17th St. NW, Wash., DC 20036-1973; 5,000. Pen Friends, Intl. (1967), P.O. Box 290065, Homecrest Station, Brooklyn, NY 11229-0001; 250,000. Pennsylvania Society of New York (1899), 80 N. Main St., Sellersville, PA 18960; 1,800. Pension Actuaries, Amer. Society of (1966), 2029 K St. NW, Wash., DC 20006; 3,000. Pension Plan, Committee for a Natl. (1979), P.O. Box 27851, Las Vegas, NV 89126; 2,000. P.E.O. (Philanthropic Educational Organization) Sisterhood (1869), 3700 Grand Ave., Des Moines, IA 50312; 240,000. Personnel Administration, Amer. Society for (1948), 606 N. Washington St., Alexandria, VA 22314; 40,000. Petroleum Equipment Inst. (1951), 3739 E. 31st St., Tulsa, OK 74135; 1,200 member companies. Petroleum Institute, Amer. (1919), 1220 L St. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 200+ corporations. Petroleum Landmen, Amer. Assn. of (1955), 777 Main St., Suite 1470, Fort Worth, TX 76102; 11,200. Pharmaceutical Assn., Amer. (1852), 2215 Constitution Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20037; 38,200. Phi Delta Kappa (1906), 8th & Union, Box 789, Bloomington, IN 47401-0789; 132,000. Philatelic Pages & Panels, Amer. Soc. for (1984), 1138 Princeton Dr., Richardson, TX 75081-3615; 679. Philatelic Society, Amer. (1886), 100 Oakwood Ave., State College, PA 16803; 57,400. Philological Assn., Amer. (1869), Dept. of Classics, Fordham Univ., Bronx, NY 10458; 2,500. Philosophical Assn., Amer. (1900), Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716; 7,600. Philosophical Enquiry, Intl. Society for (1974), c/o Betty Hansen, 227 Wash. Blvd., Hudson, NY 12534; 474. Philosophical Society, Amer. (1743), 104 S. 5th St., Phila., PA 19106; 650. Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Amer. Society of (1934), 210 Little Falls St., Falls Church, VA 22046; 8,753. Photographers of America, Professional (1880), 1090 Executive Way, Des Plaines, IL 60018; 15,000. Photographic Society of Amer. (1934), 3000 United Founders Blvd. [num ]103, Oklahoma City, OK 73112. Physical Therapy Assn., Amer. (1921), 1111 N. Fairfax St., Alexandria, VA 22314; 48,000. Physicians, Amer. Academy of Family (1947), 8880 Ward Pkwy., Kansas City, MO 64114; 68,000. Physics, Amer. Inst. of (1931), 335 E. 45th St., N.Y., NY 10017-3483. Physiological Society, Amer. (1887), 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814; 6,700. Phytopathological Soc., The Amer. (1908), 3340 Pilot Knob Rd., St. Paul, MN 55121; 4,300+. Pilgrim Society (1820), 75 Court St., Plymouth, MA 02360-3891; 900. Pilgrims of the U.S. (1903), 80 Broadway, N.Y., NY 10005. Pilot Club Intl. (1921), P.O. Box 4844, 244 College St., Macon, GA 31213-0599; 20,000. Planetary Society (1980), 65 N. Catalina Ave., Pasadena, CA 91106; 120,000. Planned Parenthood Federation of America (1916), 810 Seventh Ave., N.Y., NY 10019; 187 affiliates. Planning Assn., Amer. (1909), 1776 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 26,000. Plastic Modelers Society, Intl. (1965), P.O. Box 2890, Sacramento, CA 95812; 3,568. Plastics Industry, Society of (1937), 1275 K St. NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20005; 2,099. Platform Assn., Intl. (1831), Box 250, Winnetka, IL 60093; 5,000. Poetry Day Committee, Natl. (1947), 1110 N. Venetian Dr., Miami, FL 33139-1019; 17,500. Poetry Society of America (1910), 15 Gramercy Park, N.Y., NY 10003; 1,700. Poets, Academy of Amer. (1934), 177 E. 87th St., N.Y., NY 10121; 2,000. Polar Society, Amer. (1934), c/o Byrd Polar Research Ctr., 125 S. Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210; 2,000. Police, Internatl. Assn. of Chiefs of (1893), 1110 N. Glebe Rd., Suite 200, Arlington, VA 22201; 13,500. Police Officers Assn., Natl. Police Reserve Officers Assn., Natl. (1955/1967), 1316 Gardiner Lane, Louisville, KY 40213; 6,000. Polish Army Veterans Assn. of America (1921), 19 Irving Pl., N.Y., NY 10003; 9,762. Polish Cultural Society of America (1940), P.O. Box 31, Wall Street, N.Y., NY 10005; 103,111. Polish Genealogical Society of CT (1984), 8 Lyle Rd., New Britain, CT 06053. Polish Legion of American Veterans (1921), 3024 N. Laramie Ave., Chicago, IL 60641; 15,000. Political Items Collectors, Amer. (1945), P.O. Box 340339, San Antonio, TX 78234; 2,800. Political Science, Academy of (1880), 475 Riverside Dr., Suite 1274, N.Y., NY 10115-0012; 9,000. Political Science Assn., Amer. (1903), 1527 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 13,000. Political & Social Science, Amer. Academy of (1891), 3937 Chestnut St., Phila., PA 19104; 15,000. Pollution Control, Internatl. Assn. for (1970), 444 N. Capital St. NW, Wash. DC 20001; 500. Polo Assn., U.S. (1890), 4059 Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY, 40511; 3,200. Population Assn. of America (1931), 1429 Duke St., Alexandria, VA 22314-3402; 2,700. Portuguese Continental Union of the U.S.A. (1925), 899 Boylston St., Boston, MA 02115; 7,457. Postmasters of the U.S., Natl. Assn. of (1898), 4212 King St., Arlington, VA 22302; 3,000. Postmasters of the U.S., Natl. League of (1904), 1023 N. Royal St., Alexandria, VA 22003; 22,300. Poultry Science Assn. (1908), 309 W. Clark St., Champaign, IL 61820; 3,500. Power Boat Assn., Amer. (1903), 17640 E. Nine Mile Rd., P.O. Box 377, E. Detroit, MI 48021; 9,000. Precancel Collectors, Natl. Assn. of (1950), 5121 Park Blvd., Wildwood, NJ 08260; 6,500+. Press, Associated (1848), 50 Rockefeller Plaza, N.Y., NY 10020; 1,365 newspapers & 3,600 broadcast stations. Press Club, Natl. (1908), 529 14th St. NW, Wash., DC 20045; 4,500. Press Intl., United (1907), 1400 I St. NW, Wash. DC 20005. Press and Radio Club (1948), P.O. Box 70023, Montgomery, AL 36107; 736. Press Women, Natl. Federation of (1937), 1105 Main St., Box 99, Blue Springs, MD 64015; 5,000. Printing Industries of America (1887), 1730 N. Lynn St., Arlington, VA 22209; 13,000+ companies. Prisoners of War, Amer. Ex- (1949), 3201 E. Pioneer Pkwy. #40, Arlington, TX 76010-5396; 33,000. Procrastinators Club of America (1956), Box 712, Bryn Athyn, PA 19009; 6,500. Propeller Club of the U.S. (1927), 3927 Old Lee Highway, Ste. 101A, Fairfax, VA 22030; 13,000. Psychiatric Assn., Amer. (1844), 1400 K St. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 35,000. Psychical Research, Amer. Society for (1885), 5 W. 73d St., N.Y., NY 10023; 1,800. Psychoanalytic Assn., Amer. (1911), 309 E. 49th St., N.Y., NY 10017; 3,020. Psychological Assn., Amer. (1892), 1200 17th St. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 60,000. Psychological Assn. for Psychoanalysis, Natl. (1948), 150 W. 13th St., N.Y., NY 10011; 228. Psychological Minorities, Society for the Aid of (1953), 42-25 Hampton St., Elmhurst, NY 11373; 553. Psychotherapy Assn., Amer. Group (1942), 25 E. 21st St., N.Y., NY 10010; 3,400. Psoriasis Foundation, Natl (1968), 6443 SW Beaverton Hwy., [num ]210, Portland, OR 97221; 14,000. Public Administration, Amer. Soc. for (1939), 1120 G St. NW, Wash, DC 20005; 14,800. Public Health Assn., Amer. (1972), 1015 15th St. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 30,000. Public Relations Soc. of Amer. (1947), 33 Irving Pl. N.Y., NY 10003. Publicly Traded Cos., Assn. of (1973), 1707 L St. NW, Suite 950, Wash., DC 20036; 791. Publishers, Assn. of Amer. (1970), One Park Ave., N.Y., NY 10016; 330 publishing houses. Puppeteers of Amer. (1937), 5 Cricklewood Path, Pasadena, CA 91107; 2,401. Quality Control, Amer. Society for (1946), 310 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53203; 60,000. Quota Internatl. (1919), 1828 L St. NW, Wash., DC 20036. Rabbinical Alliance of America (1942), 3 W. 16th St. N.Y., NY 10011; 500. Rabbinical Assembly (1900), 3080 Broadway, N.Y., NY 10027; 1,265. Rabbis, Central Conference of Amer. (1889), 192 Lexington Ave., N.Y., NY 10016; 1,550. Radio, Natl. Assn. of Business and Educational (1965), 1501 Duke St., Suite 200, Alexandria, VA 22314; 4,873. Radio Union, Intl. Amateur (1925), P.O. Box AAA, Newington, CT 06111; 126 societies. Radio and TV Society, Intl. (1939), 420 Lexington Ave., N.Y., NY 10170; 1,900. Radio Relay League, Amer. (1914), 225 Main St., Newington, CT 06111; 160,000. Railroad Club of Chicago, The (1934), 506 5th St., Wilmette, IL 60091; 100. Railroad Passengers, Natl. Assn. of (1967), 236 Massachusetts Ave. NE, Suite 603, Wash., DC 20002; 12,659. Railroads, Assn. of Amer. (1934), 50 F St. NW, Wash., DC 20001; 113. Railway Historical Society, Natl. (1935), P.O. Box 58153, Phila., PA 58153; 17,704. Railway Progress Institute (1908), 700 N. Fairfax St., Suite 601, Alexandria, VA 22314-2098; 130 companies. Rainbow Walkers (1982), 4370 Fairlawn Dr., Lake Canada, CA 91011; 1,444. Range Management, Society for (1946), 2760 W. 5th Ave., Denver, CO 80204; 5,500. Rape, Feminist Alliance Against (1974), P.O. Box 21033, Wash., DC 20009. Reading Assn., Intl. (1956), P.O. Box 8139, 800 Barksdale Rd., Newark, DE 19714-8139; 90,000. Real Estate Institute, Intl. (1975), 8383 E. Evans Rd., Scottsdale, AZ 85260; 3,000. Rebekah Assemblies, Intl. Assn. of (1922), 422 N. Trade St., Suite "R" Winston-Salem, NC 27101; 214,451. Reconciliation, Fellowship of (1915), 523 N. Broadway, Nyack, NY 10960; 35,000. Records Managers & Administrators, Assn. of (1975), 4200 Somerset Dr., Suite 215, Prairie Village, KS 66208; 10,000. Recreation and Park Assn., Natl. (1965), 3101 Park Ctr. Dr., 12th Fl., Alexandria, VA 22302; 20,727. Red Cross, American (1881), 17th & D Sts. NW, Wash., DC 20006; 1.2 mln. volunteers. Red Men, Improved Order of (1813), 4007 W. Waco Dr., Waco, TX, 76710; 33,000. Redwoods League, Save-the- (1918), 114 Sansome St., Rm. 605, San Francisco, CA 94104; 45,000. Reed Organ Society, Inc. (1981), The Musical Museum, Deansboro, NY 13328; 800. Regional Plan Assn. (1929), 1040 Ave. of the Americas, N.Y., NY 10018; 1,200. Rehabilitation Assn., Natl. (1925), 633 S. Washington St., Alexandria, VA 22314; 16,000. Religion, Amer. Academy of (1909), 501 Hall of Languages, Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, NY 13244-1170; 5,600. Religion, Freedom from, Foundation (1978), P.O. Box 750, Madison, WI 53701; 3,000. Remodeling Industry, Natl. Assn. of the (1956), 1901 N. Moore St., Suite 808, Arlington, VA 22209. Renaissance Society of America (1954), 1161 Amsterdam Ave., N.Y., NY 10027; 3,000. Republican National Committee (1856), 310 1st Street SE, Washington, DC 20003-1801. Reserve Officers Assn. of the U.S. (1922), One Constitution Ave., NE, Wash., DC 20002; 123,000. Restaurant Assn., Natl. (1919), 1200 17th St. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 15,000. Retarded Citizens of the U.S., Assn. for (1950), 2501 Ave. J, Arlington, TX 76006; 160,000. Retired Credit Union People, Natl. Assn. for (1978), 5910 Mineral Pt. Rd., Madison, WI 53705; 71,036. Retired Federal Employees, Natl. Assn. of (1921), 1533 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 490,000. Retired Officers Assn. (1929), 201 N. Washington St., Alexandria, VA 22314-2529; 365,000. Retired Persons, Amer. Assn. of (1958), 1909 K St. NW, Wash., DC 20049; 18 mln. Retired Teachers Assn., Natl. (1947), 1909 K St. NW, Wash., DC 20049; 540,000. Revolver Assn., U.S. (1900), 96 W. Union St., Ashland, MA 01721; 1,400. Reye's Syndrome Foundation, Natl. (1974), 426 N. Lewis, Bryan, OH 43506; 143. Richard III Society (1969), P.0. Box 13787, New Orleans, LA 70185; 700. Rifle Assn., Natl. (1871), 1600 Rhode Island Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 2.8 mln. Road & Transportation Builders' Assn., Amer. (1902), 501 School St. SW, Wash., DC 20024-2713; 3,600. Rodeo Cowboys Assn., Professional (1936), 101 Pro Rodeo Dr., Colorado Springs, CO 80919; 10,091. Roller Skating, U.S. Amateur Confederation of (1937), 1500 S. 70th St., Lincoln, NE 68506; 23,000. Roller Skating Rink Operators Assn. (1937), 7700 A St., Lincoln, NE 68510; 1,150 rinks. Rose Society, Amer. (1899), 8877 Jefferson Paige Rd., Shreveport, LA 71119; 20,000. Rotary Intl. (1905), 1560 Sherman Ave., Evanston, IL 60201; 1.1 mln. Running and Fitness Assn., Amer. (1968), 9310 Old Georgetown Rd., Bethesda, MD 20814; 18,500. Ruritan Natl. (1928), Ruritan Natl. Rd., Dublin, VA 24084; 37,000. SANE/FREEZE (1988), 1819 H St. NW, Suite 1000, Wash., DC 20006-3603; 170,000. Safety and Fairness Everywhere, Natl. Assn. Taunting (1980), P.O. Box 5743WA, Montecito, CA 93150; 12,000. Safety Council, Natl. (1913), 444 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611; 12,500. Sailors, Tin Can (1976), Battleship Cove, Fall River, MA 02721; 12,050. St. Andrew the Apostle, The Soc. of (1983), Route 3, Sylvester, WV 25193; 450. St. Dennis of Zante, Sovereign Greek Order of (1096; 1953 in U.S.), 739 W. 186th St., N.Y., NY 10033; 91. St. George the Martyr, Knightly Assn. of (1980), State Route #3, Sylvester, WV 25193; 10,000. St. Luke, Physician of Amer., Order of (1952), 2210 Wilshire Blvd., Santa Monica, CA 90403; 300+. St. Paul, Natl. Guild of (1937), 601 Hill 'n Dale, Lexington, KY 40503; 13,652. Salespersons, Natl. Assn. of Professional (1970), P.O. Box 76461, Atlanta, GA 30358; 35,000. Salt Institute (1914), 700 N. Fairfax St., Ste. 600, Alexandria, VA, 22314-2040; 23 companies. Sane Nuclear Policy, Committee for a (1957), 711 G St. SE, Wash., DC 20003; 130,000. Savings Institutions, Natl. Council of (1983), 1101 15th St. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 550 members. Savings & Loan League, Natl. (1943), 1101 15th St. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 300 associations. School Administrators, Amer. Assn. of (1865), 1801 N. Moore St., Arlington, VA 22209; 19,000. School Boards Assn., Natl. (1940), 1680 Duke St., Alexandria, VA 22314. School Counselor Assn., Amer. (1953), 5999 Stevenson Ave., Alexandria, VA 22304; 12,500. Schools of Art, Natl. Assn. of (also: School of Art and Design, School of Dance, Music, and Theater) (1944), 11250 Roger Bacon Dr., Reston, VA 22090; 161. Schools & Colleges, Amer. Council on (1927), 13014 Dale Mabry Hwy., Ste. 270-B, Tampa, FL 33180-2808; 137. Science, Amer. Assn. for the Advancement of (1848), 1333 H St. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 132,000. Science Fiction Society, World (1939), P.O. Box 1270, Kendall Sq. Sta., Cambridge, MA 02142; 5,000. Science Service (1921), 1719 N St. NW, Wash., DC 20036. Science Teachers Assn., Natl. (1985), 1742 Connecticut Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20009; 50,000. Science Writers, Natl. Assn. of (1934), P.O. Box 294, Greenlawn, NY 11740; 1,500. Sciences, Natl. Academy of (1863), 2101 Constitution Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20418; 1,816. Scientists, Federation of American (1945), 307 Massachusetts Ave. NE, Wash., DC 20002; 5,000. Screen Actors Guild (1933), 7065 Hollywood Blvd. Hollywood, CA 90028; 73,000. Screen Printing Assn. Intl. (1948), 10015 Main St., Fairfax, VA 22031; 3,000 corporations. Sculpture Soc., Natl. (1893), 15 E. 26th St., N.Y., NY 10010; 4,500. Seamen's Service, United (1942), One World Trade Ctr., Suite 1365, N.Y., NY 10048. 2d Air Division Assn. (1947), 1 Jeffrey's Neck Rd., Ipswich, MA 01938; 7,852. Secondary School Principals, Natl. Assn. of (1916), 1904 Association Dr., Reston, VA 22091; 42,000. Secretaries, Natl. Assn. of Legal (1950), 2250 E 73, Ste. 550, Tulsa, OK 74136-6805; 16,000. Securities Industry Assn. (1972), 120 Broadway, N.Y., NY 10271; 600 firms. Separation of Church & State, Americans United for (1947), 8120 Fenton St., Silver Spring, MD 20910; 50,000. Sertoma Internatl. (1912), 1912 E. Meyer Blvd., Kansas City, MO 64132; 35,000. Sex Information & Education Council of the U.S. (SIECUS) (1964), New York University, 32 Washington Place, Rm. 52, N.Y., NY 10003; 2,600. Shakespeare Assn. of America (1972), Box 6328, Vanderbilt Sta. B, Nashville, TN 37235; 812. Sheet Metal & Air Conditioning Contractor's Natl. Assn., Inc. (1943), 8224 Old Courthouse Rd., Vienna, VA 22182; 2,290. Shipbuilders Council of America (1921), 1110 Vermont Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 54 organizations. Ships in Bottles Assn. of Amer. (1983), P.O. Box 550, Coronado, CA 92118; 300. Shore & Beach Preservation Assn., Amer. (1926), 3000 Citrus Circle, Suite 230, Walnut Creek, CA 94598; 1,000. Shrine, Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic (1872), 2900 Rocky Pt. Dr., Tampa, FL 33607; 799,000. Shut-Ins, Natl. Society for (1970), 237 Franklin St., Reading, PA 19602; 85. Sierra Club (1892), 730 Polk St., San Francisco, CA 94109; 440,000. Silurians, Soc. of the (1924), 164 Lexington Ave., N.Y., NY 10016; 500. Skating Union of the U.S., Amateur (1928), 1033 Shady Lane, Glen Ellyn, IL 60137; 2,400. Skeet Shooting Assn., Natl. (1946), P.O. Box 680007, San Antonio, TX 78268; 15,800. Ski Assn., U.S. (1904), P.O. Box 100, Park City, UT 84060; 30,000. Small Business, Amer. Federation of (1938), 407 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, IL 60605; 25,000. Small Business United, Natl. (1986), 1155 15th St. NW, Suite 710, Wash., DC 20005; 50,000. Smoking & Health, Natl. Clearinghouse for (1965), Center for Disease Control, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333. Soccer Federation, U.S. (1913), Viscount Hotel, 40 JFK Intl. Airport, Jamaica, NY 11430; 700,000. Social Biology, Society for the Study of (1926), Medical Dept., Brookhaven Natl. Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973; 415. Social Sciences, Natl. Institute of (1865), 444 Madison Ave., Ste. 2901, N.Y., NY 10022; 350. Social Work Education, Council on (1952), 1600 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314; 3,000. Social Workers, Natl. Assn. of (1955), 7981 Eastern Ave., Silver Spring, MD 20910; 127,000. Socialists of America, Democratic (1981), 15 Dutch St., Suite 500, N.Y., NY 10038; 5,500. Sociological Assn., Amer. (1905), 1722 N St. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 12,666. Softball Association, Amateur (1933), 2801 N.E. 50th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73111; 226,000 teams. Softball League, Cinderella (1958), P.O. Box 1411, Corning, NY 14830. Soft Drink Assn., Natl. (1921), 1101 16th St. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 1,000. Soil Conservation Society of America (1945), 7515 N.E. Ankeny Rd., Ankeny, IA 50021; 12,000. Soil Science Society of America (1936), 677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711; 6,114. Sojourners, Natl. (1919), 8301 E. Boulevard Dr., Alexandria, VA 22308; 9,500. Soldier's, Sailor's and Airmen's Club (1919), 283 Lexington Ave., N.Y., NY 10016. Songwriters Guild of America, The (1931), 276 Fifth Ave., N.Y., NY 10001; 5,000. Sons of the Amer. Legion (1932), Box 1055, Indianapolis, IN 46206; 109,643. Sons of the American Revolution, Natl. Society of (1889), 1000 S. 4th, Louisville, KY 40203; 26,000. Sons of Confederate Veterans (1896), Southern Station, Box 5164, Hattiesburg, MS 39406-5164; 9,000. Sons of the Desert (1965), P.O. Box 8341, Universal City, CA 91608; 10,000. Sons of Italy in America, The Order (1905), 219 E. St., NE, Wash. DC 20002; 450,000. Sons of Norway (1895), 1455 W. Lake St., Minneapolis, MN 55408; 85,000. Sons of Poland, Assn. of the (1903), 591 Summit Ave., Rm. 702, Jersey City, NJ 07306; 10,000. Sons of the Republic of Texas, The (1893), 5942 Abrams Rd., #222, Dallas, TX 75231; 2,200. Sons of the Revolution in the State of New York/Fraunces Tavern Museum (1876), 54 Pearl St., N.Y., NY 10004; 1,350. Sons of St. Patrick, Society of the Friendly (1784), 80 Wall St., N.Y., NY 10005; 1,400. Sons of Sherman's March to the Sea (1966), 1725 Farmers Ave., Tempe, AZ 85281; 660. Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War (1881), 411 Bartlett St., Lansing, MI 48915; 3,570. Soroptimist Intl. of the Americas (1921), 1616 Walnut St., Phila., PA 19103; 50,000. Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957), 334 Auburn Ave. NE, Atlanta, GA 30303; 1 mln. Space Education Assoc., U.S. (1973), 746 Turnpike Rd., Elizabethtown, PA 17022-1161; 1,000. Speech Communication Assn. (1914), 5105 Backlick Rd., Annandale, VA 22003; 6,700. Speech-Language-Hearing Assn., Amer. (1925), 10801 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852; 55,000. Speleological Society, Natl. (1941), 2813 Cave Ave., Huntsville, AL 35810; 8,500. Spiritual Awareness, Assn. for (1985), P.O. Box 224, Clarence, MO 63437; 2,050. Sports Car Club of America (1944), P.O. Box 3278, Englewood, CO 80155-3278; 51,081. Sports Club, Indoor (1930), 1145 Highland St., Napoleon, OH 43545. Sportscasters Assn., Amer. (1979), 5 Beekman St., N.Y., NY 10038; 500. Standards Institute, Amer. Natl. (1918), 1430 Broadway, N.Y., NY 10018; 1,000. State Communities Aid Assn. (1872), 151 Chestnut St., Albany, NY 12210; 95. State Governments, Council of (1933), P.O. Box 11910, Iron Works Pike, Lexington, KY 40578; 50 states. State & Local History, Amer. Assn. for (1940), 172 Second Ave. N., Nashville, TN 37201; 6,000. Statistical Assn., Amer. (1839), 1429 Duke St., Alexandria, VA 22314-3402; 15,000. Steamship Historical Society of America (1935), H.C. Hall Bldg., 345 Blackstone Blvd., Providence, RI 02906; 3,364. Steel Construction, Amer. Institute of (1921), 400 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611-4185; 2,600+. Stock Car Auto Racing, Natl. Assn. for (NASCAR) (1948), 1801 Speedway Blvd., Daytona Beach, FL 32015; 17,000. Stock Exchange, Amer. (1911), 86 Trinity Pl., N.Y., NY 10006; 871. Stock Exchange, N.Y. (1792), 11 Wall St., N.Y., NY 10005. Stock Exchange, Phila. (1790), 1900 Market St., Phila., PA 19103; 505. Structural Stability Research Council (1944), Fritz Engineering Laboratory No. 13, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA 18015. Student Assn., U.S. (1947), 1012 14th St. NW, Suite 403, Wash., DC 20005. Student Councils, Natl. Assn. of (1931), 1904 Association Dr., Reston, VA 22091; 200,000. Stuttering Project, Natl. (1977), 4601 Irving St., San Francisco, CA 94122-1020; 4,000. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Foundation, Natl. (1962), 8200 Professional Pl., Landover, MA 20785-2264. Sugar Brokers Assn., Natl. (1903), 1 World Trade Center, N.Y., NY 10047; 100. Sunbathing Assn., Amer. (1931), 1703 N. Main St., Kissimmee, FL 34744; 34,000. Sunday League (1933), 279 Highland Ave., Newark, NJ 07104; 25,000. Surgeons, Amer. College of (1913), 55 E. Erie St., Chicago IL 60611-2797; 50,904. Surgeons, Intl. College of (1935), 1516 N. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago IL 60610; 6,800. Surgeons of the U.S., Assn. of Military (1891), 9320 Old Georgetown Rd., Bethesda, MD 20895; 16,600. Surveying & Mapping, Amer. Congress on (1941), 210 Little Falls, Falls Church, VA 22046; 10,800. Symphony Orchestra League, Amer. (1942), 777 14th St. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 870 orchestras. Systems Management, Assn. for (1947), 24587 Bagley Rd., Cleveland, OH 44138; 8,000. Table Tennis Assn., U.S. (1933), Olympic Complex, 1750 E. Boulder St., Colorado Springs, CO 80909; 6,500. Tailhook Assn., The (1957), 4849 Ronson Ct., #109, San Diego, CA 92111; 15,000. Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, Council on (1969), Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA 18015; 2,500. Tax Accountants, Natl. Assn. of Enrolled Federal (1960), 6108 N. Harding Ave., Chicago, IL 60659-3108; 450. Tax Administrators, Federation of (1937), 444 N. Capitol St. NW, Wash., DC 20001. Tax Assn., Natl.-Tax Institute of America (1907), 5310 E. Main St., Suite 104, Columbus, OH 43213; 1,800. Tax Foundation, Inc. (1937), 1 Thomas Circle NW, Suite 500, Wash., DC 20005; 568 corporations. Tax Free America (1986), 11015 Cumpston St., N. Hollywood, CA 91601; 400,000. Taxpayers Union, Natl. (1969), 325 Pennsylvania Ave. SE, Washington, DC 20003; 200,000. Tea Assn. of the U.S.A. (1899), 230 Park Ave., N.Y., NY 10169; 179. Teachers Assn., Amer. String (1946), UGA Sta. Box 2066, Athens, GA 30612-0066; 6,800. Teachers of English, Natl. Council of (1911), 1111 Kenyon Rd., Urbana, IL 61801; 68,000. Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (1966), 1600 Cameron St., Suite 300, Alexandria, VA 22314; 14,500. Teachers of French, Amer. Assn. of (1927), 57 E. Armory Ave., Champaign, IL 61820; 11,000. Teachers of German, American Assn. of (1926), 112 Haddontowne Court [num ]104, Cherry Hill, NJ 08034; 6,500. Teachers of Mathematics, Natl. Council of (1920), 1906 Association Dr., Reston, VA 22091; 56,000. Teachers of Singing, Natl. Assn. of (1944), 2800 Univ. Blvd. N, J.U. Sta., Jacksonville, FL 32211; 4,600. Teachers of Spanish & Portuguese, Amer. Assn. of (1917), P.O. Box 6349, 218 Lee Hall, MSU., Mississippi State, MS 39762-6349; 13,000. Telephone Pioneers of Amer. (1911), 22 Cortland, St., 25th fl., N.Y., NY 10007; 780,000. Television Arts & Sciences, Natl. Academy of (1956), 111 W. 57th St., Suite 1020, N.Y., NY 10019; 11,000. Television Bureau of Advertising (1954), 485 Lexington Ave., N.Y., NY 10017. Television & Radio Artists, Amer. Federation of (1937), 1350 Ave. of the Americas, N.Y., NY 10019; 66,000. Telluride Assn. (1911), 217 West Ave., Ithaca, NY 14850. Tennis Assn., U.S. (1881), 1212 Ave. of Americas, N.Y., NY 10036. Terraplane Club, Hudson-Essex (1959), 100 E. Cross St., Ypsilanti, MI 48198; 2,850. Tesla Memorial Soc., Inc. (1979), 453 Martin Rd., Lackawanna, NY 14218; 1,200+. Testing & Materials, Amer. Society for (1898), 1916 Race St., Phila., PA 19103; 32,000. Texas State Genealogical Society (1960), 2507 Tannehill, Houston, TX 77008-3052; 1,000. Textile Assn., Northern (1854), 230 Congress St., Boston, MA 02110; 150. Textile Manufacturers Institute, Amer. (1949), 1801 K St. NW, Suite 900, Wash., DC 20006. Theatre Organ Society, Amer. (1955), P.O. Box 3043, Olivenhain, CA 92024; 6,000. Theodore Roosevelt Assn. (1920), P.O. Box 720, Oyster Bay, NY 11771; 1,500. Theological Schools in the U.S. and Canada, Assn. of (1918), 42 E. National Rd., Vandalia, OH 45377; 204. Theosophical Society in America, The (1875), 1926 N. Main St., Wheaton, IL 60187; 5,486. Thoreau Society (1941), 156 Belknap St., Concord, MA 01742; 1,400. Thoroughbred Racing Assns. (1942), 3000 Marcus Ave., Lake Success, NY 11042; 50 racing associations. Titanic Historical Society (1963), P.O. Box 51053, Indian Orchard, MA 01151-0053; 4,127. Toastmasters Intl. (1924), 23182 Arroyo Vista, Rancho Santa Margarita, CA 92688; 155,000. Topical Assn., Amer. (1949), P.O. Box 630, Johnstown, PA 15907; 7,000. Torch Clubs, Internatl. Assn. of (1924), 435 N. Michigan Ave., #1717, Chicago, IL 60611; 3,250. Toy Manufacturers of America (1916), 200 Fifth Ave., N.Y., NY 10010; 240. Traffic and Transportation, Amer. Society of (1946), 1816 Norris Pl. #4, Louisville, KY 40205; 2,400. Trail Association, North Country (1980), 2780 Mundy Ave., White Cloud, MI 49349; 200. Transit Assn., Amer. Public (1975), 1201 New York Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 940. Translators Assn., Amer. (1959), 109 Croton Ave., Ossining, NY 10562; 3,400. Transportation and Logistics, Inc., Amer. Society of (1946), 1816 Norris Pl., #4, Louisville, KY 40205; 1,800. Trapshooting Assn., Amateur (1923), 601 W. National Rd. Vandalia, OH 45377; 100,000+. Travel Agents, Amer. Society of (1931), 1101 King St., Alexandria, VA 22314; 19,135. Travel Industry Assn. of America (1941), 1133 21st St. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 1,700. Travelers Protective Assn. of America (1890), 3755 Lindell Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63108; 184,556. Triple Nine Society (1979), 2119 College St., Cedar Falls, IA 50613; 700. Trucking Assn., Amer. (1933), 2200 Mill Rd., Alexandria, VA 22314. True Sisters, United Order (1846), 212 Fifth Ave., N.Y., NY 10010; 8,500. Tuberous Sclerosis Assn. of Amer. (1970), P.O. Box 44, Rockland, MA 02370; 2,500. UFOs, Natl. Investigation Committee on (1957), 14617 Victory Blvd., Suite 4, Van Nuys, CA 91411. UNICEF, U.S. Committee for (1947), 333 E. 38th St., N.Y., NY 10016. USO (United Service Organizations) (1941), 601 Indiana Ave., NW, Wash., DC 20004. Underwriters, Amer. Soc. of Chartered Life (1927), 270 Bryn Mawr Ave., Bryn Mawr, PA 19010; 30,000. Underwriters, Soc. of Chartered Property and Casualty (1944), Kahler Hall, 720 Providence Rd., Malvern, PA 19355. Uniformed Services Society of Military Widows, Natl. Assn. for (1968), 5535 Hempstead Way, Springfield, VA 22151; 55,000. United Nations Assn. of the U.S.A. (1923, as League of Nations Assn.) 485 Fifth Ave., N.Y., NY 10017; 21,000. U.S., Amer. Assn. for Study of the, in World Affairs (1948), 3813 Annandale Rd., Annandale, VA 22003; 1,500. United Way of America (1918), 801 N. Fairfax St., Alexandria, VA 22309; 1,200. Universities, Assn. of Amer. (1900), One Dupont Circle, Suite 730, Wash., DC 20036; 58 institutions. Universities & Colleges, Assn. of Governing Bds. of (1921), One Dupont Circle NW, Suite 400, Wash., DC 20036. University Extension Assn., Natl. (1915), One Dupont Circle, Suite 400, NW, Wash., DC 20036; 1,100. University Foundation, Intl. (1973), 1301 S. Noland Rd., Independence, MO 64055; 11,750. University Professors, Amer. Assn. of (1915), 1012 14th St. NW, Suite 500, Wash., DC 20005; 41,000. University Women, Amer. Assn. of (1881), 2401 Virginia Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20037; 140,000. Urban Coalition, Natl. (1967), 1120 G St. NW, Suite 900, Wash., DC 20005; 42 affiliates. Urban League, Natl. (1910), 500 E. 62d St., N.Y., NY 10020; 50,000. Utility Commissioners, Natl. Assn. of Regulatory (1889), 1102 Interstate Commerce Commission Bldg., 12th & Constitution NW, Wash., DC 20044-0684; 96 agencies. Vampire Research Center (1972), P.O. Box 252, Elmhurst, NY 11373; 450. Variety Clubs Intl. (1928), 1560 Bdway., N.Y., NY 10036. VASA Order of America (1896), 65 Bryant Rd., Cranston, R.I. 02910; 32,000. Ventriloquists, No. American Assn. of (1944), 800 W. Littleton Blvd., Box 420, Littleton, CO 80120; 1,750. Veterans Assn., Blinded (1945), 477 H St. NW, Wash., DC 20001; 7,007. Veterans Assn., China-Burma-India (1947), 750 N. Lincoln Memorial Dr., Milwaukee, WI 53201; 3,221+. Veterans Committee, Amer. (1944), 1735 De Sales St. NW, Suite 402, Wash., DC 20817; 25,000. Veterans of Foreign Wars of the U.S. (1899) & Ladies Auxiliary (1914), 406 W. 34th St., Kansas City, MO 64111. Veterans of the Vietnam War (1980), 2090 Bald Mountain Rd., Wilkes-Barre, PA 18702-9699; 32,000. Veterans of World War I (1958), 941 N. Capitol St. NE, Room 1201-C, Wash., DC 20002-4234; 98,000. Veterans of WWII, Submarine (1955), 6523 San Joaquin St., Sacramento, CA 95820; 8,100. Veterinary Medical Assn., Amer. (1863), 930 N. Meacham Rd., Schaumburg, IL 60196; 49,000. Victorian Society in America (1966), 219 S. Sixth St., Phila., PA 19106; 4,000. Volleyball Assn., U.S. (1928), 1750 E. Boulder St., Colorado Springs, CO 80909; 45,000. Walking Association (1976), 655 E. Rancho Catalina Pl., Tucson, AZ 98704. Walking Society, American (1980), Viana House, Box 1315, Beverly Hills, CA 90213; 2.8 mln. War Mothers, Amer. (1917), 2615 Woodley Pl. NW, Wash., DC 20008; 3,000. Warrant and Warrant Officers' Assn., Chief, U.S. Coast Guard (1929), c/o Fort McNair Yacht Basin, 200 V Street, SW, Wash., DC 20024; 3,346. Washington, DC Area Trucking Assn. (1933), 2200 Mill Rd., Alexandria, VA 22314; 130 companies. Watch & Clock Collectors, Natl. Assn. of (1940), 514 Popular St., Columbia, PA 17512; 33,000. Watercolor Soc., American (1866), 47 Fifth Ave., N.Y., NY 10003; 491. Water Pollution Control Admin., Assn. of State and Interstate (1961), 444 N. Capital St. NW, Suite 330, Wash., DC 20001. Water Pollution Control Federation (1928), 601 Wythe St., Alexandria, VA 22314-1994; 32,000. Water Resources Assn., Amer. (1964), 5410 Grosvenor Ln., Suite 220, Bethesda, MD 20814-2192; 4,000. Water Ski Assn., Amer. (1939), 799 Overlook Dr. SE, Winter Haven, FL 33884; 20,000. Water Well Assn., Natl. (1948), 6375 Riverside Drive, Dublin, OH 43017; 19,650. Water Works Assn., Amer. (1881), 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235; 36,500. Watts Family Assn. (1969), 12401 Burton St., N. Hollywood, CA 91605; 12 branches. Weather Modification Assn. (1950), P.O. Box 8116, Fresno, CA 93747; 200. Welding Society, Amer. (1919), 550 NW LeJeune Rd., Miami, FL 33126; 35,600. Wheelchair Athletic Assn., Natl. (1956), 3617 Betty Dr., Suite 5, Colorado Springs, CO 80917; 2,000. Widows, Society of Military (1968), 5535 Hemstead Way, Springfield, VA 22151; 2,000. Wilderness Society (1935), 900 17th St. NW, Wash., DC 20006; 350,000. Wild Horse Organized Assistance (WHOA!) (1971), 140 Greenstone Dr., Reno, NV 89512; 10,000. Wildlife, Defenders of (1947), 1244 19th St. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 80,000. Wildlife Federation, Natl. (1936), 1400 16th St. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 5.1 mln. Wildlife Foundation, No. Amer. (1929), 102 Wilmot Rd., [num ]410, Deerfield, IL 60015; 6,000. Wildlife Fund, World (1961), 1255 23rd St. NW, Wash., DC 20037; 230,000. Wildlife Management Institute (1911), 1101-14th St., Suite 725, NW, Wash., DC 20005. William Penn Assn. (1886), 709 Brighton Rd., Pittsburgh, PA 15233; 90,000. Wireless Pioneers, Society of (1968), 146 Coleen St., Livermore, CA 94550; 5,233. Wizard of Oz Club, Intl. (1957), Box 95, Kinderhook, IL 62345; 2,500. Women, Natl. Assn. of Bank (1920), 500 No. Michigan Ave., Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60611; 30,000. Women, Natl. Council of (1888), 777 United Nations Plaza, N.Y., NY 10017; approx. 800. Women, Natl. Organization for (NOW) (1966), 1401 New York Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20005; 150,000. Women Artists, Natl. Assn. of (1889), 41 Union Sq., N.Y., NY 10003; 700. Women Engineers, Society of (1950), 345 E. 47th St., N.Y., NY 10017; 15,000. Women in Communications (1909), 2101 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22201; 11,500. Women in Radio and TV, Inc. (1951), 1321 Connecticut Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20036; 3,000. Women Geographers, Society of (1925), 1619 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20009; 500. Women Marines Assn. (1960), P.O. Box 387, Quantico, VA 22134; 3,009. Women Strike for Peace (1961), 145 S. 13th St., Rm. 706, Phila., PA 19107; 8,000. Women of the U.S., Natl. Council of (1888), 777 U.N. Plaza, N.Y., NY 10017; 28 organizations. Women Voters of the U.S., League of (1920), 1730 M St. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 120,000. Women World War Veterans (1919), 237 Madison Ave., N.Y., NY 10016; 35,000. Women's Army Corps Veterans Assn. (1947), Hwy. 21, Anniston, AL 36206; 3,500. Women's Association, American Business (1949), 9100 Ward Parkway, P.O. Box 8728, Kansas City, MO 64114; 100,000. Women's Christian Temperance Union, Natl. (1874), 1730 Chicago Ave., Evanston, IL 60201; 50,000. Women's Clubs, General Federation of (1890), 1734 N St. NW., Wash. DC, 20036. Women's Clubs, National Federation of Business & Professional (1919), 2012 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Wash., DC 20036; 110,000. Women's Educational & Industrial Union (1877), 356 Boylston St., Boston, MA 02116; 1,131. Women's Intl. League for Peace & Freedom (1915), 1213 Race St., Phila., PA 19107; 50,000. Women's Legal Defense Fund (1971), 2000 P St. NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20036; 1,900. Women's Overseas Service League (1921), P.O. Box 39058, Friendship Station, Washington, DC 20016; 1,450. Woodmen of America, Modern (1883), Mississippi River at 17th St., Rock Island, IL 61201; 600,000. Woodmen of the World Life Insurance Soc. (1890), 1700 Farnam St., Omaha, NE 68102; 900,000. Workmen's Circle (1900), 45 E. 33d St., N.Y., NY 10016; 45,000. World Federalist Assn. (1976), 418 7th St. SE, Washington, DC 20003; 9,000. World Future Society (1966), 4916 St. Elmo Ave., Bethesda, MD 20814; 30,000. World Health, Amer. Assn. for (1953), 2001 S St., NW, Suite 530, Washington, DC 20009; 1,100. World Peace, Intl Assn. of Educators for (1969), P.O. Box 3282, Mastin Lake Sta., Huntsville, AL 35810-0282; 20,000. World's Fair Collectors Soc. (1968), P.O. Box 20806, Sarasota, FL 34238; 350. Writers Guild of America, West (1933), 8955 Beverly Blvd., W. Hollywood, CA 90048; 19,500. Yeoman F. Natl. (1936), 223 El Camino Real, Vallejo, CA 94590; 800. Young Men's Christian Assns. of the U.S.A., (1851), 101 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago, IL 60606; 13 mln. YM-YMHAs of Greater New York, Associated (1957), 130 E. 59th St., N.Y., NY 10020; 55,100. Young Women's Christian Assn. of the U.S.A. (1906), 726 Broadway, N.Y., NY 10003; 1.6 mln. Youth Hostels, American (1934), P.O. Box 37613, Wash., DC 20013; 100,000. Zero Population Growth (1968), 1400 16th St. NW, Suite 320, Wash., DC 20036; 25,000. Ziegfeld Club (1936), 593 Park Ave., N.Y., NY 10021; 303. Zionist Organization of America (1897), 4 E. 34th St., N.Y., NY 10016; 140,000. Zoological Parks & Aquariums, Amer. Assn. of (1924), Oglebay Park, Wheeling, WV 26003; 5,800. Zoologists, Amer. Society of (1890), 104 Sirius Circle, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360; 4,000. National Nonprofit Associations Encyclopedia of Associations 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴� Type 1980 1985 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Trade, business, commercial 3,118 3,719 3,806 Agriculture 677 882 914 Legal, governmental, public administration, military 529 658 775 Scientific, engineering, tech. 1,039 1,270 1,363 Educational 2,376 2,822 1,268 Cultural 1,872 Social welfare 994 1,450 1,686 Type 1980 1985 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Social welfare 994 1,450 1,686 Health, medical 1,413 1,886 2,162 Public affairs 1,068 1,935 2,292 Fraternal, foreign interest 435 492 570 Religious 797 953 1,169 Veteran, hereditary, patriotic 208 281 404 Hobby 910 1,311 1,471 Athletic sports 504 737 839 Labor unions 235 252 254 Chambers of Commerce 105 142 168 Letter societies 318 331 337 Fan clubs NA NA 561 Total 14,726 19,121 21,911 NATIONS OF THE WORLD U.S. Dept. of State; U.S. Census Bureau; The World Factbook; International Monetary Fund; UN Statistical Yearbook; UN Demographic Yearbook; International Iron and Steel Institute; The Statesman's Year-Book; Encyclopaedia Britannica. As of mid-1990 All embassy addresses are Wash., DC; area codes (202),unless otherwise noted. The nations of the world are listed in alphabetical order. Initials in the following articles include UN (United Nations), OAS (Org. of American States), NATO (North Atlantic TreatyOrg.), EC (European Communities or Common Market), OAU (Org. of African Unity), ILO (Intl. Labor Org.), FAO (Food & Agricultural Org.), WHO (World Health Org.), IMF (Intl. Monetary Fund), GATT (General Agreements on Tarriffs & Trade). Literacy rates are usually based on the ability to read and write on a lower elementary school level. The concept of literacy is changing in the industrialized countries, where literacy is defined as the ability to read instructions necessary for a job or a license. By these standards, illiteracy may be more common than present rates suggest. Per person figures in communications and health sections are post-1985. Afghanistan Republic of Afghanistan De Afghanistan Jamhuriat People: Population (1989 est.): 15,592,000. Pop. density: 65 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: Pushtun 50%; Tajik 25%; Uzbek 9%; Hazara 9%. Languages: Pushtu, Dari Persian (spoken by Tajiks, Hazaras), Uzbek (Turkic). Religions: Sunni Moslem 74%, Shi'a Moslem 11%. Geography: Area: 251,773 sq. mi., about the size of Texas. Location: Between Soviet Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. Neighbors: Pakistan on E, S, Iran on W, USSR on N; the NE tip touches China. Topography: The country is landlocked and mountainous, much of it over 4,000 ft. above sea level. The Hindu Kush Mts. tower 16,000 ft. above Kabul and reach a height of 25,000 ft. to the E. Trade with Pakistan flows through the 35-mile long Khyber Pass. The climate is dry, with extreme temperatures, and large desert regions, though mountain rivers produce intermittent fertile valleys. Capital: Kabul. Cities (1987 est.): Kabul 1.2 mln. Government: Type: Communist. Head of state, and President of the Revolutionary Council: Pres. Mohammad Najibullah; in office: Nov. 30, 1987. Head of Government: Prime Min. Sultan Ali Keshtmand; in office: Feb. 21, 1989. Head of Communist Party: Secy. Gen. Mohammad Najibullah; in office: May 4, 1986. Local divisions: 29 provinces, each under a governor. Defense: 7.7% of GNP (1984). Economy: Industries: Textiles, furniture, cement. Chief crops: Nuts, wheat, fruits. Minerals: Copper, coal, zinc, iron. Other resources: Wool, hides, karacul pelts. Arable land: 13%. Livestock (1988): cattle: 7.7 mln.; sheep: 19 mln. Electricity prod. (1988): 1.7 bln. kwh. Labor force: agriculture supports about 80% of the population. Finance: Currency: Afghani (Mar. 1990: 50.60 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $3.1 bln. Per capita GNP: $220. Imports (1988): $900 mln.; partners: USSR 30%, Jap. 10%. Exports (1988): $433 mln.; partners: USSR 86%. International reserves less gold (Feb. 1990): $254 mln. Gold: 965,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 20%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1982): 30,000 passenger cars, 35,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1987): 174 mln. passenger-km. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 709 persons; Radios: 1 per 93 persons. Telephones in use: 1 per 443 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 10 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 43 male; 42 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 44. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 21. Natural increase: 2.4%. Hospital beds: 1 per 2,054 persons. Physicians: 1 per 4,797 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 173. Education (1987): Literacy: 12%. Over 88% of adults have no formal schooling. Major International Organizations: UN (World Bank, IMF) Embassy: 2341 Wyoming Ave. NW, 20008; 234-3770. Afghanistan, occupying a favored invasion route since antiquity, has been variously known as Ariana or Bactria (in ancient times) and Khorasan (in the Middle Ages). Foreign empires alternated rule with local emirs and kings until the 18th century, when a unified kingdom was established. In 1973, a military coup ushered in a republic. Pro-Soviet leftists took power in a bloody 1978 coup, and concluded an economic and military treaty with the USSR. Late in Dec. 1979, the USSR began a massive military airlift into Kabul. The three-month old regime of Hafizullah Amin ended with a Soviet backed coup, Dec. 27th. He was replaced by Babrak Karmal, a more pro-Soviet leader. Soviet troops fanned out over Afghanistan fighting rebels. Fighting continued for 9 years as the Soviets found themselves engaged in a long, protracted guerrilla war. An UN-mediated agreement was signed Apr. 14, 1988 providing for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, creation of a neutral Afghan state, and repatriation of millions of Afghan refugees. The U.S. and USSR pledged to serve as guarantors of the agreement. Afghan rebels rejected the pact and vowed to continue fighting while the " Soviets and their puppets" remained in Afghanistan. The Soviets disclosed that during the war some 15,000 soldiers were killed. They completed their troop withdrawal Feb. 15, 1989 as Afghan rebels and the government began a civil war; the rebels elected a government-in-exile Feb. 23. There was a failed coup attempt, led by Afghan military forces, Mar. 6-8, 1990. Albania Peoples Socialist Republic of Albania Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqiperise People: Population (1990 est.): 3,268,000. Pop. density: 288 per sq. mi. Urban (1989): 35%. Ethnic groups: Albanians (Gegs in N, Tosks in S) 96%, Greeks 2.5%. Languages: Albanian (Tosk is official dialect), Greek. Religions: officially atheist; (historically) mostly Moslems. All public worship and religious institutions were outlawed in 1967. In 1990, the right to practice religion was restored. Geography: Area: 11,100 sq. mi., slightly larger than Maryland. Location: On SE coast of Adriatic Sea. Neighbors: Greece on S, Yugoslavia on N, E. Topography: Apart from a narrow coastal plain, Albania consists of hills and mountains covered with scrub forest, cut by small E-W rivers. Capital: Tirana. Cities (1987 est.): Tirana 272,000; Durres 127,000; Vlore 90,000. Government: Type: Communist. Head of state: Pres. Ramiz Alia, b. Oct. 18, 1925; in office: Nov. 22, 1982. Head of government: Premier Adil Carcani; in office: Jan. 18, 1982. Head of Communist Party: Ramiz Alia; in office: Apr. 13, 1985. Local divisions: 26 districts. Defense: 5.3% of GNP (1986). Economy: Industries: Cement, textiles. Chief crops: Corn, wheat, cotton, potatoes, tobacco, fruits. Minerals: Chromium, coal, oil. Other resources: Forests. Arable land: 21%. Livestock (1987): 610,000 cattle; 1.4 mln. sheep. Electricity prod. (1988): 5.2 bln. kwh. Labor force: 50% agric; 50% ind. & comm. Finance: Currency: Lek (Nov. 1989: 6.20 = $1 US). Gross national product (1986 est.) $2.8 bln. Per capita GNP (1986): $930. Imports (1986): $335 mln.; partners: Czech., Yugoslavia, Rom. Exports (1985): $345 mln.; partners: Czech., Yugoslavia, N. Korea, Italy. Chief ports: Durres, Vlone, Shengjih. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 10 persons. Radios: 1 per 6 persons. Daily newspaper circ. 48 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1987): 72.0 yrs. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 25. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 6. Natural increase: 1.9%. Hospital beds: 1 per 182 persons. Physicians: 1 per 489 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 59. Major International Organizations: UN (FAO, WHO). Education (1989): Literacy: 75%. Free and compulsory ages 7-15. Ancient Illyria was conquered by Romans, Slavs, and Turks (15th century); the latter Islamized the population. Independent Albania was proclaimed in 1912, republic was formed in 1920. Self-styled King Zog I ruled 1925-39, until Italy invaded. Communist partisans took over in 1944, allied Albania with USSR, then broke with USSR in 1960 over de-Stalinization. Strong political alliance with China followed, leading to several billion dollars in aid, which was curtailed after 1974. China cut off aid in 1978 when Albania attacked its policies after the death of Chinese ruler Mao Tse-tung. Large-scale purges of officials occurred during the 1970s. Enver Hoxha, the nation's ruler for 4 decades, died Apr. 11, 1985. There was some liberization in 1990, including measures providing for freedom to travel abroad and restoration of the right to practice religion. Algeria Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria al-Jumhuriya al-Jazairiya ad-Dimuqratiya ash-Shabiya People: Population (1990 est.); 25,714,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 43.9; 15-59: 50.3; 60+: 5.8. Pop. density: 27 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 49%. Ethnic groups: Arabs 75%, Berbers 25%. Languages: Arabic (official), Berber (indigenous language), French. Religions: Sunni Moslem (state religion). Geography: Area: 918,497 sq. mi., more than 3 times the size of Texas. Location: In NW Africa, from Mediterranean Sea into Sahara Desert. Neighbors: Morocco on W, Mauritania, Mali, Niger on S, Libya, Tunisia on E. Topography: The Tell, located on the coast, comprises fertile plains 50-100 miles wide, with a moderate climate and adequate rain. Two major chains of the Atlas Mts., running roughly E-W, and reaching 7,000 ft., enclose a dry plateau region. Below lies the Sahara, mostly desert with major mineral resources. Capital: Algiers (El Djazair). Cities (1987 est.): El Djazair 1,483,000; Wahran 590,000; Qacentina 483,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Chadli Benjedid; b. Apr. 14, 1929; in office: Feb. 9, 1979. Head of government: Premier Kasdi Merbah; in office: Nov. 5, 1988. Local divisions: 48 wilayaat (provinces). Defense: 3.0% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Oil, light industry, food processing. Chief crops: Grains, wine-grapes, potatoes, dates, olives, oranges. Minerals: Mercury, iron, zinc, lead. Crude oil reserves (1987): 4.8 bln. bbls. Other resources: Cork trees. Arable land: 17%; Livestock (1988): cattle: 1.7 mln.; sheep: 14 mln. Electricity prod. (1988): 13.6 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 1.4 mln. metric tons Labor force: 30% agric.; 30% ind. and commerce; 27% government, & services. Finance: Currency: Dinar (Mar. 1990: 7.96 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $63.5 bln. Per capita income (1987): $2,760. Imports (1988): $7.7 bln.; partners: EEC 64%. Exports (1988): $8.6 bln.; partners: EEC 74%. National budget (1987): $21.3 bln. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $837 mln. Gold: 5.58 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 5.9% Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 712,000 passenger cars, 471,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: El Djazair. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 15 persons. Radios: 1 per 4 persons. Telephones in use: 1 per 26 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 47 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 63 male; 67 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1987): 34.6. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1987): 7.0. Natural increase (1987); 2.7%. Hospital beds: 1 per 367 persons. Physicians: 1 per 1,302 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1986): 82.4 Education (1989): Literacy: 52%. School: Free and compulsory to age 16. Attendance: 94% primary, 47% secondary. Major International Organizations: UN (FAO, IMF, WHO), OAU, Arab League, OPEC. Embassy: 2118 Kalorama Rd. NW, 20008; 328-5300. Earliest known inhabitants were ancestors of Berbers, followed by Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals, and, finally, Arabs. Turkey ruled 1518 to 1830, when France took control. Large-scale European immigration and French cultural inroads did not prevent an Arab nationalist movement from launching guerilla war. Peace, and French withdrawal, was negotiated with French Pres. Charles de Gaulle. One million Europeans left. Ahmed Ben Bella was the victor of infighting, and ruled 1962-65, when an army coup installed Col. Houari Boumedienne as leader. In 1967, Algeria declared war with Israel, broke with U.S., and moved toward eventual military and political ties with the USSR. Some 500 died in riots protesting economic hardship in 1988. In 1989, voters approved a new constitution which cleared the way for a multiparty system and guaranteed "fundamental rights and freedoms" of Algerians. Andorra Principality of Andorra Principat d'Andorra People: Population (1990 est.): 51,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 19.0; 14-59: 68.5; 60+: 12.5. Pop. density: 302 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: Catalan 61%, Spanish 30%, Andorran 6%, French 3%. Languages: Catalan (official), Spanish, French. Religion: Roman Catholic. Geography: Area: 185 sq. mi., half the size of New York City. Location: In Pyrenees Mtns. Neighbors: Spain on S, France on N. Topography: High mountains and narrow valleys over the country. Capital: Andorra la Vella. Government: Type: Co-principality. Head of state: Co-princes are the president of France and the Roman Catholic bishop of Urgel in Spain. Local divisions: 7 parishes. Economy: Industries: Tourism, tobacco products. Labor force: 20% agric.; 80% ind. and commerce; services; government. Finance: Currency: French franc, Spanish peseta. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 12 persons . Radios: 1 per 6 persons. Telephones in use: 1 per 2 persons. Health: Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 10. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 4. Natural increase: 0.7%. Education (1989): Literacy: 99%. School compulsory to age 16. The present political status, with joint sovereignty by France and the bishop of Urgel, dates from 1278. Tourism, especially skiing, is the economic mainstay. A free port, allowing for an active trading center, draws some 10 million tourists annually. The ensuing economic prosperity accompanied by Andorra's virtual law-free status, has given rise to calls for reform. Angola People's Republic of Angola Republica Popular de Angola People: Population (1990 est.): 8,802,000. Pop. density: 18 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: Ovimbundu 38%, Kimbundu 25%; Bakongo 13%. Languages: Portuguese (official), various Bantu languages. Religions: Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 15%, indigenous beliefs 47%. Geography: Area: 481,353 sq. mi., larger than Texas and California combined. Location: In SW Africa on Atlantic coast. Neighbors: Namibia (SW Africa) on S, Zambia on E, Zaire on N; Cabinda, an enclave separated from rest of country by short Atlantic coast of Zaire, borders Congo Republic. Topography: Most of Angola consists of a plateau elevated 3,000 to 5,000 feet above sea level, rising from a narrow coastal strip. There is also a temperate highland area in the west-central region, a desert in the S, and a tropical rain forest covering Cabinda. Capital: Luanda (1988 est.): 1.1 mln. Government: Type: Marxist people's republic, one-party rule. Head of state: Pres. Jose Eduardo dos Santos b. Aug. 28, 1942; in office: Sept. 20, 1979. Local divisions: 18 provinces. Defense: 14.3% of GNP (1984). Economy: Industries: Food processing, textiles, mining, tires, petroleum. Chief crops: Coffee, bananas. Minerals: Iron, diamonds (over 2 mln. carats a year), copper, phosphates, oil. Crude oil reserves (1987): 1.9 bln. bbls. Arable land: 3%. Fish catch (1987): 81,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 737 mln.kwh. Labor force: 85% agric., 15% industry. Finance: Currency: Kwanza (Nov. 1989: 29.38 = $1 US). Gross domestic product (1987): $4.7 bln. Imports (1986): $1.1 bln.; partners: Portugal 9%, Fra. 12%; U.S. 9.2%. Exports (1986): $1.4 bln.; partners: U.S. 38%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1984): 56,000 passenger cars, 29,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Cabinda, Lobito, Luanda. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 228 persons. Radios: 1 per 22 persons. Telephones in use: 1 per 122 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1984): 13 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 42.0 male; 45.0 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 47. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 21. Natural increase: 2.6%. Hospital beds: 1 per 672 persons. Physicians: 1 per 13,489 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 161. Education (1989): Literacy: 30%. Major International Organizations: UN (ILO, WHO), OAU. From the early centuries AD to 1500, Bantu tribes penetrated most of the region. Portuguese came in 1583, allied with the Bakongo kingdom in the north, and developed the slave trade. Large-scale colonization did not begin until the 20th century, when 400,000 Portuguese immigrated. A guerrilla war begun in 1961 lasted until 1974, when Portugal offered independence. Violence between the National Front, based in Zaire, the Soviet-backed Popular Movement, and the National Union, aided by the U.S. and S. Africa, killed thousands of blacks, drove most whites to emigrate, and completed economic ruin. Cuban troops and Soviet aid helped the Popular Movement win most of the country after independence Nov. 11, 1975, igniting a Civil War. S. African troops crossed the southern Angolan border June 7, 1981, killing more than 300 civilians and occupying several towns. The S. Africans withdrew in Sept. Jonas Savimbi, leader of the National Union for Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), a rebel group fighting to overthrow the government, visited the U.S. in 1986 and was favorably received by the Reagan administration. An agreement was signed Dec. 1988 between Angola, Cuba, and S. Africa on a timetable for withdrawal of Cuban troops (1991), and for the independence of Namibia. The 14-year war ended June 22, 1989, as the government and the rebels agreed to a cease fire. Antigua and Barbuda People: Population (1990 est.) 64,000. Urban: (1985) 34%. Ethnic groups: Mostly African. Language: English (official). Religion: Predominantly Church of England. Geography: Area: 171 sq. mi. Location: Eastern Caribbean. Neighbors: approx. 30 mi. north of Guadeloupe. Capital: St. John's, (1988 est.) 27,000. Government: Type: Constitutional monarchy with British-style parliament. Head of State: Queen Elizabeth II; represented by Sir Wilfred E. Jacobs. Head of Government: Prime Min. Vere Cornwall Bird; b. Dec. 7, 1910; in office Nov. 1, 1981. Economy: Industries: manufacturing, tourists (195,000 in 1984). Arable Land: 18%. Finance: Currency: East Caribbean dollar (Apr. 1990): 2.70 = $1 U.S. Gross national product (1988): $215 mln. Health: infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 11. Education (1990): Literacy: 90%. Major International Organizations: UN, Commonwealth of Nations. Embassy: 2400 International Dr., NW 20008; 362-5122. Antigua was discovered by Columbus in 1493. The British colonized it in 1632. The British associated state of Antigua achieved independence as Antigua and Barbuda on Nov. 1, 1981. The government maintains close relations with the U.S., United Kingdom, and Venezuela. Argentina Argentine Republic Republica Argentina People: Population (1990 est.): 32,291,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 31.1; 15-59: 56.6; 60+: 12.3. Pop. density: 30 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 85%. Ethnic groups: Europeans 85% (Spanish, Italian), Indians, Mestizos, Arabs. Languages: Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French. Religions: Roman Catholic 92%. Geography: Area: 1,065,189 sq. mi., 4 times the size of Texas, second largest in S. America. Location: Occupies most of southern S. America. Neighbors: Chile on W, Bolivia, Paraguay on N, Brazil, Uruguay on NE. Topography: The mountains in W: the Andean, Central, Misiones, and Southern. Aconcagua is the highest peak in the Western hemisphere, alt. 22,834 ft. E of the Andes are heavily wooded plains, called the Gran Chaco in the N, and the fertile, treeless Pampas in the central region. Patagonia, in the S, is bleak and arid. Rio de la Plata, 170 by 140 mi., is mostly fresh water, from 2,485-mi. Parana and 1,000-mi. Uruguay rivers. Capital: Buenos Aires. (The Senate has approved the moving of the capital to the Patagonia Region). Cities (1982 est.): Buenos Aires 2,908,000; Cordoba 969,000; Rosario 750,455; Mendoza 597,000; San Miguel de Tucuman 497,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Carlos Saul Menem; b. July 2, 1930; in office: July 8, 1989. Local divisions: 22 provinces, 1 natl. terr. and 1 federal dist., under military governors. Defense: 1.4% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Meat processing, flour milling, chemicals, textiles, machinery, autos. Chief crops: Grains, corn, grapes, linseed, sugar, tobacco, rice, soybeans, citrus fruits. Minerals: Oil, lead, zinc, iron, copper, uranium. Crude oil reserves (1987): 2.1 bln. bbls. Arable land: 13%. Livestock (1988): cattle: 50 mln.; sheep: 29 mln. Fish catch (1987): 420,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 48.0 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 3.6 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 12% agric.; 31% ind. and comm.; 57% services. Finance: Currency: Austral (June 1990: 5,330 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $74.3 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $2,360. Imports (1988): $5.3 bln.; partners: U.S. 18%, W. Ger. 9%, Braz. 16%, Jap. 7%. Exports (1988): $9.1 bln.; partners: USSR 13%, Neth. 9%, U.S. 12%. Tourists (1987): receipts: $614 mln. National budget (1987): $9.5 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $1.4 bln. Gold: 4.37 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 3,079%. Transport: Railway traffic (1986): 10.7 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 3.8 mln. passenger cars, 1.4 mln. comm. vehicles. Civil aviation: (1988) 7.7 mln. passenger-km. Chief ports: Buenos Aires, Bahia Blanca, La Plata. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 4 persons. Radios: 1 per 1 person. Telephones in use: 1 per 9 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 88 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 67 male; 74 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 20. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 9. Natural increase: 1.2%. Hospital beds: 1 per 186 persons. Physicians: 1 per 370 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 32. Education (1989): Literacy: 94%. School attendence: 21.5% through secondary school. Major International Organizations: UN (WHO, IMF, FAO), OAS. Embassy: 1600 New Hampshire Ave. NW 20009; 939-6400. Nomadic Indians roamed the Pampas when Spaniards arrived, 1515-1516, led by Juan Diaz de Solis. Nearly all the Indians were killed by the late 19th century. The colonists won independence, 1810-1819, and a long period of disorders ended in a strong centralized government. Large-scale Italian, German, and Spanish immigration in the decades after 1880 spurred modernization, making Argentina the most prosperous, educated, and industrialized of the major Latin American nations. Social reforms were enacted in the 1920s, but military coups prevailed 1930-46, until the election of Gen.Juan Peron as president. Peron, with his wife Eva Duarte effected labor reforms, but also suppressed speech and press freedoms, closed religious schools, and ran the country into debt. A 1955 coup exiled Peron, who was followed by a series of military and civilian regimes. Peron returned in 1973, and was once more elected president. He died 10 months later, succeeded by his wife, Isabel, who had been elected vice president, and who became the first woman head of state in the Western hemisphere. A military junta ousted Mrs. Peron in 1976 amid charges of corruption. Under a continuing state of siege, the army battled guerrillas and leftists, killed 5,000 people, and jailed and tortured others. On Dec. 9, 1985, after a trial of 5 months and nearly 1,000 witnesses, 5 former junta members, including ex-presidents Jorge Videla and Gen. Roberto Eduardo Viola, were found guilty of murder and human rights abuses. A severe worsening in economic conditions placed extreme pressure on the military government. Argentine troops seized control of the British-held Falkland Islands on Apr. 2, 1982. Both countries had claimed sovereignty over the islands, located 250 miles off the Argentine coast, since 1833. The British dispatched a task force and declared a total air and sea blockade around the Falklands. Fighting began May 1; several hundred lost their lives as the result of the destruction of a British destroyer and the sinking of an Argentine cruiser. British troops landed in force on East Falkland Island May 21. By June 2, the British had surrounded Stanley, the capital city and Argentine stronghold. The Argentine troops surrendered, June 14; Argentine President Leopoldo Galtieri resigned June 17. Democratic rule returned to Argentina in 1983 as Raul Alfonsin's Radical Civic Union gained an absolute majority in the presidential electoral college and Congress. In 1989 the nation was plagued by severe financial problems as inflation reached crisis levels; over 6,000%. The hyperinflation sparked a week of looting and rioting in several cities; the government declared a 30-day state of siege May 29. The International Monetary Fund approved a renewal of a $1.44 bln. loan package to Argentina, May 1990. Australia Commonwealth of Australia People: Population (1990 est.): 16,646,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 22.1; 15-59; 62.5; ; 59 +: 15.4. Pop. density: 5.4 per sq. mi. Urban (1984): 85%. Ethnic groups: European 95%, Asian 4%, aborigines (including mixed) 1.5%. Languages: English, aboriginal languages. Religions: Anglican 26%, other Protestant 25%, Roman Catholic 25%. Geography: Area: 2,966,200 sq. mi., almost as large as the continental U.S. Location: SE of Asia, Indian O. is W and S, Pacific O. (Coral, Tasman seas) is E; they meet N of Australia in Timor and Arafura seas: Tasmania lies 150 mi. S of Victoria state, across Bass Strait. Neighbors: Nearest are Indonesia, Papua New Guinea on N, Solomons, Fiji, and New Zealand on E. Topography: An island continent. The Great Dividing Range along the E coast has Mt. Kosciusko, 7,310 ft. The W plateau rises to 2,000 ft., with arid areas in the Great Sandy and Great Victoria deserts. The NW part of Western Australia and Northern Terr. are arid and hot. The NE has heavy rainfall and Cape York Peninsula has jungles. The Murray R. rises in New South Wales and flows 1,600 mi. to the Indian O. Capital: Canberra. Cities (1987 est.): Sydney 3,500,000; Melbourne 3,000,000; Brisbane 1,200,000; Adelaide 993,000; Perth 1,100,000. Government: Type: Democratic, federal state system. Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Gov.-Gen. William Hayden; in office: Feb. 16, 1989. Head of government: Prime Min. Robert James Lee Hawke; b. Dec. 9, 1929; in office: Mar. 11, 1983. Local divisions: 6 states, 2 territories. Defense: 2.7% of GNP (1988). Economy: Industries: Iron, steel, textiles, electrical equip., chemicals, autos, aircraft, ships, machinery. Chief crops: Wheat (a leading export), barley, oats, corn, hay, sugar, wine, fruit, vegetables. Minerals: Coal, copper, iron, lead, tin, uranium, zinc. Crude oil reserves (1987): 1.6 bln. bbls. Other resources: Wool (30% of world output). Arable land: 9%. Livestock (1989): cattle: 22 mln.; sheep: 162 mln.; pigs: 2.5 mln. Fish catch (1987): 156,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 135 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 6.1 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 6% agric.; 33% finance & services; 36% trade & manuf. Finance: Currency: Dollar (June 1990: 1.30 = $1.00 US). Gross national product (1988): $220 bln. Per capita income (1988): $14,458. Imports (1989): $44.6 bln; partners: U.S. 21%, Jap. 20%, UK 7%. Exports (1989): $33.0 bln.; partners: Jap. 27%, U.S. 11%, NZ 5%. Tourists (1988): $2.1 bln. receipts. National budget (1989): $65 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $12.8 bln. Gold: 7.93 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 7.6%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 8.7 mln. passenger cars, 1.2 mln. comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 26.2 mln. passenger-km.; 441 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Sydney, Melbourne, Newcastle, PortKembla, Fremantle, Geelong. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 2 persons. Radios: 1 per 2 persons. Telephones in use: 1 per 2 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1985): 308 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 73 male; 80 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 15. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 8. Natural increase: 8%. Hospital beds: 1 per 186 persons. Physicians: 1 per 438 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989):8.1. Education (1989): Literacy: 99%. School: compulsory to age 15; attendance 94%. Major International Organizations: UN and all its specialized agencies, OECD, Commonwealth of Nations. Embassy: 1601 Massachusetts Ave NW 20036; 797-3000. Capt. James Cook explored the E coast in 1770, when the continent was inhabited by a variety of different tribes. The first settlers, beginning in 1788, were mostly convicts, soldiers, and government officials. By 1830, Britain had claimed the entire continent, and the immigration of free settlers began to accelerate. The commonwealth was proclaimed Jan. 1, 1901. Northern Terr. was granted limited self-rule July 1, 1978. Their capitals and 1988 population estimates: 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Area (sq. mi.) Population 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 New South Wales, Sydney 309,500 5,699,300 Victoria, Melbourne 87,900 4,260,300 Queensland, Brisbane 666,990 2,742,900 Western Aust., Perth 975,100 1,543,900 South Aust., Adelaide 379,900 1,408,000 Tasmania, Hobart 26,200 448,400 Aust. Capital Terr., Canberra 900 273,300 Northern Terr., Darwin 519,800 155,800 Australia's racially discriminatory immigration policies were abandoned in 1973, after 3 million Europeans (half British) had entered since 1945. The 50,000 aborigines and 150,000 part-aborigines are mostly detribalized, but there are several preserves in the Northern Territory. They remain economically disadvantaged. On Jan. 26, 1988, some 15,000 aborigines demonstrated in Sydney to protest discrimination while the rest of the nation celebrated the 200th anniversary of the landing of the first European settlers. Australia's agricultural success makes it among the top exporters of beef, lamb, wool, and wheat. Major mineral deposits have been developed as well, largely for exports. Industrialization has been completed. Australia harbors many plant and animal species not found elsewhere, including the kangaroo, koalas, platypus, dingo (wild dog), Tasmanian devil (racoon-like marsupial), wombat (bear-like marsupial), and barking and frilled lizards. Australian External Territories Norfolk Is., area 131/2 sq. mi., pop. (1985) 1,800, was taken over, 1914. The soil is very fertile, suitable for citrus fruits, bananas, and coffee. Many of the inhabitants are descendants of the Bounty mutineers, moved to Norfolk 1856 from Pitcairn Is. Australia offered the island limited home rule, 1978. Coral Sea Is. Territory, 1 sq. mi., is administered from Norfolk Is. Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Is., area 2 sq. mi., in the Indian O. came under Australian authority 1934 and are administered as part of Northern Territory. Heardand McDonald Is. are administered by the Dept. of Science. Cocos (Keeling) Is., 27 small coral islands in the Indian O. 1,750 mi. NW of Australia. Pop. (1981) 569, area: 51/2 sq. mi. The residents voted to become part of Australia, Apr. 1984. Christmas Is., 52 sq. mi., pop. 3,000 (1983), 230 mi. S of Java, was transferred by Britain in 1958. It has phosphate deposits. Australian Antarctic Territory was claimed by Australia in 1933, including 2,360,000 sq. mi. of territory S of 60th parallel S Lat. and between 160th-45th meridians E Long. It does not include Adelie Coast. Austria Republic of Austria Republik Osterreich People: Population (1990 est.): 7,595,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 17.7; 15-59: 62.1; 60+: 20.2. Pop. density: 233 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 55.0%. Ethnic groups: German 98%, Slovene, Croatian. Languages: German 98%. Religions: Roman Catholic 85%. Geography: Area: 32,374 sq. mi., slightly smaller than Maine. Location: In S Central Europe.Neighbors: Switzerland, Liechtenstein on W, W. Germany, Czechoslovakia on N, Hungary on E, Yugoslavia, Italy on S.Topography: Austria is primarily mountainous, with the Alps and foothills covering the western and southern provinces. The eastern provinces and Vienna are located in the Danube River Basin. Capital: Vienna. Cities (1987 cen.): Vienna 1,500,000. Government: Type: Federal republic. Head of state:Pres. Kurt Waldheim; b. Dec. 21, 1918; in office: June 8, 1986. Head of government: Chancellor Franz Vranitzky; b. Oct. 4, 1937; in office: June 16, 1986. Local divisions: 9 lander (states), each with a legislature. Defense: 1.2% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Steel, machinery, autos, electrical and optical equip., glassware, sport goods, paper, textiles, chemicals, cement. Chief crops: Grains, potatoes, beets. Minerals: Iron ore, oil, magnesite. Crude oil reserves (1985): 116 mln. bbls. Other resources: Forests, hydro power. Arable land: 18.3%. Livestock: (1986): Cattle: 2.6 mln.; pigs: 3.8 mln. Electricity prod. (1988): 47.8 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 4.5 mln. metric tons.Labor force: 8% agric.; 35% ind. & comm.; 56% service. Finance: Currency: Schilling (June 1990: 11.79 =$1 US). Gross national product (1987): $118.1 bln. Per capita income (1986): $12,521. Imports (1989): $38.9 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 44%, It. 9%, Switz. 5%. Exports (1989): $31.9 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 33%, It. 9%, Switz. 7%. Tourists (1987): receipts: $7.6 bln. National budget (1987): $37.5 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $8.0 bln. Gold: 20.3 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 2.6%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 7.3 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 2.6 mln. passenger cars, 212,000 comm.Civil aviation (1987): 1.0 bln. passenger-km; 6 airports with scheduled flights. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 2.8 persons. Radios: 1 per 1.6 persons. Telephones in use: 1 per 1.9 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 312 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 71 male; 79 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 12.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 12. Natural increase: -.0%. Hospital beds: 1 per 92 persons. Physicians:1 per 370 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 8. Education (1989): Literacy: 99%. School years compulsory 9; attendance 95%. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, EFTA, OECD. Embassy: 2343 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 483-4474. Rome conquered Austrian lands from Celtic tribes around 15 BC. In 788 the territory was incorporated into Charlemagne's empire. By 1300, the House of Hapsburg had gained control; they added vast territories in all parts of Europe to their realm in the next few hundred years. Austrian dominance of Germany was undermined in the 18th century and ended by Prussia by 1866. But the Congress of Vienna, 1815, confirmed Austrian control of a large empire in southeast Europe consisting of Germans, Hungarians, Slavs, Italians, and others. The dual Austro-Hungarian monarchy was established in 1867, giving autonomy to Hungary and almost 50 years of peace. World War I, started after the June 28, 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the Hapsburg heir, by a Serbian nationalist, destroyed the empire. By 1918 Austria was reduced to a small republic, with the borders it has today. Nazi Germany invaded Austria Mar. 13, 1938. The republic was reestablished in 1945, under Allied occupation. Full independence and neutrality were restored in 1955. Austria produces most of its food, as well as an array of industrial products. A large part of Austria's economy is controlled by state enterprises. Socialists have shared or alternated power with the conservative People's Party. Economic agreements with the Common Market give Austria access to a free-trade area encompassing most of West Europe. An international panel of historians issued a report in 1988 which concluded that Pres. Kurt Waldheim knew of war crimes in Greece and Yugoslavia while serving in the German army during WW 2, did nothing to stop them, and later covered up his war record. The panel found no evidence that Waldheim committed war crimes. The Bahamas The Commonwealth of the Bahamas People: Population (1990 est.): 251,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 38.0; 15-59: 56.3; 60+: 5.7. Pop. density: 45 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 75%. Ethnic groups: black 85%, white (British, Canadian, U.S.) 15%. Languages: English.Religions: Baptist 29%, Anglican 23%, Roman Catholic 22%. Geography: Area: 5,380 sq. mi., about the size of Connecticut. Location: In Atlantic O., E of Florida. Neighbors: Nearest are U.S. on W, Cuba on S. Topography: Nearly 700 islands (30 inhabited) and over 2,000 islets in the western Atlantic extend 760 mi. NW to SE. Capital: Nassau. Cities: (1985 est.) New Providence 135,437; Freeport 16,000. Government: Type: Independent commonwealth. Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Gov.-Gen. Henry Taylor, in office: June 25, 1988. Head of government: Prime Min. Lynden Oscar Pindling; b. Mar. 22, 1930; in office: Jan. 16, 1967. Local divisions: 21 districts. Economy: Industries: Tourism (50% of GNP), rum, banking, pharmaceuticals. Chief crops: Fruits, vegetables. Minerals: Salt. Other resources: Lobsters. Arable land: 2%.Electricity prod. (1988): 828 mln. kwh. Labor force:5% agric.; 25% tourism, 30% government. Finance: Currency: Dollar (Jan. 1990: 1 = $1 US). Gross national product (1986): $1.7 bln.Per capita income (1986): $7,598. Imports (1987): $1.7 bln.; partners: U.S. 74%, EC 30%. Exports (1987): $733 mln. (not incl. oil); partners: U.S. 41%, U.K. 7%. Tourists (1988): $1.1 bln. National budget (1987): $404 mln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $163 mln.Consumer prices (change in 1989): 5.4%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1984): 88,000 passenger cars, 5,600 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Nassau, Freeport. Communications: Radios: 1 per 2 persons.Television sets: 1 per 4.6 persons. Telephones in use: 1 per 2 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 143 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 67 male; 74 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 23.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 6. Natural increase: 1.7%. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 17. Education (1989): Literacy: 95%; School compulsory through age 14. Major International Organizations: UN (World Bank, IMF, WHO), OAS. Embassy: 600 New Hampshire Ave. NW 20037; 338-3940. Christopher Columbus first set foot in the New World on San Salvador (Watling I.) in 1492, when Arawak Indians inhabited the islands. British settlement began in 1647; the islands became a British colony in 1783. Internal self-government was granted in 1964; full independence within the Commonwealth was attained July 10, 1973. International banking and investment management has become a major industry alongside tourism, despite controversy over financial irregularities. Bahrain State of Bahrain Dawlat al-Bahrayn People: Population (1990 est.): 512,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 33.4; 15-59: 62.8; 60+ 3.8. Pop. density: 1,872 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 82%. Ethnic groups: Bahraini 63%, Asian 13%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 6%. Languages: Arabic (official), Farsi, Urdu. Religions: Sunni Moslem 30%, Shi'ah Moslem 70%. Geography: Area: 258 sq. mi., smaller than New York City. Location: In Persian Gulf. Neighbors: Nearest are Saudi Arabia on W. Qatar on E. Topography: Bahrain Island, and several adjacent, smaller islands, are flat, hot and humid, with little rain. Capital: Manama.Cities (1987 est.): Manama 146,000. Government: Type: Traditional monarchy. Head of state:Amir Isa bin Sulman al-Khalifa; b. July 3, 1933; in office: Nov. 2, 1961. Head of government: Prime Min. Kahlifa ibn Sulman al-Khalifa; b. 1935; in office: Jan. 19, 1970. Local divisions: 11 municipalities. Defense: 4.0% of GNP (1985). Economy: Industries: Oil products, aluminum smelting. Chief crops: Fruits, vegetables.Minerals: Oil, gas. Crude oil reserves (1985): 173 mln. bbls. Arable land: 5%.Electricity prod. (1988): 5.4 bln. kwh. Labor force:5% agric.; 85% ind. and commerce; 5% services; 3% gov. Finance: Currency: Dinar (Mar. 1990: 1.00 = $2.66 US). Gross national product (1987): $4.6 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $9,994. Imports(1988): $2.6 bln.; partners: Sau. Ar. 60%, UK 6%, U.S. 9%. Exports (1988): $2.3 bln.; partners: UAE 18%, Jap. 12%, Sing. 10%, U.S. 6%. National Budget (1987):$2.6 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $855 mln.Gold: 150,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 0.3%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 81,000 passenger cars, 24,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports:Sitra. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 2.3 persons.Radios: 1 per 1.7 persons. Telephones in use:1 per 3.4 persons. Health: Life Expectancy at Birth (1989): 70 male; 75 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 25. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 4. Natural Increase: 2.1. Medical services are free. Infant Mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 22. Education (1989): Literacy: 40%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO), Arab League. Embassy: 3502 International Dr. NW 20008; 342-0741. Long ruled by the Khalifa family, Bahrain was a British protectorate from 1861 to 1971, when it regained independence. Pearls, shrimp, fruits, and vegetables were the mainstays of the economy until oil was discovered in 1932. By the 1970s, oil reserves were depleted; international banking thrived. Bahrain took part in the 1973-74 Arab oil embargo against the U.S. and other nations. The government bought controlling interest in the oil industry in 1975. Saudi Arabia has built a 15-mile causeway linking Bahrain with the Arab mainland. Bangladesh People's Republic of Bangladesh Gama Prajatantri Bangladesh People: Population (1990 est.): 117,976,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 44.3; 15-59: 50.4; 60+: 5.3. Pop. density: 2,028 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 22%. Ethnic groups: Bengali 98%, Bihari, tribesmen. Languages: Bengali (official), English. Religions:Moslem 83%, Hindu 16%. Geography: Area: 55,598 sq. mi. slightly smaller than Wisconsin. Location: In S Asia, on N bend of Bay of Bengal. Neighbors: India nearly surrounds country on W, N, E; Burma on SE. Topography: The country is mostly a low plain cut by the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers and their delta. The land is alluvial and marshy along the coast, with hills only in the extreme SE and NE. A tropical monsoon climate prevails, among the rainiest in the world. Capital: Dhaka. Cities (1987 est.): Dhaka (met.) 3.4 mln.; Chittagong (met.) 1.4 mln.; Khulna (met.) 646,000. Government: Type: Islamic republic. Head of state: Pres. Hossain Mohammad Ershad, b. Feb. 1, 1930, in office: Dec. 11, 1983. Head of Government: Prime Min. Kazi Zafar Ahmed, in office: Aug. 12, 1989.Local divisions: 21 districts.Defense: 1.8% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Cement, jute, textiles, fertilizers, petroleum products. Chief crops: Jute (most of world output), rice, tea. Minerals: Natural gas, offshore oil, coal. Arable land: 67%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 23 mln.; goats: 10.7 mln. Fish catch (1987): 837,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 4.8 bln. kwh. Labor force: 74% agric; 11% ind.; 15% services. Finance: Currency: Taka (Mar. 1990: 33.80 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $18.1 bln.Per capita income (1986) $113. Imports (1989): $3.6 bln.; partners: Jap. 13%, U.S. 13%. Exports (1989): $1.3 bln.; partners: U.S. 31%, It. 9%; Pak 5%. Tourists (1987): $13.0 mln. receipts. National budget (1988): $3.3 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $426 mln. Gold: 77,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 10.0%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 6.0 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 41,000 passenger cars, 25,000 comm. vehicles.Chief ports: Chittagong, Chalna. Communications: Radios: 1 per 24 persons. Television sets:1 per 244 persons. Telephones in use: 1 per 568 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986) 6 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 54 male; 53 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 43. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 15. Natural increase: 2.8%. Hospital beds: 1 per 3,187 persons. Physicians: 1 per 6,219 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 138. Education (1989): Literacy: 29%. Attendance: 24% primary school; 4% secondary school. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO). Embassy: 2201 Wisconsin Ave. NW 20007; 342-8372. Moslem invaders conquered the formerly Hindu area in the 12th century. British rule lasted from the 18th century to 1947, when East Bengal became part of Pakistan. Charging West Pakistani domination, the Awami League, based in the East, won National Assembly control in 1971. Assembly sessions were postponed; riots broke out. Pakistani troops attacked Mar. 25; Bangladesh independence was proclaimed the next day. In the ensuing civil war, one million died and 10 million fled to India. War between India and Pakistan broke out Dec. 3, 1971. Pakistan surrendered in the East Dec. 15. Sheik Mujibur Rahman became prime minister. The country moved into the Indian and Soviet orbits, in response to U.S. support of Pakistan, and much of the economy was nationalized. In 1974, the government took emergency powers to curb widespread violence; Mujibur was assassinated and a series of coups followed. Chronic destitution among the densely crowded population has been worsened by the decline of jute as a major world commodity. On May 30, 1981, Pres. Ziaur Rahman was shot and killed in an unsuccessful coup attempt by army rivals. Vice President Abdus Sattar assumed the presidency but was ousted in a coup led by army chief of staff Gen. H.M. Ershad, Mar. 1982. Ershad declared Bangladesh an Islamic Republic in 1988. Bangladesh remains one of the world's poorest countries. In 1988 and 1989, natural disasters and, monsoon rains brought devastation to Bangladesh: over 4,000 died, 30 million were made homeless. Barbados People: Population (1990 est.): 260,000Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 25.1%; 15-59: 60.3; 60+: 14.6. Pop. density: 1,542 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 42%. Ethnic groups: African 80%, mixed 16%, Caucasian 4%. Languages: English. Religions: Anglican 70%, Methodist 9%, Roman Catholic 4%. Geography: Area: 166 sq. mi. Location: In Atlantic, farthest E of W. Indies. Neighbors: Nearest are Trinidad, Grenada on SW. Topography: The island lies alone in the Atlantic almost completely surrounded by coral reefs. Highest point is Mt. Hillaby, 1,115 ft. Capital: Bridgetown. Cities (1986): Bridgetown 7,400. Government: Type: Independent sovereign state within the Commonwealth. Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Gov.-Gen. Hugh Springer. Head of government: Prime Min. Erskine Sandiford; b. Mar. 24, 1937; in office: June 1, 1987.Local divisions: 11 parishes and Bridgetown. Economy: Industries: Rum, molasses, tourism.Chief crops: Sugar, corn. Minerals: Lime. Other resources: Fish. Arable land: 76%. Electricity prod. (1987): 425 mln. kwh. Labor force: 8% agric.; 22% ind. and comm.; 37% services and government. Finance: Currency: Dollar (June 1990: 2.01 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $1.4 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $5,330. Imports (1988): $582 mln.; partners: U.S. 32%, CARACOM 12%. Exports (1988): $173 mln.; partners: U.S. 26%, CARACOM 30%. Tourists (1986): $326 mln. receipts. National budget(1987): $470 mln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $147 mln. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 6.2%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 34,000 passenger cars; 7,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Bridgetown. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 3.9 persons. Radios: 1 per 1.1 persons. Telephones in use: 1 per 2.8 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 156 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): male: 73 female: 77. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 18. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 8. Natural increase: 1.0%.Hospital beds (1986): 2,054.Physicians (1986): 243. Infant mortality(per 1,000 live births 1989): 17. Education (1989): Literacy: 99%. Years compulsory: 9. Major International Organizations: UN (FAO, GATT, ILO, IMF, WHO), OAS. Embassy: 2144 Wyoming Ave. NW 20008; 387-7374. Barbados was probably named by Portuguese sailors in reference to bearded fig trees. An English ship visited in 1605, and British settlers arrived on the uninhabited island in 1627. Slaves worked the sugar plantations, but were freed in 1834. Self-rule came gradually, with full independence proclaimed Nov. 30, 1966. British traditions have remained. Belgium Kingdom of Belgium Koninkrijk Belgie (Dutch) Royaume de Belgique (French) People: Population (1990 est.): 9,895,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 19.3; 15-59: 61.5; 60+: 19.2 Pop. density: 840 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 73%. Ethnic groups: Fleming 55%, Walloon 33%. Languages: Flemish (Dutch) 57%, French 33%, legally bilingual 10%, German 1%. Religions: Roman Catholic 75%. Geography: Area: 11,799 sq. mi., slightly larger than Maryland. Location: In NW Europe, on N. Sea.Neighbors: France on W, S, Luxembourg on SE, W. Germany on E, Netherlands on N. Topography: Mostly flat, the country is trisected by the Scheldt and Meuse, major commercial rivers. The land becomes hilly and forested in the SE (Ardennes) region. Capital: Brussels. Cities (1988 est.): Brussels (met.) 970,000; Antwerp (met.) 479,000; Ghent 233,000; Charleroi 209,000; Liege 200,000. Government: Type: Parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarch. Head of state: King Baudouin; b. Sept. 7, 1930; in office: July 17, 1951. Head of government: Premier Wilfried Martens; b. Apr. 19, 1936; in office: Dec. 17, 1981. Local divisions: 9 provinces; 3 regions; 3 cultural communities. Defense: 3.1% of GNP (1988). Economy: Industries: Steel, glassware, diamond cutting, textiles, chemicals. Chief crops: Wheat, potatoes, sugar beets. Minerals: Coal. Other resources: Forests. Arable land (incl. Lux.): 26.5%. Livestock: (1987): cattle: 3.0 mln; pigs: 5.7 mln. Fish catch (1988): 23.3 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1989): 60 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 11.2 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 2% agric.; 26% ind. & comm.; 37% services & transportation; 23% public service. Finance: Currency: Franc (June 1990: 34.81 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $153 bln. Per capita income (1987): $10,340. Note: the following trade and tourist data includes Luxembourg. Imports (1988): $95 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 23%, Neth. 17%, France 15%, UK 8%, U.S. 5%. Exports (1988): $104 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 19%, France 18%, Neth. 15%, UK 6%.Tourists (1987): receipts: $2.9 bln. National budget (1989): $51 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $10.3 bln. Gold: 30.2 mln. oz t.Consumer prices (change in 1989): 3.1%. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 6.3 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 3.4 mln. passenger cars, 296,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1987): 5.9 bln. passenger-km; 4 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports:Antwerp, Zeebrugge, Ghent. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 3.2 persons.Radios: 1 per 2.2 persons; Telephones in use:1 per 2.1 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 195 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 69.8 male; 76.6 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 12.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 11. Natural increase 0.1%. Hospital beds (1984): 1 per 109 persons. Physicians: 1 per 331 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 9.4 Education (1989): Literacy: 98%. School compulsory to age 18. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, NATO, EC, OECD. Embassy: 3330 Garfield St. NW 20008; 333-6900 Belgium derives its name from the Belgae, the first recorded inhabitants, probably Celts. The land was conquered by Julius Caesar, and was ruled for 1800 years by conquerors, including Rome, the Franks, Burgundy, Spain, Austria, and France. After 1815, Belgium was made a part of the Netherlands, but it became an independent constitutional monarchy in 1830. Belgian neutrality was violated by Germany in both world wars. King Leopold III surrendered to Germany, May 28, 1940. After the war, he was forced by political pressure to abdicate in favor of his son, King Baudouin. The Flemings of northern Belgium speak Dutch while French is the language of the Walloons in the south. The language difference has been a perennial source of controversy and led to antagonism between the 2 groups. Parliament has passed measures aimed at transferring power from the central government to 3 regions--Wallonia, Flanders, and Brussels. Belgium lives by its foreign trade; about 50% of its entire production is sold abroad. Belize People: Population (1990 est.): 180,400. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 44.5; 15-59: 47.8; 60+: 7.6. Pop. density: 20 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: African, Mestizo, Amerindian, Creole. Languages: English (official), Spanish, native Creole dialects.Religions: Roman Catholic 60%, Protestant 40%. Geography: Area: 8,867 sq. mi. Location: eastern coast of Central America. Neighbors: Mexico on N., Guatemala on W. and S. Capital: Belmopan.Cities: (1987 est.): Belize City 48,000. Government: Type: Parliamentary. Head of State: Gov. Gen. Minita Gordon. Head of government: Prime Min. George Cadle Price; in office: Nov. 7, 1989. Local divisions: 6 districts. Economy: Sugar is the main export. Finance: Currency: Belize dollar (Mar. 1990) 2 =$1 U.S. Gross national product (1987): 219 mln. Per capita GNP (1987): $1,250. Imports (1988) $176 mln.; partners: U.S. 55%, UK 8%.Exports: (1988): 120 mln.; partners: U.S. 46%, UK 31%.National Budget (1988): $89 mln. expenditures. Health: life expectancy (1989) male: 67; female: 72.Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 36. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 6. Hospital beds: 1 per 300 persons. Physicians: 1 per 2,061 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births, 1989): 36. Education: (1989) Literacy: 93%.; Years compulsory: 9; attendance 55%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, World Bank), Commonwealth of Nations. Embassy: 3400 International Dr., NW 20005; 363-4505. Belize (formerly called British Honduras), Great Britain's last colony on the American mainland, achieved independence on Sept. 21, 1981. Guatemala claims territorial sovereignty over the country and has refused to recognize Belize's independence. British troops in Belize guarantee security. Benin People's Republic of Benin Republique Populaire du Benin People: Population (1990 est.): 4,840,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 46.5; 15-59: 49.0; 60+: 4.5. Pop. density: 104 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 20%. Ethnic groups: Fon, Adja, Bariba, Yoruba. Languages: French (official), local dialects.Religions: Mainly animist with Christian, Moslem minorities. Geography: Area: 43,483 sq. mi., slightly smaller than Pennsylvania. Location: In W Africa on Gulf of Guinea. Neighbors: Togo on W, Burkina Faso, Niger on N, Nigeria on E. Topography: most of Benin is flat and covered with dense vegetation. The coast is hot, humid, and rainy. Capital: Porto-Novo. Cities (1984 est.): Cotonou 330,000. Government: Type: In transition. Head of state: Pres. Gen. Mathieu Kerekou; b. Sept. 2, 1933; in office: Oct. 27, 1972. Head of Government: Prime Min. Nicephore Soglo; in office Mar. 12, 1990. Local divisions: 6 provinces. Defense: 2.1% of GNP (1987). Economy: Chief crops: Palm products, peanuts, cotton, coffee, tobacco. Minerals: Oil. Arable land: 12%. Livestock (1987): sheep: 1.1 mln.; goats: 1.1 mln. Fish catch (1988): 41,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 24 mln. kwh. Labor force: 60% agric; 38% serv. & comm. Finance: Currency: CFA franc (Mar. 1990: 284 =$1 US). Gross national product (1987): $1.4 bln.Per capita income (1987): $374. Imports (1986): $314 mln.; partners: Fr. 27%, UK 13%, W. Ger. 6%, Neth. 6%. Exports (1986): $100 mln.; partners: Neth. 28%, Jap. 27%, Fr. 24%. National Budget (1987): $159 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Feb. 1990): $3.4 mln. Transport: Railway traffic (1985): 137 mln. passenger-km; 176 mln. net ton-km. Chief ports: Cotonou. Communications: Radios: 1 per 14 persons. Televisions: 1 per 272 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 3 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 48 male; 51 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 54.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 17. Natural increase: 3.7%. Hospital beds: 1 per 749 persons. Physicians: 1 per 16,025 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 124. Education (1987): Literacy: 28%. Years compulsory 6; attendance 43%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO), OAU. Embassy: 2737 Cathedral Ave. NW 20008; 232-6656. The Kingdom of Abomey, rising to power in wars with neighboring kingdoms in the 17th century, came under French domination in the late 19th century, and was incorporated into French West Africa by 1904. Under the name Dahomey, the country became independent Aug. 1, 1960. The name was changed to Benin in 1975. In the fifth coup since independence Col. Ahmed Kerekou took power in 1972; two years later he declared a socialist state with a "Marxist-Leninist" philosophy. In Dec. 1989, Kerekou announced that Marxism-Leninism would no longer be the state ideology. The economy relies on the development of agriculturally-based industries. Bhutan Kingdom of Bhutan Druk-Yul People: Population (1990 est.): 1,566,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 39.8; 15-59: 53.8; over 60: 6.4 Pop. density: 84 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: Ngalops and Sharchops 70%. Nepalese 25%, Lepcha (indigenous), Indians. Languages: Dzongkha (official), Nepali, English.Religions: Buddhist (state religion) 75%, Hindu 25%. Geography: Area: 18,147 sq. mi., the size of Vermont and New Hampshire combined. Location: In eastern Himalayan Mts. Neighbors: India on W (Sikkim) and S, China on N. Topography: Bhutan is comprised of very high mountains in the N, fertile valleys in the center, and thick forests in the Duar Plain in the S. Capital: Thimphu (Paro Dzong is administrative capital). City (1987 est.): Thimphu 20,000. Government: Type: Monarchy. Head of state: King Jigme Singye Wangchuk; b. Nov. 11, 1955; in office: July 21, 1972.Local divisions: 18 districts. Economy: Industries: Handicrafts. Chief crops: Rice, corn, wheat. Other resources: Timber. Arable land:2%. Labor force: 95% agric. Finance: Currency: Ngultrum (Jan. 1990: 17 = 1 US) (Indian Rupee also used). Gross national product(1987): $252 mln. Per capita GNP (1987): $150. Tourism (1987): 2.4 mln. Imports (1988): $105.1 mln.; partners India 75%.Exports (1988): $60.8 mln.; partners India 99%. Communications: Radios: 1 per 64 persons.Telephones in use: 1 per 675 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1987): 48.1 male; 46.8 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 38.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 17. Natural increase: 2.0%. Hospital beds: 1 per 1,457 persons.Physicians: 1 per 9,736 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 139. Education (1989): Literacy: 15%. School attendance: 21%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, World Bank). The region came under Tibetan rule in the 16th century. British influence grew in the 19th century. A monarchy, set up in 1907, became a British protectorate by a 1910 treaty. The country became independent in 1949, with India guiding foreign relations and supplying aid. Links to India have been strengthened by airline service and a road network. Most of the population engages in subsistence agriculture. Bolivia Republic of Bolivia Republica de Bolivia People: Population (1990 est.): 6,730,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 43; 15-59: 51.8; 60+: 5.2. Pop. density: 16 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 49%. Ethnic groups: Quechua 30%, Aymara 25%, mixed 30%, European 14%. Languages: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara (all official). Religions: Roman Catholic 95%. Geography: Area: 424,165 sq. mi., the size of Texas and California combined. Location: In central Andes Mtns. Neighbors: Peru, Chile on W, Argentina, Paraguay on S, Brazil on E and N. Topography: The great central plateau, at an altitude of 12,000 ft., over 500 mi. long, lies between two great cordilleras having 3 of the highest peaks in S. America. Lake Titicaca, on Peruvian border, is highest lake in world on which steamboats ply (12,506 ft.). The E central region has semitropical forests; the llanos, or Amazon-Chaco lowlands are in E. Capitals: Sucre, (legal), La Paz (de facto). Cities (1986 est.): La Paz 955,000; Santa Cruz 419,000; Cochabamba 304,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state:Pres. Jaime Paz Zamora, in office: Aug. 6, 1989. Local divisions: 9 departments. Defence: 3% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industry: Textiles, food processing, mining, clothing. Chief crops: Potatoes, sugar, coffee, corn, coca (sold for cocaine processing). Minerals: Antimony, tin, tungsten, silver, zinc, oil, gas, iron. Crude oil reserves (1985): 157 mln. bbls. Other resources: rubber, cinchona bark. Arable land: 3%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 5.3 mln.; sheep: 9.5 mln.; pigs: 1.6 mln. Electricity prod. (1988): 1.6 bln. kwh. Labor force: 50% agric., 10% ind. & comm, 26% serv. & govt. Finance: Currency: Peso (Mar. 1990: 3,090 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $4.6 bln.Per capita GNP (1987): $570. Imports (1988): $604 mln.; partners: U.S. 8%, Jap. 4%, Arg. 6%, Braz. 10%. Exports (1988): $601 mln.; partners: Arg. 45%, U.S. 17%. National budget (1988): $2.8 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $109.6 mln. Gold: 894,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 15%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 790 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 78,000 passenger cars, 142,000 comm. vehicles.Civil aviation (1988): 1.1 bln. passenger-km.; 19 airports with scheduled flights. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 16 persons.Radios: 1 per 1.8 persons. Telephones in use: 1 per 37 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1984): 40 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 52 male; 56 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 36.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 13. Natural increase: 2.3%. Hospital beds: 1 per 472 persons. Physicians: 1 per 1,595 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 123. Education (1989): Literacy: 63%. Years compulsory:ages 7-14; attendance 82%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, FAO, WHO), OAS. Embassy: 3014 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 483-4410. The Incas conquered the region from earlier Indian inhabitants in the 13th century. Spanish rule began in the 1530s, and lasted until Aug. 6, 1825. The country is named after Simon Bolivar, independence fighter. In a series of wars, Bolivia lost its Pacific coast to Chile, the oilbearing Chaco to Paraguay, and rubber-growing areas to Brazil, 1879-1935. Economic unrest, especially among the militant mine workers, has contributed to continuing political instability. A reformist government under Victor Paz Estenssoro, 1951-64, nationalized tin mines and attempted to improve conditions for the Indian majority, but was overthrown by a military junta. A series of coups and countercoups continued through 1981, until the military junta elected Gen. Villa as president. In July 1982, the military junta assumed power amid a growing economic crisis and foreign debt difficulties. The junta resigned in October and allowed the Congress, elected democratically in 1980, to take power. U.S. pressure on the government to reduce the country's output of coca, the raw material for cocaine, has led to clashes between police and coca growers and increased anti-U.S. feeling among Bolivians. Botswana Republic of Botswana People: Population (1990 est.): 1,218,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 48.1; 15-59: 46.1; 60+: 5.8. Pop. density: 5 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 21%. Ethnic groups: Batswana, 95%. Languages:English (official), Setswana (national). Religions: indigenous beliefs (majority), Christian 15%. Geography: Area: 231,804 sq. mi., slightly smaller than Texas. Location: In southern Africa. Neighbors:Namibia (S.W. Africa) on N and W, S. Africa on S, Zimbabwe on NE; Botswana claims border with Zambia on N. Topography:The Kalahari Desert, supporting nomadic Bushmen and wildlife, spreads over SW; there are swamplands and farming areas in N, and rolling plains in E where livestock are grazed. Capital: Gaborone. Cities (1986): Gaborone 96,000. Government: Type: Republic, parliamentary democracy.Head of state: Pres. Quett Masire; b. 1925; in office: July 13, 1980. Local divisions: 10 district councils and 4 town councils. Defense: 4.1% of national budget (1988). Economy: Industries: Livestock processing, mining. Chief crops: Corn, sorghum, peanuts. Minerals: Copper, coal, nickel, diamonds. Other resources: Big game. Arable land: 2%. Electricity prod. (1988): 631 mln. kwh. Labor force:70% agric. Finance: Currency: Pula (Mar. 1990: 1.00 = $.52 US). Gross national product (1987): $1.5 bln. Imports (1988): $1.1 bln.; partners: S. Africa 88%. Exports (1988): $1.0 bln.; partners: Europe 67%, U.S. 17%, S. Africa 7%. National budget (1990): $1.0 bln. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $2.8 bln. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 11.6% Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 257 mln. passenger km.Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 17,000 passenger cars, 26,000 comm. vehicles. Communications: Radios: 1 per 8 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1989): 22 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): male: 56; female: 62. Births (1,000 pop. 1989): 38.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 11. Natural increase: 2.8%. Hospital beds (1985): 2,367. Physicians (1985): 155. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 63. Education (1989): Literacy: 35% (in English). Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO), OAU, Commonwealth of Nations. Embassy: 4301 Connecticut Ave. NW 20008; 244-4990. First inhabited by bushmen, then by Bantus, the region became the British protectorate of Bechuanaland in 1886, halting encroachment by Boers and Germans from the south and southwest. The country became fully independent Sept. 30, 1966, changing its name to Botswana. Cattle-raising and mining (diamonds, copper, nickel) have contributed to the country's economic growth. The economy is closely tied to S. Africa. Brazil Federative Republic of Brazil Republica Federativa do Brasil People: Population (1990 est.): 153,771,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 36.4; 15-59: 57.0; 60+: 6.6. Pop. density: 47 per sq. mi.Urban (1989): 76%. Ethnic groups: Portuguese, Africans, and mulattoes make up the vast majority; Italians, Germans, Japanese, Indians, Jews, Arabs. Languages: Portuguese (official), English. Religions: Roman Catholic 89%. Geography: Area: 3,286,470 sq. mi., larger than contiguous 48 U.S. states; largest country in S. America.Location: Occupies eastern half of S. America.Neighbors: French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela on N, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina on W, Uruguay on S. Topography: Brazil's Atlantic coastline stretches 4,603 miles. In N is the heavily-wooded Amazon basin covering half the country. Its network of rivers navigable for 15,814 mi. The Amazon itself flows 2,093 miles in Brazil, all navigable. The NE region is semiarid scrubland, heavily settled and poor. The S central region, favored by climate and resources, has almost half of the population, produces 75% of farm goods and 80% of industrial output. The narrow coastal belt includes most of the major cities. Almost the entire country has a tropical or semitropical climate. Capital: Brasilia. Cities (1985 est.): Sao Paulo 10.1 mln.; Rio de Janeiro 5.6 mln.; Belo Horizonte 2.1 mln.; Fortaleza 1.9 mln.; Salvador 1.8 mln.; Porto Alegre 2.6 mln. Government: Type: Federal republic. Head of state:Pres. Fernando Collor de Mello; b. Aug. 12, 1949; in office: Mar. 15, 1990. Local divisions: 23 states, with individual constitutions and elected governments; 3 territories, federal district. Defense: 0.8% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Steel, autos, textiles, ships, appliances, petrochemicals, machinery.Chief crops: Coffee (largest grower), cotton, soybeans, sugar, cocoa, rice, corn, fruits. Minerals: Chromium, iron, manganese, columbium, titanium, diamonds, gold, nickel, gem stones, coal, tin, tungsten, bauxite, oil. Crude oil reserves (1987): 2.3 bln. bbls. Arable land:8%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 131 mln.; pigs: 32 mln.; sheep: 19 mln.Fish catch (1987): 793,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1987): 202 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 24.6 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 40% services, 35% agric.; 25% ind. Finance: Currency: New Cruzado (June 1990: 54 =$1 US). Gross national product (1987): $313 bln.Per capita GNP (1987): $2,020. Imports (1989): $20 bln.; partners: U.S. 28%, EC 23%. Exports (1989): $34 bln.; partners: U.S. 26%, EC 27%. Tourists (1986): receipts: $1.5 bln. National budget (1986): $40.1 bln expenditures. International reserves less gold (Jan. 1989): $5.9 bln. Gold: 2.9 mln. oz t.Consumer prices (change in 1989): 1,287%. Transport: Railway traffic (1986): 15.7 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 10 mln. passenger cars, 1.1 mln. Civil aviation (1987): 23.5 bln. passenger-km.; 126 airports with scheduled flights.Chief ports: Santos, Rio de Janeiro, Vitoria, Salvador, Rio Grande, Recife. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 4 persons. Radios: 1 per 2.5 persons. Telephones in use: 1 per 11 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 62 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 64 male; 69 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 27.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase: 2.0%. Hospital beds: 1 per 282 persons. Physicians: 1 per 684 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 67. Education (1989): Literacy: 76%. Major International Organizations: UN and most of its specialized agencies, OAS. Embassy: 3006 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 745-2700. Pedro Alvares Cabral, a Portuguese navigator, is generally credited as the first European to reach Brazil, in 1500. The country was thinly settled by various Indian tribes. Only a few have survived to the present, mostly in the Amazon basin. In the next centuries, Portuguese colonists gradually pushed inland, bringing along large numbers of African slaves. Slavery was not abolished until 1888. The King of Portugal, fleeing before Napoleon's army, moved the seat of government to Brazil in 1808. Brazil thereupon became a kingdom under Dom Joao VI. After his return to Portugal, his son Pedro proclaimed the independence of Brazil, Sept. 7, 1822, and was acclaimed emperor. The second emperor, Dom Pedro ll, was deposed in 1889, and a republic proclaimed, called the United States of Brazil. In 1967 the country was renamed the Federative Republic of Brazil. A military junta took control in 1930; dictatorial power was assumed by Getulio Vargas, who alternated with military coups until finally forced out by the military in 1954. A democratic regime prevailed 1956-64, during which time the capital was moved from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia in the interior. The next 5 presidents were all military leaders. Censorship was imposed, and much of the opposition was suppressed amid charges of torture. In 1974 elections, the official opposition party made gains in the chamber of deputies; some relaxation of censorship occurred. Since 1930, successive governments have pursued industrial and agricultural growth and the development of interior areas. Exploiting vast mineral resources, fertile soil in several regions, and a huge labor force, Brazil became the leading industrial power of Latin America by the 1970s, while agricultural output soared. Democratic elections were held in 1985 as the nation returned to civilian rule. However, income maldistribution, inflation and government land policies have all led to severe economic recession. Foreign debt is among the largest in the world. Brazil unveiled a comprehensive environmental program for the Amazon region in 1989, amid an international outcry by environmentalists and others concerned about the ongoing destruction of the Amazon ecosystem. The Amazon rain forest was considered a global resource because of its impact on world weather patterns. Brunei Darussalam State of Brunei Darussalam Negara Brunei Darussalam People: Population (1990 est.): 372,000. Pop. Density: 119 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: Malay 65%, Chinese 20%. Language: Malay (official), English, Chinese. Religion: Moslem 60%, Buddhist 14%, Christian 10%. Geography: Area: 2,226 sq. mi.; smaller than Delaware.Location: on the north coast of the island of Borneo; it is surrounded on its landward side by the Malaysian state of Sarawak. Capital:Bandar Seri Begawan. Cities (1982 est.): Bandar Seri Begawan 51,000. Government: Type: Independent sultanate. Head of Government: Sultan Sir Muda Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzadin Waddaulah; in office: Jan. 1, 1984. Economy: Industries: petroleum (about 90% of revenue is derived from oil exports). Chief crops: rice, bananas, cassava. Finance: Currency: Brunei dollar (Dec. 1989: 1.96 = $1). Gross domestic product (1987): $3.1 bln. Per capita income (1987): $20,000. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 4.7 persons.Radios: 1 per 3 persons. Telephones: 1 per 6 persons. Education (1987): Literacy: 95% among young. Health: Life expectancy at birth: (1989): 74 male; 77 female. Infant Mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 10. Major International Organizations: UN and some of its specialized agencies. The Sultanate of Brunei was a powerful state in the early 16th century with authority over all of the island of Borneo as well as parts of the Sulu Islands and the Philippines. In 1888, a treaty was signed which placed the state under the protection of Great Britain. Brunei became a fully sovereign and independent state on Jan. 1, 1984. The Sultan of Brunei donated $10 million to the Nicaraguan contras in 1987; the subsequent misplacement of the funds generated much media attention in the U.S. Bulgaria People's Republic of Bulgaria Narodna Republika Bulgaria People: Population (1990 est.): 8,978,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 21.2; 15-59: 60.5; 60+: 18.3. Pop. density: 203 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 65%. Ethnic groups: Bulgarian 85%, Turk 8.5%.Languages: Bulgarian, Turkish, Greek.Religions: Government promotes atheism; background of people is 85% Orthodox. Geography: Area: 44,365 sq. mi., about the size of Ohio.Location: In eastern Balkan Peninsula on Black Sea. Neighbors: Romania on N, Yugoslavia on W, Greece, Turkey on S. Topography: The Stara Planina (Balkan) Mts. stretch E-W across the center of the country, with the Danubian plain on N, the Rhodope Mts. on SW, and Thracian Plain on SE. Capital: Sofia. Cities (1987 est.): Sofia 1,119,000; Plovdiv 346,000; Varna 303,000. Government: Type: In transition. Head of state: Pres. Zhelyu Zhelev; in office: Aug. 1, 1990. Head of government:Premier Andrei Lukanov; in office: Feb. 3, 1990.Head of Communist Party: First Sec. Alexander Lilov; in office: Feb. 2, 1990. Local divisions: 9 administrative regions.Defense: 10.3% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Chemicals, machinery, metals, textiles, fur, leather goods, vehicles, wine, processed food. Chief crops: Grains, fruit, corn, potatoes, tobacco.Minerals: Lead, manganese, lignite, coal. Arable land: 38%. Livestock (1988): cattle: 1.8 mln.; pigs: 4.0 mln.; sheep: 8.8 mln. Fish catch (1988): 110,000 metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 43 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 3.0 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 20% agric.; 33% ind. Finance: Currency: Lev (Dec. 1989: 1.00 = $.82 US). Gross National Product (1988): $67 bln. Per capita GNP (1988): $7,510. Imports (1987): $16.9 bln.; partners: USSR 56%, E. Ger. 6%, W. Ger. 5%. Exports (1987): $16.8 bln.; partners: USSR 61%, E. Ger. 6%.Tourists (1986): revenues $345 mln. National budget (1987): $23.7 bln. expenditures. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 8.0 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987) 1.1 mln. passenger cars, 587,000 commercial. Civil aviation (1987): 3.7 bln. passenger km. 13 airports. Chief ports: Burgas, Varna. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 5.3 persons. Radios: 1 per 4.5 persons. Telephones in use:1 per 4.3 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 316 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 68 male; 74 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 13.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 12. Hospital beds: 84,300. Physicians: 25,000. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 18. Education (1990): Literacy: 98%. Years compulsory: 8. Major International Organizations: UN, Warsaw Pact. Embassy: 1621-22d St. NW 20008; 387-7969. Bulgaria was settled by Slavs in the 6th century. Turkic Bulgars arrived in the 7th century, merged with the Slavs, became Christians by the 9th century, and set up powerful empires in the 10th and 12th centuries. The Ottomans prevailed in 1396 and remained for 500 years. A revolt in 1876 led to an independent kingdom in 1908. Bulgaria expanded after the first Balkan War but lost its Aegean coastline in World War I, when it sided with Germany. Bulgaria joined the Axis in World War II, but withdrew in 1944. Communists took power with Soviet aid; the monarchy was abolished Sept. 8, 1946. On Nov. 10, 1989, Todor Zhivkov, who had held power for 35 years, resigned. Zhivkov was imprisoned, Jan. 1990, pending the outcome of charges of corruption and abuse of power. In Jan. 1990, parliament voted to revoke the constitutionally guaranteed dominant role of the Communist Party. Burkina Faso People: Population (1990 est.): 8,941,000. Pop. density: 72 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 8%.Ethnic groups: Voltaic groups (Mossi, Bobo), Mande. Languages: French (official), Sudanic tribal languages. Religions: animist 65%, Moslems 25%, Christian 10%. Geography: Area: 105,869 sq. mi., the size of Colorado. Location: In W. Africa, S of the Sahara.Neighbors: Mali on NW, Niger on NE, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire on S. Topography: Landlocked Burkina Faso is in the savannah region of W. Africa. The N is arid, hot, and thinly populated. Capital: Ouagadougou. Cities (1986): Ouagadougou 366,000; Bobo-Dioulasso 202,000. Government: Type: Military. Head of state: Pres. Blaise Compaore; in office: Oct. 15, 1987. Local divisions: 30 provinces. Defense: 3.1% of GNP (1987). Economy: Chief crops: Millet, sorghum, rice, peanuts, grain. Minerals: Manganese, gold, limestone. Arable land: 10%.Electricity prod. (1987): 144 mln. kwh. Labor force:83% agric.; 12% industry. Finance: Currency: CFA franc (Mar. 1989: 284 =$1 US). Gross national product (1987): $1.4 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $170. Imports (1988): $489 mln.; partners: EC, Cote d' Ivoire. Exports (1988): $142 mln.; partners: Cote d'Ivoire, EC, China. International reserves less gold(Jan. 1990): $265 mln. Gold: 11,000 oz t. Consumer prices(change in 1989): -.5%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1983): 21,000 passenger cars, 6,600 comm. vehicles. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 205 persons.Radios: 1 per 26 persons. Telephones in use: 1 per 482 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 1 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 45 male; 49 female.Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 47. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 18. Natural increase: 2.9%. Hospital beds: 1 per 1,359 persons. Physicians: 1 per 29,914 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 138. Education (1989): Literacy: 8%. Only 8% attend school. Major International Organizations: UN and many of its specialized agencies, OAU. Embassy: 2340 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 332-5577. The Mossi tribe entered the area in the 11th to 13th centuries. Their kingdoms ruled until defeated by the Mali and Songhai empires. French control came by 1896, but Upper Volta (name changed to Burkina Faso on Aug. 4, 1984), was not finally established as a separate territory until 1947. Full independence came Aug. 5, 1960, and a pro-French government was elected. A 1982 coup established the current regime. Several hundred thousand farm workers migrate each year to Cote D'Ivoire and Ghana. Burkina Faso is heavily dependent on foreign aid. Burma (See Myanmar) Burundi Republic of Burundi Republika y'Uburundi People: Population (1990 est.): 5,647,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 44.3; 15-59: 49.6; 60+: 6.1. Pop. density: 486 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 8%. Ethnic groups: Hutu 85%, Tutsi 14%, Twa (pygmy) 1%. Languages: French, Rundi (both official).Religions: Christian 67%, traditional African 32%. Geography: Area: 10,759 sq. mi., the size of Maryland. Location: In central Africa. Neighbors:Rwanda on N, Zaire on W, Tanzania on E. Topography: Much of the country is grassy highland, with mountains reaching 8,900 ft. The southernmost source of the White Nile is located in Burundi. Lake Tanganyika is the second deepest lake in the world. Capital: Bujumbura. Cities (1986 est.): Bujumbura 272,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Maj. Pierre Buyoya; in office: Sept. 9, 1987. Head of government: Prime Min: Adrien Sibomana, in office: Oct. 19, 1988. Local divisions: 15 provinces. Defense (1988): 3.1% of GNP. Economy: Chief crops: Coffee (87% of exports), cotton, tea. Minerals: Nickel. Arable land: 43%.Electricity prod. (1987): 54 mln. kwh.Labor force: 93% agric. Finance: Currency: Franc (Apr. 1990: 179 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $1.2 bln.Per capita income (1986) $239. Imports (1988): $202 mln.; partners: Belg.-Lux. 17%; W. Ger. 18%.Exports (1988): $128 mln; partners: W. Ger. 31%, Belg. 20%. Tourism (1987): $35 mln. receipts. National budget (1986): $203 mln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $93.5 mln.Gold: 17,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 12.0%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 9,000 passenger cars, 8,000 comm. vehicles. Communications: Radios: 1 per 21 persons.Telephones in use: 1 per 622 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 50 male; 53 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 48.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 15. Natural increase: 3.3%. Hospital beds: 1 per 857 persons. Physicians: 1 per 26,494 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 114. Education (1988): Literacy: 30%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO), OAU. Embassy: 2233 Wisconsin Ave. NW 20007; 342-2574. The pygmy Twa were the first inhabitants, followed by Bantu Hutus, who were conquered in the 16th century by the tall Tutsi (Watusi), probably from Ethiopia. Under German control in 1899, the area fell to Belgium in 1916, which exercised successively a League of Nations mandate and UN trusteeship over Ruanda-Urundi (now 2 countries). Independence came in 1962, and the monarchy was overthrown in 1966. An unsuccessful Hutu rebellion in 1972-73 left 10,000 Tutsi and 150,000 Hutu dead. Over 100,000 Hutu fled to Tanzania and Zaire. Burundi is pledged to ethnic reconciliation, but remains one of the poorest and most densely populated countries in Africa. Cambodia Republic of Cambodia People: Population (1990 est.): 6,993,000. Pop. density: 98 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 10%. Ethnic groups: Khmers 90%, Vietnamese 4%, Chinese 5%. Languages: Khmer (official), French. Religions: Theravada Buddhism 95%. Geography: Area: 69,898 sq. mi., the size of Missouri. Location: In Indochina Peninsula.Neighbors: Thailand on W, N, Laos on NE, Vietnam on E.Topography: The central area, formed by the Mekong R. basin and Tonle Sap lake, is level. Hills and mountains are in SE, a long escarpment separates the country from Thailand on NW. 75% of the area is forested. Capital: Phnom Penh. Cities(1987 est.): Phnom Penh 300,000. Government: Type: No single authority controls the whole country. Head of State: Pres., People's Revolutionary Party Heng Samrin; in office: Jan. 7, 1979. Head of Government: Premier Hun Sen; in office: Jan. 14, 1985. Local divisions: 20 provinces. Economy: Industries: Rice milling, wood & rubber. Chief crops: Rice, corn. Minerals: Iron, copper, manganese.Other resources: Forests, rubber, kapok. Arable land: 16%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 1.5 mln. pigs: 1.3 mln. Fish catch (1986): 70,000 metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 142.00 mln. kwh. Labor force: 74% agri. Finance: Currency: Riel (Jan. 1990: 150 = $1 US). Gross National Product (1987): $10.4 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $960. Imports (1983): $30 mln. Exports (1983): $10 mln. Transport: Railway traffic (1986): 54 mln. passenger-miles. Motor vehicles:in use (1986): 86,000 passenger cars, 32,000 trucks. Chief ports: Kompong Som. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 2,216 persons.Radios: 1 per 11 persons. Telephones in use: 1 per 179 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 47 male; 50 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 39.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 17. Natural increase: 2. Infant Mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 131. Education (1989): Literacy: 48%. Major International Organizations: UN. Early kingdoms dating from that of Funan in the 1st century AD culminated in the great Khmer empire which flourished from the 9th century to the 13th, encompassing present-day Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and southern Vietnam. The peripheral areas were lost to invading Siamese and Vietnamese, and France established a protectorate in 1863. Independence came in 1953. Prince Norodom Sihanouk, king 1941-1955 and head of state from 1960, tried to maintain neutrality. Relations with the U.S. were broken in 1965, after South Vietnam planes attacked Vietcong forces within Cambodia. Relations were restored in 1969, after Sihanouk charged Viet communists with arming Cambodian insurgents. In 1970, pro-U.S. premier Lon Nol seized power, demanding removal of 40,000 North Viet troops; the monarchy was abolished. Sihanouk formed a government-in-exile in Peking, and open war began between the government and Khmer Rouge. The U.S. provided heavy military and economic aid. Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh April 17, 1975. The new government evacuated all cities and towns, and shuffled the rural population, sending virtually the entire population to clear jungle, forest, and scrub, which covered half the country. Over one million people were killed in executions and enforced hardships. Severe border fighting broke out with Vietnam in 1978; developed into a full-fledged Vietnamese invasion. The Vietnamese-backed Kampuchean National United Front for National Salvation, a Cambodian rebel movement, announced, Jan. 8, 1979, the formation of a government one day after the Vietnamese capture of Phnom Pehn. Thousands of refugees flowed into Thailand and widespread starvation was reported. On Jan. 10, 1983, Vietnam launched an offensive against rebel forces in the west. They overran a refugee camp, Jan. 31, driving 30,000 residents into Thailand. In March, Vietnam launched a major offensive against camps on the Cambodian-Thailand border, engaged Khmer Rouge guerrillas, and crossed the border instigating clashes with Thai troops. Vietnam announced that it would withdraw all its troops by Sept. 1989. Efforts to create a new government have been hampered by the fear both in Cambodia and internationally that the Khmer Rouge would return to power. Cameroon Republic of Cameroon People: Population (1990 est.): 11,109,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 44.6; 15-59: 49.8; 60+: 5.6. Pop. density: 58 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 40%. Ethnic groups: Some 200 tribes; largest are Bamileke 30%, Fulani 7%. Languages: English, French (both official), 24 African groups. Religions: Animist 51%, Moslem 16%, Christian 33%. Geography: Area: 185,568 sq. mi., somewhat larger than California. Location: Between W and central Africa. Neighbors: Nigeria on NW, Chad, Central African Republic on E, Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea on S. Topography: A low coastal plain with rain forests is in S; plateaus in center lead to forested mountains in W, including Mt. Cameroon, 13,000 ft.; grasslands in N lead to marshes around Lake Chad. Capital: Yaounde. Cities (1988 est.): Douala 852,000; Yaounde 700,000. Government: Type: Republic, one party presidential regime. Head of state: Pres. Paul Biya; b. Feb. 13, 1933; in office: Nov. 6, 1982. Local divisions: 10 provinces. Defense: 6.5% of budget (1987). Economy: Industries: Aluminum processing, oil prod., palm products. Chief crops: Cocoa, coffee, cotton. Crude oil reserves (1985): 531 mln. bbls. Other resources: Timber. Arable land:14%. Livestock (1986): cattle: 4.3 mln.; sheep: 2.5 mln.; pigs: 1.1 mln. Fish catch (1988): 83,000 metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 2.5 bln. kwh. Labor force:74% agric., 11% ind. and commerce. Finance: Currency: CFA franc (Mar. 1990: 284 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $12.3 bln. Per capita income (1986): $1,171. Imports (1988): 1.2 bln.; partners: Fr. 42%, W. Ger. 10%. Exports (1988): $928 mln.; partners: Fr. 21%, U.S. 16%, Neth. 28%. National budget (1988): $2.2 bln.International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $55 mln. Gold: 30,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 8.6%. Transport: Railway traffic (1986): 432 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 86,000 passenger cars, 32,000 comm. vehicles.Chief ports: Douala. Communications: Radios: 1 per 11 persons. Telephones in use: 1 per 179 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 6 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 48 male; 52 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 42.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 16. Natural increase:2.6%. Hospital beds (1981): 24,541. Physicians (1982): 604. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 123. Education (1988): Literacy: 65%. About 70% attend school. Major International Organizations: UN, OAU, EC (Associate). Embassy: 2349 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 265-8790. Portuguese sailors were the first Europeans to reach Cameroon, in the 15th century. The European and American slave trade was very active in the area. German control lasted from 1884 to 1916, when France and Britain divided the territory, later receiving League of Nations mandates and UN trusteeships. French Cameroon became independent Jan. 1, 1960; one part of British Cameroon joined Nigeria in 1961, the other part joined Cameroon. Stability has allowed for development of roads, railways, agriculture, and petroleum production. Some 3,000 died in 1986 as a result of clouds of toxic gas of volcanic origin emanating from Lake Nyos. Canada People: Population (1990 est.): 26,527,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 21.4; 15-59: 63.6; 60+: 15.0. Pop. density: 6 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 75.9%. Ethnic groups: British Isles origin 40%; French 27%. other European 20%. Language: English, French (both official). Religion: Roman Catholic 46%, Protestant 41%. Geography: Area: 3,558,096 sq. mi., the 2d largest country in land size, Canada stretches 3,223 miles from east to west and extends southward from the North Pole to the U.S. border. Its seacoast includes 36,356 miles of mainland and 115,133 miles of islands, including the Arctic islands almost from Greenland to near the Alaskan border. Climate, while generally temperate, varies from freezing winter cold to blistering summer heat.Capital: Ottawa. Cities (met. 1986 est.): Montreal 2,921,000; Toronto 3,427,000; Vancouver 1,380,000; Ottawa-Hull 819,000; Winnipeg 625,000; Edmonton 785,000, Calgary 671,000, Quebec 603,000. Government: Type: Confederation with parliamentary democracy. Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Gov.-Gen. Ray Hnatyshyn; in office: Jan. 29, 1990.Head of government: Prime Min. Brian Mulroney; born: Mar. 20, 1939; in office: Sept. 4, 1984. Local divisions: 10 provinces, 2 territories. Defense: 2% of GNP (1988). Economy: Minerals: Nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver. Crude oil reserves (1987): 4.8 bln. bbls. Arable land: 5%. Livestock (1988): cattle: 12.0 mln.; pigs: 10.8 mln.; sheep: 722,000.Fish catch (1988): 1.5 mln. metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 468 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 15.1 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 4% agric.; 52% ind. & comm., 28% services. Finance: Currency: Dollar (Aug. 1990: 1.15 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $486 bln. Per capita income (1984 est.) $13,000. Imports (1989): $121 bln.; partners: U.S. 69%, EC 8%, Jap. 5%. Exports(1989): $121 bln.; partners: U.S. 78%, EC 9%, Jap. 5%. Tourists (1988): receipts: $4.6 bln. National budget (1987-88): Can $122 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $13.7 bln. Gold: 16.0 mln. oz t.Consumer prices (change in 1989): 5.0%. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 1.9 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 11.1 mln. passenger cars, 3 mln. comm. Civil aviation (1988): 52.6 bln. passenger-km: 61 airports with scheduled flights. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 1.7 persons. Radios: 1 per 1.2 persons. Telephones in use: 1 per 1.3 persons.Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 211 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 73 male; 80 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 14. Deaths(per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase: .7%. Hospital beds: 1 per 148 persons.Physicians: 1 per 467 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 7.3. Education (1989): Literacy: 99%. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, NATO, OECD, Commonwealth of Nations. Embassy: 501 Pennsylvania Ave. NW 20001; 682-1740. French explorer Jacques Cartier, who discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1534, is generally regarded as the founder of Canada. But English seaman John Cabot sighted Newfoundland 37 years earlier, in 1497, and Vikings are believed to have reached the Atlantic coast centuries before either explorer. Canadian settlement was pioneered by the French who established Quebec City (1608) and Montreal (1642) and declared New France a colony in 1663. Britain, as part of its American expansion, acquired Acadia (later Nova Scotia) in 1717 and, through military victory over French forces in Canada (an extension of a European conflict between the 2 powers), captured Quebec (1759) and obtained control of the rest of New France in 1763. The French, through the Quebec Act of 1774, retained the rights to their own language, religion, and civil law. The British presence in Canada increased during the American Revolution when many colonials, proudly calling themselves United Empire Loyalists, moved north to Canada. Fur traders and explorers led Canadians westward across the continent. Sir Alexander Mackenzie reached the Pacific in 1793 and scrawled on a rock by the ocean, "from Canada by land." In Upper and Lower Canada (later called Ontario and Quebec) and in the Maritimes, legislative assemblies appeared in the 18th century and reformers called for responsible government. But the War of 1812 intervened. The war, a conflict between Great Britain and the United States fought mainly in Upper Canada, ended in a stalemate in 1814. In 1837 political agitation for more democratic government culminated in rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada. Britain sent Lord Durham to investigate and, in a famous report (1839), he recommended union of the 2 parts into one colony called Canada. The union lasted until Confederation, July 1, 1867, when proclamation of the British North America (BNA) Act launched the Dominion of Canada, consisting of Ontario, Quebec, and the former colonies of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Since 1840 the Canadian colonies had held the right to internal self-government. The BNA act, which became the country's written constitution, established a federal system of government on the model of a British parliament and cabinet structure under the crown. Canada was proclaimed a self-governing Dominion within the British Empire in 1931. In 1982 Canada severed its last formal legislative link with Britain by obtaining the right to amend its constitution (the British North America Act of 1867). The Meech Lake Agreement was signed June 3, 1987. The historic accord, subject to ratification by Parliament and the provincial legislatures, assured constitutional protection for Quebec's efforts to preserve its French language and culture. Critics of the accord charged that it did not make any provision for other minority groups, and that it gave Quebec too much power, which might enable it to pass laws that conflicted with the nation's 1982 Charter of Rights and Freedoms. In 1988, Quebec had overridden a Canadian Supreme Court decision striking down a provincial language law that had restricted the use of any language other than French on public signs. The accord died June 22, 1990, as Newfoundland and Manitoba failed to approve it. The defeat set the stage for a possible reconsideration of Quebec separatism. Canadian Provinces Territories 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Sq. mi. Population, 1989 est 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Alberta 248,800 2,423,200 British Columbia 358,971 3,044,200 Manitoba 211,723 1,083,300 New Brunswick 27,834 717,600 Sq. mi. Population, 1989 est 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 New Brunswick 27,834 717,600 Newfoundland 143,510 529,200 Nova Scotia 20,402 885,700 Ontario 344,090 9,546,200 Prince Edward Island 2,185 130,000 Quebec 523,859 6,679,000 Saskatchewan 220,348 1,007,100 Northwest Territories 1,271,442 53,100 Yukon 184,931 25,700 Prime Ministers of Canada Canada is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government. It is also a federal state. Canada's offical head of state is the King or Queen of England, represented by a resident Governor-General. However, in practice the nation is governed by the Prime Minister, leader of the party that commands the support of a majority of the House of Commons, dominant chamber of Canada's bicameral Parliament. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name Party Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Sir John A. MacDonald Conservative 1867-1873 1878-1891 Alexander Mackenzie Liberal 1873-1878 Sir John J.C. Abbott Conservative 1891-1892 Sir John S.D. Thompson Conservative 1892-1894 Sir Mackenzie Bowell Conservative 1894-1896 Sir Charles Tupper Conservative 1896 Sir Wilfrid Laurier Liberal 1896-1911 Sir Robert L. Borden Cons. Union. 1911-1920 Arthur Meighen Cons. Union. 1920-1921 W.L. Mackenzie King Liberal 1921-19261 Name Party Term 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 W.L. Mackenzie King Liberal 1921-19261 1926-1930 1935-1948 R.B. Bennett Conservative 1930-1935 Louis St. Laurent Liberal 1948-1957 John G. Diefenbaker Prog. Cons. 1957-1963 Lester B. Pearson Liberal 1963-1968 Pierre Elliott Trudeau Liberal 1968-1979 Joe Clark Prog. Cons. 1979-1980 Pierre Elliott Trudeau Liberal 1980-1984 John Turner Liberal 1984 Brian Mulroney Prog. Cons. 1984- 1 King's term was interrupted from June 26-Sept. 25, 1926, when Arthur Meighen again served as prime minister. Cape Verde Republic of Cape Verde Republica de Cabo Verde People: Population (1990 est.): 375,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 45.6; 15-59: 47.7; 60+: 6.7. Pop. density: 337 per sq. mi. Urban (1980): 26.2%. Ethnic groups: Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%. Languages: Portuguese (official), Crioulo. Religions: 80% Roman Catholic. Geography: Area: 1,557 sq. mi., a bit larger than Rhode Island. Location: In Atlantic O., off western tip of Africa. Neighbors: Nearest are Mauritania, Senegal. Topography: Cape Verde Islands are 15 in number, volcanic in origin (active crater on Fogo). The landscape is eroded and stark, with vegetation mostly in interior valleys. Capital: Praia. Cities (1986 est.): Mindelo 40,000; Praia 50,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Aristides Pereira; b. Nov. 17, 1923; in office: July 5, 1975. Head of government: Prime Min. Pedro Pires, b. Apr. 29, 1934; in office: July 5, 1975. Local divisions: 14 administrative districts. Economy: Chief crops: Bananas, coffee, beats, corn, beans. Minerals: Salt. Other resources: Fish.Arable land: 10%. Electricity prod. (1989): 18 mln. kwh. Finance: Currency: Escudo (Dec. 1989: 82.21 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $136 mln.Per capita GNP (1987): $500. Imports (1986): $108 mln.; partners: Port. 33%, Neth. 12%. Exports (1986): $4.5 mln.; partners: Port. 32%, Ang. 21%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1981): 4,000 passenger cars, 1,343 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Mindelo, Praia. Communications: Radios: 1 per 6.8 persons.Telephones in use: 1 per 76 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 59 male; 63 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 48.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 11. Natural increase: 3.8%. Hospital beds (1980): 632.Physicians (1980): 51. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 66. Education (1989): Literacy: 37%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO), OAU. Embassy: 3415 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20007; 965-6820. The uninhabited Cape Verdes were discovered by the Portuguese in 1456 or 1460. The first Portuguese colonists landed in 1462; African slaves were brought soon after, and most Cape Verdeans descend from both groups. Cape Verde independence came July 5, 1975. The islands have suffered from repeated extreme droughts and famines. Emphasis is placed on the development of agriculture and on fishing. Central African Republic Republique Centrafricaine People: Population (1990 est.): 2,879,000. Pop. density: 12 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 37%. Ethnic groups: Banda 27%, Baya 34%, Mandja 21%, Sara 10%.Languages: French (official), local dialects. Religions: Protestant 25%, Roman Catholic 25%, traditional 24%. Geography: Area: 240,534 sq. mi., slightly smaller than Texas.Location: In central Africa.Neighbors:Chad on N, Cameroon on W, Congo, Zaire on S, Sudan on E.Topography: Mostly rolling plateau, average altitude 2,000 ft., with rivers draining S to the Congo and N to Lake Chad. Open, well-watered savanna covers most of the area, with an arid area in NE, and tropical rainforest in SW. Capital:Bangui.Cities (1988 est.): Bangui (met.) 596,000. Government: Type: Republic. (under military rule).Head of state: Gen. Andre Kolingba; in office: Sept. 1, 1981. Local divisions: 16 prefectures. Defense: 2% of GNP (1984). Economy: Industries: Textiles, light manuf, mining. Chief crops: Cotton, coffee, peanuts, tobacco. Minerals: Diamonds (chief export), uranium. Other resources: Timber. Arable land: 3%. Electricity prod. (1987): 91 mln. kwh. Labor force:72% agric. Finance: Currency: CFA franc (Mar. 1990: 284 =$1 US). Gross national product (1988): $1.1 bln.Per capita income (1988): $376. Imports (1988): $285 mln.; partners: Fr. 52%. Exports (1988): $138 mln.; partners: Fr. 17%, Bel.-Lux. 42%. National budget (1988): $204 mln. International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $97 mln. Gold: 11,000 oz t. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 1,000 passenger cars, 20,000 comm. vehicles. Communications: Radios: 1 per 22 persons. Telephones: 1 per 380 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 45 male; 48 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 44. Deaths1 per 1,000 pop. 1989): 19. Natural increase:2.5%. Hospital beds (1984): 3,774. Physicians (1984): 112. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 143. Education (1989): Literacy: 40%. Attendance: primary school 79%; secondary school 18%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO), OAU. Embassy: 1618 22d St. NW 20008; 483-7800. Various Bantu tribes migrated through the region for centuries before French control was asserted in the late 19th century, when the region was named Ubangi-Shari. Complete independence was attained Aug. 13, 1960. All political parties were dissolved in 1960, and the country became a center for Chinese political influence in Africa. Relations with China were severed after 1965. Elizabeth Domitien, premier 1975-76, was the first woman to hold that post in an African country. Pres. Jean-Bedel Bokassa, who seized power in a 1965 military coup, proclaimed himself constitutional emperor of the renamed Central African Empire Dec. 1976. Bokassa's rule was characterized by ruthless and cruel authority, and human rights violations. Bokassa was ousted in a bloodless coup aided by the French government, Sept. 20, 1979, and replaced by his cousin David Dacko, former president from 1960 to 1965. In 1981, the political situation deteriorated amid strikes and economic crisis. Gen. Kolingba replaced Dacko as head of state in a bloodless coup. Chad Republic of Chad Republique du Tchad People: Population (1990 est.): 5,064,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 42.5; 15-59: 51.7; 60+: 5.8. Pop. density: 11 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 23%. Ethnic groups: 200 distinct groups. Languages: French, Arabic, (both official), some 100 other languages. Religions: Moslem 44%, animist 23%, Christian 33%. Geography: Area: 495,755 sq. mi., four-fifths the size of Alaska. Location: In central N. Africa.Neighbors: Libya on N, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon on W, Central African Republic on S, Sudan on E. Topography:Southern wooded savanna, steppe, and desert, part of the Sahara, in the N. Southern rivers flow N to Lake Chad, surrounded by marshland. Capital: N'Djamena. Cities(1986 est.): N'Djamena 511,000. Government: Type: Republic.Head of state: Pres. Hissen Habre; b. 1942; in office: June 19, 1982. Local divisions: 14 prefectures. Defense: 1.9% of GNP (1985). Economy: Chief crops: Cotton. Minerals: Uranium, salt. Arable land: 2%. Fish catch (1987): 110,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 69 mln. kwh. Labor force: 85% agric. Finance: Currency: CFA franc (Mar. 1990: 284 =$1 US). Gross national product (1987): $805 mln. Per capita income (1986): $158. Imports (1988): $419 mln.; partners: Fr. 47%. Exports (1988): $141 mln.; partners Fra, EDEAC countries.International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $92 mln. Gold: 11,000 oz t. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 2,500 passenger cars, 4,000 comm. vehicles. Communications: Radios: 1 per 4.3 persons.Telephones in use: 1 per 1,114 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 38 male; 40 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 42. Deaths(per 1,000 pop. 1989): 22. Natural increase: 2.0%. Hospital beds (1980): 3.500. Physicians (1980): 94. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 139. Education (1989): Literacy: 17%. Major International Organizations: UN, (GATT, IMF, WHO), OAU, EEC. Embassy: 2002 R St. NW 20009; 462-4009. Chad was the site of paleolithic and neolithic cultures before the Sahara Desert formed. A succession of kingdoms and Arab slave traders dominated Chad until France took control around 1900. Independence came Aug. 11, 1960. Northern Moslem rebels, have fought animist and Christian southern government and French troops from 1966, despite numerous cease-fires and peace pacts. Libyan troops entered the country at the request of the Chad government, December 1980. On Jan. 6, 1981 Libya and Chad announced their intention to unite. France together with several African nations condemned the agreement as a menace to African security. The Libyan troops were withdrawn from Chad in November 1981. Rebel forces, led by Hissen Habre, captured the capital and forced Pres. Oueddei to flee the country in June 1982. In 1983, France sent some 3,000 troops to Chad to assist Habre in opposing Libyan-backed rebels. France and Libya agreed to a simultaneous withdrawal of troops from Chad in September 1984 but Libyan forces remained in the north until Mar. 1987 when Chad forces drove them from their last major stronghold. Libyan troops abandoned almost $1 billion of military equipment during their retreat. Chile Republic of Chile Republica de Chile People: Population (1990 est.): 13,000,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 31.1; 15-59: 60.6; 60+: 8.3. Pop. density: 44 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 83%. Ethnic groups: Mestizo 66%, Spanish 25%, Indian 5%. Languages: Spanish. Religions: Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 11%. Geography: Area: 292,257 sq. mi., larger than Texas. Location: Occupies western coast of southern S. America. Neighbors: Peru on N, Bolivia on NE, Argentina on E.Topography: Andes Mtns. are on E border including some of the world's highest peaks; on W is 2,650-mile Pacific Coast. Width varies between 100 and 250 miles. In N is Atacama Desert, in center are agricultural regions, in S are forests and grazing lands. Capital: Santiago. Cities (1987 metro est.) Santiago 4,858,000. Government: Type: Republic.Head of state: Pres. Patricio Aylwin; b. 1918; in office: Mar. 11, 1990. Local divisions: 12 regions and Santiago region. Defense: 3.6% of GNP (1988). Economy: Industries: Steel, fish processing, wood products. Chief crops: Grain, onions, beans, potatoes, peas, fruits, grapes. Minerals: Copper (27% world resources and 40% of export revenues), molybdenum, nitrates, iodine (half world output), iron, coal, oil, gas, gold, cobalt, zinc, manganese, borate, mica, mercury, salt, sulphur, marble, onyx. Crude oil reserves (1985): 224 mln. bbls. Other resources: Water, forests. Arable land: 7%. Livestock (1988): cattle: 3.3 mln.; sheep: 6.5 mln.; pigs: 1.1 mln. Fish catch (1988): 4.7 mln. metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 15.5 bln. kwh.Labor force: 21% agric., forestry, fishing; 32% ind & comm., 28% serv. Finance: Currency: Peso (June 1990: 294 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $19.4 bln.Per capita GNP (1988): $1,520. Imports (1989): $6.4 bln.; partners: U.S. 19%, Braz. 9%. Exports (1988): $8.1 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 10%, Jap. 11%, U.S. 22%. Tourists (1986): $172 mln. receipts. National budget (1988): $5.7 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $3.3 bln. Gold: 1.53 mln. oz. t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 17.0% Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 1.2 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 660,000 passenger cars, 278,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 2.4 bln. passenger-km.; 18 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Valparaiso, Arica, Antofagasta. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 5.5 persons. Radios: 1 per 3.3 persons. Telephones in use:795,000. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 68 male; 75 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 21.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 6. Natural increase: 1.5%. Hospital beds: 1 per 372 persons. Physicians:1 per 983 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 18. Education (1988): Literacy: 92%. Compulsory ages 6-14. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, OAS. Embassy: 1732 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20036; 785-1746. Northern Chile was under Inca rule before the Spanish conquest, 1536-40. The southern Araucanian Indians resisted until the late 19th century. Independence was gained 1810-18, under Jose de San Martin and Bernardo O'Higgins; the latter, as supreme director 1817-23, sought social and economic reforms until deposed. Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia in 1836-39 and 1879-84, gaining mineral-rich northern land. Eduardo Frei Montalva came into office in 1964, instituting social programs and gradual nationalization of foreign-owned mining companies. In 1970, Salvador Allende Gossens, a Marxist, became president with a third of the national vote. The Allende government furthered nationalizations, and improved conditions for the poor. But illegal and violent actions by extremist supporters of the government, the regime's failure to attain majority support, and poorly planned socialist economic programs led to political and financial chaos. A military junta seized power Sept. 11, 1973, and said Allende killed himself. The junta named a mostly military cabinet, and announced plans to "exterminate Marxism." Repression continued during the 1980s with little sign of any political liberalization. In a plebiscite held Oct. 5, 1988, voters rejected junta-candidate Gen. Pinochet who, if victorious, would have governed Chile until 1997. Pinochet accepted the rejection and called for presidential elections. In Dec. 1989 voters removed Pinochet from office and elected Patricio Aylwin as president. Tierra del Fuego is the largest (18,800 sq. mi.) island in the archipelago of the same name at the southern tip of South America, an area of majestic mountains, tortuous channels, and high winds. It was discovered 1520 by Magellan and named the Land of Fire because of its many Indian bonfires. Part of the island is in Chile, part in Argentina. Punta Arenas, on a mainland peninsula, is a center of sheep-raising and the world's southernmost city (pop. 67,600); Puerto Williams, pop. 949, is the southernmost settlement. China People's Republic of China Zhonghua Renmin Gonghe Guo People: Population (1990 est.): 1,130,065,000. Pop. density: 288 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 46%. Ethnic groups: Han Chinese 94%, Mongol, Korean, Manchu, others. Languages: Mandarin Chinese (official), Yue, Wu Minbei, Minnan, Xiang, Gan. Religions: officially atheist; Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism are traditional. Geography: Area: 3,705,390 sq. mi., slightly larger than the conterminous U.S. Location: Occupies most of the habitable mainland of E. Asia. Neighbors: Mongolia on N, USSR on NE and NW, Afghanistan, Pakistan on W, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam on S, N. Korea on NE. Topography: Two-thirds of the vast territory is mountainous or desert, and only one-tenth is cultivated. Rolling topography rises to high elevations in the N in the Daxinganlingshanmai separating Manchuria and Mongolia; the Tienshan in Xinjiang; the Himalayan and Kunlunshanmai in the SW and in Tibet. Length is 1,860 mi. from N to S, width E to W is more than 2,000 mi. The eastern half of China is one of the best-watered lands in the world. Three great river systems, the Changjiang, the Huanghe, and the Xijiang provide water for vast farmlands. Capital: Beijing. Cities (1987 est.): Shanghai 7 mln.; Beijing 5.9 mln.; Tianjin 5.4 mln.; Canton 3.3 mln.; Shenyang 4.2 mln.; Wuhan 3.4 mln.; Chengdu 2.6 mln. Government: Type: Communist Party led state. Head of state:Pres. Yang Shangkun; in office: Apr. 8, 1989. Head of government: Premier Li Peng; in office: Apr. 9, 1989. Gen. Secy. of Communist Party: Jiang Zemin; b. 1926; in office June 24, 1989. Local divisions: 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, and 3 cities. Defense: 4.4% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Iron and steel, textiles, agriculture implements, trucks. Chief crops: Grain, rice, cotton, tea. Minerals: tungsten, antimony, coal, iron, lead, manganese, molybdenum, tin. Crude oil reserves (1987): 18.5 bln. bbls. Other resources: Silk. Arable land: 11%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 71.3 mln.; pigs: 328 mln.; sheep: 178 mln. Fish catch (1988): 9.3 mln. metric tons. Electricity prod. (1987): 898 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 59.0 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 68% agric.; 18% ind. & comm. Finance: Currency: Yuan (Mar. 1990): 4.72 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $350 bln. Per capita income (1986): $258. Imports (1989): $58.2 bln.; partners: Jap. 23%, U.S. 11%, Hong Kong 20%.Exports (1989): $51.6 bln.; partners: Hong Kong 35%, Jap. 16%, U.S. 9%. Tourism (1988): $2.2 bln. receipts. National budget (1987): $66.1 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Feb. 1990): $19.9 bln. Gold: 12.7 mln. oz t.Consumer prices (change in 1989): 16.3%. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 326 passenger-km.Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 1.1 mln. passenger cars, 2.8 mln. comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 21.4 bln. passenger km, 80 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports:Shanghai, Tianjin, Luda. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 12 persons.Radios: 1 per 8.9 persons. Telephones:1 per 134 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 50 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 68 male; 70 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 23.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase:1.6%. Infant Mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 33. Hospital beds: 1 per 432 persons.Physicians: 1 per 668 persons. Education (1987): Literacy: 70%. Years compulsory 9; first grade enrollment 93%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, FAO, WHO). Embassy: 2300 Conn. Ave. NW 20008; 328-2500. History. Remains of various man-like creatures who lived as early as several hundred thousand years ago have been found in many parts of China. Neolithic agricultural settlements dotted the Huanghe basin from about 5,000 BC. Their language, religion, and art were the sources of later Chinese civilization. Bronze metallurgy reached a peak and Chinese pictographic writing, similar to today's, was in use in the more developed culture of the Shang Dynasty (c. 1500 BC-c. 1000 BC) which ruled much of North China. A succession of dynasties and interdynastic warring kingdoms ruled China for the next 3,000 years. They expanded Chinese political and cultural domination to the south and west, and developed a brilliant technologically and culturally advanced society. Rule by foreigners (Mongols in the Yuan Dynasty, 1271-1368, and Manchus in the Ch'ing Dynasty, 1644-1911) did not alter the underlying culture. A period of relative stagnation left China vulnerable to internal and external pressures in the 19th century. Rebellions left tens of millions dead, and Russia, Japan, Britain, and other powers exercised political and economic control in large parts of the country. China became a republic Jan. 1, 1912, following the Wuchang Uprising inspired by Dr. Sun Yat-sen. For a period of 50 years, 1894-1945, China was involved in conflicts with Japan. In 1895, China ceded Korea, Taiwan, and other areas. On Sept. 18, 1931, Japan seized the Northeastern Provinces (Manchuria) and set up a puppet state called Manchukuo. The border province of Jehol was cut off as a buffer state in 1933. Japan invaded China proper July 7, 1937. After its defeat in World War II, Japan gave up all seized land. Following World War II, internal disturbances arose involving the Kuomintang, communists, and other factions. China came under domination of communist armies, 1949-1950. The Kuomintang government moved to Taiwan, 90 mi. off the mainland, Dec. 8, 1949. The People's Republic of China was proclaimed in Peking Sept. 21, 1949, by the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference under Mao Zedong. China and the USSR signed a 30-year treaty of "friendship, alliance and mutual assistance," Feb. 15, 1950. The U.S. refused recognition of the new regime. On Nov. 26, 1950, the People's Republic sent armies into Korea against U.S. troops and forced a stalemate. By the 1960s, relations with the USSR deteriorated, with disagreements on borders, ideology and leadership of world communism. The USSR cancelled aid accords, and China, with Albania, launched anti-Soviet propaganda drives. High level talks have been held with the USSR to seek improved trade and cultural contracts; little progress was reported. On Oct. 25, 1971, the UN General Assembly ousted the Taiwan government from the UN and seated the People's Republic in its place. The U.S. had supported the mainland's admission but opposed Taiwan's expulsion. U.S. Pres. Nixon visited China Feb. 21-28, 1972, on invitation from Premier Zhou Enlai, ending years of antipathy between the 2 nations. China and the U.S. opened liaison offices in each other's capitals, May-June 1973. The U.S., Dec. 15, 1978, formally recognized the People's Republic of China as the sole legal government of China; diplomatic relations between the 2 nations were established, Jan. 1, 1979. In a continuing "reassessment" of the policies of Mao Zedong, Mao's widow, Jiang Quing, and other Gang of Four members were convicted of "committing crimes during the 'Cultural Revolution,'" Jan. 25, 1981. Internal developments. After an initial period of consolidation, 1949-52, industry, agriculture, and social and economic institutions were forcibly molded according to Maoist ideals. However, frequent drastic changes in policy and violent factionalism interfered with economic development. In 1957, Mao Tse-tung admitted an estimated 800,000 people had been executed 1949-54; opponents claimed much higher figures. The Great Leap Forward, 1958-60, tried to force the pace of economic development through intensive labor on huge new rural communes, and through emphasis on ideological purity and enthusiasm. The program caused resistance and was largely abandoned. Serious food shortages developed, and the government was forced to buy grain from the West. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1965, was an attempt to oppose pragmatism and bureaucratic power and instruct a new generation in revolutionary principles. Massive purges took place. A program of forcibly relocating millions of urban teenagers into the countryside was launched. By 1968 the movement had run its course; many purged officials returned to office in subsequent years, and reforms in education and industry that had placed ideology above expertise were gradually weakened. In the mid-1970s, factional and ideological fighting increased, and emerged into the open after the 1976 deaths of Mao and Premier Zhou Enlai. Mao's widow and 3 other leading leftists were purged and placed under arrest, after reportedly trying to seize power. Their opponents said the "gang of four" had used severe repression and mass torture, had sparked local fighting and had disrupted production. The new ruling group modified Maoist policies in education, culture, and industry, and sought better ties with non-communist countries. Relations with Vietnam deteriorated in 1978 as China charged persecution of ethnic Chinese. In retaliation for Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia, China attacked 4 Vietnamese border provinces Feb. 17, 1979; heavy border fighting ensued. Sweeping reforms of the central bureaucracy were announced March 1982. By the mid 1980's, China had enacted far-reaching economic reforms highlighed by the departure from rigid central planning and the stressing of market-oriented socialism. Some 100,000 students and workers staged a march in Beijing to demand democratic reforms, May 4, 1989. The demonstrations continued during a visit to Beijing by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev May 15-18. It was the first Sino-Soviet summit since 1959. A million people gathered in Beijing to demand democratic reforms and the removal of Deng and other leaders. There were protests in at least 20 other Chinese cities. Martial law was imposed, May 20, but was mostly ignored by the protesters. Chinese army troops entered Beijing, June 3-4, and crushed the pro-democracy protests. Tanks and armored personnel carriers attacked Tiananmen Square, outside the Great Hall of the People, which was the main scene of the demonstrations and hunger strikes. It was estimated that 5,000 died, 10,000 were injured, and hundreds of students and workers arrested. China's population, the world's largest, is still increasing, but with more couples following the government's one-child policy some experts predict that the nation's population will actually decline after peaking in the early 21st century. Manchuria. Home of the Manchus, rulers of China 1644-1911, Manchuria has accommodated millions of Chinese settlers in the 20th century. Under Japanese rule 1931-45, the area became industrialized. China no longer uses the name Manchuria for the region, which is divided into the 3 NE provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning. Guandong is the southernmost part of Manchuria. Russia in 1898 forced China to lease it Guandong, and built Port Arthur (Lushun) and the port of Dairen (Luda). Japan seized Port Arthur in 1905. It was turned over to the USSR by the 1945 Yalta agreement, but finally returned to China in 1950. Inner Mongolia was organized by the People's Republic in 1947. Its boundaries have undergone frequent changes, reaching its greatest extent (and restored in 1979) in 1956, with an area of 454,000 sq. mi., allegedly in order to dilute the minority Mongol population. Chinese settlers outnumber the Mongols more than 10 to 1. Pop. (1988 est.): 20.0 mln. Capital: Hohhot. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, in Central Asia, is 633,802 sq. mi., pop. (1983 est.): 13.6 mln. (75% Uygurs, a Turkic Moslem group, with a heavy Chinese increase in recent years). Capital: Urumqi. It is China's richest region in strategic minerals. Some Uygurs have fled to the USSR, claiming national oppression. Tibet, 470,000 sq. mi., is a thinly populated region of high plateaus and massive mountains, the Himalayas on the S, the Kunluns on the N. High passes connect with India and Nepal; roads lead into China proper. Capital: Lhasa. Average altitude is 15,000 ft. Jiachan, 15,870 ft., is believed to be the highest inhabited town on earth. Agriculture is primitive. Pop. (1988 est.): 2 mln. (of whom 500,000 are Chinese). Another 4 million Tibetans form the majority of the population of vast adjacent areas that have long been incorporated into China. China ruled all of Tibet from the 18th century, but independence came in 1911. China reasserted control in 1951, and a communist government was installed in 1953, revising the theocratic Lamaist Buddhist rule. Serfdom was abolished, but all land remained collectivized. A Tibetan uprising within China in 1956 spread to Tibet in 1959. The rebellion was crushed with Chinese troops, and Buddhism was almost totally suppressed. The Dalai Lama and 100,000 Tibetans fled to India. Colombia Republic of Colombia Republica de Colombia People: Population (1990 est.): 32,598,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 36.4; 15-59: 57.5; 60+: 6.1. Pop. density: 72 per sq. mi. Urban (1983): 65.4%. Ethnic groups: Mestizo 58%, Caucasian 20%, Mulatto 14%. Languages: Spanish. Religions: Roman Catholic 95%. Geography: Area: 439,735 sq. mi., about the size of Texas, and New Mexico combined. Location: At the NW corner of S. America. Neighbors: Panama on NW, Ecuador, Peru on S, Brazil, Venezuela on E. Topography: Three ranges of Andes, the Western, Central, and Eastern Cordilleras, run through the country from N to S. The eastern range consists mostly of high table lands, densely populated. The Magdalena R. rises in Andes, flows N to Carribean, through a rich alluvial plain. Sparsely-settled plains in E are drained by Orinoco and Amazon systems. Capital: Bogota. Cities (1985 cen.): Bogota 3,967,000; Medellin 1,664,000; Cali 1,450,000; Barranquilla 924,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Cesar Gaviria Trujillo; b. 1947; in office: Aug. 7, 1990. Local divisions: 23 departments, 8 national territories, and special district of Bogota. Defense: 2.1% of GNP (1985). Economy: Industries: Textiles, processed goods, hides, steel, cement, chemicals. Chief crops: Coffee (50% of exports), rice, corn, cotton, sugar, bananas.Minerals: Oil, gas, emeralds (90% world output), gold, copper, lead, coal, iron, nickel, salt. Crude oil reserves (1987): 1.6 bln. bbls. Other resources: Rubber, balsam, dye-woods, copaiba, hydro power. Arable land: 5%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 23.5 mln.; pigs: 2.4 mln.; sheep: 2.6 mln. Fish catch (1987): 80,000 metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 34.7 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1986): 500,000 metric tons. Labor force:26% agric.; 21% ind.; 53% services. Finance: Currency: Peso (June 1990: 480 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $39 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $1,140. Imports (1988): $5.0 bln.; partners: U.S. 34%, EEC 14%, Jap. 11%.Exports (1988): $5.0 bln.; partners: U.S. 20%, EEC 38%.Tourists (1987): $213 mln. receipts. National budget (1987): $4.5 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $3.6 bln.Gold 643,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 25.8. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 147 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 840,000 passenger cars, 391,000. Civil aviation (1987): 3.9 bln. passenger-km. Chief ports:Buena Ventura, Santa Marta, Barranquilla, Cartagena. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 5.6 persons. Radios: 1 per 7.3 persons.Telephones: 1 per 12 persons. Daily newspaper circ.(1987): 61 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 64 male; 68 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 27. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase: 2.3%. Hospital beds (1982): 28,880. Physicians (1983): 21,778. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 54%. Education (1990): Literacy: 80%. Only 28% finish primary school. Major International Organizations: UN (World Bank, GATT), OAS. Embassy: 2118 Leroy Pl. NW, 20008; 387-8338. Spain subdued the local Indian kingdoms (Funza, Tunja) by the 1530s, and ruled Colombia and neighboring areas as New Granada for 300 years. Independence was won by 1819. Venezuela and Ecuador broke away in 1829-30, and Panama withdrew in 1903. One of the Latin American democracies, Colombia is plagued by rural and urban violence, though scaled down from "La Violencia" of 1948-58, which claimed 200,000 lives. Attempts at land and social reform, and progress in industrialization have not succeeded in reducing massive social problems aggravated by a very high birth rate. In 1989, the government's increased activity against local drug traffickers sparked a series of retaliation killings. On Aug. 18, Luis Carlos Galan, the ruling party's presidential hopeful in the 1990 election, was assassinated. In 1990, 2 other presidential candidates were slain as the drug traffickers carried on a campaign of intimidation to stop the presidential election. Cesar Gaviria Trujillo, a strong advocate of maintaining the government's war against the nation's drug cartels, was elected president in May. Comoros Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros Jumhuriyat al-Qumur al-Itthadiyah al-Islamiyah People: Population (1990 est.): 459,000. Pop. density: 547 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups:Arabs, Africans, East Indians. Languages: Shaafi Islam, (a Swahili dialect), French (official), Malagasy.Religions: Islam (official), Roman Catholic. Geography: Area: 838 sq. mi., half the size of Delaware. Location: 3 islands (Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli) in the Mozambique Channel between NW Madagascar and SE Africa. Neighbors: Nearest are Mozambique on W, Madagascar on E. Topography: The islands are of volcanic origin, with an active volcano on Grand Comoro. Capital: Moroni. Cities (1988 est.): Moroni (met.) 28,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Said Mohammed Djohar; in office: Nov. 26, 1989. Local divisions: each of the 3 main islands is a prefecture. Economy: Industries: Perfume. Chief crops: Vanilla, copra, perfume plants, fruits. Arable land: 35%. Electricity prod. (1986): 5 mln. kwh. Labor force: 80% agric. Finance: Currency: CFA franc (Mar. 1990: 284 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $160 mln.Per capita income (1986): $340. Imports (1986): $38 mln.; partners: Fr. 56%.Exports (1986): $20 mln.; partners: Fr. 35%, U.S. 18%. Transport: Chief ports: Dzaoudzi. Communications: Radios: 1 per 4.2 persons.Telephones in use: 1 per 740 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 54 male; 58 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 47.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 13. Natural increase: 3.5%. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 91. Education: (1989): Literacy: 15%; less than 20% attend secondary school. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, World Bank); OAU. Embassy: 336 E. 45th St., New York, NY 10017; (212) 972-8010. The islands were controlled by Moslem sultans until the French acquired them 1841-1909. A 1974 referendum favored independence, with only the Christian island of Mayotte preferring association with France. The French National Assembly decided to allow each of the islands to decide its own fate. The Comoro Chamber of Deputies declared independence July 6, 1975. In a referendum in 1976, Mayotte voted to remain French. A leftist regime that seized power in 1975 was deposed in a pro-French 1978 coup. In Nov. 1989, Pres. Ahmed Abdallah was assassinated. Congo People's Republic of the Congo Republique Populaire du Congo People: Population (1990 est.): 2,305,000. Pop. density: 15 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 51%. Ethnic groups: Bakongo 45%, Bateke 20%, others. Languages: French (official), Bantu dialects. Religions: Christians 47% (two-thirds Roman Catholic), animists 47%, Moslem 2%. Geography: Area: 132,046 sq. mi., slightly smaller than Montana. Location: In western central Africa.Neighbors: Gabon, Cameroon on W, Central African Republic on N, Zaire on E, Angola (Cabinda) on SW. Topography: Much of the Congo is covered by thick forests. A coastal plain leads to the fertile Niari Valley. The center is a plateau; the Congo R. basin consists of flood plains in the lower and savanna in the upper portion. Capital: Brazzaville. Cities (1984 est.): Brazzaville (met.) 595,000; Pointe-Noire 297,000; Loubomo 35,000. Government: Type: People's republic. Head of state:Pres. Denis Sassou-Nguesso; b. 1943; in office: Feb. 8, 1979. Head of government: Prime Min. Alphonse Poaty-Souchlaty; in office: Aug. 7, 1989. Local divisions: 9 regions and capital district. Defense: 4.6% of GNP (1987). Economy: Chief crops: Palm oil and kernels, cocoa, coffee, tobacco. Minerals: Gold, lead, copper, zinc. Crude oil reserves (1988): 750 mln. bbls.Arable land: 2%. Fish catch (1987): 31,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 301 mln. kwh.Labor force: 90% agric. Finance: Currency: CFA franc (Mar. 1990: 284 =$1 US). Gross national product (1987): $1.7 bln. Per capita income (1988): $1,100. Imports (1988): $564 mln.; partners: Fr. 52%.Exports (1988): $673 mln.; partners: U.S. 45%, Fr. 15%. Tourist receipts (1987): $6 mln. International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $4.4 mln. Gold: 11,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 3.7%. Transport: Railway traffic (1986): 456 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1982): 41,000 passenger cars, 79,000 comm. vehicles.Chief ports: Pointe-Noire, Brazzaville. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 375 persons. Radios: 1 per 9.4 persons. Telephones in use: 1 per 111 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 54 male; 58 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 46.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 13. Natural increase: 3.4%. Hospital beds: 1 per 572 persons. Physicians: 1 per 4,334 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 110. Education (1989): Literacy: 80%. Years compulsory: 10. Attendance: 80%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO), OAU. Embassy: 4891 Colorado Ave. NW 20011; 726-5500. The Loango Kingdom flourished in the 15th century, as did the Anzico Kingdom of the Batekes; by the late 17th century they had become weakened. France established control by 1885. Independence came Aug. 15, 1960. After a 1963 coup sparked by trade unions, the country adopted a Marxist-Leninist stance, with the USSR and China vying for influence. Tribal divisions remain strong. France remains a dominant trade partner and source of technical assistance, and French-owned private enterprise retained a major economic role. However, the government of Pres. Sassou-Nguesso favored a strengthening of relations with the USSR, a socialist constitution was adopted, 1979. Costa Rica Republic of Costa Rica Republica de Costa Rica People: Population (1990 est.): 3,032,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 35; 15-49: 51.8; 50+: 13.2. Pop. density: 149 per sq. mi. Urban (1989): 50%. Ethnic groups: Spanish (with Mestizo minority). Language: Spanish (official). Religions: Roman Catholic 88%. Geography: Area: 19,575 sq. mi., smaller than W. Virginia. Location: In central America. Neighbors:Nicaragua on N, Panama on S. Topography: Lowlands by the Caribbean are tropical. The interior plateau, with an altitude of about 4,000 ft., is temperate. Capital: San Jose. Cities (1988 met. est.): San Jose 890,000. Government: Type: Democratic republic.Head of state: Pres. Rafael Angel Calderon; b. 1949;in office May 8, 1990. Local divisions:7 provinces. Economy: Industries: Furniture, pharmaceuticals, aluminum, textiles, fertilizers, roofing, cement. Chief crops: Coffee (chief export), bananas, sugar, cocoa, cotton, hemp. Minerals: Gold, salt, sulphur, iron. Other resources: Fish, forests. Arable land: 12%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 2.4. mln. Fish catch (1988): 20,000 metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 2.9 bln. kwh. Labor force: 27% agric.; 35% ind. & comm.; 33% service and government. Finance: Currency: Colone (Mar. 1990: 86 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $4.2 bln. Per capita income (1987): $1,584. Imports (1988): $1.4 bln.; partners: U.S. 38%, CACM 10%, Jap. 10%.Exports(1988): $1.3 bln.; partners: U.S. 41%, CACM 18%. Tourists(1986): receipts: $164 mln. National budget (1987): $791 mln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $697 mln. Gold: 9,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 16.5%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 134,000 passenger cars, 89,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 787 mln. passenger-km; 8 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Limon, Puntarenas, Golfito. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 6.1 persons. Radios: 1 per 11 persons. Telephones: 1 per 6.9 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 110 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 74 male; 78 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 29.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 4. Natural increase:2.5%. Hospital beds: 1 per 368 persons. Physicians: 1 per 1,011 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 17. Education (1989): Literacy: 93%. Years compulsory: 6. Attendance: 99%. Major International Organizations: UN (FAO, ILO, IMF, WHO), OAS. Embassy: 1825 Connecticut Ave. NW, 20009; 234-2945. Guaymi Indians inhabited the area when Spaniards arrived, 1502. Independence came in 1821. Costa Rica seceded from the Central American Federation in 1838. Since the civil war of 1948-49, there has been little violent social conflict, and free political institutions have been preserved. Costa Rica, though still a largely agricultural country, has achieved a relatively high standard of living and social services, and land ownership is widespread. Cote d'Ivoire Ivory Coast Republique de la Cote d'Ivoire People: Population (1990 est.): 12,070,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 45.1; 15-59: 50.2; 60+: 4.7. Pop. density: 94 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 47%. Ethnic groups: Baule 23%, Bete 18%, Senufo 15%, Malinke 11%, over 60 tribes. Languages: French (official), tribal languages. Religions: Moslem 20%, Christian 20%, indigenous 60%. Geography: Area: 124,503 sq. mi., slightly larger than New Mexico. Location: On S. coast of W. Africa.Neighbors: Liberia, Guinea on W, Mali, Burkina Faso on N, Ghana on E. Topography: Forests cover the W half of the country, and range from a coastal strip to halfway to the N on the E. A sparse inland plain leads to low mountains in NW.Capital: Abidjan. Cities (1985 est.): Abidjan 1,850,000 (met.) Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Felix Houphouet-Boigny; b. Oct. 18, 1905; in office: Aug. 7, 1960.Local divisions: 49 departments. Economy: Chief crops: Coffee, cocoa. Minerals: Diamonds, manganese. Other resources: Timber, rubber, petroleum.Arable land: 9%. Livestock (1987): goats: 1.4 mln.; sheep: 1.5 mln.; cattle: 965,000. Fish catch (1987): 102,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 2.4 bln. kwh. Labor force: 85% agric., forestry. Finance: Currency: CFA franc (Mar. 1990: 284 =$1 US). Gross national product (1987): $10.3 bln. Per capita income (1986): $921. Imports (1987): $4.6 bln.; partners: Fr. 31%, Jap. 5%, U.S. 5%. Exports (1987): $6.2 bln.; partners: Fr. 14%, Neth. 19%, U.S. 11%, It. 8%. Tourists (1987): $53 mln receipts; International reserves less gold(Jan. 1990): $15.0 mln. Gold: 45,000 oz t.Consumer prices (changed in 1988): 4.4%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 857 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1984): 182,000 passenger cars, 52,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Abidjan, Sassandra. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 19 persons. Radios: 1 per 7.9 persons. Telephones: 1 per 97 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 12 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 52 male; 55 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 46.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 13. Natural increase:3.3%. Hospital beds (1982): 10,062. Physicians (1982): 502. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 102. Education (1988): Literacy: 35%. Years compulsory:none. Attendance: 75%. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, OAU. Embassy: 2424 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 797-0300. A French protectorate from 1842, Cote D'Ivoire became independent in 1960. It is the most prosperous of tropical African nations, due to diversification of agriculture for export, close ties to France, and encouragement of foreign investment. About 20% of the population are workers from neighboring countries. Cote D'Ivoire, which officially changed its name from Ivory Coast in Oct. 1985, is a leader of the pro-Western bloc in Africa. Students and workers staged protests, Feb. 1990, demanding the ouster of Pres. Houphouet-Boigny and multiparty democracy. Cuba Republic of Cuba Republica de Cuba People: Population (1990 est.): 10,582,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-under 15: 24.8; 15-59: 63.6; 60+: 11.6. Pop. density: 239 per sq. mi. Urban (1989): 72%. Ethnic groups: Spanish, African. Languages:Spanish. Religions: Roman Catholic 42%, none 49%. Geography: Area: 44,218 sq. mi., nearly as large as Pennsylvania. Location: Westernmost of West Indies.Neighbors: Bahamas, U.S., on N, Mexico on W, Jamaica on S, Haiti on E. Topography: The coastline is about 2,500 miles. The N coast is steep and rocky, the S coast low and marshy. Low hills and fertile valleys cover more than half the country. Sierra Maestra, in the E is the highest of 3 mountain ranges. Capital: Havana. Cities (1988 est.): Havana 2,059,000; Santiago de Cuba 389,000; Camaguey 274,000. Government: Type: Communist state. Head of state: Pres. Fidel Castro Ruz; b. Aug. 13, 1926; in office: Dec. 3, 1976 (formerly Prime Min. since Feb. 16, 1959). Local divisions: 14 provinces, 169 municipal assemblies. Defense: 5.4% of GNP (1985). Economy: Industries: Texiles, wood products, cement, chemicals, cigars. Chief crops: Sugar (75% of exports), tobacco, coffee, pineapples, bananas, citrus fruit, coconuts. Minerals: Cobalt, nickel, iron, copper, manganese, salt. Other resources: Forests. Arable land:29%. Livestock (1986); cattle: 6.5 mln.; pigs: 2.4 mln. Fish catch (1986): 244,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1987): 14.0 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1985): 412,000 metric tons. Labor force: 13% agric.; 40% ind. & comm.; 30% services & govt. Finance: Currency: Peso (Dec. 1989: .76 = $1 US). Gross national product (1984): $26.9 bln. Per capita income (1983): $1,590. Imports (1985): $8.6 bln.; partners: USSR 72%. Exports (1985): $6.5 bln.; partners: USSR 72%. Tourists (1986): Revenues: 130 mln. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 2.6 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 200,000 passenger cars, 164,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 2.7 bln. passenger-km.; 12 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Havana, Matanzas, Cienfuegos, Santiago de Cuba. Communications: Television sets: 2.0 mln. in use (1987). Radios: 3.2 mln. in use (1986). Telephones in use(1986): 543,000. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 126 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth: (1989): 72 male; 74 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 17.2.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 6. Natural increase: 1.0%. Hospital beds (1986): 56,000. Physicians (1986): 25,418. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 16. Education (1989): Literacy: 98%. 92% of those between ages 6-14 attend school. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, WHO). Some 50,000 Indians lived in Cuba when it was discovered by Columbus in 1492. Its name derives from the Indian Cubanacan. Except for British occupation of Havana, 1762-63, Cuba remained Spanish until 1898. A slave-based sugar plantation economy developed from the 18th century, aided by early mechanization of milling. Sugar remains the chief product and chief export despite government attempts to diversify. A ten-year uprising ended in 1878 with guarantees of rights by Spain, which Spain failed to carry out. A full-scale movement under Jose Marti began Feb. 24, 1895. The U.S. declared war on Spain in April, 1898, after the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana harbor, and defeated it in the Spanish-American War. Spain gave up all claims to Cuba. U.S. troops withdrew in 1902, but under 1903 and 1934 agreements, the U.S. leases a site at Guantanamo Bay in the SE as a naval base. U.S. and other foreign investments acquired a dominant role in the economy. In 1952, former president Fulgencio Batista seized control and established a dictatorship, which grew increasingly harsh and corrupt. Fidel Castro assembled a rebel band in 1956; guerrilla fighting intensified in 1958. Batista fled Jan. 1, 1959, and in the resulting political vacuum Castro took power, becoming premier Feb. 16. The government began a program of sweeping economic and social changes, without restoring promised liberties. Opponents were imprisoned and some were executed. Some 700,000 Cubans emigrated in the years after the Castro takeover, mostly to the U.S. Cattle and tobacco lands were nationalized, while a system of cooperatives was instituted. By 1960 all banks and industrial companies had been nationalized, including over $1 billion worth of U.S.-owned properties, mostly without compensation. Poor sugar crops resulted in collectivization of farms, stringent labor controls, and rationing, despite continued aid from the USSR and other communist countries. The U.S. imposed an export embargo in 1962, severely damaging the economy. In 1961, some 1,400 Cubans, trained and backed by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, unsuccessfully tried to invade and overthrow the regime. In the fall of 1962, the U.S. learned that the USSR had brought nuclear missiles to Cuba. After an Oct. 22 warning from Pres. Kennedy, the missiles were removed. In 1977, Cuba and the U.S. signed agreements to exchange diplomats, without restoring full ties, and to regulate offshore fishing. In 1978, and again in 1980, the U.S. agreed to accept political prisoners released by Cuba some of whom, it was later discovered, were criminals and mental patients. A 1987 agreement provided for 20,000 Cubans to immigrate to the U.S. each year; Cuba agreed to take back some 2,500 jailed in the U.S. since the 1980 Mariel boat lift. In 1975-78, Cuba sent troops to aid one faction in the Angola Civil War. Cuba's involvement in Central America, Africa, and the Caribbean, has contributed to poor relations with the U.S. In Dec. 1988, Cuba agreed to a peace accord in which Cuban troops would withdraw from Angola by July 1991. In 1983, 24 Cubans died and over 700 were captured, later repatriated, as a result of the U.S.-led invasion of Grenada. Cuba has resisted the social and economic reforms that have taken place in the USSR and other eastern bloc countries Cyprus Republic of Cyprus Kypriaki Dimokratia (Greek) Kibris Cumhuriyeti (Turkish) People: Population (1990 est.): 708,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 25.4; 15-59: 60.4; 60+: 14.2. Pop. density: 194 per sq. mi. Urban (1982): 53%. Ethnic groups: Greeks 78%, Turks 18.7%, Armenians, Maronites. Languages: Greek, Turkish (both official), English. Religions: Orthodox 77%, Moslems 18%. Geography: Area: 3,572 sq. mi., smaller than Connecticut. Location: In eastern Mediterranean Sea, off Turkish coast. Neighbors: Nearest are Turkey on N, Syria, Lebanon on E. Topography: Two mountain ranges run E-W, separated by a wide, fertile plain. Capital: Nicosia. Cities (1984 est.): Nicosia 124,300. Government: Type: Republic.Head of state: Pres. George Vassiliou; b. May 21, 1931; in office: Feb. 28, 1988. Local divisions: 6 districts. Defense: 11% of govt. budget (1984). Economy: Industries: Light manuf. Chief crops: Grains, grapes, carobs, citrus fruits, potatoes, olives. Minerals: Copper, pyrites, asbetos. Arable land: 40%.Electricity prod. (1988): 1.6 mln. kwh. Labor force: 21% agric.; 20% ind., 18% comm., 19% serv. Finance: Currency: Pound (Mar. 1990: 1.00 = $2.08 US). GNP (1987): $3.5 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $5,210. Imports (1988): $1.8 bln.; partners: UK 13%, Itl. 12%. Exports (1988): $767 mln.; partners: UK 21%, Libya 9%. Tourists (1988): receipts: $782 mln. National budget (1987): $911 mln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $1.0 bln. Gold: 459,000 oz. t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 3.8%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 142,000 passenger cars, 54,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1987): 2.1 bln. passenger-km; one airport.Chief ports: Famagusta, Limassol. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 3.4 persons. Radios:1 per 2.7 persons. Telephones:1 per 2.0 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 157 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 74 male; 80 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 19.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase: 1.1%. Hospital beds: 1 per 160 persons.Physicians : 1 per 570 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 8. Education (1989): Literacy: 99%. Years compulsory:9. Attendance: 99%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO), Commonwealth of Nations, EC (Assoc.). Embassy: 2211 R St. NW, 20008; 462-5772. Agitation for enosis (union) with Greece increased after World War II, with the Turkish minority opposed, and broke into violence in 1955-56. In 1959, Britain, Greece, Turkey, and Cypriot leaders approved a plan for an independent republic, with constitutional guarantees for the Turkish minority and permanent division of offices on an ethnic basis. Greek and Turkish Communal Chambers dealt with religion, education, and other matters. Archbishop Makarios, formerly the leader of the enosis movement, was elected president, and full independence became final Aug. 16, 1960. Makarios was re-elected in 1968 and 1973. Further communal strife led the United Nations to send a peace-keeping force in 1964; its mandate has been repeatedly renewed. The Cypriot National Guard, led by officers from the army of Greece, seized the government July 15, 1974, and named Nikos Sampson, an advocate of union with Greece, president. Makarios fled the country. On July 20, Turkey invaded the island; Greece mobilized its forces but did not intervene. A cease-fire was arranged July 22. On the 23d, Sampson turned over the presidency to Glafkos Clerides (on the same day, Greece's military junta resigned). A peace conference collapsed Aug. 14; fighting resumed. By Aug. 16 Turkish forces had occupied the NE 40% of the island, despite the presence of UN peace forces. Makarios resumed the presidency in Dec., until his death, 1977. Turkish Cypriots voted overwhelmingly, June 8, 1975, to form a separate Turkish Cypriot federated state. A president and assembly were elected in 1976. Some 200,000 Greeks have been expelled from the Turkish-controlled area, replaced by thousands of Turks, some from the mainland. Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus A declaration of independence was announced by Turkish-Cypriot leader Rauf Denktash, Nov. 15, 1983. The new state is not internationally recognized although it does have trade relations with some countries. TRNC contains 1,295 sq mi., pop. (1989 est.): 169,000, 99% Turkish. Czechoslovakia Czech and Slovak Federative Republic People: Population (1990 est.): 15,695,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 24.2; 15-59: 59.3; 60+: 16.5. Pop. density: 317 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 73%. Ethnic groups: Czechs 64%, Slovaks 31%, Hungarian, German, Ukrainian, Polish. Languages: Czech, Slovak (both official). Religions: Roman Catholic 77%. Geography: Area: 49,365 sq. mi., the size of New York. Location: In E central Europe. Neighbors: Poland, E. Germany on N, W. Germany on W. Austria, Hungary on S, USSR on E. Topography: Bohemia, in W, is a plateau surrounded by mountains; Moravia is hilly, Slovakia, in E, has mountains (Carpathians) in N, fertile Danube plain in S. Vltava (Moldau) and Labe (Elbe) rivers flow N from Bohemia to G.Capital: Prague. Cities (1990 est.): Prague 1.2 mln.; Brno 385,000; Bratislava 413,000; Ostrava 327,000. Government: Type: Socialist (in transition). Head of state:Pres. Vaclav Havel; b. Oct. 5, 1936; in office: Dec. 29, 1989; Head of government:Prime Min. Marian Calfa; in office: Dec. 10, 1989. Local divisions: Czech and Slovak republics each have an assembly. Defense: 5.8% of GNP (1985). Economy: Industries: Machinery, oil products, iron and steel, glass, chemicals, motor vehicles, cement. Chief crops: Wheat, sugar beets, potatoes, rye, corn, barley.Minerals: coke, coal, iron. Arable land: 40%. Livestock: (1987): cattle: 5 mln.; pigs: 6.6 mln.; sheep: 1 mln. Electricity prod. (1988): 84.0 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 15.4 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 12% agric.; 37% ind.; 22% service, govt. Finance: Currency: Koruna (Jan. 1990: 15 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $158 bln. Per capita GNP (1988): $10,130. Imports (1985): $18.1 bln.; partners: USSR 31%, E. Ger. 10%, Pol. 6%, W. Ger. 9%. Exports (1985): $18.0 bln.; partners: USSR 35%, E. Ger. 7%, Pol. 7%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 20.0 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 2.6 mln. passenger cars, 425,000 comm. Civil aviation(1987): 2.4 bln. passenger-km.; 14 airports. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 3.7 persons.Radios:1 per 3.6 persons. Telephones: 1 per 4.1 persons.Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 280 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 68 male; 75 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 14.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 12. Natural increase:.2%. Hospital beds: 1 per 99 persons; Physicians: 1 per 312 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 13. Education (1989): Literacy: 99%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, WHO), Warsaw Pact. Embassy: 3900 Linnean Ave. NW 20008; 263-6315. Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia were part of the Great Moravian Empire in the 9th century. Later, Slovakia was overrun by Magyars, while Bohemia and Moravia became part of the Holy Roman Empire. Under the kings of Bohemia, Prague in the 14th century was the cultural center of Central Europe. Bohemia and Hungary became part of Austria-Hungary. In 1914-1918 Thomas G. Masaryk and Eduard Benes formed a provisional government with the support of Slovak leaders including Milan Stefanik. They proclaimed the Republic of Czechoslovakia Oct. 28, 1918. By 1938 Nazi Germany had worked up disaffection among German-speaking citizens in Sudetenland and demanded its cession. Prime Min. Neville Chamberlain of Britain, with the acquiescence of France, signed with Hitler at Munich, Sept. 30, 1938, an agreement to the cession, with a guarantee of peace by Hitler and Mussolini. Germany occupied Sudetenland Oct. 1-2. Hitler on Mar. 15, 1939, dissolved Czechoslovakia, made protectorates of Bohemia and Moravia, and supported the autonomy of Slovakia, which was proclaimed independent Mar. 14, 1939. Soviet troops with some Czechoslovak contingents entered eastern Czechoslovakia in 1944 and reached Prague in May 1945; Benes returned as president. In May 1946 elections, the Communist Party won 38% of the votes, and Benes accepted Klement Gottwald, a communist, as prime minister. In February, 1948, the communists seized power in advance of scheduled elections. In May 1948 a new constitution was approved. Benes refused to sign it. On May 30 the voters were offered a one-slate ballot and the communists won full control. Benes resigned June 7 and Gottwald became president. A harsh Stalinist period followed, with complete and violent suppression of all opposition. In Jan. 1968 a liberalization movement spread explosively through Czechoslovakia. Antonin Novotny, long the Stalinist boss of the nation, was deposed as party leader and succeeded by Alexander Dubcek, a Slovak, who declared he intended to make communism democratic. On Mar. 22 Novotny resigned as president and was succeeded by Gen. Ludvik Svoboda. On Apr. 6, Premier Joseph Lenart resigned and was succeeded by Oldrich Cernik, whose new cabinet was pledged to carry out democratization and economic reforms. In July 1968 the USSR and 4 Warsaw Pact nations demanded an end to liberalization. On Aug. 20, the Russian, Polish, East German, Hungarian, and Bulgarian armies invaded Czechoslovakia. Despite demonstrations and riots by students and workers, press censorship was imposed, liberal leaders were ousted from office and promises of loyalty to Soviet policies were made by some old-line Communist Party leaders. On Apr. 17, 1969, Dubcek resigned as leader of the Communist Party and was succeeded by Gustav Husak. In Jan. 1970, Premier Cernik was ousted. Censorship was tightened and the Communist Party expelled a third of its members. In 1973, amnesty was offered to some of the 40,000 who fled the country after the 1968 invasion, but repressive policies remained in force. More than 700 leading Czechoslovak intellectuals and former party leaders signed a human rights manifesto in 1977, called Charter 77, prompting a renewed crackdown by the regime. Czechoslovakia has long been an industrial and technological leader of the eastern European countries, though this has declined in recent years because of the government's rejection of economic reforms. The police crushed the largest anti-government protests since 1968, when tens of thousands of demonstrators took to the streets of Prague, Nov. 17, 1989. As protesters demanded free elections, the Communist Party leadership resigned Nov. 24; millions went on strike Nov. 27. On Dec. 10, 1989 the first Cabinet in 41 years without a communist majority took power; Vaclav Havel, playwright and human rights campaigner, was chosen president, Dec. 29. Denmark Kingdom of Denmark Kongeriget Danmark People: Population (1990 est.): 5,134,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 17.6; 15-59: 62.0; 60+: 20.4. Pop. density: 305 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 84%. Ethnic groups: Almost all Scandinavian. Languages: Danish. Religions: Evangelical Lutheran 90%. Geography: Area: 16,633 sq. mi., the size of Massachusetts and New Hampshire combined. Location: In northern Europe, separating the North and Baltic seas.Neighbors: W. Germany on S., Norway on NW, Sweden on NE. Topography: Denmark consists of the Jutland Peninsula and about 500 islands, 100 inhabited. The land is flat or gently rolling, and is almost all in productive use. Capital: Copenhagen. Cities (1988, met.): Copenhagen 619,000. Government: Type: Constitutional monarchy. Head of state: Queen Margrethe II; b. Apr. 16, 1940; in office: Jan. 14, 1972. Head of government: Prime Min. Poul Schluter; b. 1929; in office: Sept. 10, 1982. Local divisions: 14 counties and one city (Copenhagen). Defense: 2.3% of GNP (1988). Economy: Industries: Machinery, textiles, furniture, electronics. Chief crops: Dairy products. Crude oil reserves (1985): 533 mln. bbls. Arable land: 62%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 2.3 mln.; pigs: 9.2 mln. Fish catch(1987): 1.5 mln. metric tons. Electricity prod. (1987): 27.5 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1985): 560,000 metric tons. Labor force: 6% agric.; 31% serv.; 27% govt. Finance: Currency: Krone (June 1990: 6.44 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $101.3 bln. Per capita income (1988): $19,750. Imports (1989): $26.6 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 24%, Swed. 12%, UK 9%, Neth. 5%. Exports (1989): $28.1 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 15%, EC 42%, U.S. 8%. Tourists (1988): $2.4 bln. receipts. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $8.3 bln. Gold: 2.0 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 4.8%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 4.7 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 1.5 mln. passenger cars, 282,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 3.5 bln. passenger-km; 12 airports with scheduled flights.Chief ports: Copenhagen, Alborg, Arhus, Odense. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 2.7 persons.Radios: 1 per 2.4 persons. Telephones: 1 per 1.2 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 367 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 72 male; 79 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 11.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 11. Hospital beds: 1 per 159 persons. Physicians: 1 per 390 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 7.8. Education (1986): Literacy: 99%. Years compulsory: 9. Attendance: 100%. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, OECD, EC. Embassy: 3200 Whitehaven St. NW 20008; 234-4300. The origin of Copenhagen dates back to ancient times, when the fishing and trading place named Havn (port) grew up on a cluster of islets, but Bishop Absalon (1128-1201) is regarded as the actual founder of the city. Danes formed a large component of the Viking raiders in the early Middle Ages. The Danish kingdom was a major north European power until the 17th century, when it lost its land in southern Sweden. Norway was separated in 1815, and Schleswig-Holstein in 1864. Northern Schleswig was returned in 1920. The Faeroe Islands in the N. Atlantic, about 300 mi. NE of the Shetlands, and 850 mi. from Denmark proper, 18 inhabited, have an area of 540 sq. mi. and pop. (1987) of 46,000. They are self-governing in most matters. Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat) Greenland, a huge island between the N. Atlantic and the Polar Sea, is separated from the North American continent by Davis Strait and Baffin Bay. Its total area is 840,000 sq. mi., 84% of which is ice-capped. Most of the island is a lofty plateau 9,000 to 10,000 ft. in altitude. The average thickness of the cap is 1,000 ft. The population (1989 est.) is 55,415. Under the 1953 Danish constitution the colony became an integral part of the realm with representatives in the Folketing. The Danish parliament, 1978, approved home rule for Greenland, effective May 1, 1979. Accepting home rule the islanders elected a socialist-dominated legislature, Apr. 4th. With home rule, Greenlandic place names came into official use. The technically-correct name for Greenland is now Kalaallit Nunaat; its capital is Nuuk, rather than Gothab. Fish is the principal export. Djibouti Republic of Djibouti Jumhouriyya Djibouti People: Population (1990 est.): 337,000. Pop. density: 38 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: Issa (Somali) 60%; Afar 35%; European 5%. Languages: French, Arabic (both official); Somali, Saho-Afar, Arabic.Religions: Sunni Moslem 94%. Geography: Area: 8,494 sq. mi., about the size of New Hampshire. Location: On E coast of Africa, separated from Arabian Peninsula by the strategically vital strait of Bab el-Mandeb. Neighbors: Ethiopia on N (Eritrea) and W, Somalia on S. Topography: The territory, divided into a low coastal plain, mountains behind, and an interior plateau, is arid, sandy, and desolate. The climate is generally hot and dry. Capital: Djibouti. Cities (1982): Djibouti (met.) 200,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Hassan Gouled Aptidon b. 1916; in office: June 24, 1977; Head of government: Prem. Barkat Gourad Hamadou; in office: Sept. 30, 1978. Local divisions: 5 cercles (districts). Economy: Minerals: Salt. Electricity prod. (1986): 140 mln. kwh. Finance: Currency: Franc (Mar. 1990: 177=$1 US).Gross national product: (1986): $344 mln. Per capita income (1982): $400. Imports (1986): $197 mln.; partners: Fr. 47%, Jap. 8%, UK 8%. Exports (1986): $96 mln.; partners: Fr. 87%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 12,000 passenger cars, 950 commercial vehicles. Chief ports: Djibouti. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 35 persons.Radios: 1 per 16 persons. Telephones: 1 per 55 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 45 male; 49 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 43. Deaths(per 1,000 pop. 1989): 17. Natural increase: 2.6%. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 121. Education (1988): Literacy: 20%. Major International Organizations: UN, OAU, Arab League. Embassy: 866 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017; (212) 753-3163. France gained control of the territory in stages between 1862 and 1900. Ethiopia and Somalia have renounced their claims to the area, but each has accused the other of trying to gain control. There were clashes between Afars (ethnically related to Ethiopians) and Issas (related to Somalis) in 1976. Immigrants from both countries continued to enter the country up to independence, which came June 27, 1977. Unemployment is high and there are few natural resources. French aid is the mainstay of the economy and some 5,000 French troops are present. Dominica Commonwealth of Dominica People: Population (1990 est.): 85,000.Pop. density: 262 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups:nearly all African or mulatto, Caribs. Languages: English (official), French patois. Religions: mainly Roman Catholic. Geography: Area: 290 sq. mi., about one-fourth the size of Rhode Island. Location: In Eastern Caribbean, most northerly Windward Is. Neighbors: Guadeloupe to N, Martinique to S. Topography: Mountainous, a central ridge running from N to S, terminating in cliffs; volcanic in origin, with numerous thermal springs; rich deep topsoil on leeward side, red tropical clay on windward coast. Capital(1983 est.) Roseau 18,000. Government: Type: Parliamentary democracy; republic within Commonwealth. Head of state: Pres. Clarence Augustus Seignoret; in office: 1984. Head of government: Prime Min. Mary Eugenia Charles; b. 1919; in office: July 21, 1980. Local divisions: 10 parishes. Economy: Industries: Agriculture, tourism. Chief crops: Bananas, citrus fruits, coconuts. Minerals: Pumice. Other resources: Forests. Arable land: 23%. Electricity prod. (1987): 16 mln. kwh. Labor force: 40% agric.; 32% ind & comm.; 28% services. Finance: Currency: East Caribbean dollar (May 1990: 2.70 = $1 US). Gross domestic product (1987): $115 mln. Imports(1986): $63 mln.; partners: UK 17%, U.S. 27%.Exports (1986): $35 mln.; partners: UK 50%.Tourists (1987): $11 mln. receipts. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 1.7%. Transport: Chief ports: Roseau. Communications: Telephones: 1 per 11 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 73 male; 78 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 26. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 5. Natural increase:2.1%. Hospital beds (1988): 245.Physicians (1988): 31. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 14. Education: Literacy: 80%. Major International Organizations: UN, OAS. A British colony since 1805, Dominica was granted self government in 1967. Independence was achieved Nov. 3, 1978. Hurricane David struck, Aug. 30, 1979, devastating the island and destroying the banana plantations, Dominica's economic mainstay. Coups were attempted in 1980 and 1981. Dominica took a leading role in the instigation of the 1983 invasion of Grenada. Dominican Republic Republica Dominicana People: Population (1990 est.): 7,253,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 40.7; 15-59: 54.6; 60+: 4.7. Pop. density: 388 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 55%. Ethnic groups: Caucasian 16%, mixed 73%, black 11%. Languages: Spanish.Religions: Roman Catholic 92%. Geography: Area: 18,816 sq. mi., the size of Vermont and New Hampshire combined. Location: In West Indies, sharing I. of Hispaniola with Haiti. Neighbors: Haiti on W. Topography: The Cordillera Central range crosses the center of the country, rising to over 10,000 ft., highest in the Caribbean. The Cibao valley to the N is major agricultural area. Capital: Santo Domingo. Cities (1987 est.): Santo Domingo 1,700,000; Santiago de Los Caballeros 422,000. Government: Type: Representative democracy. Head of state: Pres. Joaquin Balaguer; in office: Aug. 16, 1986. Local divisions: 29 provinces and Santo Domingo.Defense: 1.4% of GDP. (1987). Economy: Industries: Sugar refining, cement, pharmaceuticals. Chief crops: sugar, cocoa, coffee, tobacco, rice. Minerals: Nickel, gold, silver. Other resources: Timber.Arable land: 23%. Livestock. (1987): cattle: 2.0 mln.; pigs: 2.6 mln. Electricity prod. (1988): 3.8 bln. kwh. Labor force: 49% agric.; 18% ind.; 34% serv. & govt. Finance: Currency: Peso (Mar. 1990: 6.34 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $5.5 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $800. Imports (1989): $2.2 bln.; partners: U.S. 35%, Venez. 26%, Mex. 11%. Exports (1989): $928 mln.; partners: U.S. 69%, Neth. 4%. Tourists (1987): $500 mln. receipts. National budget (1987): $898 mln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $170 mln. Gold: 18,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1987): 15.9% Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 99,000 passenger cars, 59,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Santo Domingo, San Pedro de Macoris, Puerto Plata. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 12 persons. Radios: 1 per 6 persons. Telephones: 1 per 22 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 44 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1985): 60.7 male; 64.6 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 30.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 8. Natural increase: 2.2%. Hospital beds: 1 per 985 persons. Physicians: 1 per 2,100 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 66. Education (1987): Literacy: 68%. Years compulsory: 6. Attendance: 60%. Major International Organizations: UN (World Bank, IMF, GATT), OAS. Embassy: 1712 22d St. NW 20008; 332-6280. Carib and Arawak Indians inhabited the island of Hispaniola when Columbus landed in 1492. The city of Santo Domingo, founded 1496, is the oldest settlement by Europeans in the hemisphere and has the supposed ashes of Columbus in an elaborate tomb in its ancient cathedral. The western third of the island was ceded to France in 1697. Santo Domingo itself was ceded to France in 1795. Haitian leader Toussaint L'Ouverture seized it, 1801. Spain returned intermittently 1803-21, as several native republics came and went. Haiti ruled again, 1822-44, and Spanish occupation occurred 1861-63. The country was occupied by U.S. Marines from 1916 to 1924, when a constitutionally elected government was installed. In 1930, Gen. Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina was elected president. Trujillo ruled brutally until his assassination in 1961. Pres. Joaquin Balaguer, appointed by Trujillo in 1960, resigned under pressure in 1962. Juan Bosch, elected president in the first free elections in 38 years, was overthrown in 1963. On April 24, 1965, a revolt was launched by followers of Bosch and others, including a few communists. Four days later U.S. Marines intervened against the pro-Bosch forces. Token units were later sent by 5 So. American countries as a peace-keeping force. A provisional government supervised a June 1966 election, in which Balaguer defeated Bosch by a 3-2 margin; there were some charges of election fraud. The Inter-American Peace Force completed its departure Sept. 20, 1966. Continued depressed world prices have affected the main export commodity, sugar. Ecuador Republic of Ecuador Republica del Ecuador People: Population (1990 est.): 10,506,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 41.3; 15-64: 55.0; 65+: 3.7. Pop. density: 95 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 54% Ethnic groups: Indians 25%, Mestizo 55%, Spanish 10%, African 10%. Languages: Spanish (official), Quechuan, Jivaroan. Religions:Roman Catholic 95%. Geography: Area: 109,483 sq. mi., the size of Colorado. Location: In NW S. America, on Pacific coast, astride Equator. Neighbors: Colombia to N, Peru to E and S. Topography: Two ranges of Andes run N and S, splitting the country into 3 zones: hot, humid lowlands on the coast; temperate highlands between the ranges, and rainy, tropical lowlands to the E. Capital: Quito. Cities(1989 est.): Guayaquil 1,600,000; Quito 1,200,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Rodrigo Borja Cevallos; in office: Aug. 10, 1988. Local divisions: 20 provinces. Defense: 1.6% of GNP (1984). Economy: Industries: Food processing, wood prods., textiles. Chief crops: Bananas (largest exporter), coffee, rice, sugar, corn. Minerals: Oil, copper, iron, lead, silver, sulphur. Crude oil reserves (1987): 1.2 bln. bbls. Other resources: Rubber, bark. Arable land:6%. Livestock (1988): cattle: 3.8 mln.; pigs: 4.1 mln.; sheep: 2.1 mln. Fish catch (1987): 679,000 metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 5.7 bln. kwh. Labor force:34% agric., 12% ind., 35% services. Finance: Currency: Sucre (June 1990: 805 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $9.4 bln.Per capita GNP (1988): $1,040. Imports (1989): $1.8 bln.; partners: U.S. 26%, EC 16%, Jap. 13%. Exports (1989): $2.0 bln.; partners: U.S. 54%. Tourism (1986): $135 mln. receipts. National budget(1987): $2.6 bln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $363 mln.Gold: 414,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 58.2%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987) 20 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 256,000 passenger cars, 36,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1984): 893 mln. passenger-km; 42.6 mln. net ton-km. Chief ports: Guayaquil, Manta, Esmeraldas, Puerto Bolivar. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 17 persons. Radios: 1 per 3.4 persons. Telephones: 1 per 28 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1985): 57 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 64 male, 68 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 31.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase: 2.4%. Hospital beds (1984): 15,455.Physicians (1984): 11,000. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 63. Education (1986): Literacy: 90%. Attendance through 6th grade--76% urban, 33% rural. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, WHO), OAS, OPEC. Embassy: 2535 15th St. NW 20009; 234-7200. Spain conquered the region, which was the northern Inca empire, in 1633. Liberation forces defeated the Spanish May 24, 1822, near Quito. Ecuador became part of the Great Colombia Republic but seceded, May 13, 1830. Ecuador had been ruled by civilian and military dictatorships since 1968. A peaceful transfer of power from the military junta to the democratic civilian government took place, 1979. Since 1972, the economy has revolved around its petroleum exports, which have declined since 1982 causing severe economic problems. Ecuador suspended interest payments for 1987 on its estimated $8.2 billion foreign debt following a Mar. 5-6 earthquake which left 20,000 homeless, and destroyed a stretch of the country's main oil pipeline. Ecuador and Peru have long disputed their Amazon Valley boundary. The Galapagos Islands, 600 mi. to the W, are the home of huge tortoises and other unusual animals. Egypt Arab Republic of Egypt Jumh[Umacr ]riyah Misr al-Arabiya People: Population (1990 est.): 54,139,000. Age distrib (%) 0-14: 41.8; 15-59: 52.7; 60+: 5.5. Pop. density: 141 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 44%. Ethnic groups: Eastern Hamitic stock 90%, Bedouin, Nubian. Languages: Arabic (official), English. Religions:94% Sunni Moslem. Geography: Area: 386,650 sq. mi, about the size of Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas combined. Location: NE corner of Africa.Neighbors: Libya on W, Sudan on S, Israel on E.Topography: Almost entirely desolate and barren, with hills and mountains in E and along Nile. The Nile Valley, where most of the people live, stretches 550 miles. Capital: Cairo. Cities (1986 est.): Cairo 6,305,000; Alexandria 2,800,000; al-Jizah 1,600,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Hosni Mubarak; b. 1929; in office: Oct. 14, 1981. Head of Government: Atef Sedki in office: Nov. 10, 1986. Local divisions: 26 governorates. Defense: 9.2% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Textiles, chemicals, petrochemicals, food processing, cement. Chief crops: Cotton (one of largest producers), rice, beans, fruits, grains, vegetables, sugar, corn. Minerals: Oil, phosphates, gypsum, iron, manganese, limestone. Crude oil reserves(1987): 4 bln. bbls. Arable land: 4%. Livestock (1988): cattle: 1.9 mln.; sheep: 1.1 mln. Fish catch (1987): 250,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 42 bln. kwh. Labor force: 44% agric.; 22% services; 14% industry. Finance: Currency: Pound (June 1990: 2.66 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $25.6 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $490. Imports (1989): $7.3 bln.; partners: U.S. 19%, W. Ger. 10%, It. 8%, France 8%. Exports (1989): $2.6 bln.; partners: It. 22%, Rom. 12%. Tourists (1987): $1.5 bln. receipts.National budget (1987): $12.2 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $1.5 bln.Gold: 2.43 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 21.3%. Transport: Railway traffic (1986): 28.3 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 783,000 passenger cars, 371,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1987): 4.4 bln. passenger-km.; 10 airports.Chief ports: Alexandria, Port Said, Suez. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 13 persons.Radios: 1 per 3.9 persons. Telephones: 1 per 34 persons.Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 88 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 59 male; 60 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 35.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 10. Natural increase: 2.5%. Hospital beds: 1 per 505 persons. Physicians: 1 per 616 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 93. Education (1988): Literacy: 44%. Compulsory ages 6-12. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, World Bank, GATT), OAU. Embassy: 2310 Decatur Pl. NW 20008; 232-5400. Archeological records of ancient Egyptian civilization date back to 4000 BC. A unified kingdom arose around 3200 BC, and extended its way south into Nubia and north as far as Syria. A high culture of rulers and priests was built on an economic base of serfdom, fertile soil, and annual flooding of the Nile banks. Imperial decline facilitated conquest by Asian invaders (Hyksos, Assyrians). The last native dynasty fell in 341 BC to the Persians, who were in turn replaced by Greeks (Alexander and the Ptolemies), Romans, Byzantines, and Arabs, who introduced Islam and the Arabic language. The ancient Egyptian language is preserved only in the liturgy of the Coptic Christians. Egypt was ruled as part of larger Islamic empires for several centuries. The Mamluks, a military caste of Caucasian origin, ruled Egypt from 1250 until defeat by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Under Turkish sultans the khedive as hereditary viceroy had wide authority. Britain intervened in 1882 and took control of administration, though nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. The country was a British protectorate from 1914 to 1922. A 1936 treaty strengthened Egyptian autonomy, but Britain retained bases in Egypt and a condominium over the Sudan. Britain fought German and Italian armies from Egypt, 1940-42, but Egypt did not declare war against Germany until 1945. In 1951 Egypt abrogated the 1936 treaty. The Sudan became independent in 1956. The uprising of July 23, 1952, led by the Society of Free Officers, named Maj. Gen. Mohammed Naguib commander in chief and forced King Farouk to abdicate. When the republic was proclaimed June 18, 1953, Naguib became its first president and premier. Lt. Col. Gamal Abdel Nasser removed Naguib and became premier in 1954. In 1956, he was voted president. Nasser died in 1970 and was replaced by Vice Pres. Anwar Sadat. The Aswan High Dam, completed 1971, provides irrigation for more than a million acres of land. Artesian wells, drilled in the Western Desert, reclaimed 43,000 acres, 1960-66. When the state of Israel was proclaimed in 1948, Egypt joined other Arab nations invading Israel and was defeated. After terrorist raids across its border, Israel invaded Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, Oct. 29, 1956. Egypt rejected a cease-fire demand by Britain and France; on Oct. 31 the 2 nations dropped bombs and on Nov. 5-6 landed forces. Egypt and Israel accepted a UN cease-fire; fighting ended Nov. 7. A UN Emergency Force guarded the 117-mile long border between Egypt and Israel until May 19, 1967, when it was withdrawn at Nasser's demand. Egyptian troops entered the Gaza Strip and the heights of Sharm el Sheikh and 3 days later closed the Strait of Tiran to all Israeli shipping. Full-scale war broke out June 5 and before it ended under a UN cease-fire June 10, Israel had captured Gaza and the Sinai Peninsula, controlled the east bank of the Suez Canal and reopened the gulf. Sporadic fighting with Israel broke out late in 1968 and continued almost daily, 1969-70. Military and economic aid was received from the USSR. Israel and Egypt agreed, Aug. 7, 1970, to a cease-fire and peace negotiations proposed by the U.S. Negotiations failed to achieve results, but the cease-fire continued. In a surprise attack Oct. 6, 1973, Egyptian forces crossed the Suez Canal into the Sinai. (At the same time, Syrian forces attacked Israelis on the Golan Heights.) Egypt was supplied by a USSR military airlift; the U.S. responded with an airlift to Israel. Israel counter-attacked, crossed the canal, surrounded Suez City. A UN cease-fire took effect Oct. 24. A disengagement agreement was signed Jan. 18, 1974. Under it, Israeli forces withdrew from the canal's W bank; limited numbers of Egyptian forces occupied a strip along the E bank. A second accord was signed in 1975, with Israel yielding Sinai oil fields. Pres. Sadat's surprise visit to Jerusalem, Nov. 1977, opened the prospect of peace with Israel, but worsened relations with Libya. On Mar. 26, 1979, Egypt and Israel signed a formal peace treaty, ending 30 years of war, and establishing diplomatic relations. Israel returned control of the Sinai to Egypt in April 1982. Tension between Moslem fundamentalists and Christians in 1981 caused street riots and culminated in a nationwide security crackdown in Sept. Pres Sadat was assassinated on Oct. 6. Relations with the U.S. were strained in 1985 because of the U.S. interception of an Egyptian airliner carrying the hijackers of the Achille Lauro. The Suez Canal, 103 mi. long, links the Mediterranean and Red seas. It was built by a French corporation 1859-69, but Britain obtained controlling interest in 1875. The last British troops were removed June 13, 1956. On July 26, Egypt nationalized the canal. Egypt had barred Israeli ships and cargoes destined for Israel since 1948, and closed the canal to all shipping after the 1967 Arab-Israeli War. The canal was reopened in 1975. El Salvador Republic of El Salvador Republica de El Salvador People: Population (1990 est.): 5,221,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14; 45.3; 15-59: 51; 60+: 4.7. Pop. density: 671 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 47%. Ethnic groups: Mestizo 89%, Indian 10%. Languages: Spanish, Nahuatl (among some Indians). Religions: Roman Catholic 93%. Geography: Area: 8,260 sq. mi., the size of Massachusetts. Location: In Central America.Neighbors: Guatemala on W, Honduras on N. Topography:A hot Pacific coastal plain in the south rises to a cooler plateau and valley region, densely populated. The N is mountainous, including many volcanoes. Capital: San Salvador. Cities (1987 est.): San Salvador 1.4 mln. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres., Alfredo Cristiani; b. Nov, 22, 1947; in office: June 1, 1989. Local divisions: 14 departments. Defense: 3.9% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Food and beverages, textiles, petroleum products. Chief crops: Coffee (21% of GNP), cotton, corn, sugar. Other resources: Rubber, forests.Arable land: 27%. Livestock (1988): cattle: 1.1 mln.; pigs: 440,000.Electricity prod. (1988): 1.7 bln. kwh. Labor force: 40% agric.; 16% ind.; 27% services. Finance: Currency: Colon (Mar. 1990: 5.00 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $4.1 bln. Per capita income (1986): $700. Imports (1987): $1.9 bln.; partners: U.S. 39%, CACM 22%. Exports (1987): $1.1 bln.; partners: U.S. 49%, CACM 23%.National budget (1987): $642 mln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $237 mln. Gold: 469,000 oz t.Consumer prices (change in 1989): 17.6%. Transport: Railway traffic (1986): 4.9 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 138,000 passenger cars, 23,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: La Union, Acajutla. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 12 persons. Radios: 1 per 2.6 persons. Telephones:1 per 36 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 65 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1985): 62.6 male; 66.3 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 33.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 8. Natural increase: 2.5%. Hospital beds: 1 per 1,129 persons. Physicians: 1 per 2,891 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 62. Education (1987): Literacy: 62% (urban areas); 40% (rural areas). Years compulsory: 6. Attendance: 82%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, WHO, ILO), OAS, CACM. Embassy: 2308 California St. NW 20008; 265-3480. El Salvador became independent of Spain in 1821, and of the Central American Federation in 1839. A fight with Honduras in 1969 over the presence of 300,000 Salvadorean workers left 2,000 dead. Clashes were renewed 1970 and 1974. A military coup overthrew the Romero government, 1979, but the ruling military-civilian junta failed to quell the civil war which has resulted in some 50,000 deaths. Some 10,000 leftists insurgents, armed by Cuba and Nicaragua, control about 25% of the country, mostly in the east. Extreme right-wing death squads organized to eliminate suspected leftists were blamed for over 1,000 deaths in 1983. The Reagan administration has staunchly supported the government with military aid. Voters turned out in large numbers in the May 1984 presidential election. Christian Democrat Jose Napoleon Duarte, a moderate, was victorious with 54% of the vote. Duarte was diagnosed as having terminal cancer in 1988. Lefist guerrillas continued their offensive in 1990 as the civil war entered its 10th year. Nine soldiers, including 3 officers, were indicted Jan. 1990 in the Nov. 1989 slaying of 6 Jesuit priests at a university in San Salvador. Equatorial Guinea Republic of Equatorial Guinea Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial People: Population (1990 est.): 360,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 38.1; 15-59: 55.2; 60+: 6.7. Pop. density: 35 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups:Fangs 80%, Bubi 15%. Languages: Spanish (official), Fang, English. Religions: Mostly Roman Catholic. Geography: Area: 10,832 sq. mi., the size of Maryland. Location: Bioko Is. off W. Africa coast in Gulf of Guinea, and Rio Muni, mainland enclave.Neighbors: Gabon on S, Cameroon on E, N. Topography: Bioko Is. consists of 2 volcanic mountains and a connecting valley. Rio Muni, with over 90% of the area, has a coastal plain and low hills beyond. Capital: Malabo. Cities (1989 est.): Malabo 38,000. Government: Type: Unitary Republic.Head of state: Pres., Supreme Military Council Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo; b. June 5, 1942; in office: Oct. 10, 1979. Head of government: Prime Min. Cristino Seriche Bioko. Local divisions: 7 provinces. Economy: Chief crops: Cocoa, coffee, bananas, sweet potatoes. Other resources: Timber. Arable land: 8%. Electricity prod. (1989): 17 mln. kwh. Labor force: agric. 50%; public sector 40%. Finance: Currency: Bipkwele (Mar. 1990: 284 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $130 mln.Per capita income (1987): $300. Imports (1987): $50 mln.; partners: Spain 54%, China 17%. Exports (1987): $39 mln.; partners: Sp. 40%, Neth. 28%, W. Ger. 23%. Transport: Chief ports: Malabo, Bata. Communications: Radios: 1 per 3.5 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 44.0 male; 48.0 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 38.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 19. Natural increase:1.9% Hospital beds (1982): 3,200. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 125. Education (1989): Literacy: 55%. About 65% attend primary school. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, World Bank), OAU. Embassy: 801 2d Ave., New York, NY 10017; (212) 599-1523. Fernando Po (now Bioko) Island was discovered by Portugal in the late 15th century and ceded to Spain in 1778. Independence came Oct. 12, 1968. Riots occurred in 1969 over disputes between the island and the more backward Rio Muni province on the mainland. Masie Nguema Biyogo, himself from the mainland, became president for life in 1972. Masie's 11-year reign was one of the most brutal in Africa, resulting in a bankrupted nation. Most of the nation's 7,000 Europeans emigrated. In 1976, 45,000 Nigerian workers were evacuated amid charges of a reign of terror. Masie was ousted in a military coup, Aug., 1979. The nation is heavily dependent on external aid. Ethiopia People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ye Etiyop'iya Hezbawi Dimokrasiyawi Republek People: Population (1990 est.): 51,375,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 46.5; 15-59: 47.3; 60+: 6.2. Pop. density: 101 per sq. mi. Urban (1989): 11%. Ethnic groups: Oromo 40%, Amhara 25%, Tigre 12%, Sidama 9%. Languages: Amharic (official), Tigre (Semitic languages); Galla (Hamitic), Arabic, others.Religions: Orthodox Christian 40%, Moslem 40%. Geography: Area: 471,776 sq. mi., four-fifths the size of Alaska. Location: In E. Africa. Neighbors:Sudan on W, Kenya on S. Somalia, Djibouti on E.Topography: A high central plateau, between 6,000 and 10,000 ft. high, rises to higher mountains near the Great Rift Valley, cutting in from the SW. The Blue Nile and other rivers cross the plateau, which descends to plains on both W and SE. Capital:Addis Ababa. Cities (1984 est.): Addis Ababa 1,412,000. Government: Type: Communist state.Head of state: Pres. Mengistu Haile Mariam; b. 1937; in office: Feb. 11, 1977. Head of Government: Prime Min. Hailuyemeneu; in office: Nov. 8, 1989.Local divisions:24 administrative zones, 5 autonomous regions. Defense: 8% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Food processing, cement, textiles. Chief crops: Coffee (61% export earnings), grains. Minerals: Platinum, gold, copper, potash.Arable Land: 13%. Livestock (1988): cattle: 23.4 mln.; sheep: 17.5 mln. Electricity prod. (1987): 765 mln. kwh.Labor force: 90% agric. Finance: Currency: Birr (Mar. 1990: 2.07 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $5.7 bln. Per capita income (1986): $121. Imports (1989): $1.2 bln.; partners: USSR 22%, U.S. 15%, Italy 10%, Jap. 6%, W.Ger. 10%. Exports (1988): $429 mln.; partners: U.S. 20%, W. Ger. 18%, Italy 7%. National budget (1987): $2.0 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $33 mln. Gold: 162,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 7.1%. Transport: Railway traffic (1986): 350 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 41,300 passenger cars, 19,000 comm. vehicles.Civil aviation (1987): 553 mln. passenger-km; 37 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Masewa, Aseb. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 679 persons.Radios: 1 per 5.5 persons. Telephones: 1 per 341 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 1 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 50 male; 53 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 45. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 15. Natural increase: 3.1%. Hospital beds:1 per 3,873 persons. Physicians: 1 per 36,660 persons.Infant mortality(per 1,000 live births 1989): 113. Education (1985): Literacy: 18%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, WHO), OAU. Embassy: 2134 Kalorama Rd. NW 20008; 234-2281. Ethiopian culture was influenced by Egypt and Greece. The ancient monarchy was invaded by Italy in 1880, but maintained its independence until another Italian invasion in 1936. British forces freed the country in 1941. The last emperor, Haile Selassie I, established a parliament and judiciary system in 1931, but barred all political parties. A series of droughts since 1972 have killed hundreds of thousands. An army mutiny, strikes, and student demonstrations led to the dethronement of Selassie in 1974. The ruling junta pledged to form a one-party socialist state, and instituted a successful land reform; opposition was violently suppressed. The influence of the Coptic Church, embraced in 330 AD, was curbed, and the monarchy was abolished in 1975. The regime, torn by bloody coups, faced uprisings by tribal and political groups in part aided by Sudan and Somalia. Ties with the U.S., once a major arms and aid source, deteriorated, while cooperation accords were signed with the USSR in 1977. In 1978, Soviet advisors and Cuban troops helped defeat Somalia forces. Ethiopia and Somalia signed a peace agreement in 1988. A world-wide relief effort began in 1984, as an extended drought caused millions to face starvation and death. In 1988, victories by Eritean guerrillas forced the government to curtail the work of foreign aid workers in drought-stricken regions. Foreign relief officials expressed the fear that suspension of their operations would lead to the starvation death of hundreds of thousands. Fiji Republic of Fiji People: Population (1990 est.): 772,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 38.2; 15-59: 56.9; 60+: 4.9. Pop. density: 107 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 39%. Ethnic groups: Indian 48%, Fijian (Melanesian-Polynesian) 46%, Europeans 2%. Languages: English (official), Fijian, Hindustani. Religions: Christian 52%, Hindu 38%, Moslem 8%. Geography: Area: 7,056 sq. mi., the size of Massachusetts. Location: In western S. Pacific O.Neighbors: Nearest are Solomons on NW, Tonga on E.Topography: 322 islands (106 inhabited), many mountainous, with tropical forests and large fertile areas. Viti Levu, the largest island, has over half the total land area.Capital: Suva. Cities (1986 est.): Suva 69,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Penaia Ganilau; in office: Dec. 5, 1987. Head of government: Prime Min. Kamisese Mara; b. May 13, 1920; in office: Oct. 10, 1970. Local divisions: 4 divisions, 1 dependency. Economy: Industries: Sugar refining, light industry, tourism. Chief crops: Sugar, bananas, ginger.Minerals: Gold. Other resources: Timber. Arable land:8%. Electricity prod. (1988): 325 mln. kwh. Labor force: 44% agric. Finance: Currency: Dollar (Mar. 1990: 1.54 = $1.00 US). Gross national product (1987): $1.1 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $1,680. Imports (1988): $462 mln.; partners: Austral. 29%, Jap. 12%, N.Z. 19%. Exports (1988): $307 mln.; partners: UK 32%, Aust. 25%. Tourists (1988): $180 mln. receipts. National budget (1987): $340 mln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1989): $216 mln. Gold: 10,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 6.2%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 34,000 passenger cars, 24,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 540 mln. passenger-km; 18 airports with scheduled flights.Chief ports: Suva, Lautoka. Communications: Radios: 1 per 1.7 persons.Telephones: 1 per 12 persons. Daily newspaper circ.(1985): 76 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1987): 68.0 male; 72.4 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 28. Deaths(per 1,000 pop. 1989): 5. Natural increase: 2.3%. Hospital beds: 1 per 417 persons.Physicians: 1 per 2,649 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 19. Education (1985): Literacy: 80%. 95% attend school. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, WHO), Commonwealth of Nations. Embassy: 2233 Wisconsin Ave. NW 20007; 337-8320. A British colony since 1874, Fiji became an independent parliamentary democracy Oct. 10, 1970. Cultural differences between the majority Indian community, descendants of contract laborers brought to the islands in the 19th century, and the less modernized native Fijians, who by law own 83% of the land in communal villages, have led to political polarization. The discovery of copper on Viti Levu along with increased sugar production bode well for the economy. In 1987, a military coup ousted the government; order was restored May 21 when a compromise was reached granting Lt. Col. Sitiveni Rabuka, the coup's leader, increased power. Rabuka staged a second coup Sept. 25 and in Oct. declared Fiji a republic. A civilian government was restored to power in Dec. Finland Republic of Finland Suomen Tasavalta People: Population (1990 est.): 4,977,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 19.3; 15-59: 62.9; 60+: 17.8. Pop. density: 38 per sq. mi. Urban (1989): 61%. Ethnic groups: Finns 94%, Swedes, Lapps.Languages: Finnish, Swedish (both official).Religions: Lutheran 97%. Geography: Area: 130,119 sq. mi., slightly smaller than Montana. Location: In northern Europe. Neighbors: Norway on N, Sweden on W, USSR on E. Topography: South and central Finland are mostly flat areas with low hills and many lakes. The N has mountainous areas, 3,000-4,000 ft. Capital: Helsinki. Cities (1988 est.). Helsinki 487,000; Tampere 170,000; Turku 160,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Mauno Koivisto; b. Nov. 25, 1923; in office: Jan. 27, 1982. Head of government:Prime Min. Harri Holkeri: b. Jan. 6, 1937; in office: Apr. 30, 1987. Local divisions: 12 laanit (provinces). Defense: 1.6% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Machinery, metal, shipbuilding, textiles, clothing. Chief crops: Grains, potatoes, dairy prods. Minerals: Copper, iron, zinc. Other resources: Forests (40% of exports). Arable land: 8%. Livestock(1988): cattle; 1.5 mln. pigs: 1.3 mln. Fish catch (1987): 160,000 metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 47.8 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 2.7 min. metric tons. Labor force: 11% agric.; 46% ind. & comm.; 28% services. Finance: Currency: Markkaa (June 1990: 3.97 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $96.9 bln.Per capita income (1986): $11,900. Imports (1989): $24.4 bln.; partners: USSR 14%, Swed. 12%, W. Ger. 18%, UK 7%. Exports (1989): $23.2 bln.; partners: USSR 15%, Swed. 13%, UK 11%, W. Ger. 11%. Tourists(1988): $1.0 bln. receipts. National budget (1988): $28.1 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $7.8 bln. Gold 1.9 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 6.6%. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 3.1 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1989): 1.7 mln. passenger cars, 238,000 comm. vehicles; Civil aviation (1988): 4.0 bln. passenger-km; 21 airports. Chief ports: Helsinki, Turku. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 2.7 persons.Radios: 1 per person. Telephones: 1 per 2.1 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 543 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 71 male; 79 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 12.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 10. Natural increase: .02%. Hospital beds: 1 per 81 persons. Physicians: 1 per 453 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 6. Education (1988): Literacy: 99%. Years compulsory: 9. Attendance: 99%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, GATT), EFTA, OECD. Embassy: 3216 New Mexico Ave. NW 20016; 363-2430. The early Finns probably migrated from the Ural area at about the beginning of the Christian era. Swedish settlers brought the country into Sweden, 1154 to 1809, when Finland became an autonomous grand duchy of the Russian Empire. Russian exactions created a strong national spirit; on Dec. 6, 1917, Finland declared its independence and in 1919 became a republic. On Nov. 30, 1939, the Soviet Union invaded, and the Finns were forced to cede 16,173 sq. mi., including the Karelian Isthmus, Viipuri, and an area on Lake Ladoga. After World War II, in which Finland tried to recover its lost territory, further cessions were exacted. In 1948, Finland signed a treaty of mutual assistance with the USSR. In 1956 Russia returned Porkkala, which had been ceded as a military base. Finland is an integral member of the Nordic group of five countries and maintains good relations with the Soviet Union. Aland, constituting an autonomous department, is a group of small islands, 572 sq. mi., in the Gulf of Bothnia, 25 mi. from Sweden, 15 mi. from Finland. Mariehamn is the principal port. France French Republic Republique Francaise People: Population (1990 est.): 56,184,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 20.5; 15-60: 60.8; 60+: 18.7. Pop. density: 252 per sq. mi. Urban(1985): 77.2%. Ethnic groups: A mixture of various European and Mediterranean groups. Languages: French; minorities speak Breton, Alsatian German, Flemish, Italian, Basque, Catalan. Religions: Mostly Roman Catholic. Geography: Area: 220,668 sq. mi., four-fifths the size of Texas. Location: In western Europe, between Atlantic O. and Mediterranean Sea. Neighbors: Spain on S, Italy, Switzerland, W. Germany on E, Luxembourg, Belgium on N. Topography: A wide plain covers more than half of the country, in N and W, drained to W by Seine, Loire, Garonne rivers. The Massif Central is a mountainous plateau in center. In E are Alps (Mt. Blanc is tallest in W. Europe, 15,771 ft.), the lower Jura range, and the forested Vosges. The Rhone flows from Lake Geneva to Mediterranean. Pyrenees are in SW, on border with Spain. Capital: Paris. Cities (1982 cen.): Paris 2,188,918; Marseille 878,689; Lyon 418,476; Toulouse 354,289; Nice 338,486; Nantes 247,227; Strasbourg 252,264; Bordeaux 211,197. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Francois Mitterrand; b. Oct. 26, 1916; in office: May 21, 1981. Head of government: Prime Min. Michel Rocard; b. Aug. 23, 1930; in office: May 10, 1988. Local divisions: 22 administrative regions containing 95 departments.Defense: 4% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Steel, chemicals, autos, textiles, wine, perfume, aircraft, electronic equipment. Chief crops: Grains, corn, rice, fruits, vegetables. France is largest food producer, exporter, in W. Eur. Minerals: Bauxite, iron, coal. Crude oil reserves (1985): 221 mln. bbls. Other resources: Forests. Arable land: 32%. Livestock(1988): cattle: 21.1 mln.; pigs: 12.5 mln.; sheep: 10.3 mln.Fish catch (1988): 843,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 384 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 18.9 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 9% agric.; 45% ind. & comm.; 46% services. Finance: Currency: Franc (June 1990: 5.57 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988). $943 mln. Per capita income (1986): $13,046. Imports (1989): $193 bln.; partners: EC 51%. Exports (1989): $179 bln.; partners: EC 50%, U.S. 9%.Tourists (1987) receipts: $12.0 bln. National budget (1988): $208 bln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Feb. 1990): $24.8 bln. Gold: 81.85 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 3.5%. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 63.2 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 21.9 mln. passenger cars, 3.9 mln. Civil aviation (1988): 40.0 bln. passenger-km; 69 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Marseille, LeHavre, Nantes, Bordeaux, Rouen. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 2.5 persons. Radios: 1 per 1.1 persons. Telephones: 1 per 1.7 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 205 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 72 male; 80 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 14.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 10. Natural increase:.3%. Hospital beds: 1 per 80 persons. Physicians: 1 per 399 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 8.2. Education (1989): Literacy: 99%. Years compulsory: 10. Major International Organizations: UN and most of its specialized agencies, OECD, EC, NATO. Embassy: 4101 Reservoir Rd. NW 20007; 944-6000. Celtic Gaul was conquered by Julius Caesar 58-51 BC; Romans ruled for 500 years. Under Charlemagne, Frankish rule extended over much of Europe. After his death France emerged as one of the successor kingdoms. The monarchy was overthrown by the French Revolution (1789-93) and succeeded by the First Republic; followed by the First Empire under Napoleon (1804-15), a monarchy (1814-48), the Second Republic (1848-52), the Second Empire (1852-70), the Third Republic (1871-1946), the Fourth Republic (1946-58), and the Fifth Republic (1958 to present). France suffered severe losses in manpower and wealth in the first World War, 1914-18, when it was invaded by Germany. By the Treaty of Versailles, France exacted return of Alsace and Lorraine, French provinces seized by Germany in 1871. Germany invaded France again in May, 1940, and signed an armistice with a government based in Vichy. After France was liberated by the Allies Sept. 1944, Gen. Charles de Gaulle became head of the provisional government, serving until 1946. De Gaulle again became premier in 1958, during a crisis over Algeria, and obtained voter approval for a new constitution, ushering in the Fifth Republic. Using strong executive powers, he promoted French economic and technological advances in the context of the European Economic Community, and guarded French foreign policy independence. France had withdrawn from Indochina in 1954, and from Morocco and Tunisia in 1956. Most of its remaining African territories were freed 1958-62, but France retained strong economic and political ties. In 1966, France withdrew all its troops from the integrated military command of NATO, though 60,000 remained stationed in Germany. France continued to attend political meetings of NATO. In May 1968 rebellious students in Paris and other centers rioted, battled police, and were joined by workers who launched nationwide strikes. The government awarded pay increases to the strikers May 26. In elections to the Assembly in June, de Gaulle's backers won a landslide victory. Nevertheless, he resigned from office in April, 1969, after losing a nationwide referendum on constitutional reform. De Gaulle's policies were largely continued after his death in 1970. On May 10, 1981, France elected Francois Mitterrand, a Socialist candidate, president in a stunning victory over Valery Giscard d'Estaing. In September, the government nationalized 5 major industries and most private banks. In 1986, France began a privatization program in which some 80 state-owned companies would be sold. Mitterrand was elected to a 2d 7-year term in 1988. Agents of France's external security service were responsible for the July 10, 1985 sinking of the Rainbow Warrior, flagship of the Greenpeace environmental movement, in the port of Auckland, New Zealand. The island of Corsica, in the Mediterranean W of Italy and N of Sardinia, is an official region of France comprising 2 departments. Area: 3,369 sq. mi.; pop. (1986 est.): 248,000. The capital is Ajaccio, birthplace of Napoleon. Overseas Departments French Guiana is on the NE coast of South America with Suriname on the W and Brazil on the E and S. Its area is 43,740 sq. mi.; pop. (1989): 94,000. Guiana sends one senator and one deputy to the French Parliament. Guiana is administered by a prefect and has a Council General of 16 elected members; capital is Cayenne. The famous penal colony, Devil's Island, was phased out between 1938 and 1951. Immense forests of rich timber cover 90% of the land. Placer gold mining is the most important industry. Exports are shrimp, timber, and machinery. Guadeloupe, in the West Indies' Leeward Islands, consists of 2 large islands, Basse-Terre and Grande-Terre, separated by the Salt River, plus Marie Galante and the Saintes group to the S and, to the N, Desirade, St. Barthelemy, and over half of St. Martin (the Netherlands portion is St. Maarten). A French possession since 1635, the department is represented in the French Parliament by 2 senators and 3 deputies; administration consists of a prefect (governor) and an elected general and regional councils. Area of the islands is 660 sq. mi.; pop. (1989 est.) 340,000, mainly descendants of slaves; capital is Basse-Terre on Basse-Terre Is. The land is fertile; sugar, rum, and bananas are exported; tourism is an important industry. Martinique, the northernmost of the Windward Islands, in the West Indies, has been a possession since 1635, and a department since March, 1946. It is represented in the French Parliament by 2 senators and 3 deputies. The island was the birthplace of Napoleon's Empress Josephine. It has an area of 425 sq. mi.; pop. (1988 est.) 336,000, mostly descendants of slaves. The capital is Fort-de-France (pop. 1988: 117,000). It is a popular tourist stop. The chief exports are rum, bananas, and petroleum products. Mayotte, formerly part of Comoros, voted in 1976 to become an overseas department of France. An island NW of Madagascar, area is 144 sq. mi., pop. (1988 est.) 77,000. Reunion is a volcanic island in the Indian O. about 420 mi. E of Madagascar, and has belonged to France since 1665. Area, 969 sq. mi.; pop. (1988 est.) 575,000, 30% of French extraction. Capital: Saint-Denis. The chief export is sugar. It elects 3 deputies, 2 senators to the French Parliament. St. Pierre and Miquelon, formerly an Overseas Territory, made the transition to department status in 1976. It consists of 2 groups of rocky islands near the SW coast of Newfoundland, inhabited by fishermen. The exports are chiefly fish products. The St. Pierre group has an area of 10 sq. mi.; Miquelon, 83 sq. mi. Total pop. (1987 est.), 6,300. The capital is St. Pierre. A deputy and a senator are elected to the French Parliament. Overseas Territories French Polynesia Overseas Territory, comprises 130 islands widely scattered among 5 archipelagos in the South Pacific; administered by a governor. Territorial Assembly and a Council with headquarters at Papeete, Tahiti, one of the Society Islands (which include the Windwardand Leeward islands). A deputy and a senator are elected to the French Parliament. Other groups are the Marquesas Islands, theTuamotu Archipelago, including the Gambier Islands, and the Austral Islands. Total area of the islands administered from Tahiti is 1,544 sq. mi.; pop. (1987 est.), 185,000, more than half on Tahiti. Tahiti is picturesque and mountainous with a productive coastline bearing coconut, banana and orange trees, sugar cane and vanilla. Tahiti was visited by Capt. James Cook in 1769 and by Capt. Bligh in the Bounty, 1788-89. Its beauty impressed Herman Melville, Paul Gauguin, and Charles Darwin. French Southern and Antarctic Lands Overseas Territory, comprises Adelie Land, on Antarctica, and 4 island groups in the Indian O. Adelie, discovered 1840, has a research station, a coastline of 185 mi. and tapers 1,240 mi. inland to the South Pole. The U.S. does not recognize national claims in Antarctica. There are 2 huge glaciers, Ninnis, 22 mi. wide, 99 mi. long, and Mentz, 11 mi. wide, 140 mi. long. The Indian O. groups are: Kerguelen Archipelago, discovered 1772, one large and 300 small islands. The chief is 87 mi. long, 74 mi. wide, and has Mt. Ross, 6,429 ft. tall. Principal research station is Port-aux-Francais. Seals often weigh 2 tons; there are blue whales, coal, peat, semi-precious stones. Crozet Archipelago, discovered 1772, covers 195 sq. mi. Eastern Island rises to 6,560 ft. Saint Paul, in southern Indian O., has warm springs with earth at places heating to 120 deg to 390 deg F. Amsterdam is nearby; both produce cod and rock lobster. New Caledonia and its dependencies, an overseas territory, are a group of islands in the Pacific O. about 1,115 mi. E of Australia and approx. the same distance NW of New Zealand. Dependencies are the Loyalty Islands, theIsle of Pines, Huon Islands and the Chesterfield Islands. New Caledonia, the largest, has 6,530 sq. mi. Total area of the territory is 8,548 sq. mi.; population (1988 est.) 156,000. The group was acquired by France in 1853. The territory is administered by a governor and government council. There is a popularly elected Territorial Assembly. A deputy and a senator are elected to the French Parliament. Capital: Noumea. Mining is the chief industry. New Caledonia is one of the world's largest nickel producers. Other minerals found are chrome, iron, cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead, and copper. Agricultural products include coffee, copra, cotton, manioc (cassava), corn, tobacco, bananas and pineapples. In 1987, New Caledonian voters chose by referendum to remain within the French Republic. There were clashes between French and Melanesians (Kanaks) in 1988. Wallis and Futuna Islands, 2 archipelagos raised to status of overseas territory July 29, 1961, are in the SW Pacific S of the Equator between Fiji and Samoa. The islands have a total area of 106 sq. mi. and population (1987 est.) of 14,800. Alofi, attached to Futuna, is uninhabited. Capital: Mata-Utu. Chief products are copra, yams, taro roots, bananas. A senator and a deputy are elected to the French Parliament. Gabon Gabonese Republic Republique Gabonaise People: Population (1990 est.): 1,069,000. Pop. density:11 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 40%. Ethnic groups: Fangs 25%, Bapounon 10%, others. Languages: French (official), Bantu dialects. Religions: Tribal beliefs, Christian minority. Geography: Area: 103,346 sq. mi., the size of Colorado. Location: On Atlantic coast of central Africa. Neighbors: Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon on N, Congo on E, S. Topography: Heavily forested, the country consists of coastal lowlands plateaus in N, E, and S, mountains in N, SE, and center. The Ogooue R. system covers most of Gabon.Capital: Libreville. Cities (1987 est.): Libreville 352,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Omar Bongo; b. Dec. 30, 1935; in office: Dec. 2, 1967. Head of government:Prime Min. Leon Mebiame, b. Sept. 1, 1934; in office: Apr. 16, 1975. Local divisions: 9 provinces.Defense: 4.8% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Oil products. Chief crops:Cocoa, coffee, rice, peanuts, palm products, cassava, bananas. Minerals: Manganese, uranium, oil, iron, gas. Crude oil reserves (1985): 623 mln. bbls. Other resources: Timber. Arable land: 2%. Electricity prod. (1986): 981 mln. kwh. Labor force: 65% agric.; 30% ind. & comm. Finance: Currency: CFA franc (Mar. 1990: 284 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987) $2.8 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $2,890. Imports (1988): $930 mln.; partners: Fr. 51%, U.S. 14%.Exports (1987): $1.7 bln.; partners: Fr. 26%, U.S. 25%. Tourists receipts (1987): $5 mln. National budget (1987): $1.2 bln. International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $1.7 mln. Gold: 13,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1987): -.09%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 16,000 passenger cars, 10,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1986): 417 mln. passengers -km. Chief ports Port-Gentil, Owendo, Mayumba. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 33 persons. Radios: 1 per 12 persons. Telephones:1 per 81 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1985): 48.0 male; 51.4 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 28. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 15. Natural increase: 1.4%. Hospital beds (1985): 4,617. Physicians (1985): 265.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 108. Education (1988): Literacy: 70%. Compulsory to age 16; Attendance: 100% primary, 14% secondary. Major International Organizations: UN (World Bank), OAU, OPEC. Embassy: 2034 20th St NW 20009; 797-1000. France established control over the region in the second half of the 19th century. Gabon became independent Aug. 17, 1960. It is one of the most prosperous black African countries, thanks to abundant natural resources, foreign private investment, and government development programs. The Gambia Republic of The Gambia People: Population (1990 est.): 820,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 45.9; 15-59: 54.4; 60+: 3.8. Pop. density: 192 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 21%. Ethnic groups: Mandinka 42%, Fula 16%, Wolof 16%, others. Languages: English (official), Mandinka, Wolof. Religions: Moslem 90%. Geography: Area: 4,361 sq. mi., smaller than Connecticut. Location: On Atlantic coast near western tip of Africa. Neighbors: Surrounded on 3 sides by Senegal. Topography: A narrow strip of land on each side of the lower Gambia. Capital: Banjul. Cities(1986 est.): Banjul 40,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Dawda Kairaba Jawara; b. May 16, 1924; in office: Apr. 24, 1970 (prime min. from June 12, 1962). Local divisions: 5 divisions and Banjul. Economy: Industries: Tourism. Chief crops: Peanuts (main export), rice. Arable land: 16%. Fish catch (1988): 14,000 metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 63 mln. kwh. Labor force:75% agric.; 18% ind. & comm. Finance: Currency: Dalasi (Mar. 1990: 8.33 = $1.00 US). Gross national product (1988): $145 mln. Per capita income (1985): $255. Imports (1987): $127 mln.; partners: EEC 53%. Exports (1987): $40 mln.; partners: EEC 45%. Tourists (1987): 36,000. National budget(1985): $57 mln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1988): $15.5 mln. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 8.3%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 5,200 passenger cars, 720 comm. vehicles. Chief ports:Banjul. Communications: Radios: 1 per 6.1 persons.Telephones: 1 per 216 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 39 male; 44 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 48. Deaths(per 1,000 pop. 1989): 23. Natural increase: 2.5%. Hospital beds (1980): 635. Physicians(1980): 65. Infant mortality (per 100,000 live births 1989): 172. Education (1989): Literacy: 12%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO), OAU. Embassy: 19 E. 42 St., New York, NY 10017. The tribes of Gambia were at one time associated with the West African empires of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay. The area became Britain's first African possession in 1588. Independence came Feb. 18, 1965; republic status within the Commonwealth was achieved in 1970. Gambia is one of the only functioning democracies in Africa. The country suffered from severe famine in 1977-78. Gambia has a treaty with Senegal to form a confederation of the 2 countries under the name of Senegambia. However, each country will retain its sovereignty. Germany Now comprises 2 nations: Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Germany, prior to World War II, was a central European nation composed of numerous states which had a common language and traditions and which had been united in one country since 1871; since World War II it has been split in 2 parts. History and government. Germanic tribes were defeated by Julius Caesar, 55 and 53 BC, but Roman expansion N of the Rhine was stopped in 9 AD. Charlemagne, ruler of the Franks, consolidated Saxon, Bavarian, Rhenish, Frankish, and other lands; after him the eastern part became the German Empire. The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648, split Germany into small principalities and kingdoms. After Napoleon, Austria contended with Prussia for dominance, but lost the Seven Weeks' War to Prussia, 1866. Otto von Bismarck, Prussian chancellor, formed the North German Confederation, 1867. In 1870 Bismarck maneuvered Napoleon III into declaring war. After the quick defeat of France, Bismarck formed theGerman Empire and on Jan. 18, 1871, in Versailles, proclaimed King Wilhelm I of Prussia German emperor (Deutscher kaiser). The German Empire reached its peak before World War I in 1914, with 208,780 sq. mi., plus a colonial empire. After that war Germany ceded Alsace-Lorraine to France; West Prussia and Posen (Poznan) province to Poland; part of Schleswig to Denmark; lost all of its colonies and the ports of Memel and Danzig. Republic of Germany, 1919-1933, adopted the Weimar constitution; met reparation payments and elected Friedrich Ebert and Gen. Paul von Hindenburg presidents. Third Reich, 1933-1945, Adolf Hitler led the National Socialist German Workers' (Nazi) party after World War I. In 1923 he attempted to unseat the Bavarian government and was imprisoned. Pres. von Hindenburg named Hitler chancellor Jan. 30, 1933; on Aug. 3, 1934, the day after Hindenburg's death, the cabinet joined the offices of president and chancellor and made Hitler fuehrer (leader). Hitler abolished freedom of speech and assembly, and began a long series of persecutions climaxed by the murder of millions of Jews and opponents. Hitler repudiated the Versailles treaty and reparations agreements. He remilitarized the Rhineland 1936 and annexed Austria (Anschluss, 1938). At Munich he made an agreement with Neville Chamberlain, British prime minister, which permitted Hitler to annex part of Czechoslovakia. He signed a non-aggression treaty with the USSR, 1939. He declared war on Poland Sept. 1, 1939, precipitating World War II. With total defeat near, Hitler committed suicide in Berlin Apr. 1945. The victorious Allies voided all acts and annexations of Hitler's Reich. Postwar changes. The zones of occupation administered by the Allied Powers and later relinquished gave the USSR Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, and Mecklenburg, and the former Prussian provinces of Saxony and Brandenburg. The territory E of the Oder-Neisse line within 1937 boundaries comprising the provinces of Silesia, Pomerania, and the southern part of East Prussia, totaling about 41,220 sq. mi., was taken by Poland. Northern East Prussia was taken by the USSR. The Western Allies ended the state of war with Germany in 1951. The USSR did so in 1955. There was also created the area of Greater Berlin, within but not part of the Soviet zone, administered by the 4 occupying powers under the Allied Command. In 1948 the USSR withdrew, established its single command in East Berlin, and cut off supplies. The Allies utilized a gigantic airlift to bring food to West Berlin, 1948-1949. In Aug. 1961 the East Germans built a wall dividing Berlin, after over 3 million E. Germans had emigrated. On Nov. 9, 1989 the E. German government announced the decision to open the border with the West signaling the end of the infamous Berlin Wall. A New Era: A communism was being rejected in E. Germany, talks began concerning German reunification. At a meeting in Ottawa, Feb. 1990, the foreign ministers of the World War II "Big Four" Allied nations--U.S., USSR, UK, and France--as well as the foreign ministers of E. Germany and W. Germany reached agreement on a format for high-level talks on German reunification. In May, NATO ministers adopted a package of proposals on reunification including the inclusion of the united Germany as a full member of NATO, and the barring of the new Germany from having its own nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons. In July, the USSR agreed to conditions that would allow Germany to become a member of NATO. The 2 nations agreed to monetary unification under the W. German mark beginning in July. The merger of the 2 Germanys was to take place on Oct. 3, 1990, and the first all-German elections since 1933 were scheduled for Dec. 2. (See Chronology and Index for details.) East Germany People: Population (1990 est.): 16,578,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 19.2; 15-59: 61.5; 60+: 19.3. Pop. density: 400 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 76.6%. Ethnic groups: German 99%.Languages: German. Religions: Protestant 47%, Roman Catholic 7%; none 45%. Geography: Area: 41,768 sq. mi., the size of Virginia. Location: In E. Central Europe. Neighbors:W. Germany on W, Czechoslovakia on S, Poland on E.Topography: E. Germany lies mostly on the North German plains, with lakes in N, Harz Mtns., Elbe Valley, and sandy soil of Bradenburg in center, and highlands in S. Capital: East Berlin. Cities (1988 est.): East Berlin 1,260,000; Leipzig 549,000; Dresden 521,000. Government: Type: In transition. Head of state: Pres. Manfred Gerlach; in office: Dec. 6, 1989.Head of government:Prime Min. Lothar de Maiziere; b. Mar. 2, 1940; in office: Mar. 18, 1990. Local divisions: 14 districts. Defense: 7.3% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Steel, chemicals, electrical prods., textiles, machinery. Chief crops: Grains, potatoes, sugarbeets. Minerals: Potash, lignite, uranium, coal. Arable land: 47%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 5.8 mln.; pigs: 12.9 mln.; sheep: 2.5 mln. Fish catch (1988): 193,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 118 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 8.2 min metric tons. Labor force: 10% agric.; 42.5% ind. & construction. Finance: Currency: Mark (July 1990: 1.67 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $207.2 bln.Per capita income (1987): $10,000. Imports: (1987): $31 bln.; partners: USSR, E. Europe. Exports (1987): $30 bln.; partners: USSR, E. Europe. Tourists (1986): 1 mln. National budget (1986): $123 bln. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 22.4 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 3.6 min. passenger cars, 435,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1987): 2.8 bln. passenger-km; 4 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Rostack, Wismar, Stralsund. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 2.7 persons.Radios: 1 per 2.5 persons. Telephones: 1 per 4.3 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 559 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 70 male; 76 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 13.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 13. Natural increase:0.0%. Hospital beds: 1 per 99 persons.Physicians: 1 per 411 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 10. Education (1989): Literacy: 99%. Years compulsory:10. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, GATT), Warsaw Pact. Embassy: 1717 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20036; 232-3134. The German Democratic Republic was proclaimed in the Soviet sector of Berlin Oct. 7, 1949. It was proclaimed fully sovereign in 1954, but Soviet troops remain on grounds of security and the 4-power Potsdam agreement. Coincident with the entrance of W. Germany into the European Defense community in 1952, the East German government decreed a prohibited zone 3 miles deep along its 600-mile border with W. Germany and cut Berlin's telephone system in two. Berlin was further divided by erection of a fortified wall in 1961, but the exodus of refugees to the West continued, though on a smaller scale. E. Germany suffered severe economic problems until the mid-1960s. A "new economic system" was introduced, easing the former central planning controls and allowing factories to make profits provided they were reinvested in operations or redistributed to workers as bonuses. By the early 1970s, the economy was highly industrialized. In May 1972 the few remaining private firms were ordered sold to the government. The nation was credited with the highest standard of living among Warsaw Pact countries. But growth slowed in the late 1970s, due to shortages of natural resources and labor, and a huge debt to lenders in the West. Comparison with the lifestyle in the West caused many of the young to leave the country; some 40,000 in 1988. The government firmly resisted following the USSR's policy of glasnost, but by Oct. 1989, was faced with nationwide demonstrations demanding reform. Pres. Erich Honecker, in office since 1976, was forced to resign, Oct. 18. On Nov. 4, the border with Czechoslovakia was opened and permission granted for refugees to travel on to the West, On Nov. 9, the decision was made to open the border with the West, signaling the end of the "Berlin Wall," which separated the 2 Germanys and was the supreme emblem of the cold war. On the first weekend after the wall was opened, 3 million E. Germans crossed to visit the West. On Aug. 23, 1990, the E. German Parliament agreed to formal unification with W. Germany to take place on Oct. 3. The first all-German elections since 1933 were scheduled for Dec. 2.(See Chronology and Index for details.) West Germany Federal Republic of Germany Bundesrepublik Deutschland People: Population (1990 est.): 60,977,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 14.7; 15-59: 64.7; 60+: 20.6. Pop. density: 626 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 86%Ethnic groups: German 93%. Languages: German. Religions:Protestant 44%, Roman Catholic 47%. Geography: Area: 95,826 sq. mi. (incl. W. Berlin), the size of Wyoming. Location: In central Europe. Neighbors: Denmark on N, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France on W, Switzerland, Austria on S, Czechoslovakia, E. Germany on E.Topography: West Germany is flat in N, hilly in center and W, and mountainous in Bavaria. Chief rivers are Elbe, Weser, Ems, Rhine, and Main, all flowing toward North Sea, and Danube, flowing toward Black Sea. Capital: Bonn. Cities (1989 est.): Berlin 1.8 mln.; Hamburg 1.6 mln.; Munich 1.3 mln.; Cologne 919,000; Essen 622,000; Frankfurt 598,000; Dortmund 575,000; Dusseldorf 593,000; Stuttgart 561,000. Government: Type: Federal republic. Head of state:Pres. Richard von Weizsacker; b. Apr. 15, 1920; in office: May 23, 1984. Head of government:Chan. Helmut Kohl; b. Apr. 3, 1930; in office: Oct. 1, 1982. Local divisions: West Berlin and 10 laender (states) with substantial powers. Defense: 3.2% of GNP (1989). Economy: Industries: Steel, ships, vechicles, machinery, coal, chemicals. Chief crops: Grains, potatoes, sugar beets. Minerals: Coal, potash, lignite, iron. Crude oil reserves (1985): 289 mln. bbls. Arable land:30%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 14.8 mln.; pigs: 24.3 mln.; sheep: 1.2 mln. Fish catch (1987): 159,000 metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 439 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 41.0 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 5% agric.; 40% ind. & comm.; 54% services. Finance: Currency: Mark (July 1990: 1.67 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $1,208 bln.Per capita income (1988): $19,750. Imports (1988): $250 bln.; partners: EC 52%; other European 16%.Exports (1988): $323 bln.; partners: EC 55%; other European 19%. Tourists (1988): receipts $15 bln. National budget (1989): $153 bln. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $61 bln. Gold: 95.18 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 2.8%. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 44 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 28.8 mln. passenger cars, 1.3 mln. comm. Civil aviation (1988): 34.0 bln. passenger-km; 27 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Hamburg, Bremen, Lubeck. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 2.6 persons.Radios: 1 per 2.3 persons. Telephones: 1 per 1.5 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 417 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 71.5 male; 78.1 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 11.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 12. Natural increase:-.1%. Hospital beds: 1 per 91 persons.Physicians: 1 per 357 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1988): 8.3. Education (1989): Literacy: 99%. Years compulsory: 10. Attendance: 100%. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, EC, OECD, NATO. Embassy: 4645 Reservoir Rd. NW 20007; 298-4000. The Federal Republic of Germany was proclaimed May 23, 1949, in Bonn, after a constitution had been drawn up by a consultative assembly formed by representatives of the 11 laender (states) in the French, British, and American zones. Later reorganized into 9 units, the laender numbered 10 with the addition of the Saar, 1957. Berlin also was granted land (state) status, but the 1945 occupation agreements placed restrictions on it. The occupying powers, the U.S., Britain, and France, restored the civil status, Sept. 21, 1949. The U. S. resumed diplomatic relations July 2, 1951. The powers lifted controls and the republic became fully independent May 5, 1955. Dr. Konrad Adenauer, Christian Democrat, was made chancellor Sept. 15, 1949, re-elected 1953, 1957, 1961. Willy Brandt, heading a coalition of Social Democrats and Free Democrats, became chancellor Oct. 21, 1969. In 1970 Brandt signed friendship treaties with the USSR and Poland. In 1971, the U.S., Britain, France, and the USSR signed an agreement on Western access to West Berlin. In 1972 the Bundestag approved the USSR and Polish treaties and East and West Germany signed their first formal treaty, implementing the agreement easing access to West Berlin. In 1973 a West Germany-Czechoslovakia pact normalized relations and nullified the 1938 "Munich Agreement." In May 1974 Brandt resigned, saying he took full responsibility for "negligence" for allowing an East German spy to become a member of his staff. West Germany has experienced economic growth since the 1950s. The country leads Europe in provisions for worker participation in the management of industry. The NATO decision to deploy medium-range nuclear missiles in Western Europe sparked a demonstration by some 400,000 protesters in 1983. In 1989, Chanceller Kohl's call for early negotiations with the Soviets on reducing short-range missiles caused a rift with the NATO allies, especially the U.S. and Great Britain. In 1989, the changes in the E. German government and the opening of the Berlin Wall sparked talk of reunification of the 2 Germanys. In 1990, under the leadership of Chanceller Kohl, W. Germany moved rapidly to reunite with E. Germany. On Aug. 23, 1990, the E. German Parliament agreed to formal unification with W. Germany to take place on Oct. 3, 1990. The first all-German elections since 1933 were scheduled for Dec. 2. (See Chronology and Index for details.) Helgoland, an island of 130 acres in the North Sea, was taken from Denmark by a British Naval Force in 1807 and later ceded to Germany to become a part of Schleswig-Holstein province in return for rights in East Africa. The heavily fortified island was surrendered to UK, May 23, 1945, demilitarized in 1947, and returned to W. Germany, Mar 1, 1952. It is a free port. Ghana Republic of Ghana People: Population (1990 est.): 15,310,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 46.6; 15-59: 48.9; 60+: 4.5. Pop. density: 160 per sq. mi. Urban (1984): 31%. Ethnic groups: Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%, others. Languages: English (official), 50 tribal languages. Religions: Christian 52%, traditional beliefs 30%, Moslem 13%. Geography: Area: 92,098 sq. mi., slightly smaller than Oregon. Location: On southern coast of W. Africa. Neighbors: Ivory Coast on W, Burkina Faso on N, Togo on E. Topography: Most of Ghana consists of low fertile plains and scrubland, cut by rivers and by the artificial Lake Volta. Capital: Accra. Cities (1988 est.): Accra 949,000. Government: Type: Military. Head of government: Pres. Jerry Rawlings; b. 1947; in office: Dec. 31, 1981. Local divisions: 9 regions. Economy: Industries: Aluminum, light industry. Chief crops: Cocoa (70% of exports), coffee.Minerals: Gold, manganese, industrial diamonds, bauxite. Crude oil reserves: (1980): 7 mln. bbls. Other resources: Timber, rubber. Arable land: 12%. Livestock (1987): Cattle: 1.4 mln.; sheep: 1.9 mln. Fish catch (1987): 324,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 4.1 bln. kwh. Labor force: 55% agric.; 19% ind. Finance: Currency: Cedi (Mar. 1990: 313 = $1.00 US). Gross national product (1987): $5.3 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $390. Imports (1987): $988 mln.; partners: UK 18%, W. Ger. 12%, Nigeria 12%.Exports (1987): $977 mln.; partners: UK 16%, U.S. 16%, Neth. 9%, W. Ger. 9%. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): 347 mln. Gold: 217,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 31.4%. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 389 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 26,000 passenger cars, 28,000 comm. vehicles.Civil aviation (1986): 298 mln. passenger-km; 4 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Tema, Takoradi. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 77 persons. Radios: 1 per 4.7 persons.Telephones:1 per 179 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 57 male; 62 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 46.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 13. Natural increase: 3.3%. Physicians: 1 per 6,640 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 68. Education (1983): Literacy: 30%. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, OAU. Embassy: 2460 16th St. NW 20009; 462-0761. Named for an African empire along the Niger River, 400-1240 AD, Ghana was ruled by Britain for 113 years as the Gold Coast. The UN in 1956 approved merger with the British Togoland trust territory. Independence came March 6, 1957. Republic status within the Commonwealth was attained in 1960. Pres. Kwame Nkrumah built hospitals and schools, promoted development projects like the Volta R. hydroelectric and aluminum plants, but ran the country into debt, jailed opponents, and was accused of corruption. A 1964 referendum gave Nkrumah dictatorial powers and set up a one-party socialist state. Nkrumah was overthrown in 1966 by a police-army coup, which expelled Chinese and East German teachers and technicians. Elections were held in 1969, but 4 further coups occurred in 1972, 1978, 1979, and 1981. The 1979 and 1981 coups were led by Flight Lieut. Jerry Rawlings. Greece Hellenic Republic Elliniki Dimokratia People: Population (1990 est.): 10,066,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 20.5; 15-59: 61.1; 60+: 20.4. Pop. density: 196 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 58.0%. Ethnic groups: Greeks 98.5%. Languages: Greek, others. Religions: Greek Orthodox 97%. Geography: Area: 51,146 sq. mi., the size of Alabama.Location: Occupies southern end of Balkan Peninsula in SE Europe. Neighbors: Albania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria on N, Turkey on E. Topography: About 75% of Greece is non-arable, with mountains in all areas. Pindus Mts. run through the country N to S. The heavily indented coastline is 9,385 mi. long. Of over 2,000 islands, only 169 are inhabited, among them Crete, Rhodes, Milos, Kerkira (Corfu), Chios, Lesbos, Samos, Euboea, Delos, Mykonos. Capital: Athens. Cities (1981 est.): Athens (met.) 3,016,457; Thessaloniki (met.) 800,000; Patras 120,000. Government: Type: Presidential parliamentary republic.Head of state: Pres. Constantine Karamanlis; in office: May, 1990.Head of government: Prime Min. Constantine Mitsottakis; b. Oct. 18, 1918, in office: Apr. 11, 1990. Local divisions: 51 prefectures. Defense: 6.2% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Textiles, chemicals, metals, wine, food processng, cement. Chief crops: Grains, corn, rice, cotton, tobacco, olives, citrus fruits, raisins, figs.Minerals: Bauxite, lignite, oil, manganese. Crude oil reserves (1985): 35 mln. bbls. Arable land: 23%. Livestock (1987): sheep: 11.0 mln.; goats: 5.6 mln. Fish catch (1988): 135,000 metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 33.1 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 970,000 metric tons. Labor force: 28% agric.; 29% ind., 42% service. Finance: Currency: Drachma (June 1990: 161.00 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $43.5 bln.Per capita GNP (1987): $4,350. Imports (1988): $12.3 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 22%, It. 12%, Fr. 7%. Exports (1988): $5.4 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 25%, It. 18%, U.S. 8%. Tourists (1987): $2.1 bln. receipts. National budget (1987): $20.2 bln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $2.4 bln. Gold: 3.3 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 13.7%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 1.9 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 1.4 mln. passenger cars, 680,000 comm. vehicles.Civil aviation (1987): 7.1 bln. passenger-km; 29 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Piraeus, Thessaloniki, Patrai. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 5.7 persons. Radios: 1 per 2.4 persons. Telephones: 1 per 2.4 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 88 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 75 male; 80 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 12. Deaths(per 1,000 pop. 1989): 9. Natural increase: .2%. Hospital beds: 1 per 193 persons.Physicians: 1 per 341 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live birth 1989): 11. Education (1989): Literacy: men 96%, women 89%.Years compulsory: 9. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO, ILO), EC, NATO, OECD. Embassy: 2221 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 667-3168. The achievements of ancient Greece in art, architecture, science, mathematics, philosophy, drama, literature, and democracy became legacies for succeeding ages. Greece reached the height of its glory and power, particularly in the Athenian city-state, in the 5th century BC. Greece fell under Roman rule in the 2d and 1st centuries BC. In the 4th century AD it became part of the Byzantine Empire and, after the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453, part of the Ottoman Empire. Greece won its war of independence from Turkey 1821-1829, and became a kingdom. A republic was established 1924; the monarchy was restored, 1935, and George II, King of the Hellenes, resumed the throne. In Oct., 1940, Greece rejected an ultimatum from Italy. Nazi support resulted in its defeat and occupation by Germans, Italians, and Bulgarians. By the end of 1944 the invaders withdrew. Communist resistance forces were defeated by Royalist and British troops. A plebiscite recalled King George II. He died Apr. 1, 1947, was succeeded by his brother, Paul I. Communists waged guerrilla war 1947-49 against the government but were defeated with the aid of the U.S. A period of reconstruction and rapid development followed, mainly with conservative governments under Premier Constantine Karamanlis. The Center Union led by George Papandreou won elections in 1963 and 1964. King Constantine, who acceded in 1964, forced Papandreou to resign. A period of political maneuvers ended in the military takeover of April 21, 1967, by Col. George Papadopoulos. King Constantine tried to reverse the consolidation of the harsh dictatorship Dec. 13, 1967, but failed and fled to Italy. Papadopoulos was ousted Nov. 25, 1973. Greek army officers serving in the National Guard of Cyprus staged a coup on the island July 15, 1974. Turkey invaded Cyprus a week later, precipitating the collapse of the Greek junta, which was implicated in the Cyprus coup. The military turned the government over to Karamanlis, who named a civilian cabinet, freed political prisoners, and sought to solve the Cyprus crisis. In Nov. 1974 elections his party won a large parliamentary majority, reduced by socialist gains in 1977. A Dec. 1974 referendum resulted in the proclamation of a republic. Greece was reintegrated into the military wing of NATO in October 1980, and it became the 10th full member of the European Community on Jan. 1, 1981. The 1981 victory of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (Pasok) of Andreas Papandreou has brought about substantial changes in the internal and external policies that Greece has pursued for the past 5 decades. Greece has been victimized in the 1980s by incidents of international terrorism. A scandal centered on George Kostokas, a banker and publisher, led to the arrest or investigation of about a dozen leading Socialists, implicated Papandreou, and led to the defeat of the Socialists at the polls in 1989. Grenada State of Grenada People: Population (1990 est.): 84,000. Pop. density: 654 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: Mostly African descent. Languages: English (official), French-African patois. Religions: Roman Catholic 64%, Anglican 22%. Geography: Area: 133 sq. mi., twice the size of Washington, D.C. Location: 90 mi. N. of Venezuela.Topography: Main island is mountainous; country includes Carriacon and Petit Martinique islands. Capital: St. George's. Cities (1980 est.): St. George's 7,500. Government: Type: Independent state. Head of state:Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Gov.-Gen. Paul Scoon, b. July 4, 1935; in office: Sept. 30, 1978. Head of government: Prime Minister: Nicholas Braithwaite; in office: Mar. 16, 1990. Local divisions: 6 parishes and one dependency. Economy: Industries: Rum. Chief crops: Nutmegs, bananas, cocoa, mace. Arable land: 41%. Electricity prod. (1988): 24.00 mln. kwh. Labor force: 33% agric.; 31% services. Finance: Currency: East Caribbean dollar (Apr. 1990: 2.70 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $118 mln. Per capita GNP (1987): $1,400. Imports (1987): $89 mln.; partners: UK 19%, Trin./Tob. 25%. U.S. 17%. Exports (1987): $32 mln.; partners: UK 35%, CARICOM countries 38%. Tourists (1988): $28 mln. receipts. National budget (1987): $83.8 mln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $17 mln. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1981): 4,700 passenger cars, 1,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Saint George's. Communications: Radios: 1 per 2.4 persons.Telephones: 1 per 18 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 69 male; 74 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 37.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase: 2.9%. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 30. Education (1989): Literacy: 95%. Years compulsory:6. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, WHO), OAS. Embassy: 1701 New Hampshire Ave. NW 20009; 265-2561. Columbus sighted the island 1498. First European settlers were French, 1650. The island was held alternately by France and England until final British occupation, 1784. Grenada became fully independent Feb. 7, 1974 during a general strike. It is the smallest independent nation in the Western Hemisphere. The U.S. has criticized the government for following Soviet and Cuban policies. On Oct. 14, 1983, a military coup ousted Prime Minister Maurice Bishop, who was put under house arrest, later freed by supporters, rearrested, and, finally, on Oct. 19, executed. U.S. forces, with a token force from 6 area nations, invaded Grenada, Oct. 25. Resistance from the Grenadian army and Cuban advisors was quickly overcome as most of the population welcomed the invading forces as liberators. U.S. troops left Grenada in June 1985. Guatemala Republic of Guatemala Republica de Guatemala People: Population (1990 est.): 9,340,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 45.9; 15-59: 49.4; 60+: 4.7. Pop. density: 233 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 33%. Ethnic groups: Maya 55%, Mestizos 44%. Languages: Spanish, Indian dialects.Religions: Mostly Roman Catholics. Geography: Area: 42,042 sq. mi., the size of Tennessee. Location: In Central America. Neighbors:Mexico N, W; El Salvador on S, Honduras, Belize on E.Topography: The central highland and mountain areas are bordered by the narrow Pacific coast and the lowlands and fertile river valleys on the Caribbean. There are numerous volcanoes in S, more than half a dozen over 11,000 ft.Capital: Guatemala City. Cities (1988 est.): Guatemala City 1,800,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo; b. Dec. 26, 1942; in office: Jan. 14, 1986. Local divisions: Guatemala City and 22 departments. Defense: 2.2% of GNP (1986). Economy: Industries: Prepared foods, tires, textiles. Chief crops: Coffee (one third of exports), sugar, bananas, cotton, corn. Minerals: Oil, nickel. Crude oil reserves (1985): 500 mln. bbls. Other resources: Rare woods, fish, chicle. Arable land: 16%. Electricity prod. (1987): 2.8 bln. kwh. Labor force: 57% agric.; 21% ind. & comm., 12% services. Finance: Currency: Quetzal (Apr. 1990: 3.85 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $9.6 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $810. Imports (1988): $1.5 bln.; partners: U.S. 40%, CACM 8%. Exports (1988): $1.0 bln.; partners: U.S. 50%, CACM 20%. Tourism (1987): $124 mln. National budget (1987): $1.0 bln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $256 mln. Gold: 523,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 10.8%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1983): 188,000 passenger cars, 58,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1987) 164 mln. passenger-km; 3 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Puerto Barrios, San Jose. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 18 persons. Radios: 1 per 21 persons. Telephones:1 per 63 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1983): 30 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 59 male; 63 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 36.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 9. Natural increase: 2.7% Health: Physicians (1984) 3,500. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 66. Education (1989): Literacy: 48%. Years compulsory: 6. Attendance: 35%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, World Bank), OAS. Embassy: 2220 R St. NW 20008; 745-4952. The old Mayan Indian empire flourished in what is today Guatemala for over 1,000 years before the Spanish. Guatemala was a Spanish colony 1524-1821; briefly a part of Mexico and then of the U.S. of Central America, the republic was established in 1839. Since 1945 when a liberal government was elected to replace the long-term dictatorship of Jorge Ubico, the country has seen a swing toward socialism, an armed revolt, renewed attempts at social reform, a military coup, and, in 1986, civilian rule. The Guerrilla Army of the Poor, an insurgent group founded 1975, led a military offensive by attacking army posts and succeeded in incorporating segments of the large Indian population in its struggle against the government. Dissident army officers seized power, Mar. 23, 1982, denouncing the Mar. 7 Presidential election as fraudulent and pledging to restore "authentic democracy" to the nation. Political violence has caused some 200,000 Guatemalans to seek refuge in Mexico. A second military coup occurred Oct. 8, 1983. The nation returned to civilian rule in 1986. A military coup was thwarted May, 1989. Guinea Republic of Guinea Republique de Guinee People: Population (1990 est.): 7,269,000. Pop. density: 64 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 26%.Ethnic groups: Foulah 40%, Malinke 25%, Soussous 10%, 15 other tribes. Languages: French (official), tribal languages. Religions: Moslem 85%, Christian 10%. Geography: Area: 94,964 sq. mi., slightly smaller than Oregon. Location: On Atlantic coast of W. Africa. Neighbors: Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, Mali on N, Cote d'Ivoire on E, Liberia on S. Topography: A narrow coastal belt leads to the mountainous middle region, the source of the Gambia, Senegal, and Niger rivers. Upper Guinea, farther inland, is a cooler upland. The SE is forested. Capital: Conakry. Cities (1989 est.): Conakry 705,000; Labe 273,000; N'Zerekore 250,000; Kankan 278,000. Government: Type: Republic under Military Committee For National Redressment. Head of state: Pres. Brig. Gen. Lansana Conte; b. 1944; in office: Apr. 5, 1984.Local divisions: 29 administrative regions. Defense: 3.2% of GNP (1985). Economy: Chief crops: Bananas, pineapples, rice, corn, palm nuts, coffee, honey. Minerals: Bauxite, iron, diamonds. Arable land: 6%. Electricity prod.(1988) 243 mln. kwh. Labor force: 82% agric.; 9% ind. & comm. Finance: Currency: Franc (Jan. 1990: 615 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $2.4 bln.Per capita income (1984): $305. Imports (1988): $509 mln.; partners: Fr. 31%, U.S. 6% It. 6%.Exports (1988): $553 mln.; partners: U.S. 18%, Fr. 13%, W. Ger. 12%, USSR 12%. National budget (1988): 417 mln. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1982): 10,000 passenger cars, 10,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Conakry. Communications: Radios: 1 per 31 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 40 male; 44 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 48.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 22. Natural increase:2.5%. Physicians: 1 per 9,732 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1987): 176. Education (1989): Literacy: 35% (in French). Years compulsory: 8. Attendance: 36% primary, 15% secondary. Major International Organizations: UN and most specialized agencies, OAU. Embassy: 2112 Leroy Pl. NW 20008; 483-9420. Part of the ancient West African empires, Guinea fell under French control 1849-98. Under Sekou Toure, it opted for full independence in 1958, and France withdrew all aid. Toure turned to communist nations for support, and set up a militant one-party state. Western firms, as well as the Soviet government, have invested in Guinea's vast bauxite mines. Thousands of opponents were jailed in the 1970s, in the aftermath of an unsuccessful Portuguese invasion. Many were tortured and killed. The military took control of the government in a bloodless coup after the March 1984 death of Toure. Guinea-Bissau Republic of Guinea-Bissau Republica da Guine-Bissau People: Population (1990 est.): 998,000. Pop. density: 66 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: Balanta 27%, Fula 23%, Manjaca 11%, Mandinka 12%.Languages: Portuguese (official), Criolo, tribal languages. Religion: Traditional 65%, Moslem 30%, Christian 4%. Geography: Area: 13,948 sq. mi. about the size of Connecticut and New Hampshire combined. Location: On Atlantic coast of W. Africa. Neighbors: Senegal on N, Guinea on E, S. Topography: A swampy coastal plain covers most of the country; to the east is a low savanna region. Capital: Bissau. Cities (1979): Bissau 109,500. Government: Type: Republic. Head of government: Gen. Joao Bernardo Vieira; b. 1939; in office: Nov. 14,1980. Local divisions: 8 regions. Defense: 8.4% of GNP (1984). Economy: Chief crops: Peanuts, cotton, rice.Minerals: Bauxite. Arable land: 10%. Electricity prod. (1986): 28 mln. kwh.Labor force: 90% agric. Finance: Currency: Peso (Jan. 1990: 650 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $152 mln.Per capita GNP (1987): $170. Imports (1986): $63 mln.; partners: Port. 20%, It. 15%, Fr. 6%.Exports (1987): $16 mln.; partners: Port. 65%. National Budget (1987): $40 mln. expenditures. Communications: Radios: 1 per 30 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 7 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 44 male; 47 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 43.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 19. Natural increase: 2.4%. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 137. Education (1989): Literacy: 19%. Years compulsory: 4. Major International Organizations: UN, OAU. Embassy: 211 E 43d St., New York, NY 10017; (212) 611-3977. Portuguese mariners explored the area in the mid-15th century; the slave trade flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries, and colonization began in the 19th. Beginning in the 1960s, an independence movement waged a guerrilla war and formed a government in the interior that achieved international support. Full independence came Sept. 10, 1974, after the Portuguese regime was overthrown. The November 1980 coup gave Joao Bernardo Vieira absolute power. Guyana Co-operative Republic of Guyana People: Population (1990 est.): 765,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 37.5; 5-59: 56.5; 60+: 6.0. Pop. density: 9.2 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 32%. Ethnic groups: East Indians 51%, African 30%; mixed 14%. Languages: English (official), Amerindian dialects. Religions: Christian 46%, Hindu 37%; Moslem 9%. Geography: Area: 83,000 sq. mi., the size of Idaho. Location: On N coast of S. America. Neighbors: Venezuela on W, Brazil on S, Suriname on E. Topography: Dense tropical forests cover much of the land, although a flat coastal area up to 40 mi. wide, where 90% of the population lives, provides rich alluvial soil for agriculture. A grassy savanna divides the 2 zones. Capital: Georgetown.Cities (1985 est.): Georgetown 170,000. Government: Type: Republic within the Commonwealth of Nations. Head of state: President Hugh Desmond Hoyte; b. Mar. 9, 1929; in office: Aug. 6, 1985. Head of Government:Prime Min. Hamilton Green; in office: Aug. 6, 1985. Local divisions: 10 regions. Defense: 8.9% of GDP (1989). Economy: Industries: Cigarettes, rum, clothing, furniture, drugs. Chief crops: Sugar, rice, citrus and other fruits. Minerals: Bauxite, diamonds.Other resources: Timber, shrimp. Arable land:2%. Electricity prod. (1988): 530 bln. kwh. Labor force:33% agric.; 45% ind. & comm.; 22% services. Finance: Currency: Dollar (Mar. 1990: 33.00 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $344 mln. Per capita income (1987): $317. Imports (1986): $242 mln.; partners: U.S. 21%, CARICOM 33%.Exports (1986): $242 mln.; partners: UK 28%, U.S. 18%, CARICOM 17%. National budget (1987): $229.1 mln.International reserves less gold (Feb. 1990): $3.5 mln.Consumer prices (change in 1988): 39.9%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 25,000 passenger cars, 7,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Georgetown. Communications: Radios: 1 per 2.5 persons. Telephones: 1 per 25 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 77 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 64 male; 69 female.Births(per 1,000 pop. 1989): 25. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 6. Natural increase: 1.8% Hospital beds: 1 per 206 persons. Physicians: 1 per 5,307 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 49. Education (1989): Literacy: 91%. Years compulsory: ages 5-14. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, ILO, IMF, World Bank), CARICOM, Commonwealth of Nations. Embassy: 2490 Tracy Pl. NW 20008; 276-6900. Guyana became a Dutch possession in the 17th century, but sovereignty passed to Britain in 1815. Indentured servants from India soon outnumbered African slaves. Ethnic tension has affected political life. Guyana became independent May 26, 1966. A Venezuelan claim to the western half of Guyana was suspended in 1970 but renewed in 1982. The Suriname border is also disputed. The government has nationalized most of the economy which has remained severely depressed. The Port Kaituma ambush of U.S. Rep. Leo J. Ryan and others investigating mistreatment of American followers of the Rev. Jim Jones' People's Temple cult, triggered a mass suicide-execution of 911 cultists in the Guyana jungle, Nov. 18, 1978. Haiti Republic of Haiti Republiqe d'Haiti People: Population (1990 est.): 6,409,000. Age distrib. (%): 4-14: 39.2; 15-59: 52.5; 60+: 8.3. Pop. density: 580 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 29%. Ethnic groups: African descent 95%.Languages: French, Creole (both official).Religions: Roman Catholics 80%, Protestants 10%; Voodoo widely practiced. Geography: Area: 10,714 sq. mi., the size of Maryland. Location: In West Indies, occupies western third of I. of Hispaniola. Neighbors: Dominican Republic on E, Cuba on W. Topography: About two-thirds of Haiti is mountainous. Much of the rest is semiarid. Coastal areas are warm and moist. Capital: Port-au-Prince.Cities (1987 est.): Port-au-Prince 472,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Ertha Pascal-Trouillot; b. Aug. 13, 1943; in office: Mar. 13, 1990. Local divisions: 9 departments.Defense: 1.8% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Sugar refining, textiles.Chief crops: Coffee, sugar, bananas, cocoa, tobacco, rice. Minerals: Bauxite. Other resources: Timber. Arable land: 20%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 1.3 mln.; goats: 1.1 mln. Electricity prod. (1988): 447 mln. kwh.Labor force: 66% agric.; 9% ind. & comm.; 25% services. Finance: Currency: Gourde (Apr. 1990: 5.00 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $2.2 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $360. Imports (1988): $344 mln.; partners: U.S. 45%. Exports (1988): $183 mln.; partners: U.S. 52%. Tourists (1987): receipts $93 mln. National budget (1987): $258 mln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $9.1 mln. Gold: 18,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 4.1%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 34,000 passenger cars, 11,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Port-au-Prince, Les Cayes. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 218 persons. Radios: 1 per 41 persons. Telephones in use: 1 per 65 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 8 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 55 male; 56 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 31.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 12. Natural increase: 1.9%. Hospital beds: 1 per 1,060 persons. Physicians: 1 per 6,539 persons. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births, 1989): 92. Education (1987): Literacy: 23%. Years compulsory:6. Attendance: 20%. Major International Organizations: UN and some of its specialized agencies, OAS. Embassy: 2311 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 332-4090. Haiti, visited by Columbus, 1492, and a French colony from 1677, attained its independence, 1804, following the rebellion led by former slave Toussaint L'Ouverture. Following a period of political violence, the U.S. occupied the country 1915-34. Dr. Francois Duvalier was voted president in 1957; in 1964 he was named president for life. Upon his death in 1971, he was succeeded by his son, Jean-Claude. Drought in 1975-77 brought famine, and Hurricane Allen in 1980 destroyed most of the rice, bean, and coffee crops. Haiti is the poorest nation in the Western hemisphere; unemployment was estimated at 50% in 1987. Following several weeks of unrest, President Jean Claude Duvalier fled Haiti aboard a U.S. Air Force jet Feb. 7, 1986, ending the 28-year dictatorship by the Duvalier family. A military-civilian council headed by Gen. Henri Namphy assumed control. In 1987, voters approved a new constitution. The Jan. 17, 1988 elections led to Leslie Manigat being named president; opposition leaders charged widespread fraud. Gen. Namphy seized control, June 20, and named himself president of a military government. Namphy was ousted by a military coup in Sept.By mid-1990, there had been 5 governments since Duvalier fled. Honduras Republic of Honduras Republica de Honduras People: Population (1990 est.): 5,261,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 46.9; 15-59: 48.6; 60+: 4.5. Pop. density: 117 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 40.0%. Ethnic groups: Mestizo 90%, Indian 7%. Languages: Spanish, Indian dialects. Religions: Roman Catholic 95%. Geography: Area: 43,277 sq. mi., slightly larger than Tennessee. Location: In Central America.Neighbors: Guatemala on W, El Salvador, Nicaragua on S.Topography: The Caribbean coast is 500 mi. long. Pacific coast, on Gulf of Fonseca, is 40 mi. long. Honduras is mountainous, with wide fertile valleys and rich forests.Capital: Tegucigalpa. Cities (1989 est.) Tegucigalpa 550,000; San Pedro Sula 399,000. Government: Type: Democratic constitutional republic. Head of State: Pres. Rafael Leonardo Callejas; in office: Jan. 27, 1990. Local divisions: 18 departments. Defense:3.8% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Textiles, wood prods, cigars. Chief crops: Bananas (chief export), coffee, corn, beans. Minerals: Gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron, antimony, coal. Other resources:Timber. Arable land: 16%. Livestock(1987): cattle: 2.8 mln. Electricity prod. (1988): 1.9 bln. kwh. Labor force: 62% agric.; 20% services; 9% manuf. Finance: Currency: Lempira (Apr. 1990): 2.00 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $4.4 bln.Per capita income (1988): $1,000. Imports (1987): $1.7 bln.; partners: U.S. 39%, Jap. 8%. Exports (1987): $1.5 bln.; partners: U.S. 54%, Europe 34%.Tourists (1987): $26 mln. receipts. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $20.5 mln. Gold: 16,000 oz t.Consumer prices (change in 1989): 9.9%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1987) 77,000 passenger cars, 18,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1985): 390 mln. passenger-km; 9 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports:Puerto Cortes, La Ceiba. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 31 persons. Radios: 1 per 2.4 persons. Telephones:1 per 79 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 51 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 63 male; 67 female.Births(per 1,000 pop. 1989): 38. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase: 3.0%. Hospital beds: 1 per 820 persons. Physicians: 1 per 2,100 persons. Infant mortality(per 1,000 live births 1989): 60. Education (1989): Literacy: 56%. Years compulsory: 6. Attendance: 70%. Major International Organizations: UN, (IMF, WHO, ILO), OAS. Embassy: 4301 Connecticut Ave. NW 20008; 966-7700. Mayan civilization flourished in Honduras in the 1st millenium AD. Columbus arrived in 1502. Honduras became independent after freeing itself from Spain, 1821 and from the Fed. of Central America, 1838. Gen. Oswaldo Lopez Arellano, president for most of the period 1963-75 by virtue of one election and 2 coups, was ousted by the army in 1975 over charges of pervasive bribery by United Brands Co. of the U.S. The government has resumed land distribution, raised minimum wages, and started a literacy campaign. An elected civilian government took power in 1982, the country's first in 10 years. The U.S. has provided military aid and advisors to help withstand pressures from Nicaragua and help block arms shipments from Nicaragua to rebel forces in El Salvador. Some 3,200 U.S. troops were sent to Honduras after the Honduran border was violated by Nicaraguan forces, Mar. 1988. Hungary Republic of Hungary People: Population (1990 est.): 10,546,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 20.8; 15-59: 60.5; 60+: 18.7. Pop. density: 293 per sq. mi. Urban (1989): 60%. Ethnic groups: Magyar 92%, German 2.5%, Gypsy 3%. Languages: Hungarian (Magyar). Religions:Roman Catholic 67%, Protestant 25%. Geography: Area: 35,919 sq. mi., slightly smaller than Indiana. Location: In East Central Europe.Neighbors: Czechoslovakia on N, Austria on W, Yugoslavia on S, Romania, USSR on E. Topography: The Danube R. forms the Czech border in the NW, then swings S to bisect the country. The eastern half of Hungary is mainly a great fertile plain, the Alfold; the W and N are hilly. Capital: Budapest.Cities (1989 est.): Budapest 2,115,000; Miskolc 208,000; Debrecen 220,000. Government: Type: Republic (in transition). Head of state:Pres. Arpad Goncz; in office: May 2, 1990. Head of government:Prime Min. Jozsef Antall; in office: May 3, 1990. Local divisions: 20 regions.Defense: 5.2% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Iron and steel, machinery, pharmaceuticals, vehicles, communications equip., milling, distilling. Chief crops: Grains, vegetables, fruits, grapes.Minerals: Bauxite, coal, natural gas. Arable land:57%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 1.7 mln.; pigs: 8.2 mln.; sheep: 2.4 mln. Electricity prod. (1987): 29.7 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 3.5 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 19% agric.; 48% ind. & comm.; 27% services. Finance: Currency: Forint (Mar. 1990: 59 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $91.6 bln. Per capita GNP (1988): $8,650. Imports (1988): $9.3 bln.; partners: USSR 25%, W. Ger. 14%, E. Ger. 7%, Czech. 5%. Exports (1988): $9.9 bln.; partners: USSR 27%, E. Ger. 6%, W. Ger. 9%, Czech. 6%. National budget (1987): $14.9 bln. Tourists (1988): $913 mln. receipts.Consumer prices (change in 1988): 15.6%. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 11.2 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 1.7 mln. passenger cars, 218,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 1.2 bln. passenger-km; 4 airports. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 2.5 persons. Radios: 1 per 1.7 persons. Telephones:1 per 6.6 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 236 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 65.3 male; 73.2 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 12.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 14. Natural increase:-2%. Hospital beds: 1 per 101 persons. Physicians: 1 per 343 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 20.2. Education (1989): Literacy: 98%. Years compulsory:to age 16. Attendance: 96%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, World Bank, GATT), Warsaw Pact. Embassy: 3910 Shoemaker St. NW 20008; 362-6737. Earliest settlers, chiefly Slav and Germanic, were overrun by Magyars from the east. Stephen I (997-1038) was made king by Pope Sylvester II in 1000 AD. The country suffered repeated Turkish invasions in the 15th-17th centuries. After the defeats of the Turks, 1686-1697, Austria dominated, but Hungary obtained concessions until it regained internal independence in 1867, with the emperor of Austria as king of Hungary in a dual monarchy with a single diplomatic service. Defeated with the Central Powers in 1918, Hungary lost Transylvania to Romania, Croatia and Bacska to Yugoslavia, Slovakia and Carpatho-Ruthenia to Czechoslovakia, all of which had large Hungarian minorities. A republic under Michael Karolyi and a bolshevist revolt under Bela Kun were followed by a vote for a monarchy in 1920 with Admiral Nicholas Horthy as regent. Hungary joined Germany in World War II, and was allowed to annex most of its lost territories. Russian troops captured the country, 1944-1945. By terms of an armistice with the Allied powers Hungary agreed to give up territory acquired by the 1938 dismemberment of Czechoslovakia and to return to its borders of 1937. A republic was declared Feb. 1, 1946; Zoltan Tildy was elected president. In 1947 the communists forced Tildy out.Premier Imre Nagy, in office since mid-1953, was ousted for his moderate policy of favoring agriculture and consumer production, April 18, 1955. In 1956, popular demands for the ousting of Erno Gero, Communist Party secretary, and for formation of a government by Nagy, resulted in the latter's appointment Oct. 23; demonstrations against communist rule developed into open revolt. Gero called in Soviet forces. On Nov. 4 Soviet forces launched a massive attack against Budapest with 200,000 troops, 2,500 tanks and armored cars. About 200,000 persons fled the country. In the spring of 1963 the regime freed many anti-communists and captives from the revolution in a sweeping amnesty. Nagy was executed by the Russians. In 1989, Nagy was exhumed from an unmarked grave and reburied. In Mar. 1987, some 2,000 marched in Budapest calling for democracy. Soviet troops are stationed in Hungary. Hungarian troops participated in the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. Major economic reforms were launched early in 1968, switching from a central planning system to one in which market forces and profit control much of production. Hungary has embraced glasnost; the media comments freely on most topics. In 1989 parliament passed legislation legalizing freedom of assembly and association and it was apparent that Hungary was shifting away from communism toward democracy. In Oct., the communist party was formally dissolved. Iceland Republic of Iceland Lyoveldio Island People: Population (1990 est.): 251,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 25.5; 15-59: 60.1; 60+: 14.4. Pop. density: 6 per sq. mi. Urban (1989): 90% Ethnic groups: Homogeneous, descendants of Norwegians, Celts. Language: Icelandic (Islenska). Religion: Evangelical Lutheran 95%. Geography: Area: 39,769 sq. mi., the size of Virginia. Location: At N end of Atlantic O.Neighbors: Nearest is Greenland. Topography: Iceland is of recent volcanic origin. Three-quarters of the surface is wasteland: glaciers, lakes, a lava desert. There are geysers and hot springs, and the climate is moderated by the Gulf Stream. Capital: Reykjavik. Cities (1988 est.): Reykjavik 93,000. Government: Type: Constitutional republic. Head of state: Pres. Vigdis Finnbogadottir; b. Apr. 15, 1930; in office: Aug. 1, 1980. Head of government: Prime Min. Steingrimur Hermannsson; in office: Sept. 28, 1988. Local divisions: 23 counties. Economy: Industries: Fish products (some 80% of exports), aluminum. Chief crops: Potatoes, turnips, hay.Arable land: 0.5%. Livestock (1988): sheep: 586,000. Fish catch (1988): 1,700,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 4.9 bln. kwh. Labor force: 11% agric.; 55% comm. & services, 14% fisheries. Finance: Currency: Kronur (Mar. 1990: 61.06 =$1 US). Gross national product (1987): $5.3 bln.Per capita GNP (1987): $21,660. Imports (1989): $1.4 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 15%, UK 9%, Den. 10%. Exports (1989): $1.4 bln.; partners: U.S. 88%, UK 19%. Tourists (1988): receipts: $108 mln. National budget (1987): $1.2 bln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $337 mln. Gold: 49,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 20.8%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 121,000 passenger cars, 12,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 2.3 bln. passenger-km; 31 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Reykjavik. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 3.3 persons. Radios: 1 per 1.6 persons. Telephones:1 per 2.2 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 415 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 75 male; 81 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 15.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase: 0.8%. Hospital beds: 1 per 86 persons. Physicians:1 per 385 persons. Infant mortality per (1,000 live births 1989): 6. Education (1989): Literacy: 99%. Years compulsory:8. Attendance: 99%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT), NATO, OECD. Embassy: 2022 Connecticut Ave. NW 20008; 265-6653. Iceland was an independent republic from 930 to 1262, when it joined with Norway. Its language has maintained its purity for 1,000 years. Danish rule lasted from 1380-1918; the last ties with the Danish crown were severed in 1941. The Althing, or assembly, is the world's oldest surviving parliament. India Republic of India Bharat People: Population (1990 est.): 850,067,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 36.8; 15-59: 56.4; 60+: 5.8. Pop. density: 658 per sq. mi.Urban (1989): 28%. Ethnic groups: Indo-Aryan groups 72%, Dravidians 25%, Mongoloids 3%. Languages: 16languages, including Hindi (official) and English (associate official). Religions: Hindu 83%, Moslem 11%, Christian 3%, Sikh 2%. Geography: Area: 1,266,595 sq. mi., one third the size of the U.S. Location: Occupies most of the Indian subcontinent in S. Asia. Neighbors: Pakistan on W, China, Nepal, Bhutan on N, Myanmar, Bangladesh on E.Topography: The Himalaya Mts., highest in world, stretch across India's northern borders. Below, the Ganges Plain is wide, fertile, and among the most densely populated regions of the world. The area below includes the Deccan Peninsula. Close to one quarter the area is forested. The climate varies from tropical heat in S to near-Arctic cold in N. Rajasthan Desert is in NW; NE Assam Hills get 400 in. of rain a year. Capital:New Delhi. Cities (1988 est.): Calcutta 9.9 mln.; Bombay (met.) 8.7 mln.; New Delhi 7.2 mln.; Madras 4.9 mln.; Bangalore 3.9 mln.; Hyderabad 2.8 mln.; Ahmedabad 2.3 mln. Government: Type: Federal republic. Head of state: Pres. Ramaswamy Venkataraman; b. Dec. 4, 1910; in office: July 25, 1987. Head of government: Prime Min. Vishwanath Pratap Singh; in office: Dec. 2, 1989.Local divisions: 24 states, 7 union territories. Defense: 3.8% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Textiles, steel, processed foods, cement, machinery, chemicals, fertilizers, consumer appliances, autos. Chief crops: Rice, grains, coffee, sugar cane, spices, tea, cashews, cotton, copra, coir, juta, linseed. Minerals: Chromium, coal, iron, manganese, mica salt, bauxite, gypsum, oil. Crude oil reserves (1987): 4.3 bln. bbls. Other resources: Rubber, timber. Arable land: 57%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 199 mln.; pigs: 9 mln.; sheep: 55 mln. Fish catch (1988): 14.2 mln. metric tons. Electricity prod. (1987): 198 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 14.2 mln. metric tons. Labor force:70% agric.; 19% ind. & comm. Finance: Currency: Rupee (June 1990: 17.51 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $246 bln.Per capita GNP (1988): $300. Imports (1988): $19.1 bln.; partners: Jap. 12%, U.S. 12%, W. Ger. 10%, UK 8%.Exports (1988): $13.3 bln.; partners: U.S. 18%, USSR 15%, UK 6%, Jap. 9%. Tourists (1987): receipts: $1.4 bln. National budget (1988): $56 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $4.1 bln. Gold: 10.6 mln. oz. t. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 9.0%. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 269 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles:in use (1987): 1.6 mln. passenger cars, 1.2 mln. comm. vehicles. Civil aviation: (1987): 17.1 bln. passenger-km; 95 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Cochin, Vishakhapatnam. Communications: Television sets: Telephones:1 per 180 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 16 per. 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 57 male; 58 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 31.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 11. Natural increase: 2.0%. Hospital beds: 1 per 1,130 persons. Physicians: 1 per 2,471 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 91. Education (1989): Literacy: 36%. Years Compulsory:to age 14. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, World Bank). Embassy: 2107 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 939-7000. India has one of the oldest civilizations in the world. Excavations trace the Indus Valley civilization back for at least 5,000 years. Paintings in the mountain caves of Ajanta, richly carved temples, the Taj Mahal in Agra, and the Kutab Minar in Delhi are among relics of the past. Aryan tribes, speaking Sanskrit, invaded from the NW around 1500 BC, and merged with the earlier inhabitants to create classical Indian civilization. Asoka ruled most of the Indian subcontinent in the 3d century BC, and established Buddhism. But Hinduism revived and eventually predominated. During the Gupta kingdom, 4th-6th century AD, science, literature, and the arts enjoyed a "golden age." Arab invaders established a Moslem foothold in the W in the 8th century, and Turkish Moslems gained control of North India by 1200. The Mogul emperors ruled 1526-1857. Vasco de Gama established Portuguese trading posts 1498-1503. The Dutch followed. The British East India Co. sent Capt. William Hawkins, 1609, to get concessions from the Mogul emperor for spices and textiles. Operating as the East India Co. the British gained control of most of India. The British parliament assumed political direction; under Lord Bentinck, 1828-35, rule by rajahs was curbed. After the Sepoy troops mutinied, 1857-58, the British supported the native rulers. Nationalism grew rapidly after World War I. The Indian National Congress and the Moslem League demanded constitutional reform. A leader emerged in Mohandas K. Gandhi (called Mahatma, or Great Soul), born Oct. 2, 1869, assassinated Jan. 30, 1948. He advocated self-rule, non-violence, removal of untouchability. In 1930 he launched "civil disobedience," including boycott of British goods and rejection of taxes without representation. In 1935 Britain gave India a constitution providing a bicameral federal congress. Mohammed Ali Jinnah, head of the Moslem League, sought creation of a Moslem nation, Pakistan. The British government partitioned British India into the dominions of India and Pakistan. Aug. 15, 1947, was designated Indian Independence Day. India became a self-governing member of the Commonwealth and a member of the UN. It became a democratic republic, Jan. 26, 1950. More than 12 million Hindu & Moslem refugees crossed the India-Pakistan borders in a mass transferral of some of the 2 peoples during 1947; about 200,000 were killed in communal fighting. After Pakistan troops began attacks on Bengali separatists in East Pakistan, Mar. 25, 1971, some 10 million refugees fled into India. India and Pakistan went to war Dec. 3, 1971, on both the East and West fronts. Pakistan troops in the east surrendered Dec. 16; Pakistan agreed to a cease-fire in the west Dec. 17. India and Pakistan agreed to withdraw troops from their borders and seek peaceful solutions. In Aug. 1973 India released 93,000 Pakistanis held prisoner since 1971. The 2 countries resumed full relations in 1976. In 2 days of carnage, the Bengali population of the village of Mandai, Tripura State, 700 people, were massacred in a raid by indigenous tribal residents of the area, June 8-9, 1980. A similar year-long campaign against Bengali immigrants had been going on in Assam State. Prime Min. Mrs. Indira Gandhi, named Jan. 19, 1966, was the 2d successor to Jawaharlal Nehru, India's prime minister from 1947 to his death, May 27, 1964. Long the dominant power in India's politics, the Congress Party lost some of its near monopoly by 1967. The party split into New and Old Congress parties in 1969. Mrs. Gandhi's New Congress party won control of the House. Threatened with adverse court rulings in a voting law case, an opposition protest campaign and strikes, Gandhi invoked emergency provisions of the constitution June, 1975. Thousands of opponents were arrested and press censorship imposed. Measures to control prices, protect small farmers, and improve productivity were adopted. The emergency, especially enforcement of coercive birth control measures in some areas, and the prominent extra-constitutional role of Indira Gandhi's son Sanjay, was widely resented. Opposition parties, united in the Janata coalition, scored massive victories in federal and state parliamentary elections in 1977, turning the New Congress Party from power. Indira Gandhi became prime minister for the second time, Jan. 14, 1980. Gandhi was assassinated by 2 of her Sikh bodyguards Oct. 31, 1984. Widespread rioting followed. Thousands of Sikhs were killed and some 50,000 left homeless. The assassination was in response to the government supression of a Sikh uprising in Punjab in June 1984 which included an assault on the Golden Temple, the holiest Sikh shrine. Rajiv, her son, replaced her as prime minister. On Dec. 3, 1984, methyl isocyanate, a deadly gas, escaped from a tank owned by the Union Carbide Corp. at Bhopal and killed over 2,500, in history's worst industrial accident. In 1989, the Indian Supreme Court ordered Union Carbide to pay $470 million to victims of the gas leak. Sikhs ignited several violent clashes during the 1980s. The government's May 1987 decision to bring the state of Punjab under the rule of the central government led to violence. Many died during a government siege of the Golden Temple at Amritsar,May 1988. As India's population passed 800 mln., government officials expressed alarm that the failure to control the birth rate would lead to disaster. Sikkim, bordered by Tibet, Bhutan and Nepal, formerly British protected, became a protectorate of India in 1950. Area, 2,740 sq. mi.; pop. 1981 cen. 315,000; capital, Gangtok. In Sept. 1974 India's parliament voted to make Sikkim an associate Indian state, absorbing it into India. Kashmir, a predominantly Moslem region in the NW, has been in dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947. A cease-fire was negotiated by the UN Jan. 1, 1949; it gave Pakistan control of one-third of the area, in the west and northwest, and India the remaining two-thirds, the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, which enjoys internal autonomy. In 1990, there were repeated clashes between Indian army troops and pro-independence demonstrators triggered by India's decision to impose central government rule. The clashes strained relations between India and Pakistan which India charged was aiding the Moslem separatists. There were clashes in April 1965 along the Assam-East Pakistan border and in the Rann (swamp) of Kutch area along the West Pakistan-Gujarat border near the Arabian Sea. An international arbitration commission on Feb. 19, 1968, awarded 90% of the Rann to India, 10% to Pakistan. France, 1952-54, peacefully yielded to India its 5 colonies, former French India, comprising Pondicherry, Karikal, Mahe, Yanaon (which became Pondicherry Union Territory, area 185 sq. mi., pop. 1981, 604,136) and Chandernagor (which was incorporated into the state of West Bengal). Goa, 1,429 sq. mi., pop., 1981, 1 mln., which had been ruled by Portugal since 1505 AD, was taken by India by military action Dec. 18, 1961, together with 2 other Portuguese enclaves, Daman and Diu, located near Bombay. They became states of India in 1987. Indonesia Republic of Indonesia Republik Indonesia People: Population (1990 est.): 191,266,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 39.2; 15-59: 56.5; 60+: 5.3. Pop. density: 255 per sq. mi.Urban (1985): 25%. Ethnic groups: Malay, Chinese, Irianese. Languages: Bahasa Indonesian (Malay) (official), Javanese, other Austronesian languages. Religions: Moslem 88%. Geography: Area: 735,268 sq. mi. Location: Archipelago SE of Asia along the Equator. Neighbors: Malaysia on N, Papua New Guinea on E. Topography: Indonesia comprises 13,500 islands, including Java (one of the most densely populated areas in the world with 1,500 persons to the sq. mi.), Sumatra, Kalimantan (most of Borneo), Sulawesi (Celebes), and West Irian (Irian Jaya, the W. half of New Guinea). Also: Bangka, Billiton, Madura, Bali, Timor. The mountains and plateaus on the major islands have a cooler climate than the tropical lowlands. Capital: Jakarta. Cities (1988 est.): Jakarta 8,800,000; Surabaja 2,500,000; Bandung 1,400,000; Medan 1,700,000. Government: Type: Independent republic. Head of state: Pres. Suharto; b. June 8, 1921; in office: Mar. 6, 1967. Local divisions: 27 provinces, 246 districts & 55 municipalities. Defense: 2.5% of GNP (1985). Economy: Industries: Food processing, textiles, light industry. Chief crops: Rice, coffee, sugar. Minerals: Nickel, tin, oil, bauxite, copper, natural gas. Crude oil reserves (1987): 8.4 bln. bbls. Other resources: Rubber. Arable land: 8%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 6.4 mln.; sheep: 5.1 mln. Fish catch (1987): 1.9 mln. metric tons. Electricity prod. (1987): 34.8 bln. kwh. Labor force: 56% agric.; 23% ind. & comm.; 16% services. Finance: Currency: Rupiah (June 1990: 1,823 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $75 bln.Per capita income (1988): $435. Imports (1988): $13.2 bln.; partners: Jap. 26%, U.S. 12%, Sing. 6%. Exports (1988): $19.2 bln.; partners: Jap. 41%, U.S. 16%, Sing. 10%. Tourists (1987): $803 mln. receipts. National budget (1990): $21.1 bln. International reserves less gold (Feb. 1990): $4.9 bln. Gold: 3.10 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 8.0%. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 7.3 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 1.1 mln. passenger cars, 1.2 mln. comm. Civil aviation(1988): 13.8 bln. passenger-km; 134 airports. Chief ports: Jakarta, Surabaja, Medan, Palembang, Semarang. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 24 persons. Radios: 1 per 8 persons. Telephones:1 per 193 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): male: 57; female 61 years. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 28.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 9. Natural increase: 1.9%. Hospital beds: 1 per 1,495 persons. Physicians: 1 per 8,000 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 58.0. Education (1988): Literacy: 85%. 84% attend primary school. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, ASEAN, OPEC. Embassy: 2020 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20036; 775-5200. Hindu and Buddhist civilization from India reached the peoples of Indonesia nearly 2,000 years ago, taking root especially in Java. Islam spread along the maritime trade routes in the 15th century, and became predominant by the 16th century. The Dutch replaced the Portuguese as the most important European trade power in the area in the 17th century. They secured territorial control over Java by 1750. The outer islands were not finally subdued until the early 20th century, when the full area of present-day Indonesia was united under one rule for the first time. Following Japanese occupation, 1942-45, nationalists led by Sukarno and Hatta proclaimed a republic. The Netherlands ceded sovereignty Dec. 27, 1949, after 4 years of fighting. West Irian, on New Guinea, remained under Dutch control. After the Dutch in 1957 rejected proposals for new negotiations over West Irian, Indonesia stepped up the seizure of Dutch property. A U.S. mediator's plan was adopted in 1962. In 1963 the UN turned the area over to Indonesia, which promised a plebiscite. In 1969, voting by tribal chiefs favored staying with Indonesia, despite an uprising and widespread opposition. Sukarno suspended Parliament in 1960, and was named president for life in 1963. Russian-armed Indonesian troops staged raids in 1964 and 1965 into Malaysia, whose formation Sukarno had opposed. Indonesia's popular, pro-Peking Communist Party tried to seize control in 1965; the army smashed the coup, later intimated that Sukarno had played a role in it. In parts of Java, communists seized several districts before being defeated; over 300,000 communists were executed. Gen. Suharto, head of the army, was named president in 1968, reelected 1973, 1978, and 1988. A coalition of his supporters won a strong majority in House elections in 1971. Moslem opposition parties made gains in 1977 elections but lost ground in the 1982 elections. The military retains a predominant political role. In 1966 Indonesia and Malaysia signed an agreement ending hostility. After ties with Peking were cut in 1967, there were riots against the economically important ethnic Chinese minority. Riots against Chinese and Japanese also occurred in 1974. Oil export earnings, and political stability have made Indonesia's economy stable. Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Jomhori-e-Islami-e-Iran People: Population (1990 est.): 55,647,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 44.4; 15-59: 50.3; 60+: 5.2. Pop. density: 80 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 55%. Ethnic groups: Persian 63%, Turkomans & Baluchis 19%, Kurds 3%, Arabs 4%. Languages: Persian, Turk, Kurdish, Arabic, English, French. Religions:Shi'a Moslem 93%. Geography: Area: 636,293 sq. mi. slightly larger than Alaska. Location: Between the Middle East and S. Asia. Neighbors: Turkey, Iraq on W, USSR of N (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan), Afghanistan, Pakistan on E. Topography: Interior highlands and plains are surrounded by high mountains, up to 18,000 ft. Large salt deserts cover much of the area, but there are many oases and forest areas. Most of the population inhabits the N and NW. Capital: Teheran. Cities (1986 cen.): Teheran 6,022,000; Esfahan 1,001,000; Mashhad 1,466,000; Tabriz 994,000; Shiraz 848,000. Government: Type: Islamic republic. Religious head:Ayatollah Sayyed Ali Khamenei; b. 1939; in office: June 4, 1989.Head of state: Pres. Hashemi Rafsanjani; in office: Aug 3, 1989. Local divisions: 24 provinces. Defense: 7.9% of GNP (1986). Economy: Industries: Cement, sugar refining, carpets. Chief crops: Grains, rice, fruits, sugar beets, cotton, grapes. Minerals:Chromium, oil, gas. Crude oil reserves (1987): 36.5 bln. bbls. Other resources: Gums, wool, silk, caviar. Arable land: 9%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 8.3 mln.; sheep: 34.5 mln. Electricity prod. (1988): 43.3 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988) 1.2 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 33% agric.; 21% ind. & comm; 27% services. Finance: Currency: Rial (Mar. 1990: 71.45 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $93 bln.Per capita income (1986): $1,667. Imports (1988): $9.5 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 20%, Jap. 13%, UK 6%. Exports (1987): $8.3 bln.; partners: Jap. 16%, It. 10%.National budget (1988): $55 bln. expenditures. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1983): 2.1 mln. passenger cars, 313,000 comm. vehicles. Civil Aviation (1986): 5.4 bln. passenger km.; 17 airports. Chief ports: Bandar Abbas. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 23 persons. Radios: 1 per 4.7 persons.Telephones: 1 per 25 persons. Daily newspaper circ.(1988): 13 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 57 male; 57 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 44.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 10. Natural increase: 3.4%. Hospital beds: 1 per 704 persons. Physicians:1 per 2,992 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 113. Education (1986): Literacy: 48%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, WHO), OPEC. Iran was once called Persia. The Iranians, who supplanted an earlier agricultural civilization, came from the E during the 2d millenium BC; they were an Indo-European group related to the Aryans of India. In 549 BC Cyrus the Great united the Medes and Persians in the Persian Empire, conquered Babylonia in 538 BC, restored Jerusalem to the Jews. Alexander the Great conquered Persia in 333 BC, but Persians regained their independence in the next century under the Parthians, themselves succeeded by Sassanian Persians in 226 AD. Arabs brought Islam to Persia in the 7th century, replacing the indigenous Zoroastrian faith. After Persian political and cultural autonomy was reasserted in the 9th century, the arts and sciences flourished for several centuries. Turks and Mongols ruled Persia in turn from the 11th century to 1502, when a native dynasty reasserted full independence. The British and Russian empires vied for influence in the 19th century, and Afghanistan was severed from Iran by Britain in 1857. The previous dynasty was founded by Reza Khan, a military leader, in 1925. He abdicated as shah in 1941, and was succeeded by his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Parliament, under Premier Mohammed Mossadegh, nationalized the oil industry in 1951, leading to a British blockade. Mossadegh was overthrown in 1953; the shah assumed control. Under his rule, Iran underwent economic and social change but political opposition was not tolerated. Conservative Moslem protests led to 1978 violence. Martial law in 12 cities was declared Sept. 8. A military government was appointed Nov. 6 to deal with striking oil workers. Prime Min. Shahpur Bakhtiar was designated by the shah to head a regency council in his absence. The shah left Iran Jan. 16, 1979. Exiled religious leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini named a provisional government council in preparation for his return to Iran, Jan. 31. Clashes between Khomeini's supporters and government troops culminated in a rout of Iran's elite Imperial Guard Feb. 11, leading to the fall of Bakhtiar's government. The Iranian revolution was marked by revolts among the ethnic minorities and by a continuing struggle between the clerical forces and westernized intellectuals and liberals. The Islamic Constitution established final authority to be vested in a Faghi, the Ayatollah Khomeini. Iranian militants seized the U.S. embassy, Nov. 4, 1979, and took hostages including 62 Americans. The militants vowed to stay in the embassy until the deposed shah was returned to Iran. Despite international condemnations and U.S. efforts, including an abortive Apr., 1980, rescue attempt, the crisis continued. The U.S. broke diplomatic relations with Iran, Apr. 7th. The shah died in Egypt, July 27th. The hostage drama finally ended Jan. 21, 1981 when an accord, involving the release of frozen Iranian assets, was reached. The ruling Islamic Party, increasingly dissatisfied with President Abolhassan Bani-Sadr, declared him unfit for office. In the weeks following Bani-Sadr's dismissal, June 22, 1981, a new wave of executions began. The political upheavals have brought Iran to almost total isolation from other countries. A dispute over the Shatt al-Arab waterway that divides the two countries brought Iran and Iraq, Sept. 22, 1980, into open warfare. Iraqi planes attacked Iranian air fields including Teheran airport. Iranian planes bombed Iraqi bases. Iraqi troops occupied Iranian territory including the port city of Khorramshahr in October. Iranian troops recaptured the city and drove Iraqi troops back across the border, May 1982. Iraq, and later Iran, attacked several oil tankers in the Persian Gulf during 1984. Saudi Arabian war planes shot down 2 Iranian jets, June 5, which they felt were threatening Saudi shipping. In Aug. 1988, Iran agreed to accept a UN resolution calling for a cease fire. In Nov. 1986, senior U.S. officials secretly visited Iran and exchanged arms for Iran's help in obtaining the release of U.S. hostages held by terrorists in Lebanon. The exchange sparked a major scandal in the Reagan administration. A U.S. Navy warship shot down an Iranian commercial airliner, July 3, 1988, after mistaking it for an F-14 fighter jet; all 290 aboard the plane died. In 1989, Ayatollah Khomeini offered a $1 million reward for the killing of Salman Rushdie, author of The Satanic Verses, a novel perceived as blasphemous to Islam. Khomeini died following a long illness, June 4, 1989. A major earthquake struck northern Iran June 21, 1990, killing over 35,000, injuring 100,000, and leaving 400,000 homeless. A U.S. offer of assistance was accepted by the Iranian government. Iraq Republic of Iraq al Jumhouriya al'Iraqia People: Population (1990 est.): 18,782,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 45.3; 15-59: 49.6; 60+: 5.1. Pop. density: 104 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 72%. Ethnic groups: Arabs, 75% Kurds, 15% Turks.Languages: Arabic (official), Kurdish, others.Religions: Moslem 95% (Shiites 60%, Sunnis 35%), Christian 5%. Geography: Area: 167,924 sq. mi., larger than California. Location: In the Middle East, occupying most of historic Mesopotamia. Neighbors: Jordan, Syria on W, Turkey on N, Iran on E, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia on S.Topography: Mostly an alluvial plain, including the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, descending from mountains in N to desert in SW. Persian Gulf region is marshland. Capital: Baghdad. Cities (1985 est.): Baghdad (met.) 3,400,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Saddam Hussein At-Takriti, b. 1935 in office: July 16, 1979.Local divisions: 18 provinces. Defense: 32% of GNP (1986). Economy: Industries: Textiles, petrochemicals, oil refining, cement. Chief crops: Grains, rice, dates, cotton. Minerals: Oil, gas.Crude oil reserves (1987): 40 bln. bbls. Other resources: Wool, hides. Arable land: 13%. Livestock (1988): cattle: 1.5 mln.; sheep 8.7 mln; goats: 1.4 mln.Electricity prod. (1988): 22.5 bln. kwh.Labor force: 33% agric.; 39% services; 28% ind. Finance: Currency: Dinar (Mar. 1990: 1.00 = $3.21 US). Gross national product (1988): $34 bln. Per capita GNP (1988): $1,950. Imports(1988): $10.6 bln.; partners: Tur. 16%, U.S. 11%. Exports (1987): $9.0 bln.; partners: It. 13%, Tur. 8%, Braz. 17%, Jap. 6%. Transport: Railway traffic (1986): 1.0 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 491,000 passenger cars, 246,700 comm. vehicles.Civil aviation (1985): 1.2 bln. passenger-km; 3 airports.Chief ports: Basra. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 18 persons.Radios: 1 per 5 persons. Telephones: 1 per 17 persons.Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 21 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 65 male; 67 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 45. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 8. Natural increase: 3.8%.Hospital beds: 1 per 552 persons. Physicians: 1 per 3,324 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 69. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, ILO), Arab League, OPEC. Education (1987): Literacy: 70%. Compulsory age 6 to grade 6. Embassy: 1801 P St. NW 20036; 483-7500. The Tigris-Euphrates valley, formerly called Mesopotamia, was the site of one of the earliest civilizations in the world. The Sumerian city-states of 3,000 BC originated the culture later developed by the Semitic Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Mesopotamia ceased to be a separate entity after the conquests of the Persians, Greeks, and Arabs. The latter founded Baghdad, from where the caliph ruled a vast empire in the 8th and 9th centuries. Mongol and Turkish conquests led to a decline in population, the economy, cultural life, and the irrigation system. Britain secured a League of Nations mandate over Iraq after World War I. Independence under a king came in 1932. A leftist, pan-Arab revolution established a republic in 1958, which oriented foreign policy toward the USSR. Most industry has been nationalized, and large land holdings broken up. A local faction of the international Baath Arab Socialist party has ruled by decree since 1968. Russia and Iraq signed an aid pact in 1972, and arms were sent along with several thousand advisers. The 1978 execution of 21 communists and a shift of trade to the West signalled a more neutral policy, straining relations with the USSR. In the 1973 Arab-Israeli war Iraq sent forces to aid Syria. Within a month of assuming power, Saddam Hussein instituted a bloody purge in the wake of a reported coup attempt against the new regime. Years of battling with the Kurdish minority resulted in total defeat for the Kurds in 1975, when Iran withdrew support. Kurdish rebels continued their war, 1979; fighting led to Iraqi bombing of Kurdish villages in Iran, causing relations with Iran to deteriorate. After skirmishing intermittently for 10 months over the sovereignty of the disputed Shatt al-Arab waterway that divides the two countries, Iraq and Iran, Sept. 22, 1980, entered into open warfare when Iraqi fighter-bombers attacked 10 Iranian airfields, including Teheran airport, and Iranian planes retaliated with strikes on 2 Iraqi bases. In the following days, there was heavy ground fighting around Abadan and the adjacent port of Khorramshahr as Iraq pressed its attack on Iran's oil-rich province of Khuzistan. In May 1982, Iraqi troops were driven back across the border. Israeli airplanes destroyed a nuclear reactor near Baghdad on June 7, 1981, claiming that it could be used to produce nuclear weapons. Iraq and Iran expanded their war to the Persian Gulf in Apr. 1984. There were several attacks on oil tankers. An Iraqi warplane launched a missile attack on the U.S.S. Stark, a U.S. Navy frigate on patrol in the Persian Gulf, May 17, 1987; 37 U.S. sailors died. Iraq apologized for the attack, claiming it was inadvertent. The fierce war ended Aug. 1988, when Iraq accepted a UN resolution for a ceasefire. Iraq attacked and overran Kuwait Aug. 1, 1990, sparking an international crisis. (See Chronology and Index for details.) Ireland People: Population (1990 est.): 3,557,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 30.5; 15-59: 54.5; 60+:15.0. Pop. density: 137 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 57%. Ethnic groups: Celtic, English minority. Languages: English predominates, Irish (Gaelic) spoken by minority. Religions: Roman Catholic 95%, Anglican 3%. Geography: Area: 27,137 sq. mi. slightly larger than W. Va. Location: In the Atlantic O. just W of Great Britain. Neighbors: United Kingdom (Northern Ireland). Topography: Ireland consists of a central plateau surrounded by isolated groups of hills and mountains. The coastline is heavily indented by the Atlantic O. Capital: Dublin. Cities (1988 est.): Dublin 502,000; Cork (met.) 133,000. Government: Type: Parliamentary republic. Head of State: Pres. Patrick J. Hillery; b. May 2, 1923; in office: Dec. 3, 1976. Head of government: Prime Min. Charles Haughey; in office: Mar. 10, 1987. Local divisions: 26 counties.Defense: 1.3% of GNP (1988). Economy: Industries: Food processing, metals, textiles, chemicals, brewing, electrical and non-electrical machinery, tourism. Chief crops: Potatoes, grain, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables. Minerals:Zinc, lead, silver, gas. Arable land: 14%. Livestock(1987): cattle: 6.7 mln.; pigs: 994,000; sheep: 2.7 mln.Fish catch (1988): 247,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1986): 12.6 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1985): 203,000 metric tons. Labor force: 13% agric.; 21% ind. 47% services. Finance: Currency: Pound (June 1990: 0.60 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $28.6 bln. Per capita income (1988): $6,200. Imports (1989): $17.4 bln.; partners: UK 42%, U.S. 17%, W. Ger. 8%, Fr. 5%.Exports (1989): $20.6 bln.; partners: UK 33%, Fr. 9%, W. Ger. 9%. Tourists (1987); receipts: $811 mln.National budget (1986): $8.6 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $3.8 bln. Gold: 352,000 oz. t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 4.1%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 1.2 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 711,000 passenger cars, 106,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation: (1987): 2.7 bln. passenger-km; 6 airports. Chief ports: Dublin, Cork. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 3.8 persons.Radios: 1 per 1.7 persons. Telephones: 1 per 3.8 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 200 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 72 male; 78 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 16. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 9. Natural increase: 8%. Hospital beds:1 per 128 persons. Physicians: 1 per 681 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 6. Education (1988): Literacy: 99%. Years compulsory: 9. Attendance: 91%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, World Bank), EC, OECD. Embassy: 2234 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 462-3939. Celtic tribes invaded the islands about the 4th century BC; their Gaelic culture and literature flourished and spread to Scotland and elsewhere in the 5th century AD, the same century in which St. Patrick converted the Irish to Christianity. Invasions by Norsemen began in the 8th century, ended with defeat of the Danes by the Irish King Brian Boru in 1014. English invasions started in the 12th century; for over 700 years the Anglo-Irish struggle continued with bitter rebellions and savage repressions. The Easter Monday Rebellion (1916) failed but was followed by guerrilla warfare and harsh reprisals by British troops, the "Black and Tans." The Dail Eireann, or Irish parliament, reaffirmed independence in Jan. 1919. The British offered dominion status to Ulster (6 counties) and southern Ireland (26 counties) Dec. 1921. The constitution of the Irish Free State, a British dominion, was adopted Dec. 11, 1922. Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom. A new constitution adopted by plebiscite came into operation Dec. 29, 1937. It declared the name of the state Eire in the Irish language (Ireland in the English) and declared it a sovereign democratic state. On Dec. 21, 1948, an Irish law declared the country a republic rather than a dominion and withdrew it from the Commonwealth. The British Parliament recognized both actions, 1949, but reasserted its claim to incorporate the 6 northeastern counties in the United Kingdom. This claim has not been recognized by Ireland. (See United Kingdom -- Northern Ireland.) Irish governments have favored peaceful unification of all Ireland. Ireland cooperated with England against terrorist groups. Ireland has suffered economic hardship in the 1980's; unemployment reached 17% in 1989. Israel State of Israel Medinat Israel People: Population (1990 est.): 4,371,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 32.4; 15-59: 55.3; 60+: 13.3. Pop. density: 570 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 89%. Ethnic groups: Jewish 83%, Arab 16%.Languages: Hebrew and Arabic (official), Yiddish, various European and West Asian languages. Religions: Jewish 83%, Moslem 13%. Geography: Area: 7,847 sq. mi. about the size of New Jersey. Location: On eastern end of Mediterranean Sea. Neighbors: Lebanon on N, Syria, Jordan on E, Egypt on W. Topography: The Mediterranean coastal plain is fertile and well-watered. In the center is the Judean Plateau. A triangular-shaped semi-desert region, the Negev, extends from south of Beersheba to an apex at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba. The eastern border drops sharply into the Jordan Rift Valley, including Lake Tiberias (Sea of Galilee) and the Dead Sea, which is 1,312 ft. below sea level, lowest point on the earth's surface. Capital: Jerusalem. Most countries maintain their embassy in Tel Aviv. Cities(1986 est.): Jerusalem 457,000; Tel Aviv-Yafo 322,000; Haifa 224,000. Government: Type: Parliamentary democracy. Head of state: Pres. Chaim Herzog; b. Sept. 17, 1918; in office: May 5, 1983. Head of government: Prime Min. Yitzhak Shamir; b. 1915; in office: June 11, 1990. Local divisions: 6 administrative districts. Defense: 16.6% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Diamond cutting, textiles, electronics, machinery, food processing. Chief crops: Citrus fruit, vegetables. Minerals:Potash, copper, phosphates, manganese, sul-phur. Crude oil reserves (1987): 700,000 mln. bbls. Arable land: 17%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 319,000; sheep: 281,000. Fish catch (1987): 22,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 17.3 bln. kwh. Labor force: 6% agric.; 23% ind., 30% public services. Finance: Currency: Shekel (May 1990: 2.01 = $ 1 US). GNP (1988): $36 bln. Per capita income (1988): $5,995. Imports(1989): $10.6 bln.; partners: U.S. 16%, W. Ger. 13%, UK 9%. Exports (1989): $9.6 bln.; partners: U.S. 34%, W. Ger. 5%, UK 7%. Tourists (1987): receipts $1.3 bln. National budget (1987): $23 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $5.2 bln. Gold: 1.01 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 20.2%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 173 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 696,000 passenger cars, 140,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1987): 7.2 mln. passenger-km; 5 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Haifa, Ashdod, Eilat. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 6.9 persons. Radios: 1 per 2.2 persons. Telephones: 1 per 2.2 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 357 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989) Jewish pop. only: 75 male; 79 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 22. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7%.Natural increase: 1.5%. Hospital beds: 1 per 159 persons. Physicians: 1 per 345 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 9. Education (1989): Literacy: 88% (Jewish), 70% (Arab). Major International Organizations: UN (GATT). Embassy: 3541 International Dr. NW 20008; 364-5500. Occupying the SW corner of the ancient Fertile Crescent, Israel contains some of the oldest known evidence of agriculture and of primitive town life. A more advanced civilization emerged in the 3d millenium BC. The Hebrews probably arrived early in the 2d millenium BC. Under King David and his successors (c.1000 BC-597 BC), Judaism was developed and secured. After conquest by Babylonians, Persians, and Greeks, an independent Jewish kingdom was revived, 168 BC, but Rome took effective control in the next century, suppressed Jewish revolts in 70 AD and 135 AD, and renamed Judea Palestine, after the earlier coastal inhabitants, the Philistines. Arab invaders conquered Palestine in 636. The Arabic language and Islam prevailed within a few centuries, but a Jewish minority remained. The land was ruled from the 11th century as a part of non-Arab empires by Seljuks, Mamluks, and Ottomans (with a crusader interval, 1098-1291). After 4 centuries of Ottoman rule, during which the population declined to a low of 350,000 (1785), the land was taken in 1917 by Britain, which in the Balfour Declaration that year pledged to support a Jewish national homeland there, as foreseen by the Zionists. In 1920 a British Palestine Mandate was recognized; in 1922 the land east of the Jordan was detached. Jewish immigration, begun in the late 19th century, swelled in the 1930s with refugees from the Nazis; heavy Arab immigration from Syria and Lebanon also occurred. Arab opposition to Jewish immigration turned violent in 1920, 1921, 1929, and 1936. The UN General Assembly voted in 1947 to partition Palestine into an Arab and a Jewish state. Britain withdrew in May 1948. Israel was declared an independent state May 14, 1948; the Arabs rejected partition. Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia invaded, but failed to destroy the Jewish state, which gained territory. Separate armistices with the Arab nations were signed in 1949; Jordan occupied the West Bank, Egypt occupied Gaza, but neither granted Palestinian autonomy. After persistent terrorist raids, Israel invaded Egypt's Sinai, Oct. 29, 1956, aided briefly by British and French forces. A UN cease-fire was arranged Nov. 6. An uneasy truce between Israel and the Arab countries, supervised by a UN Emergency Force, prevailed until May 19, 1967, when the UN force withdrew at the demand of Egypt's Pres.Nasser. Egyptian forces reoccupied the Gaza Strip and closed the Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping. In a 6-day war that started June 5, the Israelis took the Gaza Strip, occupied the Sinai Peninsula to the Suez Canal, and captured Old Jerusalem, Syria's Golan Heights, and Jordan's West Bank. The fighting was halted June 10 by UN-arranged cease-fire agreements. Egypt and Syria attacked Israel, Oct. 6, 1973 (Yom Kippur, most solemn day on the Jewish calendar). Israel counter-attacked, driving the Syrians back, and crossed the Suez Canal. A cease fire took effect Oct. 24; a UN peace-keeping force went to the area. A disengagement agreement was signed Jan. 18, 1974. Israel withdrew from the canal's W bank. A second withdrawal was completed in 1976; Israel returned the Sinai to Egypt in 1982. In the wake of the war, Golda Meir, long Israel's premier, resigned; severe inflation gripped the nation. Palestinian guerrillas staged massacres, killing scores of civilians 1974-75. Israel aided Christian forces in the 1975-76 Lebanese civil war. Israeli forces raided Entebbe, Uganda, July 3, 1976, and rescued 103 hostages seized by Arab and German terrorists. In 1977, the conservative opposition, led by Menachem Begin, was voted into office for the first time. Egypt's Pres. Sadat visited Jerusalem Nov. 1977 and on Mar. 26, 1979. Egypt and Israel signed a formal peace treaty, ending 30 years of war, and establishing diplomatic relations. Israel invaded S. Lebanon, March 1978, following a Lebanon-based terrorist attack in Israel. Israel withdrew in favor of a 6,000-man UN force, but continued to aid Christian militiamen.Violence on the Israeli-occupied West Bank rose in 1982 when Israel announced plans to build new Jewish settlements. Israel affirmed the entire city of Jerusalem as its capital, July, 1980, encompassing the annexed Arab East Jerusalem. Israel shot down, Apr. 28, 1981, two Syrian helicopters Israel claimed were attacking Lebanese Christian militia forces in the Beirut-Zahle area of Lebanon. Syria responded by installing Soviet-built surface-to-air missiles in Lebanon. Both the U.S. and Israel were unable to persuade Syria to withdraw the missles, and Israel threatened to destroy them. On June 7, 1981, Israeli jets destroyed an Iraqi atomic reactor near Baghdad that, Israel claimed, would have enabled Iraq to manufacture nuclear weapons. Israeli jets bombed Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) strongholds in Lebanon April, May 1982. In reaction to the wounding of the Israeli ambassador to Great Britain, Israeli forces in a coordinated land, sea, and air attack invaded Lebanon, June 6, to destroy PLO strongholds in that country. Israeli and Syrian forces engaged in the Bekka Valley, June 9, but quickly agreed to a truce. Israeli forces encircled Beirut June 14. Following massive Israeli bombing of West Beirut, the PLO agreed to evacuate the city. Israeli troops entered West Beirut after newly-elected Lebanese president Bashir Gemayel was assassinated on Sept. 14. Israel received widespread condemnation when Lebenese Christian forces, Sept. 16, entered 2 West Beirut refugee camps and slaughtered hundreds of Palestinian refugees. Israeli troops withdrew from Lebanon in June 1986. In 1989, violence continued over the Israeli military occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip; protesters and Israeli troops clashed frequently. The Knesset approved a new right-wing coalition government led by Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, June 11, 1990, following a 3-month political crisis that began with the fall of the previous "National Unity" government of Shamir and the Labor Party of Shimon Peres. Italy Italian Republic Repubblica Italiana People: Population (1990 est.): 57,657,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 19.9; 15-59: 61.3; 60+: 18.8. Pop. density: 493 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 67%. Ethnic groups: Italians, small minorities of Germans, Slovenes, Albanians. Languages: Italian. Religions: Predominantly Roman Catholic. Geography: Area: 116,303 sq. mi., about the size of Florida and Georgia combined. Location: In S Europe, jutting into Mediterranean S. Neighbors: France on W, Switzerland, Austria on N, Yugoslavia on E. Topography: Occupies a long boot-shaped peninsula, extending SE from the Alps into the Mediterranean, with the islands of Sicily and Sardinia offshore. The alluvial Po Valley drains most of N. The rest of the country is rugged and mountainous, except for intermittent coastal plains, like the Campania, S of Rome. Apennine Mts. run down through center of peninsula. Capital: Rome. Cities(1988 est.): Rome 2.8 mln.; Milan 1.4 mln.; Naples 1.2 mln.; Turin 1.0 mln. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Francesco Cossiga; b. July 26, 1929; in office: July 9, 1985;Head of government: Prime Min. Giulio Andreotti; in office: July 23, 1989. Local divisions: 20 regions with some autonomy, 94 provinces. Defense: 2.1% of GNP (1988). Economy: Industries: Steel, machinery, autos, textiles, shoes, machine tools, chemicals. Chief crops:Grapes, olives, citrus fruits, vegetables, wheat, rice.Minerals: Mercury, potash, sulphur.Crude oil reserves (1987): 951 mln. bbls. Arable land: 32%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 8.9 mln.; pigs: 9.1 mln.; sheep: 9.6 mln. Fish catch (1988): 554,000 metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 197 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 23.6 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 5% agric.; 32% ind. and comm.; 58% services and govt. Finance: Currency: Lira (June 1990: 1,214 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $825 bln. Per capita income (1988): $14,383. Imports (1989): $153 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 20%, Fr. 15%, U.S. 7%. Exports (1989): $140 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 16%, Fr. 15%, U.S. 10%, UK 6%. Tourists (1987): receipts $12.1 bln. National budget (1987): $311 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Apr. 1990): $51 bln. Gold: 66.67 mln. oz t.Consumer prices (change in 1989): 6.2%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 41 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 23.3 mln. passenger cars, 1.9 mln. comm. vehicles.Civil aviation(1988): 15.6 bln. passenger-km; 36 airports. Chief ports: Genoa, Venice, Trieste, Taranto, Naples, La Spezia. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 3.9 persons.Radios: 1 per 3.9 persons. Telephones: 1 per 2.0 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 121 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 73 male; 80 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 11.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 10. Natural increase: .1%. Hospital beds: 1 per 127 persons. Physicians: 1 per 233 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 8. Education (1989): Literacy: 97%. Years compulsory: 8. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, NATO, OECD, EC. Embassy: 1601 Fuller St. NW 20009; 328-5500. Rome emerged as the major power in Italy after 500 BC, dominating the more civilized Etruscans to the N and Greeks to the S. Under the Empire, which lasted until the 5th century AD, Rome ruled most of Western Europe, the Balkans, the Near East, and North Africa. In 1988, archeologists unearthed evidence showing Rome as a dynamic society in the 6th and 7th centuries B.C. After the Germanic invasions, lasting several centuries, a high civilization arose in the city-states of the N, culminating in the Renaissance. But German, French, Spanish, and Austrian intervention prevented the unification of the country. In 1859 Lombardy came under the crown of King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia. By plebiscite in 1860, Parma, Modena, Romagna, and Tuscany joined, followed by Sicily and Naples, and by the Marches and Umbria. The first Italian parliament declared Victor Emmanuel king of Italy Mar. 17, 1861. Mantua and Venetia were added in 1866 as an outcome of the Austro-Prussian war. The Papal States were taken by Italian troops Sept. 20, 1870, on the withdrawal of the French garrison. The states were annexed to the kingdom by plebiscite. Italy recognized the State of Vatican City as independent Feb. 11, 1929. Fascism appeared in Italy Mar. 23, 1919, led by Benito Mussolini, who took over the government at the invitation of the king Oct. 28, 1922. Mussolini acquired dictatorial powers. He made war on Ethiopia and proclaimed Victor Emmanuel III emperor, defied the sanctions of the League of Nations, joined the Berlin-Tokyo axis, sent troops to fight for Franco against the Republic of Spain and joined Germany in World War II. After Fascism was overthrown in 1943, Italy declared war on Germany and Japan and contributed to the Allied victory. It surrendered conquered lands and lost its colonies. Mussolini was killed by partisans Apr. 28, 1945. Victor Emmanuel III abdicated May 9, 1946; his son Humbert II was king until June 10, when Italy became a republic after a referendum, June 2-3. Reorganization of the Fascist party is forbidden. The cabinet normally represents a coalition of the Christian Democrats, largest of Italy's many parties, and one or 2 other parties. The Vatican agreed in 1976 to revise its 1929 concordat with the state, depriving Roman Catholicism of its status as state religion. In 1974 Italians voted by a 3-to-2 margin to retain a 3-year-old law permitting divorce, which was opposed by the church. Italy has enjoyed an extraordinary growth in industry and living standards since World War II, in part due to membership in the Common Market. Italy joined the European Monetary System, 1980. A wave of left-wing political violence began in the late 1970s with kidnappings and assassinations and continued through the 1980s. Christian Dem. leader and former Prime Min. Moro was murdered May 1978 by Red Brigade terrorists. The Cabinet of Prime Min. Arnaldo Forlani resigned, May 26, 1981, in the wake of revelations that numerous high-ranking officials were members of an illegally secret Masonic lodge. The June 1983 elections saw Bettino Craxi chosen the nation's first Socialist premier. Craxi's government faced a severe crisis as the result of a chain of events sparked by the Oct. 17, 1985 hijacking of the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro and the subsequent U.S. downing on Italian soil of an Egyptian aircraft carrying the 4 hijackers and Abul Abbas, a PLO leader suspected of planning the hijacking. Craxi's release of Abbas and refusal to turn the 4 hijackers over to the U.S. caused an internal crisis that almost saw his government fall. Craxi ended the longest tenure of an Italian leader since World War II by resigning Mar. 1987. Sicily, 9,926 sq. mi., pop. (1987) 5,112,000, is an island 180 by 120 mi., seat of a region that embraces the island of Pantelleria, 32 sq. mi., and the Lipari group, 44 sq. mi., 63 14,000, including 2 active volcanoes: Vulcano, 1,637 ft. and Stromboli,3,038 ft. From prehistoric times Sicily has been settled by various peoples; a Greek state had its capital at Syracuse. Rome took Sicily from Carthage 215 BC. Mt. Etna, 11,053 ft. active volcano, is tallest peak. Sardinia, 9,301 sq. mi., pop. (1986) 1,638,000, lies in the Mediterranean, 115 mi. W of Italy and 7-1/2 mi. S of Corsica. It is 160 mi. long, 68 mi. wide, and mountainous, with mining of coal, zinc, lead, copper. In 1720 Sardinia was added to the possessions of the Dukes of Savoy in Piedmont and Savoy to form the Kingdom of Sardinia. Giuseppe Garibaldi is buried on the nearby isle of Caprera. Elba, 86 sq. mi., lies 6 mi. W of Tuscany. Napoleon I lived in exile on Elba 1814-1815. Trieste. An agreement, signed Oct. 5, 1954, by Italy and Yugoslavia, confirmed, Nov. 10, 1975, gave Italy provisional administration over the northern section and the seaport of Trieste, and Yugoslavia the part of Istrian peninsula it has occupied. Jamaica People: Population (1990 est.): 2,513,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 36.7; 15-59: 52.8; 60+: 8.5. Pop. density: 556 per sq. mi. Urban (1989): 48%. Ethnic groups: African 76%, mixed 15%, Chinese, Caucasians, East Indians. Languages: English, Jamaican Creole. Religions: Protestant 70%. Geography: Area: 4,232 sq. mi., slightly smaller than Connecticut. Location: In West Indies.Neighbors: Nearest are Cuba on N, Haiti on E.Topography: The country is four-fifths covered by mountains. Capital: Kingston. Cities (1984 est.): St. Andrew 393,000, Kingston 100,000. Government: Type: Constitutional monarchy.Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Gov.-Gen. Florizel A. Glasspole; b. Sept. 25, 1909; in office: Mar. 2, 1973. Head of government: Prime Min. Michael N. Manley; in office: Feb. 9, 1989.Local divisions: 14 parishes; Kingston and St. Andrew corporate area. Defense: 1.0% of GDP (1989). Economy: Industries: Rum, molasses, cement, paper,tourism. Chief crops: Sugar cane, coffee, bananas, coconuts, citrus fruits. Minerals: Bauxite, limestone, gypsum. Arable land: 19%. Livestock(1987): cattle: 290,000; goats: 420,000. Electricity prod. (1988): 2.4 bln. kwh.Labor force: 31% agric.; 27% services; 41% ind. Finance: Currency: Dollar (Apr. 1990: 6.95 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $2.9 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $1,160. Imports (1989): $1.8 bln.; partners: U.S. 44%, UK 17%. Exports (1989): $967 mln.; partners: U.S. 33%, UK 17%, Can. 16%. Tourists (1988): receipts: $525 mln. National budget (1989): $1.0 bln. International reserves less gold (Feb. 1990): $107 mln. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 14.3%. Transport: Railway traffic (1986): 40 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 52,000 passenger cars, 23,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 1.9 bln. passenger km.; 6 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Kingston, Montego Bay. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 6.1 persons. Radios: 1 per 2.1 persons.Telephones: 1 per 14 persons. Daily newspaper circ.(1987): 36 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 75 male; 78 female.Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 27. Deaths: (per 1,000 pop. 1989). Natural increase:2.2%. Hospital beds: 1 per 414 persons.Physicians: 1 per 6,421 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 17. Education (1990): Literacy: 82%. Compulsory to age 14. Major International Organizations: UN (World Bank, GATT), OAS. Embassy: 1850 K St. NW 20006; 452-0660. Jamaica was visited by Columbus, 1494, and ruled by Spain (under whom Arawak Indians died out) until seized by Britain, 1655. Jamaica won independence Aug. 6, 1962. In 1974 Jamaica sought an increase in taxes paid by U.S. and Canadian companies which mine bauxite on the island. The socialist government acquired 50% ownership of the companies' Jamaican interests in 1976, and was reelected that year. Rudimentary welfare state measures were passed, but unemployment increased. Relations with the U.S. improved greatly in the 1980s following the election of Edward Seaga. Jamaica took part in the October 1983 invasion of Grenada. Hurricane Gilbert struck Jamaica Sept. 12, 1988, killing some 45 and causing extensive damage including half the nation's houses. Japan Nippon People: Population (1990 est.): 123,778,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 19.0; 15-59: 64.1; 60+: 16.9. Pop. density: 844 per sq. mi.Urban (1985): 76.7%. Language: Japanese. Ethnic groups: Japanese 99.4%, Korean 0.5%. Religions: Buddhism, Shintoism shared by large majority. Geography: Area: 145,856 sq. mi., slightly smaller than California. Location: Archipelago off E. coast of Asia. Neighbors: USSR on N, S. Korea on W.Topography: Japan consists of 4 main islands: Honshu ("mainland"), 87,805 sq. mi.; Hokkaido, 30,144 sq. mi.; Kyushu, 14,114 sq. mi.; and Shikoku, 7,049 sq. mi. The coast, deeply indented, measures 16,654 mi. The northern islands are a continuation of the Sakhalin Mts. The Kunlun range of China continues into southern islands, the ranges meeting in the Japanese Alps. In a vast transverse fissure crossing Honshu E-W rises a group of volcanoes, mostly extinct or inactive, including 12,388 ft. Fuji-San (Fujiyama) near Tokyo.Capital: Tokyo. Cities (1987 est.): Tokyo 8.3 mln.; Osaka 2.6 mln.; Yokohama 3.1 mln.; Nagoya 2.1 mln.; Kyoto 1.4 mln.; Kobe 1.4 mln.; Sapporo 1.6 mln.; Kitakyushu 1 mln.; Kawasaki 1.1 mln; Fukuoka 1.2 mln. Government: Type: Parliamentary democracy. Head of state: Emp. Akihito; b. Dec. 23, 1933; in office: Jan. 7, 1989. Head of government:Prime Min. Toshiki Kaifu; b. Jan. 2, 1931; in office: Aug. 9, 1989. Local divisions: 47 prefectures. Defense: Less than 1% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Electrical & electronic equip., autos, machinery, chemicals. Chief crops: Rice, grains, vegetables, fruits. Minerals: negligible. Crude oil reserves (1985): 26 mln. bbls. Arable land: 13%. Livestock (1986): cattle: 4.6 mln.; pigs: 11.7 mln. Fish catch (1987): 12.4 mln. metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 696 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1987): 98.5 mln. metric tons. Labor force:8% agric.; 34% manuf. & mining; 53% services & trade. Finance: Currency: Yen (June 1990: 151 = $1 US). Gross national product (1989): $1.8 trl. Per capita GNP (1989): $15,030. Imports (1989): $209 bln.; partners: U.S. 20%, Middle East 26%, SE Asia 22%, EC 6%. Exports (1989): $273 bln.; partners: U.S. 37%, EC 12%, SE Asia 23%.Tourists (1988): $2.8 bln. receipts. National budget (1989): $470 bln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $73 bln. Gold: 24.23 mln. oz. t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 2.3%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 341 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 29.4 mln. passenger cars, 19.1 mln. Civil aviation (1988): 83.7 bln. passenger-km; 65 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Yokohama, Tokyo, Kobe, Osaka, Nagoya, Chiba, Kawasaki, Hakodate. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 4.1 persons.Radios: 1 per 1.3 persons. Telephones: 1 per 1.8 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 569 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 76 male; 82 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 11.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase: 0.5%. Hospital beds: 1 per 77 persons. Physicians: 1 per 668 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 5. Education (1989): Literacy: 99%. Most attend school for 12 years. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, GATT, ILO), OECD. Embassy: 2520 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 939-6700. According to Japanese legend, the empire was founded by Emperor Jimmu, 660 BC, but earliest records of a unified Japan date from 1,000 years later. Chinese influence was strong in the formation of Japanese civilization. Buddhism was introduced before the 6th century. A feudal system, with locally powerful noble families and their samurai warrior retainers, dominated from 1192. Central power was held by successive families of shoguns (military dictators), 1192-1867, until recovered by the Emperor Meiji, 1868. The Portuguese and Dutch had minor trade with Japan in the 16th and 17th centuries; U.S. Commodore Matthew C. Perry opened it to U.S. trade in a treaty ratified 1854. Japan fought China, 1894-95, gaining Taiwan. After war with Russia, 1904-05, Russia ceded S half of Sakhalin and gave concessions in China. Japan annexed Korea 1910. In World War I Japan ousted Germany from Shantung, took over German Pacific islands. Japan took Manchuria 1931, started war with China 1932. Japan launched war against the U.S. by attack on Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941. Japan surrendered Aug. 14, 1945. In a new constitution adopted May 3, 1947, Japan renounced the right to wage war; the emperor gave up claims to divinity; the Diet became the sole law-making authority. The U.S. and 48 other non-communist nations signed a peace treaty and the U.S. a bilateral defense agreement with Japan, in San Francisco Sept. 8, 1951, restoring Japan's sovereignty as of April 28, 1952. Japan signed separate treaties with China, 1952; India, 1952; a declaration with USSR ending a technical state of war, 1956. In Dec. 1965 Japan and South Korea agreed to resume diplomatic relations. On June 26, 1968, the U.S. returned to Japanese control the Bonin Is., the Volcano Is. (including Iwo Jima) and Marcus Is. On May 15, 1972, Okinawa, the other Ryukyu Is. and the Daito Is. were returned to Japan by the U.S.; it was agreed the U.S. would continue to maintain military bases on Okinawa. Japan and the USSR have failed to resolve disputed claims of sovereignty over 4 of the Kurile Is. and over offshore fishing rights. In 1972, Japan and China resumed diplomatic relations. Industrialization was begun in the late 19th century. After World War II, Japan emerged as one of the most powerful economies in the world, and as a leader in technology. The U.S. and EC member nations have criticized Japan for its restrictive policy on imports which has given Japan a substantial trade surplus. In Apr. 1987, the U.S. imposed 100% tariffs on Japanese electronics imports in retaliation for what the U.S. considered various unfair trade practices. The Recruit scandal, the nation's worst political scandal since World War II, which involved illegal political donations and stock trading, led to the resignation of Premier Noboru Takeshita in May 1989. Premier Toshiki Kaifu visited the U.S. Mar. 2-3, 1990, and met with Pres. Bush in an effort to ease the increasing economic tension between the 2 countries over the long-standing trade imbalance. Jordan Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan al Mamlaka al Urduniya al Hashemiyah Population (1990 est.): 3,065,000.Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 48.1; 15-59: 46.9; 60+: 4.0. Pop. density: 80 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 70%. Ethnic groups: Arab 98%. Languages: Arabic (official), English. Religions: Sunni Moslem 92%, Christian 8%. Geography: Area: 37,737 sq. mi., slightly larger than Indiana. Location: In W Asia. Neighbors: Israel on W, Saudi Arabia on S, Iraq on E, Syria on N.Topography: About 88% of Jordan is arid. Fertile areas are in W. Only port is on short Aqaba Gulf coast. Country shares Dead Sea (1,296 ft. below sea level) with Israel. Capital:Amman. Cities (1988 est.): Amman 900,000; az-Zarqa 306,000; Irbid 161,000. Government: Type: Constitutional monarchy. Head of state: King Hussein I; b. Nov. 14, 1935; in office: Aug. 11, 1952. Head of government: Prime Min. Field Marshal Sharif Zeid bin Shaker;in office: Apr. 27, 1989. Local divisions: 8 governorates. Defense: 13% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Textiles, cement, food processing. Chief crops: Grains, olives, vegetables, fruits. Minerals: Phosphate, potash. Arable land: 5%. Electricity prod. (1988): 3.3 bln. kwh. Labor force: 20% agric. 20% manuf. & mining. Finance: Currency: Dinar (Mar. 1990: 0.66 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $4.3 bln. Imports (1988): $2.7 bln.; partners: Saudi Ar. 6%, U.S. 11%, Jap. 8%. Exports (1988): $1.0 bln.; partners: Saudi Ar. 12%, Ind. 13%, Iraq. 18%. Tourists (1986): receipts: $534 mln. National budget (1989): $2.3 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $407 mln. Gold: 749,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 3.2%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 158,000 passenger cars, 158,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 3.9 bln. passenger-km; 3 airports with scheduled flights.Chief ports: Aqaba. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 12 persons. Radios: 1 per 2.7 persons. Telephones: 1 per 10 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 68 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 67 male; 71 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 42.7.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 6. Natural increase:3.6%. Hospital beds: 1 per 523 persons. Physicians: 1 per 881 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 55. Education (1989): Literacy: 71%. Major International Organizations: UN (WHO, IMF), Arab League. Embassy: 3504 International Dr. NW 20008; 966-2664. From ancient times to 1922 the lands to the E of the Jordan were culturally and politically united with the lands to the W. Arabs conquered the area in the 7th century; the Ottomans took control in the 16th. Britain's 1920 Palestine Mandate covered both sides of the Jordan. In 1921, Abdullah, son of the ruler of Hejaz in Arabia, was installed by Britain as emir of an autonomous Transjordan, covering two-thirds of Palestine. An independent kingdom was proclaimed, 1946. During the 1948 Arab-Israeli war the West Bank and old city of Jerusalem were added to the kingdom, which changed its name to Jordan. All these territories were lost to Israel in the 1967 war, which swelled the number of Arab refugees on the East Bank. A 1974 Arab summit conference designated the Palestine Liberation Organization as the sole representative of Arabs on the West Bank. Jordan accepted the move, and was granted an annual subsidy by Arab oil states. In 1988 Jordan cut legal and administrative ties with the Israeli-occupied West Bank. In Apr. 1989, riots broke out over price increases imposed under an agreement with the International Monetary Fund. Kenya Republic of Kenya Jamhuri ya Kenya People: Population (1990 est.): 25,393,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 51.2; 15-59: 45.4; 60+: 3.4. Pop. density: 105 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 20%. Ethnic groups: Kikuyu 21%, Luo 13%, Luhya 14%, Kelenjin 11%, Kamba 11%, others, including Asians, Arabs, Europeans. Languages: Swahili (official), English. Religions: Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 26%, Moslem 6%, others. Geography: Area: 224,960 sq. mi., slightly smaller than Texas. Location: On Indian O. coast of E. Africa. Neighbors: Uganda on W, Tanzania on S, Somalia on E, Ethopia, Sudan on N. Topography: The northern three-fifths of Kenya is arid. To the S, a low coastal area and a plateau varying from 3,000 to 10,000 ft. The Great Rift Valley enters the country N-S, flanked by high mountains.Capital: Nairobi. Cities (1987 est.): Nairobi 959,000; Mombasa 401,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Daniel arap Moi, b. Sept., 1924; in office: Aug. 22, 1978.Local divisions: Nairobi and 7 provinces. Defense: 2.4% of GDP (1987). Economy: Industries: Tourism, light industry, petroleum prods. Chief crops: Coffee, corn, tea, cereals, cotton, sisal.Minerals: Gold, limestone, diatomite, salt, barytes, magnesite, felspar, sapphires, fluospar, garnets. Other resources: Timber, hides. Arable land: 4%. Livestock (1986): cattle: 12.5 mln. Fish catch (1987): 131,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1987): 2.4 bln. kwh. Labor force: 21% agric.; 21% ind. and commerce; 13% services; 40% public sector. Finance: Currency: Shilling (Mar. 1990: 22.12 =$1 US). Gross national product (1987): $8.1 bln.Per capita income (1986): $322. Imports (1988): $1.9 bln.; partners: UK 14%, W. Ger. 11%, Jap. 11%, Fra. 11%. Exports (1988): $1.0 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 11%, UK 18%, Ugan. 9%. Tourists (1987): receipts: $355 mln. National budget (1987): $2.6 bln expenditures.International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $197 mln. Gold: 80,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 8.3%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 133,000 passenger cars, 110,000 comm. vehicles. Civil Aviation (1988): 753 mln. passenger-km; 16 airports with scheduled flights.Chief ports: Mombasa. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 118 persons. Radios: 1 per 12 persons. Telephones:1 per 70 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 16 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 59 male; 63 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 51.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 9. Natural increase: 4.2%. Hospital beds: 1 per 657 persons. Physicians: 1 per 7,122 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 70. Education (1989): Literacy: 50%. 86% attend primary school. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, OAU, Commonwealth of Nations. Embassy: 2249 R St. NW 20008; 387-6101. Arab colonies exported spices and slaves from the Kenya coast as early as the 8th century. Britain obtained control in the 19th century. Kenya won independence Dec. 12, 1963, 4 years after the end of the violent Mau Mau uprising. Kenya has shown steady growth in industry and agriculture under a modified private enterprise system, and has had a relatively free political life. But stability was shaken in 1974-5, with opposition charges of corruption and oppression. In 1968 ties with Somalia were restored after 4 years of skirmishes. Tanzania closed its Kenya border in 1977 in a dispute over the collapse of the East African Community. Kenya has close ties to the West. Kiribati Republic of Kiribati People: Population (1990 est.): 65,000.Pop. density: 244 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: nearly all Micronesian, some Polynesians. Languages: Gilbertese and English (official). Religions: evenly divided between Protestant and Roman Catholic. Geography: Area: 266 sq. mi., slightly smaller than New York City. Location: 33 Micronesian islands (the Gilbert, Line, and Phoenix groups) in the mid-Pacific scattered in a 2-mln. sq. mi. chain around the point where the International Date Line cuts the Equator. Neighbors: Nearest are Nauru to SW, Tuvalu and Tokelau Is. to S.Topography: except Banaba (Ocean) I., all are low-lying, with soil of coral sand and rock fragments, subject to erratic rainfall. Capital (1988): Tarawa 22,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state and of government: Pres. Ieremia Tabai, b. Dec. 16, 1950; in office: July 12, 1979. Economy: Industries: Copra. Chief crops: Coconuts, breadfruit, pandanus, bananas, paw paw. Other resources: Fish. Electricity prod. (1988): 8 mln. kwh. Finance: Currency: Australian dollar. Gross national product (1987): $24 mln. Transport: Chief port: Tarawa. Communications: Radios: 1 per 6.8 persons.Telephones: 1 per 48 persons. Health: Hospital beds: 1 per 231 persons.Physicians: 1 per 4,094 persons. Education: Literacy (1985): 90%. A British protectorate since 1892, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony was completed with the inclusion of the Phoenix Islands, 1937. Self-rule was granted 1971; the Ellice Islands separated from the colony 1975 and became independent Tuvalu, 1978. Kiribati (pronounced Kiribass) independence was attained July 12, 1979. Under a Treaty of Friendship the U.S. relinquished its claims to several of the Line and Phoenix islands, including Christmas, Canton, and Enderbury. Tarawa Atoll was the scene of some of the bloodiest fighting in the Pacific during WW II. North Korea Democratic People's Republic of Korea Chosun Minchu-chui Inmin Konghwa-guk People: Population (1990 est.): 23,059,000. Pop. density: 471 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 62%. Ethnic groups: Korean. Languages: Korean.Religions: activities almost nonexistent; traditionally Buddhism, Confucianism, Chondokyo. Geography: Area: 46,540 sq. mi., slightly smaller than Mississippi. Location: In northern E. Asia.Neighbors: China, USSR on N, S. Korea on S. Topography:Mountains and hills cover nearly all the country, with narrow valleys and small plains in between. The N and the E coast are the most rugged areas. Capital: Pyongyang. Cities (1981 est.): Pyongyang 1,283,000. Government: Type: Communist state. Head of state:Pres. Kim Il-Sung; b. Apr. 15, 1912; in office: Dec. 28, 1972. Head of government:Premier Yong Hyong Muk; in office: Dec. 12, 1988. Head of Communist Party: Gen. Sec. Kim Il-Sung; in office: 1945.Local divisions: 9 provinces, 3 special cities. Defense (1988): 24% of GNP. Economy: Industries: Textiles, petrochemicals, food processing. Chief crops: Corn, potatoes, fruits, vegetables, rice.Minerals: Coal, lead tungsten, graphite, magnesite, iron, copper, gold, phosphate, salt, fluorspar. Arable land: 19%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 1.1 mln; pigs: 3.0 mln. Fish catch (1987): 1.8 mln. metric tons. Crude steel prod. (1987) 6.1 mln. metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 41 bln. kwh. Labor force: 48% agric. Finance: Currency: Won (Mar. 1990): 0.97 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $20 bln. Imports (1988): $3.1 bin.; partners: China 17%, USSR 36%, Jap. 19%. Exports (1988): $2.4 bln.; partners: USSR 43% China 13%, Jap. 15%. Communications: Television sets: 1 mln. in use (1984).Radios: 4.1 mln. in use (1984). Transport: Chief ports: Chonglin, Hamhung, Nampo. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 67 male; 73 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 29.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 5. Natural increase:2.4%. Hospital beds: 1 per 74 persons. Physicians:1 per 370 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births, 1989): 32. Education (1989): Literacy: 99%. Years compulsory:11. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea was founded May 1, 1948, in the zone occupied by Russian troops after World War II. Its armies tried to conquer the south, 1950. After 3 years of fighting with Chinese and U.S. intervention, a cease-fire was proclaimed. Industry, begun by the Japanese during their 1910-45 occupation, and nationalized in the 1940s, had grown substantially, using N. Korea's abundant mineral and hydroelectric resources. Two N. Korean Army officers were sentenced to death by Burmese authorities after they confessed to the October 9, 1983 bombing which killed 17, including 4 S. Korean cabinet ministers, in Rangoon. South Korea Republic of Korea Taehan Min'guk People: Population (1990 est.): 43,919,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 30.6; 15-59: 52.7; 60+: 6.7. Pop. density: 1,189 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 68%. Ethnic groups: Korean. Languages: Korean. Religions: Buddhism, Confucianism, Christian. Geography: Area: 38,025 sq. mi., slightly larger than Indiana. Location: In Northern E. Asia.Neighbors: N. Korea on N. Topography: The country is mountainous, with a rugged east coast. The western and southern coasts are deeply indented, with many islands and harbors.Capital: Seoul. Cities (1989 cen.): Seoul 10.2 mln.; Pusan 3,700,000; Taegu 2,200,000; Inchon 1,600,000; Kwangju 1,100,000; Taejon 1,000,000. Government: Type: Republic, with power centralized in a strong executive. Head of state: Pres. Roh Tae Woo; b. 1932; in office: Feb. 25, 1988. Head of government:Prime Min. Kang Young Hoon; in office: Dec. 5, 1988.Local divisions: 9 provinces and Seoul, Pusan, Inchon, and Taegu. Defense: 5.8% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Electronics, ships, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles. Chief crops: Rice, barley, vegetables, wheat. Minerals: Tungsten, coal, graphite.Arable land: 22%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 2.8 mln.; pigs: 3.3 mln.Fish catch: (1988): 3.2 mln. metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 85.0 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1987): 16.7 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 21% agric.; 27% manuf. & mining; 52% services. Finance: Currency: Won (Mar. 1990: 702 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $171 bln. Per capita income (1986): $2,180. Imports (1989): $63 bln.; partners: Jap. 33%, U.S. 21%. Exports (1989): $62 bln.; partners: U.S. 40%, Jap. 15%. Tourists (1988): receipts: $1.3 bln. National budget (1988): $22.0 bln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $13 bln. Gold:320,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 5.7%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 24 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 975,000 passenger cars, 748,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1987): 14.4 bln. passenger-km; 6 airlines with scheduled flights.Chief ports: Pusan, Inchon. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 4.9 persons. Radios: 1 per 1.0 persons. Telephones: 1 per 4.1 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 24 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 66 male; 73 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 20. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 6. Natural increase: 1.4%. Hospital beds: 1 per 487 persons. Physicians: 1 per 1,216 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 25.0. Education (1989): Literacy: 92%. Attendance: High school 90%, college 14%. Embassy: 2320 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 939-5600. Korea, once called the Hermit Kingdom, has a recorded history since the 1st century BC. It was united in a kingdom under the Silla Dynasty, 668 AD. It was at times associated with the Chinese empire; the treaty that concluded the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-95 recognized Korea's complete independence. In 1910 Japan forcibly annexed Korea as Chosun. At the Potsdam conference, July, 1945, the 38th parallel was designated as the line dividing the Soviet and the American occupation. Russian troops entered Korea Aug. 10, 1945, U.S. troops entered Sept. 8, 1945. The Soviet military organized socialists and communists and blocked efforts to let the Koreans unite their country. (See Index for Korean War.) The South Koreans formed the Republic of Korea in May 1948 with Seoul as the capital. Dr. Syngman Rhee was chosen president but a movement spearheaded by college students forced his resignation Apr. 26, 1960. In an army coup May 16, 1961, Gen. Park Chung Hee became chairman of the ruling junta. He was elected president, 1963; a 1972 referendum allowed him to be reelected for 6 year terms unlimited times. Park was assassinated by the chief of the Korean CIA, Oct. 26, 1979. The calm of the new government was halted by the rise of Gen. Chun Doo Hwan, head of the military intelligence, who reinstated martial law, and reverted South Korea to the police state it was under Park. North Korean raids across the border tapered off in 1971, but incidents occurred in 1973 and 1974. In July 1972 South and North Korea agreed on a common goal of reunifying the 2 nations by peaceful means. But there had been no sign of a thaw in relations between the two regimes until 1985 when they agreed to discuss economic issues. In 1988, radical students demanding reunification clashed with police. A Korean Air Lines passenger airliner was shot down by a Soviet jet fighter, Sept. 1, 1983, after it strayed into Soviet airspace; all 269 people aboard died. On June 10, 1987, middle class office workers, shopkeepers, and business executives joined students in antigovernment protests in Seoul. They were protesting President Chun's decision to choose his successor and not allow the next president to be chosen by direct vote of the people. Following weeks of rioting and violence, Chun, July 1, agreed to permit election of the next president by direct popular vote and other constitutional reforms. In Dec., Roh Tae Woo was elected president. In 1990, the nation's 3 largest political parties merged; some 100,000 students demonstrated, charging that the merger was undemocratic. Kuwait State of Kuwait Dowlat al-Kuwait People: Population (1990 est.): 2,080,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 40.2; 15-59: 57.6; 60+: 2.3. Pop. density: 285 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 90%. Ethnic groups:Kuwaiti 39%, other Arab 39%, Iranians, Indians, Pakistanis.Languages: Arabic, others. Religions: Moslem 85%. Geography: Area: 6,880 sq. mi., slightly smaller than New Jersey. Location: In Middle East, at N end of Persian Gulf. Neighbors: Iraq on N, Saudi Arabia on S. Topography: The country is flat, very dry, and extremely hot. Capital: Kuwait. Cities (1985 est.): Hawalli 145,000; as-Salimiyah 153,000. Government: Type: Constitutional monarchy. Head of state: Emir Shaikh Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir as-Sabah; b. 1928; in office: Jan. 1, 1978. Head of government: Prime Min. Shaikh Saad Abdulla as-Salim as-Sabah; in office: Feb. 8, 1978. Local divisions:4 governorates. Defense: 5.2% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Oil products. Minerals:Oil, gas. Crude oil reserves (1987): 94 bln. bbls. Cultivated land: 1%. Electricity prod. (1988): 19.5 bln. kwh. Labor force: social services 45%; construction 20%. Finance: Currency: Dinar (May 1990: 1.00 = $3.40 US).Gross national product (1988): $19.1 bln. Per capita GNP (1988): $10,410. Imports (1988): $6.1 bln.; partners: Jap. 21%, U.S. 9%. Exports (1988): $7.6 bln.; partners: Jap. 16%, It. 10%. Tourists (1988): $100 mln. receipts. National budget (1988): $10.5 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $3.1 bln. Gold: 2.53 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in (1989): 3.3%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 424,000 passenger cars, 114,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 3.3 bln. passenger-km. 1 airport with scheduled flight. Chief ports: Mina al-Ahmadi. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 2.4 persons. Radios: 1 per 1.8 persons. Telephones: 1 per 5.9 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 253 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 72 male; 76 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 30.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 2.9. Natural increase:2.7%. Hospital beds: 1 per 340 persons. Physician: 1 per 669 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 14. Education (1989): Literacy: 71%. Years compulsory: 8. Major International Organizations: UN (World Bank, IMF, GATT), Arab League, OPEC. Embassy: 2940 Tilden St. NW 20008; 966-0702. Kuwait is ruled by the Al-Sabah dynasty, founded 1759. Britain ran foreign relations and defense from 1899 until independence in 1961. The majority of the population is non-Kuwaiti, with many Palestinians, and cannot vote. Oil, first exported in 1946, is the fiscal mainstay, providing most of Kuwait's income. Oil pays for free medical care, education, and social security. There are no taxes, except customs duties. Kuwaiti oil tankers have come under frequent attack by Iran because of Kuwait's support of Iraq in the Iran-Iraq War. In July 1987, U.S. Navy warships began escorting Kuwaiti tankers in the Persian Gulf. In 1988, a Kuwaiti Airways jet was hijacked by pro-Iranian Shiite Moslem terrorists who demanded the release of 17 Shiite terrorists. The ordeal lasted 16 days as Kuwait refused to release the terrorists. Kuwait was attacked and overrun by Iraqian forces Aug. 1, 1990. (See Chronology and Index for details.) Laos Lao People's Democratic Republic Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao People: Population (1990 est.): 4,024,000. Pop. density: 42 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 15%. Ethnic groups: Lao 48%, Mon-Khmer tribes 25%, Thai 14%, Meo and Yao 13%, others. Languages: Lao (official), French. Religions: Buddhists 50%, tribal 50%. Geography: Area: 91,428 sq. mi., slightly larger than Utah. Location: In Indochina Peninsula in SE Asia. Neighbors: Burma, China on N, Vietnam on E, Cambodia on S, Thailand on W. Topography: Landlocked, dominated by jungle. High mountains along the eastern border are the source of the E-W rivers slicing across the country to the Mekong R., which defines most of the western border.Capital: Vientiane. Cities (1984 est.); Vientiane 120,000. Government: Type: Communist. Head of state: Pres. Phoumi Vongvichit in office: Oct. 31, 1986. Head of government:Prime Min. Kaysone Phomvihan; b. Dec. 13, 1920; in office: Dec. 2, 1975. Local divisions: 17 provinces. Armed forces: Defense: 10.5% of GNP (1984). Economy: Industries: Wood products. Chief crops: Rice, corn, tobacco, cotton, opium, citrus fruits, coffee. Minerals: Tin. Other resources: Forests. Arable land: 4%. Livestock (1988): pigs: 1.5 mln.Fish catch (1988): 20,000 metric tons. Electricity prod.(1988): 900 mln. kwh. Labor force: 85% agric.; 6% ind. Finance: Currency: New kip (Mar. 1990): 583 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $500 mln. Per capita income (1985 est.): $500. Imports(1988): $240 mln.; partners: Thai. 45%, Jap. 20%. Exports (1988): $52 mln.; partners: Chi. 40%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 15,800 passenger cars, 3,000 comm. vehicles. Civil Aviation (1985): 9 mln. passenger km; 7 airports with scheduled flights. Communications: Radios: 1 per 10 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 48 male; 51 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 38.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 16. Natural increase:2.2%. Hospital beds: 1 per 369 persons. Physicians: 1 per 6,495 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births, 1989): 128. Education: (1986): Literacy: 41%. Major International Organizations: UN (FAO, IMF, WHO). Embassy: 2222 S St. NW 20008; 332-6416. Laos became a French protectorate in 1893, but regained independence as a constitutional monarchy July 19, 1949. Conflicts among neutralist, communist and conservative factions created a chaotic political situation. Armed conflict increased after 1960. The 3 factions formed a coalition government in June 1962, with neutralist Prince Souvanna Phouma as premier. A 14-nation conference in Geneva signed agreements, 1962, guaranteeing neutrality and independence. By 1964 the Pathet Lao had withdrawn from the coalition, and, with aid from N. Vietnamese troops, renewed sporadic attacks. U.S. planes bombed the Ho Chi Minh trail, supply line from N. Vietnam to communist forces in Laos and S. Vietnam. An estimated 2.75 million tons of bombs were dropped on Laos during the fighting. In 1970 the U.S. stepped up air support and military aid. After Pathet Lao military gains, Souvanna Phouma in May 1975 ordered government troops to cease fighting; the Pathet Lao took control. A Lao People's Democratic Republic was proclaimed Dec. 3, 1975; it is strongly influenced by Vietnam. Lebanon Republic of Lebanon al-Jumhouriya al-Lubnaniya People: Population (1990 est.): 3,340,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 37.0; 15-59: 55.1; 60+: 7.9. Pop. density: 710 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 81%. Ethnic groups: Lebanese 82%, Armenians 5%, Palestinian 9%. Languages: Arabic (official), French, Armenian. Religions: Moslem 57%; Christian 42%. Geography: Area: 4,015 sq. mi., smaller than Connecticut. Location: On Eastern end of Mediterranean Sea. Neighbors: Syria on E. Israel on S. Topography:There is a narrow coastal strip, and 2 mountain ranges running N-S enclosing the fertile Beqaa Valley. The Litani R. runs S through the valley, turning W to empty into the Mediterranean. Capital: Beirut. Cities (1985 est.): Beirut 1,500,000; Tripoli 500,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: vacant. Head of government: Prime Min. Michel Aoun in office: Sept. 23, 1988. Local divisions: 5 governorates.Defense: 18% of govt. budget (1984). Economy: Industries: Trade, food products, textiles, cement, oil products. Chief crops: Fruits, olives, tobacco, grapes, vegetables, grains. Minerals: Iron.Arable land: 21%. Livestock (1987): goats: 465,000; sheep: 140,000.Electricity prod. (1988): 4.8 bln. kwh. Labor force:11% agric.; 79% ind., comm., services. Finance: Currency: Pound (June 1990: 667 = $1 US). Gross national product (1986): $1.8 bln.Per capita GNP (1986): $690. Imports (1988): $2.4 bln.; partners: It. 15%, Fr. 10%, U.S. 9%, Saudi Ar. 6%. Exports (1988): $709 mln.; partners: Saudi Ar. 33%, Syria 8%, Jor. 6%, Kuw. 8%. National budget (1988): $202 mln. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $828 mln. Gold: 9.22 mln. oz t. Transport: Railway traffic (1982): 5.3 mln. passenger-km.Motor vehicles: in use (1982): 460,000 passenger cars, 21,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 891 mln. passenger-km.Chief ports: Beirut, Tripoli, Sidon. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 3.4 persons.Radios: 1 per 1.3 persons. Telephones:1 per 18.4 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 211 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 65 male; 70 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 28.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase: 2.1%. Hospital beds: 1 per 263 persons. Physicians: 1 per 771 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1988): 48. Education: (1989): Literacy: 75%. Years compulsory: 5. Attendance: 93%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, ILO, WHO). Embassy: 2560 28th St. NW 20008; 939-6300. Formed from 5 former Turkish Empire districts, Lebanon became an independent state Sept. 1, 1920, administered under French mandate 1920-41. French troops withdrew in 1946. Under the 1943 National Covenant, all public positions were divided among the various religious communities, with Christians in the majority. By the 1970s, Moslems became the majority, and demanded a larger political and economic role. U.S. Marines intervened, May-Oct. 1958, during a Syrian-aided revolt. Lebanon's efforts to restrain Palestinian commandos caused armed clashes in 1969. Continued raids against Israeli civilians, 1970-75, brought Israeli attacks against guerrilla camps and villages. Israeli troops occupied S. Lebanon, March 1978, and again in Apr. 1980. An estimated 60,000 were killed and billions of dollars in damage inflicted in a 1975-76 civil war. Palestinian units and leftist Moslems fought against the Maronite militia, the Phalange, and other Christians. Several Arab countries provided political and arms support to the various factions, while Israel aided Christian forces. Up to 15,000 Syrian troops intervened in 1976, and fought Palestinian groups. Arab League troops from several nations tried to impose a cease-fire. Clashes between Syrian troops and Christian forces erupted, Apr. 1, 1981, near Zahle, Lebanon, bringing to an end the ceasefire that had been in place. By Apr. 22, fighting had broken out not only between Syrians and Christians, but also between two Moslem factions. Israeli commandos attacked Palestinian positions at Tyre and Tulin. In July, Israeli air raids on Beirut killed or wounded some 800 persons. A cease-fire between Israel and the Palestinians was concluded July 24, but hostilities continued. Israeli forces invaded Lebanon June 6, 1982, in a coordinated land, sea, and air attack aimed at crushing strongholds of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Israeli and Syrian forces engaged in the Bekka Valley. By June 14, Israeli troops had encircled Beirut. On Aug. 21, the PLO evacuated west Beirut following massive Israeli bombings of the city. The withdrawal was supervised by U.S., French, and Italian troops. Israeli troops withdrew from Lebanon in June 1985. Israeli troops entered west Beirut following the Sept. 14 assassination of newly-elected Lebanese Pres. Bashir Gemayel. On Sept. 16, Lebanese Christian troops entered 2 refugee camps and massacred hundreds of Palestinian refugees. In 1983, terrorist bombings became a way of life in Beirut as some 50 people were killed in an explosion at the U.S. Embassy, Apr. 18; 241 U.S. servicemen and 58 French soldiers died in separate Moslem suicide attacks, Oct. 23. PLO leader Yasir Arafat and PLO dissidents backed by Syria fought a 6-week battle in Tripoli until negotiations allowed Arafat and some 4,000 followers to evacuate the city. On Apr. 26, 1984, pro-Syrian Rashid Karami was appointed premier. The appointment failed to end virtual civil war in Beirut between Christian forces, and Druse and Shiite Moslem militias. There was heavy fighting between Shiite militiamen and Palestinian guerrillas in May 1985. In June, Beirut Airport was the scene of a hostage crisis where Shiite terrorists held U.S. citizens for 17 days. Fierce artillery duels between Christian east Beirut and Moslem west Beirut, Mar.-Apr., 1989, left some 200 dead and 700 wounded. Kidnapping of foreign nationals by Islamic militants has become common in the 1980s. U.S., British, French, and Soviet citizens have been victims. Premier Karami was assassinated June 1, 1987, when a bomb exploded aboard a helicopter in which he was traveling. Lesotho Kingdom of Lesotho People: Population (1990 est.): 1,757,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 42.3; 15-59: 52.2; 60+: 5.7. Pop. density: 143 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups:Sotho 99%. Languages: English, Sesotho (official).Religions: Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant 42%. Geography: Area: 11,716 sq. mi., slightly larger than Maryland. Location: In Southern Africa.Neighbors: Completely surrounded by Republic of South Africa. Topography: Landlocked and mountainous, with altitudes ranging from 5,000 to 11,000 ft. Capital:Maseru. Cities (1987 est.): Maseru 109,000. Government: Type: Military. Head of state: King Moshoeshoe II, b. May 2, 1938; in office: Mar. 12, 1960. Head of government:Gen. Justin Lekhanya; b. Apr. 7, 1938; in office: Jan. 20, 1986. Local divisions: 10 districts. Defense: 6.5% of GNP (1984). Economy: Industries: Diamond polishing, food processing. Chief crops: Corn, grains, peas, beans.Other resources: Wool, mohair. Arable land: 10%. Electricity prod. (1988): 1 mln. kwh. Labor force: 31% agric.; 8% ind. and comm., 45% services. Finance: Currency: Maloti (Mar. 1990: 1.00 = $.37 US). Gross national product (1988): $408 mln. Per capita GNP (1987): $360. Imports (1985): $326 mln.; partners: Mostly So. Afr. Exports (1985): $21 mln.; partners: Mostly So. Afr. National budget (1988): $219 mln. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1982): 5,000 passenger cars, 11,000 comm. vehicles. Communications: Radios: 1 per 36 persons.Daily newspaper circ. (1985): 28 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 59 male; 62 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 37.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 10. Natural increase:2.7%. Hospital beds (1982): 2,300. Physicians (1982): 114. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 81. Education (1987): Literacy: 59%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, UNESCO, WHO), OAU. Embassy: 2511 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 797-5534. Lesotho (once called Basutoland) became a British protectorate in 1868 when Chief Moshesh sought protection against the Boers. Independence came Oct. 4, 1966. Elections were suspended in 1970. Over 50% of Lesotho's GNP is provided by citizens working in S. Africa. Livestock raising is the chief industry; diamonds are the chief export. S. Africa imposed a blockade, Jan. 1, 1986, because of Lesotho's giving sanctuary to rebel groups fighting to overthrow the S. African Government. The blockade sparked a Jan. 20 military coup, and was lifted, Jan. 25, when the new leaders agreed to expel the rebels. In 1990, King Moshoeshoe was sent into exile by the military government. Liberia Republic of Liberia People: Population (1990 est.): 2,644,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 46.8; 15-59: 48.3; 60+: 4.9. Pop. density: 66 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 39.5%. Ethnic groups: Americo-Liberians 5%, indigenous tribes 95% Languages: English (official), tribal dialects. Religions: Moslem 20%, Christian 10%, traditional beliefs 70%. Geography: Area: 38,250 sq. mi., slightly smaller than Pennsylvania. Location: On SW coast of W. Africa. Neighbors: Sierra Leone on W, Guinea on N, Cote d'Ivoire on E. Topography: Marshy Atlantic coastline rises to low mountains and plateaus in the forested interior; 6 major rivers flow in parallel courses to the ocean. Capital: Monrovia. Cities (1987 est.): Monrovia 400,000. Government: Type: Civilian republic. Head of state: Pres. Samuel K. Doe; in office: Apr. 12, 1980. Local divisions: 13 counties. Defense: 3.8% of GDP (1987). Economy: Industries: Food processing, mining. Chief crops: Rice, cassava, coffee, cocoa, sugar. Minerals: Iron, diamonds, gold. Other resources: Rubber, timber. Arable land: 1%. Fish catch (1988): 18,000 metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 728 mln. kwh. Labor force:82% agric. Finance: Currency: Dollar (May 1990: 1.00 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $973 mln.Per capita GNP (1987): $410. Imports (1988): $308 mln.; partners: U.S. 27%, W. Ger. 10%, Jap. 6%, Neth. 7%. Exports(1987): $382 mln.; partners: W. Ger. 31%, U.S. 17%, It. 14%, Fr. 9%. National budget (1988): $240 mln. International reserves less gold (Feb. 1990): $7,000. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 12.2%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1984): 12,000 passenger cars, 8,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Monrovia, Buchanan, Greenville. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 55 persons.Radios: 1 per 4.4 persons. Telephones:1 per 278 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 9 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 53 male; 56 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 45.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 13. Natural increase: 3%. Hospital beds (1981): 3,000. Physicians (1981): 236. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 119. Education (1989): Literacy: 25%; 35% attend primary school. Major International Organizations: UN and most specialized agencies, OAU. Embassy: 5201 16th St. NW 20011; 723-0437. Liberia was founded in 1822 by U.S. black freedmen who settled at Monrovia with the aid of colonization societies. It became a republic July 26, 1847, with a constitution modeled on that of the U.S. Descendants of freedmen dominated politics. Charging rampant corruption, an Army Redemption Council of enlisted men staged a bloody predawn coup, April 12, 1980, in which Pres. Tolbert was killed and replaced as head of state by Sgt. Samuel Doe. Doe was chosen president in a disputed election, and survived a subsequent coup, in 1985. Rebel forces seeking to depose Pres. Doe made major territorial gains and advanced on the capital, June 1990. (See Chronology). Libya Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya al-Jamahiriyah al-Arabiya al-Libya al-Shabiya al-Ishtirakiya People: Population: (1990 est.): 4,280,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 45.0; 15-59: 51.2; 60+: 3.8. Pop. density: 6 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 64%. Ethnic groups: Arab-Berber 97%. Languages: Arabic. Religions: Sunni Moslem 97%. Geography: Area: 679,359 sq. mi., larger than Alaska. Location: On Mediterranean coast of N. Africa. Neighbors: Tunisia, Algeria on W, Niger, Chad on S, Sudan, Egypt on E. Topography: Desert and semidesert regions cover 92% of the land, with low mountains in N, higher mountains in S, and a narrow coastal zone.Capital: Tripoli. Cities (1988 est.): Tripoli 591,000. Government: Type: Islamic Arabic Socialist "Mass-State." Head of state: Col. Muammar al-Qaddafi; b. Sept. 1942; in office: Sept. 1969. Head of government:Premier Umar Mustafa al-Muntasir; in office: Mar. 1, 1987. Local divisions: 46 municipalities. Defense: 11.1% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Carpets, textiles, petroleum.Chief crops: Dates, olives, citrus and other fruits, grapes, wheat. Minerals: Gypsum, oil, gas. Crude oil reserves (1987): 22 bln. bbls. Arable land: 2%. Livestock (1987): sheep: 5.7 mln.; goats: 1.0 mln. Electricity prod. (1988): 13.3 bln. kwh. Labor force: 18% agric.; 31% ind.; 27% services; 24% govt. Finance: Currency: Dinar (Feb. 1990: 1.00 = $2.60 US). Gross national product (1988): $20 bln. Per capita income (1986): $5,500. Imports (1987): $4.8 bln.; partners: It. 30%, W. Ger. 11%, Fr. 6%, Jap. 8%. Exports (1987): $5.7 bln.; partners: It. 24%, W. Ger. 10%, Sp. 7%. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $4.4 bln. Gold: 3.6 mln. oz t. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 428,000 passenger cars, 334,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports:Tripoli, Benghazi. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 13 persons. Radios: 1 per 3.9 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 10 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 64 male; 69 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 38.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase:3.1%. Hospital beds (1982): 16,051. Physicians (1982): 5,200. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 70. Education (1989): Literacy: 60%. Years compulsory: 7. Attendance: 90%. Major International Organizations: UN, Arab League, OAU, OPEC. First settled by Berbers, Libya was ruled by Carthage, Rome, and Vandals, the Ottomans, Italy from 1912, and Britain and France after WW II. It became an independent constitutional monarchy Jan. 2, 1952. In 1969 a junta lead by Col. Muammar al-Qaddafi seized power. In the mid-1970s, Libya helped arm violent revolutionary groups in Egypt and Sudan, and had aided terrorists of various nationalities. Libya and Egypt fought several air and land battles along their border in July, 1977. Chad charged Libya with military occupation of its uranium-rich northern region in 1977. Libya's 1979 offensive into the Aouzou Strip was repulsed by Chadian forces. Libyan forces withdrew from Chad, Nov. 1981 but returned. Libyan troops were driven from their last major stronghold by Chad forces in 1987, leaving over $1 billion in military equipment behind. Widespread nationalization, arrests, imposition of currency regulations, wholesale conscription of civil servants into the army, and the fall in crude oil prices have hurt the economy. On May 6, 1981, the U.S., citing "a wide range of Libyan provocations and misconduct," closed the Libyan mission in Wash. In August, 2 Libyan jets were shot down by U.S. Navy planes taking part in naval exercises in the Gulf of Sidra which Libya claims as its territory. The U.S. has accused Libya of masterminding numerous international terrorist actions, including the Dec. 1985 attacks on the Rome and Vienna airports. On Jan. 7, 1986, the U.S. imposed economic sanctions against Libya, ordered all Americans to leave that country and froze all Libyan assets in the U.S. The U.S. commenced flight operations over the Gulf of Sidra, Jan. 27, and a U.S. Navy task force began conducting exercises in the Gulf, Mar. 23. When Libya fired antiaircraft missiles at American warplanes, the U.S. responded by sinking 2 Libyan ships and bombing a missile installation in Libya. The U.S. withdrew from the Gulf, Mar. 27. The U.S. accused Libyan leader Qaddafi of having ordered the April 5 bombing of a West Berlin discotheque which killed 2, including a U.S. serviceman. After failing to get their European allies to join them in imposing economic sanctions against Libya, the U.S. sent warplanes to attack terrorist-related targets in Tripoli and Benghazi, Libya, Apr. 14. At the economic summit of the 7 major industrial democracies in Tokyo, May 4-6, a joint statement was issued which condemned terrorism and singled out Libya as a target for action. Liechtenstein Principality of Liechtenstein F[Umacr ]rstentum Liechtenstein People: Population (1990 est.): 30,000.Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 20.1; 15-59: 66.3; 60+: 11.6. Pop. density: 483 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups:Alemannic 95%, Italian 5%. Languages: German (official), Alemannic dialect. Religions: Roman Catholic 87%, Protestant 8%. Geography: Area: 62 sq. mi., the size of Washington, D.C. Location: In the Alps. Neighbors:Switzerland on W, Austria on E. Topography: The Rhine Valley occupies one-third of the country, the Alps cover the rest. Capital: Vaduz. Cities (1989 cen.): Vaduz 4,920, Schaan 4,883. Government: Type: Hereditary constitutional monarchy. Head of state: Prince Franz Josef II; b. Aug. 16, 1906; in office: Mar. 30, 1938. Head of government: Hans Brunhart; b. Mar. 28, 1945; in office: Apr. 26, 1978. Local divisions: 2 districts, 11 communities. Economy: Industries: Machines, instruments, chemicals, furniture, ceramics. Arable land: 25%. Labor force: 54% industry, trade and building; 41% services; 4% agric., fishing, forestry. Finance: Currency: Swiss Franc. Gross National Product (1986): $450 mln. Tourists (1988): 71,000. Communications: Radios: 1 per 2.9 persons.Telephones: 1 per 1.0 persons. Daily newspaper circ.(1987): 546 per 1,000 pop. Health: Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 13.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase: .6%. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 5. Education (1989): Literacy: 100%. Years compulsory:9. Attendance: 100%. Liechtenstein became sovereign in 1866. Austria administered Liechtenstein's ports up to 1920; Switzerland has administered its postal services since 1921. Liechtenstein is united with Switzerland by a customs and monetary union. Taxes are low; many international corporations have headquarters there. Foreign workers comprise a third of the population. The 1986 general elections were the first in which women were allowed to vote. Luxembourg Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Grand-Duche de Luxembourg People: Population: (1990 est.): 369,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 17.3; 15-59: 64.5; 60+: 18.2. Pop. density: 369 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 81%. Ethnic groups: Mixture of French and Germans predominate. Languages: French, German, Luxembourgian. Religions: Roman Catholic 97%. Geography: Area: 998 sq. mi., smaller than Rhode Island. Location: In W. Europe. Neighbors: Belgium on W, France on S, W. Germany on E. Topography: Heavy forests (Ardennes) cover N, S is a low, open plateau.Capital: Luxembourg. Cities (1987 est.): Luxembourg 86,000. Government: Type: Constitutional monarchy. Head of state: Grand Duke Jean; b. Jan. 5, 1921; in office: Nov. 12, 1964. Head of government: Prime Min. Jacques Santer; in office: July 21, 1984. Local divisions: 3 districts.Defense: 0.8% of GNP (1988). Economy: Industries: Steel, chemicals, beer, tires, tobacco, metal products, cement.Chief crops: Corn, wine. Minerals: Iron. Arable land: 25%. Electricity prod. (1988): 1.0 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1984): 3.9 min. metric tons.Labor force: 1% agric.; 42% ind. & comm.; 45% services. Finance: Currency: Franc (Mar. 1990: 35.06 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $4.9 bln. Per capita GNP (1988): $13,380. Note: trade and tourist data included in Belgian statistics.Consumer prices (change in 1989): 3.4%. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 276 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 168,000 passenger cars, 13,000 comm. vehicles. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 4.0 persons. Radios: 1 per 1.6 persons. Telephones: 1 per 2.3 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 365 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 71 male; 78 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 12.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 11. Hospital beds: 1 per 80 persons.Physicians: 1 per 557 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 8. Education (1989): Literacy: 100%. Years compulsory: 9. Attendance: 100%. Major International Organizations: UN, OECD, EC, NATO. Embassy: 2200 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 265-4171. Luxembourg, founded about 963, was ruled by Burgundy, Spain, Austria, and France from 1448 to 1815. It left the Germanic Confederation in 1866. Overrun by Germany in 2 world wars, Luxembourg ended its neutrality in 1948, when a customs union with Belgium and Netherlands was adopted. Madagascar Democratic Republic of Madagascar Repoblika Demokratika Malagasy People: Population (1990 est.): 11,802,000. Pop. density: 49 per sq. mi. Urban(1985): 21.8%. Ethnic groups: 18 Malayan-Indonesian tribes (Merina 26%), with Arab and African presence.Languages: Malagasy (official), French. Religions: animists 52%, Christian 41%, Moslem 7%. Geography: Area: 226,657 sq. mi., slightly smaller than Texas. Location: In the Indian O., off the SE coast of Africa. Neighbors: Comoro Is., Mozambique (across Mozambique Channel). Topography: Humid coastal strip in the E, fertile valleys in the mountainous center plateau region, and a wider coastal strip on the W. Capital: Antananarivo. Cities (1985 est.): Antananarivo 650,000. Government: Type: Republic, strong presidential authority. Head of state: Pres. Didier Ratsiraka; b. Nov. 4, 1936; in office: June 15, 1975. Head of government: Prime Min. Victor Ramahatra; in office: Feb. 12, 1988. Local divisions: 6 provinces. Defense: 2.4% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Food processing, textiles. Chief crops: Coffee (over 50% of exports), cloves, vanilla, rice, sugar, sisal, tobacco, peanuts. Minerals: Chromium, graphite, coal, bauxite. Arable land: 5%. Livestock (1988): cattle: 10.4 mln.; pigs: 1.3 mln. Fish catch (1988): 63,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 430 mln. kwh. Labor force: 90% agric. Finance: Currency: Franc (Mar. 1990: 1,538 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $2.1 bln.Per capita income (1986): $255. Imports (1986): $438 mln.; partners: Fr. 32%, U.S. 15%. Exports (1986): $326 mln.; partners: Fr. 34%, U.S. 14%. Tourists (1987): $10 mln. receipts. National budget (1987): $480 mln. International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $208 mln. Consumer prices (change in 1987): 15.0%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 208 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 21,000 passenger cars, 14,000 comm. vehicles.Civil aviation: (1987): 422 mln. passenger-km; 51 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Tamatave, Diego-Suarez, Majunga, Tulear. Communications: Television sets: 100,000 in use (1987). Radios: 2 mln. in use (1986). Telephones in use (1987): 43,000. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 50 male; 53 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 47. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 15. Natural increase: 3.2%.Hospital beds (1982): 20,800.Physicians (1982): 940. Infant mortality(per 1,000 live births 1989): 99. Education (1987): Literacy: 53%. Years compulsory: 5. Attendance: 83%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, WHO, IMF), OAU. Embassy: 2374 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 265-5525. Madagascar was settled 2,000 years ago by Malayan-Indonesian people, whose descendants still predominate. A unified kingdom ruled the 18th and 19th centuries. The island became a French protectorate, 1885, and a colony 1896. Independence came June 26, 1960. Discontent with inflation and French domination led to a coup in 1972. The new regime nationalized French-owned financial interests, closed French bases and a U.S. space tracking station, and obtained Chinese aid. The government conducted a program of arrests, expulsion of foreigners, and repression of strikes, 1979. In 1990, Madagascar ended a ban on multiparty politics that had been in place since 1975. Malawi Republic of Malawi People: Population (1990 est.): 9,080,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 47.8; 15-59: 48.0; 60+: 4.2. Pop. density: 176 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 12%. Ethnic groups: Chewa, 90%, Nyanja, Lomwe, other Bantu tribes. Languages: English, Chichewa (both official). Religions: Christian 75%, Moslem 20%. Geography: Area: 45,747 sq. mi., the size of Pennsylvania. Location: In SE Africa. Neighbors: Zambia on W, Mozambique on SE, Tanzania on N. Topography:Malawi stretches 560 mi. N-S along Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa), most of which belongs to Malawi. High plateaus and mountains line the Rift Valley the length of the nation. Capital: Lilongwe. Cities (1987 est.): Blantyre 402,000; Lilongwe 220,000. Government: Type: One-party state. Head of state: Pres. Hastings Kamuzu Banda, b. May 14, 1906; in office: July 6, 1966. Local divisions: 24 administrative districts. Defense: 1.4% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Textiles, sugar, cement. Chief crops:Tea, tobacco, sugar, coffee. Other resources: Rubber. Arable land: 25%. Fish catch (1988): 88 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 535 mln. kwh. Labor force: 43% agric.; 23% ind. and comm.; 17% services. Finance: Currency: Kwacha (Mar. 1990: 2.63 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $1.2 bln. Imports (1988): $402 mln.; partners: So. Afr. 29%, UK 24%, Jap. 6%. Exports (1988): $292 mln.; partners: UK 27%, S. Afr. 8%., W. Ger. 10%. National budget (1988): $390 mln. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $179 mln. Gold: 13,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 25.0%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 102 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 15,000 passenger cars, 15,000 comm. vehicles.Civil aviation (1988) 86 mln. passenger-km; 4 airports with scheduled flights. Communications: Radios: 1 per 4.3 persons. Telephones: 1 per 172 persons. Daily newspaper circ.(1985): 5 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 46 male; 50 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 51.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 18. Natural increase: 3.3%. Hospital beds: 1 per 600 persons. Physicians: 1 per 27,094 persons. Infant mortality(per 1,000 live births 1989): 132. Education (1989): Literacy: 25%. About 45% attend school. Major International Organizations: UN (World Bank, IMF), OAU, Commonwealth of Nations. Embassy: 2408 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 797-1007. Bantus came in the 16th century, Arab slavers in the 19th. The area became the British protectorate Nyasaland, in 1891. It became independent July 6, 1964, and a republic in 1966. It has a pro-West foreign policy and cooperates economically with S. Africa. Malaysia People: Population (1990 est.): 17,053,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 37.8; 15-59: 56.5; 60+: 5.7. Pop. density: 132 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 38%. Ethnic groups: Malays 59%, Chinese 32%, Indian 9%. Languages: Malay (official), English, Chinese, Indian languages. Religions: Moslem, Hindu, Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, local religions. Geography: Area: 127,316 sq. mi., slightly larger than New Mexico. Location: On the SE tip of Asia, plus the N. coast of the island of Borneo. Neighbors: Thailand on N, Indonesia on S. Topography: Most of W. Malaysia is covered by tropical jungle, including the central mountain range that runs N-S through the peninsula. The western coast is marshy, the eastern, sandy. E. Malaysia has a wide, swampy coastal plain, with interior jungles and mountains.Capital: Kuala Lumpur. Cities (1986 est.): Kuala Lumpur 1 mln. Government: Type: Federal parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch. Head of state: Paramount Ruler Sultan Azlan Shah; in office: Apr. 26, 1989. Head of government: Prime Min. Datuk Seri Mahathir bin Mohamad; b. Dec. 20, 1925; in office: July 16, 1981. Local divisions: 13 states and capital. Defense: 4.2% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Rubber goods, steel, electronics.Chief crops: Palm oil, copra, rice, pepper. Minerals: Tin (35% world output), iron. Crude oil reserves (1987): 3.2 bln. bbls. Other resources: Rubber (35% world output).Arable land: 13%. Livestock (1987): pigs: 2.2 mln.Fish catch (1986): 571,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 15.8 bln. kwh. Labor force: 21% agric.; 22% manuf.; 11% tourism & trade. Finance: Currency: Ringgit (Mar. 1990: 2.72 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $34.3 bln. Imports (1987): $12.1 bln.; partners: Jap. 21%, U.S. 18%, Sing. 14%. Exports (1987): $18.0 bln.; partners: Jap. 20%, U.S. 17% Sing. 19%, Neth. 6%. Tourists (1987): $717 mln. receipts. National budget (1988): $10.8 bln. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $7.7 bln. Gold: 2.37 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 3.0%. Transport: Railway traffic (incl. Singapore) (1986): 1.3 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 1.5 mln. passenger cars, 338,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation: (1988): 8.5 bln. passenger-km; 38 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: George Town, Kelang, Melaka, Kuching. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 10 persons.Radios: 1 per 2.4 persons.Telephones: 1 per 11 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1985): 133 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 65 male; 70 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 26.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 6. Natural increase: 2.0%. Hospital beds: 1 per 489 persons. Physicians: 1 per 2,853 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 31. Education (1989): Literacy: 80%; 96% attend primary school, 48% attend secondary. Major International Organizations: UN (World Bank, IMF, GATT), ASEAN. Embassy: 2401 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 328-2700. European traders appeared in the 16th century; Britain established control in 1867. Malaysia was created Sept. 16, 1963. It included Malaya (which had become independent in 1957 after the suppression of Communist rebels), plus the formerly-British Singapore, Sabah (N Borneo), and Sarawak (NW Borneo). Singapore was separated in 1965, in order to end tensions between Chinese, the majority in Singapore, and Malays in control of the Malaysian government. A monarch is elected by a council of hereditary rulers of the Malayan states every 5 years. Abundant natural resources have assured prosperity, and foreign investment has aided industrialization. Maldives Republic of Maldives Divehi Jumhuriya People: Population (1990 est.): 219,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 44.4; 15-59: 51.7; 60+: 3.9. Pop. density: 1,756 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 26%. Ethnic groups: Sinhalese, Dravidian, Arab mixture. Languages: Divehi (Sinhalese dialect).Religions: Sunni Moslem. Geography: Area: 115 sq. mi., twice the size of Washington, D.C. Location: In the Indian O. SW of India. Neighbors: Nearest is India on N. Topography: 19 atolls with 1,087 islands, about 200 inhabited. None of the islands are over 5 sq. mi. in area, and all are nearly flat.Capital: Male. Cities (1985 est.): Male 46,334. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Maumoon Abdul Gayoom; b. Dec. 29, 1939; in office: Nov. 11, 1978. Local divisions: 19 districts. Economy: Industries: Fish processing, tourism.Chief crops: Coconuts, fruit, millet. Other resources:Shells. Arable land:10%. Fish catch (1987): 56,000 metric tons.Electricity prod. (1987): 4.0 mln. kwh. Labor force:80% fishing, agriculture, & manufacturing. Finance: Currency: Rufiyaa (Mar. 1990: 9.19 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $69 mln. Per capita income (1985): $470.Imports (1987): $74 min.; partners: Sing., Jap., Sri Lan.Exports (1987): $35 mln.; partners: Jap., Europe. Tourists(1987): $39 mln. receipts. Transport: Chief ports: Male Atoll. Communications: Radios: 1 per 9.2 persons.Telephones: 1 per 75 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 60 male; 63 female. Births(per 1,000 pop. 1989): 47. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 10. Natural increase: 3.7%. Infant morality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 80. Education (1989): Literacy: 36%. Only 6% of those aged 11-15 attend school. Major International Organizations: UN. The islands had been a British protectorate since 1887. The country became independent July 26, 1965. Long a sultanate, the Maldives became a republic in 1968. Natural resources and tourism are being developed; however, it remains one of the world's poorest countries. Mali Republic of Mali Republique du Mali People: Population (1990 est.): 9,182,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 46.0; 15-59: 49.4; 60+: 4.6. Pop. density: 17 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 20.8%. Ethnic groups: Mande (Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole) 50%, Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor, 5%. Languages: French (official), Bambara. Religions: Moslem 90%. Geography: Area: 478,764 sq. mi., about the size of Texas and California combined. Location: In the interior of W. Africa. Neighbors: Mauritania, Senegal on W, Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso on S, Niger on E, Algeria on N.Topography: A landlocked grassy plain in the upper basins of the Senegal and Niger rivers, extending N into the Sahara. Capital: Bamako. Cities (1989 est.): Bamako (met.) 800,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state:Pres. Moussa Traore; b. Sept. 25, 1936; in office: Dec. 6, 1968. Local divisions: 7 regions and a capital district. Defense: 3% of GDP (1987). Economy: Chief crops: Millet, rice, peanuts, cotton. Other resources: Bauxite, iron, gold. Arable land: 2%. Livestock (1987): sheep: 5.7 mln.; cattle: 4.4 mln.Fish catch (1987): 55,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1987): 204 mln. kwh. Labor force: 72% agric.; 12% ind. & comm.; 16% services. Finance: Currency: Franc (Mar. 1990: 284 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $1.6 bln. Per capita income (1987): $200. Imports (1987): $493 mln.; partners: Fr. 22%, Ivory Coast 25%. Exports (1987): $260 mln.; partners: Belg.-Lux. 25%, Fr. 15%. Tourists (1987): $16 mln. receipts. National budget (1987): $240 mln. expenditures. International reserves less gold(Feb. 1990): $115 mln. Gold: 19,000 oz t. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 772 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 29,000 passenger cars, 7,500 comm. vehicles. Communications: Radios: 1 per 59 persons.Telephones: 1 per 580 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 44 male; 47 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 49.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 20. Natural increase:2.9%. Hospital beds (1983): 4,215. Physicians(1983): 283. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 173. Education (1989): Literacy: 10%. Attendance:21% attend primary school. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, OAU, EC. Embassy: 2130 R St. NW 20008; 332-2250. Until the 15th century the area was part of the great Mali Empire. Timbuktu was a center of Islamic study. French rule was secured, 1898. The Sudanese Rep. and Senegal became independent as the Mali Federation June 20, 1960, but Senegal withdrew, and the Sudanese Rep. was renamed Mali. Mali signed economic agreements with France and, in 1963, with Senegal. In 1968, a coup ended the socialist regime. Famine struck in 1973-74, killing as many as 100,000 people. Drought conditions returned in the 1980s. Malta Repubblika Ta'Malta People: Population (1990 est.): 373,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 23.9; 15-59: 61.6; 60+: 14.5. Pop. density: 2,934 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: Italian, Arab, French.Languages: Maltese, English both official. Religions:Mainly Roman Catholic. Geography: Area: 122 sq. mi., twice the size of Washington, D.C. Location: In center of Mediterranean Sea. Neighbors: Nearest is Italy on N. Topography: Island of Malta is 95 sq. mi.; other islands in the group:Gozo, 26 sq. mi., Comino, 1 sq. mi. The coastline is heavily indented. Low hills cover the interior. Capital: Valletta. Cities (1988 est.): Birkirkara 20,000, Qormi 18,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Paul Xuerub; in office: Feb. 15, 1987. Head of government:Prime Min. Eddie Fenech Adami; b. Feb. 7, 1934; in office: May 12, 1987. Local Divisions: 13 electoral districts. Economy: Industries: Textiles, tourism. Chief crops: Potatoes, onions, beans. Arable land:41%. Electricity prod. (1988): $1 bln. kwh. Labor force: 49% agric.; 24% manuf.; 30% services; 22% gov. Finance: Currency: Pound (Mar. 1990: 1.00 = $3.01 US). Gross national product (1988): $1.6 bln. Per capita income (1986): $4,750. Imports (1988): $1.3 bln.; partners: UK 18%, It. 23%, W. Ger. 14%, U.S. 7%. Exports (1988): $714 mln.; partners: W. Ger. 31%, UK 20%, Libya 8%. Tourists (1987): receipts: $363 mln.National budget (1987): $762 mln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): 1.2 bln. Gold: 226,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 0.9% . Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 85,000 passenger cars, 18,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1987): 636 mln. passenger-km; 1 airport.Chief ports: Valletta. Communications: Television sets: 137,000 licensed (1988). Radios: 92,000 in use (1986). Telephones in use (1988): 163,000. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1987): 72.5 male; 77.0 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 14.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 8. Natural increase: .6%. Hospital beds: 1 per 108 persons. Physicians: 1 per 489 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 10.1. Education (1988): Literacy: 90%. Compulsory: until age 16. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, WHO, IMF), Commonwealth of Nations. Embassy: 2017 Connecticut Ave. NW 20008; 462-3611. Malta was ruled by Phoenicians, Romans, Arabs, Normans, the Knights of Malta, France, and Britain (since 1814). It became independent Sept. 21, 1964. Malta became a republic in 1974. The withdrawal of the last of its sailors, Apr. 1, 1979, ended 179 years of British military presence on the island. With Malta's approval, Egyptian commandos stormed a hijacked EgyptAir passenger plane at Valletta airport Nov. 23, 1985; 57 died in the battle. Malta is democratic but nonaligned. Mauritania Islamic Republic of Mauritania Republique Islamique de Mauritanie People: Population (1990 est.): 2,038,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 46.4; 15-59: 49.0; 60+:4.6. Pop. density: 4.5 per sq. mi. Urban (1983): 6%. Ethnic groups: Arab-Berber 80%, Negroes 20%. Languages: French (official), Hassanya Arabic (national), Toucouleur, Fula, Sarakole, Wolof. Religion: Nearly 100% Moslem. Geography: Area: 397,954 sq. mi., the size of Texas and California combined. Location: In W. Africa.Neighbors: Morocco on N, Algeria, Mali on E, Senegal on S. Topography: The fertile Senegal R. valley in the S gives way to a wide central region of sandy plains and scrub trees. The N is arid and extends into the Sahara. Capital: Nouakchott. Cities (1987 est.): Nouakchott 400,000; Nouadhibou 70,000; Kaedi 22,000. Government: Type: Military republic. Head of Government: President & Premier Maaouya Ould Sidi Ahmed Taya; in office: Apr. 25, 1981. Local divisions: 12 regions, one capital district. Defense: 20% of GNP (1986). Economy: Chief crops: Dates, grain. Industries: iron mining. Minerals:Iron, ore, gypsum. Livestock (1988): sheep: 4.1 mln.; goats: 3.9 mln.; cattle: 1.2 mln. Fish catch (1987): 99,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1987): 120 mln. kwh. Labor force: 47% agric., 14% ind. & comm., 29% services. Finance: Currency: Ouguiya (Mar. 1990: 83 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $843 mln.Per capita income (1986): $450. Imports (1987): $235 mln.; partners: Fr. 29%, Sp. 9%.Exports (1987): $428 mln.; partners: Fr. 21%, It. 26%, Jap. 20%. International reserves less gold (Feb. 1989): $43 mln. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 15,000 passenger cars, 2,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Nouakchott, Nouadhibou. Communications: Radios: 1 per 8.1 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 43 male; 48 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 49.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 19. Natural increase: 3.0%. Hospital beds (1984): 1,325. Physicians (1984): 170. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 97. Education (1987): Literacy: 17%. Attendance:41% in primary school, 10% in secondary school. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO), OAU, Arab League. Embassy: 2129 Leroy Pl. NW 20008; 232-5700. Mauritania became independent Nov. 28, 1960. It annexed the south of former Spanish Sahara in 1976. Saharan guerrillas stepped up attacks in 1977; 8,000 Moroccan troops and French bomber raids aided the government. Mauritania signed a peace treaty with the Polisario Front, 1980, resumed diplomatic relations with Algeria while breaking a defense treaty with Morocco, and renounced sovereignty over its share of former Spanish Sahara. Morocco annexed the territory. Famine struck repeatedly during the 1980s. Mauritius People: Population (1990 est.): 1,141,900. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 36.3; 15-59: 57.2; 60+: 6.4. Pop. density: 1,325 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 41%. Ethnic groups: Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, others. Languages: English (official), French, Creole. Religions: Hindu 51%, Christian 30%, Moslem 16%. Geography: Area: 790 sq. mi., about the size of Rhode Island. Location: In the Indian O., 500 mi. E of Madagascar. Neighbors: Nearest is Madagascar on W.Topography: A volcanic island nearly surrounded by coral reefs. A central plateau is encircled by mountain peaks.Capital: Port Louis. Cities (1986 est.): Port Louis 155,000. Government: Type: Parliamentary democracy. Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Gov.-Gen. Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo; in office: Jan. 17, 1986. Head of government: Prime Min. Aneerood Jugnauth; in office: June 12, 1982.Local divisions: 8 administrative divisions. Economy: Industries: Tourism. Chief crops: Sugar cane, tea. Arable land: 58%.Electricity prod. (1988): 423 mln. kwh. Labor force:20% agric. & fishing; 38% manuf.; 19% govt. services. Finance: Currency: Rupee (Mar. 1990: 15.02 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $1.4 bln. Per capita income (1987): $1,400. Imports (1988): $1.2 bln.; partners: UK 9%, Fr. 12%, So. Afr. 9%.Exports (1988): $997 mln.; partners: UK 50%, Fr. 22%, U.S. 8%. Tourists (1987): $138 mln. receipts.National budget (1985): $310 mln. International reserves less gold (Feb. 1990): $561 mln. Gold: 61,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 12.7%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 24,000 passenger cars, 6,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Port Louis. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 8.2 persons. Radios:1 per 4.2 persons. Telephones: 1 per 15 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987):75 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1988): 64.4 male; 71.2 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 21.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 6. Natural increase:1.5%. Hospital beds: 1 per 364 persons. Physicians: 1 per 784 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 22. Education (1989): Literacy: 94%. Attendance: almost all children attend school. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, OAU, Commonwealth of Nations. Embassy: 4301 Connecticut Ave. NW 20008; 244-1491. Mauritius was uninhabited when settled in 1638 by the Dutch, who introduced sugar cane. France took over in 1721, bringing African slaves. Britain ruled from 1810 to Mar. 12, 1968, bringing Indian workers for the sugar plantations. The economy suffered in the 1980s because of low world sugar prices. Mexico United Mexican States Estados Unidos Mexicanos People: Population (1990 est.): 88,335,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 37.5; 15-59: 57.0; 60+: 5.5. Pop. density: 115 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 70%. Ethnic groups: Mestizo 60%, American Indian 29%, Caucasian 9%. Languages: Spanish.Religions: Roman Catholic 97%. Geography: Area: 761,604 sq. mi., three times the size of Texas. Location: In southern N. America.Neighbors: U.S. on N, Guatemala, Belize on S.Topography: The Sierra Madre Occidental Mts. run NW-SE near the west coast; the Sierra Madre Oriental Mts., run near the Gulf of Mexico. They join S of Mexico City. Between the 2 ranges lies the dry central plateau, 5,000 to 8,000 ft. alt., rising toward the S, with temperate vegetation. Coastal lowlands are tropical. About 45% of land is arid. Capital: Mexico City. Cities (1986 est.): Mexico City (metro) 18 mln.; Guadalajara (metro) 3 mln.; Monterrey (metro) 2.7 mln. Government: Type: Federal republic. Head of state:Pres. Carlos Salinas de Gortari; b. Apr. 3, 1948; in office: Dec. 1, 1988. Local divisions: Federal district and 31 states. Defense: 0.6% of GNP (1988). Economy: Industries: Steel, chemicals, electric goods, textiles, rubber, petroleum, tourism.Chief crops: Cotton, coffee, wheat, rice, sugar cane, vegetables, corn. Minerals: Silver, lead, zinc, gold, oil, natural gas. Crude oil reserves (1987): 54 bln. bbls. Arable land: 13%. Livestock(1987): cattle: 31.1 mln.; pigs: 19 mln.; sheep: 5.8 mln. Fish catch (1987): 1.4 mln. metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 91.2 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 7.7 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 26% agric.; 13% manuf; 31% services; 14% comm. Finance: Currency: Peso (June 1990: 2,849 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $126 bln. Per capita income (1984): $2,082. Imports (1988): $19.5 bln.; partners: U.S. 64%, EC 11%. Exports (1988): $20.7 bln.; partners: U.S. 64%, EC 10%. Tourists (1987): receipts: $2.2 bln. National budget (1985): $86.5 bln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $6.3 bln. Gold: 1.0 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 20.0%. Transport: Railway traffic (1989): 3.6 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 5.0 mln. passenger cars, 2.1 mln. comm. Civil aviation (1988): 14.8 bln. passenger-km; 78 airports. Chief ports: Veracruz, Tampico, Mazatlan, Coatzacoalcos. Communications: Television sets: 1 in 8.7 persons. Radios: 1 in 5.1 persons. Telephones: 1 in 8.8 persons.Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 142 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 67 male; 73 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 30. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 6. Natural increase: 2.5%. Hospital beds (1984): 72,000. Physicians (1980): 53,053. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 42. Education (1989): Literacy: 88%. Years compulsory:10. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, GATT), OAS. Embassy: 2829 16th St. NW 20009; 234-6000. Mexico was the site of advanced Indian civilizations. The Mayas, an agricultural people, moved up from Yucatan, built immense stone pyramids, invented a calendar. The Toltecs were overcome by the Aztecs, who founded Tenochtitlan 1325 AD, now Mexico City. Hernando Cortes, Spanish conquistador, destroyed the Aztec empire, 1519-1521. After 3 centuries of Spanish rule the people rose, under Fr. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, 1810, Fr. Morelos y Payon, 1812, and Gen. Agustin Iturbide, who made independence effective Sept. 27, 1821, but made himself emperor as Agustin I. A republic was declared in 1823. Mexican territory extended into the present American Southwest and California until Texas revolted and established a republic in 1836; the Mexican legislature refused recognition but was unable to enforce its authority there. After numerous clashes, the U.S.-Mexican War, 1846-48, resulted in the loss by Mexico of the lands north of the Rio Grande. French arms supported an Austrian archduke on the throne of Mexico as Maximilian I, 1864-67, but pressure from the U.S. forced France to withdraw. A dictatorial rule by Porfirio Diaz, president 1877-80, 1884-1911, led to fighting by rival forces until the new constitution of Feb. 5, 1917 provided social reform. Since then Mexico has developed large-scale programs of social security, labor protection, and school improvement. A constitutional provision requires management to share profits with labor. The Institutional Revolutionary Party has been dominant in politics since 1929. Radical opposition, including some guerrilla activity, has been contained by strong measures. The presidency of Luis Echeverria, 1970-76, was marked by a more leftist foreign policy and domestic rhetoric. Some land redistribution begun in 1976 was reversed under the succeeding administration. Some gains in agriculture, industry, and social services have been achieved. The land is rich, but the rugged topography and lack of sufficient rainfall are major obstacles. Crops and farm prices are controlled, as are export and import. Economic prospects brightened with the discovery of vast oil reserves, perhaps the world's greatest. But much of the work force is jobless or underemployed. Inflation and the drop in world oil prices caused economic problems in the 1980s. The peso was devalued and private banks were nationalized to restore financial stability. Many thousands died when a disastrous earthquake struck Mexico City, Sept. 19, 1985. The U.S. has been critical of Mexico for its failure to combat the production of illegal drugs. Monaco Principality of Monaco People: Population (1989 est.): 29,000.Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 12.7; 15-59: 56.3 60+: 30.7. Pop. density: 28,072 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: French 47%, Italian 16%, Monegasque 16%. Languages: French (official). Religions: Predominantely Roman Catholic. Geography: Area: 0.6 sq. mi. Location: On the NW Mediterranean coast. Neighbors: France to W, N, E. Topography: Monaco-Ville sits atop a high promontory, the rest of the principality rises from the port up the hillside. Capital: Monaco-Ville (1985 est.): 1,700. Government: Type: Constitutional monarchy. Head of state: Prince Rainier III; b. May 31, 1923; in office: May 9, 1949. Head of government:Min. of State Jean Ausseil; in office: Sept. 1985. Economy: Industries: Tourism, gambling, chemicals, precision instruments, plastics. Finance: Currency: French franc or Monegasque franc. Transport: Chief ports: La Condamine. Communications: Television sets: 17,000 in use (1984). Telephones in use (1984): 18,000. Health: Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 9. Education: (1989): Literacy: 99%. Years compulsory: 10. Attendance: 99%. An independent principality for over 300 years, Monaco has belonged to the House of Grimaldi since 1297 except during the French Revolution. It was placed under the protectorate of Sardinia in 1815, and under that of France, 1861. The Prince of Monaco was an absolute ruler until a 1911 constitution. Monaco's fame as a tourist resort is widespread. It is noted for its mild climate and magnificent scenery. The area has been extended by land reclamation. Mongolia Mongolian People's Republic Bugd Nayramdakh Mongol Ard Uls People: Population (1990 est.): 2,185,000. Pop. density: 3 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 52%. Ethnic groups: Mongol 90%. Languages: Khalkha Mongolian (official, written in Cyrillic letters since 1941), Russian, Chinese. Religions: curbed by govt., traditionally Lama Buddhism. Geography: Area: 604,247 sq. mi., more than twice the size of Texas. Location: In E Central Asia.Neighbors: USSR on N, China on S. Topography: Mostlya high plateau with mountains, salt lakes, and vast grasslands. Arid lands in the S are part of the Gobi Desert.Capital: Ulaanbaatar. Cities (1985 est.): Ulaanbaatar 488,000, Darhan 69,000. Government: Type: Socialist (in transition). Head of state:Pres. Punsalmaagiyn Ochirbat; b. 1942; in office: Mar. 21, 1990.Head of government: Premier Sharavyn Gunjaador; in office: Mar. 21, 1990. Local divisions: 18 provinces, 3 municipalities. Defense: 11.5% of GNP (1984). Economy: Industries: Food processing, textiles, chemicals, cement. Chief crops: Grain. Minerals: Coal, tungsten, copper, molybdenum, gold, tin. Arable land: 1%. Livestock (1988): sheep: 13.5 mln.; cattle 2.4 mln.Electricity prod. (1988): 2.8 bln. kwh. Labor force: 52% agric.; 10% manuf. Finance: Currency: Tugrik (Jan. 1990: 3.35 = $1 US). Gross national product (1986): $3.6 bln. Per capita GNP (1986): $1,820. Imports (1987): $1.2 bln.; partners: USSR 91%. Exports(1987): $768 mln.; partners: USSR 80%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 487 mln. passenger-km. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 18 persons. Radios: 1 per 9.4 persons. Telephones: 1 per 36 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 91 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 63 male; 67 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 35.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 8. Natural increase:2.8%. Hospital beds: 1 per 88 persons. Physicians:1 per 403 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 49. Major International Organizations: UN (ILO, WHO). Education (1985): Literacy: 89%. Years compulsory: 7 in major population centers. One of the world's oldest countries, Mongolia reached the zenith of its power in the 13th century when Genghis Khan and his successors conquered all of China and extended their influence as far W as Hungary and Poland. In later centuries, the empire dissolved and Mongolia came under the suzerainty of China. With the advent of the 1911 Chinese revolution, Mongolia, with Russian backing, declared its independence. A Mongolian Communist regime was established July 11, 1921. Mongolia has been changed from a nomadic culture to one of settled agriculture and growing industries with aid from the USSR and East European nations. In 1990, the Mongolian Communist Party surrendered its monopoly on power. Free elections were held July 1990; the communists were victorious. Morocco Kingdom of Morocco al-Mamlaka al-Maghrebia People: Population (1990 est.): 26,249,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 46.4; 15-59: 49.2; 60+: 4.2. Pop. density: 147 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 44%. Ethnic groups: Arab-Berber 99%. Languages: Arabic (official), with Berber, French, Spanish minorities. Religions: Sunni Moslems 99%. Geography: Area: 172,413 sq. mi., larger than California. Location: on NW coast of Africa.Neighbors: W. Sahara on S, Algeria on E. Topography:Consists of 5 natural regions: moun-tain ranges (Riff in the N, Middle Atlas, Upper Atlas, and Anti-Atlas); rich plains in the W; alluvial plains in SW; well-cultivated plateaus in the center; a pre-Sahara arid zone extending from SE. Capital:Rabat. Cities (1984): Casablanca 2,600,000; Rabat 556,000, Fes 852,000. Government: Type: Constitutional monarchy. Head of state: King Hassan II; b. July 9, 1929; in office: Mar. 3, 1961. Head of government: Prime Min. Azzedine Laraki; in office: Sept. 30, 1986. Local divisions: 2 prefectures, 36 provinces.Defense: 5.0% of GNP (1988). Economy: Industries: Carpets, clothing, leather goods, mining, tourism. Chief crops: Grain, fruits, dates, grapes. Minerals: Copper, cobalt, manganese, phosphates, lead, oil. Crude oil reserves (1980): 100 mln. bbls. Arable land: 18%. Livestock (1986): cattle: 3.3 mln.; sheep; 12 mln.; goats: 4.5 mln. Fish catch (1986): 591,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 7.7 bln. kwh.Labor force: 39% agric., 20% services; 17% ind. Finance: Currency: Dirham (Mar. 1990: 8.05 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $18.7 bln. Per capita income (1984): $ 630. Imports (1988): $4.4 bln.; partners: Fr. 25%, Sp. 7%, Saudi Ar. 15%. Exports (1988): $3.5 bln.; partners: Fr. 22%, W. Ger. 7%, Sp. 7%, It. 5%.Tourists (1987): $1 bln. receipts. National budget(1987): $5.0 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold(Mar. 1990): $687 mln. Gold: 704,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 2.4%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 2.0 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 554,000 passenger cars, 255,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1987): 2.2 bln. passenger-km; 15 airports.Chief ports: Tangier, Casablanca, Kenitra. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 19.2 persons. Radios: 1 per 5.4 persons. Telephones in use: 1 per 68 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 12 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 62 male; 65 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 35.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 9. Natural increase: 2.6%. Hospital beds: 1 per 918 persons. Physicians: 1 per 4,725 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 79. Education (1985): Literacy: 35%. Major International Organizations: UN (ILO, IMF, WHO), OAU, Arab League. Embassy: 1601 21st St. NW 20009; 462-7979. Berbers were the original inhabitants, followed by Carthaginians and Romans. Arabs conquered in 683. In the 11th and 12th centuries, a Berber empire ruled all NW Africa and most of Spain from Morocco. Part of Morocco came under Spanish rule in the 19th century; France controlled the rest in the early 20th. Tribal uprisings lasted from 1911 to 1933. The country became independent Mar. 2, 1956. Tangier, an internationalized seaport, was turned over to Morocco, 1956. Ifni, a Spanish enclave, was ceded in 1969. Morocco annexed over 70,000 sq. mi. of phosphate-rich land Apr. 14, 1976, two-thirds of former Spanish Sahara, with the remainder annexed by Mauritania. Spain had withdrawn in February. Polisario, a guerrilla movement, proclaimed the region independent Feb. 27, and launched attacks with Algerian support. Morocco accepted U.S. military and economic aid. When Mauritania signed a treaty with the Polisario Front, and gave up its portion of the former Spanish Sahara, Morocco occupied the area, 1980. Morocco accused Algeria of instigating Polisario attacks. After years of bitter fighting, Morocco controls the main urban areas, but the Polisario Front's guerrillas move freely in the vast, sparsely populated deserts. Mozambique People's Republic of Mozambique Republica Popular de Mocambique People: Population (1990 est.): 14,718,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 45.3; 15-59: 50.6; 60+: 4.1. Pop. density: 49 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups:Bantu tribes. Languages: Portuguese (official), Bantu languages predominate. Religions: Traditional beliefs 60%, Christian 30%, Moslem 10%. Geography: Area: 303,769 sq. mi., about the size of Texas. Location: On SE coast of Africa. Neighbors:Tanzania on N, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe on W, South Africa, Swaziland on S. Topography: Coastal lowlands comprise nearly half the country with plateaus rising in steps to the mountains along the western border. Capital: Maputo.Cities: (1989 est.): Maputo 1.0 mln., Beira 291,604 Government: Type: Socialist one-party state. Head of state: Pres. Joaquim Chissano; b. Oct. 22, 1939; in office: Oct. 19, 1986. Head of Government: Mario de Graca Machungo; in office: July 17, 1986. Local divisions: 10 provinces. Defense: 8.4% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Cement, alcohol, textiles.Chief crops: Cashews, cotton, sugar, copra, tea.Minerals: Coal, copper, bauxite. Arable land: 4%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 1.3 mln. Fish catch (1985): 37,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 1.7 bln. kwh.Labor force: 85% agric., 9% ind. & comm., 2% services. Finance: Currency: Metical (Jan. 1990: 808 =$1 US). Gross national product (1987): $4.7 bln. Per capita income (1987): $319. Imports (1987): $627 mln.; partners: So. Afr. 11%, U.S. 13%, USSR 12%, It. 14%. Exports (1987): $97 mln.; partners: U.S. 16%, Jap. 15%.National budget (1987): $427 mln. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 104 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1981): 49,000 passenger cars, 24,700 comm. vehicles.Chief ports: Maputo, Beira, Nacala, Quelimane. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 425 persons.Radios: 1 per 31 persons. Telephones: 1 per 235 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 5 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 45 male; 48 female.Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 47.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 18. Natural increase:2.8%. Hospital beds: 1 per 1,244 persons. Physicians:1 per 44,392 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 200. Education (1989): Literacy: 14%. Major International Organization: UN (IMF, World Bank), OAU. The first Portuguese post on the Mozambique coast was established in 1505, on the trade route to the East. Mozambique became independent June 25, 1975, after a ten-year war against Portuguese colonial domination. The 1974 revolution in Portugal paved the way for the orderly transfer of power to Frelimo (Front for the Liberation of Mozambique). Frelimo took over local administration Sept. 20, 1974, over the opposition, in part violent, of some blacks and whites. The new government, led by Maoist Pres. Samora Machel, promised a gradual transition to a communist system. Private schools were closed, rural collective farms organized, and private homes nationalized. Economic problems included the emigration of most of the country's 160,000 whites, a politically untenable economic dependence on white-ruled South Africa, and a large external debt. In the 1980s, severe drought and civil war caused famine and heavy loss of life. Myanmar (Formerly Burma) Union of Myanmar Pyeidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw People: Population (1990 est.): 41,279,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 41.2; 15-59: 52.8; 60+: 6.0. Pop. density: 152 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 24%. Ethnic groups:Burmans (related to Tibetans) 68%; Karen 4%, Shan 7%, Rakhine 3%. Languages: Burmese (official). Religions: Buddhist 85%; animist, Christian. Geography: Area: 261,789 sq. mi., nearly as large as Texas. Location: Between S. and S.E. Asia, on Bay of Bengal. Neighbors: Bangladesh, India on W, China, Laos, Thailand on E. Topography: Mountains surround Myanmar on W, N, and E, and dense forests cover much of the nation. N-S rivers provide habitable valleys and communications, especially the Irrawaddy, navigable for 900 miles. The country has a tropical monsoon climate. Capital: Yangon. Cities(1983 est.): Yangon 2,458,712; Mandalay 458,000; Karbe ('73 cen.): 253,600; Moulmein 188,000. Government: Type: Military. Head of state and head of government: Gen. Saw Maung; in office: Sept. 21, 1988. Local divisions: 7 states and 7 divisions. Defense: 3.0% of GNP (1987). Economy: Chief crops: Rice, sugarcane, peanuts, beans. Minerals: Oil, lead, silver, tin, tungsten, precious stones. Crude oil reserves (1985): 733 mln. bbls. Other resources: Rubber, teakwood. Arable land:15%. Livestock. (1988): cattle: 9.9 mln.; pigs: 3.1 mln. Fish catch (1987): 643,000 metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 2.9 bln. kwh. Labor force:66% agric; 12% ind. Finance: Currency: Kyat (Mar. 1990: 6.64 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $9.3 bln. Per capita income (1989): $210. Imports (1988): $244 mln.; partners: Jap. 50%, EEC 20%. Exports (1988): $138 mln.; partners: SE Asian countries 30%; EEC 12%. Tourism (1987): $14 mln. receipts. National budget (1988): $2.2 bln. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $560 mln. Gold: 251,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 16%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 3.1 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 35,000 passenger cars, 50,000 comm. vehicles.Civil aviation (1988): 214 mln. passenger-km.; 21 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Yangon, Sittwe, Bassein, Moulmein, Tavoy. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 592 persons. Radios:1 per 13 persons. Telephones: 1 per 624 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 14 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 53 male; 56 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 33.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 13. Natural increase: 2.0%. Hospital beds: 1 per 1,498 persons. Physicians: 1 per 3,485 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 99. Education (1989): Literacy: 66%. Years compulsory:4. Attendance: 84%. Major International Organizations: UN (World Bank, IMF, GATT). Embassy: 2300 S St. NW 20008; 332-9044. The Burmese arrived from Tibet before the 9th century, displacing earlier cultures, and a Buddhist monarchy was established by the 11th. Burma was conquered by the Mongol dynasty of China in 1272, then ruled by Shans as a Chinese tributary, until the 16th century. Britain subjugated Burma in 3 wars, 1824-84, and ruled the country as part of India until 1937, when it became self-governing. Independence outside the Commonwealth was achieved Jan. 4, 1948. Gen. Ne Win dominated politics from 1962 to 1988, when he abdicated power, following waves of anti-government demonstrations. He led a Revolutionary Council set up in 1962, which drove Indians from the civil service and Chinese from commerce. Socialization of the economy was advanced, isolation from foreign countries enforced. In 1987 Burma, once the richest nation in SE Asia, was granted least developed country status by the UN. Following Ne Win's resignation, Sein Lwin and later Maung Maung, a civilian, took power but rioting and street violence continued. In Sept., Gen. Saw Maung, a close associate of Ne Win, seized power. In 1989 the country's name was changed to Myanmar. The first free, multiparty elections in 30 years took place May 27, 1990, with the main opposition party winning a decisive victory. Namibia Republic of Namibia People: Population (1990 est.): 1,372,000. Pop density: 4 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: black 86%, white 8%.Languages: Afrikaans, English, several indigenous languages.Religion: mostly indigenous. Geography: Area: 317,818 sq. mi., slightly more than half the size of Alaska. Location: In S. Africa on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Angola on the N., Botswana on the E., and South Africa on the S. Capital: Windhoek. Cities (1990 est.): Windhoek, 114,000. Government: Head of state: Pres. Sam Nujoma; in office: Feb. 16, 1990. Local divisions: 26 districts. Economy: Mining accounts for over 40% of GNP. Electricity prod. (1988): 432,000 kwh. Finance: Currency: South African Rand. Gross National Product (1988): $1.6 bln. Per capital GNP (1988): $1,300. Imports (1987): $842 mln. Exports (1987): $889,000 mln. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 42 persons. Radios:1 per 5.8 persons. Telephones: 1 per 17 persons. Health: Life Expectancy at Birth (1989): 57 male; 62 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 45. Deaths (per 1,000 pop 1989): 10. Natural increase: 3.5. Hospital beds:1 per 166 persons. Physicians: 1 per 4,450 persons.Infant Mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 72. Education (1989): Literacy: 16% nonwhite. Namibia was declared a protectorate by Germany in 1890 and officially called South-West Africa. South Africa seized the territory from Germany in 1915 during World War 1; the League of Nations gave South Africa a mandate over the territory in 1920. In 1966, the Marxist South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) launched a guerrilla war for independence. In 1968 the UN General Assembly gave the area the name Namibia. In Jan. 1970 the UN Security Council condemned S. Africa for "illegal" control of the area. In an advisory opinion, June 1971, the International Court of Justice declared S. Africa was occupying the area illegally. In a 1977 referendum, white voters backed a plan for a multiracial interim government to lead to independence.SWAPO rejected the plan. Both S. Africa and Namibian rebels agreed to a UN plan for independence by the end of 1978. S. Africa rejected the plan, Sept. 20, 1978, and held elections, without UN supervision, for Namibia's constituent assembly, Dec., that were ignored by the major black opposition parties. In 1982, So. African and SWAPO agreed in principle on a cease-fire and the holding of UN-supervised elections. So. Africa, however, insisted on the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola as a precondition to Namibian independence. On Jan. 18, 1983, South Africa dissolved the Namibian National Assembly and resumed direct control of the territory. In 1988, A U.S. mediated plan was agreed upon by So. Africa, Angola, and Cuba, which called for withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola and black majority rule in Namibia. Namibia became an independent nation March 21, 1990. Walvis Bay, the only deepwater port in the country, was turned over to South African administration in 1922. S. Africa said in 1978 it would discuss sovereignty only after Namibian independence. Nauru Republic of Nauru Naoero People: Population (1990): 8,100. Pop density: 987 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: Nauruans 57%, Pacific Islanders 26%, Chinese 8%, European 8%. Languages: Nauruan (official), English. Religions:Predominately Christian. Geography: Area: 8 sq. mi. Location: In Western Pacific O. just S of Equator. Neighbors: Nearest are Solomon Is. Topography: Mostly a plateau bearing high grade phosphate deposits, surrounded by a coral cliff and a sandy shore in concentric rings. Capital: Yaren. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Kenos Aroi; in office: Aug. 17, 1989. Local divisions:14 districts. Economy: Phosphate mining. Electricity prod. (1988): 48 mln. kwh. Finance: Currency: Australian dollar. Gross national product (1986): $160 mln. Imports (1984): $14 mln. Exports (1984): $93 mln. Communications: Radios: 4,000 in use (1985).Telephones in use (1980): 1,500. Health: Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 21.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 5. Natural increase: 1.6%. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 41. Education (1988): Literacy 99%; compulsory ages 6-16. The island was discovered in 1798 by the British but was formally annexed to the German Empire in 1886. After World War I, Nauru became a League of Nations mandate administered by Australia. During World War II the Japanese occupied the island and shipped 1,200 Nauruans to the fortress island of Truk as slave laborers. In 1947 Nauru was made a UN trust territory, administered by Australia. Nauru became an independent republic Jan. 31, 1968. Phosphate exports provide one of the world's highest per capita revenues for the Nauru people. Nepal Kingdom of Nepal Sri Nepala Sarkar People: Population (1990 est.): 19,158,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 42.2; 15-59: 52.9; 60+: 4.9. Pop. density: 334 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 8%. Ethnic groups: The many tribes are descendants of Indian, Tibetan, and Central Asian migrants.Languages: Nepali (official) (an Indic language), 12 others. Religions: Hindu (official) 90%, Buddhist 7%. Geography: Area: 56,136 sq. mi., the size of North Carolina. Location: Astride the Himalaya Mts.Neighbors: China on N, India on S. Topography: The Himalayas stretch across the N, the hill country with its fertile valleys extends across the center, while the southern border region is part of the flat, subtropical Ganges Plain.Capital: Kathmandu. Cities (1987 est.): Kathmandu 422,000, Pokhara, Biratnagar, Birganj. Government: Type: Constitutional monarchy. Head of state: King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev; b. Dec. 28, 1945; in office: Jan. 31, 1972. Head of government: Prime Min. Krishma Prasad Bhattarai; in office: Apr. 19, 1990. Local divisions: 14 zones; 75 districts. Defense: 1.2% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Sugar, jute mills, tourism.Chief crops: Jute, rice, grain. Minerals: Quartz. Other resources: Forests. Arable land:17%. Livestock (1986): cattle: 7 mln. Electricity prod. (1988): 530 mln. kwh. Labor force: 91% agric. Finance: Currency: Rupee (Mar. 1990: 28.90 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $3.1 bln. Per capita income (1986): $160. Imports (1988): $681 mln.; partners: India 47%, Jap. 25%. Exports (1988): $190 mln.; partners: India 68%. Tourists (1988): receipts: $28 mln. National budget (1987): $618 mln. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $255 mln. Gold: 152,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 9.0%. Transport: Civil aviation (1986): 300 mln. passenger-km. Communications: Radios: 1 per 8.5 persons.Telephones: 1 per 686 persons. Daily newspaper circ.(1985): 5 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 50 male; 49 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 40.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 15. Natural increase:2.4%. Hospital beds: 1 per 4,572 persons. Physicians: 1 per 20,356 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 101. Education (1989): Literacy: 29%. Years compulsory:3. Attendance: 79% primary, 22% secondary. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF). Embassy: 2131 Leroy Pl. NW 20008; 667-4550. Nepal was originally a group of petty principalities, the inhabitants of one of which, the Gurkhas, became dominant about 1769. In 1951 King Tribhubana Bir Bikram, member of the Shah family, ended the system of rule by hereditary premiers of the Ranas family, who had kept the kings virtual prisoners, and established a cabinet system of government. Virtually closed to the outside world for centuries, Nepal is now linked to India and Pakistan by roads and air service and to Tibet by road. Polygamy, child marriage, and the caste system were officially abolished in 1963. In response to numerous pro-democracy protests, the government, which had banned all political parties since 1960, announced the legalization of political parties in 1990. Multi-party elections were scheduled for 1991. Netherlands Kingdom of the Netherlands Konindrijk der Nederlanden People: Population (1990 est.) 14,864,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 18.8; 15-60: 64.2; 60+: 17.0. Pop. density: 931 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 88.3%. Ethnic groups: Dutch 97%. Languages: Dutch. Religions: Roman Catholic 40%, Dutch Reformed 19.3%. Geography: Area: 15,770 sq. mi., the size of Mass., Conn., and R.I. combined. Location: In NW Europe on North Sea. Topography: The land is flat, an average alt. of 37 ft. above sea level, with much land below sea level reclaimed and protected by 1,500 miles of dikes. Since 1927 the government has been draining the lJsselmeer, formerly the Zuider Zee. By 1972, 410,000 of a planned 550,000 acres had been drained and reclaimed. Capital: Amsterdam. Cities (1988): Amsterdam 691,000; Rotterdam 574,100; Hague 443,500. Government: Type: Parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarch. Head of state: Queen Beatrix; b. Jan. 31, 1938; in office: Apr. 30, 1980. Head of government: Prime Min. Ruud Lubbers; in office: Nov. 4, 1982. Seat of govt.: The Hague. Local divisions:12 provinces. Defense: 3.2% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Metals, machinery, chemicals, oil refinery, diamond cutting, electronics, tourism. Chief crops: Grains, potatoes, sugar beets, vegetables, fruits, flowers. Minerals: Natural gas, oil. Crude oil reserves (1987): 195 mln. bbls. Arable land: 26%. Livestock(1988): cattle: 4.7 mln.; pigs: 13.4 mln. Fish catch (1987): 435,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 63.0 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 5.5 mln. metric tons.Labor force: 1% agric.; 47% ind. and commerce, 44% services, 15% govt. Finance: Currency: Guilder (June 1990: 1.86 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $223 bln. Per capita income (1987): $13,065. Imports (1989): $104.2 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 22%, Belg. 11%, U.S. 9%, U.K. 9%. Exports (1989): $107.8 bln.; partners : W. Ger. 30%, Belg. 14%, Fr. 10%, UK 9%. Tourists (1987): receipts: $2.6 bln. National budget (1988): $91 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $16.8 bln. Gold: 43.94 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 1.1%. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 9.3 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 5.1 mln. passenger cars, 401,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1987): 27.7 bln. passenger-km; 4 airports. Chief ports: Rotterdam, Amsterdam, IJmuiden. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 3.2 persons. Radios: 1 per 1.2 persons. Telephones: 1 per 1.6 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 312 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 74 male; 81 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 13Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 9. Natural increase: .4%. Hospital beds (1988): 67,445. Physicians (1988): 34,573.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 7 Education (1989): Literacy: 99%. Years compulsory: 10. Attendance: 100%. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, NATO, EC, OECD. Embassy: 4200 Linnean Ave. NW 20008; 244-5300. Julius Caesar conquered the region in 55 BC, when it was inhabited by Celtic and Germanic tribes. After the empire of Charlemagne fell apart, the Netherlands (Holland, Belgium, Flanders) split among counts, dukes and bishops, passed to Burgundy and thence to Charles V of Spain. His son, Philip II, tried to check the Dutch drive toward political freedom and Protestantism (1568-1573). William the Silent, prince of Orange, led a confederation of the northern provinces, called Estates, in the Union of Utrecht, 1579. The Estates retained individual sovereignty, but were represented jointly in the States-General, a body that had control of foreign affairs and defense. In 1581 they repudiated allegiance to Spain. The rise of the Dutch republic to naval, economic, and artistic eminence came in the 17th century. The United Dutch Republic ended 1795 when the French formed the Batavian Republic. Napoleon made his brother Louis king of Holland, 1806; Louis abdicated 1810 when Napoleon annexed Holland. In 1813 the French were expelled. In 1815 the Congress of Vienna formed a kingdom of the Netherlands, including Belgium, under William I. In 1830, the Belgians seceded and formed a separate kingdom. The constitution, promulgated 1814, and subsequently revised, assures a hereditary constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands maintained its neutrality in World War I, but was invaded and brutally occupied by Germany from 1940 to 1945. In 1949, after several years of fighting, the Netherlands granted independence to Indonesia, where it had ruled since the 17th century. In 1963, West New Guinea was turned over to Indonesia, after five years of controversy and seizure of Dutch property in Indonesia. The independence of former Dutch colonies has instigated mass emigrations to the Netherlands, adding to problems of unemployment. Though the Netherlands has been heavily industrialized, its productive small farms export large quantities of pork and dairy foods. The Netherlands has agreed to allow NATO to deploy cruise missles on their soil. Rotterdam, located along the principal mouth of the Rhine, handles the most cargo of any ocean port in the world. Canals, of which there are 3,478 miles, are important in transportation. Netherlands Antilles The Netherlands Antilles, constitutionally on a level of equality with the Netherlands homeland within the kingdom, consist of 2 groups of islands in the West Indies. Curacao, Aruba, and Bonaire are near the South American coast; St. Eustatius, Saba, and the southern part of St. Maarten are SE of Puerto Rico. Northern two-thirds of St. Maarten belong to French Guadeloupe; the French call the island St. Martin. Total area of the 2 groups is 385 sq. mi., including: Aruba 75, Bonaire 111, Curacao 171, St. Eustatius 11, Saba 5, St. Maarten (Dutch part) 13. Aruba was separated from The Netherlands Antilles on Jan. 1, 1986; it is an autonomous member of The Netherlands, the same status as the Netherland Antilles. Total pop. (est. 1989) was 187,000. Willemstad, on Curacao, is the capital. Chief products are corn, pulse, salt and phosphate; principal industry is the refining of crude oil from Venezuela. Tourism is an important industry, as are electronics and shipbuilding. New Zealand People: Population: (1990 est.): 3,397,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 23.7, 15-59: 61.4; 60+: 14.9Pop. density: 32 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 84.0%. Ethnic groups: European (mostly British) 87%, Polynesian (mostly Maori) 9%. Languages: English (official), Maori. Religions: Anglican 29%, Presbyterian 18%, Roman Catholic 15%, others. Geography: Area: 103,736 sq. mi., the size of Colorado. Location: In SW Pacific O. Neighbors: Nearest are Australia on W, Fiji, Tonga on N. Topography:Each of the 2 main islands (North and South Is.) is mainly hilly and mountainous. The east coasts consist of fertile plains, especially the broad Canterbury Plains on South Is. A volcanic plateau is in center of North Is. South Is. has glaciers and 15 peaks over 10,000 ft. Capital: Wellington. Cities (1988 est.): Auckland 149,000; Christchurch 168,000; Wellington 137,000; Manukau 181,000. Government: Type: Parliamentary. Head of state:Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Gov.-Gen. Paul Reeves. Head of government: Prime Min. Geoffrey Palmer; in office: Aug. 8, 1989.Local divisions: 93 counties, 12 towns & districts. Defense: 2.2% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Food processing, textiles, machinery, fish, forest prods. Chief crops: Grain. Minerals: Oil, gas, iron, coal Crude oil reserves (1987): 182 mln. bbls. Other resources: Wool, timber. Arable land: 2%.Livestock (1987): cattle: 8.2 mln.; sheep: 64 mln. Fish catch (1987): 430,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 27.0 bln. kwh. Labor force: 11% agric. & mining; 41% ind. and commerce, 47% services and gov. Finance: Currency: Dollar (June 1990: 1.70 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $37 bln. Per capita income (1988): $11,040. Imports (1989): $8.8 bln.; partners: Austral. 18%, U.S. 16%, Jap. 20%. Exports (1989): $8.8 bln.; partners: UK 9%, U.S. 15%, Jap. 15%, Austral. 16%.Tourists (1987): receipts $286 mln. National budget(1988): $ 15.6 bln. International reserves less gold (Feb. 1990): $2.8 bln. Gold: 1,000 oz t.Consumer prices (change in 1989): 5.7%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 458 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 1.3 min. passenger cars; 334,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation: (1988): 10.7 bln. passenger-km, 36 airports.Chief ports: Auckland, Wellington, Lyttleton, Tauranga. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 3.5 persons.Radios:1 per 1.1 persons. Telephones: 1 per 1.4 persons.Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 323 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 72 male; 78 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 16.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 8. Natural increase: .8%. Hospital beds: 1 per 111 persons. Physicians: 1 per 522 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 10. Education (1989): Literacy: 99%. Compulsory ages 6-15. Attendance: 100%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, World Bank, IMF), Commonwealth of Nations, OECD. Embassy: 37 Observatory Cir. NW 20008; 328-4800. The Maoris, a Polynesian group from the eastern Pacific, reached New Zealand before and during the 14th century. The first European to sight New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Janszoon Tasman, but Maoris refused to allow him to land. British Capt. James Cook explored the coasts, 1769-1770. British sovereignty was proclaimed in 1840, with organized settlement beginning in the same year. Representative institutions were granted in 1853. Maori Wars ended in 1870 with British victory. The colony became a dominion in 1907, and is an independent member of the Commonwealth. New Zealand fought on the side of the Allies in both world wars, and signed the ANZUS Treaty of Mutual Security with the U.S. and Australia in 1951. New Zealand's refusal to allow U.S. ships with nuclear weapons to use their port facilities caused an end to the alliance in 1986. In July 1985, the Rainbow Warrior, flagship of the Greenpeace organization, was bombed and sunk in Auckland harbour by French secret service agents. A labor tradition in politics dates back to the 19th century. Private ownership is basic to the economy, but state ownership or regulation affects many industries. Transportation, broadcasting, mining, and forestry are largely state-owned. The native Maoris number about 250,000. Four of 92 members of the House of Representatives are elected directly by the Maori people. New Zealand comprises North Island, 44,035 sq. mi.; South Island, 58,304 sq. mi.; Stewart Island, 674 sq. mi.; Chatham Islands, 372 sq. mi. In 1965, the Cook Islands (pop. 1986 est., 17,185; area 93 sq. mi.) became self-governing although New Zealand retains responsibility for defense and foreign affairs. Niueattained the same status in 1974; it lies 400 mi. to W (pop. 1981 est., 3,400; area 100 sq. mi.). Tokelau Is., (pop. 1981 est., 1,600; area 4 sq. mi.) are 300 mi. N of Samoa. Ross Dependency, administered by New Zealand since 1923, comprises 160,000 sq. mi. of Antarctic territory. Nicaragua Republic of Nicaragua Republica de Nicaragua People: Population (1990 est.): 3,606,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 46.6; 15-59: 49.3; 60+: 4.1. Pop. density: 73 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 60%. Ethnic groups: Mestizo 69%, Caucasian 17%, black 9%, Indian 5%. Languages: Spanish, (official), English (on Caribbean coast). Religion: Roman Catholic 88%. Geography: Area: 50,193 sq. mi., about the size of Iowa. Location: In Central America.Neighbors: Honduras on N, Costa Rica on S. Topography:Both Atlantic and Pacific coasts are over 200 mi. long. The Cordillera Mtns., with many volcanic peaks, runs NW-SE through the middle of the country. Between this and a volcanic range to the E lie Lakes Managua and Nicaragua. Capital: Managua. Cities (1986): Managua 1 mln. Government: Type: Republic.Head of Government: Violeta Barrios de Chamorro; b. 1929; in office Apr. 25, 1990. Local divisions: 16 departments. Defense: 16.8% of GNP (1985). Economy: Industries: Oil refining, food processing, chemicals, textiles. Chief crops: Bananas, cotton, fruit, yucca, coffee, sugar, corn, beans, cocoa, rice, sesame, tobacco, wheat. Minerals: Gold, silver, copper, tungsten. Other resources: Forests, shrimp. Arable land: 10%. Livestock (1986): cattle: 2.1 mln.; pigs: 750,000. Fish catch: (1987): 4,983 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 1.2 bln. kwh.Labor force: 44% agric.; 13% Ind.; 43% services. Finance: Currency: Cordoba (May 1990: 100,000 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $2.1 bln. Per capita GNP (1988): $610. Imports (1987): $923 mln.; partners Comecon, CACM, EC. Exports(1987): $300 mln.; partners EC, Japan, Comecon. National budget (1987): $1.4 bln. expenditures. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 10,000%. Transport: Railway traffic (1986): 25.5 mln. passenger-miles. Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 46,000 passenger cars, 30,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Corinto, Puerto Somoza, San Juan del Sur. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 17 persons. Radios: 1 per 4.1 persons.Telephones: 1 per 77 persons. Daily newspaper circ.(1987): 62 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 61 male; 63 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 39.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 8. Natural increase:3.1%. Hospital beds: 1 per 761 persons.Physicians: 1 per 1,678 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 65. Education (1986): Literacy: 66%. Years compulsory:11 years or 16 years old. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, OAS. Embassy: 1627 New Hampshire Ave. NW 20009; 939-6570. Nicaragua, inhabited by various Indian tribes, was conquered by Spain in 1552. After gaining independence from Spain, 1821, Nicaragua was united for a short period with Mexico, then with the United Provinces of Central America, finally becoming an independent republic, 1838. U.S. Marines occupied the country at times in the early 20th century, the last time from 1926 to 1933. Gen. Anastasio Somoza-Debayle was elected president 1967. He resigned 1972, but was elected president again in 1974. Martial law was imposed in Dec. 1974, after officials were kidnapped by the Marxist Sandinista guerrillas.Violent opposition spread to nearly all classes, 1978; a nationwide strike called against the government Aug. 25 touched off a state of civil war at Matagalpa. Months of simmering civil war erupted when Sandinist guerrillas invaded Nicaragua May 29, 1979, touching off a 7-week-offensive that culminated in the resignation and exile of Somoza, July 17. Relations with the U.S. were strained due to Nicaragua's military aid to leftist guerrillas in El Salvador and the U.S. backing anti-Sandinista contra guerrilla groups. Nicaragua accused the U.S. CIA of directing the mining of its ports, Apr. 6, 1984. It asked the International Court of Justice in The Hague to order the U.S. to halt the mining and cease aiding attacks on its territory. The Court ruled, May 10, that the U.S. should immediately halt any actions to blockade or mine Nicaragua's ports. In 1983, the contras launched their first major offensive; the Sandinistas imposed rule by decree. In 1985, the U.S. House rejected Pres. Reagan's request for military aid to the contras; but in June voted to provide $27 mln. in humanitarian aid.In June 1986, the House approved $100 mln. in contra aid. The diversion of funds to the contras from the proceeds of a secret arms sale to Iran caused a major scandal in the U.S. The plan, masterminded by the administration's national security advisor and his deputy, took place at a time when military aid to the contras was forbidden by law. Cease-fire talks between the Sandinista government and the contras were held in 1988 but were ended by Ortega, Nov. 1989. In a stunning upset, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro defeat Ortega in national elections, Feb. 25, 1990. Niger Republic of Niger Republique du Niger People: Population (1990 est.): 7,691,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 46.7; 15-59: 48.5; 60+: 4.8. Pop. density: 15 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 21%. Ethnic groups: Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fulani 8%, Tuareg 8%. Languages: French (official), Hausa, Djerma. Religions: Sunni Moslem 80%. Geography: Area: 489,189 sq. mi., almost 3 times the size of California. Location: In the interior of N. Africa. Neighbors: Libya, Algeria on N, Mali, Burkina Faso on W, Benin, Nigeria on S, Chad on E. Topography: Mostly arid desert and mountains. A narrow savanna in the S and the Niger R. basin in the SW contain most of the population.Capital: Niamey. Cities (1987 est.): Niamey 350,000. Government: Type: Republic; military in power. Head of state and government: Pres. Ali Seibou; in office: Dec. 20, 1989. Local divisions: 7 departments. Defense: 0.8% of GNP (1985). Economy: Chief crops: Peanuts, cotton.Minerals: Uranium, coal, iron. Arable land: 3%.Livestock (1986): cattle: 3.5 mln.; sheep 505,000. Electricity prod. (1988): 227 mln. kwh. Labor force: 90% agric. Finance: Currency: CFA franc (Mar. 1990: 284 =$1 US). Gross national product (1987): $2.2 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $310. Imports (1988): $441 mln.; partners: Fr. 36%, Nig. 13%. Exports (1988): $371 mln.; partners: Fr. 36%, Nig. 17%. National budget (1988): $452 mln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $212 mln. Gold: 11,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1988): -1.4%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 27,000 passenger cars, 25,000 comm. vehicles. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 277 persons.Radios: 1 per 19 persons.Telephones: 1 per 563 persons. Daily newspaper cir.(1988): 1 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 48 male; 50 female.Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 49.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 17. Natural increase:3.2%. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 137. Education (1989): Literacy: 13%. Years compulsory:6. Attendance: 15%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO, FAO), OAU. Embassy: 2204 R St. NW 20008; 483-4224. Niger was part of ancient and medieval African empires. European explorers reached the area in the late 18th century. The French colony of Niger was established 1900-22, after the defeat of Tuareg fighters, who had invaded the area from the N a century before. The country became independent Aug. 3, 1960. The next year it signed a bilateral agreement with France retaining close economic and cultural ties, which have continued. Hamani Diori, Niger's first president, was ousted in a 1974 coup. Drought and famine struck in 1973-74, and again in 1975. Nigeria Federal Republic of Nigeria People: Population (1990 est.): 118,865,000. Pop. density:322 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 23%. Ethnic groups: Hausa 21%, Yoruba 20%, Ibo 17%, Fulani 9%, others.Languages: English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo.Religions: Moslem 50% (in N), Christian 40% (in S), others. Geography: Area: 356,667 sq. mi., more than twice the size of California. Location: On the S coast of W. Africa. Neighbors: Benin on W, Niger on N, Chad, Cameroon on E. Topography: 4 E-W regions divide Nigeria: a coastal mangrove swamp 10-60 mi. wide, a tropical rain forest 50-100 mi. wide, a plateau of savanna and open woodland, and semidesert in the N. Capital: Lagos. Cities: (1988): Lagos 1,243,000; Ibadan 1,172,000. Government: Type: Military. Head of state:Gen. Ibrahim Babangida; b. Aug. 17, 1941; in office: Aug. 30, 1985. Local divisions: 21 states plus federal capital territory. Defense: 1.0% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Crude oil (95% of export), food processing, assembly of vehicles, textiles.Chief crops: Cocoa (main export crop), tobacco, palm products, peanuts, cotton, soybeans. Minerals: Oil, gas, coal, iron, limestone, columbium, tin. Crude oil reserves(1987): 16.8 bln. bbls. Other resources: Timber, rubber, hides. Arable land: 31%.Livestock (1987): cattle: 12.1 mln.; goats: 26.3 mln.; sheep: 13.1 mln. Fish catch (1987): 268,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 11.2 bln. kwh. Labor force: 54% agric., 19% ind., comm. and serv. Finance: Currency: Naira (Feb. 1990: 7.92 = $1.00 US). Gross national product (1987): $78.0 bln.Per capita income (1984): $790. Imports (1987): $7.8 bln.; partners: U.S., EC. Exports (1987): $7.3 bln.; partners: U.S., EC. Tourist receipts (1986): $125 mln.National budget (1987): $4.8 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $1.4 bln. Gold: 687,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 40.9%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1981): 262,000 passenger cars, 90,000 comm. vehicles.Civil aviation (1987): 1.6 bln. passenger-km; 14 airports. Chief ports: Port Harcourt, Lagos, Warri, Calabar. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 20 persons. Radios:1 per 12 persons.Telephones: 1 per 397 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 12 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 47 male; 49 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 46.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 17. Natural increase:2.9%. Hospital beds: 1 per 1,142 persons. Physicians:1 per 6,900 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 121. Education (1989): Literacy: 42%. Primary school attendance: 42%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMO, WHO), OPEC, OAU, Commonwealth of Nations. Embassy: 2201 M St. NW 20037; 822-1500. Early cultures in Nigeria date back to at least 700 BC. From the 12th to the 14th centuries, more advanced cultures developed in the Yoruba area, at Ife, and in the north, where Moslem influence prevailed. Portuguese and British slavers appeared from the 15th-16th centuries. Britain seized Lagos, 1861, during an anti-slave trade campaign, and gradually extended control inland until 1900. Nigeria became independent Oct. 1, 1960, and a republic Oct. 1, 1963. On May 30, 1967, the Eastern Region seceded, proclaiming itself the Republic of Biafra, plunging the country into civil war. Casualties in the war were est. at over 1 million, including many "Biafrans" (mostly Ibos) who died of starvation despite international efforts to provide relief. The secessionists, after steadily losing ground, capitulated Jan. 12, 1970. Within a few years, the Ibos were reintegrated into national life, but mistrust among the regions persists. Oil revenues have made possible a massive economic development program, largely using private enterprise, but agriculture has lagged. Oil revenues continued to decline in 1987. After 13 years of military rule, the nation experienced a peaceful return to civilian government, Oct., 1979. Military rule returned to Nigeria, Dec. 31, 1983 as a coup ousted the democratically-elected government. The government has promised a return to civilian rule by 1992. Norway Kingdom of Norway Kongeriket Norge People: Population (1990 est.): 4,214,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 19.4; 15-59: 59.3; 60+: 21.3. Pop. density: 33 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 80%. Ethnic groups: Germanic (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic), minority Lapps. Languages: Norwegian (official), Lappish. Religions: Evangelical Lutheran 94%. Geography: Area: 125,181 sq. mi., slightly larger than New Mexico. Location: Occupies the W part of Scandinavian peninsula in NW Europe (extends farther north than any European land). Neighbors: Sweden, Finland, USSR on E. Topography: A highly indented coast is lined with tens of thousands of islands. Mountains and plateaus cover most of the country, which is only 25% forested. Capital: Oslo. Cities (1988): Oslo 449,000; Bergen 207,000. Government: Type: Hereditary constitutional monarchy. Head of state: King Olav V, b. July 2, 1903; in office: Sept. 21, 1957. Head of government: Prime Min. Jan Peder Syse; b. Nov. 25, 1930; in office: Oct. 16, 1989.Local divisions: Oslo, Svalbard and 18 fylker (counties). Defense: 3.2% of GNP (1989). Economy: Industries: Paper, shipbuilding, engineering, metals, chemicals, food processing oil, gas.Chief crops: Grains, potatoes, fruits. Minerals: Oil, copper, pyrites, nickel, iron, zinc, lead. Crude oil reserves (1987): 11.1 bln. bbls. Other resources: Timber. Arable land: 3%. Livestock(1987): sheep: 2.3 mln.; cattle: 967,000; pigs: 837,000. Fish catch (1988): 1.8 mln. metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 118 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 900,000 metric tons.Labor force: 7% agric.; 47% ind., banking, comm.; 18% services, 26% govt. Finance: Currency: Kroner (June 1990: 6.36 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $89 bln. Per capita income (1984): $13,790. Imports (1989): $23.1 mln.; partners: Swed. 17%, W. Ger. 16%, UK 10%, U.S. 9%. Exports (1989): $26.9 bln.; partners: UK 27%, W. Ger. 17%, Swed. 9%. Tourists(1988): receipts: $1.4 bln. National budget(1988): $40.6 bln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $13.7 bln. Gold: 1.18 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 4.6%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 2.2 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 1.5 mln. passenger cars, 264,000 comm. vehicles.Civil aviation: (1987): 8.8 bln. passenger-km; 49 airports.Chief ports: Bergen, Stavanger, Oslo, Tonsberg. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 2.9 persons. Radios: 1 per 1.3 persons. Telephones: 1 per 1.6 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 482 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 72.7 male; 79.7 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 13. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 11. Natural increase: .2%. Hospital beds: 1 per 171 persons. Physicians: 1 per 441 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 7.1. Education (1989): Literacy: 100%. Years Compulsory:9. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, NATO, OECD. Embassy: 2720 34th St. NW 20008; 333-6000. The first supreme ruler of Norway was Harald the Fairhaired who came to power in 872 AD. Between 800 and 1000, Norway's Vikings raided and occupied widely dispersed parts of Europe. The country was united with Denmark 1381-1814, and with Sweden, 1814-1905. In 1905, the country became independent with Prince Charles of Denmark as king. Norway remained neutral during World War I. Germany attacked Norway Apr. 9, 1940, and held it until liberation May 8, 1945. The country abandoned its neutrality after the war, and joined the NATO alliance. Norway rejected membership in the Common Market in a 1972 referendum. Abundant hydroelectric resources provided the base for Norway's industrialization, producing one of the highest living standards in the world. Norway's merchant marine is one of the world's largest. Norway and the Soviet Union have disputed their territorial waters boundary in the Barents Sea, north of the 2 countries' common border. Petroleum output from oil and mineral deposits under the continental shelf has raised state revenues. Svalbard is a group of mountainous islands in the Arctic O., c. 23,957 sq. mi., pop. varying seasonally from 1,500 to 3,600. The largest, Spitsbergen (formerly called West Spitsbergen), 15,060 sq. mi., seat of governor, is about 370 mi. N of Norway. By a treaty signed in Paris, 1920, major European powers recognized the sovereignty of Norway, which incorporated it in 1925. Both Norway and the USSR mine rich coal deposits. Mt. Newton (Spitsbergen) is 5,633 ft. tall. Oman Sultanate of Oman Saltanat 'Uman People: Population (1990 est.): 1,305,000. Pop. density: 16 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 9%.Ethnic groups: Arab 88%, Baluchi 4%, Persian 3%, Indian 2%, African 2%. Languages: Arabic (official), English, Urdu, others.Religions: Ibadhi Moslem 75%, Sunni Moslem. Geography: Area: 82,030 sq. mi., about the size of New Mexico. Location: On SE coast of Arabian peninsula.Neighbors: United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, South Yemen on W. Topography: Oman has a narrow coastal plain up to 10 mi. wide, a range of barren mountains reaching 9,900 ft., and a wide, stony, mostly waterless plateau, avg. alt. 1,000 ft. Also the tip of the Ruus-al-Jebal peninsula controls access to the Persian Gulf. Capital: Muscat. Cities (1982 est.): Muscat 85,000. Government: Type: Absolute monarchy. Head of state:Sultan Qabus bin Said; b. Nov. 18, 1942; in office: July 23, 1970. Local divisions: 1 province, numerous districts.Defense: 24% of GNP (1989). Economy: Chief crops: Dates, fruits vegetables, wheat, bananas. Minerals: Oil (95% of exports).Crude oil reserves (1987): 4.5 bln. bbls. Fish catch (1986): 96,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 3.5 bln. kwh. Labor force: 60% agric. & fishing. Finance: Currency: Rial Omani (Mar. 1990: .38 =$1 US). Gross national product (1987): $7.5 bln. Imports (1988): $2.2 bln.; partners: Jap. 21%, UAE 17%, UK 14%. Exports (1988): $2.6 bln.; partners: Jap. 58%, Europe 30%. National budget(1987): $4.2 bln. revenues; $5.4 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $1.0 bln. Gold: 289,000 oz t. Transport: Chief ports: Matrah, Muscat. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 1.4 persons.Radios: 1 per 1.6 persons. Telephones: 1 per 17 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 55 male; 58 female. Hospital beds: 1 per 331 persons. Physicians: 1 per 1,071 persons. Infant Mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 107. Education (1989): Literacy: 20%. Attendance: 80% primary, 30% secondary. Major International Organizations: UN (World Bank, IMF), Arab League. Embassy: 2342 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 387-1980. A long history of rule by other lands, including Portugal in the 16th century, ended with the ouster of the Persians in 1744. By the early 19th century, Muscat and Oman was one of the most important countries in the region, controlling much of the Persian and Pakistan coasts, and ruling far-away Zanzibar, which was separated in 1861 under British mediation. British influence was confirmed in a 1951 treaty, and Britain helped suppress an uprising by traditionally rebellious interior tribes against control by Muscat in the 1950s. Enclaves on the Pakistan coast were sold to that country in 1958. On July 23, 1970, Sultan Said bin Taimur was overthrown by his son. The new sultan changed the nation's name to Sultanate of Oman. He launched a domestic development program, and battled leftist rebels in the southern Dhofar area to their defeat, Dec. 1975. Oil has been the major source of income. Pakistan Islamic Republic of Pakistan People: Population (1990 est.): 113,163,000.Pop. density: 335 per sq. mi. Urban(1988): 32%. Ethnic groups: Punjabi 66%, Sindhi 13%, Pushtun (Iranian) 8.5%, Urdu 7.6%, Baluchi 2.5%, others. Languages: Urdu, English are both official.Religions: Moslem 97%. Geography: Area: 310,403 sq. mi., about the size of Texas. Location: In W part of South Asia. Neighbors:Iran on W, Afghanistan, China on N, India on E.Topography: The Indus R. rises in the Hindu Kush and Himalaya mtns. in the N (highest is K2, or Godwin Austen, 28,250 ft., 2d highest in world), then flows over 1,000 mi. through fertile valley and empties into Arabian Sea. Thar Desert, Eastern Plains flank Indus Valley. Capital: Islamabad. Cities (1981 cen.): Karachi 5.1 mln.; Lahore 2.9 mln.; Faisalabad 1 mln.; Hyderabad 795,000; Rawalpindi 928,000. Government: Type: Parliamentary democracy in a federal setting. Head of government:Pres. Ishaq Khan; in office: Dec. 12, 1988. Head of state: Prime Min. Benazir Bhutto; in office: Dec. 2, 1988. Local divisions: Federal capital, 4 provinces, tribal areas.Defense: 6.4% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Textiles, food processing, chemicals, tobacco, Chief crops: Rice, wheat. Minerals: Natural gas, iron ore. Crude oil reserves (1987): 116 mln. bbls. Other resources: Wool. Arable land: 26%. Livestock(1986): cattle: 16.7 mln.; sheep: 26.6 mln.; goats: 31.9 mln.Fish catch (1985): 399,000 metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 29 bln. kwh. Labor force:53% agric.; 13% ind; 33% services. Finance: Currency: Rupee (June 1990: 21.70 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $39 bln. Per capita income (1984): $360. Imports (1988): $6.5 bln.; partners: Sau. Ar. 5%, Jap. 16%, U.S. 11%, Kuwait 7%. Exports (1988): $4.5 bln.; partners: Jap. 10%, U.S. 10%. Tourist (1987): $171 mln. receipts. National budget (1987): $9.1 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $549 mln. Gold: 1.94 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 7.8%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 16.9 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 540,000 passenger cars, 158,000 comm. vehicles.Civil aviation (1988): 7.7 bln. passenger-km; 32 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Karachi. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 73 persons.Radios: 1 per 11 persons. Telephones:1 per 159 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 12 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 54 male; 55 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 43Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 14. Natural increase:2.9%. Hospital beds: 1 per 1,783 persons. Physicians:1 per 2,176 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 120. Education (1989): Literacy: 26%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, ILO, IMF, WHO). Embassy: 2315 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 939-6200. Present-day Pakistan shares the 5,000-year history of the India-Pakistan sub-continent. At present day Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, the Indus Valley Civilization, with large cities and elaborate irrigation systems, flourished c. 4,000-2,500 BC. Aryan invaders from the NW conquered the region around 1,500 BC, forging a Hindu civilization that dominated Pakistan as well as India for 2,000 years. Beginning with the Persians in the 6th century BC, and continuing with Alexander the Great and with the Sassanians, successive nations to the west ruled or influenced Pakistan, eventually separating the area from the Indian cultural sphere. The first Arab invasion, 712 AD, introduced Islam. Under the Mogul empire (1526-1857), Moslems ruled most of India, yielding to British encroachment and resurgent Hindus. After World War I the Moslems of British India began agitation for minority rights in elections. Mohammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) was the principal architect of Pakistan. Aleader of the Moslem League from 1916, he worked for dominion status for India; from 1940 he advocated a separate Moslem state. When the British withdrew Aug. 14, 1947, the Islamic majority areas of India acquired self-government as Pakistan, with dominion status in the Commonwealth. Pakistan was divided into 2 sections, West Pakistan and East Pakistan. The 2 areas were nearly 1,000 mi. apart on opposite sides of India. Pakistan became a republic in 1956. Pakistan had a National Assembly (legislature) with equal membership from East and West Pakistan, and 2 Provincial Assemblies. In Oct. 1958, Gen. Mohammad Ayub Khan took power in a coup. He was elected president in 1960, reelected in 1965. As a member of the Central Treaty Organization, Pakistan had been aligned with the West. Following clashes between India and China in 1962, Pakistan made commercial and aid agreements with China. Ayub resigned Mar. 25, 1969, after several months of violent rioting and unrest, most of it in East Pakistan, which demanded autonomy. The government was turned over to Gen. Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan and martial law was declared. The Awami League, which sought regional autonomy for East Pakistan, won a majority in Dec. 1970 elections to a National Assembly which was to write a new constitution. In March, 1971 Yahya postponed the Assembly. Rioting and strikes broke out in the East. On Mar. 25, 1971, government troops launched attacks in the East. The Easterners, aided by India, proclaimed the independent nation of Bangladesh. In months of widespread fighting, countless thousands were killed. Some 10 million Easterners fled into India. Full scale war between India and Pakistan had spread to both the East and West fronts by Dec. 3. Pakistan troops in the East surrendered Dec. 16; Pakistan agreed to a cease-fire in the West Dec. 17. On July 3, 1972, Pakistan and India signed a pact agreeing to withdraw troops from their borders and seek peaceful solutions to all problems. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, leader of the Pakistan People's Party, which had won the most West Pakistan votes in the Dec. 1970 elections, became president Dec. 20. Bhutto was overthrown in a military coup July, 1977. Convicted of complicity in a 1974 political murder, Bhutto was executed Apr.4, 1979. Benazir Bhutto, his daughter, returned to Pakistan from exile in Europe in 1986. Her efforts to relaunch the Pakistan People's Party sparked violence and antigovernment riots. Pres. Mohammad Zia ul-Haq was killed when his plane exploded in Aug. 1988. Following Nov. elections, Benazir Bhutto was named Prime Minister, the first woman leader of a Moslem nation. There are several million Afghan refugees now in Pakistan. Panama Republic of Panama Republica de Panama People: Population (1990 est.): 2,423,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 37.0; 15-59: 56.3; 60+: 6.7. Pop. density: 81 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 53%. Ethnic groups: Mestizo 70%, West Indian 14%, Caucasian 10%, Indian 6%. Languages: Spanish (official), English. Religions: Roman Catholic 93%, Protestant 6%. Geography: Area: 29,208 sq. mi., slightly larger than West Virginia. Location: In Central America.Neighbors: Costa Rica on W., Colombia on E. Topography:2 mountain ranges run the length of the isthmus. Tropical rain forests cover the Caribbean coast and eastern Panama.Capital: Panama. Cities (1989 est.): Panama City 1.2 mln. Government: Type: Constitutional democracy, centralized republic. Head of state and head of government: Pres. Guillermo Endara; in office: Dec. 20, 1989. Local divisions: 9 provinces, 1 territory. Defense: 3% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Oil refining, international banking. Chief crops: Bananas, pineapples, cocoa, corn, coconuts, sugar. Minerals: Copper. Other resources: Forests (mahogany), shrimp. Arable land: 8%. Livestock (1986): cattle: 1.4 mln.; pigs: 215,000. Fish catch (1985): 245,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 3.3 bln. kwh. Labor force: 26% agric., 28%, govt. & community services. Finance: Currency: Balboa (Apr. 1990: 1.00 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $4.2 bln. Per capita income (1984): $1,970. Imports (1988): $709 mln.; partners: U.S. 34%, Mexico 15%. Exports (1988): $280 mln.; partners: U.S. 66%, EC 16%. Tourists (1988): $168 mln. receipts. National budget (1988): $800 mln. International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $115 mln. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 0.3%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 134,000 passenger cars, 46,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1986): 505 mln. passenger-km; 6 airports with scheduled flights.Chief ports: Balboa, Cristobal. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 4.9 persons. Radios: 1 per 2.5 persons. Telephones: 1 per 9.3 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 43 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 71 male; 75 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 27. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 5. Natural increase: 2.1%. Hospital beds: 1 per 292 persons.Physicians: 1 per 839 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 23. Education (1989): Literacy: 87%. Primary school attendance: almost 100%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, IMO, World Bank), OAS. Embassy: 2862 McGill Terrace NW 20008; 483-1407. The coast of Panama was sighted by Rodrigo de Bastidas, sailing with Columbus for Spain in 1501, and was visited by Columbus in 1502. Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the isthmus and "discovered" the Pacific O. Sept. 13, 1513. Spanish colonies were ravaged by Francis Drake, 1572-95, and Henry Morgan, 1668-71. Morgan destroyed the old city of Panama which had been founded in 1519. Freed from Spain, Panama joined Colombia in 1821. Panama declared its independence from Colombia Nov. 3, 1903, with U.S. recognition. U.S. naval forces deterred action by Colombia. On Nov. 18, 1903, Panama granted use, occupation and control of the Canal Zone to the U.S. by treaty, ratified Feb. 26, 1904. New treaties were proposed in 1967 and 1974. In 1978, a new treaty provided for a gradual takeover by Panama of the canal, and withdrawal of U.S. troops, to be completed by 1999. U.S. payments were substantially increased in the interim. The permanent neutrality of the canal was also guaranteed. Due to easy Panama ship regulations and strictures in the U.S., merchant tonnage registered in Panama since World War II ranks high in size. President Delvalle was ousted by the National Assembly, Feb. 26, 1988, after he tried to fire the head of the Panama Defense Forces, Gen. Manuel Antonio Noriega. Noreiga had been indicted by 2 U.S. federal grand juries on drug charges. A general strike followed. Despite U.S.-imposed economic sanctions Noriega remained in power. Voters went to the polls to elect a new president May 7, 1989. Noriega claimed victory but foreign observers said that the opposition had won overwhelmingly and that Noriega was trying to steal the election. The government voided the election May 10, charging foreign interference. There was an attempted coup against Noriega Oct. 3. U.S. troops invaded Panama Dec. 20 following a series of incidents, including the killing of a U.S. Marine by Panamanian soldiers. The operation, called Operation Just Cause, had as its chief objective the capture of Noriega, who was wanted in the U.S. on drug trafficking charges. Noriega took refuge in the Vatican diplomatic mission, but surrendered after 10 days to U.S. officials Jan. 3, 1990. Papua New Guinea People: Population (1989 est.): 3,613,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 41.6; 15-59: 52.8; 60+: 5.6. Pop. density: 20 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 14.0%. Ethnic groups: Papuans (in S and interior), Melanesian (N,E), pygmies, minorities of Chinese, Australians, Polynesians. Languages: English (official), Melanesian Pidgin, Police Motu, numerous local languages. Religions:Protestant 63%, Roman Catholic 31%, local religions. Geography: Area: 178,260 sq. mi., slightly larger than California. Location: Occupies eastern half of island of New Guinea. Neighbors: Indonesia (West Irian) on W, Australia on S. Topography: Thickly forested mtns. cover much of the center of the country, with lowlands along the coasts. Included are some of the nearby islands of Bismarck and Solomon groups, including Admiralty Is., New Ireland, New Britain, and Bougainville. Capital: Port Moresby. Cities (1987): Port Moresby 152,000; Lae 79,000. Government: Type: Parliamentary democracy. Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Gov. Gen. Sir Kingsford Dibela; in office: Mar. 1, 1983. Head of government: Prime Min. Rabbie Namaliu; in office: July 4, 1988.Local divisions: National capital and 19 provinces with elected legislatures. Defense: approx. 1.5% of GDP (1985). Economy: Chief crops: Coffee, coconuts, cocoa.Minerals: Gold, copper, silver. Arable land: 1%. Livestock (1986): pigs: 1.4 mln. Electricity prod. (1988): 1.3 bln. kwh. Labor force: 82% agric., 3% ind. and commerce, 8% services. Finance: Currency: Kina (Mar. 1990: 1.00 = $1.02 US). Gross national product (1987): $2.5 bln.Per capita GNP (1987): $730. Imports (1989): $1.5 bln.; partners: Austral. 40%, Jap. 17%; U.S. 9%. Exports (1989): $1.2 bln.; partners: Jap. 26%, W. Ger. 36%, Austral. 8%. National budget(1989): $1.4 bln. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $314 mln. Gold: 63,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 4.4%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 19,000 passenger cars, 30,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Port Moresby, Lae. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 14 persons. Radios: 1 per 15 persons. Telephones: 1 per 48 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 8 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1987): 53.0 male; 54.6 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 35.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 12. Natural increase:2.3%. Hospital beds (1984): 14,661. Physicians (1984): 280. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 72.0. Education (1989): Literacy: 32%. Attendance: 65% primary school; 13% secondary school. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT), Commonwealth of Nations. Embassy: 1330 Connecticut Ave., NW 20036. Human remains have been found in the interior of New Guinea dating back at least 10,000 years and possibly much earlier. Successive waves of peoples probably entered the country from Asia through Indonesia. Europeans visited in the 15th century, but land claims did not begin until the 19th century, when the Dutch took control of the western half of the island. The southern half of eastern New Guinea was first claimed by Britain in 1884, and transferred to Australia in 1905. The northern half was claimed by Germany in 1884, but captured in World War I by Australia, which was granted a League of Nations mandate and then a UN trusteeship over the area. The 2 territories were administered jointly after 1949, given self-government Dec. 1, 1973, and became independent Sept. 16, 1975. The indigenous population consists of a huge number of tribes, many living in almost complete isolation with mutually unintelligible languages. Paraguay Republic of Paraguay Republica del Paraguay People: Population (1990 est.): 4,660,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 41.0; 15-59: 52.0; 60+: 7.0. Pop. density: 28 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 43%. Ethnic groups: Mestizo 95%, small Caucasian, Indian, black minorities. Languages: Spanish (official), Guarani (used by 90%). Religions: Roman Catholic (official) 97%. Geography: Area: 157,047 sq. mi., the size of California. Location: One of the 2 landlocked countries of S. America. Neighbors: Bolivia on N, Argentina on S, Brazil on E. Topography: Paraguay R. bisects the country. To E are fertile plains, wooded slopes, grasslands. To W is the Chaco plain, with marshes and scrub trees. Extreme W is arid. Capital: Asuncion. Cities (1985 cen.): Asuncion 477,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Gen. Andres Rodriguez; in office: Feb. 3, 1989. Local divisions: 19 departments. Defense: 1.0% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Food processing, wood products, textiles, cement. Chief crops: Corn, cotton, beans, sugarcane.Minerals: Iron, manganese, limestone. Other resources: Forests. Arable land: 20%. Livestock (1986): cattle: 7.1 mln.; pigs: 1.4 mln.Electricity prod. (1988): 1.1,bln. kwh. Labor force: 44% agric., 34% ind. and commerce, 18% services. Finance: Currency: Guarani (Mar. 1990 1,213 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $7.4 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $1,000. Imports (1988): $494 mln.; partners: Braz. 32%, Arg. 12%, U.S. 8%. Exports (1988): $509 mln.; partners: Arg. 6%, Neth. 18%, Braz. 22%. Tourists (1987): $121 mln. receipts. National budget (1987): $1 bln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $434 mln. Gold:35,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 24.5%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 84,000 passenger cars, 41,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 872 mln. passenger-km; 1 airport with scheduled flight. Chief ports: Asuncion. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 12 persons.Radios: 1 per 5.4 persons. Telephones: 1 per 42 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 32 per 100,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 67 male; 72 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 36.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 6. Natural increase: 3.0%. Hospital beds: 1 per 1,489 persons. Physicians:1 per 1,458 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989):49. Education (1989): Literacy: 81%. Years compulsory:7. Attendance: 83%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, WHO, ILO), OAS. Embassy: 2400 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 483-6960. The Guarani Indians were settled farmers speaking a common language before the arrival of Europeans. Visited by Sebastian Cabot in 1527 and settled as a Spanish possession in 1535, Paraguay gained its independence from Spain in 1811. It lost much of its territory to Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina in the War of the Triple Alliance, 1865-1870. Large areas were won from Bolivia in the Chaco War, 1932-35. Gen. Alfredo Stroessner, who ruled since 1954, was ousted in a military coup led by Gen. Andres Rodriguez on Feb. 3, 1989. Rodriguez was elected president May 1. Peru Republic of Peru Republica del Peru People: Population (1990 est.): 21,904,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 40.5; 15-59: 46.0; 60+: 5.5. Pop. density: 43 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 70%. Ethnic groups: Indians 45%, Mestizos 37%, Caucasians 15%, blacks, Asians. Languages: Spanish, Quechua both official, Aymara; 30% speak no Spanish.Religions: Roman Catholic 90%. Geography: Area: 496,222 sq. mi., 3 times larger than California Location: On the Pacific coast of S. America. Neighbors: Ecuador, Colombia on N, Brazil, Bolivia on E, Chile on S. Topography: An arid coastal strip, 10 to 100 mi. wide, supports much of the population thanks to widespread irrigation. The Andes cover 27% of land area. The uplands are well-watered, as are the eastern slopes reaching the Amazon basin, which covers half the country with its forests and jungles. Capital: Lima. Cities (1988 est.): Lima 5,493,000; Arequipa 591,000; Callao 560,000. Government: Type: Constitutional republic. Head of state: Pres. Alberto Fujimori; b. 1938; in office: June 10, 1990. Head of government: Prime Min. Guillermo Larco Cox; in office: Sept. 30, 1989. Local divisions: 24 departments, 1 province. Defense: 4.9% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Fish meal, mineral processing, light industry, textiles. Chief crops: Cotton, sugar, coffee, corn. Minerals: Copper, lead, molybdenum, silver, zinc, iron, oil. Crude oil reserves (1987): 535 mln. bbls. Other resources: Wool, sardines. Arable land:3%. Livestock (1986): cattle: 3.8 mln.; pigs: 2.1 mln.;sheep: 13.5 mln. Fish catch (1987): 4.5 mln. metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 14.8 bln. kwh.Labor force: 38% agric.; 17% ind. and mining; 45% govt. and other services. Finance: Currency: Intl (June 1990: 7,289 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $19.6 bln. Per capita income (1984): $940. Imports (1988): $3.0 bln.; partners: U.S. 25%, EC 19%. Exports (1988): $2.6 bln.; partners: U.S. 36%, EC 23%, Jap. 10%.Tourists (1987): $393 mln. receipts. National budget (1987): $3.9 bln. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $553 mln. Gold: 1.7 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 3,398%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 517 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 377,000 passenger cars, 226,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1987): 2.5 bln. passenger-km; 24 airports.Chief ports: Callao, Chimbate, Mollendo. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 13 persons.Radios: 1 per 4.9 persons. Telephones: 1 per 32 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1985): 57 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 61 male; 66 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 29.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 8. Natural increase: 2.1%. Hospital beds: 1 per 625 persons. Physicians: 1 per 1,026 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 69. Education (1989): Literacy: 79%. Years compulsory:10. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, OAS. Embassy: 1700 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20036; 833-9860. The powerful Inca empire had its seat at Cuzco in the Andes covering most of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador, as well as parts of Colombia, Chile, and Argentina. Building on the achievements of 800 years of Andean civilization, the Incas had a high level of skill in architecture, engineering, textiles, and social organization. A civil war had weakened the empire when Francisco Pizarro, Spanish conquistador, began raiding Peru for its wealth, 1532. In 1533 he had the seized ruling Inca, Atahualpa, fill a room with gold as a ransom, then executed him and enslaved the natives. Lima was the seat of Spanish viceroys until the Argentine liberator, Jose de San Martin, captured it in 1821; Spain was defeated by Simon Bolivar and Antonio J. de Sucre; recognized Peruvian independence, 1824. Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia, 1879-84, and took Tarapaca, Tacna, and Arica; returned Tacna, 1929. On Oct. 3, 1968, a military coup ousted Pres. Fernando Belaunde Terry. In 1968-74, the military government put through sweeping agrarian changes, and nationalized oil, mining, fishmeal, and banking industries. Food shortages, escalating foreign debt, and strikes led to another coup, Aug. 29, 1976, and to a slowdown of socialist programs. After 12 years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership under former Pres. Fernando Belaunde Terry, July 1980. There were strikes by police, oil workers, and other labor unions in 1987 and 1988. Terrorist activity, mostly by Maoist groups, continued; the government said that guerrilla insurgency caused nearly 13,000 deaths in the 1980s. Philippines Republic of the Philippines People: Population (1990 est.): 66,647,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 39.0; 15-59: 56.2; 60+: 4.8. Pop. density: 535 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 41%. Ethnic groups: Malays the large majority, Chinese, Americans, Spanish are minorities. Languages: Pilipino (based on Tagalog), English both official; numerous others spoken. Religions: Roman Catholics 83%, Protestants 9%, Moslems 5%. Geography: Area: 115,831 sq. mi., slightly larger than Nevada. Location: An archipelago off the SE coast of Asia. Neighbors: Nearest are Malaysia, Indonesia on S, Taiwan on N. Topography: The country consists of some 7,100 islands stretching 1,100 mi. N-S. About 95% of area and population are on 11 largest islands, which are mountainous, except for the heavily indented coastlines and for the central plain on Luzon. Capital: Quezon City (Manila is de facto capital). Cities (1985 est.): Manila 1.7 mln.; Quezon City 1.3 mln.; Cebu 552,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Corazon C. Aquino; b. 1932; in office: Feb. 25, 1986. Local divisions: 12 regions, 73 provinces, 61 cities. Defense: 1.3% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Food processing, textiles, clothing, drugs, wood prods., appliances. Chief crops: Sugar, rice, corn, pineapple, coconut. Minerals: Cobalt, copper, gold, nickel, silver, iron, petroleum.Crude oil reserves (1987): 19 mln. bbls. Other resources: Forests (42% of area). Arable land: 26%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 1.7 mln.; pigs: 7.0 mln. Fish catch (1984): 1.8 mln. metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 25.0 bln. kwh. Labor force: 47% agric., 20% ind. and comm., 13% services. Finance: Currency: Peso (May 1990: 22.89 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $38.2 bln.Per capita income (1988): $667. Imports (1988): $8.1 bln.; partners: U.S. 25%, Jap. 16%. Exports (1988): $7.0 bln.; partners: U.S. 35%, Jap. 17%. Tourists (1987): $458 mln. receipts.National budget (1989): $10.7 bln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $789 mln. Gold: 2.5 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 10.6%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 142 mln. passenger-km.Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 773,000 passenger cars, 110,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 8.6 bln. passenger-km; 18 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Cebu, Manila, Iloilo, Davao. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 8.8 persons. Radios: 1 per 7.5 persons. Telephones: 1 per 6.5 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1985): 44 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 63 male; 69 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 34.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase: 2.8%. Hospital beds: 1 per 628 persons. Physicians:1 per 1,090 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1988): 52.9. Education (1989): Literacy: 88%. Attendance: 97% in elementary, 55% secondary. Major International Organizations: UN (World Bank, IMF, GATT), ASEAN. Embassy: 1617 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20036; 483-1414 The Malay peoples of the Philippine islands, whose ancestors probably migrated from Southeast Asia, were mostly hunters, fishers, and unsettled cultivators when first visited by Europeans. The archipelago was visited by Magellan, 1521. The Spanish founded Manila, 1571. The islands, named for King Philip II of Spain, were ceded by Spain to the U.S. for $20 million, 1898, following the Spanish-American War. U.S. troops suppressed a guerrilla uprising in a brutal 6-year war, 1899-1905. Japan attacked the Philippines Dec. 8, 1941 (Far Eastern time). Japan occupied the islands during WW II. On July 4, 1946, independence was proclaimed in accordance with an act passed by the U.S. Congress in 1934. A republic was established. A rebellion by Communist-led Huk guerrillas was put down by 1954. But urban and rural political violence periodically reappears. The Philippines and the U.S. have treaties for U.S. military and naval bases and a mutual defense treaty. Riots by radical youth groups and terrorism by leftist guerrillas and outlaws, increased from 1970. On Sept. 21, 1972, President Marcos declared martial law. Ruling by decree, he ordered some land reform and stabilized prices. But opposition was suppressed, and a high population growth rate aggravated poverty and unemployment. Political corruption was believed to be widespread. On Jan. 17, 1973, Marcos proclaimed a new constitution with himself as president. His wife received wide powers in 1978 to supervise planning and development. Government troops battled Moslem (Moro) secessionists, 1973-76, in southern Mindanao. Fighting resumed, 1977, after a Libyan-mediated agreement on autonomy was rejected by the region's mainly Christian voters. Martial law was lifted Jan. 17, 1981. Marcos turned over legislative power to the National Assembly, released political prisoners, and said he would no longer rule by decree. He was reelected to a new 6-year term as president. The assassination of prominent opposition leader Benigno S. Aquino Jr, Aug. 21, 1983, sparked demonstrations calling for the resignation of Marcos. An independent commission appointed by Marcos concluded that a military conspiracy was responsible for Aquino's death. The May 1984 elections saw Marcos retain his majority in the National Assembly although opponents made a strong showing in key areas like Manila. A bitter presidential election campaign ended Feb. 7, 1986 as elections were held amid allegations of widespread fraud. On Feb. 16, Marcos was declared the victor over Corazon Aquino, widow of slain opposition leader Benigno Aquino. Aquino declared herself president and announced a nonviolent "active resistance" to overthrow the Marcos government; the 2 held separate inaugurals on Feb. 25. On Feb. 22, 2 leading military allies of Marcos quit their posts to protest the rigged elections. Marcos, Feb. 24, declared a state of emergency as his military and religious support continued to erode. That same day U.S. President Ronald Reagan urged Marcos to resign. Marcos ended his 20-year tenure as president Feb. 26 as he fled the country. Aquino was recognized immediately as president by the U.S. and other nations. In 1987, Aquino announced the start of land reforms. Candidates endorsed by Aquino won large majorities in legislative elections held in May, attesting to her popularity. She is plagued, however, by a weak economy, widespread poverty, communist insurgents, and lukewarm support from the military. Rebel troops seized military bases, TV stations, and bombed the presidential palace, Dec. 1, 1989. Government forces defeated the attempted coup with the aid of air cover provided by U.S. F-4s. The archipelago has a coastline of 10,850 mi. Manila Bay, with an area of 770 sq. mi., and a circumference of 120 mi., is the finest harbor in the Far East. All natural resources of the Philippines belong to the state; their exploitation is limited to citizens of the Philippines or corporations of which 60% of the capital is owned by citizens. Poland Republic of Poland People: Population (1990 est.): 38,363,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 25.7; 15-59: 60.2; 60+: 14.1. Pop. density: 317 per sq. mi. Urban (1989): 60%. Ethnic groups: Polish 98%, Germans, Ukrainians, Byelorussians. Language: Polish.Religion: Roman Catholic 94%. Geography: Area: 120,727 sq. mi. Location: On the Baltic Sea in E Central Europe. Neighbors: E. Germany on W, Czechoslovakia on S, USSR (Lithuania, Byelorussia, Ukraine) on E. Topography: Mostly lowlands forming part of the Northern European Plain. The Carpathian Mts. along the southern border rise to 8,200 ft. Capital: Warsaw. Cities (1987 est.): Warsaw 1.6 mln., Lodz 848,000, Kracow 740,000, Wroclaw 631,000, Poznan 570,000. Government: Type: Socialist (in transition). Head of state:Pres. Wojciech Jaruzelski; in office: July 19, 1989. Head of government: Prime Min.: Tadeusz Mazowiecki; b. Apr. 17, 1927; in office: Aug. 24, 1989. Local divisions: 49 provinces. Defense: 6% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Shipbuilding, chemicals, metals, autos, food processing. Chief crops: Grains, potatoes, sugar beets, tobacco, flax. Minerals: Coal, copper, zinc, silver, zinc, sulphur, natural gas. Arable land: 49%. Livestock(1987): cattle: 10.9 mln.; pigs: 18.9 mln.; sheep: 5 mln.Fish catch (1985): 650,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1987): 146 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 17.1 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 30% agric.; 44% ind. & comm.; 11% services. Finance: Currency: Zloty (Mar. 1990: 9,500 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $276 bln. Per capita income (1986): $2,000. Imports (1989): $10.4 bln.; partners: USSR 38%, E. Ger. 7% W. Ger. 10% Czech. 5%. Exports (1989): $13.1 bln.; partners: USSR 30%, E. Ger. 6%, Czech. 6%, W. Ger. 10%. National budget (1988): $24 bln. expenditures. Tourists (1986): $136 mln. receipts.International Reserves Less Gold (Mar. 1990): $2.3 bln.Gold: 472,000. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 244%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 48 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 4.2 mln. passenger cars, 953,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1987): 3.3 bln. passenger-km; 12 airports.Chief ports: Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 3.8 persons. Radios:1 per 3.5 persons.Telephones: 1 per 3.8 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 217 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 66 male; 74 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 16.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 10. Natural increase: .6%. Hospital beds: 1 per 187 persons. Physicians:1 per 487 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 21. Education (1989): Literacy: 98%. Years compulsory:8. Attendance: 97%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, WHO), Warsaw Pact. Embassy: 2640 16th St. NW 20009; 234-3800. Slavic tribes in the area were converted to Latin Christianity in the 10th century. Poland was a great power from the 14th to the 17th centuries. In 3 partitions (1772, 1793, 1795) it was apportioned among Prussia, Russia, and Austria. Overrun by the Austro-German armies in World War I, its independence, self-declared on Nov.11, 1918, was recognized by the Treaty of Versailles, June 28, 1919. Large territories to the east were taken in a war with Russia, 1921. Nazi Germany and the USSR invaded Poland Sept. 1-27, 1939, and divided the country. During the war, some 6 million Polish citizens were killed by the Nazis, half of them Jews. With Germany's defeat, a Polish government-in-exile in London was recognized by the U.S., but the USSR pressed the claims of a rival group. The election of 1947 was completely dominated by the Communists. In compensation for 69,860 sq. mi. ceded to the USSR, 1945, Poland received approx. 40,000 sq. mi. of German territory E of the Oder-Neisse line comprising Silesia, Pomerania, West Prussia, and part of East Prussia. In 12 years of rule by Stalinists, large estates were abolished, industries nationalized, schools secularized, and Roman Catholic prelates jailed. Farm production fell off. Harsh working conditions caused a riot in Poznan June 28-29, 1956. A new Politburo, committed to development of a more independent Polish Communism, was named Oct. 1956, with Wladyslaw Gomulka as first secretary of the Communist Party. Collectivization of farms was ended and many collectives were abolished. In Dec. 1970 workers in port cities rioted because of price rises and new incentive wage rules. On Dec. 20 Gomulka resigned as party leader; he was succeeded by Edward Gierek; the incentive rules were dropped, price rises were revoked. Poland was the first communist state to get most-favored nation trade terms from the U.S. A law promulgated Feb. 13, 1953, required government consent to high Roman Catholic church appointments. In 1956 Gomulka agreed to permit religious liberty and religious publications, provided the church kept out of politics. In 1961 religious studies in public schools were halted. Government relations with the Church improved in the 1970s. The number of priests and churches was greater in 1971 than in 1939. After 2 months of labor turmoil had crippled the country, the Polish government, Aug. 30, 1980, met the demands of striking workers at the Lenin Shipyard, Gdansk. Among the 21 concessions granted were the right to form independent trade unions and the right to strike -- unprecedented political developments in the Soviet bloc. By 1981, 9.5 mln. workers had joined the independent trade union (Solidarity). Farmers won official recognition for their independent trade union in May. Solidarity leaders proposed, Dec. 12, a nationwide referendum on establishing a non-Communist government if the government failed to agree to a series of demands which included access to the mass media and free and democratic elections to local councils in the provinces. Spurred by the fear of Soviet intervention, the government, Dec. 13, imposed martial law. Public gatherings, demonstrations, and strikes were banned and an internal and external blackout was imposed. Solidarity leaders called for a nationwide strike, but there were only scattered work stoppages. Lech Walesa and other Solidarity leaders were arrested. The U.S. imposed economic sanctions which were lifted when martial law was suspended December 1982. On Apr. 5, 1989, an accord was reached between the government and opposition factions on a broad range of political and economic reforms incl. free elections. In the first free elections in over 40 years, candidates endorsed by Solidarity swept the parliamentary elections, June 4. On Aug. 19, Tadeusz Mazowiecki became the first non-Communist to head an Eastern bloc nation, when he became prime minister. President Bush visited Poland in July. He praised the reforms and pledged modest U.S. economic aid. The radical economic program designed to transform the economy into a free-market system drew protests from unions, farmers, and miners. Steep price increases took effect Jan 1, 1990; wages were frozen. Portugal Republic of Portugal Republica Portuguesa People: Population (1990 est.): 10,528,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 22.7; 15-59: 59.9; 60+: 17.4. Pop. density: 281 per sq. mi. Urban (1983): 30%. Ethnic groups: Homogeneous Mediterranean stock with small African minority. Languages: Portuguese. Religions: Roman Catholics 97%. Geography: Area: 36,390 sq. mi., incl. the Azores and Madeira Islands, slightly smaller than Indiana. Location: At SW extreme of Europe.Neighbors: Spain on N, E. Topography: Portugal N of Tajus R, which bisects the country NE-SW, is mountainous, cool and rainy. To the S there are drier, rolling plains, and a warm climate. Capital: Lisbon. Cities (1987 est.): Lisbon 2 mln. (met.), Oporto, 1.5 mln. (met.). Government: Type: Parliamentary democracy. Head of state: Pres. Mario Soares; b. Dec. 7, 1924; in office: Mar. 9, 1986.Head of government: Prime Min. Anibal Cavaco Silva; in office: Nov. 6, 1985. Local divisions: 18 districts, 2 autonomous regions, one dependency. Defense: 3.2% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Textiles, footwear, cork, chemicals, fish canning, wine, paper. Chief crops: Grains, potatoes, rice, grapes, olives, fruits. Minerals: Tungsten, uranium, copper, iron.Other resources: Forests (world leader in cork production).Arable land: 32%. Livestock (1987): sheep: 2.4 mln.; pigs: 1.2 mln; cattle: 1 mln. Fish catch (1987): 395,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 15.5 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1985): 420,000 metric tons. Labor force: 21% agric.; 34% ind. and comm.; 44% services and govt. Finance: Currency: Escudo (June 1990: 145.40 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $33.5 bln. Per capita income (1986): $2,970. Imports (1989): $18.7 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 12%, UK 8%, Fr. 11%. Exports (1989): $12.5 bln.; partners: UK 15%, W. Ger. 13%, Fr. 13%. Tourists(1986): $1.5 bln. receipts.National budget (1987): $11.3 bln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $11.1 bln. Gold: 15.7 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 12.6%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 5.8 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 2.5 mln. passenger cars, 189,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1987): 4.8 bln. passenger-km; 20 airports.Chief ports: Lisbon, Setubal, Leixoes. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 6.4 persons. Radios: 1 per 4.7 persons. Telephones: 1 per 4.9 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 84 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 71 male; 78 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 15. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 9. Natural increase: .5%. Hospital beds: 1 per 209 persons. Physicians:1 per 388 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 15. Education (1989): Literacy: 83%. Years compulsory: 6. Attendance: 60%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO), NATO, EC, OECD. Embassy: 2125 Kalorama Rd. NW 20008; 328-8610. Portugal, an independent state since the 12th century, was a kingdom until a revolution in 1910 drove out King Manoel II and a republic was proclaimed. From 1932 a strong, repressive government was headed by Premier Antonio de Oliveira Salazar. Illness forced his retirement in Sept. 1968; he was succeeded by Marcello Caetano. On Apr. 25, 1974, the government was seized by a military junta led by Gen. Antonio de Spinola, who was named president. The new government reached agreements providing independence for Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Cape Verde Islands, Angola, and Sao Tome and Principe. Spinola resigned Sept. 30, 1974, in face of increasing pressure from leftist officers. Despite a 64% victory for democratic parties in April 1975, the Soviet-supported Communist party increased its influence. Banks, insurance companies, and other industries were nationalized. Parliament approved, June 1, 1989, a package of reforms that did away with the socialist economy and created a "democratic" economy and the denationalization of industries. Azores Islands, in the Atlantic, 740 mi. W. of Portugal, have an area of 888 sq. mi. and a pop. (1987) of 252,000. A 1951 agreement gave the U.S. rights to use defense facilities in the Azores. The Madeira Islands, 350 mi. off the NW coast of Africa, have an area of 307 sq. mi. and a pop. (1987) of 269,000. Both groups were offered partial autonomy in 1976. Macau, area of 6 sq. mi., is an enclave, a peninsula and 2 small islands, at the mouth of the Canton R. in China. Portugal granted broad autonomy in 1976. In 1987, Portugal and China agreed that Macau would revert to China in 1999. Macao, like Hong Kong, was guaranteed 50 years of noninterference in its way of life and capitalist system. Pop. (1989 est.): 484,000. Qatar State of Qatar Dawlet al-Qatar People: Population (1990 est.): 498,000. Pop. density: 80 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 10%, Iranian 14%, others.Languages: Arabic (official), English. Religions:Moslem 95%. Geography: Area: 4,247 sq. mi., smaller than Connecticut and Rhode Island combined. Location: Occupies peninsula on W coast of Persian Gulf. Neighbors: Saudi Arabia on W, United Arab Emirates on S. Topography: Mostly a flat desert, with some limestone ridges, vegetation of any kind is scarce. Capital: Doha. Cities (1987 est.): Doha 250,000. Government: Type: Traditional emirate. Head of state and head of government: Emir & Prime Min. Khalifah ibn Hamad ath-Thani; b. 1932; in office: Feb. 22, 1972 (amir), 1970 (prime min.) Defense: 47% of GNP (1985). Economy: Crude oil reserves (1987): 3.3 mln. bbls. Arable land: 2.9%. Electricity prod. (1987): 4.4 bln. kwh. Labor force: 10% agric., 70% ind., services and commerce. Finance: Currency: Riyal (Mar. 1990: 3.64 = $1.00 US). Gross national product (1987): $5.4 bln.Per capita income (1985): $27,000. Imports (1987): $1.1 bln.; partners: Jap. 20%, UK 16%, U.S. 11%.Exports (1987): $2.6 bln.; partners: Jap. 38%, Sing. 13%.National budget (1988): $3.4 bln. expenditures. Transport: Chief ports: Doha, Musayid. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 2.5 persons. Radios: 1 per 2.5 persons. Telephones: 1 per 3.4 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 68 male; 72 female. Hospital beds: 1 per 403 persons.Physicians:1 per 679 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 29. Education (1987): Literacy: 60%. Compulsory: ages 6-16. Attendance: 98%. Major International Organizations: UN (FAO, GATT, IMF, World Bank), Arab League, OPEC. Embassy: 600 New Hampshire Ave. NW 20037; 338-0111. Qatar was under Bahrain's control until the Ottoman Turks took power, 1872 to 1915. In a treaty signed 1916, Qatar gave Great Britain responsibility for its defense and foreign relations. After Britain announced it would remove its military forces from the Persian Gulf area by the end of 1971, Qatar sought a federation with other British protected states in the area; this failed and Qatar declared itself independent, Sept. 1 1971. Oil revenues give Qatar a per capita income among the highest in the world, but lack of skilled labor hampers development plans. Romania People: Population (1990 est.): 23,269,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 24.7; 15-59; 60.9; 60+: 14.4. Pop. density: 252 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 51%. Ethnic groups: Romanians 89%, Hungarians 7.9%, Germans 1.6%. Languages: Romanian (official), Hungarian, German. Religions: Orthodox 80%, Roman Catholic 6%. Geography: Area: 91,699 sq. mi., slightly smaller than New York and Pennsylvania combined. Location: In SE Europe on the Black Sea. Neighbors: USSR on E (Moldavia) and N (Ukraine), Hungary, Yugoslavia on W, Bulgaria on S. Topography: The Carpathian Mts. encase the north-central Transylvanian plateau. There are wide plains S and E of the mountains, through which flow the lower reaches of the rivers of the Danube system.Capital: Bucharest. Cities (1986 est.): Bucharest 1,900,000, Brasov 346,000, Timisoara 319,000, Constanta 323,000. Government: Type: In transition. Head of state: Pres. Ion Iliescu; in office; Dec. 25, 1989. Head of government: Prime Min. Petre Roman; in office; Dec. 26, 1989. Local divisions: Bucharest and 40 counties. Defense: 4.3% of GNP (1985). Economy: Industries: Steel, metals, machinery, oil products, chemicals, textiles, shoes, tourism. Chief crops:Grains, sunflower, vegetables, potatoes. Minerals: Oil, gas, coal. Other resources: Timber. Arable land: 45%. Livestock (1988): cattle: 7.2 mln.; pigs: 14.7 mln.; sheep: 18.7 mln.Fish catch (1988): 264,000 metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 75.3 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 15.0 mln. metric tons. Labor force:28% agric.; 34% ind. & comm. Finance: Currency: Lei (Mar. 1990: 21.28 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $151 bln.Per Capita GNP (1988): $6,400. Imports (1986): $10.6 bln.; partners: USSR 22%, Egypt 10%, Iran 8%. Exports (1986): $12.6 bln.; partners: USSR 21%, W. Ger. 7%. Tourists (1986): $178 mln. receipts.National budget (1982): $142 mln. expenditures. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 33 bln. passenger-km.Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 105,000 passenger cars; 100,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 3.9 bln. passenger-km; 15 airports. Chief ports: Constanta, Galati, Braila. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 6.0 persons.Radios: 1 per 7.3 persons. Telephones: 1 per 11 persons.Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 159 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 67 male; 73 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 16.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 11. Natural increase:0.5%. Hospital beds: 1 per 107 persons. Physicians: 1 per 559 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 25. Education (1988): Literacy: 98%. Years compulsory:10. Attendance: 98%. Major International Organizations: UN (World Bank, IMF, GATT), Warsaw Pact. Embassy: 1607 23d St. NW 20008; 232-4748. Romania's earliest known people merged with invading Proto-Thracians, preceding by centuries the Dacians. The Dacian kingdom was occupied by Rome, 106 AD-271 AD; people and language were Romanized. The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, dominated by Turkey, were united in 1859, became Romania in 1861. In 1877 Romania proclaimed independence from Turkey, became an independent state by the Treaty of Berlin, 1878, a kingdom, 1881, under Carol I. In 1886 Romania became a constitutional monarchy with a bicameral legislature. Romania helped Russia in its war with Turkey, 1877-78. After World War I it acquired Bessarabia, Bukovina, Transylvania, and Banat. In 1940 it ceded Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the USSR, part of southern Dobrudja to Bulgaria, and Transyl-vania to Hungary. In 1941, Romanian premier Marshal Ion Antonescu led his country in support of Germany against the USSR. In 1944 Antonescu was overthrown by King Michael and Romania joined the Allies. With occupation by Soviet troops the communist-headed National Democratic Front displaced the National Peasant party. A People's Republic was proclaimed, Dec. 30, 1947; Michael was forced to abdicate. Land owners were dispossessed; most banks, factories and transportation units were nationalized. On Aug. 22, 1965, a new constitution proclaimed Romania a Socialist, rather than a People's Republic. Since 1959, USSR troops have not been permitted to enter Romania. Internal policies were oppressive. Ethnic Hungarians protested cultural and job discrimination, which has led to strained relations with Hungary. Romania became industrialized, but lagged in consumer goods and in personal freedoms. All industry was state owned, and state farms and cooperatives owned almost all the arable land. On Dec. 16, 1989, security forces opened fire on demonstrators in Timisoara; hundreds were buried in mass graves. President Nicolae Ceausescu declared a state of emergency as protests spread to other cities. By Dec. 21, the protests had spread to Bucharest where security forces fired on protestors. Army units joined the rebellion, Dec. 22, and a group known as the "Council of National Salvation" announced that it had overthrown the government. Fierce fighting took place between the army, which backed the new government, and forces loyal to Ceausescu. Ceausescu was captured, Dec. 23 and, following a trial in which he and his wife were found guilty of genocide, was executed Dec. 25. The U.S. and USSR quickly recognized the new provisional government. Following months of unrest, Bucharest was beset by violence, as anti-government protestors and pro-government coal miners clashed, June 13-15, 1990. Rwanda Republic of Rwanda Republika y'u Rwanda People: Population (1990 est.): 7,603,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 48.7; 15-59: 47.1; 60+: 4.2. Pop. density: 715 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 5.1%. Ethnic groups: Hutu 85%, Tutsi 14%, Twa (pygmies) 1%. Languages: French, Kinyarwanda (both official), Swahili. Religions: Christian 74%, traditional 25%, Moslem 1%. Geography: Area: 10,169 sq. mi., the size of Maryland. Location: In E central Africa. Neighbors:Uganda on N, Zaire on W, Burundi on S, Tanzania on E.Topography: Grassy uplands and hills cover most of the country, with a chain of volcanoes in the NW. The source of the Nile R. has been located in the headwaters of the Kagera (Akagera) R., SW of Kigali. Capital: Kigali. Cities(1989 est.): Kigali 300,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Juvenal Habyarimana; b. Mar. 8, 1937; in office: July 5, 1973. Local divisions: 10 prefectures, 143 communes.Defense: 2.0% of GNP (1987). Economy: Chief crops: Coffee, tea. Minerals:Tin, gold, wolframite. Arable land: 29%. Electricity prod. (1988): 110 mln. kwh. Labor force: 91% agric. Finance: Currency: Franc (Apr. 1990: 79 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $2.3 bln. Per capita income (1986): $323. Imports (1987): $354 mln.; partners: Ken. 21%, Belg. 16%, Jap. 12%, W. Ger. 9%.Exports (1987): $113 mln.; partners: Belg.-Lux. 17%, Ugan. 12%.National budget (1987): $247 mln. revenues; $280 mln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $73 mln. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 3.0%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 7,000 passenger cars, 10,000 comm. vehicles. Communications: Radios: 1 per 16 persons. Telephones: 1 per 652 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 49 male; 53 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 53.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 16. Natural increase:3.8%. Hospital beds (1984): 9,000. Physicians (1984): 177. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 117. Education (1989): Literacy: 50%. Years compulsory:8. Attendance: 70%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO), OAU. Embassy: 1714 New Hampshire Ave. NW 20009; 232-2882. For centuries, the Tutsi (an extremely tall people) dominated the Hutus (90% of the population). A civil war broke out in 1959 and Tutsi power was ended. A referendum in 1961 abolished the monarchic system. Rwanda, which had been part of the Belgian UN trusteeship of Rwanda-Urundi, became independent July 1, 1962. The government was overthrown in a 1973 military coup. Rwanda is one of the most densely populated countries in Africa. All available arable land is being used, and is being subject to erosion. The government has carried out economic and social improvement programs, using foreign aid and volunteer labor on public works projects. St. Kitts and Nevis Federation of St. Kitts & Nevis People: Population (1990 est.): 40,000. Ethnic groups: black African 95%. Language: English. Religion:Protestant 76%. Geography: Area: 101 sq. mi. in the northern part of the Leeward group of the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Capitol: Basseterre. (1989): 15,000. Government: Head of State: Queen Elizabeth represented by Sir Clement Arrindell. Head of Government: Prime Minister Kennedy A. Simmonds; b. Apr. 12, 1936; in office: Sept. 19, 1983. Economy: Sugar is the principal industry. Finance: Currency: E. Caribbean Dollar (Mar. 1990): 2.70 = $1 U.S. Gross national product (1986): $66 mln. Tourists (1986): $34 mln. receipts. Communications: Telephones: 1 per 11 persons. Health: Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births, 1989): 41. Education: Literacy (1987): 90%. St. Kitts (known by the natives as Liamuiga) and Nevis were discovered and named by Columbus in 1493. They were settled by Britain in 1623, but ownership was disputed with France until 1713. They were part of the Leeward Islands Federation, 1871-1956, and the Federation of the W. Indies, 1958-62. The colony achieved self-government as an Associated State of the UK in 1967, and became fully independent Sept. 19, 1983. Nevis, the smaller of the islands, has the right of secession. Saint Lucia People: Population (1990 est.): 153,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-20: 44.5; 21-64: 47.5; 65+: 8.0. Pop. density: 537 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: Predominantly African descent. Languages: English (official), French patois. Religions: Roman Catholic 90%. Geography: Area: 238 sq. mi., about one-fifth the size of Rhode Island. Location: In Eastern Caribbean, 2d largest of the Windward Is. Neighbors: Martinique to N, St. Vincent to SW. Topography: Mountainous, volcanic in origin; Soufriere, a volcanic crater, in the S. Wooded mountains run N-S to Mt. Gimie, 3,145 ft., with streams through fertile valleys. Capital: Castries.City: Castries (1986 est.): 52,000. Government: Type: Parliamentary democracy. Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Gov.-Gen. S.A. James;Head of government: Prime Min. John Compton; in office: May 3, 1982. Local divisions: 11 quarters Economy: Industries: Agriculture, tourism, manufacturing. Chief crops: Bananas, coconuts, cocoa, citrus fruits. Other resources: Forests. Arable land: 8%. Electricity prod. (1988): 80 mln. kwh. Labor force: 36% agric., 20% ind. & commerce, 18% services. Finance: Currency: East Caribbean dollar (Mar. 1990: 2.70 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $166 mln. Per capita GNP (1987): $1,370. Imports(1986): $155 mln.; partners: U.S. 36%, UK 12%, Trin./Tob. 11%. Exports (1986): $83 mln.; partners: U.S. 28%, UK 25%. Tourists (1987): receipts: $78 mln. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1984): 7,000 passenger cars, 2,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Castries, Vieux Fort. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 28 persons. Radios:1 per 1.5 persons. Telephones: 1 per 10 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 68 male; 73 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 34.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 5. Natural increase: 2.8%. Hospital beds: 1 per 284 persons.Physicians: 1 per 2,636 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 18. Education: Literacy (1989) 78%; Years compulsory: ages 5-15. Attendance: 80%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, ILO), CARICOM, OAS. St. Lucia was ceded to Britain by France at the Treaty of Paris, 1814. Self government was granted with the West Indies Act, 1967. Independence was attained Feb. 22, 1979. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines People: Population (1990 est.): 106,000. Pop. density: 746 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: Mainly of African descent. Languages: English. Religions: Methodists, Anglicans, Roman Catholics. Geography: Area: 150 sq. mi., about twice the size of Washington, D.C. Location: In the eastern Caribbean, St. Vincent (133 sq. mi.) and the northern islets of the Grenadines form a part of the Windward chain. Neighbors: St. Lucia to N, Barbados to E, Grenada to S. Topography: St. Vincent is volcanic, with a ridge of thickly-wooded mountains running its length; Soufriere, rising in the N, erupted in Apr. 1979. Capital: Kingstown. Cities (1985 est.): Kingstown 18,378. Government: Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Gov.-Gen. David Jack; in office: Sept. 20 1989. Head of government: James Mitchell; in office: July 30, 1984. Economy: Industries: Agriculture, tourism. Chief crops: Bananas (62% of exports), arrowroot, coconuts.Arable land: 50%. Electricity prod. (1988): 63 mln. kwh. Labor force: 30% agric. Finance: Currency: East Caribbean dollar (Mar. 1990: 2.70 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $188 mln. Per capita GNP (1987): $1,070. Tourists (1987): $35 mln. receipts. National budget (1984): $34 mln. expenditures. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 5,000 passenger cars, 2,500 comm. vehicles. Chief port: Kingstown. Communications: Telephones: 1 per 13 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 69 male; 74 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 27.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 6. Natural increase: 2.2%. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 26. Education (1989): Literacy: 85%. Columbus landed on St. Vincent on Jan. 22, 1498 (St. Vincent's Day). Britain and France both laid claim to the island in the 17th and 18th centuries; the Treaty of Versailles, 1783, finally ceded it to Britain. Associated State status was granted 1969; independence was attained Oct. 27, 1979. The entire economic life of St. Vincent is dependent upon agriculture and tourism. San Marino Most Serene Republic of San Marino Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino People: Population (1990 est.): 23,000.Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 19.0; 15-59: 63.7; 60+: 17.3. Pop. density: 958 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 90.5%. Ethnic groups: Sanmarinese 88%, Italian 11%.Languages: Italian. Religion: mostly Roman Catholic. Geography: Area: 24 sq. mi. Location: In N central Italy near Adriatic coast. Neighbors: Completely surrounded by Italy. Topography: The country lies on the slopes of Mt. Titano. Capital: San Marino. City (1987 est.): San Marino 4,179. Government: Type: Independent republic. Head of state:Two co-regents appt. every 6 months. Local divisions:11 districts, 9 sectors. Economy: Industries: Postage stamps, tourism, woolen goods, paper, cement, ceramics. Arable land: 17%. Finance: Currency: Italian lira. Gross national product (1987): $188 mln. Tourists (1988): 2.9 mln. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 3.4 persons.Radios: 1 per 1.8 persons. Telephones: 1 per 1.6 persons. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 8. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase: 0.1%. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 9.6. Education (1987): Literacy: 97%. Years compulsory:8. Attendance: 93%. San Marino claims to be the oldest state in Europe and to have been founded in the 4th century. A communist-led coalition ruled 1947-57; a similar coalition ruled 1978-86. It has had a treaty of friendship with Italy since 1862. Sao Tome and Principe Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principe People: Population (1990 est.): 125,000.Pop. density: 306 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: Portuguese-African mixture, African minority (Angola, Mozambique immigrants). Languages: Portuguese. Religions: Christian 80%. Geography: Area: 372 sq. mi., slightly larger than New York City. Location: In the Gulf of Guinea about 125 miles off W Central Africa. Neighbors: Gabon, Equatorial Guinea on E. Topography: Sao Tome and Principe islands, part of an extinct volcano chain, are both covered by lush forests and croplands. Capital: Sao Tome. Cities (1988 est.): Sao Tome 40,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state:Pres. Manuel Pinto da Costa, b. 1910; in office: July 12, 1975. Head of government: Prime Min. Celestino Rocha da Costa; in office: Jan. 8, 1988. Local divisions: 7 counties. Economy: Chief crops: Cocoa (82% of exports), coconut products. Arable land: 38%. Electricity prod. (1987): 15 mln. kwh. Finance: Currency: Dobra (Jan. 1990: 106 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $32 mln.Per capita income (1986): $384. Imports (1986): $25.6 mln.; partners: Port. 61%, Angola 13%. Exports(1986): $9.3 mln.; partners: Neth. 52%, Port. 33%, W. Ger. 8%. Transport: Chief ports: Sao Tome, Santo Antonio. Communications: Radios: 1 per 3.9 persons. Health: Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 38.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase: 3.0%. Physicians: 1 per 2,819 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 51. Education (1988): Literacy: 50%. Major International Organizations: UN, OAU. Embassy: 801 2d Ave., New York, NY 10017; 212-697-4211. The islands were uninhabited when discovered in 1471 by the Portuguese, who brought the first settlers -- convicts and exiled Jews. Sugar planting was replaced by the slave trade as the chief economic activity until coffee and cocoa were introduced in the 19th century. Portugal agreed, 1974, to turn the colony over to the Gabon-based Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe, which proclaimed as first president its East German-trained leader Manuel Pinto da Costa. Independence came July 12, 1975. Democratic reforms were instituted in 1987. Agriculture and fishing are the mainstays of the economy. Saudi Arabia Kingdom of Saudi Arabia al-Mamlaka al-'Arabiya as-Sa'udiya People: Population (1990 est.): 16,758,000. Pop. density: 15 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 73%.Ethnic groups: Arab tribes, immigrants from other Arab and Moslem countries. Language: Arabic. Religion: Moslem 99%. Geography: Area: 839,996 sq. mi., one-third the size of the U.S. Location: Occupies most of Arabian Peninsula in Middle East. Neighbors: Kuwait, Iraq, Jordan on N, Yemen, South Yemen, Oman on S, United Arab Emirates, Qatar on E. Topography: The highlands on W, up to 9,000 ft., slope as an arid, barren desert to the Persian Gulf. Capital: Riyadh. Cities (1986 est.): Riyadh 1,380,000; Jidda 1,210,000; Mecca 463,000. Government: Type: Monarchy with council of ministers. Head of state and head of government: King Fahd; b. 1922; in office: June 13, 1982. Local divisions: 14 provinces. Defense: 12.8% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Oil products. Chief crops:Dates, wheat, barley, fruit. Minerals: Oil, gas, gold, copper, iron. Crude oil reserves (1987): 169 bln. bbls. Arable land: 2%. Livestock (1987): sheep: 3.8 mln.; goats; 2.3 mln. Electricity prod. (1988): 53 bln. kwh. Labor force: 14% agric.; 11% ind; 53% serv., comm., & govt.; 20% construction. Finance: Currency: Riyal (May 1990: 3.74 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $70 bln. Imports (1987): $24.3 bln.; partners: US 18%, Jap. 18%, W. Ger. 7%. Exports (1987): $26.9 bln.; partners: U.S. 19%, Jap., 22%. National budget (1988): $38 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $11.4 bln. Gold: 4.59 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 1.1%. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 92 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 2.2 mln. passenger cars, 1.9 mln. comm. vehicles.Civil aviation (1988): 14.9 bln.; passenger-km.; 23 airports. Chief ports: Jidda, Ad-Dammam, Ras Tannurah. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 3.5 persons. Radios: 1 per 3.3 persons. Telephones: 1 per 13 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 41 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 64 male; 67 female.Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 38. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase: 3.1%. Hospital beds: 1 per 406 persons. Physicians: 1 per 973 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 74. Education (1986): Literacy: 50% (men). Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, WHO, FAO), Arab League, OPEC. Embassy: 601 New Hampshire Ave. NW 20037; 342-3800. Arabia was united for the first time by Mohammed, in the early 7th century. His successors conquered the entire Near East and North Africa, bringing Islam and the Arabic language. But Arabia itself soon returned to its former status. Nejd, long an independent state and center of the Wahhabi sect, fell under Turkish rule in the 18th century, but in 1913 Ibn Saud, founder of the Saudi dynasty, overthrew the Turks and captured the Turkish province of Hasa; took the Hejaz in 1925 and by 1926, most of Asir. The discovery of oil in the 1930s transformed the new country. Crown Prince Khalid was proclaimed king on Mar. 25, 1975, after the assassination of King Faisal. Fahd became king on June 13, 1982 following Khalid's death. There is no constitution and no parliament. The king exercises authority together with a Council of Ministers. The Islamic religious code is the law of the land. Alcohol and public entertainments are restricted, and women have an inferior legal status. Saudi units fought against Israel in the 1948 and 1973 Arab-Israeli wars. Many billions of dollars of advanced arms have been purchased from Britain, France, and the U.S., including jet fighters, missiles, and, in 1981, 5 airborne warning and control system (AWACS) aircraft from the U.S., despite strong opposition from Israel. Beginning with the 1967 Arab-Israeli war, Saudi Arabia provided large annual financial gifts to Egypt; aid was later extended to Syria, Jordan, and Palestinian guerrilla groups, as well as to other Moslem countries. The country has aided anti-radical forces in Yemen and Oman. Faisal played a leading role in the 1973-74 Arab oil embargo against the U.S. and other nations in an attempt to force them to adopt an anti-Israel policy. Saudi Arabia joined most other Arab states, 1979, in condemning Egypt's peace treaty with Israel. Between 1973 and 1976, Saudi Arabia acquired full ownership of Aramco (Arabian American Oil Co.). In the 1980s, Saudi Arabia's moderate position on crude oil prices often prevailed at OPEC meetings. The Hejaz contains the holy cities of Islam -- Medina where the Mosque of the Prophet enshrines the tomb of Mohammed, who died in the city June 7, 632, and Mecca, his birthplace. More than 600,000 Moslems from 60 nations pilgrimage to Mecca annually. The regime faced its first serious opposition when Moslem fundamentalists seized the Grand Mosque in Mecca, Nov. 20, 1979. Two Saudi oil tankers were attacked May 1984, as Iran and Iraq began air attacks against shipping in the Persian Gulf. On May 29, the U.S., citing grave concern over the growing escalation of the Iran-Iraq war in the Persian Gulf, authorized the sale of 400 Stinger antiaircraft missiles. In 1986, U.S. President Reagan vetoed a congressional resolution that would have blocked sale of advanced U.S. missiles to the Saudis. In 1987, Iranians making a pilgrimage to Mecca clashed with anti-Iranian pilgrims and Saudi police; over 400 were killed. Saudi Arabia broke diplomatic relations with Iran in 1988. Some 1,426 Moslem pilgrims died July 2, 1990 when a stampede occurred in a pedestrian tunnel leading to Mecca. There were some 25,000 U.S. troops on Saudi soil by Aug. 1990, following Iraq's attack on Kuwait. (See Chronology and Index for details.) Senegal Republic of Senegal Republique du Senegal People: Population (1990 est.): 7,740,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 46.5; 15-59: 48.9; 60+: 4.6. Pop. density: 101 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 30%. Ethnic groups: Wolof 36%, Serer 17%, Peulh 17%, Diola 9%, Toucouleur 9%, Mandingo 6%. Languages:French (official), tribal languages. Religions: Moslems 92%, Christians 2%. Geography: Area: 75,750 sq. mi., the size of South Dakota. Location: At western extreme of Africa.Neighbors: Mauritania on N, Mali on E, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau on S, Gambia surrounded on three sides. Topography: Low rolling plains cover most of Senegal, rising somewhat in the SE. Swamp and jungles are in SW. Capital: Dakar. Cities(1986): Dakar 1.3 mln. Thies 156,000; Kaolack 132,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Abdou Diouf; b. Sept. 7, 1935; in office: Jan. 1, 1981. Local divisions:10 regions. Defense: 2.2% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Food processing, fishing.Chief crops: Peanuts are chief export; millet, rice.Minerals: Phosphates. Arable land: 27%. Livestock(1986): cattle: 2.2 mln.; sheep: 2.2 mln.; goats: 1 mln. Fish catch (1986): 255,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 758 mln. kwh. Labor force: 77% agric. Finance: Currency: CFA franc (Mar. 1990: 284 =$1 US). Gross national product (1987): $2.0 bln. Per capita income (1984): $380. Imports (1986): $705 mln.; partners Fr. 37%, U.S. 6%.Exports (1986): $483 mln.; partners Fr. 25%, UK 6%.Tourists (1987): $123 mln. receipts. International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $19.0 mln. Gold: 29,000 oz t.Consumer prices (change in 1989): 0.4%. Transport: Railway traffic (1984): 133 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 76,000 passenger cars, 36,000 comm. vehicles.Chief ports: Dakar, Saint-Louis. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 31 persons. Radios: 1 per 8.7 persons. Telephones: 1 per 192 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1984): 4 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 51 male, 54 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 46.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 15. Natural increase: 3.1%. Hospital beds (1982): 6,200. Physicians(1982): 470. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 96. Education (1988): Literacy: 10%.Attendance: 48% primary, 11% secondary. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, OAU. Embassy: 2112 Wyoming Ave. NW 20008; 234-0540. Portuguese settlers arrived in the 15th century, but French control grew from the 17th century. The last independent Moslem state was subdued in 1893. Dakar became the capital of French West Africa. Independence as part, along with the Sudanese Rep., of the Mali Federation, came June 20, 1960. Senegal withdrew Aug. 20 that year. French political and economic influence is strong. A long drought brought famine, 1972-73, and again in 1978. Senegal is recognized as the most democratic of the French-speaking West African nations. Senegal, Dec. 17, 1981, signed an agreement with The Gambia for confederation of the 2 countries under the name of Senegambia. The confederation began Feb. 1, 1982. The 2 nations retained their individual sovereignty but adopted joint defense and monetary policies. In 1989, a border incident sparked ethnic violence against Senegalese in Mauritania and, in retaliation, against Mauritanians in Senegal. Seychelles Republic of Seychelles People: Population (1990 est.): 71,000.Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 36.3; 15-64; 57.3; 65+: 6.4. Pop. density: 409 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 50% Ethnic groups: Creoles (mixture of Asians, Africans, and French) predominate. Languages: English, French Creole, (all official). Religions: Roman Catholic 90%. Geography: Area: 171 sq. mi. Location: In the Indian O. 700 miles NE of Madagascar. Neighbors: Nearest are Madagascar on SW, Somalia on NW. Topography: A group of 86 islands, about half of them composed of coral, the other half granite, the latter predominantly mountainous. Capital: Victoria. Cities (1986): Victoria23,000. Government: Type: Single party republic. Head of state: Pres. France-Albert Rene, b. Nov. 16, 1935; in office: June 5, 1977. Defense: 5.6% of GNP (1984). Economy: Industries: Food processing. Chief crops: Coconut products, cinnamon, vanilla, patchouli. Electricity prod. (1988): 67 mln. kwh. Labor force: 12% agric.; 19.4% tourism, comm.; 32% serv.; 40% govt. Finance: Currency: Rupee (Mar. 1990: 5.59 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $175 mln. Per capita income (1987): $2,600. Imports (1988): $138 mln.; partners: UK 20%, So. Afr. 13%. Exports (1988): $13.6 mln.; partners: Pak. 38%; Jap. 26%. National Budget (1989): $168 mln. Tourists (1988): $80 mln. receipts. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $6.9 mln. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 1.5%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 3,500 passenger cars, 1,000 comm. vehicles. Port: Victoria. Communications: Radios: 1 per 3 persons.Telephones: 1 per 5 persons. Daily newspaper circ.(1987): 60 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 65 male; 71 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 28.2Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase: 2.2%. Hospital beds: 1 per 189 persons.Physicians: 1 per 980 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 18.4. Education (1989): Literacy: 80%. Years compulsory: 9. Attendance: 98%. Major International Organizations: UN, OAU, Commonwealth of Nations. The islands were occupied by France in 1768, and seized by Britain in 1794. Ruled as part of Mauritius from 1814, the Seychelles became a separate colony in 1903. The ruling party had opposed independence as impractical, but pressure from the OAU and the UN became irresistible, and independence was declared June 29, 1976. The first president was ousted in a coup a year later by a socialist leader. A new constitution, announced Mar. 1979, turned the country into a one-party state. Sierra Leone Republic of Sierra Leone People: Population (1990 est.): 4,168,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 41.4; 15-59: 53.5; 60+: 5.1. Pop. density: 154 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups:Temne 30%, Mende 29%, others. Languages: English (official), tribal languages. Religions: animist 30%, Moslem 30%, Christian 10%. Geography: Area: 27,925 sq. mi., slightly smaller than South Carolina. Location: On W coast of W. Africa. Neighbors: Guinea on N, E, Liberia on S. Topography:The heavily-indented, 210-mi. coastline has mangrove swamps. Behind are wooded hills, rising to a plateau and mountains in the E. Capital: Freetown. Cities (1985 est.): Freetown 469,000; Bo, Kenema, Makeni. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state and head of government: Pres. Gen. Joseph Saidu Momoh; b. Jan. 26, 1937; in office: Nov. 28, 1985. Local divisions:12 districts and one region including Freetown. Economy: Industries: Mining, tourism. Chief crops: Cocoa, coffee, palm kernels, rice, ginger.Minerals: Diamonds, bauxite. Arable land: 25%. Fish catch (1986): 52,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 116 mln. kwh. Labor force: 75% agric.; 15% ind. & serv. Finance: Currency: Leone (Mar. 1990: 1.00 = $.08 US). Gross national product (1987): $965 mln. Per capita income (1984): $320. Imports (1988): $156 mln.; partners: UK 22%, Fr. 11%. Exports (1988): $106 mln.; partners: Neth. 31%; UK 15%, U.S. 9%. National budget (1987): $181 mln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $4 mln. Consumer prices (change in 1988): 34.3%. Transport: Motor Vehicles: in use (1985): 23,000 passenger cars, 36,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Freetown, Bonthe. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 114 persons. Radios: 1 per 4.2 persons. Telephones: 1 per 251 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 3 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 41 male; 47 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 46.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 21. Natural increase:2.5%. Hospital beds (1984): 4,754. Physicians (1984): 197. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 157. Education (1989): Literacy: 15%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO), Commonwealth of Nations, OAU. Embassy: 1701 19th St. NW 20009; 939-9261. Freetown was founded in 1787 by the British government as a haven for freed slaves. Their descendants, known as Creoles, number more than 60,000. Successive steps toward independence followed the 1951 constitution. Full independence arrived Apr. 27, 1961. Sierra Leone became a republic Apr. 19, 1971. A one-party state approved by referendum 1978, brought political stability, but the economy has been plagued by inflation, corruption, and dependence upon the International Monetary Fund and creditors. Singapore Republic of Singapore People: Population (1990 est.): 2,703,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 23.4; 15-59: 68.4; 60+: 8.2. Pop. density: 11,910 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: Chinese 77%, Malays 15%, Indians 6%. Languages:Chinese, Malay, Tamil, English all official. Religions:Buddhism 29%, Taoism 13%, Moslem 16%, Christian 19%. Geography: Area: 224 sq. mi., smaller than New York City. Location: Off tip of Malayan Peninsula in S.E. Asia. Neighbors: Nearest are Malaysia on N, Indonesia on S. Topography: Singapore is a flat, formerly swampy island. The nation includes 40 nearby islets. Capital: Singapore. Government: Type: Republic within the Commonwealth. Head of state:Pres. Wee Kim Wee; in office: Sept. 3, 1985.Head of government: Prime Min. Lee Kuan Yew; b. Sept. 16, 1923; in office: June 5, 1959. Defense: 6% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Shipbuilding, oil refining, electronics, banking, textiles, food, rubber, lumber processing, tourism. Arable land: 11%. Livestock (1986): pigs: 700,000. Fish catch (1987): 15,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 11.5 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1985): 350,000 metric tons. Labor force: 1% agric.; 58% ind. & comm.; 35% services. Finance: Currency: Dollar (May 1990: 1.88 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $23.7 bln. Per capita income (1985): $6,200. Imports (1989): $49.6 bln.; partners: Jap. 18%, Malay. 13%, U.S. 13%, Sau. Ar. 9%.Exports (1989): $44.6 bln., partners: U.S. 20%, Malay. 16%, Jap. 11%, HK 6%. Tourists (1987): $2.2 bln. receipts. National budget (1988): $6.2 bln. expenditures. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 2.4%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 251,000 passenger cars, 114,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation: (1987) 24.9 bln. passenger-km; 1 airport. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 4.9 persons. Radios: 1 per 3.5 persons.Telephones: 1 per 2.1 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 270 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 71 male; 77 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 16.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 5. Natural increase: 1.1%. Hospital beds: 1 per 267 persons. Physicians: 1 per 888 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 9. Education (1987): Literacy: 85%. Years compulsory:none. Attendance: 85%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO), ASEAN. Embassy: 1824 R St. NW 20009; 667-7555. Founded in 1819 by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Singapore was a British colony until 1959 when it became autonomous within the Commonwealth. On Sept. 16, 1963, it joined with Malaya, Sarawak and Sabah to form the Federation of Malaysia. Tensions between Malayans, dominant in the federation, and ethnic Chinese, dominant in Singapore, led to an agreement under which Singapore became a separate nation, Aug. 9, 1965. Singapore is one of the world's largest ports. Standards in health, education, and housing are high. International banking has grown. Solomon Islands People: Population (1989 est.): 314,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 49; 15-59: 45.5; 60+: 5.5. Pop. density: 29 per sq. mi. Urban (1986): 15%. Ethnic groups: Melanesian 93%, Polynesian 4%. Languages: English (official), Pidgin, local languages.Religions: Anglican 34%, Roman Catholic 19%, Evangelical 24%, traditional religions. Geography: Area: 10,640 sq. mi., slightly larger than Maryland. Location: Melanesian archipelago in the western Pacific O. Neighbors: Nearest is Papua New Guinea on W. Topography: 10 large volcanic and rugged islands and 4 groups of smaller ones. Capital: Honiara. Cities: (1988): Honiara 30,000. Government: Type: Parliamentary democracy within the Commonwealth of Nations. Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Gov.-Gen. George Lepping. Head of government: Prime Min. Solomon Mamaloni; in office: Mar. 28, 1989. Local divisions: 7 provinces and Honiara. Economy: Industries: Fish canning. Chief crops:Coconuts, rice, bananas, yams. Other resources: Forests, marine shell. Arable land: 2%. Fish catch (1984): 35,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 30.0 mln. kwh. Labor force: 32% agric., 32% services, 18% ind. & comm. Finance: Currency: Dollar (Mar. 1990: 2.50 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $141 mln. Per capita GNP (1987): $420. Imports (1989): $117 mln.; partners: Austral. 31%, Jap. 14%, Sing. 18%. Exports (1989): $77 mln.; partners: Jap. 37%, UK 11%. Communications: Radios: 1 per 4.6 persons. Telephones: 1 per 58 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 66 male; 71 female. Births: (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 41.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 5. Natural increase: 3.6%. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 41. Education (1989): Literacy: 60%. Primary school 78%. Secondary school: 21%. Major International Organizations: UN, Commonwealth of Nations. The Solomon Islands were sighted in 1568 by an expedition from Peru. Britain established a protectorate in the 1890s over most of the group, inhabited by Melanesians. The islands saw major World War II battles. Self-government came Jan. 2, 1976, and independence was formally attained July 7, 1978. Somalia Somali Democratic Republic Jamhuriyadda Dimugradiga Somaliya People: Population (1990 est.): 8,415,000. Pop. density: 34 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: mainly Hamitic, others. Languages: Somali, Arabic (both official). Religions: Sunni Moslems 99%. Geography: Area: 246,300 sq. mi., slightly smaller than Texas. Location: Occupies the eastern horn of Africa. Neighbors: Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya on W.Topography: The coastline extends for 1,700 mi. Hills cover the N; the center and S are flat. Capital: Mogadishu. Cities (1986 est.): Mogadishu 700,000. Government: Type: Independent republic. Head of state: Pres. Mohammed Siad Barrah; b. 1919; in office: Oct. 21, 1969. Head of government: Prime Min. Gen. Muhammad Ali Samatar; in office: Feb. 1, 1987. Local divisions: 16 regions. Defense: 6.5% of GNP (1984). Economy: Chief crops: Incense, sugar, bananas, sorghum, corn, gum. Minerals: Iron, tin, gypsum, bauxite, uranium. Arable land: 2%. Livestock (1986): cattle: 4 mln.; goats: 18 mln.; sheep: 6 mln. Fish catch (1987): 17,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 86 mln. kwh. Labor force:82% agric. Finance: Currency: Shilling (Mar. 1990: 1,106 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $1.5 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $290. Imports (1987): $418 mln.; partners: It. 35%, UK 8%, U.S. 9%.Exports (1987): $95 mln.; partners: Saudi Ar. 66%, It. 12%. International reserves less gold (Nov. 1989): $10.3 mln. Gold: 19,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 101%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 17,000 passenger cars, 9,500 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Mogadishu, Berbera. Communications: Radios: 1 per 20 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 53 male; 53 female.Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 47.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 15. Natural increase: 3.2%. Hospital beds: 1 per 1,053 persons. Physicians: 1 per 13,315 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 128. Education (1986): Literacy: 40%. 50% attend primary school, 7% attend secondary school. Major International Organizations: UN, OAU, Arab League. Embassy: 600 New Hampshire Ave. NW 20037; 342-1575. Arab trading posts developed into sultanates. The Italian Protectorate of Somalia, acquired from 1885 to 1927, extended along the Indian O. from the Gulf of Aden to the Juba R. The UN in 1949 approved eventual creation of Somalia as a sovereign state and in 1950 Italy took over the trusteeship held by Great Britain since World War II. British Somaliland was formed in the 19th century in the NW. Britain gave it independence June 26, 1960; on July 1 it joined with the former Italian part to create the independent Somali Republic. On Oct. 21, 1969, a Supreme Revolutionary Council seized power in a bloodless coup, named a Council of Secretaries of State, and abolished the Assembly. In May, 1970, several foreign companies were nationalized. A severe drought in 1975 killed tens of thousands, and spurred efforts to resettle nomads on collective farms. Somalia has laid claim to Ogaden, the huge eastern region of Ethiopia, peopled mostly by Somalis. Ethiopia battled Somali rebels in 1977. Some 11,000 Cuban troops with Soviet arms defeated Somali army troops and ethnic Somali rebels in Ethiopia, 1978. As many as 1.5 mln. refugees entered Somalia. Guerrilla fighting in Ogaden continued until 1988 when a peace agreement was reached with Ethiopia. South Africa Republic of South Africa Republiek van Suid-Afrika People: Population (1990 est.): 39,550,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 41.0; 15-59: 52.8; 60+: 6.2. Pop. density: 75 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 55%. Ethnic groups: black 73%, white 18%, coloured 3%, Asian 3%. Religions: Mainly Christian, Hindu, Moslem minorities, Languages: Afrikaans, English (both official), Bantu languages predominate. Geography: Area: 472,359 sq. mi., about twice the size of Texas. Location: At the southern extreme of Africa. Neighbors: Namibia (SW Africa), Botswana, Zimbabwe on N, Mozambique, Swaziland on E; surrounds Lesotho. Topography: The large interior plateau reaches close to the country's 2,700-mi. coastline. There are few major rivers or lakes; rainfall is sparse in W, more plentiful in E.Capitals: Cape Town (legislative). Pretoria (administrative), and Bloemfontein (judicial). Cities (1985 met.): Durban 982,000; Cape Town 1,900,000; Johannesburg 1,600,000; Pretoria 822,000. Government: Type: Tricameral parliament with one chamber each for whites, coloureds, and Asians. Head of State: State Pres. Frederik W. De Klerk; b. Mar. 18, 1936; in office: Sept. 20, 1989. Local divisions: 4 provinces, 10 "homelands" for black Africans. Defense: 3.7 of GNP (1986). Economy: Industries: Steel, tires, motors, textiles, plastics. Chief crops: Corn, wool, dairy products, grain, tobacco, sugar, fruit, peanuts, grapes.Minerals: Gold (largest producer), chromium, antimony, coal, iron, manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium. Other resources: Wool. Arable land: 12%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 12.7 mln.; sheep: 30.3 mln. Fish catch (1987): 902,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 155 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 8.7 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 30% agric.; 29% ind. and commerce; 34% serv.; 7% mining. Finance: Currency: Rand (June 1990: 2.64 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $81 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $1,890. Imports (1989): $18.4 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 19%, U.S. 68%, UK. 12%. Exports (1988): $21.5 bln.; partners: U.S. 43%, Jap. 9%. Tourism (1987): $587 mln. receipts. National budget (1989): $23.3 bln. International reserves less gold(Mar. 1990): $1.0 bln. Gold: 3.5 mln. oz t.Consumer prices (change in 1989): 14.7%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 15.1 bln. passenger-km.Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 3.1 mln. passenger cars, 1.2 mln. comm. vehicles. Civil aviation: (1986): 4.5 bln. passenger-km: 39 airports.Chief ports: Durban, Cape Town, East London, Port Elizabeth. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 13 persons. Radios: 1 per 3.6 persons. Telephones: 1 per 8.5 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 41 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1982): Whites: 70 years; Asians: 65 years; Africans: 59 years. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 35. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 8.Natural increase: 2.7%. Physicians: 1 per 1,510 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1982): Africans 94, Asians 25.3, whites 14.9. Education (1989): Literacy: 99% (whites), 69% (Asians), 62% (coloureds), 50% (Africans). Major International Organizations: UN (GATT). Embassy: 3051 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 232-4400. Bushmen and Hottentots were the original inhabitants. Bantus, including Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, and Sotho, had occupied the area from Transvaal to south of Transkei before the 17th century. The Cape of Good Hope area was settled by Dutch, beginning in the 17th century. Britain seized the Cape in 1806. Many Dutch trekked north and founded 2 republics, the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. Diamonds were discovered, 1867, and gold, 1886. The Dutch (Boers) resented encroachments by the British and others; the Anglo-Boer War followed, 1899-1902. Britain won and, effective May 31, 1910, created the Union of South Africa, incorporating the British colonies of the Cape and Natal, the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. After a referendum, the Union became the Republic of South Africa, May 31, 1961, and withdrew from the Commonwealth. With the election victory of Daniel Malan's National party in 1948, the policy of separate development of the races, or apartheid, already existing unofficially, became official. This called for separate development, separate residential areas, and ultimate political independence for the whites, Bantus, Asians, and Coloreds. In 1959 the government passed acts providing the eventual creation of several Bantu nations or Bantustans on 13% of the country's land area, though most black leaders have opposed the plan. Under apartheid, blacks are severely restricted to certain occupations, and are paid far lower wages than are whites for similar work. Only whites may vote or run for public office, and militant white opposition has been curbed. There is an advisory Indian Council, partly elected, partly appointed. In 1969, a Colored People's Representative Council was created. Some liberalization measures were allowed in the 1980s. At least 600 persons, mostly Bantus, were killed in 1976 riots protesting apartheid. Black protests continued through 1985 as violence broke out in several black townships. Police reaction to the protests caused several hundred deaths. A new constitution was approved by referendum, Nov. 1983, which extended the parliamentary franchise to the Coloured and Asian minorities. Laws banning interracial sex and marriage were repealed in 1985. In 1963, the Transkei, an area in the SE, became the first of these partially self-governing territories or "Homelands." Transkei became independent on Oct. 26, 1976, Bophuthatswana on Dec. 6, 1977, and Venda on Sept. 13, 1979; none received international recognition. In 1981, So. Africa launched military operations in Angola and Mozambique to combat terrorists groups; So. African troops attacked the South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) guerrillas in Angola, March, 1982. South Africa and Mozambique signed a non-agression pact in 1984. A car bomb exploded outside air force headquarters in Pretoria, May 20, 1983, killing or injuring hundreds of people. The African National Congress (ANC), a black nationalist group, claimed responsibility. In the U.S., there were numerous antiapartheid protests in the 1980's. In 1986, Nobel Peace Prize winner Bishop Desmond Tutu called for Western nations to apply sanctions against S. Africa to force an end to apartheid. President Botha announced in Apr. the end to the nation's system of racial pass laws and offered blacks an advisory role in government. On May 19, S. Africa attacked 3 neighboring countries--Zimbabwe, Botswana, Zambia--to strike at guerrilla strongholds of the African National Congress. A nationwide state of emergency was declared June 12, giving almost unlimited power to the security forces. On Apr. 22, 1987, a 6-week-old walkout by railway workers erupted into violence after the dismissal of 16,000 strikers. As confrontation between blacks and government increased, there was widespread support in Western nations for a complete trade embargo on S. Africa. Some 2 million South African black workers staged a massive strike, June 6-8, 1988, to protest the government's new labor laws and the banning of political activity by trade unions and antiapartheid groups. P.W. Botha, head of the government since 1978, resigned Aug. 14, 1989 and was replaced by Frederik W. De Klerk. In 1990, the government lifted its bar on the African National Congress, the primary black group fighting to end white minority rule. On Feb. 11, black nationalist leader Nelson Mandela was freed after more than 27 years in prison. Mandela went on a 6-week, 14-nation tour, June-July, highlighted by an 11-day, 8-city tour of the U.S. Bophuthatswana: Population (1989 est.): 1,914,000. Area: 16,988 sq. mi., 6 discontinuous geographic units. Capital: Mmabatho. Head of state: Pres. Kgosi Lucas Manyane Mangope, b. Dec. 27, 1923; in office: Dec. 6, 1977. Ciskel: Population (1989 est.): 824,000. Area:2,996 sq. mi. Capital: Bisho. Head of State: Military council. Transkei: Population (1989 est.): 3,224,000.Area: 16,855 sq. mi., 3 discontinuous geographic units.Capital: Umtata. Head of government: Gen. Bantu Holomisa; in office: Dec. 30, 1987. Venda: Population (1989 est.): 506,000. Area:2,771 sq. mi., 2 discontinuous geographic units.Capital: Thohoyandou. Head of state: Frank Ravele; in office: Apr. 18, 1988. Spain Espana People: Population (1990 est.): 39,623,000 Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 24.6; 15-59: 59.5; 60+: 15.9. Pop. density: 204 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 75%. Ethnic groups: Spanish (Castilian, Valencian, Andalusian, Asturian) 72.8%, Catalan 16.4%, Galician 8.2%, Basque 2.3%. Languages:Spanish (official), Catalan, Galician, Basque.Religions: Roman Catholic 90%. Geography: Area: 194,896 sq. mi., the size of Arizona and Utah combined. Location: In SW Europe. Neighbors: Portugal on W. France on N. Topography:The interior is a high, arid plateau broken by mountain ranges and river valleys. The NW is heavily watered, the south has lowlands and a Mediterranean climate. Capital: Madrid. Cities (1987 est.): Madrid 3,500,000; Barcelona 2,000,000; Valencia 700,000; Seville 580,000. Government: Type: Constitutional monarchy. Head of state:King Juan Carlos I de Borbon y Borbon, b. Jan. 5, 1938; in office: Nov. 22, 1975. Head of government: Prime Min. Felipe Gonzalez Marquez; in office: Dec. 2, 1982. Local divisions: 50 provinces, 2 territories, 3 islands. Defense: 2.4% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Machinery, steel, textiles, shoes, autos, processed foods. Chief crops: Grains, olives, grapes, citrus fruits, vegetables, olives. Minerals: Lignite, uranium, lead, iron, copper, zinc, coal. Crude oil reserves (1987): 34 mln. bbls. Other resources: Forests (cork). Arable land: 31%.Livestock (1987): cattle: 4.9 mln.; pigs: 16.9 mln.; sheep: 17.3 mln. Fish catch (1987): 1.0 mln. tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 149 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 11.8 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 16% agric.; 24% ind. and comm.; 52% serv. Finance: Currency: Peseta (May 1990: 101.55 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $288 bln. Per capita income (1984): $4,490. Imports (1989): $71.4 bln.; partners: U.S. 11%, EC 33%. Exports (1989): $44.4 bln.; partners: EC 49%, U.S. 10%.Tourists (1987): $14.7 bln. receipts. National budget (1987): $66.7 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold(Mar. 1990): $41.0 bln. Gold: 15.7 min. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 6.8%. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 15 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 9.7 mln. passenger cars, 1.7 mln. comm. Civil aviation: (1987): 22.2 bln. passenger-km; 30 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Barcelona, Bilbao, Valencia, Cartagena, Gijon. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 2.6 persons. Radios: 1 per 3.4 persons. Telephones: 1 per 2.5 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 76 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 74 male; 80 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 13.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 8. Natural increase: .2%. Hospital beds: 1 per 213 persons. Physicians:1 per 287 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 11. Education (1989): Literacy: 97%. School compulsory:to age 14. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, NATO, OECD, EC. Embassy: 2700 15th St. NW 20009; 265-0190. Spain was settled by Iberians, Basques, and Celts, partly overrun by Carthaginians, conquered by Rome c.200 BC. The Visigoths, in power by the 5th century AD, adopted Christianity but by 711 AD lost to the Islamic invasion from Africa. Christian reconquest from the N led to a Spanish nationalism. In 1469 the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile were united by the marriage of Ferdinand II and Isabella I, and the last Moorish power was broken by the fall of the kingdom of Granada, 1492. Spain became a bulwark of Roman Catholicism. Spain obtained a colonial empire with the discovery of America by Columbus, 1492, the conquest of Mexico by Cortes, and Peru by Pizarro. It also controlled the Netherlands and parts of Italy and Germany. Spain lost its American colonies in the early 19th century. It lost Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico during the Spanish-American War, 1898. Primo de Rivera became dictator in 1923. King Alfonso XIII revoked the dictatorship, 1930, but was forced to leave the country 1931. A republic was proclaimed which disestablished the church, curtailed its privileges, and secularized education. A conservative reaction occurred 1933 but was followed by a Popular Front (1936-1939) composed of socialists, communists, republicans, and anarchists. Army officers under Francisco Franco revolted against the government, 1936. In a destructive 3-year war, in which some one million died, Franco received massive help and troops from Italy and Germany, while the USSR, France, and Mexico supported the republic. War ended Mar. 28, 1939. Franco was named caudillo, leader of the nation. Spain was neutral in World War II but its relations with fascist countries caused its exclusion from the UN until 1955. In July 1969, Franco and the Cortes designated Prince Juan Carlos as the future king and chief of state. After Franco's death, Nov. 20, 1975, Juan Carlos was sworn in as king. He presided over the formal dissolution of the institutions of the Franco regime. In free elections June 1977, moderates and democratic socialists emerged as the largest parties. Catalonia and the Basque country were granted autonomy, Jan. 1980, following overwhelming approval in home-rule referendums. Basque extremists, however, have continued their campaign for independence. The Balearic Islands in the western Mediterranean, 1,935 sq. mi., are a province of Spain; they include Majorca(Mallorca), with the capital, Palma; Minorca, Cabrera, Ibiza and Formentera. The Canary Islands, 2,807 sq. mi., in the Atlantic W of Morocco, form 2 provinces, including the islands of Tenerife, Palma, Gomera, Hierro, Grand Canary, Fuerteventura, and Lanzarote with Las Palmas and Santa Cruz thriving ports. Ceuta andMelilla, small enclaves on Morocco's Mediterranean coast, are part of Metropolitan Spain. Spain has sought the return of Gibraltar, in British hands since 1704. Sri Lanka Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Prajathanthrika Samajavadi Janarajaya People: Population (1990 est.): 17,135,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 35.3; 15-59: 58.1; 60+: 6.6. Pop. density: 692 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 21.5%. Ethnic groups: Sinhalese 74%, Tamils 17%, Moors 7%. Languages: Sinhala and Tamil, (both official); English. Religions: Buddhist 69%, Hindu 15%, Christian 8%, Moslem 7%. Geography: Area: 25,332 sq. mi. about the size of W. Va. Location: In Indian O. off SE coast of India. Neighbors: India on NW. Topography: The coastal area and the northern half are flat; the S-central area is hilly and mountainous.Capital: Colombo. Cities (1989): Colombo 1.2 mln.; Jaffna, 270,000; Galle, 168,000; Kandy, 147,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Ranasinghe Premadasa; b. June 24, 1924; in office: Jan. 2, 1989.Head of government: Prime Minister Dingiri Banda Wijetunge, b. 1923, in office: Mar. 3, 1989. Local divisions: 8 provinces, 24 districts.Defense: 4% of GNP (1988). Economy: Industries: Plywood, paper, milling, chemicals, textiles. Chief crops: Tea, coconuts, rice. Minerals: Graphite, limestone, gems, phosphate. Other resources: Forests, rubber. Arable land: 16%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 1.8 mln. Fish catch (1986): 183,000 metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 4.2 bln. kwh. Labor force: 46% agric.; 27% ind. and comm.; 26% serv. Finance: Currency: Rupee (Mar. 1990: 40 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $7.2 bln. Per capita GNP (1988): $400. Imports (1988): $2.2 bln.; partners: Jap. 15%, Saudi Ar. 12%, UK 7%.Exports (1988): $1.7 bln.; partners: U.S. 22%, UK 7%. Tourists (1987): $82 mln. receipts. National budget(1988): $2.7 bln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $317 mln. Gold:63,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 11.6%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 1.9 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 147,000 passenger cars, 243,000 comm. vehicles.Civil aviation (1988): 2.4 bln. passenger-km; 1 airport.Chief ports: Colombo, Trincomalee, Galle. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 33 persons.Radios:1 per 5.1 persons. Telephones: 1 per 130 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 67 male; 72 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 21.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 6. Natural increase:1.5%. Hospital beds: 1 per 357 persons. Physicians: 1 per 6,989 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 31. Education (1988): Literacy: 87%. Years compulsory: To age 12. Attendance: 98%. Major International Organizations: UN (World Bank, IMF), Commonwealth of Nations. Embassy: 2148 Wyoming Ave. NW 20008; 483-4025. The island was known to the ancient world as Taprobane (Greek for copper-colored) and later as Serendip (from Arabic). Colonists from northern India subdued the indigenous Veddahs about 543 BC; their descendants, the Buddhist Sinhalese, still form most of the population. Hindu descendants of Tamil immigrants from southern India account for one-fifth of the population. Parts were occupied by the Portuguese in 1505 and by the Dutch in 1658. The British seized the island in 1796. As Ceylon it became an independent member of the Commonwealth in 1948. On May 22, 1972, Ceylon became the Republic of Sri Lanka. Prime Min. W. R. D. Bandaranaike was assassinated Sept. 25, 1959. In new elections, the Freedom Party was victorious under Mrs. Sirimavo Bandaranaike, widow of the former prime minister. After May 1970 elections, Mrs. Bandaranaike became prime minister again. In 1971 the nation suffered economic problems and terrorist activities by ultra-leftists, thousands of whom were executed. Massive land reform and nationalization of foreign-owned plantations was undertaken in the mid-1970s. Mrs. Bandaranaike was ousted in 1977 elections by the United Nationals. A presidential form of government was installed in 1978 to restore stability. Tension between the Sinhalese and Tamil separatists erupted into violence repeatedly in the 1980s. In 1987, hundreds died in an attack by Tamil rebels Apr. 17. Sri Lanka forces retaliated in June with attacks on the rebel-held Jaffna peninsula. Over 11,000 have died in the civil war since 1983. Sudan Republic of the Sudan Jamhuryat as-Sudan People: Population (1990 est.): 25,164,000. Pop. density: 25 per sq. mi. Urban (1983): 35%. Ethnic groups: black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%. Languages: Arabic (official), various tribal languages. Religions: Sunni Moslem 70%, animist 18%, Christians 5%. Geography: Area: 966,757 sq. mi., the largest country in Africa, over one-fourth the size of the U.S.Location: At the E end of Sahara desert zone. Neighbors:Egypt on N, Libya, Chad, Central African Republic on W, Zaire, Uganda, Kenya on S, Ethiopia on E. Topography: The N consists of the Libyan Desert in the W, and the mountainous Nubia desert in E, with narrow Nile valley between. The center contains large, fertile, rainy areas with fields, pasture, and forest. The S has rich soil, heavy rain.Capital: Khartoum. Cities (1983 est.): Khartoum 476,000; Omdurman 526,000; North Khartoum 341,000; Port Sudan 206,000. Government: Type: Military. Head of government: Prime Min. Gen. Omar Al-Bashir; in office: June 30, 1989. Local divisions: 9 regions.Defense:2.1% of GNP (1985). Economy: Industries: Textiles, food processing.Chief crops: Gum arabic (principal world source), durra (sorghum), cotton (main export), sesame, peanuts, rice, coffee, sugar cane, wheat, dates. Minerals: Chrome, copper, Other resources: Mahogany. Arable land: 5%. Livestock(1986): cattle: 22 mln.; sheep: 12 mln.; goats: 15 mln. Electricity prod. (1988): 1.2 bln. kwh. Labor force: 78% agric.; 9% ind., comm. Finance: Currency: Pound (Mar. 1990: 1.00 = $.22 US). Gross national product (1988): $8.5 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $330. Imports (1988): $1.0 bln.; partners: UK 13%, W. Ger. 8%, Saudi Ar. 11%. Exports (1988): $504 mln.; partners: China 6%, It. 9%, Saudi Ar. 21%. National budget (1988): $1.5 bln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $39.7 mln. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 357 mln. passenger km. Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 99,000 passenger cars, 17,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation: (1988): 671 mln. passenger-km; 10 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports:Port Sudan. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 23 persons.Radios: 1 per 4.6 persons. Telephones: 1 per 338 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1985): 6 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 51 male; 55 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 44.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 14. Natural increase: 3.0%. Hospital beds (1985): 17,328. Physicians (1983): 2,169. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 98. Education (1986): Literacy: 30%. Years compulsory: 9. Attendance: 50%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, WHO, FAO), Arab League, OAU. Embassy: 2210 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 338-8565. Northern Sudan, ancient Nubia, was settled by Egyptians in antiquity, and was converted to Coptic Christianity in the 6th century. Arab conquests brought Islam in the 15th century. In the 1820s Egypt took over the Sudan, defeating the last of earlier empires, including the Fung. In the 1880s a revolution was led by Mohammed Ahmed who called himself the Mahdi (leader of the faithful) and his followers, the dervishes. In 1898 an Anglo-Egyptian force crushed the Mahdi's successors. In 1951 the Egyptian Parliament abrogated its 1899 and 1936 treaties with Great Britain, and amended its constitution, to provide for a separate Sudanese constitution. Sudan voted for complete independence as a parliamentary government effective Jan. 1, 1956. Gen. Ibrahim Abboud took power 1958, but resigned under pressure, 1964. In 1969, in a second military coup, a Revolutionary Council took power, but a civilian premier and cabinet were appointed; the government announced it would create a socialist state. The northern 12 provinces are predominantly Arab-Moslem and have been dominant in the central government. The 3 southern provinces are black and predominantly pagan. A 1972 peace agreement gave the South regional autonomy. The 2 halves of the nation began a civil war in 1988. Economic problems plagued the nation in the 1980s, aggravated by a huge influx of refugees from neighboring countries. After 16 years in power, Pres. Nimeiry was overthrown in a bloodless military coup, Apr. 6, 1985. The Sudan held its first democratic parliamentary elections in 18 years in 1986. The elected government was overthrown in a bloodless coup June 30, 1989. Some 2 million were made homeless by torrential rains, Aug. 1988. Suriname Republic of Suriname People: Population (1990 est.): 408,000. Pop. density: 6 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups Hindustanis 37%, Creole 31%, Javanese 15%. Languages: Dutch (official), Sranan (Creole), English, others. Religions:Moslem 23%, Hindu 27%, Christian 25%. Geography: Area: 63,037 sq. mi., slightly larger than Georgia. Location: On N shore of S. America.Neighbors: Guyana on W, Brazil on S, French Guiana on E.Topography: A flat Atlantic coast, where dikes permit agriculture. Inland is a forest belt; to the S, largely unexplored hills cover 75% of the country. Capital: Paramaribo. Cities (1984): Paramaribo 180,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of State: Pres. Ramsewak Shankar; in office: Jan. 25, 1988. Head of government: Prime Min. Henck Arron; in office: Jan. 29, 1988. Local divisions: 9 districts. Economy: Industries: Aluminum. Chief crops: Rice, sugar, fruits. Minerals: Bauxite. Other resources: Forests, shrimp. Arable land: 1%. Electricity prod. (1988): 1.9 bln. kwh.Labor force: 29% agric.; 15% ind. and commerce; 42% govt. Finance: Currency: Guilder (Mar. 1990: 1.78 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $1.1 bln. Per capita income (1985): $2,920. Imports (1986): $487 mln.; partners: U.S. 30%, Neth. 9%, Trin./Tob. 21%, Jap. 7%. Exports (1986): $482 mln.; partners: U.S. 13%, Neth. 26%.Tourists (1987): receipts: $4 mln.National budget (1988): $650 mln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $9.7 mln. Gold: 54,000 oz t. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 33,000 passenger cars, 12,000 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Paramaribo, Nieuw-Nickerie. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 10 persons. Radios: 1 per 1.6 persons. Telephones: 1 per 10 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 80 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 66 male; 71 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 27.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 5. Natural increase: 2.1%. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 40. Education (1989): Literacy: 65%. Compulsory; ages 6-12. Major International Organizations: UN (WHO, ILO, FAO, World Bank, IMF), OAS. Embassy: 2600 Virginia Ave. NW 20037; 338-6980. The Netherlands acquired Suriname in 1667 from Britain, in exchange for New Netherlands (New York). The 1954 Dutch constitution raised the colony to a level of equality with the Netherlands and the Netherlands Antilles. In the 1970s the Dutch government pressured for Suriname independence, which came Nov. 25, 1975, despite objections from East Indians. Some 40% of the population (mostly East Indians) emigrated to the Netherlands in the months before independence. The National Military Council took over control of the government, Feb. 1982. The government came under democratic leadership in 1988. Swaziland Kingdom of Swaziland People: Population (1990 est.): 779,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 47.3; 15-59: 47.4; 60+: 5.3. Pop. density: 112 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 26%. Ethnic groups: Swazi 90%, Zulu 2.3%, European 2.1%, other African, non-African groups. Languages:Swazi, English, (both official). Religions: Christians 57%, indigenous beliefs 43%. Geography: Area: 6,704 sq. mi., slightly smaller than New Jersey. Location: In southern Africa, near Indian O. coast. Neighbors: South Africa on N, W, S, Mozambique on E. Topography: The country descends from W-E in broad belts, becoming more arid in the lowveld region, then rising to a plateau in the E. Capital: Mbabane.Cities (1986 est.): Mbabane 52,000. Government: Type: Monarchy. Head of state: King Mswati 3d; as of: Apr. 25, 1986. Head of government: Prime Min. Obed Dlamini; in office: July 12, 1989. Local divisions:4 districts, 2 municipalities, 40 regions. Economy: Industries: Wood pulp. Chief crops:Sugar, corn, cotton, rice, pineapples, sugar, citrus fruits.Minerals: Asbestos, iron, coal. Other resources: Forests. Arable land: 8%. Electricity prod. (1988): 130 mln. kwh. Labor force: 53% agric.; 9% ind. and commerce; 9% serv. Finance: Currency: Lilangeni (Mar. 1990: 1.00 =$.39 US). Gross national product (1987): $539 mln. Per capita GNP (1987): $750. Imports (1987): $416 mln.; partners: So. Afr., 96%.Exports (1987): $311 mln.; partners: UK 33%, So. Afr. 20%.National budget (1986): $120 mln. International reserves less gold (Feb. 1990): $176 mln.Consumer prices (change in 1989): 11.7%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 20,000 passenger cars, 20,000 comm. vehicles. Communications: Radios: 1 per 6.3 persons.Telephones: 1 per 34 persons. Daily newspaper circ.(1985): 35 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 47 male; 54 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 46.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 15. Natural increase:3.1%. Hospital beds (1984): 1,608. Physicians (1984): 80. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births 1989): 127. Education (1985): Literacy: 65%. Almost all attend primary school. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, WHO, FAO), OAU, Commonwealth of Nations. Embassy: 4301 Connecticut Ave. NW 20008; 362-6683. The royal house of Swaziland traces back 400 years, and is one of Africa's last ruling dynasties. The Swazis, a Bantu people, were driven to Swaziland from lands to the N by the Zulus in 1820. Their autonomy was later guaranteed by Britain and Transvaal, with Britain assuming control after 1903. Independence came Sept. 6, 1968. In 1973 the king repealed the constitution and assumed full powers. Under the constitution political parties are forbidden; parliament's role in government is limited to debate and advice. Sweden Kingdom of Sweden Konungariket Sverige People: Population (1990 est.): 8,407,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 17.9; 15-59: 59.0; 60+: 23.1. Pop. density: 48 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 85%. Ethnic groups: Swedish 91%, Finnish 3%, Lapps, European immigrants. Languages: Swedish, Finnish. Religions: Lutheran (official) 95%. Geography: Area: 173,731 sq. mi., larger than California. Location: On Scandinavian Peninsula in N. Europe. Neighbors: Norway on W, Denmark on S (across Kattegat), Finland on E. Topography: Mountains along NW border cover 25% of Sweden, flat or rolling terrain covers the central and southern areas, which includes several large lakes. Capital: Stockholm. Cities (1988): Stockholm 663,000; Goteborg 429,000; Malmo 230,000. Government: Type: Constitutional monarchy. Head of state: King Carl XVI Gustaf; b. Apr. 30, 1946; in office: Sept. 19, 1973. Head of government: Prime Min. Ingvar Carlsson; b. Nov. 9, 1934; in office: Mar. 1, 1986. Local divisions: 24 lan (counties), 278 municipalities. Defense: 2.9% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Steel, machinery, instruments, autos, shipbuilding, shipping, paper. Chief crops: Grains, potatoes, sugar beets. Minerals: Zinc, iron, lead, copper, gold, silver. Other resources: Forests (half the country); yield one fourth exports.Arable land: 7%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 1.7 mln.; pigs: 2.2 mln. Fish catch (1987): 197,000 metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 182 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 4.6 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 5% agric.; 24% manuf. & mining; 37% social services. Finance: Currency: Krona (May 1990: 6.00 = $1 US). Gross national product (1989): $179 bln. Per capita income (1989): $11,783 Imports (1989): $47.8 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 21%, UK 9%, U.S. 7%. Exports (1989): $51.5 bln.; partners: UK 10%, W. Ger. 12%, Nor. 10%. Tourists (1987): $2.0 bln. receipts. National budget (1989): $60.5 bln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $9.8 bln.Gold: 6.06 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 6.4%. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 5.9 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 3.3 mln. passenger cars, 259,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1987): 5.7 bln. passenger-km; 43 airports.Chief ports: Goteborg, Stockholm, Malmo. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 2.4 persons.Radios: 1 per 1.2 persons. Telephones: 1 per 1.1 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 586 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 74 male; 81 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 12.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 12. Natural increase: .0%. Hospital beds: 1 per 148 persons. Physicians: 1 per 373 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births (1989): 6. Education (1989): Literacy: 99%. Years compulsory: 12. Attendance: 100%. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, EFTA, OECD. Embassy: 600 New Hampshire Ave. NW 20037; 944-5600. The Swedes have lived in present-day Sweden for at least 5,000 years, longer than nearly any other European people. Gothic tribes from Sweden played a major role in the disintegration of the Roman Empire. Other Swedes helped create the first Russian state in the 9th century. The Swedes were Christianized from the 11th century, and a strong centralized monarchy developed. A parliament, the Riksdag, was first called in 1435, the earliest parliament on the European continent, with all classes of society represented. Swedish independence from rule by Danish kings (dating from 1397) was secured by Gustavus I in a revolt, 1521-23; he built up the government and military and established the Lutheran Church. In the 17th century Sweden was a major European power, gaining most of the Baltic seacoast, but its international position subsequently declined. The Napoleonic wars, in which Sweden acquired Norway (it became independent 1905), were the last in which Sweden participated. Armed neutrality was maintained in both world wars. Over 4 decades of Social Democratic rule was ended in 1976 parliamentary elections but the party was returned to power in the 1982 elections. Although 90% of the economy is in private hands, the government holds a large interest in water power production and the railroads are operated by a public agency. Consumer cooperatives are in extensive operation and also are important in agriculture and housing. A labor crisis of strikes locking out more than 800,000 workers, May 1980, brought the country to an industrial standstill. A Soviet submarine went aground inside Swedish territorial waters near the Karlskrona Naval Base, Oct. 27, 1981. Sweden claimed the submarine was armed with nuclear weapons and the incident a "flagrant violation" of Swedish neutrality. The submarine was towed back to international waters Nov. 6. Premier Olof Palme was shot and killed on a Stockholm street Feb. 28, 1986. A man with a history of substance abuse and psychiatric treatment was convicted of the crime July, 1989. The conviction was overturned Oct. 12. Switzerland Swiss Confederation People: Population (1990 est.): 6,628,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 17.8; 15-59: 63.2; 60+: 19.0. Pop. density: 406 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 60.4%. Ethnic groups: Mixed European stock. Languages: German 65%, French 18%, Italian 12%, Romansh 1%. (all official). Religions: Roman Catholic 49%, Protestant 48%. Geography: Area: 15,941 sq. mi., as large as Mass., Conn., and R.I., combined. Location: In the Alps Mts. in Central Europe. Neighbors: France on W, Italy on S, Austria on E, W. Germany on N. Topography: The Alps cover 60% of the land area, the Jura, near France, 10%. Running between, from NE to SW, are midlands, 30%. Capital: Bern. Cities (1989): Zurich 346,000; Basel 171,200; Geneva 161,000. Government: Type: Federal republic. Head of government: Pres. Otto Stich; in office: Jan. 1, 1988.Local divisions: 20 full cantons, 6 half cantons. Defense: 2.2% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Machinery, machine tools, steel, instruments, watches, textiles, foodstuffs (cheese, chocolate), chemicals, drugs, banking, tourism. Chief crops:Grains, potatoes, sugar beets, vegetables, tobacco.Minerals: Salt. Other resources: Hydro power potential. Arable land: 10%. Livestock(1987): cattle: 1.8 mln.; pigs: 1.9 mln.Electricity prod. (1988): 58.4 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 825,000 metric tons. Labor force: 39% ind. and commerce, 7% agric., 50% serv. Finance: Currency: Franc (May 1990: 1.41 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $111 bln. Per capita income (1987): $26,309. Imports (1989): $58.1 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 30%, Fr. 11%, It. 10%, U.K. 5%. Exports (1989): $51.5 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 18%, Fr. 9%, It. 8%, U.S. 8%. Tourists (1988); receipts: $5.6 bln. National budget (1988): $17.4 bln. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $22.5 bln. Gold: 83.28 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 3.2%. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 10.8 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 2.7 mln. passenger cars, 218,000 comm. vehicles.Civil aviation: (1988): 14.3 bln. passenger-km; 5 airports with scheduled flights. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 2.9 persons. Radios: 1 per 2.6 persons. Telephones:1 per 1.2 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 491 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 74 male; 82 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 12Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 10 Natural increase: .2%. Physicians:1 per 620 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 6.9. Education (1989): Literacy: 99%. Years compulsory: 9. Attendance: 100%. Major International Organizations: Many UN specialized agencies (though not a member). Embassy: 2900 Cathedral Ave. NW 20008; 745-7900. Switzerland, the Roman province of Helvetia, is a federation of 23 cantons (20 full cantons and 6 half cantons), 3 of which in 1291 created a defensive league and later were joined by other districts. Voters in the French-speaking part of Canton Bern voted for self-government, 1978; Canton Jura was created Jan. 1, 1979. In 1648 the Swiss Confederation obtained its independence from the Holy Roman Empire. The cantons were joined under a federal constitution in 1848, with large powers of local control retained by each canton. Switzerland has maintained an armed neutrality since 1815, and has not been involved in a foreign war since 1515. Switzerland is a member of several UN agencies and of the European Free Trade Assoc. and has ties with the EC. It is also the seat of many UN and other international agencies. Switzerland is a leading world banking center; stability of the currency brings funds from many quarters. Syria Syrian Arab Republic al-jamhouriya al Arabia as-Souriya People: Population (1990 est.): 12,471,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 49.3; 15-59: 44.2; 60+: 6.5. Pop. density: 170 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 50%. Ethnic groups: Arab 90%, Kurd, Armenian, others. Languages:Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, French, English. Religions: Sunni Moslem 74%, other Moslem 16%, Christian 10%. Geography: Area: 71,498 sq. mi., the size of North Dakota. Location: At eastern end of Mediterranean Sea. Neighbors: Lebanon, Israel on W, Jordan on S, Iraq on E, Turkey on N. Topography: Syria has a short Mediterranean coastline, then stretches E and S with fertile lowlands and plains, alternating with mountains and large desert areas.Capital: Damascus. Cities (1989 est.): Damascus 1,361,000; Aleppo 1,308,000; Homs 464,000. Government: Type: Republic (under military regime). Head of state: Pres. Hafez al-Assad; b. Mar. 1930; in office: Feb. 22, 1971. Head of government: Prime Min. Mahmoud Zuabi; in office: Nov. 1, 1987. Local divisions: Damascus and 13 provinces. Defense:11.9% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Oil products, textiles, cement, tobacco, glassware, sugar, brassware. Chief crops: Cotton, grain, olives, fruits, vegetables. Minerals: Oil, phosphate, gypsum. Crude oil reserves (1987): 1.4 bln. bbls. Other resources: Wool. Arable land: 28%. Livestock (1986): sheep: 13 mln., goats: 1 mln. Electricity prod. (1988): 9.1 bln. kwh. Labor force: 32% agric.; 29% ind. & comm.; 39% services. Finance: Currency: Pound (Mar. 1990: 11.22 = $1 US). Gross national product (1986): $17.0 bln. Imports (1988): $2.2 bln.; partners: Iran, It., W. Ger., Fr. Exports (1988): $1.3 bln.; partners: It. 20%, Rom. 28%. Tourists (1987): receipts: $477 mln. National budget (1988): $4.6 bln. expenditures. Consumer prices (change in 1987): 59.5%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 900 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 112,000 passenger cars, 127,000 comm. vehiclesCivil aviation (1987): 847 mln. passenger-km; 5 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Latakia, Tartus. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 26.5 persons. Radios: 1 per 5.3 persons. Telephones: 1 per 17 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 19 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 67 male; 69 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 44.Deaths (per 1,000 1989): 6. Natural increase: 3.8%. Hospital beds: 1 per 870 persons. Physicians: 1 per 1,347 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 40. Education (1986): Literacy: 78% males. Years compulsory: 6. Attendance: 94%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, WHO, FAO), Arab League. Embassy: 2215 Wyoming Ave. NW 20008; 232-6313. Syria contains some of the most ancient remains of civilization. It was the center of the Seleucid empire, but later became absorbed in the Roman and Arab empires. Ottoman rule prevailed for 4 centuries, until the end of World War I. The state of Syria was formed from former Turkish districts, made a separate entity by the Treaty of Sevres 1920 and divided into the states of Syria and Greater Lebanon. Both were administered under a French League of Nations mandate 1920-1941. Syria was proclaimed a republic by the occupying French Sept. 16, 1941, and exercised full independence effective Jan. 1, 1944. Syria joined in the Arab invasion of Israel in 1948. Syria joined with Egypt in Feb. 1958 in the United Arab Republic but seceded Sept. 30, 1961. The Socialist Baath party and military leaders seized power in Mar. 1963. The Baath, a pan-Arab organization, became the only legal party. The government has been dominated by members of the minority Alawite sect. In the Arab-Israeli war of June 1967, Israel seized and occupied the Golan Heights area inside Syria, from which Israeli settlements had for years been shelled by Syria. On Oct. 6, 1973, Syria joined Egypt in an attack on Israel. Arab oil states agreed in 1974 to give Syria $1 billion a year to aid anti-Israel moves. Some 30,000 Syrian troops entered Lebanon in 1976 to mediate in a civil war, and fought Palestinian guerrillas and, later, fought Christian militiamen. Syrian troops again battled Christian forces in Lebanon, Apr. 1981, ending a ceasefire that had been in place. Following the June 6, 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, Israeli planes destroyed 17 Syrian antiaircraft missile batteries in the Bekka Valley, June 9. Some 25 Syrian planes were downed during the engagement. Syrian and Israeli troops exchanged fire in central Lebanon. Israel and Syria agreed to a cease fire June 11. In 1983, Syria backed the PLO rebels who ousted Yasir Arafat's forces from Tripoli. Syria's alleged role in promoting acts of international terrorism led to the breaking of diplomatic relations with Great Britain and the implementation of limited sanctions by the European Communities in 1986. Taiwan Republic of China Chung-hua Min-kuo People: Population (1990 est.): 20,454,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 29.6; 15-59: 53.2; 60+: 8.1. Pop. density: 1,460 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 72%. Ethnic groups: Taiwanese 85%, Chinese 14%. Languages: Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwan, Hakka dialects.Religions: Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism prevail. Geography: Area: 13,885 sq. mi., about the size of Connecticut & New Hampshire combined. Location: Off SE coast of China, between E. and S. China Seas. Neighbors: Nearest is China. Topography: A mountain range forms the backbone of the island; the eastern half is very steep and craggy, the western slope is flat, fertile, and well-cultivated. Capital: Taipei. Cities (1989): Taipei (met.) 2,637,000; Kaohsiung 1,342,000; Taichung 715,000; Tainan 656,000. Government: Type: One-party system. Head of state and Nationalist Party chmn.: Pres. Lee Teng-hui; b. Jan. 15, 1923; in office: Jan. 13, 1988. Head of government: Prime Min. Hau Pei-tsum; in office: May 2, 1990. Local divisions: 16 counties, 5 cities, Taipei & Kao-Hsiung. Defense: 4.6% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Textiles, clothing, electronics, processed foods, chemicals, plastics. Chief crops: Rice, bananas, pineapples, sugarcane, sweet potatoes, peanuts. Minerals: Coal, limestone, marble. Crude oil reserves (1987): 10 mln. bbls. Arable land: 25%. Livestock(1986): pigs: 6.6 mln. Fish catch (1988): 1.2 mln. metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 71.6 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 8.3 mln. metric tons. Labor force:17% agric.; 41% ind. & comm.; 42% services. Finance: Currency: New Taiwan dollar (June 1990: 27.02 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $119.1 bln. Per capita GNP (1988): $6,200. Imports (1989): $52.5 bln.; partners: U.S. 27%, Jap. 30%. Exports (1989): $66.1 bln.; partners: U.S. 39%, Jap. 13%, Hong Kong 8%. Tourists (1987): $1.6 bln. receipts. National budget (1988): $15.6 bln. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 1.5 mln. passenger cars, 524,000 commercial vehicles. Civil Aviation (1988): 17.6 bln. passenger-km; 9 airports.Chief ports: Kaohsiung, Keelung, Hualien, Taichung. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 3.2 persons. Radios: 1 per 1.5 persons.Telephones: 1 per 3.0 persons. Daily newspaper circ.(1987): 179 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1986): 70.0 male; 75.9 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 16.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 5. Natural increase: 1.1%. Physicians: 1 per 1,010 persons. Hospital beds:1 per 227 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1987): 6.3. Education (1988): Literacy: 90%. Years compulsory: 9. Attendance: 99%. Large-scale Chinese immigration began in the 17th century. The island came under mainland control after an interval of Dutch rule, 1620-62. Taiwan (also called Formosa) was ruled by Japan 1895-1945. Two million Kuomintang supporters fled to Taiwan in 1949. Both the Taipei and Peking governments consider Taiwan an integral part of China. Taiwan has rejected Pekings efforts at reunification, but unofficial dealings with the mainland are growing more flexible. The U.S. upon its recognition of the People's Republic of China, Dec. 15, 1978, severed diplomatic ties with Taiwan. It maintains the unofficial American Institute in Taiwan, while Taiwan has established the Coordination Council for North American Affairs in Washington, D.C. Land reform, government planning, U.S. aid and investment, and free universal education have brought huge advances in industry, agriculture, and mass living standards. In 1987, martial law was lifted after 38 years. The Penghu (Pescadores), 50 sq. mi., pop. 120,000, lie between Taiwan and the mainland. Quemoy andMatsu, pop. (1980) 61,000 lie just off the mainland. Tanzania United Republic of Tanzania Jamhuri ya Mwungano wa Tanzania People: Population (1990 est.) 26,070,000. Pop. density: 67 per sq. mi. Urban(1988): 18%. Ethnic groups: African. Languages: Swahili, English are official. Religions:Moslems 33%, Christians 33%, traditional beliefs 33%. Geography: Area: 364,886 sq. mi., more than twice the size of California. Location: On coast of E. Africa. Neighbors: Kenya, Uganda on N, Rwanda, Burundi, Zaire on W, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique on S. Topography: Hot, arid central plateau, surrounded by the lake region in the W, temperate highlands in N and S, the coastal plains. Mt. Kilimanjaro, 19,340 ft., is highest in Africa. Capital: Dar-es-Salaam. Cities (1986): Dar-es-Salaam 1.4 mln. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Ali Hassan Mwinyi; b. May 8, 1925; in office: Nov. 5, 1985. Head of government: Prime Min. Joseph Warioba. Local divisions: 25 regions (20 on mainland). Defense: 3.4% of GNP (1985). Economy: Industries: Food processing, clothing.Chief crops: Sisal, cotton, coffee, tea, tobacco.Minerals: Diamonds, gold, nickel. Other resources: Hides. Arable land: 6%. Livestock (1986): cattle: 14 mln.; goats: 6.4 mln.; sheep: 4.1 mln. Fish catch (1986): 309,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 870 mln. kwh. Labor force: 90% agric., 10% ind., comm. & govt. Finance: Currency: Shilling (Mar. 1990: 193 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $4.9 bln.Per capita GNP (1987): $258. Imports (1988): $800 mln.; partners: UK 14%, Jap. 12%, W. Ger. 10%.Exports (1988): $276 mln.; partners: W. Ger. 15%, UK 13%. Tourists (1986): $11 mln. receipts. National budget(1985): $1.0 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $54.2 mln. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 24.5%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 49,000 passenger cars; 33,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): $249 mln. passenger-km; 19 airports. Chief ports: Dar-es-Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga. Communications: Radios: 1 per 12 persons. Telephones:1 per 186 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 8 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 49 male; 54 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 50. 3.4%. Hospital beds (1984): 22,800. Physicians (1984): 1,065. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 110. Education (1987): Literacy: 85%. Attendance: 87% attend primary school. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, OAU, Commonwealth of Nations. Embassy: 2139 R. St. NW 20008; 939-6125. The Republic of Tanganyika in E. Africa and the island Republic of Zanzibar, off the coast of Tanganyika, joined into a single nation, the United Republic of Tanzania, Apr. 26, 1964. Zanzibar retains internal self-government. Tanganyika. Arab colonization and slaving began in the 8th century AD; Portuguese sailors explored the coast by about 1500. Other Europeans followed. In 1885 Germany established German East Africa of which Tanganyika formed the bulk. It became a League of Nations mandate and, after 1946, a UN trust territory, both under Britain. It became independent Dec. 9, 1961, and a republic within the Commonwealth a year later. In 1967 the government set on a socialist course; it nationalized all banks and many industries. The government also ordered that Swahili, not English, be used in all official business. Nine million people have been moved into cooperative villages. Tanzanian forces drove Idi Amin from Uganda, Mar., 1979. Zanzibar, the Isle of Cloves, lies 23 mi. off the coast of Tanganyika; its area is 640 sq. mi. The island ofPemba, 25 mi. to the NE, area 380 sq. mi., is included in the administration. The total population (1985 est.) is 571,000. Chief industry is the production of cloves and clove oil of which Zanzibar and Pemba produce the bulk of the world's supply. Zanzibar was for centuries the center for Arab slave-traders. Portugal ruled for 2 centuries until ousted by Arabs around 1700. Zanzibar became a British Protectorate in 1890; independence came Dec. 10, 1963. Revolutionary forces overthrew the Sultan Jan. 12, 1964. The new government ousted Western diplomats and newsmen, slaughtered thousands of Arabs, and nationalized farms. Union with Tanganyika followed, 1964. The ruling parties of Tanganyika and Zanzibar were united in 1977, as political tension eased. Thailand Kingdom of Thailand Muang Thai or Prathet Thai People: Population (1990 est.): 54,890,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 36.2; 15-59: 58.1; 60+: 5.7. Pop. density: 277 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 20%. Ethnic groups: Thais 75%, Chinese 14%, others 11%. Languages: Thai, regional dialects. Religions:Buddhist 95%, Moslem 4%. Geography: Area: 198,456 sq. mi., about the size of Texas.Location: On Indochinese and Malayan Peninsulas in S.E. Asia.Neighbors: Myanmar on W. Laos on N, Cambodia on E, Malaysia on S. Topography: A plateau dominates the NE third of Thailand, dropping to the fertile alluvial valley of the Chao Phraya R. in the center. Forested mountains are in N, with narrow fertile valleys. The southern peninsula region is covered by rain forests. Capital: Bangkok. Cities (1980 est.): Bangkok (met.): 4.7 mln. Government: Type: Constitutional monarchy. Head of state:King Bhumibol Adulyadej; b. Dec. 5, 1927; in office: June 9, 1946. Head of government: Prime Min. Chatichai Choonhavan; in office: Aug. 2, 1988. Local divisions: 73 provinces.Defense: 3.7% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Textiles, mining, wood products.Chief crops: Rice (a major export), corn tapioca, sugarcane. Minerals: Antimony, tin (among largest producers), tungsten, iron, gas. Other resources: Forests (teak is exported), rubber. Arable land:34%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 4.9 mln.; pigs: 4.2 mln. Fish catch (1988): 2.1 mln. metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 27.0 bln. kwh. Labor force: 59% agric.; 26% ind. & comm.; 10% serv.; 8% govt. Finance: Currency: Baht (Mar. 1990: 25.98 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $52.2 bln. Per capita income (1986): $771. Imports (1988): $19.7 bln.; partners: Jap. 24%, U.S. 13%.Exports (1988): $11.6 bln.; partners: Jap. 14%, U.S. 17%, Sing. 14%. Tourists (1987): $1.9 mln. receipts. National budget (1988): $9.4 bln. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $11.0 bln. Gold: 2.47 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 5.4%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 9.5 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 545,000 passenger cars, 856,000 comm. vehicles.Civil aviation (1987): 13.4 bln. passenger-km; 23 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Bangkok, Sattahip. Communication: Television sets: 1 per 11 persons. Radios: 1 per 5.7 persons.Telephones: 1 per 53 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1985): 50 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 62 male; 68 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 20Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase: 1.3%. Hospital beds: 1 per 627 persons. Physicians:1 per 5,564 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 50. Education (1988): Literacy: 89%. Years compulsory: 6. Attendance: 96%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, World Bank). Embassy: 2300 Kalorama Rd. NW 20008; 483-7200. Thais began migrating from southern China in the 11th century. Thailand is the only country in SE Asia never taken over by a European power, thanks to King Mongkut and his son King Chulalongkorn who ruled from 1851 to 1910, modernized the country, and signed trade treaties with both Britain and France. A bloodless revolution in 1932 limited the monarchy. Japan occupied the country in 1941. After the war, Thailand followed a pro-West foreign policy. The military took over the government in a bloody 1976 coup. Kriangsak Chomanan, prime minister resigned, Feb. 1980, under opposition over soaring inflation, oil price increases, labor unrest and growing crime. Vietnamese troops have crossed the border and been repulsed by Thai forces in the 1980s. Togo Republic of Togo Republique Togolaise People: Population (1990 est.): 3,566,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 49.8; 15-59: 44.6; 60+:5.6.Pop. density: 158 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 23%. Ethnic groups: Ewe 35%, Mina 6%, Kabye 22%.Languages: French (official), others. Religions: Traditional 58%, Christian 22%, Moslem 20%. Geography: Area: 21,622 sq. mi., slightly smaller than West Virginia. Location: On S coast of W. Africa. Neighbors: Ghana on W, Burkina Faso on N, Benin on E.Topography: A range of hills running SW-NE splits Togo into 2 savanna plains regions. Capital: Lome. Cities(1985 est.): Lome 300,000. Government: Type: Republic; one-party presidential regime. Head of state: Pres. Gnassingbe Eyadema; b. Dec. 26, 1937; in office: Apr. 14, 1967. Local divisions: 21 prefectures. Economy: Industries: Textiles, shoes. Chief crops: Coffee, cocoa, yams, manioc, millet, rice.Minerals: Phosphates. Arable land: 26%. Electricity prod. (1988): 155 mln. kwh.Labor force: 67% agric.; 15% industry. Finance: Currency: CFA franc (Mar. 1990: 284 =$1 US). Gross national product (1987): $1.3 bln. Per capita income (1985): $240. Imports (1986): $300 mln.; partners: Fr., U.K., W. Ger. Exports (1986): $235 mln.; partners: Neth., Fr., W. Ger. Tourists (1987): $21 mln. receipts.International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $285 mln. Gold: 13,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): .08%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 105 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 47,000 passenger cars, 22,000 comm. vehicles.Chief ports: Lome. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 152 persons. Radios: 1 per 5.0 persons.Telephones: 1 per 255 persons. Daily newspaper circ.(1988): 3 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 53 male; 57 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 47.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 13. Natural increase: 3.3%. Hospital beds: 1 per 752 persons. Physicians: 1 per 12,992 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 113. Education (1985): Literacy: 45% (males). Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF), OAU. Embassy: 2208 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 234-4212. The Ewe arrived in southern Togo several centuries ago. The country later became a major source of slaves. Germany took control in 1884. France and Britain administered Togoland as UN trusteeships. The French sector became the republic of Togo Apr. 27, 1960. The population is divided between Bantus in the S and Hamitic tribes in the N. Togo has actively promoted regional integration, as a means of stimulating the economy. Tonga Kingdom of Tonga Pule 'anga Tonga People: Population (1989 est.): 108,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 44.4; 15-59; 50.5; 60+:5.1. Pop. density: 400 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: Tongans 98%, other Polynesian, European.Languages: Tongan, English. Religions: Free Wesleyan 47%, Roman Catholics 14%, Free Church of Tonga 14%, Mormons 9%, Church of Tonga 9%. Geography: Area: 270 sq. mi., smaller than New York City. Location: In western S. Pacific O. Neighbors:Nearest is Fiji, on W, New Zealand, on S. Topography:Tonga comprises 169 volcanic and coral islands, 45 inhabited. Capital: Nuku'alofa. Cities (1986): Nuku'alofa (met.) 29,000. Government: Type: Constitutional monarchy. Head of state:King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV; b. July 4, 1918; in office: Dec. 16, 1965. Head of government: Prime Min. Fatafehi Tu'ipelehake; b. Jan. 7, 1922; in office: Dec. 16, 1965. Local divisions: 3 main island groups. Economy: Industries: Tourism. Chief crops: Coconut products, bananas are exported. Other resources: Fish. Arable land: 25%. Electricity prod. (1988): 8 mln. kwh. Labor force: 45% agric, 27% services. Finance: Currency: Pa'anga (Jan. 1990: 1.32 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $65 mln. Imports (1985): $41 mln.; partners: N Z 45%, Fiji 7%. Exports (1985): $7 mln.; partners: Aust. 29%, N Z 56%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1983): 443 passenger cars, 1,300 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Nuku'alofa. Communications: Radios: 1 per 1.2 persons.Telephones: 1 per 24 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 69 male; 74 female.Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 27.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 5. Natural increase: 2.2%. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 25. Education (1988): Literacy: 93%. Years compulsory:8. Attendance: 77%. The islands were first visited by the Dutch in the early 17th century. A series of civil wars ended in 1845 with establishment of the Tupou dynasty. In 1900 Tonga became a British protectorate. On June 4, 1970, Tonga became independent and a member of the Commonwealth. Trinidad and Tobago Republic of Trinidad and Tobago People: Population (1990 est.): 1,270,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 32.9; 15-59: 58.7; 60+: 8.4. Pop. density: 636 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: Africans 43%, East Indians 40%, mixed 14%. Languages: English (official). Religions:Roman Catholic 32%, Protestant 29%, Hindu 25%, Moslem 6%. Geography: Area: 1,980 sq. mi., the size of Delaware. Location: Off eastern coast of Venezuela.Neighbors: Nearest is Venezuela on SW. Topography: Three low mountain ranges cross Trinidad E-W, with a well-watered plain between N and Central Ranges. Parts of E and W coasts are swamps. Tobago, 116 sq. mi., lies 20 mi. NE.Capital: Port-of-Spain. Cities (1989 met. est.): Port-of-Spain 300,000; San Fernando 50,000. Government: Type: Parliamentary democracy. Head of state:Pres. Noor Hassanali; in office: Mar. 19, 1987. Head of government: Prime Min. Arthur Robinson; in office: Dec. 18, 1986. Local divisions: 8 counties, 3 municipilities. Economy: Industries: Oil products, rum, cement, tourism. Chief crops: Sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus fruits, bananas. Minerals: Asphalt, oil, Crude oil reserves (1987): 567 mln. bbls. Arable land:14%. Electricity prod. (1988): 3.3 bln. kwh. Labor force: 18% construction-utilities, 14% manuf., mining, commerce, 47% services. Finance: Currency: Dollar (Mar. 1990: 4.25 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $4.5 bln.Per capita income (1987): $3,731. Imports (1988): $1.1 bln.; partners: U.S. 41%, UK 11%. Exports (1988): $1.4 bln.; partners: U.S. 56%. Tourists (1988): $89 mln. receipts. National budget (1988): $2.1 bln. expenditures.International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $274 mln. Gold: 54,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 11.5%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 241,000 passenger cars, 82,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation: (1986): 2.1 bln. passenger-km; 2 airports.Chief ports: Port-of-Spain. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 3.6 persons. Radios: 1 per 3.1 persons.Telephones: 1 per 6.2 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 146 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 68 male; 72 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 27.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 6. Natural increase: 2.1%. Hospital beds: 1 per 290 persons. Physicians: 1 per 1,055 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 15. Education (1988): Literacy: 97%. Years compulsory:8. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO), Commonwealth of Nations, OAS. Embassy: 1708 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20036; 467-6490. Columbus sighted Trinidad in 1498. A British possession since 1802, Trinidad and Tobago won independence Aug. 31, 1962. It became a republic in 1976. The People's National Movement party has held control of the government since 1956. The nation is one of the most prosperous in the Caribbean. Oil production has increased with offshore finds. Middle Eastern oil is refined and exported, mostly to the U.S. In July 1990, some 120 Moslem extremists captured the parliament building and TV station and took about 50 hostages including Prime Minister Arthur Robinson, who was beaten, shot in the legs, and tied to explosives. After a 6-day siege, the rebels surrendered. (See Chronology). Tunisia Republic of Tunisia al Jumhuriyah at-Tunisiyah People: Population (1990 est.): 8,094,000. Age distrib. (%) 0-14: 39.0; 15-59: 54.2; 60+: 6.8. Pop. density: 125 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups:Arab 98%. Languages:Arabic (official), French. Religions: Moslem 99%. Geography: Area: 63,170 sq. mi., about the size of Missouri. Location: On N coast of Africa.Neighbors: Algeria on W, Libya on E. Topography: The N is wooded and fertile. The central coastal plains are given to grazing and orchards. The S is arid, approaching Sahara Desert. Capital: Tunis. Cities (1984 est.) Tunis 1,000,000, Sfax 475,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Gen. Zine al-Abidine Ben Ami; b. Sept 3, 1936; in office: Nov. 7, 1987. Head of government: Prime Min. Hamed Karoui; in office: Sept. 27, 1989. Local divisions: 23 governorates. Defense: 3.1% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Food processing, textiles, oil products, construction materials, tourism. Chief crops:Grains, dates, olives, citrus fruits, figs, vegetables, grapes. Minerals: Phosphates, iron, oil, lead, zinc.Crude oil reserves (1987): 1.7 bln. bbls. Arable land: 20%. Livestock (1986): sheep: 5.4 mln.; goats: 1 mln. Fish catch (1988): 99,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 4.2 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1986): 188,000 metric tons. Labor force: 35% agric.; 22% industry; 11% serv. Finance: Currency: Dinar (Mar. 1990: .99 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $9.6 bln. Per capita income (1986) $1,163. Imports (1989): $4.3 bln.; partners: Fr. 26%, It. 12%.Exports (1989): $2.9 bln.; partners: It. 17%, Fr. 26%, W. Ger. 10%, U.S. 19%. Tourists (1987): $672 mln. receipts. National budget (1987): $3.4 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $916 mln. Gold: 187,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 7.4%. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 630 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 271,000 passenger cars, 182,000 comm. vehicles; Civil aviation: (1987): 2.3 bln. passenger-km; 6 airports.Chief ports: Tunis, Sfax, Bizerte. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 15 persons. Radios: 1 per 4.7 persons. Telephones: 1 per 24 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 30 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 68 male; 71 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 29.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 6. Natural increase: 2.3%. Hospital beds: 1 per 482 persons.Physicians: 1 per 2,198 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 pop. live births 1989): 44. Education (1985): Literacy: 46%. Years compulsory:8. Attendance: 85%. Major International Organizations: UN, Arab League, OAU. Embassy: 1515 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20005; 862-1850. Site of ancient Carthage, and a former Barbary state under the suzerainty of Turkey, Tunisia became a protectorate of France under a treaty signed May 12, 1881. The nation became independent Mar. 20, 1956, and ended the monarchy the following year. Habib Bourguiba has headed the country since independence. Although Tunisia is a member of the Arab League, Bourguiba in the 1960s urged negotiations to end Arab-Israeli disputes and was denounced by other members. Tunisia survived a Libyan-engineered raid against the southern mining center of Gafsa, Jan. 1980. Turkey Republic of Turkey Turkiye Cumhuriyeti People: Population (1990 est.): 56,549,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 38.5; 15-59: 54.9; 60+: 6.6. Pop. density: 183 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 55%. Ethnic groups: Turks 85%, Kurds 12%.Languages: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic.Religions: Moslem 98%, Christian, Jewish. Geography: Area: 301,381 sq. mi., twice the size of California. Location: Occupies Asia Minor, between Mediterranean and Black Seas. Neighbors: Bulgaria, Greece on W, USSR (Georgia, Armenia) on N, Iran on E, Iraq, Syria on S. Topography: Central Turkey has wide plateaus, with hot, dry summers and cold winters. High mountains ring the interior on all but W, with more than 20 peaks over 10,000 ft. Rolling plains are in W; mild, fertile coastal plains are in S, W. Capital: Ankara. Cities (1988 est.): Istanbul 5,800,000; Ankara 1,700,000; Izmir 2,300,000; Adana 1,700,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Turgut Ozal; b. 1927; in office: Nov. 9, 1989. Head of government: Prime Min. Yildirim Akbulut; in office: Nov. 9, 1989. Local divisions: 67 provinces.Defense: 4.5% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Iron, steel, machinery, metal prods., cars, processed foods. Chief crops: Tobacco, cereals, cotton, barley, corn, fruits, potatoes, sugar beets. Minerals: Chromium, mercury, borate, copper, coal. Crude oil reserves (1987): 139 mln. bbls. Other resources: Wool, silk, forests. Arable land: 30%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 12.0 mln.; sheep: 40.4 mln. Fish catch (1987): 562,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 46.9 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 8.0 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 56% agric.; 14% ind. and comm.; 30% serv. Finance: Currency: Lira (Mar. 1990: 2,486 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $62 bln.Per capita income (1986): $1,160 Imports (1988): $14.3 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 16%, U.S. 10%. Exports (1988): $11.6 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 19%. Tourists (1987): $1 bln. receipts. National budget (1986): $10.7 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Feb. 1990): $5.0 bln. Gold: 3.8 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 69.6%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 6.1 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 1.1 mln. passenger cars, 553,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1986): 2.6 bln. passenger-km; 14 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Istanbul, Izmir, Mersin, Samsun. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 6.8 persons. Radios: 1 per 7.8 persons. Telephones: 1 per 14 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 63 male; 66 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 30.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 8. Natural increase: 2.2%. Hospital beds: 1 per 476 persons.Physicians: 1 per 1,360 persons.Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 80. Education (1988): Literacy: 70%. Years compulsory:8. Attendance: 95%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, WHO, IMF), NATO, OECD. Embassy: 1606 23d St. NW 20008; 387-3200. Ancient inhabitants of Turkey were among the worlds first agriculturalists. Such civilizations as the Hittite, Phrygian, and Lydian flourished in Asiatic Turkey (Asia Minor), as did much of Greek civilization. After the fall of Rome in the 5th century, Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire for 1,000 years. It fell in 1453 to Ottoman Turks, who ruled a vast empire for over 400 years. Just before World War I, Turkey, or the Ottoman Empire, ruled what is now Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and islands in the Aegean Sea. Turkey joined Germany and Austria in World War I and its defeat resulted in loss of much territory and fall of the sultanate. A republic was declared Oct. 29, 1923. The Caliphate (spiritual leadership of Islam) was renounced 1924. Long embroiled with Greece over Cyprus, off Turkey's south coast, Turkey invaded the island July 20, 1974, after Greek officers seized the Cypriot government as a step toward unification with Greece. Turkey sought a new government for Cyprus, with Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot zones. In reaction to Turkey's moves, the U.S. cut off military aid in 1975. Turkey, in turn, suspended the use of most U.S. bases. Aid was restored in 1978. There was a military takeover, Sept. 12, 1980. Religious and ethnic tensions and active left and right extremists have caused endemic violence. Martial law, imposed in 1978, was lifted in 1984. The military formally transferred power to an elected parliament in 1983. Tuvalu People: Population (1990 est.): 9,000.Pop. density: 900 per sq. mi. Ethnic group: Polynesian. Languages: Tuvaluan, English. Religions:mainly Protestant. Geography: Area: 10 sq. mi., less than one-half the size of Manhattan. Location: 9 islands forming a NW-SE chain 360 mi. long in the SW Pacific O. Neighbors: Nearest are Samoa on SE, Fiji on S. Topography: The islands are all low-lying atolls, nowhere rising more than 15 ft. above sea level, composed of coral reefs. Capital: Funafuti (pop. 1985): 2,800. Government: Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Gov.-Gen. Tupua Leupena; in office: Mar. 1, 1986.Head of government: Prime Min. Bikenibeu Paeniu; in office: Oct. 16, 1989. Local divisions: 8 island councils on the permanently inhabited islands. Economy: Industries: Copra. Chief crops: Coconuts. Labor force: Approx. 1,500 Tuvaluans work overseas in the Gilberts' phosphate industry, or as overseas seamen. Finance: Currency: Australian dollar. Transport: Chief port: Funafuti. Health: (including former Gilbert Is.) Life expectancy at birth (1989): 60 male; 63 female.Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 27. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 10. Natural increase: 1.7%. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989) : 30. Education: Literacy (1985): 96%. The Ellice Islands separated from the British Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony, 1975, and became independent Tuvalu Oct. 1, 1978. Britain and New Zealand provide extensive economic aid. Uganda Republic of Uganda People: Population (1990 est.): 17,593,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 48.5; 15-59: 47.3; 60+: 4.2. Pop. density: 180 per sq. mi. Urban (1984): 14%. Ethnic groups: Bantu, Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic tribes. Languages: English (official), Luganda, Swahili. Religions: Christian 63%, Moslem 6%, traditional beliefs. Geography: Area: 93,354 sq. mi., slightly smaller than Oregon. Location: In E. Central Africa.Neighbors: Sudan on N, Zaire on W, Rwanda, Tanzania on S, Kenya on E. Topography: Most of Uganda is a high plateau 3,000-6,000 ft. high, with high Ruwenzori range in W (Mt. Margherita 16,750 ft.), volcanoes in SW, NE is arid, W and SW rainy. Lakes Victoria, Edward, Albert form much of borders.Capital: Kampala. Cities (1988): Kampala 331,000. Government: Type: Military. Head of state: Pres. Yoweri Kaguta Museveni; b. 1944; in office: Jan. 29, 1986.Head of government: Prime Min. Samson Kisekka; in office: Jan. 3, 1986. Local divisions: 10 provinces, 34 districts. Defense: 1% of GNP (1984). Economy: Chief Crops: Coffee, cotton, tea, corn, bananas, sugar. Minerals: Copper, cobalt. Arable land: 23%. Livestock(1987): cattle: 5.2 mln.; goats: 3.3 mln.; sheep: 1.3 mln.Fish catch (1986): 212,000 metric tons.Electricity prod. (1988): 312 mln. kwh. Labor force: 90% agric. Finance: Currency: Shilling (Mar. 1990: 379 =$1 US). Gross national product (1987): $3.6 bln. Per capita GNP (1987): $220. Imports (1988): $499 mln.; partners: Kenya 24%, U.K. 17%. Exports (1988): $272 mln.; partners: U.S. 27%, U.K. 18%. National budget(1988): $790 mln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $30.9 mln. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 66%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 32,000 passenger cars, 6,000 comm. vehicles. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 178 persons. Radios: 1 per 46 persons. Telephones: 1 per 255 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1984): 2 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 49 male; 51 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 49.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 15. Natural increase:3.4%. Hospital beds (1983): 19,650. Physicians (1983): 655. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 99. Education (1989): Literacy: 52%. About 50% attend primary school. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, WHO, IMF), OAU, Commonwealth of Nations. Embassy: 5909 16th St. NW 20011; 726-7100. Britain obtained a protectorate over Uganda in 1894. The country became independent Oct. 9, 1962, and a republic within the Commonwealth a year later. In 1967, the traditional kingdoms, including the powerful Buganda state, were abolished and the central government strengthened. Gen. Idi Amin seized power from Prime Min. Milton Obote in 1971. As many as 300,000 of his opponents were reported killed in subsequent years. Amin was named president for life in 1976. In 1972 Amin expelled nearly all of Uganda's 45,000 Asians. In 1973 the U.S. withdrew all diplomatic personnel. Amid worsening economic and domestic crises, Uganda's troops exchanged invasion attacks with long-standing foe Tanzania, 1978 to 1979. Tanzanian forces, coupled with Ugandan exiles and rebels, ended the dictatorial rule of Amin, Apr. 11, 1979. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Soyuz Sovetskykh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublic People: Population (1990 est.): 290,939,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-19: 25.5; 20-59: 61.0; 60+: 13.5. Pop. density: 33 per sq. mi.Urban (1988): 66%. Ethnic groups: Russians 52% Ukrainians 16%, Uzbeks 5%, Byelorussians 4%, many others.Languages: Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Byelorussian, Polish), Altaic (Turkish, etc.), other Indo-European, Uralian, Caucasian. Religions: Russian Orthodox 18%, Moslem 9%, non-religious or atheist 70%. Geography: Area: 8,649,496 sq. mi., the largest country in the world, nearly 21/2 times the size of the U.S.Location: Stretches from E. Europe across N Asia to the Pacific O.Neighbors: Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Norway, Romania on W, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, China, Mongolia, N. Korea on S. Topography: Covering one-sixth of the earth's land area, the USSR contains every type of climate except the distinctly tropical, and has a varied topography. The European portion is a low plain, grassy in S, wooded in N with Ural Mtns. on the E. Caucasus Mts. on the S. Urals stretch N-S for 2,500 mi. The Asiatic portion is also a vast plain, with mountains on the S and in the E; tundra covers extreme N, with forest belt below; plains, marshes are in W, desert in SW. Capital: Moscow. Cities (1989 est.): Moscow 8.5 mln.; Leningrad 4.8 mln.; Kiev 2.4 mln.; Tashkent 2.1 mln.; Kharkov 1.5 mln.; Baku 1.7 mln.; Gorky 1.4 mln.; Novosibirsk 1.4 mln.; Minsk 1.5 mln.; Kuibyshev 1.2 mln.; Sverdlovsk 1.3 mln. Government: Type: Federal union. Head of state: Exec. Pres. Mikhail S. Gorbachev; b. Mar. 2, 1931; in office: Mar. 15,1990. Head of government: Premier Nikolai I. Ryzhkov; b. 1929; in office: Sept. 27, 1985. Local divisions: 15 union republics, within which are 20 autonomous republics, 6 krays (territories), 123 oblasts (regions), 8 autonomous oblasts. Defense: 15-17% of GNP (1988). Economy: Industries: Steel, machinery, machine tools, vehicles, chemicals, cement, textiles, appliances, paper. Chief crops: Grain, cotton, sugar beets, potatoes, vegetables, sunflowers. Minerals: Manganese, mercury, potash, bauxite, cobalt, chromium, copper, coal, gold, lead, molybdenum, nickel, phosphates, silver, tin, tungsten, zinc, oil (59%), potassium salts. Crude oil reserves (1987): 60 bln. bbls. Other resources: Forests (25% of world reserves). Arable land: 11%. Livestock (1989): cattle: 118 mln.; sheep: 142 mln.; pigs: 77 mln.; goats 142 mln. Fish catch (1989): 10.9 mln. metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 1,730 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 164 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 22% agric.; 29% industry, 26% services. Finance: Currency: Ruble (Jan. 1990: 1.00 = $1.61 US). Gross national product (1988): $2.5 trl. Per capita income (1987): $3,000. Imports (1988): $107.3 bln.; partners: E. Ger. 10%, Pol. 7%, Czech. 8%, Bulg. 8%. Exports (1988): $110.7 bln.; partners: E. Ger. 10%, Pol. 8%, Bulg. 8%, Czech. 8%. National budget (1989): $310 bln. expenditures. Tourists (1987): receipts: $198 mln. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 402 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1980): 9.2 mln. passenger cars, 7.9 mln. comm. vehicles; manuf. (1982): 1.3 mln. passenger cars; 874,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 213 bln. passenger-km; 52 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Leningrad, Odessa, Murmansk, Kaliningrad, Archangelsk, Riga, Vladivostok. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 3.2 persons. Radios: 1 per 1.5 persons. Telephones: 1 per 6.7 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1986): 345 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 64 male; 74 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 18.Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 11. Natural increase: .8%. Hospital beds: 1 per 72 persons. Physicians: 1 per 259 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 25.2. Education (1989): Literacy: 99%. Most receive 11 years of schooling. Major International Organizations: UN (ILO, UNESCO, WHO), Warsaw Pact. Embassy: 1125 16th St. NW 20036; 628-7551. The USSR is nominally a federation consisting of 15 union republics, the largest being the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. Many of the republics experienced unrest in 1989 and 1990, with several demanding freedom from Moscow.Pres. Gorbachev warned that the unrest posed an "enormous danger" to the USSR. By Sept. 1990, 13 of the 15 Soviet republics had made some move toward greater autonomy. Beginning in 1939 the USSR by means of military action and negotiation overran contiguous territory and independent republics, including all or part of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Germany, Finland, Tannu Tuva, and Japan. Census figurers released in 1989 showed a 9.3 percent increase in the Soviet population in the past decade, with the largest increases in the central Asian republics. The figures also showed an increase in persons leaving rural areas to live in cities. The union republics are: 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Republic Area sq. mi. Pop. (1988 est.) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Russian SFSR 6,592,800 146,000,000 Ukrainian SSR 233,100 51,377,000 Uzbek SSR 172,700 19,569,000 Kazakh SSR 1,049,200 16,470,000 Byelorussian SSR 80,200 10,141,000 Azerbaijan SSR 33,400 6,921,000 Georgian SSR 26,911 5,297,000 Republic Area sq. mi. Pop. (1988 est.) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Georgian SSR 26,911 5,297,000 Tadzhik SSR 54,019 4,969,000 Moldavian SSR 13,012 4,224,000 Kirghiz SSR 76,642 4,238,000 Lithuanian SSR 26,173 3,682,000 Armenian SSR 11,306 3,459,000 Turkmen SSR 188,417 3,455,000 Latvian SSR 24,695 2,673,000 Estonian SSR 17,413 1,571,000 The Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic contains over 50% of the population of the USSR and includes 76% of its territory. It extends from the old Estonian, Latvian, and Finnish borders and the Byelorussian and Ukrainian lines on the W, to the shores of the Pacific, and from the Arctic on the N to the Black and Caspian seas and the borders of Kazakh SSR, Mongolia, and Manchuria on the S. Siberia encompasses a large part of the RSFSR area. Capital: Moscow. Boris N. Yeltsin, a critic of the slow pace of national renewal, was elected President of the SFSR in May, 1990. He called for economic and political sovereignty for the republic. Parts of eastern and western Siberia have been transformed by steel mills, huge dams, oil and gas industries, electric railroads, and highways. The Ukraine, the most densely populated of the republics, borders on the Black Sea, with Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Romania on the W and SW. Capital: Kiev. The Ukraine contains the arable black soil belt, the chief wheat-producing section of the Soviet Union. Sugar beets, potatoes, and livestock are important. The Donets Basin has large deposits of coal, iron and other metals. There are chemical and machine industries and salt mines. There is a strong independence movement in the western part of the republic. Byelorussia (White Russia). Capital: Minsk. Chief industries include machinery, tools, appliances, tractors, clocks, cameras, steel, cement, textiles, paper, leather, glass. Main crops are grain, flax, potatoes, sugar beets. Azerbaijan boasts near Baku, the capital, important oil fields. Its natural wealth includes deposits of iron ore, cobalt, etc. A high-yield winter wheat is grown, as are fruits. It produces iron, steel, cement, fertilizers, synthetic rubber, electrical and chemical equipment. It borders on Iran and Turkey. In 1988, clashes were reported between Moslem Azerbaijanis and the minority Christian ethnic Armenians. Soviet troops were sent to quell the ethnic civil war between the 2 factions, Jan. 1990. Georgia, in the western part of Transcaucasia, contains the largest manganese mines in the world. There are rich timber resources and coal mines. Basic industries are food, textiles, iron, steel. Grain, tea, tobacco, fruits, grapes are grown. Capital: Tbilisi (Tiflis). Despite massive party and government purges since 1972, illegal private enterprise and Georgian nationalist feelings persist; attempts to repress them have led to violence; in Apr. 1989, soviet troops attacked nationalist demonstrators, killing some 20 persons. Armenia is mountainous, sub-tropical, extensively irrigated. Copper, zinc, aluminum, molybdenum, and marble are mined. Instrument making is important. Armenia has sought a reunification with the Nagorno-Karabakh autonomous region of neighboring Azerbaijan. On Dec. 7, 1988, an earthquake struck in the north killing over 55,000 and leaving 500,000 homeless. An international relief effort was mounted. Soviet troops were sent to quell the ethnic civil war with Azerbaijan, Jan. 1990. Capital: Erevan. Uzbekistan, most important economically of the Central Asia republics, produces 67% of USSR cotton, 50% of rice, 33% of silk, 34% of astrakhan, 85% of hemp. Industries include iron, steel, cars, tractors, TV and radio sets, textiles, food. Mineral wealth includes coal, sulphur, copper, and oil. Capital: Tashkent. Turkmenistan in Central Asia, produces cotton, maize, carpets, chemicals. Minerals: oil, coal, sulphur, barite, lime, salt, gypsum. The Kara Kum desert occupies 80% of the area. Capital: Ashkhabad. Tadzhikistan borders on China and Afghanistan. Over half the population are Tadzhiks, mostly Moslems, speaking an Iranian dialect. Chief occupations are farming and cattle breeding. Cotton, grain, rice, and a variety of fruits are grown. Heavy industry, based on rich mineral deposits, coal and hydroelectric power, has replaced handicrafts. Tadzhikistan declared sovereignty in 1990. Capital: Dushanbe. Kazakhstan extends from the lower reaches of the Volga in Europe to the Altai Mtns. on the Chinese border. It has vast deposits of coal, oil, iron, tin, copper, lead, zinc, etc. Fish for its canning industry are caught in Lake Balkhash and the Caspian and Aral seas. The capital is Alma-Ata. About 50% of the population is Russian or Ukrainian, working in the virgin-grain lands opened up after 1954, and in the growing industries. Capital: Alma-Ata. Kirghizia is the eastern part of Soviet Central Asia, on the frontier of Xinjiang, China. The people breed cattle and horses and grow tobacco, cotton, rice, sugar beets. Industries include machine and instrument making, chemicals. Capital: Frunze. Moldavia, in the SW part of the USSR, is a fertile black earth plain bordering Romania and includes Bessarabia. It is an agricultural region that grows grains, fruits, vegetables, and tobacco. Textiles, wine, food and electrical equipment industries have been developed. Capital: Kishinev. The region was taken from Romania in 1940; the people speak Romanian. Lithuania, on the Baltic, was an independent nation, 1918-40, when it was annexed by the USSR along with Latvia and Estonia. Produces cattle, hogs, electric motors, and appliances. The capital is Vilnius (Vilna). The supreme Soviet agreed to allow Lithuania to develop a market-oriented economy. Lithuania formally declared its independence from the Soviet Union Mar. 11, 1990. Soviet forces began large-scale maneuvers Mar. 18; border controls were tightened Mar. 21. Pres. Gorbachev warned Lithuania to annul its declaration of independence or face "grave consequences." The Soviets cut off oil and gas supplies Apr. 19. Lithuania agreed to suspend Independence May 17, and the oil and gas supplies were renewed. Latvia, on the Baltic, is the main producer electric railway passenger cars and long distance telephone exchanges in the USSR. From 1917, Latvia was occupied by the Soviets, and Germans. The Aug. 1939 Soviet-German agreement assigned it to the Soviet sphere of influence. It was officially accepted as part of the USSR on Aug. 5, 1940. It attempted to establish independence, 1990. Capital: Riga. Estonia, also on the Baltic, has textiles, shipbuilding, timber, roadmaking and mining equipment industries and a shale oil refining industry. Capital: Tallinn. The 3 Baltic states were provinces of imperial Russia before World War I, were independent nations between World Wars I and II, but were conquered by the USSR in 1940. The supreme soviety agreed to allow Estonia to develop a market-oriented economy. Estonia declared itself an "occupied territory," and proclaimed itself a free nation Mar. 1990. Economy. Almost all legal economic enterprises are state-owned. A huge illegal black market plays an important role in distribution. The USSR is rich in natural resources; distant Siberian reserves are being exploited. Its heavy industry is 2d only to the U.S. It leads the world in oil and steel production. Consumer industries have lagged comparatively. Agricultural output has expanded, but in poor crop years the USSR has been forced to make huge grain purchases from the West. Shortages and rationing of basic food products periodically occur. Industrial growth has dropped, due to short falls in oil, coal, and steel industries. History. Slavic tribes began migrating into Russia from the W in the 5th century AD. The first Russian state, founded by Scandinavian chieftains, was established in the 9th century, centering in Novgorod and Kiev. In the 13th century the Mongols overran the country. It recovered under the grand dukes and princes of Muscovy, or Moscow, and by 1480 freed itself from the Mongols. Ivan the Terrible was the first to be formally proclaimed Tsar (1547). Peter the Great (1682-1725), extended the domain and in 1721, founded the Russian Empire. Western ideas and the beginnings of modernization spread through the huge Russian empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries. But political evolution failed to keep pace. Military reverses in the 1905 war with Japan and in World War I led to the breakdown of the Tsarist regime. The 1917 Revolution began in March with a series of sporadic strikes for higher wages by factory workers. A provisional democratic government under Prince Georgi Lvov was established but was quickly followed in May by the second provisional government, led by Alexander Kerensky. The Kerensky government and the freely-elected Constituent Assembly were overthrown in a communist coup led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Nov. 7. Lenin's death Jan. 21, 1924, resulted in an internal power struggle from which Joseph Stalin eventually emerged the absolute ruler of Russia. Stalin secured his position at first by exiling opponents, but from the 1930s to 1953, he resorted to a series of "purge" trials, mass executions, and mass exiles to work camps. These measures resulted in millions of deaths, according to most estimates. Germany and the USSR signed a non-aggression pact Aug. 1939; Germany launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union, June 1941. Notable heroic episode was the "900 days" siege of Leningrad, lasting to Jan. 1944, and causing a million deaths; the city was never taken. Russian winter counterthrusts, 1941 to '42 and 1942 to '43, stopped the German advance. Turning point was the failure of German troops to take and hold Stalingrad, Sept. 1942 to Feb. 1943. With British and U.S. Lend-Lease aid and sustaining great casualties, the Russians drove the German forces from eastern Europe and the Balkans in the next 2 years. After Stalin died, Mar. 5, 1953, Nikita Khrushchev was elected first secretary of the Central Committee. In 1956 he condemned Stalin. "De-Stalinization" of the country on all levels was effected after Stalin's body was removed from the Lenin-Stalin tomb in Moscow. Under Khrushchev the open antagonism of Poles and Hungarians toward domination by Moscow was brutally suppressed in 1956. He advocated peaceful co-existence with the capitalist countries, but continued arming the USSR with nuclear weapons. He aided the Cuban revolution under Fidel Castro but withdrew Soviet missiles from Cuba during confrontation by U.S. Pres. Kennedy, Sept.-Oct. 1962. Khrushchev was suddenly deposed, Oct. 1964, and replaced as party first secretary by Leonid I. Brezhnev. In Aug. 1968 Russian, Polish, East German, Hungarian, and Bulgarian military forces invaded Czechoslovakia to put a curb on liberalization policies of the Czech government. The USSR in 1971 continued heavy arms shipments to Egypt. In July 1972 Egypt ordered most of the 20,000 Soviet military personnel in that country to leave. When Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in Oct. 1973, the USSR launched huge arms airlifts to the 2 Arab nations. In 1974, the Soviet replenished the arms used or lost by the Syrians in the 1973 war, and continued some shipments to Egypt. Massive Soviet military aid to North Vietnam in the late 1960s and early 1970s helped assure communist victories throughout Indo-China. Soviet arms aid and advisers were sent to several African countries in the 1970s, including Algeria, Angola, Somalia, and Ethiopia. More than 130,000 Jews and over 40,000 ethnic Germans were allowed to emigrate from the USSR in the 1970s, following pressure from the West. Many leading figures in the arts also left the country. In 1979, Soviet forces entered Afghanistan to support that government against rebels. In 1988, the Soviets announced withdrawal of their troops, which will end a futile 8-year war. There were serious food shortages reported in the early 1980s and a new agricultural program, covering 1982-90, was announced amid Soviet fears of becoming dependent on foreign, especially U.S., grain imports. Mikhail Gorbachev was chosen Gen. Secy. of the Communist Party, Mar. 1985. He was the youngest member of the Politburo and signaled a change in Soviet leadership from those whose attitudes were shaped by Stalinism and World War II. He held 4 summit meetings with U.S. Pres. Reagan. In 1987, in Washington, an INF treaty was signed. The Soviets received worldwide criticism for their secrecy regarding the Apr. 25, 1986 accident at the Chernobyl nuclear plant. In 1987, Gorbachev initiated a program of reforms, including expanded freedoms and the democratization of the political process, through openness (glasnost) and restructuring (perestroika). The reforms were opposed by some Eastern bloc countries and many old-line communists in the USSR. In 1989, the first Soviet Parliament was held since 1918. Gorbachev faced ethnic and nationalist unrest in the republics in 1989 and 1990. Government. The communist party leadership dominated all areas of National life since 1917. In Mar. 1990, the National Parliament repealed the party's political monopoly, revamped and strengthened the presidency, and elected Gorbachev to a 5-year term as a new-style executive president. United Arab Emirates Ittihad al-Imarat al-Arabiyah People: Population (1990 est.): 2,250,000. Pop. density: 45 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: Arab, Iranian, Pakistani, Indian.Languages: Arabic (official), Farsi, English, Hindi, Urdu. Religions: Moslem 94%, Christian, Hindu. Geography: Area: 32,000 sq. mi., the size of Maine. Location: On the S shore of the Persian Gulf.Neighbors: Qatar on N, Saudi Ar. on W, S, Oman on E.Topography: A barren, flat coastal plain gives way to uninhabited sand dunes on the S. Hajar Mtns. are on E.Capital: Abu Dhabi. Cities (1984 est.): Abu Dhabi 537,000; Dubai 278,000. Government: Type: Federation of emirates. Head of state: Pres. Zaid ibn Sultan an-Nahayan b. 1923; in office: Dec. 2, 1971. Head of government: Prime Min. Rashid ibn Said al-Maktum; in office: June 25, 1979. Local divisions: 7 autonomous emirates: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujaira, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah, Umm al-Qaiwain. Defense: 5.7% of GNP (1985). Economy: Chief crops: Vegetables, dates, limes. Minerals: Oil. Crude oil reserves (1987): 33 bln. bbls. Arable land: 1%. Electricity prod. (1988): 14.5 bln. kwh. Labor force: 5% agric.; 85% ind. and commerce; 5% serv.; 5% gvt. Finance: Currency: Dirham (Apr. 1990: 3.67 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $22 bln. Per capita GNP (1987) $11,900. Imports(1988): $8.5 bln.; partners: Jap. 18%, UK 11%, W. Ger. 6%. Exports (1987): $15.0 bln.; partners: Jap. 36%, U.S. 7%, Fr. 10%. International reserves less gold (Feb. 1990): $4.7 bln. Gold: 817,000 oz t. Transport: Motor Vehicles (1985): 62,000 passenger cars; 17,000 commercial vehicles. Chief ports: Dubai, Abu Dhabi. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 12 persons. Radios: 1 per 4.7 persons. Telephones: 1 per 4.3 persons. Health: Life Expectancy at Birth (1989): 68 male, 72 female. Hospital beds: 1 per 267 persons. Physicians:1 per 659 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 29%. Education (1989): Literacy: 68%. Years Compulsory: ages 6-12. Major International Organizations: UN (World Bank, IMF, ILO), Arab League, OPEC. Embassy: 600 New Hampshire Ave. NW 20037; 338-6500. The 7 "Trucial Sheikdoms" gave Britain control of defense and foreign relations in the 19th century. They merged to become an independent state Dec. 2, 1971. The Abu Dhabi Petroleum Co. was fully nationalized in 1975. Oil revenues have given the UAE one of the highest per capita GNPs in the world. International banking has grown in recent years. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland People: Population (1990 est.): 57,121,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 18.9; 15-59: 60.5; 60+: 19.6. Pop. density: 601 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 92.5%. Ethnic groups: English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, Ulster 1.8%; West Indian, Indian, Pakistani over 2%; others. Languages: English, Welsh spoken in western Wales; Gaelic. Religions: Church of England, Roman Catholic. Geography: Area: 94,226 sq. mi., slightly smaller than Oregon. Location: Off the NW coast of Europe, across English Channel, Strait of Dover, and North Sea. Neighbors: Ireland to W, France to SE. Topography: England is mostly rolling land, rising to Uplands of southern Scotland; Lowlands are in center of Scotland, granite Highlands are in N. Coast is heavily indented, especially on W. British Isles have milder climate than N Europe, due to the Gulf Stream, and ample rainfall. Severn, 220 mi., and Thames, 215 mi., are longest rivers. Capital: London. Cities(1987 est.): London 6,700,000; Birmingham 1,008,000; Glasgow 715,000; Leeds 710,000; Sheffield 532,000; Liverpool 476,000; Manchester 451,000; Edinburgh 440,000; Bradford 463,000; Bristol 384,000. Government: Type: Constitutional monarchy. Head of state: Queen Elizabeth II; b. Apr. 21, 1926; in office: Feb. 6, 1952. Head of government:Prime Min. Margaret Thatcher; b. Oct. 13, 1925; in office: May 4, 1979. Local divisions: England and Wales: 47 non-metro counties, 6 metro counties, Greater London; Scotland: 9 regions, 3 island areas; N. Ireland: 26 districts. Defense: 4.7% of GDP (1987). Economy: Industries: Steel, metals, vehicles, shipbuilding, banking, textiles, chemicals, electronics, aircraft, machinery, distilling. Chief crops: Grains, sugar beets, fruits, vegetables. Minerals: Coal, tin, oil, gas, limestone, iron, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica. Crude oil reserves (1987): 5.8 bln. bbls. Arable land: 30%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 12.6 mln.; pigs: 7.9 mln.; sheep: 38.7 mln. Fish catch (1987): 716,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 344 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 19.0 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 1.7% agric.; 24% manuf. & eng., 52% services. Finance: Currency: Pound (June 1990: .56 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $758 bln. Per capita GNP (1988): $13,329. Imports (1989): $197 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 17%, U.S. 12%, Fr. 7%, Neth. 8%. Exports (1989): $152 bln.; partners: U.S. 13%, W. Ger. 10%, Fr. 8%, Neth. 8%. Tourists (1987): receipts: $10.2 bln.; National budget (1988): $320 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $34 bln. Gold: 19.0 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 7.8%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 32.1 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1988): 18.4 mln. passenger cars, 2.7 mln. comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1987): 59.1 bln. passenger-km: 47 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: London, Liverpool, Glasgow, Southampton, Cardiff, Belfast. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 3 persons. Radios: 1 per 1 person. Telephones: 1 per 1.9 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1989): 443 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth: (1989): 72 male; 78 female. Births: (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 13.2. Deaths: (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 12 Natural increase: 0.2%. Hospital beds: 1 per 138 persons. Physicians: 1 per 611 persons. Infant mortality: (per 1,000 live births 1989): 13.3. Education (1989): Literacy: 99%. Years compulsory: 12. Attendance: 99%. Major International Organizations: UN all of and its specialized agencies, NATO, EC, OECD. Embassy: 3100 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 462-1340. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland comprises England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Queen and Royal Family. The ruling sovereign is Elizabeth II of the House of Windsor, born Apr. 21, 1926, elder daughter of King George VI. She succeeded to the throne Feb. 6, 1952, and was crowned June 2, 1953. She was married Nov. 20, 1947, to Lt. Philip Mountbatten, born June 10, 1921, former Prince of Greece. He was created Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth, and Baron Greenwich, and given the style H.R.H., Nov. 19, 1947; he was given the title Prince of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland Feb. 22, 1957. Prince Charles Philip Arthur George, born Nov. 14, 1948, is the Prince of Wales and heir apparent. His son, William Philip Arthur Louis, born June 21, 1982, is second in line to the throne. Parliament is the legislative governing body for the United Kingdom, with certain powers over dependent units. It consists of 2 houses: The House of Lords includes 763 hereditary and 314 life peers and peeresses, certain judges, 2 archbishops and 24 bishops of the Church of England. Total membership is over 1,000. The House of Commons has 650 members, who are elected by direct ballot and divided as follows: England 516; Wales 36; Scotland 71; Northern Ireland 12. Resources and Industries. Great Britain's major occupations are manufacturing and trade. Metals and metal-using industries contribute more than 50% of the exports. Of about 60 million acres of land in England, Wales and Scotland, 46 million are farmed, of which 17 million are arable, the rest pastures. Large oil and gas fields have been found in the North Sea. Commercial oil production began in 1975. There are large deposits of coal. The railroads, nationalized since 1948, have been reduced in total length, with a basic network, Dec. 1978, of 11,123 mi. The merchant marine totaled 126,000 gross registered tons in 1982. A year-long coal strike costing some $3 bln. ended March 1985. The issue of the closing of uneconomic mines was unresolved. Britain imports all of its cotton, rubber, sulphur, 80% of its wool, half of its food and iron ore, also certain amounts of paper, tobacco, chemicals. Manufactured goods made from these basic materials have been exported since the industrial age began. Main exports are machinery, chemicals, woolen and synthetic textiles, clothing, autos and trucks, iron and steel, locomotives, ships, jet aircraft, farm machinery, drugs, radio, TV, radar and navigation equipment, scientific instruments, arms, whisky. Religion and Education. The Church of England is Protestant Episcopal. The queen is its temporal head, with rights of appointments to archbishoprics, bishoprics, and other offices. There are 2 provinces, Canterbury and York, each headed by an archbishop. The most famous church is Westminster Abbey (1050-1760), site of coronations, tombs of Elizabeth I, Mary of Scots, kings, poets, and of the Unknown Warrior. The most celebrated British universities are Oxford and Cambridge, each dating to the 13th century. There are about 40 other universities. History. Britain was part of the continent of Europe until about 6,000 BC, but migration of peoples across the English Channel continued long afterward. Celts arrived 2,500 to 3,000 years ago. Their language survives in Welsh, and Gaelic enclaves. England was added to the Roman Empire in 43 AD. After the withdrawal of Roman legions in 410, waves of Jutes, Angles, and Saxons arrived from German lands. They contended with Danish raiders for control from the 8th through 11th centuries. The last successful invasion was by French speaking Normans in 1066, who united the country with their dominions in France. Opposition by nobles to royal authority forced King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215, a guarantee of rights and the rule of law. In the ensuing decades, the foundations of the parliamentary system were laid. English dynastic claims to large parts of France led to the Hundred Years War, 1338-1453, and the defeat of England. A long civil war, the War of the Roses, lasted 1455-85, and ended with the establishment of the powerful Tudor monarchy. A distinct English civilization flourished. The economy prospered over long periods of domestic peace unmatched in continental Europe. Religious independence was secured when the Church of England was separated from the authority of the Pope in 1534. Under Queen Elizabeth I, England became a major naval power, leading to the founding of colonies in the new world and the expansion of trade with Europe and the Orient. Scotland was united with England when James VI of Scotland was crowned James I of England in 1603. A struggle between Parliament and the Stuart kings led to a bloody civil war, 1642-49, and the establishment of a republic under the Puritan Oliver Cromwell. The monarchy was restored in 1660, but the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 confirmed the sovereignty of Parliament: a Bill of Rights was granted 1689. In the 18th century, parliamentary rule was strengthened. Technological and entrepreneurial innovations led to the Industrial Revolution. The 13 North American colonies were lost, but replaced by growing empires in Canada and India. Britain's role in the defeat of Napoleon, 1815, strengthened its position as the leading world power. The extension of the franchise in 1832 and 1867, the formation of trade unions, and the development of universal public education were among the drastic social changes which accompanied the spread of industrialization and urbanization in the 19th century. Large parts of Africa and Asia were added to the empire during the reign of Queen Victoria, 1837-1901. Though victorious in World War I, Britain suffered huge casualties and economic dislocation. Ireland became independent in 1921, and independence movements became active in India and other colonies. The country suffered major bombing damage in World War II, but held out against Germany singlehandedly for a year after the fall of France in 1940. Industrial growth continued in the postwar period, but Britain lost its leadership position to other powers. Labor governments passed socialist programs nationalizing some basic industries and expanding social security. The Thatcher government has however, tried to increase the role of private enterprise. In 1987, Margaret Thatcher became the first British leader in 160 years to be elected to a 3d consecutive term as prime minister. Britain broke diplomatic relations with Libya, Apr. 22, 1984, 5 days after a policewoman was killed and 10 Libyan exile demonstrators wounded by machine-gun fire from within the Libyan embassy in London. The embassy occupants, including the killer, left Britain, Apr. 27. Wales The Principality of Wales in western Britain has an area of 8,019 sq. mi. and a population (1987 est.) of 2,836,000. Cardiff is the capital, pop. (1981 est.) 273,856. England and Wales are administered as a unit. Less than 20% of the population of Wales speak both English and Welsh; about 32,000 speak Welsh solely. A 1979 referendum rejected, 4-1, the creation of an elected Welsh Assembly. Early Anglo-Saxon invaders drove Celtic peoples into the mountains of Wales, terming them Waelise (Welsh, or foreign). There they developed a distinct nationality. Members of the ruling house of Gwynedd in the 13th century fought England but were crushed, 1283. Edward of Caernarvon, son of Edward I of England, was created Prince of Wales, 1301. Scotland Scotland, a kingdom now united with England and Wales in Great Britain, occupies the northern 37% of the main British island, and the Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland and smaller islands. Length, 275 mi., breadth approx. 150 mi., area, 30,405 sq. mi., population (1987 est.) 5,121,000. The Lowlands, a belt of land approximately 60 mi. wide from the Firth of Clyde to the Firth of Forth, divide the farming region of the Southern Uplands from the granite Highlands of the North, contain 75% of the population and most of the industry. The Highlands, famous for hunting and fishing, have been opened to industry by many hydroelectric power stations. Edinburgh, pop. (1986 est.) 439,000, is the capital. Glasgow, pop. (1986 est.) 733,000, is Britain's greatest industrial center. It is a shipbuilding complex on the Clyde and an ocean port. Aberdeen, pop. (1986 est.) 215,000, NE of Edinburgh, is a major port, center of granite industry, fish processing, and North Sea oil exploitation. Dundee, pop. (1986 est.) 177,000, NE of Edinburgh, is an industrial and fish processing center. About 90,000 persons speak Gaelic as well as English. History. Scotland was called Caledonia by the Romans who battled early Celtic tribes and occupied southern areas from the 1st to the 4th centuries. Missionaries from Britain introduced Christianity in the 4th century; St. Columba, an Irish monk, converted most of Scotland in the 6th century. The Kingdom of Scotland was founded in 1018. William Wallace and Robert Bruce both defeated English armies 1297 and 1314, respectively. In 1603 James VI of Scotland, son of Mary, Queen of Scots, succeeded to the throne of England as James I, and effected the Union of the Crowns. In 1707 Scotland received representation in the British Parliament, resulting from the union of former separate Parliaments. Its executive in the British cabinet is the Secretary of State for Scotland. The growing Scottish National Party urges independence. A 1979 referendum on the creation of an elected Scotland Assembly was defeated. There are 8 universities. Memorials of Robert Burns, Sir Walter Scott, John Knox, Mary, Queen of Scots draw many tourists, as do the beauties of the Trossachs, Loch Katrine, Loch Lomond and abbey ruins. Industries. Engineering products are the most important industry, with growing emphasis on office machinery, autos, electronics and other consumer goods.Oil has been discovered offshore in the North Sea, stimulating on-shore support industries. Scotland produces fine woolens, worsteds, tweeds, silks, fine linens and jute. It is known for its special breeds of cattle and sheep. Fisheries have large hauls of herring, cod, whiting. Whisky is the biggest export. The Hebrides are a group of c. 500 islands, 100 inhabited, off the W coast. The Inner Hebrides include Skye, Mull, and Iona, the last famous for the arrival of St. Columba, 563 AD. The Outer Hebrides include Lewis and Harris. Industries include sheep raising and weaving. The Orkney Islands, c. 90, are to the NE. The capital is Kirkwall, on Pomona Is. Fish curing, sheep raising and weaving are occupations. NE of the Orkneys are the 200 Shetland Islands, 24 inhabited, home of Shetland pony. The Orkneys and Shetlands have become centers for the North Sea oil industry. Northern Ireland Six of the 9 counties of Ulster, the NE corner of Ireland, constitute Northern Ireland, with the parliamentary boroughs of Belfast and Londonderry. Area 5,463 sq. mi., 1987 est. pop. 1,575,000, capital and chief industrial center, Belfast, (1987 cen.) 303,000. Industries. Shipbuilding, including large tankers, has long been an important industry, centered in Belfast, the largest port. Linen manufacture is also important, along with apparel, rope, and twine. Growing diversification has added engineering products, synthetic fibers, and electronics. They are large numbers of cattle, hogs, and sheep, potatoes, poultry, and dairy foods are also produced. Government. An act of the British Parliament, 1920, divided Northern from Southern Ireland, each with a parliament and government. When Ireland became a dominion, 1921, and later a republic, Northern Ireland chose to remain a part of the United Kingdom. It elects 12 members to the British House of Commons. During 1968-69, large demonstrations were conducted by Roman Catholics who charged they were discriminated against in voting rights, housing, and employment. The Catholics, a minority comprising about a third of the population, demanded abolition of property qualifications for voting in local elections. Violence and terrorism intensified, involving branches of the Irish Republican Army (outlawed in the Irish Republic), Protestant groups, police, and British troops. A succession of Northern Ireland prime ministers pressed reform programs but failed to satisfy extremists on both sides. Over 2,000 were killed in over 15 years of bombings and shootings through 1988, many in England itself. Britain suspended the Northern Ireland parliament Mar. 30, 1972, and imposed direct British rule. A coalition government was formed in 1973 when moderates won election to a new one-house Assembly. But a Protestant general strike overthrew the government in 1974 and direct rule was resumed. The turmoil and agony of Northern Ireland was dramatized in 1981 by the deaths of 10 imprisoned Irish nationalist hunger strikers in Maze Prison near Belfast. The inmates had starved themselves to death in an attempt to achieve status as political prisoners, but the British government refused to yield to their demands. In 1985, the Hillsborough agreement gave the Rep. of Ireland a voice in the governing of Northern Ireland; the accord was strongly opposed by Ulster loyalists. Education and Religion. Northern Ireland is 2/3 Protestant, 1/3 Roman Catholic. Education is compulsory through age 15. Channel Islands The Channel Islands, area 75 sq. mi., est. pop. 1986 145,000, off the NW coast of France, the only parts of the one-time Dukedom of Normandy belonging to England, are Jersey, Guernsey and the dependencies of Guernsey -- Alderney, Brechou, Great Sark, Little Sark, Herm, Jethou and Lihou. Jersey and Guernsey have separate legal existences and lieutenant governors named by the Crown. The islands were the only British soil occupied by German troops in World War II. Isle of Man The Isle of Man, area 227 sq. mi., 1986 est. pop. 64,000, is in the Irish Sea, 20 mi. from Scotland, 30 mi. from Cumberland. It is rich in lead and iron. The island has its own laws and a lieutenant governor appointed by the Crown. The Tynwald (legislature) consists of the Legislative Council, partly elected, and House of Keys, elected. Capital: Douglas. Farming, tourism (328,000 visitors in 1988), fishing (kippers, scallops) are chief occupations. Man is famous for the Manx tailless cat. Gibraltar Gibraltar, a dependency on the southern coast of Spain, guards the entrance to the Mediterranean. The Rock has been in British possession since 1704. The Rock is 2.75 mi. long, 3/4 of a mi. wide and 1,396 ft. in height; a narrow isthmus connects it with the mainland. Est. pop. 1987, 29,048. In 1966 Spain called on Britain to give "substantial sovereignty" of Gibraltar to Spain and imposed a partial blockade. In 1967, residents voted for remaining under Britain. A new constitution, May 30, 1996, gave an elected House of Assembly more control in domestic affairs. A UN General Assembly resolution requested Britain to end Gibraltar's colonial status by Oct. 1, 1996. No settlement has been reached. British West Indies Swinging in a vast arc from the coast of Venezuela NE, then N and NW toward Puerto Rico are the Leeward Islands, forming a coral and volcanic barrier sheltering the Caribbean from the open Atlantic. Many of the islands are self-governing British possessions. Universal suffrage was instituted 1951-54; ministerial systems were set up 1956-1960. The Leeward Islands, still associated with the UK are Montserrat (1980 pop. 11,600, area 32 sq. mi., capital Plymouth), the small British Virgin Islands (pop. 1987: 12,000), and Anguilla (pop. 1985: 7,000), the most northerly of the Leeward Islands. The three Cayman Islands, a dependency, lie S of Cuba, NW of Jamaica. Pop. 23,000 (1987), most of it on Grand Cayman. It is a free port; in the 1970s Grand Cayman became a tax-free refuge for foreign funds and branches of many Western banks were opened there. Total area 102 sq. mi., capital Georgetown. The Turks and Caicos Islands, at the SE end of the Bahama Islands, are a separate possession. There are about 30 islands, only 6 inhabited, 1987 pop. est. 9,000, area 193 sq. mi., capital Grand Turk. Salt, crayfish and conch shells are the main exports. Bermuda Bermuda is a British dependency governed by a royal governor and an assembly, dating from 1620, the oldest legislative body among British dependencies. Capital is Hamilton. It is a group of 360 small islands of coral formation, 20 inhabited, comprising 20.6 sq. mi. in the western Atlantic, 580 mi. E of North Carolina. Pop., 1989 est., was 58,800 (about 61% of African descent). Density is high. The U.S. has air and naval bases under long-term lease, and a NASA tracking facility. Bermuda boasts many resort hotels. Receipts from tourists totalled $436 mln. in 1988. The government raises most revenue from import duties. Exports: petroleum products, medicine. South Atlantic Falkland Islands and Dependencies, a British dependency, lies 300 mi. E of the Strait of Magellan at the southern end of South America. The Falklands or Islas Malvinas include about 200 islands, area 4,700 sq. mi., pop. (1980 est.) 1,800. Sheep-grazing is the main industry; wool is the principal export. There are indications of large oil and gas deposits. The islands are also claimed by Argentina though 97% of inhabitants are of British origin. Argentina invaded the islands Apr. 2, 1982. The British responded by sending a task force to the area, landing their main force on the Falklands, May 21, and forcing an Argentine surrender at Port Stanley, June 14. South Georgia, area 1,450 sq. mi., and the uninhabited South Sandwich Is. are dependencies of the Falklands. British Antarctic Territory, south of 60 deg S lat., was made a separate colony in 1962 and comprises mainly the South Shetland Islands, the South Orkneys and Graham's Land. A chain of meteorological stations is maintained. St. Helena, an island 1,200 mi. off the W coast of Africa and 1,800 E of South America, has 47 sq. mi. and est. pop., 1981 of 5,300. Flax, lace and rope making are the chief industries. After Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated at Waterloo the Allies exiled him to St. Helena, where he lived from Oct. 16, 1815, to his death, May 5, 1821. Capital is Jamestown. Tristan da Cunha is the principal of a group of islands of volcanic origin, total area 40 sq. mi., half way between the Cape of Good Hope and South America. A volcanic peak 6,760 ft. high erupted in 1961. The 262 inhabitants were removed to England, but most returned in 1963. The islands are dependencies of St. Helena. Ascension is an island of volcanic origin, 34 sq. mi. in area, 700 mi. NW of St. Helena, through which it is administered. It is a communications relay center for Britain, and has a U.S. satellite tracking center. Est. pop., 1976, was 1,179, half of them communications workers. The island is noted for sea turtles. Hong Kong A Crown Colony at the mouth of the Canton R. in China, 90 mi. S of Canton. Its nucleus is Hong Kong Is., 351/2 sq. mi., acquired from China 1841, on which is located Victoria, the capital. Opposite is Kowloon Peninsula, 3 sq. mi. and Stonecutters Is., 1/4 sq. mi., added, 1860. An additional 355 sq. mi. known as the New Territories, a mainland area and islands, were leased from China, 1898, for 99 years. Britain and China, Dec. 19, 1985, signed an agreement under which Hong Kong would be allowed to keep its capitalist system for 50 years after 1997, the year that the 99-year lease will expire. Total area of the colony is 409 sq. mi., with a population, 1989 est., of 5.7 million including fewer than 20,000 British. From 1949 to 1962 Hong Kong absorbed more than a million refugees from China. Hong Kong harbor was long an important British naval station and one of the world's great trans-shipment ports. Principal industries are textiles and apparel; also tourism, $4.2 bln. expenditures (1988), shipbuilding, iron and steel, fishing, cement, and small manufactures. Spinning mills, among the best in the world, and low wages compete with textiles elsewhere and have resulted in the protective measures in some countries. Hong Kong also has a booming electronics industry. British Indian Ocean Territory Formed Nov. 1965, embracing islands formerly dependencies of Mauritius or Seychelles: the Chagos Archipelago (including Diego Garcia), Aldabra, Farquhar and Des Roches. The latter 3 were transferred to Seychelles, which became independent in 1976. Area 22 sq mi. No civilian population remains. Pacific Ocean Pitcairn Island is in the Pacific, halfway between South America and Australia. The island was discovered in 1767 by Carteret but was not inhabited until 23 years later when the mutineers of the Bounty landed there. The area is 18 sq. mi. and pop. 1983, was 61. It is a British colony and is administered by a British Representative in New Zealand and a local Council. The uninhabited islands of Henderson, Ducieand Oeno are in the Pitcairn group. United States of America People: Population (1990 est.): 250,372,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 21.5; 15-59: 61.8; 60+: 16.7. Pop. density: 68 per sq. mi. Urban (1987): 76%. Geography: 3,618,770 sq. mi. (incl. 50 states and D. of C.) about four-tenths the size of USSR; world's 4th largest country. Vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east. Government: Federal republic, strong democratic tradition. Head of state: George Bush; b. June 12, 1924; in office: Jan. 20, 1989. Administrative divisions: 50 states and Dist. of Columbia. Defense: 5.7% of GNP (1988). Economy: Minerals: Coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc. Crude oil reserves (1987): 27 bln. bbls. Arable land: 21%. Livestock (1988): cattle: 98 mln.; pigs: 56 mln.; sheep: 10.7 mln. Fish catch (1987): 3.1 mln. metric tons. Electricity prod.(1988): 2,900 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 90.7 mln. metric tons. Finance: Gross national product (1988): 4.8 trl. Per capita income (1988): $16,444. Imports (1989): $492 bln.; partners: Can. 17%, Jap. 20%, Mex. 6%. Exports (1989): $363 bln.; partners: Can. 22%, Jap. 10%, Mex. 6%, UK 5%. Tourists (1987): receipts $14.7 bln. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $65.2 bln. Gold: 261.0 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 4.8%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 19.2 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 139 mln. passenger cars, 40 mln. comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 629 bln. passenger-km; 834 airports with scheduled flights. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 1.3 persons.Radios: 1 per 0.5 persons. Telephones: 1 per 1.9 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1989): 255 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 72 male; 79 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 15. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 9. Natural increase: .6%. Hospital beds: 1 per 188 persons. Physicians:1 per 410 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 10.0. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO, FAO), OAS, NATO, OECD. Education (1987): Literacy: 99%. Uruguay Oriental Republic of Uruguay Republica Oriental del Uruguay People: Population (1990 est.): 3,002,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 26.9; 15-59: 57.7; 60+: 15.4. Pop. density: 43 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 86.0%. Ethnic groups: Caucasians (Iberians, Italians) 89%, mestizos 10%, mulatto and black. Languages:Spanish. Religions: 66% Roman Catholic. Geography: Area: 68,037 sq. mi., the size of Washington State. Location: In southern S. America, on the Atlantic O. Neighbors: Argentina on W, Brazil on N. Topography: Uruguay is composed of rolling, grassy plains and hills, well-watered by rivers flowing W to Uruguay R. Capital: Montevideo. Cities (1986 est.): Montevideo 1,246,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Luis Alberto Lacalle; in office: Nov. 26, 1989. Local divisions: 19 departments. Defense: 2.5% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Meat-packing, metals, textiles, wine, cement, oil products. Chief crops: Corn, wheat, citrus fruits, rice, oats, linseed. Arable land: 8%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 9.9 mln.; sheep: 20.6 mln. Fish catch (1987): 134,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 4.2 bln. kwh. Labor force 11% agric.; 19% manuf.; 21% serv.; 25% govt. Finance: Currency: New Peso (May 1990: 969 =$1 US). Gross national product (1988): $7.5 bln. Per capita income (1986): $1,701. Imports(1988): $1.1 bln.; partners: EC 23%, Braz. 24%, Arg. 14%, U.S. 8%. Exports (1988): $1.4 bln.; partners: Braz. 17%, U.S. 14%, Arg. 14%, EC 30%. Tourists (1986): $259 mln. receipts. National budget(1987): $1.3 bln. expeditures. International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $464 mln. Gold: 2.60 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 80.8%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 140 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1981): 281,000 passenger cars, 43,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1985): 240 mln. passenger-km; 7 airports.Chief ports: Montevideo. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 5.9 persons. Radios: 1 per 1.7 persons. Telephones: 1 per 6.8 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1985): 185 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 68 male; 75 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 17. Deaths(per 1,000 pop. 1989): 10. Natural increase: .7%. Hospital beds: 1 per 127 persons. Physicians: 1 per 447 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 34. Education (1984): Literacy: 96%. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO), OAS. Embassy: 1919 F St. NW 20006; 331-1313. Spanish settlers did not begin replacing the indigenous Charrua Indians until 1624. Portuguese from Brazil arrived later, but Uruguay was attached to the Spanish Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata in the 18th century. Rebels fought against Spain beginning in 1810. An independent republic was declared Aug. 25, 1825. Liberal governments adopted socialist measures as far back as 1911. The state owns the power, telephone, railroad, cement, oil-refining and other industries. Uruguay's standard of living was one of the highest in South America, and political and labor conditions among the freest. Economic stagnation, inflation, plus floods and drought in 1967 and a general strike in 1968 brought government attempts to strengthen the economy through devaluation of the peso and wage and price controls. But inflation continued in the 80's and the country asked international creditors to restructure $2.7 bln. in debt in 1983. Tupamaros, leftist guerrillas drawn from the upper classes, increased terrorist actions in 1970. Violence continued and in Feb. 1973 Pres. Juan Maria Bordaberry agreed to military control of his administration. In June he abolished Congress and set up a Council of State in its place. By 1974 the military had apparently defeated the Tupamaros, using severe repressive measures. Bordaberry was removed by the military in a 1976 coup. Civilian government was restored to the country in 1985. Vanuatu Republic of Vanuatu Ripablik Blong Vanuatu People: Population (1989 est.): 150,000. Population density: 26 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups:Mainly Melanesian, some European, Polynesian, Micronesian. Languages: Bislama (national), French and English both official. Religions: Presbyterian 40%, Anglican 14%, Roman Catholic 16%, animist 15%. Geography: Area: 5,700 sq. mi. Location: SW Pacific, 1,200 mi NE of Brisbane, Australia. Topography: dense forest with narrow coastal strips of cultivated land. Capital: Vila. Cities: Vila (1987): 15,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Fred Timakata; in office: Jan. 12, 1989. Head of gov't: Prime Min. Rev. Walter Lini; in office: July 30, 1980. Economy: Industries: Fish-freezing, meat canneries, tourism. Chief crops: Copra (38% of export), cocoa, coffee. Minerals: Manganese. Other resources: Forests, cattle. Fish catch (1987): 2.9 metric tons. Finance: Currency: Australian dollar and Vanuatu franc (Mar. 1990: 120 vatu = $1 US). Imports (1987): $68 mln.; partners: Aus. 36%, Fr. 8%, Japan 13%. Exports (1987): $17 mln.; partners: Neth. 48%, Jap. 17%, Fr. 12%, Belg.-Lux. 14%. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 67 male, 71 female. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 37. Education: Education not compulsory, but 85-90% of children of primary school age attend primary schools. The Anglo-French condominium of the New Hebrides, administered jointly by France and Great Britain since 1906, became the independent Republic of Vanuatu on July 30, 1980. Vatican City The Holy See People: Population (1989 est.): 750. Ethnic groups: Italians, Swiss. Languages: Italian, Latin. Geography: Area: 108.7 acres. Location: In Rome, Italy. Neighbors: Completely surrounded by Italy. Currency: Lira. Apostolic Nunciature in U.S.: 3339 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 333-7121. The popes for many centuries, with brief interruptions, held temporal sovereignty over mid-Italy (the so-called Papal States), comprising an area of some 16,000 sq. mi., with a population in the 19th century of more than 3 million. This territory was incorporated in the new Kingdom of Italy, the sovereignty of the pope being confined to the palaces of the Vatican and the Lateran in Rome and the villa of Castel Gandolfo, by an Italian law, May 13, 1871. This law also guaranteed to the pope and his successors a yearly indemnity of over $620,000. The allowance, however, remained unclaimed. A Treaty of Conciliation, a concordat and a financial convention were signed Feb. 11, 1929, by Cardinal Gasparri and Premier Mussolini. The documents established the independent state of Vatican City, and gave the Catholic religion special status in Italy. The treaty (Lateran Agreement) was made part of the Constitution of Italy (Article 7) in 1947. Italy and the Vatican reached preliminary agreement in 1976 on revisions of the concordat, that would eliminate Roman Catholicism as the state religion and end required religious education in Italian schools. Vatican City includes St. Peter's, the Vatican Palace and Museum covering over 13 acres, the Vatican gardens, and neighboring buildings between Viale Vaticano and the Church. Thirteen buildings in Rome, outside the boundaries, enjoy extraterritorial rights; these buildings house congregations or officers necessary for the administration of the Holy See. The legal system is based on the code of canon law, the apostolic constitutions and the laws especially promulgated for the Vatican City by the pope. The Secretariat of State represents the Holy See in its diplomatic relations. By the Treaty of Conciliation the pope is pledged to a perpetual neutrality unless his mediation is specifically requested. This, however, does not prevent the defense of the Church whenever it is persecuted. The present sovereign of the State of Vatican City is the Supreme Pontiff John Paul II, Karol Wojtyla, born in Wadowice, Poland, May 18, 1920, elected Oct. 16, 1978 (the first non-Italian to be elected Pope in 456 years). The U.S. restored formal relations in 1984 after the U.S. Congress repealed an 1867 ban on diplomatic relations with the Vatican. Venezuela Republic of Venezuela Republica de Venezuela People: Population (1990 est.): 19,753,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 38.8; 15-59: 55.7; 60+: 5.5. Pop. density: 54 per sq. mi. Urban (1989): 83%. Ethnic groups: Mestizo 69%, white (Spanish, Portuguese, Italian) 20%, black 9%, Indian 2%. Languages: Spanish (official), Indian languages 2%. Religions: Roman Catholic 96%. Geography: Area: 352,143 sq. mi., more than twice the size of California. Location: On the Caribbean coast of S. America. Neighbors: Colombia on W, Brazil on S, Guyana on E. Topography: Flat coastal plain and Orinoco Delta are bordered by Andes Mtns. and hills. Plains, called Ilanos, extend between mountains and Orinoco. Guyana Highlands and plains are S of Orinoco, which stretches 1,600 mi. and drains 80% of Venezuela. Capital: Caracas. Cities(1989 est.): Caracas 1,275,000; Maracaibo 1,179,000; Barquisimeto 702,000; Valencia 922,000. Government: Type: Federal republic. Head of state:Pres. Carlos Andres Perez; b. Oct. 27, 1922; in office: Feb. 2, 1989. Local divisions: 20 states, 2 federal territories, federal district, federal dependency. Defense: 1.4% of GNP (1985). Economy: Industries: Steel, oil products, textiles, containers, paper, shoes. Chief crops: Coffee, rice, fruits, sugar. Minerals: Oil (5th largest producer), iron (extensive reserves and production), gold. Crude oil reserves (1987): 55 bln. bbls. Arable land: 4%. Livestock (1986): cattle: 12.3 mln.; pigs: 2.8 mln. Fish catch (1988): 290,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 51.9 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 3.6 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 15% agric.; 28% ind.; 56% services. Finance: Currency: Bolivar (Apr. 1990: 43.56 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $47.3 bln. Per capita income (1985): $2,629. Imports (1989): $8.7 bln.; partners: U.S. 48%, W. Ger. 6%, Jap. 8%. Exports (1988): $10.1 bln.; partners: U.S. 25%, Neth Ant. 21%, Can. 9%. Tourists (1987): $409 mln. receipts. National budget (1987): $16.6 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $4.0 bln. Gold: 11.46 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 84.5%. Transport: Railway traffic (1987): 22 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1986): 2.3 mln. passenger cars, 1.2 mln. mm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1987): 3.5 mln. passenger-km; 29 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Maracaibo, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 6.6 persons.Radios: 1 per 11 persons. Telephones: 1 per 2.3 persons. Daily newspaper circ.(1982): 120 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 67 male; 73 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 30. Deaths(per 1,000 pop. 1989): 6. Natural increase: 2.5%. Hospital beds: 1 per 384 persons. Physicians: 1 per 643 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 38. Education (1989): Literacy: 88%. Years compulsory: 8; Attendance: 82%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, WHO, FAO), OAS, OPEC. Embassy: 2445 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 797-3800. Columbus first set foot on the South American continent on the peninsula of Paria, Aug. 1498. Alonso de Ojeda, 1499, found Lake Maracaibo, called the land Venezuela, or Little Venice, because natives had houses on stilts. Venezuela was under Spanish domination until 1821. The republic was formed after secession from the Colombian Federation in 1830. Military strongmen ruled Venezuela for most of the 20th century. They promoted the oil industry; some social reforms were implemented. Since 1959, the country has enjoyed progressive, democratically-elected governments. Venezuela helped found the Organization of Petroleum Exporting States (OPEC). The government, Jan. 1, 1976, nationalized the oil industry with compensation. Development has begun of the Orinoco tar belt, believed to contain the world's largest oil reserves. Oil accounts for much of total export earnings and the economy suffered a severe cash crisis in the 1980s as the result of falling oil revenues. The government has attempted to reduce dependence on oil. Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam People: Population (1990 est.): 68,488,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 40.8; 15-59: 53.6; 60+: 5.6 Pop. density:519 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 19%. Ethnic groups: Vietnamese 84%, Chinese 2%, remainder Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Cham. Languages: Vietnamese (official), French, English. Religions: Buddhists, Confucians, and Taoists most numerous, Roman Catholics, animists, Muslims, Protestants. Geography: Area: 128,401 sq. mi., the size of New Mexico. Location: On the E coast of the Indochinese Peninsula in SE Asia. Neighbors: China on N, Laos, Cambodia on W. Topography: Vietnam is long and narrow, with a 1,400-mi. coast. About 24% of country is readily arable, including the densely settled Red R. valley in the N, narrow coastal plains in center, and the wide, often marshy Mekong R. Delta in the S. The rest consists of semi-arid plateaus and barren mountains, with some stretches of tropical rain forest. Capital: Hanoi. Cities (1989): Ho Chi Minh City 3.9 mln.; Hanoi 3.1 mln. Government: Type: Communist. Head of state: Pres. Vo Chi Cong; in office: June 18, 1987. Head of government: Prime Min. Do Muoi; in office: June 22, 1988. Head of Communist Party: Nguyen Van Linh; in office: Dec. 18, 1986. Local divisions: 39 provinces. Defense: 19.4% of GNP (1986). Economy: Industries: Food processing, textiles, cement, chemical fertilizers, steel. Chief crops: Rice, rubber, fruits and vegetables, corn, manioc, sugarcane. Minerals: Phosphates, coal, iron, manganese, bauxite, apatite, chromate. Other resources: Forests. Arable land: 23%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 2.7 mln.; pigs: 11.7 mln. Fish catch (1988): 871,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 5.5 bln. kwh. Labor force: 70% agric.; 8% ind. and commerce. Finance: Currency: Dong (Jan. 1990: 4,500 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $12.6 bln. Per capita income (1987): $180. Imports (1987): $3.1 bln.; partners: USSR 67%, Jap. 8%. Exports (1987): $1.4 bln.; partners: Hong Kong 12%; USSR 53%, Jap. 17%. National budget (1987): $4.3 bln. expenditures. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1976): 100,000 passenger cars, 200,000 comm. vehicles. Civil Aviation (1987): 10.3 bln. passenger km;3 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Ho Chi Minh City, Haiphong, Da Nang. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 30 persons. Radios: 1 per 10 persons. Telephones: 1 per 544 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 38 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 62 male; 66 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 33. Deaths(per 1,000 pop. 1989): 8. Natural increase: 2.5%. Hospital beds: 1 per 292 persons. Physicians: 1 per 3,140 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 51. Education (1989): Literacy: 78%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, WHO). Vietnam's recorded history began in Tonkin before the Christian era. Settled by Viets from central China, Vietnam was held by China, 111 BC-939 AD, and was a vassal state during subsequent periods. Vietnam defeated the armies of Kublai Khan, 1288. Conquest by France began in 1858 and ended in 1884 with the protectorates of Tonkin and Annam in the N. and the colony of Cochin-China in the S. In 1940 Vietnam was occupied by Japan; nationalist aims gathered force. A number of groups formed the Vietminh (Independence) League, headed by Ho Chi Minh, communist guerrilla leader. In Aug. 1945 the Vietminh forced out Bao Dai, former emperor of Annam, head of a Japan-sponsored regime. France, seeking to reestablish colonial control, battled communist and nationalist forces, 1946-1954, and was finally defeated at Dienbienphu, May 8, 1954. Meanwhile, on July 1, 1949, Bao Dai had formed a State of Vietnam, with himself as chief of state, with French approval. China backed Ho Chi Minh. A cease-fire accord signed in Geneva July 21, 1954, divided Vietnam along the Ben Hai R. It provided for a buffer zone, withdrawal of French troops from the North and elections to determine the country's future. Under the agreement the communists gained control of territory north of the 17th parallel, 22 provinces with area of 62,000 sq. mi. and 13 million pop., with its capital at Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh as president. South Vietnam came to comprise the 39 southern provinces with approx. area of 65,000 sq. mi. and pop. of 12 million. Some 900,000 North Vietnamese fled to South Vietnam. Neither South Vietnam nor the U.S. signed the agreement. On Oct. 26, 1955, Ngo Dinh Diem, premier of the interim government of South Vietnam, proclaimed the Republic of Vietnam and became its first president. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam, established in the North, adopted a constitution Dec. 31, 1959, based on communist principles and calling for reunification of all Vietnam. North Vietnam sought to take over South Vietnam beginning in 1954. Fighting persisted from 1956, with the communist Vietcong, aided by North Vietnam, pressing war in the South. Northern aid to Vietcong guerrillas was intensified in 1959, and large-scale troop infiltration began in 1964, with Soviet and Chinese arms assistance. Large Northern forces were stationed in border areas of Laos and Cambodia. A serious political conflict arose in the South in 1963 when Buddhists denounced authoritarianism and brutality. This paved the way for a military coup Nov. 1-2, 1963, which overthrew Diem. Several military coups followed. In 1964, the U.S. began air strikes against North Vietnam. Beginning in 1965, the raids were stepped up and U.S. troops became combatants. U.S. troop strength in Vietnam, which reached a high of 543,400 in Apr. 1969, was ordered reduced by President Nixon in a series of withdrawals, beginning in June 1969. U.S. bombings were resumed in 1972-73. A ceasefire agreement was signed in Paris Jan. 27, 1973by the U.S., North and South Vietnam, and the Vietcong. It was never implemented. U.S. aid was curbed in 1974 by the U.S. Congress. Heavy fighting continued for two years throughout Indochina. North Vietnamese forces launched attacks against remaining government outposts in the Central Highlands in the first months of 1975. Government retreats turned into a rout, and the Saigon regime surrendered April 30. A Provisional Revolutionary Government assumed control, and first steps were taken to transform society along communist lines. All businesses and farms were collectivized. The U.S. accepted over 165,000 Vietnamese refugees, while scores of thousands more sought refuge in other countries. The war's toll included -- Combat deaths: U.S. 47,752; South Vietnam over 200,000; other allied forces 5,225. Civilian casualties were over a million. Displaced war refugees in South Vietnam totaled over 6.5 million. The first National Assembly of both parts of the country met and the country was officially reunited July 2, 1976. The Northern capital, flag, anthem, emblem, and currency were applied to the new state. Nearly all major government posts went to officials of the former Northern government. Heavy fighting with Cambodia took place, 1977-80, amid mutual charges of aggression and atrocities against civilians. Increasing numbers of Vietnamese civilians, ethnic Chinese, escaped the country, via the sea, or the overland route across Cambodia. Vietnam launched an offensive against Cambodian refugee strongholds along the Thai-Cambodian border in 1985; they also engaged Thai troops. Vietnam declared that it had removed all its troops from Cambodia, Sept. 1989. Relations with China soured as 140,000 ethnic Chinese left Vietnam charging discrimination; China cut off economic aid. Reacting to Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia, China attacked 4 Vietnamese border provinces, Feb., 1979, instigating heavy fighting. Vietnam announced a package of reforms aimed at reducing central control of the economy in 1987, as many of the old revolutionary followers of Ho Chi Minh were removed from office. By 1990, the economy was in a dire state with inflation estimated at 1,000% a year. Progress has been made with the U.S. over the repatriating of "Amerasians," the children fathered by U.S. servicemen. Western Samoa Independent State of Western Samoa Malotuto'atasi o Samoa i Sisifo People: Population (1989 est.): 169,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 50.4; 15-59: 45.4; 60+: 4.3. Pop. density: 149 per sq. mi. Urban (1981): 21.2%. Ethnic groups: Samoan (Polynesian) 88%, Euronesian (mixed) 10%, European, other Pacific Islanders. Languages: Samoan, English both official. Religions: Protestant 70%, Roman Catholic 20%. Geography: Area: 1,133 sq. mi., the size of Rhode Island. Location: In the S. Pacific O. Neighbors:Nearest are Fiji on W, Tonga on S. Topography: Main islands, Savai'i (670 sq. mi.) and Upolu (429 sq. mi.), both ruggedly mountainous, and small islands Manono and Apolima. Capital: Apia. Cities (1983 est.): Apia 35,000. Government: Type: Parliamentary democracy. Head of state:King Malietoa Tanumafili II; b. Jan. 4, 1913; in office: Jan. 1, 1962. Head of government: Prime Min. Toflau Eti Alesana; in office: Apr. 11, 1988. Local divisions: 11 districts. Economy: Chief crops: Cocoa, copra, bananas. Other resources: Hardwoods, fish. Arable land: 43%. Electricity prod. (1988): 30 mln. kwh. Labor force: 67% agric. Finance: Currency: Tala (Mar. 1990: 1.00 = $.44 US). Gross national product (1987): $110 mln. Imports (1989): $67 mln.; partners: NZ 28% Austral. 10%, Jap. 13%, U.S. 30%. Exports (1989): $13 mln.; partners: W. Ger. 31%, NZ 26%, U.S. 12%. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $63.3 mln. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 5.4%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 1,700 passenger cars, 2,400 comm. vehicles. Chief ports: Apia, Asau. Communications: Radios: 1 per 2.3 persons. Telephones: 1 per 23 persons. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 64 male; 69 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 34. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 7. Natural increase: 2.8%. Hospital beds: 1 per 236 persons. Physicians: 1 per 3,685 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 48. Education (1989): Literacy: 90%. 95% attend elementary school. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, World Bank), Commonwealth of Nations. Western Samoa was a German colony, 1899 to 1914, when New Zealand landed troops and took over. It became a New Zealand mandate under the League of Nations and, in 1945, a New Zealand UN Trusteeship. An elected local government took office in Oct. 1959 and the country became fully independent Jan. 1, 1962. Yemen Republic of Yemen People: Population (1990 est.): 11,000,000. Pop. density: 53 per sq. mi. Ethnic groups: Arabs, Indians, some Negroids. Languages: Arabic. Religions:Mostly Sunni Moslem. Geography: Area: 207,000 sq. mi., slightly smaller than France. Location: On the southern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Neighbors: Saudi Arabia on NE, Oman on the E. Topography: A sandy coastal strip leads to well-watered fertile mountains in interior. Capital: Sana. Cities (1986 est.): Sana 427,000; Aden 250,000. Government: Type: Republic; military in power. Head of state: Pres. Ali Abdullah Saleh, b. 1942; in office: July 17, 1978. Head of government: Prime Min. Haydar Abu Bakr-al attas; in office: May 22, 1990. Local divisions: 17 provinces. Defense: 10% of GNP (1985). Economy: Industries: Food processing, mining, petroleum refining. Chief crops: Wheat, sorghum, fruits, coffee, cotton. Minerals: Salt. Crude oil reserves (1984): 600 mln. bbls. Arable land: 14%. Livestock(1986): goats: 3.5 mln.; sheep: 2.8 mln. Fish catch (1988): 70,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 1 bln. kwh. Labor force: 64% agric.; 22% ind. and commerce; 14% serv. Finance: (N. Yemen only) Currency: Rial (Apr. 1990: 12.01 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $4.5 bln. Imports (1987): $7.1 bln.; partners: Saudi Ar. 20%, Fr. 8%, Jap. 16%. Exports (1987): $3.8 mln.; partners: S. Yemen 23%, Saudi Ar. 8%, Pak. 19%. National budget(1986): $1.6 bln. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $243 mln. Transport: Motor vehicles in use (1987): 150,000 passenger cars, 220,000 commercial vehicles. Chief ports: Al-Hudaydah, Al-Mukha, Aden. Communications: (N. Yemen only) Television sets: 1 per 56 persons. Radios:1 per 57 persons. Telephones: 1 per 104 persons. Health: (N. Yemen only) Life expectancy at birth (1989): 47 male; 49 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 52. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 18. Natural increase: 3.5%. Hospital beds (1986): 5,900. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 132. Education (1989): Literacy: 25%. Primary school attendance: 59%. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, WHO), Arab League. Embassy: 600 New Hampshire Ave. NW 20037; 965-4760. Yemen's territory once was part of the ancient kindgom of Sheba, or Saba, a prosperous link in trade between Africa and India. A Biblical reference speaks of its gold, spices and precious stones as gifts borne by the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon. Yemen became independent in 1918, after years of Ottoman Turkish rule, but remained politically and economically backward. Imam Ahmed ruled 1948-1962. Army officers headed by Brig. Gen. Abdullah al-Salal declared the country to be the Yemen Arab Republic. The Imam Ahmed's heir, the Imam Mohamad al-Badr, fled to the mountains where tribesmen joined royalist forces; internal warfare between them and the republican forces continued. Egyptsent troops and Saudi Arabia military aid to the royalists. About 150,000 people died in the fighting. There was a bloodless coup Nov. 5, 1967. In April 1970 hostilities ended with an agreement between Yemen and Saudi Arabia and appointment of several royalists to the Yemen government. On June 13, 1974, an army group, led by Col. Ibrahim al-Hamidi, seized the government. He was assassinated in 1977. Meanwhile, South Yemen won independence from Britain in 1967, formed out of the British colony of Aden and the British protectorate of South Arabia. It became the Arab world's only Marxist state, taking the name People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in 1970 and signing a 20-year friendship treaty with the USSR in 1979 that allowed for the stationing of Soviet troops in the south. More than 300,000 Yemenis fled from the south to the north after independence, contributing to 2 decades of hostility between the 2 states that flared into warfare twice in the 1970's. An Arab League-sponsored agreement between North and South Yemen on unification of the 2 countries was signed Mar. 29, 1979. An agreement providing for widespread political and economic cooperation was signed in 1988. The 2 countries were formally united on May 22, 1990. Yugoslavia Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Socijalisticka Federativna Republika Jugoslavija People: Population (1990 est.): 23,864,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 23.5; 15-59: 63.7; 60+: 12.8. Pop. density: 240 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 46.5%. Ethnic groups: Serbs 36%, Croats 20%, Bosnian Moslems 9%, Slovenes 8%, Macedonians 6%, Albanians 8%. Languages: Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Slovenian (all official), Albanian. Religions: Eastern Orthodox 41%, Roman Catholic 12%, Moslem 3%. Geography: Area: 98,766 sq. mi., the size of Wyoming. Location: On the Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula in SE Europe. Neighbors: Italy on W, Austria, Hungary on N, Romania, Bulgaria on E, Greece, Albania on S. Topography: The Dinaric Alps run parallel to the Adriatic coast, which is lined by offshore islands. Plains stretch across N and E river basins. S and NW are mountainous. Capital: Belgrade. Cities (1988 est.): Belgrade 1,300,000; Zagreb 700,000; Skopje 440,000; Sarajevo 400,000; Ljubljana 300,000. Government: Type: Communist state; Federal republic in form. Head of state: Pres. Janez Drnovsek; in office: May 15, 1989. Head of government: Prime Min. Ante Markovic; in office: Mar. 16 1989. Head of Communist Party: Milan Pancevski; b. May 16, 1935; in office: May 17, 1989. Local divisions: 6 republics, 2 autonomous provinces. Defense: 2.2% of GNP (1987). Economy: Industries: Steel, wood products, cement, textiles, tourism. Chief crops: Corn, grains, tobacco, sugar beets. Minerals: Antimony, bauxite, lead, mercury, coal, iron, copper, chrome, zinc, salt. Crude oil reserves (1987): 263 mln. bbls. Arable land: 28%. Livestock (1986): cattle: 5 mln.; pigs: 7.8 mln.; sheep: 7.6 mln.Fish catch: (1988): 81,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 83.5 bln. kwh. Crude steel prod. (1988): 4.4 mln. metric tons. Labor force: 22% agric.; 70% ind. Finance: Currency: New Dinar (Mar. 1990: 11.87 = $1 US). Gross national product (1988): $154.1 bln. Per capita GNP (1988): $6,540. Imports (1989): $14.8 bln.; partners: W. Ger. 19%, USSR 15%, It. 8%, U.S. 6%. Exports (1989): $13.4 bln.; partners: USSR 17%, W. Ger. 12%, It. 13%. Tourists (1986): $1 bln. receipts. National budget (1989): $4.5 bln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $5.8 bln. Gold: 1.90 mln. oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 1,239%. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 11.5 bln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1987): 2.9 mln. passenger cars, 283,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 8.8 bln. passenger-km; 17 airports.Chief ports: Rijeka, Split, Koper, Bar, Ploce. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 5.7 persons. Radios: 1 per 6 persons. Telephones: 1 per 4.9 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1988): 107 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 69 male; 75 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 15. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 9. Natural increase: .6%. Hospital beds: 1 per 163 persons. Physicians: 1 per 712 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 25. Education (1989): Literacy: 90%. Almost all attend primary school. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, World Bank, GATT). Embassy: 2410 California St. NW 20008; 462-6566. Serbia, which had since 1389 been a vassal principality of Turkey, was established as an independent kingdom by the Treaty of Berlin, 1878. Montenegro, independent since 1389, also obtained international recognition in 1878. After the Balkan wars Serbia's boundaries were enlarged by the annexation of Old Serbia and Macedonia, 1913. When the Austro-Hungarian empire collapsed after World War I, the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed from the former provinces of Croatia, Dalmatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Slovenia, Voyvodina and the independent state of Montenegro. The name was later changed to Yugoslavia. Nazi Germany invaded in 1941. Many Yugoslav partisan troops continued to operate. Among these were the Chetniks led by Draja Mikhailovich, who fought other partisans led by Josip Broz, known as Marshal Tito. Tito, backed by the USSR and Britain from 1943, was in control by the time the Germans had been driven from Yugoslavia in 1945. Mikhailovich was executed July 17, 1946, by the Tito regime. A constituent assembly proclaimed Yugoslavia a republic Nov. 29, 1945. It became a federated republic Jan. 31, 1946, and Marshal Tito, a communist, became head of the government. The Stalin policy of dictating to all communist nations was rejected by Tito. He accepted economic aid and military equipment from the U.S. and received aid in foreign trade also from France and Great Britain. Tito also supported the liberal government of Czechoslovakia in 1968 before the Soviet invasion. A separatist movement among Croatians, 2d to the Serbs in numbers, brought arrests and a change of leaders in the Croatian Republic in Jan. 1972. Violence by extreme Croatian nationalists and fears of Soviet political intervention led to restrictions on political and intellectual dissent. Serbians, Montenegrins, and Macedonians use Cyrillic, Croatians and Slovenians use Latin letters. Beginning in 1965, reforms designed to decentralize the administration of economic development and to force industries to produce more efficiently in competition with foreign producers were introduced. Yugoslavia has developed considerable trade with the West. Pres. Tito died May 4, 1980; with his death, the post as head of the Collective Presidency and also that as head of the League of Communists became a rotating system of succession among the members representing each republic and autonomous province. On Jan. 22, 1990, a Communist Party conference renounced its constitutionally guaranteed leading role in society and called on parliament to enact "Political Pluralism, including a multiparty system." Zaire Republic of Zaire Republique du Zaire People: Population (1990 est.): 35,330,000. Pop. density: 37 per sq. mi. Urban (1988): 44.2%. Ethnic groups: Bantu tribes 80%, over 200 other tribes. Languages: French (official), Bantu dialects. Religions: Christian 70%, Moslem 10%. Geography: Area: 905,563 sq. mi., one-fourth the size of the U.S. Location: In central Africa. Neighbors: Congo on W, Central African Republic, Sudan on N, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania on E, Zambia, Angola on S. Topography: Zaire includes the bulk of the Zaire (Congo) R. Basin. The vast central region is a low-lying plateau covered by rain forest. Mountainous terraces in the W, savannas in the S and SE, grasslands toward the N, and the high Ruwenzori Mtns. on the E surround the central region. A short strip of territory borders the Atlantic O. The Zaire R. is 2,718 mi. long. Capital: Kinshasa. Cities (1985 est.): Kinshasa 3,000,000; Kananga 601,239. Government: Type: Republic with strong presidential authority (in transition).Head of state: Pres. Mobutu Sese Seko; b. Oct. 14, 1930; in office: Nov. 25, 1965. Head of Government: Prime Min. Lunda Bululu; in office: Apr. 25, 1990. Local divisions:8 regions, Kinshasa. Defense: 3.0% of GNP (1987). Economy: Chief crops: Coffee, rice, sugar cane, bananas, plantains, manioc, mangoes, tea, cocoa, palm oil. Minerals: Cobalt (60% of world reserves), copper, cadmium, gold, silver, tin, germanium, zinc, iron, manganese, uranium, radium. Crude oil reserves (1987): 111 mln. bbls. Other resources: Forests, rubber, ivory. Arable land: 3%. Livestock (1986): cattle: 1.3 mln.; goats: 2.9 mln. Fish catch (1987): 177,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 5.5 bln. kwh. Labor force: 75% agric. Finance: Currency: Zaire (Mar. 1990: 508 = $1 US). Gross national product (1987): $5.0 bln. Imports (1988): $756 mln.; partners: Chi. 38%, Belg. 16%, W. Ger. 7%, Fra. 7%. Exports (1988): $1.1 bln.; partners: Belg.-Lux. 36%, U.S. 19%. International reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $198 mln. Gold: 208,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 104%. Transport: Railway traffic (1988): 359 mln. passenger-km. Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 24,000 passenger cars, 60,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1988): 506 mln. passenger-km; 22 airports with scheduled flights. Chief ports: Matadi, Boma. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 2,035 persons. Radios: 1 per 9.7 persons. Telephones: 1 per 800 persons. Daily newspaper circ.(1988): 1 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 51 male; 54 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 45. Deaths(per 1,000 pop. 1989): 14. Natural increase: 3.1%. Hospital beds: 1 per 476 persons. Physicians: 1 per 23,193 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 107. Education (1988): Literacy: 55%. Major International Organizations: UN and all of its specialized agencies, OAU. Embassy: 1800 New Hampshire Ave. NW 20008; 234-7690. The earliest inhabitants of Zaire may have been the pygmies, followed by Bantus from the E and Nilotic tribes from the N. The large Bantu Bakongo kingdom ruled much of Zaire and Angola when Portuguese explorers visited in the 15th century. Leopold II, king of the Belgians, formed an international group to exploit the Congo in 1876. In 1877 Henry M. Stanley explored the Congo and in 1878 the king's group sent him back to organize the region and win over the native chiefs. The Conference of Berlin, 1884-85, organized the Congo Free State with Leopold as king and chief owner. Exploitation of native laborers on the rubber plantations caused international criticism and led to granting of a colonial charter, 1908. Belgian and Congolese leaders agreed Jan. 27, 1960, that the Congo would become independent June 30. In the first general elections, May 31, the National Congolese movement of Patrice Lumumba won 35 of 137 seats in the National Assembly. He was appointed premier June 21, and formed a coalition cabinet. Widespread violence caused Europeans and others to flee. The UN Security Council Aug. 9, 1960, called on Belgium to withdraw its troops and sent a UN contingent. President Kasavubu removed Lumumba as premier. Lumumba fought for control backed by Ghana, Guinea and India; he was murdered in 1961. The last UN troops left the Congo June 30, 1964, and Moise Tshombe became president. On Sept. 7, 1964, leftist rebels set up a "People's Republic" in Stanleyville. Tshombe hired foreign mercenaries and sought to rebuild the Congolese Army. In Nov. and Dec. 1964 rebels slew scores of white hostages and thousands of Congolese; Belgian paratroops, dropped from U.S. transport planes, rescued hundreds. By July 1965 the rebels had lost their effectiveness. In 1965 Gen. Joseph D. Mobutu was named president. He later changed his name to Mobutu Sese Seko. The country changed its name to Republic of Zaire on Oct. 27, 1971; in 1972 Zairians with Christian names were ordered to change them to African names. In 1969-74, political stability under Mobutu was reflected in improved economic conditions. Serious economic difficulties, amid charges of corruption by government officials, have plagued Zaire in the 1980s. In 1990, Pres. Mobutu announced an end to a 20-year ban on multiparty politics. Zambia Republic of Zambia People: Population (1990 est.): 8,119,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 48.2; 15-59: 47.8; 60+: 4.0. Pop. density: 26 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 49%. Ethnic groups: Mostly Bantu tribes. Languages: English (official), Bantu dialects. Religions: Predominantly animist, Roman Catholic 21%, Protestant, Hindu, Moslem minorities. Geography: Area: 290,586 sq. mi., larger than Texas. Location: In southern central Africa. Neighbors: Zaire on N, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique on E, Zimbabwe, Namibia on S, Angola on W. Topography: Zambia is mostly high plateau country covered with thick forests, and drained by several important rivers, including the Zambezi. Capital: Lusaka. Cities (1988): Lusaka 870,000; Kitwe 472,000; Ndola 442,000. Government: Type: Republic. Head of state: Pres. Kenneth David Kaunda; b. Apr. 28, 1924; in office: Oct. 24, 1964. Head of government: Prime Min. Malimba Masheke; in office: Mar. 15, 1989. Local divisions: 9 provinces. Defense: 6.8% of GDP (1985). Economy: Chief crops: Corn, tobacco, peanuts, cotton, sugar. Minerals: Cobalt, copper, zinc, gold, lead, vanadium, manganese, coal. Other resources: Rubber, ivory. Arable land: 7%. Livestock (1987): cattle: 2.8 mln. Fish catch (1987): 68,000 metric tons. Electricity prod. (1988): 8.2 bln. kwh. Labor force: 60% agric.; 40% ind. and commerce. Finance: Currency: Kwacha (Mar. 1990: 1.00 = $.03 US). Gross national product (1987): $2.1 bln. Per capita income (1986): $304. Imports (1988): $835 mln.; partners: UK 26%, Saudi Ar. 18%, W. Ger. 18%, U.S. 9%. Exports (1988): $1.1 bln.; partners: Jap. 19%, Fr. 15%, UK 13%, U.S. 10%, W. Ger. 9%. National budget (1987): $787 mln. expenditures. International reserves less gold (Jan. 1990): $135 mln. Gold: 12,000 oz t. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 154%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1982): 105,000 passenger cars, 97,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1987): 609 mln. passenger-km; 9 airports with scheduled flights. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 94 persons. Radios: 1 per 7.3 persons. Telephones: 1 per 94 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1987): 15 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 54 male; 57 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 50. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 12. Natural increase: 3.7%. Hospital beds: 1 per 297 persons. Physicians:1 per 10,008 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 87. Education (1988): Literacy: 54%. Attendance: less than 50% in grades 1-7. Major International Organizations: UN (GATT, IMF, WHO), OAU, Commonwealth of Nations. Embassy: 2419 Massachusetts Ave. NW 20008; 265-9717. As Northern Rhodesia, the country was under the administration of the South Africa Company, 1889 until 1924, when the office of governor was established, and, subsequently, a legislature. The country became an independent republic within the Commonwealth Oct. 24, 1964. After the white government of Rhodesia declared its independence from Britain Nov. 11, 1965, relations between Zambia and Rhodesia became strained. As part of a program of government participation in major industries, a government corporation in 1970 took over 51% of the ownership of 2 foreign-owned copper mining companies. Privately-held land and other enterprises were nationalized in 1975, as were all newspapers. In the 1980s, decline in copper prices has hurt the economy and severe drought has caused famine. Food riots erupted in June 1990, as the nation suffered its worst violence since independence. Zimbabwe People: Population (1990 est.): 10,205,000. Age distrib. (%): 0-14: 44.9; 15-59: 51.1; 60+: 4.0. Pop. density: 66 per sq. mi. Urban (1985): 25%. Ethnic groups: Shona 80%, Ndebele 19%. Languages: English (official), Shona, Sindebele. Religions: Predominantly traditional tribal beliefs, Christian minority. Geography: Area: 150,803 sq. mi., slightly larger than Montana. Location: In southern Africa. Neighbors: Zambia on N, Botswana on W, S. Africa on S, Mozambique on E. Topography: Rhodesia is high plateau country, rising to mountains on eastern border, sloping down on the other borders. Capital: Harare. Cities (1988 est.): Harare 730,000; Bulawayo (met.) 415,000. Government: Type: Parliamentary democracy. Head of state: Pres. Robert Mugabe; b. Apr. 14, 1928; in office: Jan. 1, 1988. Local divisions:8 provinces. Defense: 6.2% of GNP (1985). Economy: Industries: Clothing, chemicals, light industries. Chief crops: Tobacco, sugar, cotton, corn, wheat. Minerals: Chromium, gold, nickel, asbestos, copper, iron, coal. Arable land: 7%. Livestock (1985): cattle: 5.3 mln.; goats: 1.8 mln. Electricity prod. (1987): 7.6 bln. kwh. Labor force: 74% agric.;16% serv. Finance: Currency: Dollar (Mar. 1990: 1.00 = $.41 US). Gross national product (1988): $5.5 bln. Per capita income (1986): $275. Imports (1987): $1.2 bln. partners: UK 10%, So. Afr. 27%, U.S. 7%, W. Ger. 7%. Exports (1987): $1.4 bln.; partners: UK 7%, So. Afr. 22%, W. Ger. 8%. National budget (1988): $2.8 bln. expenditures. Total reserves less gold (Mar. 1990): $117.7 mln. Consumer prices (change in 1989): 12.9%. Transport: Motor vehicles: in use (1985): 253,000 passenger cars, 28,000 comm. vehicles. Civil aviation (1987): 648 mln. passenger-km. 8 airports with scheduled flights. Communications: Television sets: 1 per 71 persons. Radios: 1 per 23 persons. Telephones: 1 per 33 persons. Daily newspaper circ. (1985): 23 per 1,000 pop. Health: Life expectancy at birth (1989): 59 male; 63 female. Births (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 42. Deaths (per 1,000 pop. 1989): 9. Natural increase: 3.3%. Physicians: 1 per 6,687 persons. Infant mortality (per 1,000 live births 1989): 67. Education (1988): Literacy: 50%. Attendance: 90% primary, 15% secondary for Africans; higher for whites, Asians. Major International Organizations: UN (IMF, World Bank), OAU, Commonwealth of Nations. Embassy: 2852 McGill Terrace NW 20008; 332-7100. Britain took over the area as Southern Rhodesia in 1923 from the British South Africa Co. (which, under Cecil Rhodes, had conquered the area by 1897) and granted internal self-government. Under a 1961 constitution, voting was restricted to maintain whites in power. On Nov. 11, 1965, Prime Min. Ian D. Smith announced his country's unilateral declaration of independence. Britain termed the act illegal, and demanded Rhodesia broaden voting rights to provide for eventual rule by the majority Africans. Urged by Britain, the UN imposed sanctions, including embargoes on oil shipments to Rhodesia. Some oil and gasoline reached Rhodesia, however, from South Africa and Mozambique, before the latter became independent in 1975. In May 1968, the UN Security Council ordered a trade embargo. A new constitution came into effect, Mar. 2, 1970, providing for a republic with a president and prime minister. The election law effectively prevented full black representation through income tax requirements. Intermittent negotiations between the government and various black nationalist groups failed to prevent increasing skirmishes. By mid-1978, over 6,000 soldiers and civilians had been killed. An "internal settlement" signed Mar. 1978 in which Smith and 3 popular black leaders share control until transfer of power to the black majority was rejected by guerrilla leaders. In the country's first universal-franchise election, Apr. 21, 1979, Bishop Abel Muzorewa's United African National Council gained a bare majority control of the black-dominated parliament. Britain, 1979, began efforts to normalize its relationship with Zimbabwe. A British cease-fire was accepted by all parties, Dec. 5th. Independence was finally achieved Apr. 18, 1980. Population of World's Largest Cities U.S. Bureau of the Census The table below represents one attempt at comparing the world's largest cities.The cities are defined as population clusters of continuous built-up areas with apopulation density of a least 5,000 persons per square mile. The boundary of thecity was determined by examining detailed maps of each city in conjunction with the most recent official population statistics. Exclaves of areas exceeding theminimum population density were added to the city if the intervening gap was lessthan one mile. To the extent practical, nonresidential areas such as parks, airports,industrial complexes and water were excluded from the area reported for each city,thus making the population density reflective of the concentrations in theresidential portions of the city. By using a consistent definition for the city,it is possible to make comparisons of the cities on the basis of total population,area, and population density. Political and administrative boundaries were disregardedin determining the population of the city. Berlin includes both East and West Berlin,as well as population from East Germany. Detroit includes Windsor, Canada. Thepopulation of each city was projected based on the proportion each city was ofits country total at the time of the last 2 censuses and projected countrypopulations. Figures in the table below may differ from city population figureselsewhere in the World Almanac because of different methods of determiningpopulation. NA-not available 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼� City, Country 1990 (thousands) 2000 (thousands projected) Area 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Tokyo-Yokahama, Japan 26,952 29,971 1,08 Mexico City, Mexico 20,207 27,872 522 Sao Paolo, Brazil 18,052 25,354 451 Seoul, South Korea 16,268 21,976 342 New York, U.S. 14,622 14,648 1,27 Osaka-Kobe-Kyoto, Japan 13,826 14,287 495 Bombay, India 11,777 15,357 95 Calcutta, India 11,663 14,088 209 Buenos Aires, Argentina 11,518 12,911 535 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 11,428 14,169 260 Moscow, USSR 10,367 11,121 379 City, Country 1990 (thousands) 2000 (thousands projected) Area 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Moscow, USSR 10,367 11,121 379 Los Angeles, U.S. 10,060 10,714 1,11 Manila, Philippines 9,880 12,846 188 Cairo, Egypt 9,851 12,512 104 Jakarta, Indonesia 9,588 12,804 76 London, U.K. 9,170 8,574 874 Teheran, Iran 9,354 14,251 112 Paris, France 8,709 8,803 432 Delhi, India 8,475 11,849 138 Karachi, Pakistan 7,711 11,299 190 Lagos, Nigeria 7,602 12,528 56 Essen, W. Germany 7,474 7,239 704 Shanghai, China 6,873 7,540 78 Lima, Peru 6,578 9,241 120 Chicago, U.S. 6,526 6,568 762 Taipei, Taiwan 6,513 8,516 138 Istanbul, Turkey 6,461 8,875 165 Bangkok, Thailand 5,791 7,587 102 Beijing, China 5,736 5,993 151 City, Country 1990 (thousands) 2000 (thousands projected) Area 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Beijing, China 5,736 5,993 151 Madras, India 5,743 7,384 115 Bogota, Colombia 5,710 7,935 79 Hong Kong 5,656 5,956 23 Santiago, Chile 5,275 6,294 128 Pusan, S. Korea 4,838 6,700 54 Tianjin, China 4,804 5,298 49 Milan, Italy 4,738 4,839 344 Nagoya, Japan 4,736 5,303 307 Leningrad, USSR 4,667 4,738 139 Bangalore, India 4,612 6,764 50 Madrid, Spain 4,451 5,104 66 Shenyang, China 4,248 4,684 39 Lahore, Pakistan 4,236 5,864 57 Dhaka, Bangladesh 4,224 6,492 32 Barcelona, Spain 4,163 4,834 87 Manchester, U.K. 4,050 3,827 357 Philadelphia, U.S. 4,007 3,979 471 San Francisco, U.S. 3,958 4,214 428 City, Country 1990 (thousands) 2000 (thousands projected) Area 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� San Francisco, U.S. 3,958 4,214 428 Baghdad, Iraq 3,941 5,239 97 Belo Horizonte, Brazil 3,683 5,125 79 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 3,645 4,481 31 Ahmadabad, India 3,595 4,837 32 Kinshasa, Zaire 3,575 5,646 57 Hyderabad, India 3,563 4,765 88 Sydney, Australia 3,515 3,708 338 Athens, Greece 3,468 3,866 116 Miami, U.S. 3,421 3,894 448 Guangzhou, China 3,330 3,652 79 Guadalajara, Mexico 3,262 4,451 78 Surabaya, Indonesia 3,205 3,632 43 Caracas, Venezuela 3,188 3,435 54 Wuhan, China 3,169 3,495 65 Toronto, Canada 3,108 3,296 154 Greater Berlin, Germany 3,022 3,006 274 Rome, Italy 3,021 3,129 69 Detroit, U.S. 2,995 2,735 468 City, Country 1990 (thousands) 2000 (thousands projected) Area 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Detroit, U.S. 2,995 2,735 468 Porto Alegre, Brazil 3,015 4,109 231 Naples, Italy 2,960 3,134 62 Melbourne, Australia 2,907 2,968 327 Alexandria, Egypt 2,899 3,304 35 Montreal, Canada 2,896 3,071 164 Casablanca, Morocco 2,891 3,795 35 Monterrey, Mexico 2,837 3,974 77 Yangon, Myanmar 2,813 3,332 47 Ankara, Turkey 2,782 3,777 55 Kiev, USSR 2,751 3,237 62 Dallas, U.S. 2,743 3,257 419 Singapore, Singapore 2,695 2,913 78 Harbin, China 2,618 2,887 30 Washington, U.S. 2,547 2,707 357 Taegu, South Korea 2,529 4,051 NA Boston, U.S. 2,475 2,485 303 Poona, India 2,447 3,647 NA Lisbon, Portugal 2,396 2,717 NA City, Country 1990 (thousands) 2000 (thousands projected) Area 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lisbon, Portugal 2,396 2,717 NA Tashkent, USSR 2,365 2,947 NA Chengdu, China 2,349 2,591 25 Chongquing, China 2,339 2,961 NA Vienna, Austria 2,313 2,647 NA Budapest, Hungary 2,301 2,335 138 Houston, U.S. 2,298 2,651 310 Salvador, Brazil 2,209 3,286 NA Birmingham, U.K. 2,170 2,078 223 Bucharest, Romania 2,150 2,271 52 Havana, Cuba 2,109 2,333 NA Kanpur, India 2,076 2,673 NA Population Projections, by Region and for Selected Countries: 1995 to 2025 Population Division of the United Nations (in millions) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Region and Country 1995 2000 2025 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 World, total 5,679.3 6,127.1 8,177.1 More developed1 1,242.8 1,275.7 1,396.7 Less developed1 4,436.4 4,851.5 6,780.4 Africa 753.2 877.4 1,642.9 Eastern Africa2 224.7 266.2 531.4 Burundi 6.1 7.0 11.0 Ethiopia 50.1 58.4 112.0 Kenya 31.4 38.5 82.9 Madagascar 13.4 15.6 29.7 Malawi 9.8 11.7 23.2 Mozambique 18.8 21.8 39.7 Rwanda 8.8 10.6 22.2 Somalia 6.2 7.1 13.2 Uganda 22.5 26.8 52.3 Tanzania 32.5 39.1 83.8 Zambia 9.4 11.2 23.8 Region and Country 1995 2000 2025 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Zambia 9.4 11.2 23.8 Zimbabwe 12.6 15.1 32.7 Middle Africa2 83.0 96.1 183.5 Angola 11.5 13.2 24.5 Cameroon 12.6 14.4 25.2 Cen. African Rep. 3.3 3.7 6.7 Chad 6.4 7.3 13.1 Zaire 44.8 52.4 104.4 Northern Africa2 164.3 185.7 295.0 Algeria 30.5 35.2 57.3 Egypt 58.9 65.2 97.4 Libya 5.2 6.1 11.1 Morocco 31.9 36.3 59.9 Sudan 28.7 32.9 55.4 Tunisia 8.9 9.7 13.6 Southern Africa2 48.1 54.5 90.7 South Africa 41.6 46.9 76.3 Western Africa2 233.1 275.0 542.4 Benin 5.4 6.4 12.2 Region and Country 1995 2000 2025 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Benin 5.4 6.4 12.2 Burkina Faso3 9.1 10.5 19.5 Cote d'Ivoire4 13.4 15.6 28.1 Ghana 18.7 21.9 37.7 Guinea 7.0 7.9 13.9 Mali 10.7 12.4 21.4 Niger 8.3 9.8 18.9 Nigeria 135.5 161.9 338.1 Senegal 8.7 10.0 18.9 Togo 3.9 4.6 9.0 Latin America 501.3 550.0 786.6 Caribbean2 37.7 40.8 57.7 Cuba 11.2 11.7 13.6 Dominican Rep. 7.7 8.4 12.2 Haiti 8.6 9.9 18.3 Middle America2 134.4 149.6 222.6 El Salvador 7.5 8.7 15.0 Guatemala 11.1 12.7 21.7 Honduras 6.0 7.0 13.3 Region and Country 1995 2000 2025 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Honduras 6.0 7.0 13.3 Mexico 99.2 109.2 154.1 Nicaragua 4.5 5.3 9.2 Temperate South America2 52.3 55.5 70.1 Argentina 35.1 37.2 47.4 Chile 14.0 14.9 18.8 Uruguay 3.2 3.4 3.9 Tropical South America2 276.9 304.1 436.3 Bolivia 8.4 9.7 18.3 Brazil 165.1 179.5 245.8 Colombia 34.9 38.0 51.7 Ecuador 12.7 14.6 25.7 Paraguay 4.8 5.4 8.6 Peru 25.1 28.0 41.0 Venezuela 24.2 27.2 42.8 Northern America2 286.8 297.7 347.3 Canada 28.3 29.4 34.4 United States 258.3 268.1 312.7 East Asia2 1,390.4 1,470.0 1,696.1 Region and Country 1995 2000 2025 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 East Asia2 1,390.4 1,470.0 1,696.1 China: mainland 1,184.2 1,255.7 1,460.1 Hong Kong 6.6 6.9 7.9 Japan 125.1 127.7 127.6 Korea, North 24.9 27.3 37.6 Korea, South 46.8 49.5 58.6 South Asia 1,909.4 2,073.7 2,770.6 Eastern So. Asia2 480.8 519.7 684.7 Cambodia 9.2 9.9 12.5 Indonesia 191.9 204.5 255.3 Laos 5.6 6.2 9.2 Malaysia 19.1 20.6 26.9 Myanmar5 49.8 55.2 82.2 Philippines 68.3 74.8 102.3 Singapore 2.9 3.0 3.2 Thailand 61.1 66.1 86.3 Vietnam 71.7 78.1 105.1 Middle So. Asia2 1,279.9 1,385.7 1,815.9 Afghanistan 21.7 24.2 35.9 Region and Country 1995 2000 2025 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Afghanistan 21.7 24.2 35.9 Bangladesh 130.3 145.8 219.4 India 899.1 961.5 1,188.5 Iran 58.7 65.5 96.2 Nepal 20.7 23.0 33.9 Pakistan 128.0 142.6 212.8 Sri Lanka 19.5 20.8 26.2 Western So. Asia2 148.7 168.3 270.0 Iraq 21.6 24.9 42.7 Israel 5.0 5.4 7.0 Jordan 5.2 6.4 13.4 Lebanon 3.3 3.6 5.2 Saudi Arabia 16.1 18.9 33.5 Syria 15.3 18.1 32.3 Turkey 62.4 68.5 99.3 Yemen Arab Rep. 8.6 9.9 16.5 Europe (excl. Soviet Union) 506.5 513.1 526.9 Eastern Europe 118.2 121.0 131.2 Bulgaria 9.6 9.7 10.2 Region and Country 1995 2000 2025 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bulgaria 9.6 9.7 10.2 Czechoslovakia 16.3 16.8 18.8 Germany E. 16.5 16.6 16.1 Hungary 10.8 10.9 10.9 Poland 40.2 41.4 45.9 Romania 24.8 25.6 29.2 Northern Europe2 83.0 83.4 83.6 Denmark 5.1 5.1 4.8 Finland 5.0 5.0 4.8 Ireland 4.0 4.2 5.2 Norway 4.2 4.2 4.3 Sweden 8.2 8.1 7.5 United Kingdom 56.0 56.2 56.4 Southern Europe2 150.0 153.1 162.8 Albania 3.8 4.1 5.8 Greece 10.5 10.7 11.8 Italy 57.9 58.2 56.9 Portugal 10.7 11.0 11.9 Spain 42.0 43.4 49.2 Region and Country 1995 2000 2025 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Spain 42.0 43.4 49.2 Yugoslavia 24.6 25.2 26.6 Western Europe2 155.3 155.6 149.3 Austria 7.5 7.5 7.3 Belgium 9.9 9.9 9.8 France 56.3 57.1 58.5 Germany, W. 60.3 59.8 53.8 Netherlands 14.9 15.0 14.6 Switzerland 6.0 5.9 4.9 Soviet Union 303.1 314.8 367.1 Oceania2 28.5 30.4 39.5 Australia 17.7 18.7 23.5 New Zealand 3.6 3.7 4.2 Papua New Guinea 4.8 5.3 8.2 1 Regions. 2 Includes countries not shown separately. 3 Formerly UpperVolta. 4 Ivory Coast. 5 Formerly Burma. Area and Population of the World U.S. Bureau of the Census; prior to 1950, Rand McNally & Co. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴� Population (est., Populati thousands) thousand Continent Area (1,000 sq. % of Earth 1650 1750 mi.) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� North America 9,400 16.2 5,000 5,000 South America 6,900 11.9 8,000 7,000 Latin - - - - America,Caribbean Europe 3,800 6.6 100,000 140,000 Population (est., Populati thousands) thousand Continent Area (1,000 sq. % of Earth 1650 1750 mi.) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Europe 3,800 6.6 100,000 140,000 Asia 17,400 30.1 335,000 476,000 Africa 11,700 20.2 100,000 95,000 USSR - - - - Oceania, 3,300 5.7 2,000 2,000 incl.Australia Antarctica 5,400 9.3 Uninhabited Uninhabi World 57,900 - 550,000 725,000 The World's Refugees in 1989 The following information is from the World Refugee Survey 1989, a publicationof the U.S. Committee for Refugees, a nonprofit corp. The refugees in this tableinclude only those who are in need of protection and/or assistance, and do notinclude refugees who have resettled. 1 Significant variance among sources in number reported. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Country of Asylum From Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total Africa Total Africa 4,524,800 Algeria Mostly Western Sahara 170,0001 Country of Asylum From Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Angola Namibia, Zaire, S. Africa 26,500 Benin Chad 900 Botswana S. Africa, Angola 800 Burkina Faso Chad 300 Burundi Rwanda, Zaire 90,2001 Cameroon Chad 4,200 Central African Rep. Chad 2,800 Congo Chad, Zaire 2,100 Cote d'Ivoire Liberia 55,800 Country of Asylum From Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Djibouti Ethiopia, Somalia 46,500 Egypt Palestians 7,500 Ethiopia Sudan, Somalia 740,0001 Gabon various 100 Ghana various 100 Guinea Liberia 13,000 Kenya Ethiopia, Rwanda, Uganda 15,5001 Lesotho South Africa 4,0001 Liberia various 200 Country of Asylum From Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Malawi Mozambique 812,000 Morocco various 800 Mozambique S. Africa 400 Namibia Angola 25,0001 Nigeria Chad, others 5,100 Rwanda Burundi 20,5001 Senegal Guinea Bissau, Mauritania 48,000 Sierra Leone various 100 Somalia Ethiopia 350,0001 Country of Asylum From Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  S. Africa Mozambique 201,0001 Sudan Ethiopia, Chad, Zaire 694,3001 Swaziland South Africa, Mozambique 71,7001 Tanzania Burundi, Mozambique 266,200 Togo Ghana 500 Tunisia various 200 Uganda Rwanda, Zaire, Sudan 170,5001 Zaire Angola, Rwanda, Burundi 338,800 Zambia Angola, Mozambique, Zaire 131,700 Country of Asylum From Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Zimbabwe Mozambique 185,5001 Total East Asia/Pacific Total East Asia/Pacific 574,100 Hong Kong Vietnam 55,400 Indonesia Vietnam 8,000 Japan Vietnam 2,000 Korea Vietnam 200 Macau Vietnam 400 Malaysia Vietnam 19,900 Papua New Guinea Indonesia 8,100 Country of Asylum From Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Philippines Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos 26,300 Singapore Vietnam 300 Taiwan Vietnam 200 Thailand Burma, Laos, Cambodia 436,600 Vietnam Cambodia 16,700 Total Europe & No. America Total Europe & No. America 700,600+ Austria various 22,800 Canada various 21,700+ Cyprus various 1,000 Country of Asylum From Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Denmark various 4,600 France various 60,000 Germany various 121,000 Hungary various 27,000 Netherlands various 14,000 Norway various 4,400 Sweden various 32,000 Switzerland various 24,400+ Turkey Iran, Iraq 233,0001 Country of Asylum From Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  United Kingdom various 10,000 United States Nicaragua, El Salvador, 101,700+ Guatemala Yugoslavia various 8,000 Other European various 7,000 Total Latin America/Caribbean Total Latin America/Caribbean 152,800 Argentina Chile, SE Asia 2,1001 Belize El Salvador, Guatemala 5,100 Bolivia Guatemala, El Salvador 200 Brazil Europe, other 200 Country of Asylum From Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Brazil Europe, other 200 Chile Europe 100 Colombia Chile 700 Costa Rica El Salvador, Nicaragua 33,4001 Cuba Haiti 3,000 Dominican Rep. Haiti 1,6001 Ecuador Chile, various 700 El Salvador Nicaragua 500 French Guiana Suriname 10,000 Guatemala El Salvador, Nicaragua 4,4001 Country of Asylum From Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Guatemala El Salvador, Nicaragua 4,4001 Honduras El Salvador, Nicaragua 34,9001 Mexico El Salvador, Guatemala 46,3001 Nicaragua El Salvador, Guatemala 7,000 Panama El Salvador, others 1,200 Peru various 700 Uruguay various 100 Venezuela Caribbean 200 Total Middle East/South Asia Total Middle East/South Asia 9,141,600 India Bangladesh, Tibet, Sri Lanka 260,8001 Country of Asylum From Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� India Bangladesh, Tibet, Sri Lanka 260,8001 Iran Afghanistan, Iraq 2,825,0001 Iraq Iran 60,0001 Nepal Tibet 12,000 Pakistan Afghanistan 3,588,0001 Yemen, North S. Yemen, Ethiopia 56,7001 Palestinians Gaza Strip Gaza Strip 469,400 Jordan Jordan 899,800 Lebanon Lebanon 298,700 Country of Asylum From Number 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lebanon Lebanon 298,700 Syria Syria 272,800 West Bank West Bank 398,400 Total Refugees Total Refugees 15,093,900 Principal Sources of Refugees 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Afghanistan 5,934,5001 Palestinians 2,340,500 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Palestinians 2,340,500 Mozambique 1,354,0001 Ethiopia 1,035,900 Iraq 508,200 Angola 438,000 Sudan 435,100 Cambodia 334,166 1 Somalia 388,6001 Iran 270,1001 Rwanda 233,0001 Burundi 186,6001 Western Sahara 165,0001 Vietnam 124,779 Tibet 112,000 Sri Lanka 103,000 Nicaragua 89,7001 Laos 69,044 Liberia 68,000 El Salvador 61,1001 Guatemala 58,7001 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Guatemala 58,7001 Yemen (Aden) 55,0001 Zaire 50,400 Bangladesh 50,0001 1 Significant variance among sources in number reported. U.S. Immigration Law Immigration and Naturalization Service, U.S. Justice Department The Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended, provides for the numerical limitation of most immigration. Not subject to any numerical limitations are immigrants classified as immediate relatives who are spouses or children of U.S. citizens, or parents of citizens who are 21 years of age or older; returning residents; certain former U.S. citizens; ministers of religion; and certain long-term U.S. government employees. The Refugee Act of 1980 (P.L. 96-212) became effective on April 1, 1980. Congress stated that the objectives of the Refugee Act are to provide a permanent and systematic procedure for the admission of refugees who are of special humanitarian concern to the U.S. and to provide uniform provisions for the effective settlement and absorption of those refugees. The number of refugees who may be admitted is determined by the President, after consultation with the Committees on the Judiciary of the Senate and of the House of Representatives. Numerical Limitation of Immigrants Immigration to the U.S. is numerically limited to 270,000 per year. Within this quota there is an annual limitation of 20,000 for each country. The colonies and dependencies of foreign states are limited to 5,000 per year, chargeable to the country limitation of the mother country. Visa Categories Of those immigrants subject to numerical limitations, applicants for immigration are classified as either preference or nonpreference. The preference visa categories are based on certain relationships to persons in the U.S., i.e., unmarried sons and daughters over 21 of U.S. citizens, spouses and unmarried sons and daughters of resident aliens, married sons and daughters of U.S. citizens, brothers and sisters of U.S. citizens 21 or over (first, 2d, 4th, and 5th preference, respectively); members of the professions or persons of exceptional ability in the sciences and arts whose services are sought by U.S. employers (3d preference); and skilled and unskilled workers in short supply (6th preference). Spouses and children of preference applicants are entitled to the same preference if accompanying or following to join such persons. Preference status is based upon approved petitions, filed with the Immigration and Naturalization Service, by the appropriate relative or employer (or in the 3d preference by the alien himself). Other immigrants not within one of the above-mentioned preference groups may qualify as nonpreference applicants and receive only those visa numbers not needed by preference applicants. The nonpreference category has not been available since 1978 due to 6 preferences using the allocation. Labor Certification The Act of October 3, 1965, established controls to protect the U.S. labor market from an influx of skilled and unskilled foreign labor. Prior to the issuance of a visa, the potential 3d, 6th, and nonpreference immigrant must obtain the Secretary of Labor's certification, establishing that there are not sufficient workers in the U.S. at the alien's destination who are able, willing, and qualified to perform the job; and that the employment of the alien will not adversely affect the wages and working conditions of workers in the U.S. similarly employed; or that there is satisfactory evidence that the provisions of that section do not apply to the alien's case. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 The Immigration Reform and Control Act, PL 99-603, was signed into law on November 6, 1986. The legislation contains 3 major segments--legalization, employer sanctions, and temporary agricultural worker provisions. The legalization segment of the law provides a method for legalizing the status of many of the aliens who have been in the U.S. unlawfully since before January 1, 1982. Legalization is a 2-tiered program which provides for temporary resident status for qualified applicants. After 18 months residence in the U.S., temporary residents are eligible to apply to adjust to permanent resident status. Aliens who were employed in seasonal agricultural work for a minimum of 90 days between May 1985 and May 1986 are also eligible to apply for temporary residence. The agricultural workers will adjust to permanent resident status beginning in December, 1989. The employer sanctions section of the legislation, for the first time, imposes civil and criminal penalties on employers who knowingly hire, recruit, or refer aliens who are not authorized to work in the U.S. The civil fines range from $250 to $10,000 per alien. Criminal penalties are possible for habitual violators. Employer sanction provisions were to begin in May 1987 but were delayed by Congress until Sept. 1 when a 12-month education period began. The temporary agricultural worker provisions of the act expand the existing temporary worker (H2) program. The law divides H2 workers into two categories: temporary workers for agricultural labor or services, and all other temporary H2 workers. The changes made by the law affect only the agricultural area and are effective as of June 1, 1987. A grower wishing to hire H2 workers must file a petition with the Department of Labor. The Department will grant the petition provided there are insufficient workers who are able, willing, qualified, and available where and when needed to perform the labor, and there will be no adverse effect on the wages and working conditions of workers similarly employed in the U.S. In addition to these major provisions, there are many other provisions of the act, including anti-discrimination provisions as well as increasing the numerical limitation for colonies of foreign states from 600 to 5,000 immigrant visas a year. Qualified aliens who are in the category Cuban/Haitian Entrant (Status Pending) are eligible to adjust to permanent resident status. The act also provided an additional 5,000 nonpreference visa numbers in fiscal years 1987 and 1988 to natives of countries which were adversely effected by the changes in the preference system created by the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act amendments. Section 2 of the Immigration Amendments of 1988, extended this category through fiscal years 1989 and 1990, with 15,000 visa numbers provided for each of those years. As of May 16, 1990, about 1,762,100 aliens have sought legal status under the pre-1982 provisions of the new immigration law and 1,276,700 have applied for legal status under the agricultural worker provision. During fiscal 1989, 478,814 temporary resident aliens who qualified under the pre-1982 provisions became lawful permanent residents of the U.S. Naturalization: How to Become an American Citizen The Federal Statutes A person who desires to be naturalized as a citizen of the United States may obtain the necessary application form as well as detailed information from the nearest office of the Immigration and Naturalization Service or from the clerk of a court handling naturalization cases. An applicant must be at least 18 years old. He must have been a lawful resident of the United States continuously for 5 years. For husbands and wives of U.S. citizens the period is 3 years in most instances. Special provisions apply to certain veterans of the Armed Forces. An applicant must have been physically present in this country for at least half of the required 5 years' residence. Every applicant for naturalization must: 1. demonstrate an understanding of the English language, including an ability to read, write, and speak words in ordinary usage in the English language (persons physically unable to do so, and persons who, on the date of their examinations, are over 50 years of age and have been lawful permanent residents of the United States for 20 years or more are exempt). 2. have been a person of good moral character, attached to the principles of the Constitution, and well disposed to the good order and happiness of the United States for five years just before filing the petition or for whatever other period of residence is required in his case and continue to be such a person until admitted to citizenship; and 3. demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of the fundamentals of the history, and the principles and form of government, of the U.S. When the applicant files his petition he pays the court clerk $50. At the preliminary hearing he may be represented by a lawyer or social service agency. There is a 30-day wait. If action is favorable, there is a final hearing before a judge, who administers the following oath of allegiance: I hereby declare, on oath, that I absolutely and entirely renounce and abjure all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state or sovereignty, to whom or which I have heretofore been a subject or citizen; that I will support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States of America against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I will bear arms on behalf of the United States when required by the law; that I will perform noncombatant service in the armed forces of the United States when required by the law; that I will perform work of national importance under civilian direction when required by the law; and that I take this obligation freely without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; so help me God. Customs Exemptions and Advice to Travelers U.S. Customs Service U.S. residents returning after a stay abroad of at least 48 hours are usually granted customs exemptions of $400 each. The duty-free articles must accompany the traveler at the time of his return, be for personal or household use, have been acquired as an incident of his trip, and be properly declared to Customs. Not more than one liter of alcoholic beverages may be included in the $400 exemption. If a U.S. resident arrives directly or indirectly from American Samoa, Guam, or the U.S. Virgin Islands, the purchase may be valued up to $800 fair retail value, but not more than $400 of the exemption may be applied to the value of articles acquired elsewhere than in such insular possessions, and 5 liters of alcoholic beverages may be included in the exemption, but not more than 1 liter of such beverages may have been acquired elsewhere than in the designated islands. The exemption for alcoholic beverages is accorded only when the returning resident has attained 21 years of age at the time of his arrival. One hundred cigars and 200 cigarettes may be included in either exemption. Cuban cigars may be included if obtained in Cuba and all articles acquired there do not exceed $100 in retail value. The $400 or $800 exemption may be granted only if the exemption, or any part of it, has not been used within the preceding 30-day period and the stay abroad was for at least 48 hours. The 48-hour absence requirement does not apply if you return from Mexico or the U.S. Virgin Islands. Gifts costing no more than $50 fair retail value or $100 from American Samoa, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, may be mailed duty-free. Most items--including alcoholic beverages, cigars, cigarettes and perfume--made in designated Caribbean and Central American countries may enter the U.S. duty-free under the Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act. Countries currently designated for such duty-free treatment are: Aruba, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Saint Christopher-Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago. Exceptions are: most textiles (incl. clothing), footwear, handbags, luggage, flat goods, work gloves and leather wearing apparel, and certain watches and watch parts. Alcoholic beverages and perfumes, remain subject to IRS tax. Health Expenditures--Selected Countries: 1980 and 1987 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴� Total Health Expenditures Total Health Expenditures Total H Percent of G.D.P. Percent of G.D.P. Per cap Country 1980 1987 Exchang 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� United States 9.2 11.2 $2,051 Austria 7.9 8.4 1,305 Belgium 6.6 7.2 1,048 Canada 7.4 8.6 1,376 Denmark 6.8 6.0 1,181 France 7.6 8.6 1,366 Greece 4.3 5.3 203 Ireland 8.5 7.4 617 Italy 6.8 6.9 907 Japan 6.4 6.8 1,347 Netherlands 8.2 8.5 1,233 New Zealand 7.2 6.9 731 Norway 6.6 7.5 1,473 Spain 5.9 6.0 447 Total Health Expenditures Total Health Expenditures Total H Percent of G.D.P. Percent of G.D.P. Per cap Country 1980 1987 Exchang 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Spain 5.9 6.0 447 Sweden 9.5 9.0 1,690 Switzerland 7.3 7.7 11,991 Turkey 4.1 3.5 45 United Kingdom 5.8 6.1 723 West Germany 7.9 8.2 1,502 1 Preliminary estimates. G.D.P. = gross domestic product. Foreign Trade of Selected Countries--Source of Imports and Destination of Exports: 1988 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (In billions of dollars, except percent. All exports are f.o.b. (free on board) and all imports are c.i.f. (cost insurance freight) except for U.S., Australian and Canadian imports, which are f.o.b.) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴� O.E.C.D.2 O.E.C.D.2 Country Total1 Total E.E.C.3 Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Imports United States 441.3 275.0 85.0 2.2 Australia 33.3 25.6 7.8 .2 Austria 36.6 31.1 24.9 2.3 Belgium9 92.1 80.1 67.3 1.9 Canada 106.8 93.9 13.0 .4 O.E.C.D.2 O.E.C.D.2 Country Total1 Total E.E.C.3 Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Canada 106.8 93.9 13.0 .4 Denmark 26.5 22.8 13.6 .7 France 176.8 143.3 106.7 4.7 Italy 139.0 107.0 80.0 5.6 Japan 187.5 93.0 24.2 3.5 Netherlands 99.3 82.9 71.2 2.1 Spain 60.3 46.8 34.3 1.5 Sweden 45.5 40.0 25.5 1.7 Switzerland 56.3 50.5 40.1 .7 O.E.C.D.2 O.E.C.D.2 Country Total1 Total E.E.C.3 Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Switzerland 56.3 50.5 40.1 .7 United Kingdom 189.3 160.3 99.4 2.8 West Germany 250.5 202.6 129.8 9.1 Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent distribution: distribution: distribution: distribution: distribution: United States 100.0 62.3 19.3 .5 Australia 100.0 76.6 23.5 .5 Austria 100.0 85.0 68.1 6.3 Belgium9 100.0 87.0 73.1 2.0 O.E.C.D.2 O.E.C.D.2 Country Total1 Total E.E.C.3 Soviet Union and Eastern Europe  Canada 100.0 87.9 12.2 .4 Denmark 100.0 86.0 51.4 2.6 France 100.0 81.0 60.4 2.7 Italy 100.0 77.0 57.5 4.0 Japan 100.0 49.6 12.9 1.8 Netherlands 100.0 83.4 71.6 2.1 Spain 100.0 77.5 56.9 2.6 Sweden 100.0 87.9 56.0 3.7 O.E.C.D.2 O.E.C.D.2 Country Total1 Total E.E.C.3 Soviet Union and Eastern Europe  Switzerland 100.0 89.7 71.3 1.2 United Kingdom 100.0 84.7 52.5 1.5 West Germany 100.0 80.9 51.8 3.6 Exports United States 320.4 202.1 75.9 3.6 Australia 32.7 19.8 4.8 .9 Austria 31.0 25.2 19.8 2.8 Belgium9 92.0 80.7 68.3 1.1 O.E.C.D.2 O.E.C.D.2 Country Total1 Total E.E.C.3 Soviet Union and Eastern Europe  Canada 111.9 100.5 9.0 1.1 Denmark 27.9 20.7 13.8 .5 France 161.7 129.7 99.7 3.3 Italy 129.1 103.7 73.9 3.6 Japan 265.0 160.5 47.2 3.9 Netherlands 103.1 90.9 77.0 1.5 Spain 40.2 32.6 26.4 .5 Sweden 49.7 43.3 26.0 1.0 O.E.C.D.2 O.E.C.D.2 Country Total1 Total E.E.C.3 Soviet Union and Eastern Europe  Switzerland 50.6 39.8 28.3 1.7 United Kingdom 144.9 114.0 73.0 2.1 West Germany 323.3 271.1 176.0 11.2 Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent distribution: distribution: distribution: distribution: distribution: United States 100.0 63.1 23.7 1.1 Australia 100.0 60.7 14.6 2.8 Austria 100.0 81.3 63.8 9.1 Belgium9 100.0 87.8 74.3 1.2 O.E.C.D.2 O.E.C.D.2 Country Total1 Total E.E.C.3 Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Belgium9 100.0 87.8 74.3 1.2 Canada 100.0 89.8 8.0 1.0 Denmark 100.0 74.3 49.4 1.9 France 100.0 80.2 61.6 2.1 Italy 100.0 80.3 57.2 2.8 Japan 100.0 60.6 17.8 1.5 Netherlands 100.0 88.2 74.7 1.4 Spain 100.0 80.9 65.6 1.3 Sweden 100.0 87.1 52.3 2.1 O.E.C.D.2 O.E.C.D.2 Country Total1 Total E.E.C.3 Soviet Union and Eastern Europe Sweden 100.0 87.1 52.3 2.1 Switzerland 100.0 78.6 56.0 3.3 United Kingdom 100.0 78.6 50.4 1.5 West Germany 100.0 83.8 54.4 3.5 1 Includes other areas not shown separately. 2 Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development. 3 European Economic Community comprisesBelgium-Luxembourg, Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal,Spain, United Kingdom, and West Germany. 4 Organization of Petroleum ExportingCountries. 5 Comprises trade with all countries other than China, North Korea,Vietnam, South Africa, Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and members of O.P.E.C. andO.E.C.D. 6 All countries comprising the continent except Canada and the UnitedStates. 7 Comprises Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Gaza Strip, Jordan, Iraq, SaudiArabia, Yemen, Kuwait, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, and Iran. 8 Allcountries comprising the continent of Asia except Japan, China, North Korea,Vietnam, and those countries listed under Middle East. 9 Includes Luxembourg. Foreign Exchange Rates: 1970 to 1989 Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (National currency units per dollar, except as noted. Except as indicated, data are annual averages of certified noon buying rates for cable transfers) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴� Year Australia1 (dollar) Austria (schilling) Belgium (franc) Canad 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1970 111.36 25.880 49.680 1.010 1975 130.77 17.443 36.799 1.017 1977 110.82 16.545 35.848 1.063 Year Australia1 (dollar) Austria (schilling) Belgium (franc) Canad 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1977 110.82 16.545 35.848 1.063 1978 114.41 14.525 31.493 1.140 1979 111.77 13.387 29.342 1.160 1980 114.00 12.945 29.237 1.169 1981 114.95 15.948 37.194 1.199 1982 101.65 17.060 45.780 1.234 1983 90.14 17.968 51.121 1.232 1984 87.94 20.005 57.749 1.295 1985 70.03 20.676 59.336 1.365 1986 67.09 15.260 44.662 1.389 1987 70.14 12.649 37.357 1.325 1988 78.41 12.357 36.783 1.230 1989, June 81.11 13.320 39.651 1.192 1970 7.576 239.59 623.00 357.6 1975 8.409 222.16 653.09 296.7 1977 8.769 174.49 882.76 268.6 1978 8.198 191.84 849.12 210.3 1979 8.156 204.65 831.10 219.0 Year Australia1 (dollar) Austria (schilling) Belgium (franc) Canad 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1980 7.887 205.77 856.20 226.6 1981 8.681 161.32 1,138.60 220.6 1982 9.485 142.05 1,345.00 249.0 1983 10.104 124.81 1,519.30 237.5 1984 11.348 108.64 1,756.10 237.4 1985 12.332 106.62 1,908.90 238.4 1986 12.597 134.14 1,491.16 168.3 1987 12.943 148.79 1,297.03 144.6 1988 13.899 152.49 1,302.39 128.1 1989, June 15.690 141.14 1,383.80 133.4 1970 3.0800 139.24 310.57 69.72 1975 2.3713 136.47 484.00 57.43 1977 2.4394 114.99 484.00 75.99 1978 2.2740 115.01 484.00 76.72 1979 2.1746 118.72 484.00 67.16 1980 2.1412 128.54 607.43 71.76 1981 2.1053 114.77 681.03 92.40 Year Australia1 (dollar) Austria (schilling) Belgium (franc) Canad 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1983 2.1136 89.85 776.04 143.5 1984 2.1325 69.53 807.91 160.7 1985 2.2008 45.57 861.89 169.9 1986 2.1782 43.95 884.61 140.0 1987 2.1059 49.08 825.93 123.5 1988 2.0132 44.15 734.51 116.5 1989, June 1.9461 39.03 675.23 118.6 1 Value is U.S. cents per unit of foreign currency. Exchange Rates--Indexes of Value of Foreign Currency Relative to U.S.Dollar: 1970 to 1988 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (1977 = 100) 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴� Year United States Canada Japan Belgium Denmark France Italy Sweden 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1970 100.0 101.8 74.8 72.2 80.0 88.9 140.8 86.1 1975 100.0 104.4 90.3 97.6 104.7 114.8 135.3 107.9 1977 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1978 100.0 93.2 128.5 114.0 109.0 109.2 104.0 98.2 1979 100.0 90.7 112.7 122.2 114.1 115.5 106.2 104.2 1980 100.0 90.9 118.7 112.7 106.7 116.5 103.2 105.6 1981 100.0 88.6 121.4 96.8 84.1 90.4 77.5 88.2 1982 100.0 86.1 107.5 78.3 71.9 74.7 65.2 71.1 1983 100.0 86.2 112.7 70.1 65.6 64.5 58.1 58.2 1984 100.0 82.0 112.8 62.0 58.0 56.3 50.3 54.0 1985 100.0 77.8 112.3 60.4 56.6 54.7 46.2 51.9 1986 100.0 76.5 159.1 80.2 74.2 71.0 59.2 62.7 1987 100.0 80.1 185.2 95.9 87.7 81.8 68.1 70.4 1988 100.0 86.3 208.9 97.4 89.1 82.5 67.8 72.8 Public Expenditure for Education and Illiteracy, by Selected Country United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (Expenditure: Includes both capital and current expenditures on publiceducation and subsidized private education. Illiteracy: Defined as inabilityboth to read and write in any, or a specified, language.) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Public Expenditure for Public Expenditure for Public Expenditure for Pu Education Education Education Ed Country Year Percent of total public Pe expenditure na 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� United States 1985 NA 6. Afghanistan 1987 4.0 NA Algeria 1987 27.8 9. Public Expenditure for Public Expenditure for Public Expenditure for Pu Education Education Education Ed Country Year Percent of total public Pe expenditure na Algeria 1987 27.8 9. Argentina 1987 8.93 1. Australia 1986 12.6 5. Bangladesh 1986 10.53 2. Brazil 1986 17.7 4. Burma (Myanmar) 1977 12.2 1. Canada 1987 15.4 7. Chile 1987 NA 3. Public Expenditure for Public Expenditure for Public Expenditure for Pu Education Education Education Ed Country Year Percent of total public Pe expenditure na  China 1985 NA 2. Colombia 1987 22.43 2. Czechoslovakia 1987 8.0 NA East Germany 1987 5.45 5. Egypt 1987 NA 5. Ethiopia 1986 9.9 4. France 1986 NA 5. Ghana 1987 NA 3. Public Expenditure for Public Expenditure for Public Expenditure for Pu Education Education Education Ed Country Year Percent of total public Pe expenditure na Ghana 1987 NA 3. Hungary 1987 6.3 5. India 1986 NA 3. Indonesia 1981 9.3 2. Iran 1987 18.1 NA Iraq 1987 6.4 NA Italy 1986 8.63 4. Japan 1986 17.7 5. Public Expenditure for Public Expenditure for Public Expenditure for Pu Education Education Education Ed Country Year Percent of total public Pe expenditure na  Kenya 1987 22.7 7. Malaysia 1987 NA 7. Mexico 1987 NA 3. Morocco 1987 25.5 8. Nepal 1985 10.8 2. Netherlands 1985 16.5 16 Nigeria 1986 12.010 1. Pakistan 1987 NA 2. Public Expenditure for Public Expenditure for Public Expenditure for Pu Education Education Education Ed Country Year Percent of total public Pe expenditure na Pakistan 1987 NA 2. Peru 1987 NA 3. Philippines 1987 NA 2. Poland 1987 12.5 4. Portugal 1987 NA 4. Romania 1985 NA 2. Saudi Arabia 1987 13.6 NA South Korea 1987 26.6 4. Public Expenditure for Public Expenditure for Public Expenditure for Pu Education Education Education Ed Country Year Percent of total public Pe expenditure na  Soviet Union 1987 NA 7. Spain 1987 NA 3. Sri Lanka 1987 NA 3. Sudan 1985 15.05 4. Syria 1987 14.0 4. Tanzania 1987 9.7 4. Thailand 1987 17.9 3. Turkey 1987 NA 1. Public Expenditure for Public Expenditure for Public Expenditure for Pu Education Education Education Ed Country Year Percent of total public Pe expenditure na Turkey 1987 NA 1. Uganda 1987 22.53 3. United Kingdom 1986 NA 5. Venezuela 1985 21.3 5. West Germany 1986 9.2 4. Yugoslavia 1986 NA 3. Zaire 1980 32.35 3. Zimbabwe 1986 16.2 8. Public Expenditure for Public Expenditure for Public Expenditure for Pu Education Education Education Ed Country Year Percent of total public Pe expenditure na  NA = Not available. 1 Population, 15 years old and over. Estimatedby source, except as noted. 2 Data refer to total public and private expenditureon education. 3 Ministry of Education expenditures only. 4 Estimates made bycountry itself. 5 Current expenditures only. 6 Percent of net material product.7 Population, 10 years old and over. 8 Metropolitan France only. 9 Population,15-45 years old. 10 Federal government expenditures only. 11 Expenditure on thirdlevel education is not included. United Nations The 45th regular session of the United Nations General Assembly opened in September, 1990. UN headquarters are in New York, N.Y., between First Ave. and Roosevelt Drive and E. 42d St. and E. 48th St. The General Assembly Bldg., Secretariat, Conference and Library bldgs. are interconnected. A European office at Geneva includes Secretariat and agency staff members. Other offices of UN bodies and related organizations with a staff of some 23,000 from some 150 countries are scattered throughout the world. The UN has a post office originating its own stamps. Proposals to establish an organization of nations for maintenance of world peace led to the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco, Apr. 25-June 26, 1945, where the charter of the United Nations was drawn up. It was signed June 26 by 50 nations, and by Poland, one of the original 51, on Oct. 15, 1945. The charter came into effect Oct. 24, 1945, upon ratification by the permanent members of the Security Council and a majority of other signatories. Purposes: To maintain international peace and security; to develop friendly relations among nations; to achieve international cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these common ends. Roster of the United Nations (As of mid-1990) The 159 members of the United Nations, with the years in which they becamemembers. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Member Year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Afghanistan 1946 Albania 1955 Algeria 1962 Angola 1976 Antigua and Barbuda 1981 Member Year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Antigua and Barbuda 1981 Argentina 1945 Australia 1945 Austria 1955 Bahamas 1973 Bahrain 1971 Bangladesh 1974 Barbados 1966 Belgium 1945 Belize 1981 Benin 1960 Bhutan 1971 Bolivia 1945 Botswana 1966 Brazil 1945 Brunei 1984 Bulgaria 1955 Burkina Faso 1960 Burundi 1962 Member Year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Burundi 1962 Byelorussia 1945 Cambodia 1955 Cameroon 1960 Canada 1945 Cape Verde 1975 Central Afr. Rep. 1960 Chad 1960 Chile 1945 China4 1945 Colombia 1945 Comoros 1975 Congo 1960 Costa Rica 1945 Cote d'Ivoire 1960 Cuba 1945 Cyprus 1960 Czechoslovakia 1945 Denmark 1945 Member Year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Denmark 1945 Djibouti 1977 Dominica 1978 Dominican Rep. 1945 Ecuador 1945 Egypt2 1945 El Salvador 1945 Equatorial Guinea 1968 Ethiopia 1945 Fiji 1970 Finland 1955 France 1945 Gabon 1960 Gambia 1965 Germany, East 1973 Germany, West 1973 Ghana 1957 Greece 1945 Grenada 1974 Member Year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Grenada 1974 Guatemala 1945 Guinea 1958 Guinea-Bissau 1974 Guyana 1966 Haiti 1945 Honduras 1945 Hungary 1955 Iceland 1946 India 1945 Indonesia6 1950 Iran 1945 Iraq 1945 Ireland 1955 Israel 1949 Italy 1955 Jamaica 1962 Japan 1956 Jordan 1955 Member Year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Jordan 1955 Kenya 1963 Kuwait 1963 Laos 1955 Lebanon 1945 Lesotho 1966 Liberia 1945 Libya 1955 Luxembourg 1945 Madagascar (Malagasy) 1960 Malawi 1964 Malaysia1 1957 Maldives 1965 Mali 1960 Malta 1964 Mauritania 1961 Mauritius 1968 Mexico 1945 Mongolia 1961 Member Year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mongolia 1961 Morocco 1956 Mozambique 1975 Myanmar (Burma) 1948 Namibia 1990 Nepal 1955 Netherlands 1945 New Zealand 1945 Nicaragua 1945 Niger 1960 Nigeria 1960 Norway 1945 Oman 1971 Pakistan 1947 Panama 1945 Papua New Guinea 1975 Paraguay 1945 Peru 1945 Philippines 1945 Member Year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Philippines 1945 Poland 1945 Portugal 1955 Qatar 1971 Romania 1955 Rwanda 1962 Saint Christopher & Nevis 1983 Saint Lucia 1979 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1980 Samoa (Western) 1976 Sao Tome e Principe 1975 Saudi Arabia 1945 Senegal 1960 Seychelles 1976 Sierra Leone 1961 Singapore1 1965 Solomon Islands 1978 Somalia 1960 South Africa5 1945 Member Year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 South Africa5 1945 Spain 1955 Sri Lanka 1955 Sudan 1956 Suriname 1975 Swaziland 1968 Sweden 1946 Syria2 1945 Tanzania3 1961 Thailand 1946 Togo 1960 Trinidad & Tobago 1962 Tunisia 1956 Turkey 1945 Uganda 1962 Ukraine 1945 USSR 1945 United Arab Emirates 1971 United Kingdom 1945 Member Year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 United Kingdom 1945 United States 1945 Uruguay 1945 Vanuatu 1981 Venezuela 1945 Vietnam 1977 Yemen 1947 Yugoslavia 1945 Zaire 1960 Zambia 1964 Zimbabwe 1980 1 Malaya joined the UN in 1957. In 1963, its name was changed to Malaysia following the accession of Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawak. Singapore became an independent UN member in 1965. 2 Egypt and Syria were original members of the UN. In 1958, the United Arab Republic was established by a union of Egypt and Syria and continued as a single member of the UN. In 1961, Syria resumed its separate membership. 3 Tanganyika was a member of the United Nations from 1961 and Zanzibar was a member from 1963. Following the ratification in 1964 of Articles of Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar, the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar continued as a single member of the United Nations, later changing its name to United Republic of Tanzania. 4 The General Assembly voted in 1971 to expel the Chinese government on Taiwan and admit the Peking government in its place. 5 The General Assembly rejected the credentials of the South African delegates in 1974, and suspended the country from the Assembly. 6 Indonesia withdrew from the UN in 1965 and rejoined in 1966. Organization of the United Nations The text of the UN Charter, and further information, may be obtained from the Office of Public Information, United Nations, New York, NY 10017. General Assembly. The General Assembly is composed of representatives of all the member nations. Each nation is entitled to one vote. The General Assembly meets in regular annual sessions and in special session when necessary. Special sessions are convoked by the Secretary General at the request of the Security Council or of a majority of the members of the UN. On important questions a two-thirds majority of members present and voting is required; on other questions a simple majority is sufficient. The General Assembly must approve the budget and apportion expenses among members. A member in arrears will have no vote if the amount of arrears equals or exceeds the amount of the contributions due for the preceeding two full years. Security Council. The Security Council consists of 15 members, 5 with permanent seats. The remaining 10 are elected for 2-year terms by the General Assembly; they are not eligible for immediate reelection. Permanent members of the Council: China, France, USSR, United Kingdom, United States. Non-permanent members are Canada, Colombia, Ethiopia, Finland, and Malaysia (until Dec. 31, 1990); Cote D'Ivoire, Cuba, Romania, Yemen, Zaire (until Dec. 31, 1991). The Security Council has the primary responsiblity within the UN for maintaining international peace and security. The Council may investigate any dispute that threatens international peace and security. Any member of the UN at UN headquarters may participate in its discussions and a nation not a member of UN may appear if it is a party to a dispute. Decisions on procedural questions are made by an affirmative vote of 9 members. On all other matters the affirmative vote of 9 members must include the concurring votes of all permanent members; it is this clause which gives rise to the so-called "veto." A party to a dispute must refrain from voting. The Security Council directs the various truce supervisory forces deployed throughout the world. Economic and Social Council. The Economic and Social Council consists of 54 members elected by the General Assembly for 3-year terms of office. The council is responsible under the General Assembly for carrying out the functions of the United Nations with regard to international economic, social, cultural, educational, health and related matters. The council meets usually twice a year. Trusteeship Council. The administration of trust territories is under UN supervision. The only remaining trust territory is Palau, administered by the U.S. Secretariat. The Secretary General is the chief administrative officer of the UN. He may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter that threatens international peace. He reports to the General Assembly. Budget: The General Assembly approved a total budget for 90-91 of $1.56 billion. International Court of Justice (World Court). The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. All members are ipso facto parties to the statute of the Court, as are three nonmembers -- Liechtenstein, San Marino, and Switzerland. Other states may become parties to the Court's statute. The jurisdiction of the Court comprises cases which the parties submit to it and matters especially provided for in the charter or in treaties. The Court gives advisory opinions and renders judgments. Its decisions are only binding between the parties concerned and in respect to a particular dispute. If any party to a case fails to heed a judgment, the other party may have recourse to the Security Council. The 15 judges are elected for 9-year terms by the General Assembly and the Security Council. Retiring judges are eligible for re-election. The Court remains permanently in session, except during vacations. All questions are decided by majority. The Court sits in The Hague, Netherlands. Judges: 9-year term of office ending 1997: Mohamed Shahabuddeen, Guyana. Roberto Ago, Italy. Stephen Schwebel, U.S. Nikolai K. Tarasov, USSR. Mohammed Bedjaoui, Algeria. 9-year term in office ending 1994: Ni Zhengyo, China. Jens Evensen, Norway. Manfred Lachs, Poland. Taslim Olawala Elias, Nigeria, Shigeru Oda, Japan. 9-year term in office ending 1991: Nagendra Singh, India. Jose Maria Ruda, Argentina. Robert Y. Jennings, United Kingdom. Guy Ladreit de Lacharriere, France. Keba Mbaye, Senegal. United Nations Secretaries General 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Secretary, Nation 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1946 Trygve Lie, Norway 1953 Dag Hammarskjold, Sweden 1961 U Thant, Burma 1972 Kurt Waldheim, Austria 1982 Javier Perez de Cuellar, Peru U.S. Representatives to the United Nations 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Representative 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1946 Edward R. Stettinius Jr. 1946 Herschel V. Johnson (act.) 1947 Warren R. Austin 1953 Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 1960 James J. Wadsworth 1961 Adlai E. Stevenson 1965 Arthur J. Goldberg 1968 George W. Ball 1968 James Russell Wiggins 1969 Charles W. Yost 1971 George Bush 1973 John A. Scali 1975 Daniel P. Moynihan 1976 William W. Scranton 1977 Andrew Young 1979 Donald McHenry 1981 Jeane J. Kirkpatrick 1985 Vernon A. Walters 1989 Thomas R. Pickering Year Representative 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1989 Thomas R. Pickering The U.S. Representative to the United Nations is the Chief of the U.S. Missionto the United Nations in New York and holds the rank and status of AmbassadorExtraordinary and Plenipotentiary. Visitors to the United Nations United Nations headquarters is open to the public every day of the year except Christmas and New Year's Day. The public entrance is at 46th Street and First Avenue and opens at 9 a.m. Guided tours begin from the main lobby of the General Assembly building and are given approximately every half hour from 9:15 a.m. to 4:45 p.m. daily. The tours last about one hour. Tours in languages other than English may be arranged. Groups of 15 or more persons should make arrangements as far in advance as possible by writing to the Group Program Unit, Visitors' Service, Room GA-56, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, or telephone (212) 963-7713. Children under 5 are not permitted on tours. Specialized and Related Agencies These agencies are autonomous, with their own memberships and organs which have a functional relationship or working agreement with the UN (headquarters.) Food & Agriculture Org. (FAO) aims to increase production from farms, forests, and fisheries; improve distribution, marketing, and nutrition; better conditions for rural people. (Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is the only treaty setting rules for world trade. Provides a forum for settling trade disputes and negotiating trade liberalization. (Centre William Rappard, 154 rue de Lausanne, 1211 Geneva 21, Switzerland.) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) aims to promote the safe, peaceful uses of atomic energy. (Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (World Bank) provides loans and technical assistance for economic development projects in developing member countries; encourages cofinancing for projects from other public and private sources. International Development Association (IDA),an affiliate of the Bank, provides funds for development projects on concessionary terms to the poorer developing member countries. (both 1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC 20433.)International Finance Corporation (IFC) an affiliate of the Bank, promotes the growth of the private sector in developing member countries; encourages the development of local capital markets; stimulates the international flow of private capital. (1818 H St., NW, Washington, DC 20433.) International Civil Aviation Org. (ICAO) promotes international civil aviation standards and regulations. (1000 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2R2.) International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) aims to mobilize funds for agricultural and rural projects in developing countries. (107 Via del Serafico, Rome, Italy.) International Labor Org. (ILO) aims to promote employment; improve labor conditions and living standards. (4 route de Morillons, CH-1211, Geneva 22, Switzerland.) International Maritime Org. (IMO) aims to promote co-operation on technical matters affecting international shipping. (4 Albert Embankment, London, SE1 7SR, England.) International Monetary Fund (IMF) aims to promote international monetary co-operation and currency stabilization; expansion of international trade. (700 19th St., NW, Washington, DC, 20431.) International Telecommunication Union (ITU) sets up international regulations of radio, telegraph, telephone and space radio-communications. Allocates radio frequencies. (Place des Nations, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland.) United Nations Educational, Scientific, & Cultural Org. (UNESCO) aims to promote collaboration among nations through education, science, and culture. The U.S. withdrew from this organization in 1985 because of UNESCO's anti-Western bias. (9 Place de Fontenoy, 75700 Paris, France.) United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) provides aid and development assistance to children and mothers in developing countries. (1 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017.) Universal Postal Union (UPU) aims to perfect postal services and promote international collaboration. (Weltpoststrasse 4, 3000 Berne, 15 Switzerland.) World Health Org. (WHO) aims to aid the attainment of the highest possible level of health. (1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.) World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) seeks to protect, through international cooperation, literary, industrial, scientific, and artistic works. (34, Chemin des Colom Bettes, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.) World Meteorological Org. (WMO) aims to co-ordinate and improve world meteorological work. (Case Postale 5, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.) Major International Organizations As of mid-1990 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), was formed in 1967 to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation and development among the non-communist states of the region. Members in 1990 are Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand. Annual ministerial meetings set policy; a central Secretariat in Jakarta and specialized intergovernmental committees work in trade, transportation, communications, agriculture, science, finance, and culture. Caribbean Community (Caricom) was established July 4, 1973. Its function is to further co-operation in economics, health, education, culture, science and technology, and tax administration, as well as the co-ordination of foreign policy. Members in 1990 are Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Trinidad & Tobago. Observers are Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Suriname. Commonwealth of Nations originally called the British Commonwealth of Nations, is an association of nations and dependencies loosely joined by a common interest based on having been parts of the old British Empire. The British monarch is the symbolic head of the Commonwealth. There are 50 self-governing independent nations in the Commonwealth, plus various colonies and protectorates. As of May 1990, the members were the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and 16 other nations recognizing the British monarch, represented by a governor-general, as their head of state: Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, Mauritius, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, St. Kitts-Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu (a special member); and 32 countries with their own heads of state: Bangladesh, Botswana, Brunei, Cyprus, Dominica, The Gambia, Ghana, Guyana, India, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, The Maldives, Malta, Namibia, Nauru (a special member), Nigeria, Pakistan, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, Vanuatu, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. In addition various Caribbean dependencies take part in certain Commonwealth activities. The Commonwealth facilitates consultation among member states through meetings of prime ministers and finance ministers, and through a permanent Secretariat. Members consult on economic, scientific, educational, financial, legal, and military matters, and try to coordinate policies. European Communities (EC, the Common Market) is the collective designation of three organizations with common membership: the European Economic Community (Common Market), the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). The 12 full members are: Belgium, Denmark, France, West Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom. Some 60 nations in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific are affiliated under the Lome Convention. A merger of the 3 communities executives went into effect July 1, 1967, though the component organizations date back to 1951 and 1958. A Council of Ministers, a Commission, a European Parliament, and a Court of Justice comprise the permanent structure. The communities aim to integrate their economies, coordinate social developments, and bring about political union of the democratic states of Europe. The members have agreed that a single European market which will remove all barriers to free trade and free movement of capital and people will take effect at the end of 1992. European Free Trade Association (EFTA), consisting of Austria, Iceland, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and associated member Finland, was created Jan. 4, 1960, to gradually reduce customs duties and quantitative restrictions between members on industrial products. By Dec. 31, 1966, all tariffs and quotas had been eliminated. The association entered into free trade agreements with the EC, Jan. 1, 1973. Trade barriers were removed July 1, 1976. League of Arab States (The Arab League) was created Mar. 22, 1945, by Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Yemen. Joining later were Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, The Palestine Liberation Org., Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates. The League fosters cultural, economic, and communication ties and mediates disputes among the Arab states; it represents Arab states in certain international negotiations, and coordinates a military, economic, and diplomatic offensive against Israel. As a result of Egypt signing a peace treaty with Israel, the League, Mar. 1979, suspended Egypt's membership and transferred the League's headquarters from Cairo to Tunis. Egypt was readmitted to the organization in 1989. North Atlantic Treaty Org. (NATO) was created by treaty (signed Apr. 4, 1949; in effect Aug. 24, 1949). Members in 1990 include Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United Kingdom, and the U.S. Greece, Turkey, West Germany, and Spain have joined since. The members agreed to settle disputes by peaceful means; to develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack; to regard an attack on one as an attack on all, and to take necessary action to repel an attack under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. The NATO structure consists of a Council and a Military Committee of 3 commands (Allied Command Europe, Allied Command Atlantic, Allied Command Channel) and the Canada-U.S. Regional Planning Group. Following announcement in 1966 of nearly total French withdrawal from the military affairs of NATO, organization hq. moved, 1967, from Paris to Brussels. At their summit conference in July 1990, members called for a reshaping of the alliance to assure the Soviet Union of their peaceful intentions. The reunified Germany became a member late in 1990. (See Chronology and Index for details.) Organization of African Unity (OAU), formed May 25, 1963, by 32 African countries (50 in 1989) to coordinate cultural, political, scientific and economic policies; to end colonialism in Africa; and to promote a common defense of members' independence. It holds annual conferences of heads of state. Hq. is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Organization of American States (OAS) was formed in Bogota, Colombia, in 1948. Hq. is in Washington, D.C. It has a Permanent Council, Inter-American Economic and Social Council, and Inter-American Council for Education, Science and Culture, a Juridical Committee and a Commission on Human Rights. The Permanent Council can call meetings of foreign ministers to deal with urgent security matters. A General Assembly meets annually. A secretary general and assistant are elected for 5-year terms. There are 32 members, each with one vote in the various organizations: Antigua, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, St. Kitts-Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago, U.S., Uruguay, Venezuela. In 1962, the OAS excluded Cuba from OAS activities but not from membership. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) was established Sept. 30, 1961 to promote economic and social welfare in member countries, and to stimulate and harmonize efforts on behalf of developing nations. Nearly all the industrialized "free market" countries belong, with Yugoslavia as an associate member. OECD collects and disseminates economic and environmental information. Members in 1990 are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, West Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, Yugoslavia (special member). Hq. is in Paris. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was created Nov. 14, 1960 at Venezuelan initiative. The group attempts to set world oil prices by controlling oil production. It is also involved in advancing members' interests in trade and development dealings with industrialized oil-consuming nations. Members in 1990 are Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela. Warsaw Pact was created May 14, 1955, as a mutual defense alliance. Members in 1990 are Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the USSR. Hq. is in Moscow. It provides for a unified military command; if one member is attacked, the others will aid it with all necessary steps including armed force. The alliance is not expected to survive the reforms among the member nations that occurred in 1989-90. Ambassadors and Envoys As of mid-1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Afghanistan Vacancy Vacancy Algeria Christopher W.S. Ross, Adberrahmane Bensid, Amb. Amb. Antigua & Barbuda R. James McHugh, Charge Edmund H. Lake, Amb. Argentina Terence A. Todman, Amb. Guido DiTella, Amb. Australia Melvin F. Sembler, Amb. Michael J. Cook, Amb. Austria Michael J. Habib, Friedrich Hoess, Amb. Charge Bahamas Chic Hecht, Amb. Margaret E. McDonald, Amb. Bahrain Charles W. Hostler, Amb. Ghazi M. Algosaibi, Amb. Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States Bahrain Charles W. Hostler, Amb. Ghazi M. Algosaibi, Amb. Bangladesh Willard De Pree, Amb. A.H.S. Ataul Karim, Amb. Barbados John Clark, Charge William Douglas, Amb. Belgium Maynard W. Glitman, Amb. Herman Dehennin, Amb. Belize Robert G. Rich, Jr., Edward A. Laing, Amb. Amb. Benin Harriet W. Isom, Amb. Theophile Nata, Amb. Bolivia Robert S. Gelbard, Amb. Jose Crespo-Velasco, Amb. Botswana Johnnie Carson, Charge Botsweletse K. Sebele, Amb. Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States  Brazil Richard H. Melton, Amb. Marcilio M. Moreira, Amb. Brunei Christopher H. Phillips, D.P.H. Mohammad Suni, Amb. Amb. Bulgaria Sol Polansky, Amb. Velichko F. Velichkov Amb. Burkina Faso David H. Shinn, Amb. Paul-Desire Kabore, Amb. Burundi Cynthia S. Perry, Amb. Julien Kavakure, Amb. Cameroon Frances D. Cook, Amb. Paul Pondi, Amb. Canada Edward N. Ney, Amb. Derek H. Burney, Amb. Cape Verde Francis T. McNamara, Jose Luis Fernandes Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States Cape Verde Francis T. McNamara, Jose Luis Fernandes Amb. Lopes, Amb. Central African Rep. Daniel H. Simpson, Amb. Jean-Pierre Sohahong-Kombet, Amb. Chad Vacancy Mahamat Ali Adoum, Amb. Chile Charles A. Gillespie Octavio Errazuriz, Amb. Jr., Amb. China James R. Lilley, Amb. Zhu Qizhen, Amb. Colombia Thomas E. McNamara, Amb. Victor Mosquera, Amb. Comoros Howard K. Walker, Amb. Amini Ali Moumin, Amb. Congo Leonard G. Shurtleff, Benjamin Bounkoulou, Amb. Amb. Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States  Amb. Amb. Costa Rica Deane R. Hinton, Amb. Danilo Jimenez, Amb. Cote d'Ivoire Kenneth L. Brown, Amb. Charles Gomis, Amb. Cyprus John U. Nix, Charge Michael E. Sherifis, Amb. Czechoslovakia Shirley Temple Black, Mirolsav Houstecky, Amb. Amb. Denmark Keith L. Brown, Amb. Peter P. Dyvig, Amb. Djibouti Robert S. Barrett, Amb. Roble Olhale, Amb. Dominica John Clark, Charge Vacancy Dominican Republic Paul D. Taylor, Amb. Carlos A. Morales, Amb. Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States Dominican Republic Paul D. Taylor, Amb. Carlos A. Morales, Amb. Ecuador Adolph H. Eisner, Jaime Moncayo, Amb. Charge Egypt Frank G. Wisner, Amb. El Sayed A. R. El Reedy, Amb. El Salvador William G. Walker, Amb. Miguel A. Salaverria, Amb. Equatorial Guinea Chester E. Norris Jr., Damaso Obiang Ndong, Amb. Amb. Estonia7 Estonia7 Ernst Jaakson, Consul General Ethiopia Robert G. Houdek, Girma Amare, Charge Charge Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States  Charge Fiji Evelyn I.H. Teegen, Amb. Abdul H. Yusuf, Charge Finland John G. Weinmann, Amb. Jukka Valtasaari, Amb. France Walter J.P. Curley, Amb. Jacques Andreani, Amb. Gabon Keith L. Wauchope, Amb. Jean Robert Odzaga, Amb. Gambia, The Vacancy Ousman A. Sallah, Amb. Germany, East Richard C. Barkley, Amb. Gerhard Herder, Amb. Germany, West Vernon A. Walters, Amb. Juergen Ruhfus, Amb. Ghana Raymond C. Ewing, Amb. Eric K. Otoo, Amb. Greece Michael G. Sotirhos, Christos Zacharakis, Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States Greece Michael G. Sotirhos, Christos Zacharakis, Amb. Amb. Grenada Ford Cooper, Charge Albert O. Xavier, Amb. Guatemala Thomas F. Stroock, Amb. Ricardo Aguirre-Murga, Charge Guinea Samuel E. Lupo, Amb. Kekoura Camara, Amb. Guinea-Bissau William L. Jacobsen Jr., Alfredo Lopes Cabral, Amb. Amb. Guyana Theresa A. Tull, Amb. Cedric H. Grant, Amb. Haiti Alvin P. Adams Jr., Amb. Fritz Fougy, Amb. Honduras Cresencio S. Arcos, Amb. Jorge Hernandez-Alcerro, Amb. Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States  Amb. Hungary Mark H. Palmer, Amb. Peter Varkonyi, Amb. Iceland Charles E. Cobb Jr., Ingvi S. Ingvarsson, Amb. Amb. India William Clark Jr., Amb. Karen Singh, Amb. Indonesia John C. Monjo, Amb. Abdul Rachman Ramly, Amb. Iraq April C. Glaspie, Amb. Mohamed Sadiq Al-Mashat, Amb. Ireland Richard A. Moore, Amb. Padraic N. McKernan, Amb. Israel William A. Brown, Amb. Moshe Arad, Amb. Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States Israel William A. Brown, Amb. Moshe Arad, Amb. Italy Peter F. Secchia, Amb. Rinaldo Petrignani, Amb. Jamaica Glen A. Holden, Amb. Keith Johnson, Amb. Japan Michael H. Armacost, Ryohei Murata, Amb. Amb. Jordan Roscoe S. Suddarth, Amb. Hussein A. Hammami, Amb. Kenya Smith Hempstone Jr., Dennis D. Afande, Amb. Amb. Kiribati Evelyn I.H. Teegen, Amb. Vacancy Korea, South Donald P. Gregg, Amb. Tong-Jin Park, Amb. Kuwait W. Nathaniel Howell, Shaikh S. N. Al-Sabah, Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States Kuwait W. Nathaniel Howell, Shaikh S. N. Al-Sabah, Amb. Amb. Laos Charles B. Salmon Jr., Done Somvorachit, Amb. Charge Latvia7 Latvia7 Anatol Dinbergs, Charge Lebanon John T. McCarthy, Amb. Bassam Namani, Charge Lesotho Vacancy W.T. van Tonder, Amb. Liberia James K. Bishop, Amb. Eugenia A. Wordsworth-Stevenson, Amb. Lithuania7 Lithuania7 Stasys Lozoraitis Jr., Charge Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States  Luxembourg Jean B.S. Gerard Andre Philippe, Amb. Madagascar Howard K. Walker, Amb. Pierrot J. Rajaonarivelo, Amb. Malawi George A. Trail 3d, Amb. Robert Mbaya, Amb. Malaysia Paul M. Cleveland, Amb. Albert S. Talalla, Amb. Mali Robert M. Pringle, Amb. Mohamed A. Toure, Amb. Malta Sally J. Novetzke, Amb. Salv Stellini, Amb. Mauritania William H. Twaddell, Abdellah Ould Daddah, Amb. Amb. Mauritius Penne Percy Korth, Amb. Chitmansing Jesseramsing, Amb. Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States  Jesseramsing, Amb. Mexico John Negroponte, Amb. Gustavo Petricioli, Amb. Mongolia Richard L. Williams, Gendengiin Nyamdoo, Amb Amb. Morocco E. Michael Ussery, Amb. Ali Bengelloun, Amb. Mozambique Melissa F. Wells, Amb. Valeriano Ferrao, Amb. Myanmar Burton Levin, Amb. U. Myo Aung, Amb. Namibia Vacancy Vacancy Nauru Melvin F. Sembler, Amb. Vacancy Nepal Julia Chang Bloch, Amb. Mohan Man Sainju, Amb. Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States  Netherlands C. Howard Wilkins Jr., Johan H. Meesman, Amb. Amb. New Zealand Della M. Newman, Amb. Harold H. Francis, Amb. Nicaragua John P. Leonard, Charge Leonor de Huper, Charge Niger Carl C. Cundiff, Amb. Moumouni A. Djermakoye, Amb. Nigeria Lannon Walker, Amb. Hamzat Ahmadu, Amb. Norway Loret Miller Ruppe, Amb. Kjeld Vibe, Amb. Oman Richard W. Boehm, Amb. Awadh Bader Al-Shanfari, Amb. Pakistan Robert B. Oakley, Amb. Zulfiqar Ali Khan, Amb. Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States Pakistan Robert B. Oakley, Amb. Zulfiqar Ali Khan, Amb. Panama Deane R. Hinton, Amb. Carlos F. Rodriguez, Amb. Papua New Guinea Dean L. Welty, Charge Margaret Taylor, Amb. Paraguay Timothy L. Towell, Amb. Marcos Martinez Mendieta, Amb. Peru Anthony C.E. Quainton, Cesar G. Atala, Amb. Amb. Philippines Nicholas Platt, Amb. Emmanuel Pelaez, Amb. Poland John R. Davis Jr., Amb. Kazimierz Dziewanowski, Amb. Portugal Edward M. Rowell, Amb. Joao Eduardo M. Periera Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States Portugal Edward M. Rowell, Amb. Joao Eduardo M. Periera Bastos, Amb. Qatar Mark G. Hambley, Amb. Hamad A. Al-Kawari, Amb. Romania Alan Green Jr., Amb. Mihai Croitoru, Charge Rwanda Leonard H.O. Spearman Aloys Uwimana, Amb. Sr., Amb. St. Kitts & Nevis John Clark, Charge Erstein Edwards, Charge St. Lucia John Clark, Charge Joseph E. Edmunds, Amb. St. Vincent and The John Clark, Charge Vacancy Grenadines Sao Tome and Principe Keith L. Wauchope, Amb. Joaquim R. Branco, Amb. Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States  Saudi Arabia Charles W. Freeman Jr., Bandar Bin Sultan, Amb. Amb. Senegal George E. Moose, Amb. Ibra Deguene Ka, Amb. Seychelles James Moran, Amb. Marc Marengo, Charge Sierra Leone Johnny Young, Amb. George Carew, Amb. Singapore Robert D. Orr, Amb. Tommy T.B. Koh, Amb. Solomon Islands Vacancy Vacancy Somalia T. Frank Crigler, Amb. Abdikarim Ali Omar, Amb. South Africa William L. Swing, Amb. Piet G.J. Koornhof, Amb. Spain Joseph Zappala, Amb. Julian Santamaria, Amb. Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States Spain Joseph Zappala, Amb. Julian Santamaria, Amb. Sri Lanka Marion V. Creekmore Jr., W. Susanta de Alwis, Amb. Amb. Sudan James R. Cheek, Amb. Abdalla Ahmed Abdalla, Amb. Suriname Richard Howland, Amb. Willem A. Udenhout, Amb. Swaziland Mary A. Ryan, Amb. Absalom V. Mamba, Amb. Sweden Charles E. Redman, Amb. Anders I. Thunborg, Amb. Switzerland Joseph B. Gildenhorn, Edouard Brunner, Amb. Amb. Syria Edward P. Djerejian, Bushra Kanafani, Amb. Amb. Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States  Amb. Tanzania Edward DeJarnette Jr., Ali Karume, Charge Amb. Thailand Daniel A. O' Donohue, Vitthya Vejjajiva, Amb. Amb. Togo Rush W. Taylor Jr., Amb. Ellom-Kodjo Schuppius, Amb. Tonga Evelyn I.H. Teegen, Amb. Siosaia Ma'Ulupekotova, Amb. Trinidad and Tobago Charles A. Gargano, Amb. Angus A. Khan, Amb. Tunisia Robert H. Pelletreau, Abdelaziz Hamzaoui, Amb. Jr., Amb. Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States  Turkey Morton I. Abramowitz, Nuzhet Kandemir, Amb. Amb. Tuvalu Evelyn I.H. Teegen, Amb. Vacancy Uganda John A. Burroughs Jr., Stephen K. Amb. Katenta-Apuli, Amb. USSR John F. Matlock, Jr., Yuri Dubinin, Amb. Amb. United Arab Emirates Edward S. Walker, Amb. Abdulla Al-Nahayyan, Amb. United Kingdom Henry E. Catto, Amb. Antony Acland, Amb. Uruguay Malcolm R. Wilkey, Amb. Juan Podesta Pinon, Charge Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States  Charge Vatican Thomas P. Melady, Amb. Pio Laghi, Pro-Nuncio Venezuela Kenneth N. Skoug Jr., Simon A. Consalvi, Amb. Charge Western Samoa Della Newman, Amb. Tuaopepe F. Wendt, Amb. Yemen Charles F. Dunbar, Amb. Mohsin A. Alaini, Amb. Yugoslavia Warren Zimmerman, Amb. Dzevad Mujezinovic, Amb. Zaire William C. Harrop, Amb. Mushobekwa Kalimba wa Katana, Amb. Zambia Jeffrey Davidow, Amb. Paul J.F. Lusaka, Amb. Zimbabwe Vacancy Stanis laus G. Countries Envoys from United Envoys to United States States Zimbabwe Vacancy Stanis laus G. Chigwedere, Amb. The address of U.S. embassies abroad is the appropriate foreign capital. The U.S. does nothave diplomatic relations with the following countries: Albania,1 Angola,2Cambodia,3 Taiwan,4 Cuba,5 Iran,6 Libya,8 Vietnam,3N. Korea. There are informal relations with Bhutan and Vanuatu. Special Missions U.S. Mission to North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Brussels--William H. Taft 4th U.S. Mission to the European Communities, Brussels--Thomas M.T. Niles, Amb. U.S. Mission to the United Nations, New York--Thomas P. Pickering, Amb. U.S. Mission to the European Office of the UN, Geneva--Morris B. Abram, Amb. U.S. Mission to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris--Dennis Lamb, Amb. U.S. Mission to the Organization of American States, Washington--Luigi R. Einaudi, Amb.1 Relations severed in 1939. 2 Post closed in 1975. 3 U.S. embassy closed in 1975. 4 U.S. severed relations in 1978; unofficial relations are maintained. 5 Relations severed in 1961; limited ties restored in 1977. 6 U.S. severed relations on Apr. 7, 1980. 7 U.S. does not officially recognize 1940 annexation by USSR. 8 Embassy closed, May 2, 1980. U.S. closed the Libyan mission, May 6, 1981. U.S. Aid to Foreign Nations Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Commerce Department 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Total Net grants Net credits Net other Total Net grants Net credits Net other 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Calendar Year 1989 Total 8,733 10,962 -2,220 -8 Western Europe -565 82 -647 (*) Austria -11 (*) -11 ---- Belgium -9 ---- -9 ---- Finland 7 (*) 7 (*) France -14 (*) -14 ---- Ireland -7 ---- -7 ---- Italy -28 (*) -29 ---- Portugal 71 75 -5 ---- Spain -474 5 -480 1 United Kingdom -109 ---- -109 ---- Yugoslavia 11 (*) 11 (*) Other & unspecified -1 (*) -2 ---- Eastern Europe 414 11 420 -17 Poland 519 11 525 -17 Romania -59 ---- -59 ---- USSR -46 ---- -46 ---- Near East & South Asia 4,371 5,787 -1,421 4 Afghanistan 63 66 -3 (*) Total Net grants Net credits Net other 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Afghanistan 63 66 -3 (*) Bangladesh 138 54 84 ---- Cyprus 19 19 (*) (*) Egypt 2,085 2,020 65 -1 Greece 306 (*) 306 -1 India 44 134 -91 -1 Iraq -16 ---- -16 ---- Israel 1,902 2,897 -996 ---- Jordan 150 88 62 (*) Lebanon -3 17 -20 ---- Oman 8 5 3 ---- Pakistan -398 231 -631 2 Sri Lanka 40 20 17 3 Turkey -91 127 -219 (*) Yemen 42 26 16 ---- UNRWA 39 39 ---- ---- Other & unspecified 28 28 ---- ---- East Asia & Pacific 375 582 -207 (*) Australia -18 ---- -18 ---- Total Net grants Net credits Net other 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Australia -18 ---- -18 ---- Burma (Myanmar) 1 2 -1 ---- Cambodia 5 5 (*) ---- China 35 (*) 35 ---- Hong Kong -8 (*) -8 ---- Indonesia 35 56 -21 ---- Korea, South -132 1 -130 ---- Malaysia -36 1 -37 ---- New Zealand -4 ---- -4 ---- Philippines 305 269 36 (*) Taiwan -7 (*) -7 1 Thailand 12 62 -49 ---- Fed. States of Micronesia 87 87 ---- ---- Marshall Islands 69 69 ---- ---- Other & unspecified 32 33 -1 ---- Africa 835 921 -85 -1 Algeria -77 (*) -77 ---- Angola -13 (*) -14 ---- Benin 6 6 (*) ---- Total Net grants Net credits Net other 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Benin 6 6 (*) ---- Botswana 15 16 -1 ---- Burkina Faso 13 13 ---- (*) Burundi 3 3 ---- (*) Cameroon 18 23 -5 ---- Cape Verde 3 3 ---- ---- Cen. African Rep. 5 5 ---- ---- Chad 15 15 ---- ---- Djibouti 5 5 ---- ---- Ethiopia 18 24 -7 (*) Gabon 8 1 7 ---- Gambia 11 11 ---- ---- Ghana 26 24 2 (*) Guinea 4 5 -1 (*) Guinea-Bissau 3 3 ---- ---- Kenya 53 65 -13 (*) Lesotho 18 18 ---- ---- Liberia 13 19 -6 ---- Madagascar 6 5 1 ---- Total Net grants Net credits Net other 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Madagascar 6 5 1 ---- Malawi 36 36 (*) ---- Mali 23 23 (*) (*) Mauritania 11 11 (*) ---- Mauritius 3 (*) 2 ---- Morocco -17 63 -78 -3 Mozambique 32 33 ---- (*) Niger 34 33 1 ---- Nigeria 36 7 29 ---- Rwanda9 9 (*) (*) Senegal 44 39 6 (*) Seychelles 4 4 ---- ---- Sierra Leone 10 6 3 ---- Somalia 32 31 1 ---- South Africa 18 18 ---- ---- Sudan 108 79 29 (*) Swaziland 11 11 (*) ---- Tanzania 11 6 5 ---- Togo -15 15 (*) ---- Total Net grants Net credits Net other 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Togo -15 15 (*) ---- Tunisia 52 54 -4 2 Uganda 20 15 5 ---- Zaire 57 34 23 1 Zambia 21 7 13 ---- Zimbabwe 12 17 -5 ---- Other & unspecified 108 104 -1 ---- Western Hemisphere 1,036 1,312 -280 4 Argentina -6 (*) -6 ---- Bahamas -2 (*) -2 ---- Belize 14 12 2 ---- Bolivia 113 55 57 ---- Brazil -202 4 -206 ---- Canada -30 ---- -30 ---- Chile -46 1 -47 (*) Colombia -36 19 -55 ---- Costa Rica 143 129 14 1 Dominican Republic 51 33 18 ---- Ecuador 22 25 -2 ---- Total Net grants Net credits Net other 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ecuador 22 25 -2 ---- El Salvador 404 377 27 ---- Guatemala 161 130 26 4 Guyana 8 (*) 7 ---- Haiti 65 72 -7 (*) Honduras 133 101 32 ---- Jamaica 118 71 47 -1 Mexico -121 21 -142 ---- Panama 8 8 ---- ---- Paraguay 1 2 -1 (*) Peru 31 28 -7 ---- St. Kitts-Nevis 8 (*) 8 ---- Trinidad-Tobago 16 (*) 16 ---- Uruguay -6 1 -7 ---- Venezuela -21 (*) -21 ---- Other & unspecified 210 214 2 ---- Intl. orgs. & unspecified 2,268 2,268 ---- ---- Figures are in millions of dollars. (*Less than $500,000.) Data includemilitary supplies and services furnished under the Foreign Assistance Actand direct Defense Department appropriations, and include credits extended toprivate entities. Net grants and credits take into account all known returnsto the U.S., including reverse grants, returns of grants, and payments ofprincipal. A minus sign (-) indicates that the total of these returnsis greater than the total of grants or credits. Nations with net grant or creditunder $2 mln. not incl. Other assistance represents the transfer of U.S. farmproducts in exchange for foreign currencies, less the government's disbursementsof the currencies as grants, credits, or for purchases. Amounts do not includeinvestments in the following: Asian Development Bank, $160 mln.; Inter-AmericanDevelopment Bank, $97 mln.; International Development Assn., $852 mln.; InternationalBank for Reconstruction and Development, $23 mln.; African Development Bank, $7 mln.;African Development Fund, $34 mln. NATIONAL DEFENSE Data as of July, 1990 Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman, Gen. Colin L. Powell The Joint Chiefs of Staff consists of the Chairman and Vice Chairman ofthe Joint Chiefs of Staff; the Chief of Staff, U.S. Army; the Chief ofNaval Operations; the Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force; and the Commandantof the Marine Corps. Army Chief of Staff-Carl E. Vuono 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Generals Date of Rank 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Burba, Edwin H. Jr. Sept. 27, 1989 Foss, John W. Aug. 2, 1989 Galvin, John R. Feb. 25, 1985 Lindsay, James J. Oct. 10, 1986 Menetrey, Louis C. June 24, 1987 Powell, Colin L. Apr. 4, 1989 RisCassi, Robert W. Jan. 17, 1989 Saint, Crosbie E. June 24, 1988 Schwarzkopf, H. Norman Nov. 23, 1989 Sullivan, Gordon R. June 4, 1990 Thurman, Maxwell R. June 23, 1983 Tuttle, William G.T. Jr. Oct. 1, 1989 Air Force Chief of Staff--John M. Loh (act.) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Generals Date of Rank 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Chain, John T., Jr. July 1, 1985 Johnson, Hansford T. Oct. 1, 1989 Kutyna, Donald J. Apr. 1, 1990 Loh, John M. June 1, 1990 McCarthy, James P. Oct. 1, 1989 McDonald, Charles C. Nov. 1, 1989 McPeak, Merrill, A. Aug. 1, 1988 Oaks, Robert C. - - - Russ, Robert D. May 22, 1985 Shaud, John A. July 1, 1988 Yates, Ronald W. Apr. 1, 1990 Navy Chief of Naval Operations--Admiral Frank B. Kelso II (submariner) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Admirals Date of Rank 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Carter, Powell F., Jr. (submariner) Oct. 1, 1987 DeMars, Bruce (submariner) Nov. 1, 1988 Edney, Leon A. (aviator) Oct. 1, 1988 Hardisty, Huntington (aviator) Mar. 11, 1987 Hogg, James R. (surface warfare) Dec. 1, 1988 Howe, Johnathan T. (surface warfare) June 1, 1989 Jeremiah, David E. (surface warfare) Oct. 1, 1987 Trost, Carlisle A.H. (submariner) Oct. 4, 1985 Marine Corps Corps Commandant, with rank of General Date of Rank 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alfred M. Gray July 1, 1987 ACMC/Chief of Staff, with rank of General Date of Rank 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 John R. Dailey Aug. 1, 1990 Coast Guard Commandant, with rank of Admiral Date of Rank 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� J. William Kime May 31, 1990 Vice Commandant, with rank of Vice Admiral Date of Rank 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Martin H. Daniell Jr. May 31, 1990 Unified Defense Commands Commanders-in-Chief U.S. European Command, Brussels -- Gen. John R. Galvin (USA) (concurrently NATO Supreme Allied Commander). U.S. Southern Command, Quarry Heights, Panama Canal Zone -- Gen. Maxwell R. Thurman (USA). U.S. Atlantic Command, Norfolk, Virginia -- Adm. Lee Baggett, Jr., (USN) (concurrently NATO Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic). U.S. Pacific Command, Hawaii -- Adm. Huntington Hardisty (USN) U.S. Space Command, Gen. John L. Piotrowski (USAF) *Strategic Air Command, Omaha -- Gen. John T. Chain (USAF) *US Forces Command -- Gen. Edwin H. Burba (USA) *U.S. Transportation Command, Gen. Hansford T. Johnson (USAF) U.S. Special Operations Command, MacDill AFB, Fla. -- Gen. James J. Lindsay (USA) U.S. Central Command, Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf (USA) *A Specified Command. North Atlantic Treaty Organization International Commands Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR) -- Gen. John R. Galvin (USA) Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe (DSACEUR) -- Gen. Sir Brian Kenny, UK, Army (UKA) Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe (DSACEUR) -- Gen. Eberhard Eimler (GEAF) Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Northern Europe -- Gen. Sir Patrick Palmer, UK, Army, KBE, MC (UKA) Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Central Europe -- Gen. Hans-Henning von Sandrart (GEA) Commander-in-Chief Allied Forces Southern Europe -- Adm. J. T. Howe Commander-in-Chief United Kingdom Air Forces -- Air Chief Marshal Sir Patrick Hine (UKAF) Chairman, NATO Military Committee -- Adm. James R. Hogg (USN) Principal U.S. Military Training Centers 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name, P.O. address Zip Nearest city 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Army Army Army Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 Aberdeen Name, P.O. address Zip Nearest city 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 Aberdeen Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013 Carlisle Fort Belvoir, VA 22060 Alexandria Fort Benning, GA 31905 Columbus Fort Bliss, TX 79916 El Paso Fort Bragg, NC 28307 Fayetteville Fort Devens, MA 01433 Ayer Fort Dix, NJ 08640 Trenton Fort Eustis, VA 23604 Newport News Fort Gordon, GA 30905 Augusta Name, P.O. address Zip Nearest city 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Fort Gordon, GA 30905 Augusta Fort Benjamin Harrison, IN 46216 Indianapolis Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234 San Antonio Fort Huachuca, AZ 85613 Sierra Vista Fort Jackson, SC 29207 Columbia Fort Knox, KY 40121 Louisville Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027 Leavenworth Fort Lee, VA 23801 Petersburg Fort McClellan, AL 36205 Anniston Fort Monmouth, NJ 07703 Red Bank Name, P.O. address Zip Nearest city 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Fort Monmouth, NJ 07703 Red Bank Fort Rucker, AL 36362 Dothan Fort Sill, OK 73503 Lawton Fort Leonard Wood, MO 65473 Rolla Joint Readiness, Ft. Chaffee, AR 72905 Fort Smith National Training Center 92311 Barstow, CA Redstone Arsenal, AL 35809 Huntsville The Judge Advocate General 22901 Charlottesville School, VA U.S. Military Acad., NY 10996 West Point Name, P.O. address Zip Nearest city 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Navy Navy Navy Great Lakes, IL 60088 North Chicago San Diego, CA 92133 San Diego Orlando, FL 32813 Orlando Marine Corps Marine Corps Marine Corps MCB Camp Lejeune, NC 28542 Jacksonville MCB Camp Pendleton, CA 92055 Oceanside MCB Camp Butler, Okinawa FPO Seattle 98773 Futenma, Okinawa MCAGCC Twentynine Palms, CA 92278 Palm Springs Name, P.O. address Zip Nearest city 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  MCCDC Quantico, VA 22134 Quantico MCRD Parris Island, SC 29905 Beaufort MCRD San Diego, CA 92140 San Diego MCAS Cherry Point, NC 28533 Havelock MCAS El Toro (Santa Ana), CA 92709 Santa Ana MCAS Tustin, CA 92780 Santa Ana MCAS New River, NC 28545 Jacksonville MCAS Iwakuni, Japan FPO Seattle 98764 Iwakuni MCAS Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, HI San Francisco 96863 Kailua Name, P.O. address Zip Nearest city 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  MCAS Futenma,Okinawa FPO Seattle 98772 Futenma MCAS Beaufort, SC 29904 Beaufort MCAS Yuma, AZ 85369 Yuma MCMWTC Bridgeport, CA 93517 Bridgeport MCLB Albany, GA 31704 Albany MCLB Barstow, CA 92311 Barstow Air Force* Air Force* Air Force* Chanute AFB, IL 61868 Rantoul Columbus AFB, MS 39701 Columbus Name, P.O. address Zip Nearest city 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Goodfellow AFB, TX 76903 San Angelo Gunter AFS, AL** 36114 Montgomery Keesler AFB, MS 39534 Biloxi Lackland AFB, TX 78236 San Antonio Laughlin AFB, TX 78843 Del Rio Lowry AFB, CO 80230 Denver Mather AFB, CA 95655 Sacramento Maxwell AFB, AL** 36112 Montgomery Randolph AFB, TX 78150 San Antonio Name, P.O. address Zip Nearest city 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Reese AFB, TX 79489 Lubbock Sheppard AFB, TX 76311 Wichita Falls Vance AFB, OK 73702 Enid Williams AFB, AZ 85224 Phoenix Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 Dayton MCB = Marine Corps Base. MCCDC = Marine Corps Combat DevelopmentCommand. MCAS = Marine Corps Air Station. MCRD = Marine Corps RecruitDepot. MCAGCC = Marine Corps Air-Ground Combat Center. MCMWTC = MarineCorps Mountain Warfare Training Center. MCLB = Marine Corps LogisticsBase. *Air Training Command Bases. **Air University Bases. Personal Salutes and Honors 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rank Salute--guns Salute--guns Arrive--Leave Arrive--Leave 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Vice President of United 19 States Speaker of the House 19 American or foreign 19 ambassador Premier or prime 19 minister Rank Salute--guns Salute--guns Arrive--Leave Arrive--Leave  Secretary of Defense, 19 19 Army, Navy or Air Force Other Cabinet members, 19 Senate President pro tempore, Governor, or Chief Justice of U.S. Chairman, Joint Chiefs 19 19 of Staff Army Chief of Staff, 19 19 Chief of Naval Operations, Air ForceChief of Staff, Marine Commandant General of the Army, 19 19 Rank Salute--guns Salute--guns Arrive--Leave Arrive--Leave General of the Army, 19 19 General of the Air Force, Fleet Admiral. Generals, Admirals 17 17 Assistant secretaries of 17 17 Defense, Army, Navy or Air Force Chairman of a committee 17 of Congress The United States national salute, 21 guns, is also the salute to a national flag. The independence of the United States is commemorated by the salute to the union -- one gun for each state -- fired at noon on July 4 at all military posts provided with suitable artillery. A-21-gun salute on arrival and departure, with 4 ruffles and flourishes, is rendered to the President of the United States, to an ex-President and to a President-elect. The national anthem or Hail to the Chief, as appropriate, is played for the President, and the national anthem for the others. A 21-gun salute on arrival and departure with 4 ruffles and flourishes, also is rendered to the sovereign or chief of state of a foreign country or a member of a reigning royal family; the national anthem of his or her country is played. The music is considered an inseparable part of the salute and will immediately follow the ruffles and flourishes without pause. Other salutes (on arrival only) include 15 guns for U.S. envoys or ministers and foreign envoys or ministers accredited to the U.S.; 15 guns for a lieutenant general or vice admiral; 13 guns for a major general or rear admiral (upper half); 13 guns for U.S. ministers resident and ministers resident accredited to the U.S.; 11 guns for a brigadier general or rear admiral (lower half); 11 guns for U.S. charges d'affaires and like officials accredited to U.S.; and 11 guns for consuls general accredited to U.S. Military Units, U.S. Army and Air Force Army units. Squad. In infantry usually ten men under a staff sergeant. Platoon. In infantry 4 squads under a lieutenant. Company. Headquarters section and 4 platoons under a captain. (Company in the artillery is a battery; in the cavalry, a troop.) Battalion. Hdqts. and 4 or more companies under a lieutenant colonel. (Battalion size unit in the cavalry is a squadron.) Brigade. Hdqts. and 3 or more battalions under a colonel. Division. Hdqts. and 3 brigades with artillery, combat support, and combat service support units under a major general. Army Corps. Two or more divisions with corps troops under a lieutenant general. Field Army. Hdqts. and two or more corps with field Army troops under a general. Air Force Units. Flight. Numerically designated flights are the lowest level unit in the Air Force. They are used primarily where there is a need for small mission elements to be incorporated into an organized unit. Squadron. A squadron is the basic unit in the Air Force. It is used to designate the mission units in operational commands. Group.The group is a flexible unit composed of two or more squadrons whose functions may be either tactical, support or administrative in nature. Wing. An operational wing normally has two or more assigned mission squadrons in an area such as combat, flying training or airlift. Air Division.The organization of the air division may be similar to that of the numbered air force, though on a much smaller scale. Functions are usually limited to operations and logistics. Numbered Air Forces. Normally an operationally oriented agency, the numbered air force is designed for the control of two or more air divisions or units of comparable strength. It is a flexible organization and may be of any size. Its wings may be assigned to air divisions or directly under the numbered air force. Major Command. A major subdivision of the Air Force that is assigned a major segment of the USAF mission. U.S. Army Insignia and Chevrons Department of the Army General of the Armies General John J. Pershing, the only person to have held this rank, was authorized to prescribe his own insignia, but never wore in excess of four stars. The rank originally was established by Congress for George Washington in 1799, and he was promoted to the rank by joint resolution of Congress, approved by Pres. Ford Oct. 19, 1976. General of Army Five silver stars fastened together in a circle and the coatof arms of the United States in gold color metal with shieldand crest enameled. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Grade Insignia 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 General Four silver stars Lieutenant General Three silver stars Major General Two silver stars Brigadier General One silver star Colonel Silver eagle Lieutenant Colonel Silver oak leaf Major Gold oak leaf Captain Two silver bars First Lieutenant One silver bar Grade Insignia 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 First Lieutenant One silver bar Second Lieutenant One gold bar Warrant officers Grade Four--Silver bar with 4 enamel black squares. Grade Three--Silver bar with 3 enamel black squares. Grade Two--Silver bar with 2 enamel black squares. Grade One--Silver bar with 1 enamel black squares. Non-commissioned Officers Sergeant Major of the Army (E-9). Same as Command Sergeant Major (below) but with 2 stars. Also wears distinctive red and white shield on lapel. Command Sergeant Major (E-9). Three chevrons above three arcs with a 5-pointed star with a wreath around the star between the chevrons and arcs. Sergeant Major (E-9). Three chevrons above three arcs with a five-pointed star between the chevrons and arcs. First Sergeant (E-8). Three chevrons above three arcs with a lozenge between the chevrons and arcs. Master Sergeant (E-8). Three chevrons above three arcs. Platoon Sergeant or Sergeant First Class (E-7). Three chevrons above two arcs. Staff Sergeant (E-6). Three chevrons above one arc. Sergeant (E-5). Three chevrons. Corporal (E-4). Two chevrons. Specialists Specialist (E-4). Eagle device only. Other enlisted Private First Class (E-3). One chevron above one arc. Private (E-2). One chevron. Private (E-1). None. U.S. Army Department of the Army Army Military Personnel on Active Duty1 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Commissioned officers Commissioned officers June 302 Total strength Total Male 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1940 267,767 17,563 16,624 1942 3,074,184 203,137 190,662 1943 6,993,102 557,657 521,435 1944 7,992,868 740,077 692,351 1945 8,266,373 835,403 772,511 1946 1,889,690 257,300 240,643 1950 591,487 67,784 63,375 1955 1,107,606 111,347 106,173 1960 871,348 91,056 86,832 1965 967,049 101,812 98,029 1969 1,509,637 148,836 143,699 1970 1,319,735 143,704 138,469 1975 781,316 89,756 85,184 Commissioned officers Commissioned officers June 302 Total strength Total Male 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1975 781,316 89,756 85,184 1980 (Sept 30) 772,661 85,339 77,843 1984 (Sept. 30) 775,594 92,484 82,497 1985 (Sept. 30) 776,244 94,103 83,563 1987 (Mar. 30) 770,075 93,973 82,886 1988 (Mar. 30) 764,247 93,173 81,904 1989 (Mar. 30) 760,237 91,550 80,113 1990 (Mar. 30) 746,220 91,330 79,520 1 Represents strength of the active Army, including PhilippineScouts, retired Regular Army personnel on extended active duty, andNational Guard and Reserve personnel on extended active duty; excludesU.S. Military Academy cadets, contract surgeons, and National Guard andReserve personnel not on extended active duty. 2 Data for 1940 to1947 include personnel in the Army Air Forces and its predecessors(Air Service and Air Corps). 3 Includes: women doctors, dentists,and Medical Service Corps officers for 1946 and subsequent years, womenin the Army Nurse Corps for all years, and the Women's Army Corps andWomen's Medical Specialists Corps (dieticians, physical therapists, andoccupational specialists) for 1943 and subsequent years. 4 Act ofCongress approved April 27, 1926, directed the appointment as warrantofficers of field clerks still in active service. Includes flight officersas follows: 1943, 5,700; 1944, 13,615; 1945, 31,117; 1946, 2,580. The Federal Service Academies U.S. Military Academy, West Point, N.Y. Founded 1802. Awards B.S. degree and Army commission for a 5-year service obligation. For admissions information, write Admissions Office, USMA, West Point, NY 10996. U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md. Founded 1845. Awards B.S. degree and Navy or Marine Corps commission for a 5-year service obligation. For admissions information, write Dean of Admissions, Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD 21402. U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Col. Founded 1954. Awards B.S. degree and Air Force commission for a 5-year service obligation. For admissions information, write Registrar, U.S. Air Force Academy, CO 80840. U.S. Coast Guard Academy, New London, Conn. Founded 1876. Awards B.S. degree and Coast Guard commission for a 5-year service obligation. For admissions information, write Director of Admissions, Coast Guard Academy, New London, CT 06320. U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, N.Y. Founded 1943. Awards B.S. degree, a license as a deck, engineer, or dual officer, and a U.S. Naval Reserve commission. Service obligations vary according to options taken by the graduate. For admissions information, write Admission Office, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, NY 11024. U.S. Navy Insignia Department of the Navy Navy Stripes and corps device are of gold embroidery. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Stripes 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Fleet Admiral 1 two inch with 4 one-half inch. Admiral 1 two inch with 3 one-half inch. Vice Admiral 1 two inch with 2 one-half inch. Rear Admiral (upper half) 1 two inch with 1 one-half inch. Rear Admiral (lower half) 1 two inch. Captain 4 one-half inch. Stripes 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Captain 4 one-half inch. Commander 3 one-half inch. Lieut. Commander 2 one-half inch, with 1 one-quarter inch between. Lieutenant 2 one-half inch. Lieutenant (j.g.) 1 one-half inch with one-quarter inch above. Ensign 1 one-half inch. Warrant Officers-One 1/2" broken Warrant Officers-One 1/2" broken with 1/2" intervals ofblue as with 1/2" intervals ofblue as follows: follows: Warrant Officer W-4--1 break Warrant Officer W-4--1 break Stripes 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Warrant Officer W-4--1 break Warrant Officer W-4--1 break Warrant Officer W-3--2 breaks, 2" Warrant Officer W-3--2 breaks, 2" apart apart Warrant Officer W-2--3 breaks, 2" Warrant Officer W-2--3 breaks, 2" apart apart The breaks are symmetrically centered on outer face of the sleeve. Enlisted personnel (non-Commissioned petty officers) . . . A rating badge worn on the upper left arm, consisting of a spread eagle, appropriate number of chevrons, and centered specialty mark. Marine Corps Marine Corps and Army officer insignia are similar. Marine Corps and Army enlisted insignia, although basically similar, differ in color, design, and fewer Marine Corps subdivisions. The Marine Corps' distinctive cap and collar ornament is a combination of the American eagle, globe, and anchor. Coast Guard Coast Guard insignia follow Navy custom, with certain minor changes such as the officer cap insignia. The Coast Guard shield is worn on both sleeves of officers and on the right sleeve of all enlisted personnel. U.S. Navy Personnel on Active Duty 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 June 30 Officers Nurses Enlisted Off. Cand. Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1940 13,162 442 144,824 2,569 160,997 June 30 Officers Nurses Enlisted Off. Cand. Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1940 13,162 442 144,824 2,569 160,997 1945 320,293 11,086 2,988,207 61,231 3,380,817 1950 42,687 1,964 331,860 5,037 381,538 1960 67,456 2,103 544,040 4,385 617,984 1970 78,488 2,273 605,899 6,000 692,660 1980 63,1001 -- 464,1002 -- 527,200 1985 (Jan.) 70,2911 -- 500,8102 -- 571,101 1988 (Jan.) 72,0381 -- 510,2082 -- 582,246 1989 (Sept.) 74,416 -- 533,939 -- 608,355 1 Nurses are included. 2 Officer candidates are included. Marine Corps Personnel On Active Duty 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Officers Enlisted Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1955 18,417 186,753 205,170 1960 16,203 154,418 170,621 1965 17,258 172,955 190,213 1970 24,941 234,796 259,737 1980 18,198 170,271 188,469 1985 20,175 177,850 198,025 1987 20,047 179,478 199,525 1988 20,079 177,271 197,350 1989 20,099 176,857 196,956 Veteran Population Dept. of Veterans Affairs 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 March 1990 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Veterans in civil life, end ofmonth -- Totalab 27,001,000 War Veterans -- Total 20,754,000 Vietnam Era -- Total 8,301,000 And service in Korean Conflict 592,000 No service in Korean Conflict 7,709,000 Korean Conflict -- Total 4,854,000 And service in WW II 880,000 No service in WW II 3,973,000 World War II 8,982,000 March 1990 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  World War I 90,000 Prior periods of war (c) Peacetime Veterans -- Total 6,247,000 Post-Vietnam Era 2,976,000 Peacetime service between Korean Conflict and Vietnam Era 2,943,000 only Peactime Service -- other 328,000 NOTE: Detail may not add to total shown due to rounding. a Thecategory "War veterans" equals the sum of Vietnam era(no service in Korean conflict), Korean conflict (no service in WorldWar II), World War II and World War I. The data refer only to veteransliving in the U.S. and Puerto Rico since data on veterans living elsewhereare not available. b The March 1990 figures reflect updated estimates ofmortality for the 1980-90 period. These new estimates of mortality are usedto improve the accuracy of the veteran population data. As a result, the1990 figures are not totally comparable with data from earlier years.c The number of living Spanish-American War veterans in March 1990 was 1.The number of Mexican Border period veterans reported on the compensationand pension rolls for March 1990 was 61. Compensation and Pension Case Payments 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴� Fiscal year Living veteran cases no. Deceased veteran cases no. Total case 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1900 752,510 241,019 993,529 1910 602,622 318,461 921,083 1920 419,627 349,916 769,543 Fiscal year Living veteran cases no. Deceased veteran cases no. Total case 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1920 419,627 349,916 769,543 1930 542,610 298,223 840,833 1940 610,122 239,176 849,298 1950 2,368,238 658,123 3,026,361 1960 3,008,935 950,802 3,959,737 1970 3,127,338 1,487,176 4,614,514 1980 3,195,395 1,450,785 4,646,180 1989 2,775,616 878,074 3,653,690 USAF and Air Reserve Forces Personnel by Categories 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼� Category FY '862 FY '872 FY ' 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Category FY '862 FY '872 FY ' 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Air Force Military Officers 109,400 109,400 105, Airmen 494,700 493,000 465, Cadets 4,500 4,400 4,40 Total, Air Force Military 608,200 606,800 575, Career Reenlistments 38,900 43,000 40,4 Rate 88% 88% 89% First-Term Reenlistments 23,500 22,100 23,0 Rate 58% 58% 65% Civilian Personnel Direct Hire (including Technicians) 249,604 250,266 252, Indirect Hire--Foreign Nationals 13,644 13,496 13,2 Total, Civilian Personnel 263,248 263,762 265, Total, Military and Civilian1 871,448 870,562 841, Technicians (included above as Direct Hire Civilians) AFRES Technicians 8,866 9,178 9,99 ANG Technicians 22,497 23,221 23,5 Air Reserve Forces Air National Guard, Selected Reserve 112,592 113,767 115, Category FY '862 FY '872 FY ' 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Air National Guard, Selected Reserve 112,592 113,767 115, Air Force Reserve, Paid 78,519 79,562 82,4 Air Force Reserve, Nonpaid 47,153 49,941 49,9 Total, Ready Reserve 238,264 243,270 248, Standby 25,823 28,325 26,2 Total, Air Reserve Forces3 264,087 271,595 274, Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. 1 President's budgetrequest. 2 FY '84-87 are actual figures; FY '88-89 areestimates; excludes nonchargeable personnel. 3 Excludes Retired AirForce Reserve. U.S. Air Force Personnel Strength: 1907-1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year2 Strength 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1918 195,023 1920 9,050 1930 13,531 1940 51,165 1941 152,125 1942 764,415 1943 2,197,114 1944 2,372,292 1945 2,282,259 1950 411,277 1960 814,213 1970 791,078 1980 557,969 1986 608,200 1987 606,900 1988 575,603 1989 570,965 1990 571,100 1 Programmed. 2 Prior to 1947, data are for U.S. Army AirCorps and Air Service of the Signal Corps. Coast Guard Personnel on Active Duty: 1970-1990 U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Annual Report of the Secretary of Transportation. 露컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Total Officers Cadets Enlisted 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1970 37,689 5,512 653 31,524 1975 36,788 5,630 1,177 29,981 1979 38,559 6,340 806 31,413 1980 39,381 6,463 877 32,041 1981 39,760 6,519 981 32,260 1982 38,248 6,431 902 30,915 Year Total Officers Cadets Enlisted 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1982 38,248 6,431 902 30,915 1983 39,708 6,535 811 32,362 1984 38,705 6,790 759 31,156 1985 38,595 6,775 733 31,087 1986 37,284 6,577 754 29,953 1987 38,576 6,644 859 31,073 1988 37,723 6,530 887 30,306 1990 37,308 6,475 820 29,860 Women in the Armed Forces Women in the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, and Coast Guard are all fully integrated with male personnel. Expansion of military women's programs began in the Department of Defense in fiscal year 1973. As of mid-1990, women made up 10.8 percent of the armed forces. Almost 25% of all medical and dental specialists are women; only 0.8 percent serve in the infantry, gun crews, or seamanship. Although women are prohibited by law and directives based on law from serving in combat positions, policy changes in the Department of Defense have made possible the assignment of women to almost all other career fields. Career progression for women is now comparable to that for male personnel. Women are routinely assigned to overseas locations formerly closed to female personnel. Women are in command of activities and units that have missions other than administration of women. Admission of women to the service academies began in the fall of 1976. Army -- Information: Chief, Office of Public Affairs, Dept. of Army, Wash., DC 20310; (as of Mar. 1990): 84,978 women, 72,698 enlisted women, 11,810 women commissioned officers, 470 women warrant officers. Army Nurse Corps -- Brig. Gen. Clara Adams-Ender, Chief Army Nurse Corps, Office of the Surgeon General, Dept. of Army, 5111 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041. Navy -- Information: Chief of Information, Dept. of Navy, Wash., DC 20350-1200; 7,646 women officers; 51,633 enlisted women; 433 cadets and midshipwomen, as of 9/30/89. Navy Nurse Corps -- Rear Adm. Mary F. Hall, Dir., Navy Nurse Corps, Dept. of Navy, Wash., DC 20372-2000; 2,205 women officers; 779 men. (As of 3/31/89). Air Force -- Information: Office of Public Affairs, Dept. of the Air Force, Wash., DC 20330; 13,403 women officers; 63,175 enlisted women. Air Force Nurse Corps -- Brig. Gen. Barbara A. Goodwin, Chief, Air Force Nurse Corps, Office of the Surgeon Gen., USAF, Bolling AFB, Wash., DC 20332. Marine Corps -- Information: Commandant of the Marine Corps (Code PA), Headquarters, Marine Corps, Wash., DC 20380-0001; 685 women officers; 8,875 enlisted women. Coast Guard -- Information: Commandant (G-CP), U.S. Coast Guard, 2100 Second St., SW, Wash., DC 20593-0001; 219 women commissioned officers; 8 woman warrant officer; 1,337 enlisted women. U.S. Military Personnel Strengths--Worldwide U.S. Department of Defense (As of Dec. 31, 1989) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 U.S. Territories & Special Locations U.S. Territories & Special Locations Continental U.S. 1,262,869 Alaska 23,039 Hawaii 45,589 Guam 7,998 Johnston Atoll 144 Puerto Rico 2,984 Transients 65,813 Afloat 191,917 Total1 1,600,482 Western & Southern Europe Western & Southern Europe 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Western & Southern Europe Western & Southern Europe Belgium 2,278 W. Germany 246,687 Greece 3,298 Greenland 191 Iceland 3,209 Italy 16,108 Netherlands 2,859 Norway 226 Portugal 2,022 Spain 8,574 Turkey 4,805 United Kingdom 27,200 Afloat 18,384 Total1 336,136 European NATO 317,614 East Asia & Pacific East Asia & Pacific Australia 708 Japan 49,422 Philippines 14,829 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Philippines 14,829 Rep. of Korea 44,089 Thailand 163 Afloat 19,787 Total1 129,235 Africa, Near East & South Asia Africa, Near East & South Asia Bahrain 179 British Indian Ocean Terr. 994 Egypt 1,140 Saudi Arabia 432 Afloat 10,085 Total1 13,806 Other Western Hemisphere Other Western Hemisphere Bermuda 1,556 Canada 541 Cuba (Guantanamo) 2,455 Honduras 1,060 Panama 18,856 Afloat 6,962 Total1 32,079 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Total1 32,079 Total Worldwide 2,112,128 Ashore 1,864,993 Afloat 247,135 1 Area totals include countries with less than 100 assigned U.S.military members. Major U.S. Military Forces: 1980-1988 The Congress of the United States, Congressional Budget Office,An Analysis of the President's Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal Year 1989. Data from Dept. of Defense. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴� 1980 1981 1982 1 1980 1981 1982 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Strategic forces: Land-based ICBMs 1,054 1,053 1,053 1 Sea-launched BMs 576 600 592 5 Strategic bombers 413 410 410 3 Strategic interceptors 292 279 261 2 General purpose forces (active): Army Divisions 16 16 16 1 Marine Corps Divisions 3 3 3 3 Air Force Tactical Aircraft 3,813 3,991 4,133 4 Navy/Marine Corps Tactical Aircraft 2,013 2,029 1,968 1 Naval forces: Aircraft carriers 13 12 13 1 Battleships - - - 1 Nuclear attack submarines 74 82 91 9 Other warships 180 188 197 1 Amphibious assaults1 63 59 59 6 Airlift and sealift forces: C-5 aircraft (PAA) 70 70 70 7 Other Air Force aircraft (PAA) 820 808 795 7 1980 1981 1982 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Other Air Force aircraft (PAA) 820 808 795 7 Navy and Marine Corps Tactical Support Aircraft (PAA) 88 88 88 8 Ships (NDRF) 164 173 183 1 - Represents zero. 1 Excludes reserve forces' amphibious ships. The Medal of Honor The Medal of Honor is the highest military award for bravery that can be given to any individual in the United States. The first Army Medals were awarded on March 25, 1863, and the first Navy Medals went to sailors and Marines on April 3, 1863. The Medal of Honor, established by Joint Resolution of Congress, 12 July 1862 (amended by Act of 9 July 1918 and Act of 25 July 1963) is awarded in the name of Congress to a person who, while a member of the Armed Forces, distinguishes himself conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against any enemy of the United States; while engaged in military operations involving conflict with an opposing foreign force; or while serving with friendly foreign forces engaged in an armed conflict against an opposing armed force in which the United States is not a belligerent party. The deed performed must have been one of personal bravery or self-sacrifice so conspicuous as to clearly distinguish the individual above his comrades and must have involved risk of life. Incontestable proof of the performance of service is exacted and each recommendation for award of this decoration is considered on the standard of extraordinary merit. Prior to World War I, the 2,625 Army Medal of Honor awards up to that time were reviewed to determine which past awards met new stringent criteria. The Army removed 911 names from the list, most of them former members of a volunteer infantry group during the Civil War who had been induced to extend their enlistments when they were promised the Medal. Since that review Medals of Honor have been awarded in the following numbers: 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 World War I 123 Korean War 131 World War II 433 Vietnam 239 Armed Services Senior Enlisted Adviser The U.S. Army, Navy and Air Force in 1966-67 each created a new position of senior enlisted adviser whose primary job is to represent the point of view of his services' enlisted men and women on matters of welfare, morale, and any problems concerning enlisted personnel. The senior adviser will have direct access to the military chief of his branch of service and policy-making bodies. The senior enlisted adviser for each Dept. is: Army--Sgt. Major of the Army Julius W. Gates. Navy--Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Duane R. Bushey. Air Force--Chief Master Sgt. of the AF James C. Binnicker. Marines--Sgt. Major of the Marine Corps David W. Sommers. Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs), Submarines, and Bombers--U.S. and Soviet Union Balance: 1980 to 1988 The Congress of the United States, Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, U.S./Soviet Military Balance, Statistical Trends, 1980-1988, June 1989 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴� Weapons System 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� ICBMs: United States1 1,052 1,052 1,049 1,040 1,030 1,017 999 996 Minuteman II 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 Minuteman III 550 550 550 550 550 550 534 514 Peacekeeper (MX) -- -- -- -- -- -- 10 32 Soviet Union 1,398 1,398 1,398 1,398 1,398 1,398 1,418 1,389 SS-11 640 580 550 520 520 448 440 420 SS-13 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 SS-17 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 145 SS-18 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 308 SS-19 240 300 330 360 360 360 360 350 SS-24 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 6 SS-25 -- -- -- -- -- 72 100 100 Warheads: United States 2,152 2,152 2,149 2,140 2,130 2,117 2,157 2,312 Soviet Union 5,002 5,302 5,862 6,420 6,420 6,420 6,440 6,400 Submarine systems: Weapons System 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Submarine systems: SLBMs2: United States 576 512 520 568 592 600 640 640 Trident I 80 112 200 264 288 312 384 384 Poseidon 416 384 320 304 304 288 256 256 Polaris A-3 80 16 -- -- -- -- -- -- Soviet Union 985 985 969 961 946 931 967 969 SS-N-5 57 57 57 45 42 39 39 27 SS-N-6 464 416 384 368 336 304 272 256 SS-N-8 292 292 292 292 292 292 292 286 SS-N-17 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 SS-N-18 160 208 224 224 224 224 224 224 SS-N-20 -- -- -- 20 40 60 80 100 SS-N-23 -- -- -- -- -- -- 48 64 Warheads: United States 4,880 4,752 4,800 5,152 5,344 5,376 5,632 5,632 Soviet Union 1,625 1,817 1,865 1,957 2,122 2,307 2,695 2,941 Bombers: Weapons System 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Bombers: United States 376 376 355 297 297 297 312 363 B-1B -- -- -- -- -- -- 26 81 B-52D 75 75 58 -- -- -- -- -- B-52G 151 151 151 151 151 151 150 150 B-52H 90 90 90 90 90 90 84 84 FB-111 60 60 56 56 56 56 52 48 Soviet Union 220 235 245 260 300 325 325 326 M-4 Bison 45 45 45 45 45 30 15 1 Tu-95 BEAR 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Tu-95 BEAR-H -- -- -- -- 25 50 50 60 Tu-22M Backfire 75 90 100 115 130 145 160 165 -- = zero. 1 Includes weapons not shown separately. 2Submarine-launched ballistic missile. Nuclear Weapon Tests Natural Resources Defense Council (Known nuclear tests, 1945-1988) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 United States Soviet Union Britain France China 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1945-49 8 1 0 0 0 1950-591 188 71 21 0 0 1960-692 383 170 4 31 10 1970-793 190 196 5 59 16 1980-884 152 186 12 88 8 Total 921 624 42 178 34 1 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute and theSwedish National Defense Research Institute report 18 additional Soviettests conducted between 1949 and 1958. 2 Since 1962, British undergroundnuclear tests have been conducted jointly with the United States in Nevada.3 French Ministry of Defense reports 16 additional Soviet tests conductedbetween 1963 and 1977. India reported one test in 1974. 4 A FrenchMinistry of Defense document revealed 5 additional French tests between1975 and 1984. General and Commander in Chief 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Date of Rank 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 George Washington 15 June 1775 General of the Armies General of the Armies John J. Pershing 3 Sept. 1919 General of the Army General of the Army George C. Marshall 16 Dec. 1944 Douglas MacArthur 18 Dec. 1944 Dwight D. Eisenhower 20 Dec. 1944 Date of Rank 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Dwight D. Eisenhower 20 Dec. 1944 Henry H. Arnold 21 Dec. 1944 Omar N. Bradley 20 Sept. 1950 Fleet Admiral Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy 15 Dec. 1944 Ernest J. King 17 Dec. 1944 Chester W. Nimitz 19 Dec. 1944 William F. Halsey 11 Dec. 1945 Nuclear Arms Treaties and Negotiations: An Historical Overview Aug. 4, 1963--Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, signed in Moscow by the U.S., USSR, and Great Britain, prohibited testing of nuclear weapons in space, above ground, and under water. Jan. 1967--Outer Space Treaty banned the introduction of nuclear weapons into space. 1968--Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty, with U.S., USSR, and Great Britain as major signers, limited the spread of military nuclear technology by agreement not to assist nonnuclear nations in getting or making nuclear weapons. May 26, 1972--SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks) agreement, in negotiation since Nov. 17, 1969, signed in Moscow by U.S. and USSR. In the area of defensive nuclear weapons, the treaty limited antiballistic missiles to 2 sites of 100 antiballistic missile launchers in each country (amended in 1974 to one site in each country). The treaty also imposed a 5-year freeze on testing and deployment of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched ballistic missiles. An interim short-term agreement putting a ceiling on numbers of offensive nuclear weapons was also signed. SALT I was in effect until Oct. 3, 1977. July 3, 1974--Protocol on antiballistic missile systemsand a treaty and protocol on limiting underground testing of nuclear weapons was signed by U.S. and USSR in Moscow. Nov. 24, 1974--Vladivostok Agreement announced establishing the framework for a more comprehensive agreement on offensive nuclear arms, setting the guidelines of a second SALT treaty. Sept. 1977--U.S. and USSR agreed to continue to abide by SALT I, despite its expiration date. June 18, 1979--SALT II, signed in Vienna by the U.S. and USSR, constrained offensive nuclear weapons, limiting each side to 2,400 missile launchers and heavy bombers with that ceiling to apply until Jan. 1, 1985. The treaty also set a combined total of 1,320 ICBMs and SLBMs with multiple warheads on each side. Although approved by the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, the treaty never reached the Senate floor because Pres. Jimmy Carter withdrew his support for the treaty following the December 1979 invasion of Afghanistan by Soviet troops. Nov. 18, 1981--U.S. Pres. Ronald Reagan proposed his controversial "zero option" to cancel deployment of new U.S. intermediate-range missiles in Western Europe in return for Soviet dismantling of comparable forces (600 SS-20, SS-4, and SS-5 missiles already stationed in the European part of its territory). Nov. 30, 1981--Geneva talks on limiting intermediate nuclear forces based in and around Europe began. May 9, 1982--U.S. Pres. Ronald Reagan proposed 2-step plan for strategic arms reductions and announced that he had proposed to the USSR that START (Strategic Arms Reduction Talks) begin in June. May 18, 1982--Soviet Pres. Leonid Brezhnev rejected Reagan's plan as one-sided, but responded positively to the call for arms reduction talks. June 29, 1982--START (Strategic Arms Reduction Talks) began in Geneva. 1985-1987--Disarmament talks between the U.S. and the USSR began in Geneva, Switzerland on March 12, 1985. Dec. 8, 1987--I.N.F. (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces) Treaty signed in Washington, D.C. by USSR leader Mikhail Gorbachev and U.S. Pres. Ronald Reagan eliminating all medium- and shorter-range nuclear missiles; ratified with conditions by U.S Senate on May 27, 1988. (For details and 1989-1990 developments see Index and Chronology.) Estimates of Total Dollar Costs of American Wars The Military Budget and National Economic Priorities, revised and updated by James L. Clayton, Univ. of Utah. (In millions of dollars, except percent) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼� Item World War II Vietnam Conflict Korean Conflict Worl 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Original increment, direct costs:1 Current dollars 360,000 140,600 50,000 32,7 Constant (1967) 816,300 148,800 69,300 100, dollars Item World War II Vietnam Conflict Korean Conflict Worl 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� dollars Percent 1 year's 188 14 15 43 GNP Service-connected 87,629 26,175 17,024 19,2 veterans' benefits2 Interest, pmts. on (5) (5) (5) 11,0 warloans3 Current cost to 447,629 166,775 67,024 62,9 19864 1 Figures are rounded and taken from Claudia D. Goldin,Encyclopedia of American Economic History. 2 Total cost to Oct. 1,1986. For World War I and later wars, benefits are actual service-connectedfigures from 1986 Annual Report of Veterans Administration. For earlierwars, service-connected veterans' benefits are estimated at 40 percent oftotal, the approximate ratio of service-connected to total benefits sinceWorld War I. 3 Total cost to 1986. Interest payments are a very roughapproximation based on the percentage of the original costs of each warfinanced by money creation and debt, the difference between the level ofpublic debt at the beginning of the war and at its end, and the approximatetime required to pay off the war debts. 4 Figures are rounded estimates.5 Unknown. Armed Forces Personnel--Number and Rate, 1987 U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers 1987 (Number (1,000), Rate per 1,000 population) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Number Rate Number Rate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 United States 2,279 9.3 Argentina 118 3.8 Brazil 541 3.7 Bulgaria 191 21.3 Chile 127 10.2 China 3,530 3.3 Cuba 297 28.9 Czechoslovakia 215 13.8 Egypt 450 8.7 El Salvador 49 9.3 France 559 10.1 German Dem. Rep. 241 14.5 Germany, Fed. Rep. 495 8.1 Greece 203 20.3 India 1,502 1.9 Indonesia 281 1.6 Iran 350 7.0 Iraq 900 53.0 Israel 180 42.6 Number Rate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Israel 180 42.6 Italy 531 9.3 Japan 244 2.0 Korea, Dem. People's Rep. of 838 39.1 Korea, Rep. of 604 14.3 Nicaragua 80 24.1 Nigeria 138 1.3 Pakistan 573 5.5 Poland 441 11.7 Romania 248 10.8 Soviet Union 4,400 15.5 Sudan 59 2.5 Syria 400 35.9 Taiwan 365 18.5 Thailand 275 5.1 Turkey 879 16.6 United Kingdom 328 5.8 Vietnam 1,300 20.4 Armed forces refer to active-duty military personnel, includingparamilitary forces where those forces resemble regular units in theirorganization, equipment, training or mission. Reserve forces are notincluded. Casualties in Principal Wars of the U.S. Data on Revolutionary War casualties is from The Toll of Independence,Howard H. Peckham, ed., U. of Chicago Press, 1974. Data prior to World War I are based on incomplete records in many cases. Casualty data are confinedto dead and wounded personnel and therefore exclude personnel captured ormissing in action who were subsequently returned to military control.Dash (--) indicates information is not available. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴� Casualties Wars Branch of service Number serving Battle death Casualties Wars Branch of service Number serving Battle death 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Revolutionary War Total -- 6,824 1775-1783 Army 184,000 5,992 Navy & to -- Marines 250,000 832 War of 1812 Total 286,7309 2,260 1812-1815 Army -- 1,950 Navy -- 265 Marines -- 45 Mexican War Total 78,7189 1,733 1846-1848 Army -- 1,721 Navy -- 1 Marines -- 11 Civil War Total 2,213,3639 140,414 (Union forces only) Army 2,128,948 138,154 1861-1865 Navy -- 2,112 Marines 84,415 148 Confederate forces Total -- 74,524 (estimate)1 Army 600,000 -- Casualties Wars Branch of service Number serving Battle death 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� (estimate)1 Army 600,000 -- 1863-1866 Navy to -- Marines 1,500,000 -- Spanish-American War Total 306,760 385 1898 Army4 280,564 369 Navy 22,875 10 Marines 3,321 6 World War I Total 4,743,826791 53,513 April 6, 1917-Nov. 11, 1918 Army5 4,057,101 50,510 Navy 599,051 431 Marines 78,839 2,461 Coast Guard 8,835 111 World War II Total 16,353,659 292,131 Dec. 7, 1941-Dec. 31, 1946 Army6 11,260,000 234,874 2 Navy7 4,183,466 36,950 Marines 669,100 19,733 Coast Guard 241,093 574 Korean War Total 5,764,143 33,629 Casualties Wars Branch of service Number serving Battle death 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Korean War Total 5,764,143 33,629 June 25, 1950-July 27, 19533 Army 2,834,000 27,704 Navy 1,177,000 458 Marines 424,000 4,267 Air Force 1,285,000 1,200 Coast Guard 44,143 -- Vietnam (preliminary)10 Total 8,744,000 47,356 Aug. 4, 1964-Jan. 27, 1973 Army 4,368,000 30,904 Navy 1,842,000 1,626 Marines 794,000 13,082 Air Force 1,740,000 1,739 Coast Guard -- 5 1 Authoritative statistics for the Confederate Forces are notavailable. An estimated 26,000-31,000 Confederate personnel died in Union prisons. 2 Data are for the period Dec. 1, 1941 throughDec. 31, 1946 when hostilities were officially terminated by PresidentialProclamation, but few battle deaths or wounds not mortal were incurredafter the Japanese acceptance of Allied peace terms on Aug. 14, 1945.Numbers serving from Dec. 1, 1941-Aug. 31, 1945 were: Total--14,903,213;Army--10,420,000; Navy--3,883,520; and Marine Corps--599,693. 3 Tentative final data based upon information available as of Sept. 30,1954, at which time 24 persons were still carried as missing in action. 4 Number serving covers the period April 21-Aug. 13, 1898, while deadand wounded data are for the period May 1-Aug. 31, 1898. Active hostilitiesceased on Aug. 13, 1898, but ratifications of the treaty of peace were notexchanged between the United States and Spain until April 11, 1899. 5 Includes Air Service Battle deaths and wounds not mortal includecasualties suffered by American forces in Northern Russia to Aug. 25,1919 and in Siberia to April 1, 1920. Other deaths covered the periodApril 1, 1917-Dec. 31, 1918. 6 Includes Army Air Forces. 7 Battledeaths and wounds not mortal include casualties incurred in Oct. 1941due to hostile action. 8 Marine Corps data for World War II, theSpanish-American War and prior wars represent the number of individualswounded, whereas all other data in this column represent the totalnumber (incidence) of wounds. 9 As reported by the Commissionerof Pensions in his Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1903. 10 Numberserving covers the period Aug. 4 1964-Jan. 27, 1973 (date of ceasefire).Number of casualties incurred in connection with the conflict in Vietnam from Jan. 1, 1961-Sept. 30, 1977. Includes casualties incurred in MayaguezIncident. Wounds not mortal exclude 150,375 persons not requiring hospitalcare. POSTAL INFORMATION U.S. Postal Service The Postal Reorganization Act, creating a government-owned postal service under the executive branch and replacing the old Post Office Department, was signed into law by President Nixon on Aug. 12, 1970. The service officially came into being on July 1, 1971. The new U.S. Postal Service is governed by an 11-person Board of Governors. Nine members are appointed to 9-year terms by the president with Senate approval. These 9, in turn, choose a postmaster general, who is no longer a member of the president's cabinet. The board and the new postmaster general choose the 11th member, who serves as deputy postmaster general. An independent Postal Rate Commission of 5 members, appointed by the president, recommends postal rates to the governors for their approval. As of July 28, 1990, there were 34,255 post offices throughout the U.S. and possessions. U.S. Domestic Rates In effect from April 3, 1988. Note: On March 6, 1990, a general domestic rate increase was proposed by the Postal Service to the Postal Rate Commission. As of mid-September, 1990, a recommendation was pending. At least some rate increases were most likely to occur in Feb. 1991. Domestic includes the U.S., territories and possessions, APO and FPO. First Class Letters written, and matter sealed against inspection, 25 cents for 1st oz. or fraction, 20 cents for each additional oz. or fraction. U.S. Postal cards; single 15 cents; double 30 cents; private postcards, same. First class includes written matter, namely letters, postal cards, postcards (private mailing cards) and all other matter wholly or partly in writing, whether sealed or unsealed, except manuscripts for books, periodical articles and music, manuscript copy accompanying proofsheets or corrected proofsheets of the same and the writing authorized by law on matter of other classes. Also matter sealed or closed against inspection, bills and statements of accounts. Express Mail Express Mail Service is available for any mailable article up to 70 pounds, and guarantees delivery between major U.S. cities or your money back. Articles received by the acceptance time authorized by the postmaster at a postal facility offering Express Mail will be delivered by 3 p.m. the next day to some locations or will be delivered by noon the next day to other destinations. Or, if you prefer, your shipment can be picked up as early as 10 a.m. the next business day. Second day service is available to locations not on the Next Day Delivery Network. Rates include insurance, Shipment Receipt, and Record of Delivery at the destination post office. Consult Postmaster for other Express Mail Services and rates. (The Postal Service will refund, upon application to originating office, the postage for any Express Mail shipments not meeting the service standard except for those delayed by strike or work stoppage, delay or cancellation of flights, or governmental action beyond the control of the Postal Service.) Third Class Third class (limit up to but not including 16 ounces): Mailable matter not in 1st and 2d classes. Single mailing: Publications, small parcels, printed matter, booklets and catalogs, 25 cents the first ounce, 45 cents for over 1 to 2 ozs., 65 cents for over 2 to 3 ozs., 85 cents for over 3 to 4 ozs., $1.00 for over 4 to 6 ozs., $1.10 for over 6 to 8 ozs., $1.20 for over 8 to 10 ozs., $1.30 for over 10 to 12 ozs., $1.40 for over 12 to 14 ozs., $1.50 for over 14 but less than 16 ozs. Bulk mailing: At least 200 pieces or 50 pounds of such items as solicitations, newsletters, advertising materials, books and cassettes, each item of which individually weighs less than one pound. Minimum rate per piece: Basic presort, $0.167; Basic presort ZIP+4, $0.162; 5-Digit presort, $0.132; 5-Digit presort ZIP+4, $0.127; ZIP+4 Barcoded, $0.122; Carrier route presort, $0.101. For pieces weighing more than 3.3667 ounces, the following rates apply: Basic presort, 48 cents per pound + 6.6 cents per piece; 5-Digit presort, 48 cents per pound + 3.1 cents per piece; Carrier route presort, 48 cents per pound. Separate rates for some nonprofit organizations. Bulk mailing fee, $60 per calendar year. Apply to postmaster for permit. One-time fee for permit imprint, $60. Parcel Post--Fourth Class Fourth class or parcel post (16 ounces and over): merchandise, printed matter, etc., may be sealed, subject to inspection. Priority Mail First class mail of more than 11 ounces can be sent "Priority Mail" service. The most expeditious handling and transportation available will be used for fastest delivery. On parcels weighing less than 15 lbs. and measuring more than 84 inches, but not more than 108 inches in length and girth combined, the minimum postal charge shall be the zone charge applicable to a 15-pound parcel. Forwarding Addresses The mailer, in order to obtain a forwarding address, must endorse the envelope or cover "Address Correction Requested." The destination post office then will determine whether a forwarding address has been left on file and provide it for a fee of 30 cents. Priority Mail Packages weighing up to 70 pounds and not exceeding 108 inches inlength and girth combined, including written and other material of thefirst class, whether sealed or unsealed, fractions of a pound being chargedas a full pound. Rates according to zone apply between the U.S. and Puerto Rico andVirgin Islands. Parcels weighing less than 15 pounds, measuring over 84 inches but notexceeding 108 inches in length and girth combined are chargeable with aminimum rate equal to that for a 15 pound parcel for the zone to whichaddressed. 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Zones To 2 3 4 5 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1, 2, 3, $2.40 $2.74 $3.18 $3.61 4 2.40 3.16 3.75 4.32 5 2.40 3.45 4.13 4.86 6 $2.40 $3.74 $4.53 $5.27 7 2.40 3.96 4.92 5.81 8 2.40 4.32 5.33 6.37 *Consult postmaster for parcels over 5 lbs. Special Handling Third and fourth class parcels will be handled and delivered as expeditiously as practicable (but not special delivery) upon payment, in addition to the regular postage: up to 10 lbs., $1.55; over 10 lbs., $2.25. Such parcels must be endorsed, Special Handling. Special Delivery First class mail up to 2 lbs. $5.35, over 2 lbs. and up to 10 lbs., $5.75; over 10 lbs. $7.25. All other classes up to 2 lbs. $5.65, over 2 and up to 10 lbs., $6.50, over 10 lbs. $8.10. Bound Printed Matter Rates (Single Piece Zone Rate) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Zones Zones Zones Zones Zones Zones Zones Zones Weight lbs. Local 1&2 3 4 5 6 7 8 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Zones Zones Zones Zones Zones Zones Zones Zones Weight lbs. Local 1&2 3 4 5 6 7 8 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1.5 $0.67 $0.92 $0.96 $1.04 $1.16 $1.28 $1.43 $1.56 2 0.69 0.96 1.02 1.12 1.28 1.44 1.64 1.81 2.5 0.71 0.99 1.07 1.20 1.39 1.60 1.85 2.06 3 0.73 1.03 1.12 1.27 1.51 1.76 2.06 2.31 3.5 0.75 1.07 1.17 1.35 1.63 1.91 2.26 2.56 4 0.77 1.10 1.22 1.43 1.74 2.07 2.47 2.81 4.5 0.79 1.14 1.27 1.50 1.86 2.23 2.68 3.06 5 0.81 1.18 1.33 1.58 1.98 2.39 2.89 3.31 6 0.85 1.25 1.43 1.73 2.21 2.70 3.30 3.80 7 0.89 1.32 1.53 1.89 2.44 3.02 3.72 4.30 8 0.93 1.39 1.63 2.04 2.67 3.33 4.13 4.80 9 0.97 1.47 1.74 2.20 2.91 3.65 4.55 5.30 10 1.01 1.54 1.84 2.35 3.14 3.96 4.96 5.80 (Bound printed matter must weigh at least 1 pound and not more than 10pounds. Bound printed matter includes catalogs, directories and books noteligible for special fourth-class rates.) Domestic Mail Special Services Registry -- Only matter prepaid with postage at First-class postage rates may be registered. Stamps or meter stamps must be attached. The face of the article must be at least 5" long, 3 1/2" high. The mailer is required to declare the value of mail presented for registration. Registered Mail 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Insured Uninsured 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 $0.00 to $100 $4.50 $4.40 $100.01 to $500 4.85 4.70 $500.01 to $1,000 5.25 5.05 Insured Uninsured 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 $500.01 to $1,000 5.25 5.05 $1,000.01 to $2,000 5.65 5.35 $2,000.01 to $3,000 6.05 5.70 $3,000.01 to $4,000 6.45 6.00 $4,000.01 to $5,000 6.85 6.35 $5,000.01 to $6,000 7.25 6.65 $6,000.01 to $7,000 7.65 7.00 $7,000.01 to $8,000 8.10 7.30 $8,000.01 to $9,000 8.55 7.65 $9,000.01 to $10,000 9.00 7.95 Consult postmaster for registry rates above $10,000. C.O.D.: Unregistered -- is applicable to first-, third-, fourth-class, and express mail matter. Such mail must be based on bona fide orders or be in conformity with agreements between senders and addressees. Registered -- for details consult postmaster. Insurance -- is applicable to third and fourth class matter. Matter for sale addressed to prospective purchasers who have not ordered it or authorized its sending will not be insured. Insured Mail 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 $0.01 to $50 $0.70 50.01 to 100 1.50 100.01 to 150 1.90 150.01 to 200 2.20 200.01 to 300 3.15 300.01 to 400 4.30 400.01 to 500 5.00 Liability for insured mail is limited to $500. Certified mail -- service is available for any matter having no intrinsic value on which 1st class or air mail postage is paid. Receipt is furnished at time of mailing and evidence of delivery obtained. The fee is 85 cents in addition to postage. Return receipt, restricted delivery, and special delivery are available upon payment of additional fees. No indemnity. Special Fourth Class Rate (limit 70 lbs.) First pound or fraction, 90 cents (65 cents if 500 pieces or more of special rate matter are presorted to 5 digit ZIP code or 83 cents if 500 pieces or more are presorted to Bulk Mail Cntrs.); each additional pound or fraction through 7 pounds, 35 cents; each additional pound, 20 cents. Only the following specific articles: Books of at least 8 printed pages consisting wholly of reading matter or scholarly bibliography, or reading matter with incidental blank spaces for notations and containing no advertising matter other than incidental announcements of books; 16-millimeter or narrower width films in final form and catalogs of such films of 24 pages or more (at least 22 of which are printed) except films and film catalogs sent to or from commercial theaters; printed music in bound or sheet form; printed objective test materials; sound recordings, playscripts and manuscripts for books, periodicals, and music; printed educational reference charts; loose-leaf pages and binders thereof consisting of medical information for distribution to doctors, hospitals, medical schools, and medical students; computer-readable media containing prerecorded information and guides for use with such media. Package must be marked "Special 4th Class Rate" stating item contained. Library Rate (limit 70 lbs.) First pound 64 cents, each additional pound through 7 pounds, 23 cents; each additional pound, 12 cents. Books when loaned or exchanged between and sent to or from schools, colleges, public libraries, and certain non-profit organizations; books, printed music, bound academic theses, periodicals, sound recordings, other library materials, museum materials (specimens, collections), scientific or mathematical kits, instruments or other devices; also catalogs, guides or scripts for some of these materials. Must be marked "Library Rate". Also qualifying for library rate are: Books mailed from publishers or distributors to schools, libraries, colleges or universities or to bookstores owned, operated and controlled by schools, colleges or universities. Postal Union Mail Special Services Registration -- available to practically all countries. Fee $4.40. The maximum indemnity payable -- generally only in case of complete loss (of both contents and wrapper) -- is $24.60. To Canada only the fee is $4.50 providing indemnity for loss up to $100, $4.85 for loss up to $500, and $5.25 for loss up to $1,000. Return receipt -- showing to whom and date delivered, 90 cents. Special delivery -- Available to most countries. Consult post office. Fees for International Special Delivery same for air or surface: for letters, letter packages and post cards not over 2 pounds, $5.35. If over 2 pounds, $5.75, for printed matter, matter for the blind, or small packets, $5.65 if not over 2 pounds; if over 2 pounds, $6.50. Marking -- an article intended for special delivery service must have affixed to the cover near the name of the country of destination "EXPRES" (special delivery) label, obtainable at the post office, or it may be marked on the cover boldly in red "EXPRES" (special delivery). Special handling -- entitles AO surface packages to priority handling between mailing point and U.S. point of dispatch. Fees: $1.55 for packages to 10 pounds, and $2.25 for packages over 10 pounds. Airmail -- there is daily air service to practically all countries. Prepayment of replies from other countries -- a mailer who wishes to prepay a reply by letter from another country may do so by sending his correspondent one or more international reply coupons, which may be purchased at United States post offices. One coupon should be accepted in any country in exchange for stamps to prepay a surface letter of the first unit of weight to the U.S. Additional international special services: Insurance: Available to many countries for loss of or damage to items paid at parcel post rate. Consult postmaster for indemnity limits for individual countries. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Limit of Indemnity Fees Fees Not Over Canada All other Countries 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� $50 $0.70 $1.50 100 1.50 1.90 150 1.90 3.15 200 2.20 3.15 300 3.15 4.30 400 4.30 5.00 Limit of Indemnity Fees Fees Not Over Canada All other Countries 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 400 4.30 5.00 500 5.00 5.70 Restricted Delivery: Available to many countries for registered mail,limits who may receive an item. Fee: $2.00. Parcel Post Rate Schedule (Inter BMC/ASF Zip Codes Only, Machinable Parcels, No Discount, No Surcharge) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴� Zones Zones Zones Zones Zones Weight up to but not exceeding--(pounds) 1 and 2 3 4 5 6 Zones Zones Zones Zones Zones Weight up to but not exceeding--(pounds) 1 and 2 3 4 5 6 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 2 $1.69 $1.81 $1.97 $2.24 $2.35 3 1.78 1.95 2.20 2.59 2.98 4 1.86 2.10 2.42 2.94 3.46 5 1.95 2.24 2.65 3.29 3.94 6 2.04 2.39 2.87 3.64 4.43 7 2.12 2.53 3.10 4.00 4.91 8 2.21 2.68 3.32 4.35 5.39 9 2.30 2.82 3.55 4.70 5.87 10 2.38 2.97 3.78 5.05 6.35 11 2.47 3.11 4.00 5.40 6.83 12 2.56 3.25 4.22 5.75 7.30 13 2.64 3.40 4.44 6.10 7.78 14 2.69 3.48 4.56 6.27 8.02 15 2.75 3.55 4.67 6.44 8.24 16 2.79 3.63 4.78 6.60 8.45 17 2.84 3.70 4.88 6.75 8.66 18 2.89 3.76 4.98 6.90 8.85 19 2.93 3.83 5.07 7.03 9.03 Zones Zones Zones Zones Zones Weight up to but not exceeding--(pounds) 1 and 2 3 4 5 6 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 19 2.93 3.83 5.07 7.03 9.03 20 2.98 3.89 5.16 7.16 9.20 21 3.02 3.95 5.25 7.29 9.37 22 3.06 4.01 5.33 7.41 9.53 23 3.10 4.07 5.41 7.53 9.68 24 3.14 4.12 5.49 7.64 9.83 25 3.18 4.18 5.56 7.75 9.97 Post Office-Authorized 2-Letter State Abbreviations 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Alabama AL 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Alabama AL Alaska AK American Samoa AS Arizona AZ Arkansas AR California CA Canal Zone CZ Colorado CO Connecticut CT Delaware DE Dist. of Col. DC Florida FL Georgia GA Guam GU Hawaii HI Idaho ID Illinois IL Indiana IN Iowa IA Kansas KS 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Kansas KS Kentucky KY Louisiana LA Maine ME Maryland MD Massachusetts MA Michigan MI Minnesota MN Missouri MO Mississippi MS Montana MT Nebraska NE Nevada NV New Hampshire NH New Jersey NJ New Mexico NM New York NY North Carolina NC North Dakota ND Northern Mariana Is. CM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Northern Mariana Is. CM Ohio OH Oklahoma OK Oregon OR Pennsylvania PA Puerto Rico PR Rhode Island RI South Carolina SC South Dakota SD Tennessee TN Texas TX Trust Territories TT Utah UT Vermont VT Virginia VA Virgin Islands VI Washington WA West Virginia WV Wisconsin WI Wyoming WY 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Wyoming WY Alley Aly Arcade Arc Avenue Ave Boulevard Blvd Branch Br Bypass Byp Causeway Cswy Center Ctr Circle Cir Court Ct Courts Cts Crescent Cres Drive Dr Expressway Expy Extended Ext Extension Ext Freeway Fwy Gardens Gdns Grove Grv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Grove Grv Heights Hts Highway Hwy Lane Ln Manor Mnr Place Pl Plaza Plz Point Pt Road Rd Rural R Square Sq Street St Terrace Ter Trail Trl Turnpike Tpke Viaduct Via Vista Vis The abbreviations below are approved by the U.S. Postal Service for usein addresses only. They do not replace the traditional abbreviations inother contexts. The official list follows, including the District ofColumbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Canal Zone, and the Virgin Islands(all capital letters are used): Also approved for use in addressing mail are the followingabbreviations: Size Standards for Domestic Mail Minimum Size Pieces which do not meet the following requirements are prohibited from the mails: * All pieces must be at least .007 of an inch thick,and * All pieces (except keys and identification devices) which are 1/4 inch or less thick must be: 1. Rectangular in shape, 2. At least 3 1/2 inches high, and 3. At least 5 inches long. Note: Pieces greater than 1/4 inch thick can be mailed even if they measure less than 3 1/2 by 5 inches. Nonstandard Mail All First-Class Mail, except presort and carrier route First-Class mail, weighing one ounce or less and all single-piece rate Third-Class mail weighing one ounce or less is nonstandard (and subject to a 10 cents surcharge in addition to the applicable postage and fees) if: 1. Any of the following dimensions are exceeded: * Length--11 1/2 inches, * Height--6 1/8 inches, * Thickness--1/4 inch, or 2. The length divided by the height is not between 1.3 and 2.5, inclusive. The nonstandard surcharge for presort and carrier route First-Class mail is 5 cents. Air Mail, Parcel Post International Rates 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Afghanistan $10.30 $5.80 Albania 8.70 4.80 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Algeria 10.30 5.80 Andorra 7.15 4.00 Angola 11.95 6.80 Anguilla 5.50 2.80 Antigua & Barbados 5.50 2.80 Argentina 10.30 5.80 Aruba 5.50 2.80 Ascension No Air Service No Air Service Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Australia 10.30 5.80 Austria 7.15 4.00 Azores 8.70 4.80 Bahamas 5.50 2.80 Bahrain 10.30 5.80 Bangladesh 11.95 6.80 Barbados 7.15 4.00 Belgium 10.30 5.80 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Belize 5.50 2.80 Benin 8.70 4.80 Bermuda 5.50 2.80 Bhutan 11.95 6.80 Bolivia 7.15 4.00 Botswana 11.95 6.80 Brazil 11.95 6.80 British Virgin Islands 5.50 2.80 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Brunei 10.30 5.80 Bulgaria 10.30 5.80 Burkina Faso 10.30 5.80 Burma 10.30 5.80 Burundi 11.95 6.80 Cameroon 10.30 5.80 Canada1 Separate rate schedule Separate rate sched Cape Verde 10.30 5.80 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Cayman Islands 5.50 2.80 Central African Rep. 11.95 6.80 Chad 10.30 5.80 Chile 10.30 5.80 China (People's Republic of) 10.30 5.80 Colombia 7.15 4.00 Comoros 11.95 6.80 Congo 10.30 5.80 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Corsica 11.95 6.80 Costa Rica 5.50 2.80 Cuba No Parcel Post Service No Parcel Post Serv Cyprus 8.70 4.80 Czechoslovakia 8.70 4.80 Denmark 8.70 4.80 Djibouti 10.30 5.80 Dominica 5.50 2.80 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Dominican Republic 5.50 2.80 East Timor No Parcel Post Service No Parcel Post Serv Ecuador 8.70 4.80 Egypt 10.30 5.80 El Salvador 7.15 4.00 Equatorial Guinea 10.30 5.80 Estonia 11.95 6.80 Ethiopia 10.30 5.80 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Faeroe Islands 8.70 4.80 Falkland Islands 10.30 5.80 Fiji 7.15 4.00 Finland 10.30 5.80 France (Including Monaco) 11.95 6.80 French Guiana 8.70 4.80 French Polynesia 10.30 5.80 Gabon 10.30 5.80 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Gambia 7.15 4.00 Germany 8.70 4.80 Ghana 10.30 5.80 Gibraltar 8.70 4.80 Great Britain 8.70 4.80 Greece 8.70 4.80 Greenland 10.30 5.80 Grenada 5.50 2.80 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Guadeloupe 5.50 2.80 Guatemala 5.50 2.80 Guinea 7.15 4.00 Guinea-Bissau 7.15 4.00 Guyana 7.15 4.00 Haiti 5.50 2.80 Honduras 7.15 4.00 Hong Kong 8.70 4.80 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Hungary 8.70 4.80 Iceland 8.70 4.80 India 10.30 5.80 Indonesia 11.95 6.80 Iran 10.30 5.80 Iraq 10.30 5.80 Ireland (Eire) 8.70 4.80 Israel 8.70 4.80 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Italy 8.70 4.80 Ivory Coast 10.30 5.80 Jamaica 5.50 2.80 Japan 11.95 6.80 Jordan 8.70 4.80 Kampuchea No Parcel Post Service No Parcel Post Serv Kenya 10.30 5.80 Kiribati 7.15 4.00 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Korea, Democratic People's Rep. No Parcel Post Service No Parcel Post Serv (North) Korea, Rep. of (South) 8.70 4.80 Kuwait 8.70 4.80 Lao 11.95 6.80 Latvia 11.95 6.80 Lebanon 8.70 4.80 Leeward Islands 5.50 2.80 Lesotho 11.95 6.80 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lesotho 11.95 6.80 Liberia 8.70 4.80 Libya 10.30 5.80 Liechtenstein 7.15 4.00 Lithuania 11.95 6.80 Luxembourg 7.15 4.00 Macao 8.70 4.80 Madagascar 11.95 6.80 Madeira Islands 7.15 4.00 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Madeira Islands 7.15 4.00 Malawi 10.30 5.80 Malaysia 10.30 5.80 Maldives 10.30 5.80 Mali 8.70 4.80 Malta 8.70 4.80 Martinique 5.50 2.80 Mauritania 10.30 5.80 Mauritius 11.95 6.80 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mauritius 11.95 6.80 Mexico 5.50 2.80 Mongolia No Parcel Post Service No Parcel Post Serv Morocco 8.70 4.80 Mozambique 11.95 6.80 Namibia 10.30 5.80 Nauru 8.70 4.80 Nepal 10.30 5.80 Netherlands 8.70 4.80 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Netherlands 8.70 4.80 Netherlands Antilles 5.50 2.80 New Caledonia 10.30 5.80 New Zealand 10.30 5.80 Nicaragua 7.15 4.00 Namilia 10.30 5.80 Niger 10.30 5.80 Nigeria 8.70 4.80 Norway 10.30 5.80 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Norway 10.30 5.80 Oman 10.30 5.80 Pakistan 10.30 5.80 Panama 5.50 2.80 Papua New Guinea 10.30 5.80 Paraguay 10.30 5.80 Peru 7.15 4.00 Philippines 10.30 5.80 Pitcairn Islands 7.15 4.00 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Pitcairn Islands 7.15 4.00 Poland 7.15 4.00 Portugal 8.70 4.80 Qatar 8.70 4.80 Reunion 11.95 6.80 Romania 8.70 4.80 Rwanda 10.30 5.80 St. Helena 8.70 4.80 St. Lucia 5.50 2.80 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� St. Lucia 5.50 2.80 St. Pierre & Miquelon 5.50 2.80 St. Thomas & Principe 10.30 5.80 St. Vincent & The Grenadines 5.50 2.80 San Marino 8.70 4.80 Santa Cruz Islands 8.70 4.80 Saudi Arabia 10.30 4.80 Senegal 10.30 5.80 Seychelles 10.30 5.80 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Seychelles 10.30 5.80 Sierre Leone 10.30 5.80 Singapore 10.30 5.80 Solomon Islands 8.70 4.80 Somalia 10.30 5.80 South Africa 10.30 5.80 Spain 8.70 4.80 Sri Lanka 10.30 5.80 Sudan 10.30 5.80 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sudan 10.30 5.80 Suriname 7.15 4.00 Swaziland 10.30 5.80 Sweden 10.30 5.80 Switzerland 7.15 4.00 Syria 8.70 4.80 Taiwan 8.70 4.80 Tanzania 11.95 6.80 Thailand 10.30 5.80 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Thailand 10.30 5.80 Togo 10.30 5.80 Tonga 7.15 4.00 Trinidad & Tobago 7.15 4.00 Tristan da Cunha 11.95 6.80 Tunisia 8.70 4.80 Turkey 8.70 4.80 Turks & Caicos Islands 5.50 2.80 Tuvalu (Ellice Islands) 7.15 4.00 Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Tuvalu (Ellice Islands) 7.15 4.00 Uganda 10.30 5.80 USSR2 11.95 6.80 United Arab Emirates 10.30 5.80 Uruguay 7.15 4.00 Vanuatu 7.15 4.00 Vatican City State 8.70 4.80 Venezuela 7.15 4.00 Vietnam1 No Parcel Post Service No Parcel Post Serv Air parcel post rates Air parcel post rat Country First pound Each add'l. pound o up to first 5 lbs. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Vietnam1 No Parcel Post Service No Parcel Post Serv Wallis & Futura Islands 10.30 5.80 Western Samoa 7.15 4.00 Yemen 10.30 5.80 Yugoslavia 8.70 4.80 Zaire 11.95 6.80 Zambia 11.95 6.80 Zimbabwe 11.95 6.80 Aerogrammes -- 39 cents each to all countries. Air mail postcards (single) - 36 cents to all countries exceptCanada (21 cents) and Mexico (15 cents) Weight limits: minimum 1 lb., maximum 66 lbs.; up to 2 lbs., $4.32; each add'l pound or fraction, $1.24. 1 Restrictions apply; consult post office. 2 To facilitatedistribution and delivery, include "Union of Soviet SocialistRepublics" or "USSR" as part of the address. Miscellaneous International Rates Letters and Letter Pkgs (Surface) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴� Weight steps Weight steps Weight steps Weight steps Over Over Through Through Lbs. Ozs. Lbs. Ozs. Canada Mexico All o 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 0 0 0 1 $.30 $.25 $.40 0 1 0 2 .52 .45 .63 0 2 0 3 .74 .65 .86 0 3 0 4 .96 .85 1.09 0 4 0 5 1.18 1.05 1.32 0 5 0 6 1.40 1.25 1.55 0 6 0 7 1.62 1.45 1.78 0 7 0 8 1.84 1.65 2.01 0 8 0 9 2.06 1.85 3.80 0 9 0 10 2.28 2.05 3.80 0 10 0 11 2.50 2.25 3.80 0 11 0 12 2.72 2.45 3.80 0 12 1 0 3.08 3.25 3.80 1 0 1 8 3.70 4.05 5.20 1 8 2 0 4.32 4.85 6.60 2 0 2 8 4.94 5.65 7.60 Weight steps Weight steps Weight steps Weight steps Over Over Through Through Lbs. Ozs. Lbs. Ozs. Canada Mexico All o 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 2 0 2 8 4.94 5.65 7.60 2 8 3 0 5.56 6.45 8.60 3 0 3 8 6.18 7.25 9.60 3 8 4 0 6.80 8.05 10.60 Maximum limit: 66 pounds to Canada, 4 pounds to Mexico and all other countries. Letters and Letter Pkgs (Air) Canada and Mexico: Refer to rates listed under Letter and Letter Pkgs. (Surface). Mail paid at this rate receives First-Class service in the United States and air service in Canada and Mexico. All Other Countries: 45 cents per half ounce up to and including 2 ounces; 42 cents each additional half ounce up to and including 32 ounces; 42 cents per additional ounce over 32 ounces. Parcel Post (Surface) Canada: $3.95 for over 1 lb. and up to 2 lbs.; $1.20 each add'l lb. Mexico, Central America, The Caribbean Islands, Bahamas, Bermuda, St. Pierre and Miquelon: $4.40 for the first 2 pounds and $1.40 each additional pound or fraction. All Other Countries: $4.60 for the first 2 pounds and $1.50 for each additional pound or fraction. For Parcel Post air rates, see tables, pages 796-797. Postcards Surface rates to Canada, 21 cents, and Mexico, 15 cents; to all other countries,28 cents. By air, Canada, 21 cents, and Mexico, 15 cents; to all other countries, 36 cents. Maximum size permitted, 6 x 41/4 in.; minimum, 51/2 x 31/2. Gross Postal Revenues at Large Cities 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴� Fiscal year Boston Chicago L.A. New York Phila. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1975 $136,453,079 $365,378,795 $193,229,077 $453,905,277 $134,57 1980 224,428,760 528,233,991 271,136,828 666,377,778 221,161 1981 256,524,082 551,988,015 301,159,594 741,286,845 235,116 1982 292,971,572 597,246,568 338,798,409 848,507,590 265,242 1983 294,932,399 589,476,264 330,734,928 856,569,717 273,210 1984 314,230,399 598,141,605 338,760,060 907,426,500 295,917 1985 339,550,469 563,693,370 358,859,412 938,829,064 300,811 1986 378,861,842 579,432,633 381,254,469 960,987,314 330,671 1987 405,124,317 612,014,066 389,819,485 962,000,684 367,123 Fiscal year Boston Chicago L.A. New York Phila. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1987 405,124,317 612,014,066 389,819,485 962,000,684 367,123 1988 428,049,178 618,237,375 415,847,750 999,747,864 384,189 1989 421,170,296 610,124,516 439,708,491 1,052,810,676 374,566 Other cities for fiscal year 1989: Dallas, $431,138,189; Atlanta,$404,563,044; Houston, $346,017,468; Minneapolis, $289,155,599;San Francisco, $270,079,172; Baltimore, $253,333,221; Hartford, CT,$235,122,191; Columbus, OH, $264,224,150. SOCIAL SECURITY Social Security Programs Social Security Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance; Medicare; Supplemental Security Income Social Security Benefits Social Security benefits are based on a worker's primary insurance amount (PIA), which is related by law to the average indexed monthly earnings (AIME) on which social security contributions have been paid. The full PIA is payable to a retired worker who becomes entitled to benefits at age 65 and to an entitled disabled worker at any age. Spouses and children of retired or disabled workers and survivors of deceased workers receive set proportions of the PIA subject to a family maximum amount. The PIA is calculated by applying varying percentages to succeeding parts of the AIME. The formula is adjusted annually to reflect changes in average annual wages. Automatic increases in Social Security benefits are initiated for December of a year whenever the Consumer Price Index (CPI) of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the third calendar quarter of a year increases relative to the CPI for the base quarter, which is either the third calendar quarter of the preceding year or the quarter in which an increase legislated by Congress becomes effective. The size of the benefit increase is determined by the actual percentage rise of the CPI between the quarters measured. Average monthly benefits payable to all retired workers was $567.00 in December 1989. The average amount for disabled workers in that month was $556.00. Minimum and maximum monthly retired-worker benefits payable to individuals who retired at age 651 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Minimum benefit Minimum benefit Year of attainment of age Payable at the time of Payable effective Dec 652 retirement 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Minimum benefit Minimum benefit Year of attainment of age Payable at the time of Payable effective Dec 652 retirement 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1965 $44.00 $331.90 1970 64.00 331.90 1980 133.90 331.90 1985 (4) (4) 1989 (4) (4) 1Assumes retirement at beginning of year. 2The final benefit amount payable after SMI premium or any other deductions is rounded to next lower $1 (if not already a multiple of $1). 3Benefit for both men and women are shown in men's columns except where women's benefit appears separately. 4Minimum eliminated for workers who reach age 62 after 1981. Amount of Work Required To qualify for benefits, the worker must have worked in covered employment long enough to become insured. Just how long depends on when the worker reaches age 62 or, if earlier, when he or she dies or becomes disabled. A person is fully insured if he or she has one quarter of coverage for every year after 1950 (or year age 21 is reached, if later) up to but not including the year in which the worker reaches age 62, dies, or becomes disabled. In 1990, a person earns one quarter of coverage for each $520 of annual earnings in covered employment, up to a maximum of 4 quarters per year. The law permits special monthly payments under the Social Security program to certain very old persons who are not eligible for regular social security benefits since they had little or no opportunity to earn social security work credits during their working lifetime. To get disability benefits, in addition to being fully insured, the worker must also have credit for 20 quarters of coverage out of the 40 calendar quarters before he or she becomes disabled. A disabled blind worker need meet only the fully insured requirement. Persons disabled before age 31 can qualify with a briefer period of coverage. Certain survivor benefits are payable if the deceased worker had 6 quarters of coverage in the 13 quarters preceding death. Work credit for fully insured status for benefits 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Born after 1929; die, become disabled,or reach age 62 in Years needed 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1981 71/2 1982 73/4 1983 8 Born after 1929; die, become disabled,or reach age 62 in Years needed 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1983 8 1984 81/4 1985 81/2 1986 83/4 1987 9 1988 91/4 1989 91/2 1990 93/4 Contribution and benefit base 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Calendar year Base 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Calendar year Base 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1981 $29,700 1982 32,400 1983 35,700 1984 37,800 1985 39,600 1986 42,000 1987 43,800 1988 45,000 1989 48,000 1990 51,300 Tax-rate schedule 'Percent of covered earnings' 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total OASDI Year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Employees and employers, each Employees and employers, each 1979-80 6.13 5.08 1981 6.65 5.35 1982-83 6.70 5.40 1984 7.00 5.70 1985 7.05 5.70 1986-87 7.15 5.70 1988-89 7.51 6.06 1990 and after 7.65 6.20 Self-employed Self-employed 1979-80 8.10 7.05 1981 9.30 8.00 1982-83 9.35 8.05 1984 14.00 11.40 1985 14.10 11.40 1986-87 14.30 11.40 1988-89 15.02 12.12 Total OASDI Year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1988-89 15.02 12.12 1990 and after 15.30 12.40 What Aged Workers Get When a person has enough work in covered employment and reaches retirement age (currently 65 for full benefit, 62 for reduced benefit), he or she may retire and get monthly old-age benefits. The age at which unreduced benefits are payable will be increased gradually from 65 to 67 over a 21-year period beginning with workers age 62 in the year 2000; (reduced benefits will still be available as early as age 62 but with a larger reduction at age 62.) If a person aged 65 or older continues to work and has earnings of more than $9,360 in 1990, $1 in benefits will be withheld for every $3 above $9,360. The annual exempt amount for people under age 65 is $6,840 in 1990 and $1 in benefits is withheld for every $2 in earnings above the exempt amount for them. The annual exempt amount is raised automatically as the general earnings level rises. The eligible worker who is 70 receives the full benefit regardless of earnings. For workers who reach age 65 from 1982 through 1989, the worker's benefit is raised by 3% for each year for which the worker between 65 and 70 (72 before 1984) did not receive benefits because of earnings from work or because the worker had not applied for benefits. The delayed retirement credit is 1 percent a year for workers reaching age 65 before 1982. The delayed retirement credit will gradually rise to 8% per year from 1990 through 2008. The rate for 1990 is 31/2%. Effective December 1989, the special benefit for persons aged 72 or over who do not meet the regular coverage requirements is $159.00 a month. Like the monthly benefits, these payments are subject to cost-of-living increases. The special payment is not made to persons on the public assistance or supplemental security income rolls. Workers retiring before age 65 have their benefits permanently reduced by 5/9 of 1% for each month they receive benefits before age 65. Thus, workers entitled to benefits in the month they reach age 62 receive 80% of the PIA, while a worker retiring at age 65 receives a benefit equal to 100% of the PIA. The nearer to age 65 the worker is when he or she begins collecting a benefit, the larger the benefit will be. Benefits for Worker's Spouse The spouse of a worker who is getting Social Security retirement or disability payments may become entitled to a spouse's insurance benefit when he or she reaches 65 of one-half of the worker's PIA. Reduced spouse's benefits are available at age 62 (25/36 of 1% reduction for each month of entitlement before age 65). Benefits are also payable to the aged-divorced spouse of an insured worker if he or she was married to the worker for at least 10 years. Benefits for Children ofRetired or Disabled Workers If a retired or disabled worker has a child under 18 the child will get a benefit that is half of the worker's unreduced benefit, and so will the worker's spouse, even if he or she is under 62 if he or she is caring for an entitled child of the worker who is under 16 or who became disabled before age 22. Total benefits paid on a worker's earnings record are subject to a maximum and if the total that would be paid to a family exceeds that maximum, the individual dependents' benefits are adjusted downward. (Total benefits paid to the family of a worker who retired in January 1989 at age 65 and who always had the maximum amount of earnings creditable under Social Security can be no higher than $1,575.60.) When entitled children reach 18, their benefits will generally stop, except that a child disabled before 22 may get a benefit as long as his or her disability meets the definition in the law. Additionally, benefits will be paid to a child until age 19 if the child is in full-time attendance at an elementary or secondary school. Benefits may also be paid to a grandchild or step-grandchild of a worker or of his or her spouse, in special circumstances. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴캠 OASDI May 1990 May 1989 May 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Monthly beneficiaries, total (in thousands) 39,440 38,835 38,419 Aged 65 and over, total 28,979 28,393 27,875 Retired workers 21,960 21,455 21,009 Survivors and dependents 7,010 6,926 6,849 Special age-72 beneficiaries 9 12 16 Under age 65, total 10,462 10,442 10,544 Retired workers 2,545 2,560 2,575 Disabled workers 2,934 2,850 2,804 Survivors and dependents 4,982 5,032 5,165 Total monthly benefits (in millions) $20,244 $18,870 $17,787 What Disabled Workers Get If a worker becomes so severely disabled that he or she is unable to work, he or she may be eligible to receive a monthly disability benefit. Benefits continue until it is determined that the individual is no longer disabled. Each beneficiary's eligibility is reviewed periodically. When a disabled worker beneficiary reaches 65, the disability benefit becomes a retired-worker benefit. Benefits generally like those provided for dependents of retired-worker beneficiaries may be paid to dependents of disabled beneficiaries. However, the maximum family benefit in disability cases is generally lower than in retirement cases. Survivor Benefits If an insured worker should die, one or more types of benefits may be payable to survivors, again subject to a maximum family benefit as described above. 1. If claiming benefits at 65, the surviving spouse will receive a benefit that is 100% of the deceased worker's PIA. The surviving spouse may choose to get the benefit as early as age 60, but the benefit is then reduced by 19/40 of 1% for each month it is paid before age 65. However, for those aged 62 and over whose spouses claimed their benefits before 65, the benefit is the reduced amount the worker would be getting if alive but not less than 82 1/2% of the worker's PIA. Disabled widows and widowers may under certain circumstances qualify for benefits after attaining age 50 at the rate of 71.5% of the deceased worker's PIA. The widow or widower must have become totally disabled before or within 7 years after the spouse's death, the last month in which he or she received mother's or father's insurance benefits, or the last month he or she previously received surviving spouse's benefits. 2. A benefit for each child until the child reaches 18. The monthly benefit of each child of a worker who has died is three-quarters of the amount the worker would have received if he or she had lived and drawn full retirement benefits. A child with a disability that began before age 22 may receive benefits. Also, a child may receive benefits until age 19 if he or she is in full-time attendance at an elementary or secondary school. 3. A mother's or father's benefit for the widow(er), if children of the worker under 16 are in his or her care. The benefit is 75% of the PIA and he or she draws it until the youngest child reaches 16, at which time payments stop even if the child's benefit continues. They may start again when he or she is 60 (50 if disabled) unless he or she is married. If he or she marries and the marriage is ended, he or she regains benefit rights (A marriage after age 60, 50 if disabled, is deemed not to have occurred for benefit purposes.). If he or she has a disabled child beneficiary aged 16 or over in care, benefits also continue. This benefit may also be paid to the divorced spouse, if the marriage lasted for at least 10 years. 4. Dependent parents may be eligible for benefits, if they have been receiving at least half their support from the worker before his or her death, have reached age 62, and (except in certain circumstances) have not remarried since the worker's death. Each parent gets 75% of the worker's PIA; if only one parent survives the benefit is 82 1/2%. 5. A lump sum cash payment of $255. Payment is made only when there is a spouse who was living with the worker or a spouse or child eligible for immediate monthly survivor benefits. Self-Employed A self-employed person who has net earnings of $400 or more in a year must report such earnings for social security tax and credit purposes. The person reports net returns from the business. Income from real estate, savings, dividends, loans, pensions or insurance policies may not be included unless they are part of the business. A self-employed person gets a quarter of coverage for each $520 (for 1990), up to a maximum of 4 quarters of coverage. The nonfarm self-employed have the option of reporting their earnings as 2/3 of their gross income from self-employment but not more than $1,600 a year and not less than their actual net earnings. This option can be used only if actual net earnings from self-employment income is less than $1,600 and may be used only 5 times. Also, the self-employed person must have actual net earnings of $400 or more in 2 of the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the year in which he or she uses the option. When a person has both taxable wages and earnings from self-employment, the wages are credited for Social Security purposes first; only as much of the self-employment income as will bring total earnings up to the current taxable maximum is subject to the self-employment tax. Farm Owners and Workers Self-employed farmers whose gross annual earnings from farming are $2,400 or less may report 2/3 of their gross earnings instead of net earnings for social security purposes. Farmers whose gross income is over $2,400 and whose net earnings are less than $1,600 can report $1,600. Cash or crop shares received from a tenant or share farmer count if the owner participated materially in production or management. The self-employed farmer pays contributions at the same rate as other self-employed persons. Agricultural employees. A worker's earnings from farm work count toward benefits (1) if the employer pays him $150 or more in cash during the year; or (2) if the employer spends $2,500 or more in the year for agricultural labor. Under these rules a person gets credit for one calendar quarter for each $520 in cash pay in 1990 up to four quarters. Foreign farm workers admitted to the United States on a temporary basis are not covered. Household Workers Anyone working as maid, cook, laundress, nursemaid, baby-sitter, chauffeur, gardener and at other household tasks in the house of another is covered by Social Security if he or she is paid $50 or more in cash in a calendar quarter by any one employer. Room and board do not count, but carfare counts if paid in cash. The job does not have to be regular or fulltime. The employee should get a Social Security card at the social security office and show it to the employer. The employer deducts the amount of the employee's social security tax from the worker's pay, adds an identical amount as the employer's social security tax and sends the total amount to the federal government, with the employee's social security number. Medicare Under Medicare, protection against the costs of hospital care is provided for Social Security and Railroad Retirement beneficiaries aged 65 and over and, for persons entitled for 24 months to receive a social security disability benefit, certain persons (and their dependents) with end-stage renal disease, and, on a voluntary basis with payment of a special premium, persons aged 65 and over not otherwise eligible for hospital benefits; all those eligible for hospital benefits may enroll for medical benefits and pay a monthly premium and so may persons aged 65 and over who are not eligible for hospital benefits. Persons eligible for both hospital and medical insurance may choose to have their covered services provided through a Health Maintenance Organization. Hospital insurance.-- In 1988, nearly $52.7 billion was withdrawn from the hospital insurance trust fund for hospital and related benefits. The hospital insurance program pays the cost of covered services for hospital and posthospital care as follows: * Medicare will cover all medically necessary inpatient hospital care 365 days a year. The Medicare hospital patient must pay a deductible sum each year (about $560 in 1987). * Up to 150 days' care in a skilled-nursing facility (skilled-nursing home) in each year. Hospital insurance pays for all covered services except for coinsurance for the first 8 days of SNF care each year (about $20.50 per day in 1989). * Visits by nurses or other health workers (not doctors) from a home health agency. * Hospice care for terminally ill individuals. Medical insurance. Aged persons can receive benefits under this supplementary program only if they sign up for them and agree to a monthly premium ($24.80 in 1988). The Federal Government pays the rest of the cost. In 1988, about $35 billion was paid out for medical insurance benefits. As of September 1987, about 33 million persons were enrolled -- 3 million of them disabled persons under age 65. The medical insurance program pays 80% of the reasonable charges (after the first $75 in each calendar year) for the following services: * Physicians' and surgeons' services, whether in the doctor's office, a clinic, or hospital or at home (but physician's charges for X-ray or clinical laboratory services for hospital bed-patients are paid in full and without meeting the deductible). * Other medical and health services, such as diagnostic tests, surgical dressings and splints, and rental or purchase of medical equipment. Services of a physical therapist in independent practice, furnished in his office or the patient's home. A hospital or extended-care facility may provide covered outpatient physical therapy services under the medical insurance program to its patients who have exhausted their hospital insurance coverage. * Physical therapy services furnished under the supervision of a practicing hospital, clinic, skilled nursing facility, or agency. * Certain services by podiatrists. * All outpatient services of a participating hospital (including diagnostic tests). * Outpatient speech pathology services, under the same requirements as physical therapy. * Services of licensed chiropractors who meet uniform standards, but only for treatment by means of manual manipulation of the spine and treatment of subluxation of the spine demonstrated by X-ray. * Supplies related to colostomies are considered prosthetic devices and payable under the program. * Home health services even without a hospital stay are paid up to 100% when medically necessary. To get medical insurance protection, persons approaching age 65 may enroll in the 7-month period that includes 3 months before the 65th birthday, the month of the birthday, and 3 months after the birthday, but if they wish coverage to begin in the month they reach 65 they must enroll in the 3 months before their birthday. Persons not enrolling within their first enrollment period may enroll later, during the first 3 months of each year but their premium is 10% higher for each 12-month period elapsed since they first could have enrolled. The monthly premium is deducted from the cash benefit for persons receiving Social Security, Railroad Retirement, or Civil Service retirement benefits. Income from the medical premiums and the federal matching payments are put in a Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Fund, from which benefits and administrative expenses are paid. Medicare card. Persons qualifying for hospital insurance under Social Security receive a health insurance card similar to cards now used by Blue Cross and other health agencies. The card indicates whether the individual has taken out medical insurance protection. It is to be shown to the hospital, skilled-nursing facility, home health agency, doctor, or whoever provides the covered services. Payments are made only in the 50 states, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa, except that hospital services may be provided in border areas immediately outside the U.S. if comparable services are not accessible in the U.S. for a beneficiary who becomes ill or is injured in the U.S. Social Security Financing Social Security is paid for by a tax on earnings (for 1990, up to $51,300; the taxable earnings base is now subject to automatic adjustment to reflect increases in average wages). The employed worker and his or her employer share the tax equally. Employers remit amounts withheld from employee wages for Social Security and income taxes to the Internal Revenue Service; employer Social Security taxes are also payable at the same time. (Self-employed workers pay their Social Security taxes along with their regular income tax forms). The Social Security taxes (along with revenues arising from partial taxation of the Social Security benefits of certain high-income people) are transferred to the Social Security Trust Funds (Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund, the Federal Disability Insurance Trust Fund, and the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund); they can be used only to pay benefits, the cost of rehabilitation services, and administrative expenses. Money not immediately needed for these purposes is by law invested in obligations of the Federal Government, which must pay interest on the money borrowed and must repay the principal when the obligations are redeemed or mature. Supplemental Security Income On Jan. 1, 1974, the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program established by the 1972 Social Security Act amendments replaced the former federal grants to states for aid to the needy aged, blind, and disabled in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The program provides both for federal payments based on uniform national standards and eligibility requirements and for state supplementary payments varying from state to state. The Social Security Administration administers the federal payments financed from general funds of the Treasury--and the state supplements as well, if the state elects to have its supplementary program federally administered. The states may supplement the federal payment for all recipients and must supplement it for persons otherwise adversely affected by the transition from the former public assistance programs. In May 1990, the number of persons receiving federal payments and federally administered state payments was 4,677,635 and the amount of these payments was $1.36 billion. The maximum monthly federal SSI payment for an individual with no other countable income, living in his own household, was $386.00 in 1990. For a couple it was $579.00. Examples of monthly cash benefit awards for selected beneficiary families withfirst entitlement in 1990, effective January 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴� Career Earnings Level Career Earnings Beneficiary Family Low Earnings ($9,719 in 1990) Average Earning (45% of average) 1990)1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Primary Insurance amount $437.60 $720.70 (worker retiring at 65) Maximum family benefit 656.80 1,311.60 (worker retiring at 65) Disability maximum family 634.10 1,105.50 benefit (worker disabled at Career Earnings Level Career Earnings Beneficiary Family Low Earnings ($9,719 in 1990) Average Earning (45% of average) 1990)1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� benefit (worker disabled at 55) Disabled worker: (worker disabled at 55) Worker alone 455.20 737.00 Worker, spouse, and 1 child 634.00 1,105.00 Retired worker claiming benefits at age 62: Worker alone2 351.00 578.00 Worker with spouse claiming benefits at-- Career Earnings Level Career Earnings Beneficiary Family Low Earnings ($9,719 in 1990) Average Earning (45% of average) 1990)1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� benefits at-- Age 65 or over 570.00 939.00 Age 622 526.00 866.00 Widow or widower claiming benefits at-- Age 65 or over3 437.00 720.00 Age 60 312.00 515.00 Disabled widow or widower 312.00 515.00 claiming benefits at age 50-594 Career Earnings Level Career Earnings Beneficiary Family Low Earnings ($9,719 in 1990) Average Earning (45% of average) 1990)1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1 surviving child 328.00 540.00 Widow or widower age 65 or 656.00 1,260.00 over and 1 child5 Widowed mother or father and 656.00 1,080.00 1 child5 Widowed mother or father and 656.00 1,311.00 2 children5 1Estimate. 2Assumes maximum reduction. 3A widow(er)'s benefit amount is limited to the amount the spouse would have been receiving if still living but not less than 82.5 percent of the PIA. 4Effective January 1984, disabled widow(er)s claiming benefit at ages 50-59 will receive benefit equal to 71.5 percent of the PIA (based on 1983 Social Security Amendment provision). 5Based on worker dying at age 65. Social Security Trust Funds Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund, 1940-1989 'in millions' 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴� Income Income Income Income Income Fiscal year1 Total Net Income from Payments from Net in contributions2 taxation of the general benefits fund of the Treasury3 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Income Income Income Income Income Fiscal year1 Total Net Income from Payments from Net in contributions2 taxation of the general benefits fund of the 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1940 $592 $550 -- -- $42 1950 2,367 2,106 -- $4 257 1960 10,360 9,843 -- -- 517 1970 31,746 29,955 -- 442 1,350 1980 100,051 97,608 -- 557 1,886 1985 179,881 175,305 $3,151 105 1,321 1988 235,720 226,409 3,335 55 5,922 1989 260,457 247,116 3,638 43 9,660 Income Income Income Income Income Fiscal year1 Total Net Income from Payments from Net in contributions2 taxation of the general benefits fund of the  1Under the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-344), fiscal years 1977 and later consist of the 12 months ending on September 30 of each year. The act further provides that the calendar quarter July-September 1976 is a period of transition from fiscal year 1976, which ended on June 30, 1976, to fiscal year 1977, which began on October 1, 1976. 2Beginning in 1983, includes government contributions on deemed wage credits for military service in 1957 and later. 3Includes payments (1) in 1947-52 and in 1967 and later, for costs of noncontributory wage credits for military service performed before 1957; (2) in 1972-83, for costs of deemed wage credits for military service performed after 1956; and (3) in 1969 and later, for costs of benefits to certain uninsured persons who attained age 72 before 1968. 4Net interest includes net profits or losses on marketable investments. Beginning in 1967, administrative expenses are charged currently to the trust fund on an estimated basis, with a final adjustment, including interest, made in the following fiscal year. The amounts of these interest adjustments are included in net interest. For years prior to 1967, a description of the method of accounting for administative expenses is contained in the 1970 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Fedeal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance Trust Funds. Beginning in 1983, these figures reflect payments from a borrowing trust fund to a lending trust fund for interest on amounts owed under the interfund borrowing provisions. Also, beginning in 1983, interest paid from the trust fund to the general fund on advance tax transfers is reflected. The amounts shown for 1985 and 1986 include interest adjustments of $76.5 million and $11.5 million, respectively, on unnegotiated checks issued before April 1985. 5Beginning in 1967, includes payments for vocational rehabilitation services furnished to disabled persons receiving benefits because of their disabilities. Beginning in 1983, amounts are reduced by amount of reimbursement for unnegotiated benefit checks. The amount shown for 1983 is reduced by $288 million for all unnegotiated checks issued before 1983; reductions in subsequent years are relatively small. 6Positive figure represents amounts lent to the OASI Trust Fund from the DI and HI Trust Funds. Negative figures represent amounts repaid from the OASI Trust Fund to the DI and HI Trust Funds. Disability Insurance Trust Fund, 1960-1989 'in millions' 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴� Income Income Income Income Income Fiscal year1 Total Net Income from Payments from Net int contributions2 taxation of the general benefits fund of the Treasury3 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1960 $1,034 $987 -- -- $47 1970 4,380 4,141 -- $16 223 1980 17,376 16,805 -- 118 453 Income Income Income Income Income Fiscal year1 Total Net Income from Payments from Net int contributions2 taxation of the general benefits fund of the 1980 17,376 16,805 -- 118 453 1985 17,984 16,876 $217 -- 891 1987 20,047 19,324 -167 -- 738 1988 22,369 21,736 56 -- 577 1989 24,479 23,694 135 -- 650 1Under the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-344), fiscal years 1977 and later consist of the 12 months ending on September 30 of each year. The act further provides that the calendar quarter July-September 1976 is a period of transition from fiscal year 1976, which ended on June 30, 1976, to fiscal year 1977, which began on October 1, 1976. 2Beginning in 1983, includes government contributions on deemed wage credits for military service in 1957 and later. 3Includes payments (1) in 1967 and later, for costs of noncontributory wage credits for military service performed before 1957; and (2) in 1972-83, for costs of deemed wage credits for military service performed after 1956. 4Net interest includes net profits or losses on marketable investments. Beginning in 1967, administrative expenses are charged currently to the trust fund on an estimated basis, with a final adjustment, including interest, made in the following fiscal year. The amounts of these interest adjustments are included in net interest. For years prior to 1967, a description of the method of accounting for administrative expenses is contained in the 1970 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance Trust Funds. Beginning in 1983, these figures reflect payments from a borrowing trust fund to a lending trust fund for interest on amounts owed under the interfund borrowing provisions. Also, beginning in 1983, interest paid from the trust fund to the general fund on advance tax transfers is reflected. The amount shown for 1985 includes an interest adjustment of $14.8 million on unnegotiated checks issued before April 1985. 5Beginning in 1967, includes payments for vocational rehabilitation services furnished to disabled persons receiving benefits because of their disabilities. Beginning in 1983, amounts are reduced by amount of remibursement for unnegotiated benefit checks. The amount shown for 1983 is reduced by $48 million for all unnegotiated checks issued before 1983; reductions in subsequent years are relatively small. 6Negative figure represents amounts lent by the DI Trust Fund to the OASI Trust Fund. Positive figures represent repayment of these amounts. 7Reflects $195 million in transfers from the DI Trust Fund to the general fund of the Treasury to correct estimated amounts transferred for calendar years 1984 and 1985. Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Fund, 1970-1989 'In millions' 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴� Income Income Income Fiscal year1 Premium from Government contributions Interest an participants 2 income3 Income Income Income Fiscal year1 Premium from Government contributions Interest an participants 2 income3 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1970 $936 $928 $12 1975 1,887 2,330 105 1980 2,928 6,932 415 1985 5,524 17,898 1,155 1988 8,756 25,418 828 1989 11,5485 30,712 1,0225 1For 1967 through 1976, fiscal years cover the interval from July 1 through June 30; fiscal year 1977-86 cover the interval from October 1 through September 30. 2The payments shown as being from the general fund of the Treasury include certain interest- adjustment items. 3Other income includes recoveries of amounts reimbursed from the trust fund which are not obligations of the trust fund and other miscellaneous income.4The financial status of the program depends on both the total net assets and the liabilities of the program.5Includes the impact of the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988 (Public Law 100-360). Hospital Insurance Trust Fund, 1970-1989 'In millions' 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코� Income Income Income Income Inc Fiscal Year1 Payroll taxes Transfers Reimbursement Premiums from Pay from railroad for uninsured voluntary mil retirement persons enrollees cre account 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Income Income Income Income Inc Fiscal Year1 Payroll taxes Transfers Reimbursement Premiums from Pay from railroad for uninsured voluntary mil retirement persons enrollees cre 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1970 $4,785 $64 617 -- $11 1975 11,291 132 481 6 48 1980 23,244 244 697 17 141 1985 46,490 371 766 38 86 1987 57,820 368 447 40 94 1988 61,901 364 475 42 80 1989 67,527 379 515 42 86 1Fiscal years 1976 and earlier consist of the 12 months ending on June 30 of each year; fiscal years 1977 and later consist of the 12 months ending on September 30 of each year.2Other income includes recoveries of amounts reimbursed from the trust fund which are not obligations of the trust fund and a small amount of miscellaneous income. 3Includes costs of Peer Review Organizations (beginning with the implementation of the Prospective Payment System on October 1, 1983).4Includes costs of experiments and demonstration projects.5In fiscal year 1983, $12,437 million was loaned to the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund under the interfund borrowing provisions of the Social Security Act. Repayments of $1,824 million and $10,613 million were made in fiscal years 1985 and 1986, respectively. NOTE: Totals do not necessarily equal the sum of rounded components. LANGUAGE Sources for this section: The World Almanac Guide to Good Word Usage; The Columbia Encyclopedia; Webster's Third New International Dictionary; The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed.; The Associated Press Stylebook and Libel Manual: The Encyclopedia Americana. Neologisms ("New" words; from the Second Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford Univ. Press, 1989.) antiquark: the antiparticle of a quark. arcade game: a (mechanical or electronic) game of a type orig. popularized in amusement arcades. assertiveness training: a technique by which diffident persons are trained to behave (more) assuredly. astroturfed: carpeted with astroturf. birth parent: a natural (as opposed to an adoptive) parent. build-down: a systematic reduction of nuclear armaments, by destroying two or more for each new one deployed. bulimarexic: suffering from or characteristic of bulimia nervosa; one who suffers from bulimia nervosa. camp-on: a facility of some telephone systems by which the caller of an engaged number can arrange for the system to ring it automatically as soon as it becomes free (in some cases ringing the caller also if he has replaced his receiver). car-phone: a radio-telephone designed for use in a motor vehicle. designer drug: a drug synthesized to mimic a legally restricted or prohibited drug without itself being subject to restriction. fast tracker: a high-flyer; an ambitious or thrusting person. foodie: also foody. One who is particular about food, a gourmet. gender gap: the difference in (esp. political) attitudes between men and women. hate mail: letters (often anonymous) in which the senders express their hostility towards the recipient. Jazzercise: a proprietary name for a program of physical exercises arranged to be carried out in a class to the accompaniment of jazz music; also, exercise of this kind. microwavable: of food and food containers: suitable for cooking or heating in a microwave oven. NIMBY, nimby: "not in my backyard," a slogan expressing objection to the siting of something considered unpleasant, such as nuclear waste, in one's own locality. passive smoking: the inhalation of smoke involuntarily from the tobacco being smoked by others, considered as a health risk. rainbow coalition: a political grouping of minority peoples and other disadvantaged elements, esp. for the purpose of electing a candidate. right to die: the alleged right of a brain-damaged or otherwise incurably ill person to the termination of life-sustaining treatment. skanking: a style of West Indian dancing to reggae music, in which the body bends forward at the waist, and the knees are raised and the hands claw the air in time to the beat; dancing in this style. street credibility: popularity with, or accessibility to, ordinary people, esp. those involved in urban street culture; the appearance or fact of being "street-wise"; hence (apparent) familiarity with contemporary trends, fashions, social issues. yuppiedom: the condition or fact of being a yuppie; the domain of yuppies; yuppies as a class. Eponyms (words named for people) Bloody Mary--a vodka and tomato juice drink; after the nickname of Mary I, Queen of England, 1553-58, notorious for her persecution of Protestants. Bloomers--full, loose trousers gathered at the knee; after Mrs. Amelia Bloomer, an American social reformer who advocated such clothing, 1851. Bobbies--in Great Britain, police officers; after Sir Robert Peel, the statesman who organized the London police force, 1850. Bowdlerize--to delete written matter considered indelicate; after Thomas Bowdler, British editor of an expurgated Shakespeare, 1825. Boycott--to combine against in a policy of nonintercourse for economic or political reasons; after Charles C. Boycott, an English land agent in County Mayo, Ireland, ostracized in 1880 for refusing to reduce rents. Braille--a system of writing for the blind; after Louis Braille, the French teacher of the blind who invented it, 1852. Caesarean section--surgical removal of a child from the uterus through an abdominal incision; after Julius Caesar, born c. 102 B.C., in this manner, according to legend. Casanova--a man who is a promiscuous and unscrupulous lover; after Giovanni Casanova, an Italian adventurer, 1725-98. Chauvinist--excessively patriotic; after Nicolas Chauvin, a legendary French soldier devoted to Napoleon. Derby--a stiff felt hat with a dome-shaped crown and rather narrow rolled brim; after Edward Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby, who in 1780 founded the Derby horse race at Epsom Downs, England, to which these hats are worn. Gerrymander--to divide an election district in an unnatural way, to favor one political party; after Elbridge Gerry, and the salamander, for the salamander-like shape of a Mass. election district created, 1812, during Gerry's governorship. Guillotine--a machine for beheading; after Joseph Guillotine, a French physician who proposed its use in 1789 as more humane than hanging. Leotard--a close-fitting garment for the torso, worn by dancers, acrobats, and the like; after Julius Leotard, a 19th-century French aerial gymnast. Silhouette--an outline image; from Etienne de Silhouette, the French finance minister, 1757, who advocated economies that included buying such paper portraits instead of painted miniatures. Foreign Words and Phrases (L=Latin; F=French; Y=Yiddish; R=Russian; G=Greek; I=Italian; S=Spanish) ad hoc (L; ad HOK): for the particular end or purpose at hand ad infinitum (L; ad in-FI-NITE-UM): endless ad nauseum (L; ad NAWZ-ee-um): to a sickening degree apropos (L; ap-ruh-POH): to the point; appropriate bete noire (F; BET NWAHR): a thing or person viewed with particular dislike. bon appetit (F; BOH nap-uh-teet): good appetite bona fide (L; BOH nuh-feyed): genuine carte blanche (F; kahrt BLANNSH): full discretionary power cause celebre (F; kawz suh-LEB-ruh): a notorious incident C'est la vie (F; se lah VEE): That's life chutzpah (Y; KHOOT-spuh): amazing nerve bordering on arrogance coup de grace (F; kooh duh GRAHS): the final blow coup d'etat (F; kooh duh tah): forceful overthrow of a government creme de la creme (F; KREM duh luh KREM): the best of the best cum laude/magna cum laude/summa cum laude (L; KUHM loud-ay; MAHN-ya . . . ; SOO-ma . . . ): with praise or honor; with great praise or honor; with the highest praise or honor de facto (L; di FAK-toh): in fact; generally agreed to without a formal decision deja vu (F; DAY-zhah VOOH): the sensation that something happening has happened before de jure (L; dee JOOR-ee, day YOOR-ay): determined by law, as opposed to de facto de rigueur (F; duh ree-GUR): necessary according to convention detente (F; day-TAHNT): an easing or relaxation of strained relations eminence grise (F; ay-meh-NAHNN-suh GREEZ): one who wields power behind the scenes enfant terrible (F; ahnn-FAHNN te-REE-bluh): one whose unconventional behavior causes embarrassment en masse (F; ahn MAHS): in a large body ergo (L; ER-goh): therefore esprit de corps (F; es-PREE duh KAWR): group spirit; feeling of camaraderie Eureka (G; YOOR-EE-kuh): I have found it ex post facto (L; eks pohst FAK-toh): an explanation or regulation concocted after the event fait accompli (F; fayt uh-kom-PLEE): an accomplished fact faux pas (F; fowe PAH): a social blunder glasnost (R; glahs-nust): openness, candor hoi polloi (G; hoy puh-LOY): the masses in loco parentis (L; in LO H-Koh puh-REN-tis): in place of a parent in memoriam (L; in muh-MAWR-ee-uhm): in memory of in situ (L; in SEYE-tyooh): in the original arrangement in toto (L; in TOH-toh): totally je ne sais quoi (F; zhuh nuh say KWAH): I don't know what; the little something that eludes description joie de vivre (F; zhwah duh VEEV-ruh): joy of living, love of life mea culpa (L; MAY-uh CUL-puh): my fault meshugga (Y; meh-SHOOG-uh): crazy modus operandi (L; MOH-duhs op-uh-RAN-dee): method of operation noblesse oblige (F; noh-BLES uh-BLEEZH); the obligation of nobility to help the less fortunate non compos mentis (L; non KOM-puhs MEN-tis): out of control of the mind; insane nouveau riche (L; nooh-voh REESH); pejorative for recent rich who spend money conspicuously perestroika (R; PAIR-es TROY-kuh): restructuring persona non grata (L; per-SOH-nah non GRAH-tah): unacceptable person post-mortem (L; pohst-MORE-tuhm): after death; autopsy; analysis after event prima donna (I; pree-muh DAH-nuh): temperamental person pro tempore (L; proh TEM-puh-ree): for the time being que sera sera (S; keh sair-ah sair-AH): what will be, will be quid pro quo (L; kwid proh KWOH): something given or received for something else raison d'etre (F; RAY-zohnn DET-ruh): reason for being shlemiel (Y; shleh-MEEL): an unlucky bungling person savoir-faire (F; sav-wahr-FAIR): dexterity in social and practical affairs semper fidelis (L; SEM-puhr fee-DAY-lis): always faithful status quo (L; STAY-tus QWOH): existing order of things tour de force (L; TOOR duh FAWRS): feat accomplished through great skill terra firma (L; TER-uh FUR-muh): solid ground verbatim (L; ver-BAY-tuhm): word for word vis-a-vis (F; vee-ZUH-VEE): compared with Esperanto In 1887, Dr. L. L. Zamenhof, a linguist and physician, published a slim textbook on his "Internacia Lingvo" (International Language) under the pseudonym "Doktoro Esperanto." The term "Esperanto" became attached to the language itself as it gained adherents rapidly until the outbreak of World War I. Hardly recovered from the effects of the war, Esperanto was savaged by Nazism, Stalinism, Fascism, the Japanese militarists of the 1930's, and chauvinistic groups in many other countries. Not until the late 1950's did the number of speakers begin to show the steady increase which continues as Esperanto begins its second century. Controlled experiments show that because of its logical structure, phonemic spelling, and regular grammar Esperanto can be learned to a given criterion of performance in from one-twentieth to one-fifth the time needed for the learning of a typical national language. Inteligenta persono lernas la lingvon Esperanto rapide kaj facile. Esperanto estas la moderna, kultura lingvo por la tuta mondo. Commonly Confused English Words adverse: unfavorable averse: opposed affect: to influence effect: to cause aggravate: to make worse annoy: to irritate allusion: an indirect reference illusion: an unreal impression anxious: apprehensive eager: avid censor: to subject to examination by an official empowered to demand alteration or withdrawal censure: a judgment involving condemnation complement: to make complete; something that completes compliment: to praise; praise capital: the seat of government capitol: the building in which a legislative body meets emigrate: to leave for another place of residence immigrate: to come to another place of residence elicit: to draw or bring out illicit: illegal denote: to mean connote: to suggest beyond the explicit meaning farther: more distant in space further: an extension of time or degree historic: an important occurrence historical: any occurrence in the past imply: to relay information but not explicitly infer: to understand information that is not relayed explicitly imminent: ready to take place eminent: standing out incredible: unbelievable incredulous: skeptical include: used when the items following are part of a whole comprise: used when the items following are all of a whole ingenious: clever ingenuous: innocent insidious: intended to trick invidious: detrimental to reputation literally: actually figuratively: metaphorically oral: spoken, as opposed to written verbal: referring to skill with language, as opposed to other skills prevaricate: to lie procrastinate: to put off pestilence: a contagious or infectious epidemic disease petulance: rudeness prostrate: stretched out flat, face down prostate: of or relating to the prostate gland qualitative: relating to quality quantitative: relating to number National Spelling Bee Champions The Scripps Howard National Spelling Bee, conducted by Scripps Howard Newspapers and other leading newspapers since 1939, was instituted by the Louisville (Ky.) Courier-Journal in 1925. Children under 16 years of age and not beyond the eighth grade are eligible to compete for cash prizes at the finals, which are held annually in Washington, D.C. The 1990 winners are: first prize, Amy Marie Dimak, Seattle, Wash. (The Seattle Times); second prize, Eric Enders, El Paso, Tex. (El Paso Herald-Post); third prize, Tessa Alfonsaamary Sundaram, Newtown Sq., Pa. (Delaware Cty. Daily & Sunday Times, Primos, Pa.). Winning Words These were the last words given in each of the years 1965-1990 at the Scripps Howard National Spelling Bee. They were all correctly spelled, thereby determining the national champion. 1965 -- eczema 1966 -- ratoon 1967 -- chihuahua 1968 -- abalone 1969 -- interlocutory 1970 -- croissant 1971 -- shalloon 1972 -- macerate 1973 -- vouchsafe 1974 -- hydrophyte 1975 -- incisor 1976 -- narcolepsy 1977 -- cambist 1978 -- deification 1979 -- maculature 1980 -- elucubrate 1981 -- sarcophagus 1982 -- psoriasis 1983 -- purim 1984 -- luge 1985 -- milieu 1986 -- odontalgia 1987 -- staphylococci 1988 -- elegiacal 1989 -- spoliator 1990 -- fibranne Commonly Misspelled English Words accidentally accommodate acquainted all right already amateur appearance appropriate bureau character commitment conscious conscientious convenience deceive describe description desirable despair desperate eliminate embarrass fascinating finally foreign forty government grammar humorous hurrying incidentally independent inoculate irresistible laboratory lightning maintenance marriage miniature mysterious necessary opportunity optimistic performance permanent rhythm ridiculous similar sincerely transferred Some Common Abbreviations Usage of periods after abbreviations varies, but recently the tendency has been toward omission. Definitions preceding those in parentheses are in Latin. A.A.=Alcoholics Anonymous A.A.A.=American Automobile Association AC=alternating current A.D.=anno Domini (in the year of the Lord) A.M.=ante meridiem (before noon) A.F.L.=American Federation of Labor A.M.A.=American Medical Association anon.=anonymous ASAP=as soon as possible ASCAP=American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers B.A.=Bachelor of Arts bbl.=barrel(s) B.C.=before Christ B.C.E.=before the Christian era B.S.=Bachelor of Science B.T.U.=British thermal unit bu.=bushel C.=centrigrade, Celsius c.=copyright c. (or ca.)=circa (about) C.I.A.=Central Intelligence Agency C.E.O.=chief executive officer C.I.O.=Congress of Industrial Organizations cm=centimeter C.O.D.=cash (or collect) on delivery C.P.=Communist Party C.P.A.=Certified Public Accountant C.P.R.=cardio-pulomonary resuscitation D.A.=District Attorney D.A.R.=Daughters of the American Revolution DC=direct current D.D.=Doctor of Divinity D.D.S.=Doctor of Dental Surgery DNA=deoxyribonucleic acid DOA=dead on arrival ed.=edited, edition, editor e.g.=exempli gratia (for example) esp.=especially et. al.=et alii (and others) etc.=et cetera (and so forth) F.=Fahrenheit F.B.I.=Federal Bureau of Investigation f.o.b.=freight on board FYI=for your information g.n.p.=gross national product G.O.P.=Grand Old party (Republican) Hon.=the Honorable H.R.H.=His (Her) Royal Highness i.e.=id est (that is) I.Q.=Intelligence Quotient I.R.A.=Irish Republican Army I.R.S.=Internal Revenue Service J.D.=Juris Doctor (Doctor of Laws) J.P.=Justice of the Peace K=1,000 k.=karat kg.=kilogram km.=kilometer l=liter lb.=libra (pound) M.A.=Master of Arts M.D.=Medicineae Doctor (Doctor of Medicine) mfg.=manufacturing ml=milliliter mm=millimeter M.S.=Master of Science mph=miles per hour MS=manuscript MSG=monosodium glutamate Msgr.=Monsignor NCO=Noncommissioned Officer No.=numero (number) op.=opus (work) oz.=ounce p.=page P.M.=post meridiem (afternoon) POW=prisoner of war P.S.=post scriptum (postscript) pt.=pint(s), part, point qt.=quart(s) REM=rapid eye movement R.F.D.=rural free delivery R.I.P.=Requiescat in pace (May he rest in peace) R.N.=Registered Nurse ROTC=Reserve Officers' Training Corps rpm=revolutions per minute RR=railroad R.S.V.P.=Repondez, s'il, vous plait (Please answer) S.A.S.E.=self-addressed stamped envelope S.P.C.A.=Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals St.=saint, street T.=ton T.N.T.=trinitrotoluene UFO=unidentified flying object UHF=ultra high frequency U.S.S.=United States Ship v. (or vs.)=versus (against) VHF=very high frequency w=watt Latin and Greek Prefixes and Suffixes Latin prefix/English meaning a, abs/from alti, alto/high ambi/both ante/before aqui/water arbori/tree audio/hearing avi/bird brevi/short centi/hundred cerebro/brain circum/around ferri, ferro/iron fissi/split igni/fire inter/between juxta/close lacto/milk luni/moon magni/great mal/bad multi/many naso/nose nati/birth oculo/eye oleo/oil omni/all ovi, ovo/egg plano/flat post/after pre/before pro/for pulmo/lung re/again recti/straight retro/backward somni/sleep stelli/star sub/under super/above terri/land trans/through ultra/beyond uni/one Latin suffix/English meaning cide, cidal/kill fid/split fuge, fugal/flee from grade/walking pennale/wing vorous/eating Greek prefix/English meaning a/not anti/against astro/star auto/self biblio/book bio/life cardio/heart chloro/green chrono/time cosmo/universe ex/outside geo/earth geronto/old age gluc/sweet grapho/writing helio/sun hemi/half hetero/different homeo/similar homo/same hydro/water hyper/above kinesi/movement litho/stone logo/word macro/large mega/great meso/middle meta/beyond micro/small mono/one necro/dead body neo/new ornitho/bird osteo/bone pan/all para/close phono/sound photo/light poly/many proto/first pseudo/false psycho/mind, spirit pyro/fire rhino/nose theo/god thermo/heat toxico/poison zoo/living Greek suffix/English meaning algia/pain archy/government gamy/marriage gnomy/knowledge iasis/disease itis/inflammation lepsy/seizure logy/science of machy/battle meter/measure oid/like oma/tumor phobe/fear scope/observation sect/cutting soma/body sophy/wisdom A Collection of Animal Collectives The English language boasts an abundance of names to describe groups of things, particularly pairs or aggregations of animals. Some of these words have fallen into comparative disuse, but many of them are still in service, helping to enrich the vocabularies of those who like their language to be precise, who tire of hearing a group referred to as "a bunch of," or who enjoy the sound of words that aren't overworked. band of gorillas bed of clams, oysters bevy of quail, swans brace of ducks brood of chicks cast of hawks cete of badgers charm of goldfinches chattering of choughs cloud of gnats clowder of cats clutch of chicks clutter of cats colony of ants congregation of plovers covey of quail, partridge crash of rhinoceri cry of hounds down of hares drift of swine drove of cattle, sheep exaltation of larks flight of birds flock of sheep, geese gaggle of geese gam of whales gang of elks grist of bees herd of elephants horde of gnats husk of hares kindle or kendle of kittens knot of toads leap of leopards leash of greyhounds, foxes litter of pigs mob of kangaroos murder of crows muster of peacocks mute of hounds nest of vipers nest, nide of pheasants pack of hounds, wolves pair of horses pod of whales, seals pride of lions school of fish sedge or siege of cranes shoal of fish, pilchards skein of geese skulk of foxes sleuth of bears sounder of boars, swine span of mules spring of teals swarm of bees team of ducks, horses tribe or trip of goats troop of kangaroos,monkeys volery of birds watch of nightingales wing of plovers yoke of oxen Young of Animals Have Special Names The young of many animals, birds and fish have come to be called by special names. A young eel, for example, is an elver. Many young animals, of course, are often referred to simply as infants, babies, younglets, or younglings. bunny: rabbit. calf: cattle, elephant, antelope, rhino,hippo, whale, etc. cheeper: grouse, partridge, quail. chick, chicken: fowl. cockerel: rooster. codling, sprag: codfish. colt: horse (male). cub: lion, bear, shark, fox, etc. cygnet: swan. duckling: duck. eaglet: eagle. elver: eel. eyas: hawk, others. fawn: deer. filly: horse (female). fingerling: fish generally. flapper: wild fowl. fledgling: birds generally. foal: horse, zebra, others. fry: fish generally. gosling: goose. heifer: cow. joey: kangaroo, others. kid: goat. kit: fox, beaver, rabbit, cat. kitten, kitty, catling: cats, otherfur-bearers. lamb, lambkin, cosset, hog: sheep. leveret: hare. nestling: birds generally. owlet: owl. parr, smolt, grilse: salmon. piglet, shoat, farrow, suckling: pig. polliwog, tadpole: frog. poult: turkey. pullet: hen. pup: dog, seal, sea lion, fox. puss, pussy: cat. spike, blinker, tinker: mackerel. squab: pigeon. squeaker: pigeon, others. whelp: dog, tiger, beasts of prey. yearling: cattle, sheep, horse, etc. The Principal Languages of the World Sidney S. Culbert, Guthrie Hall NI-25 -- University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195 Total number of speakers (native plus non-native) of languages spoken by at least one million persons (midyear 1989) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Achinese (N Sumatra, Indonesia) 3 Afrikaans (So. Africa) 10 Akan (or Twi-Fante) Ghana 7 Albanian (Albania; Yugoslavia) 5 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Amharic (Ethiopia) 17 Arabic 197 Armenian (USSR) 5 Assamese1 (Assam, India; Bangladesh) 22 Aymara (Bolivia; Peru) 2 Azerbaijani (Iran; Azer. SSR, USSR) 14 Balinese (Indonesia) 3 Baluchi (Baluchistan, Pakistan) 4 Bashkir (Bashkir ASSR, USSR) 1 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Batak Toda (including Anakola) Indonesia (see also 4 Karo-Dairi) Baule (Cote d' Ivoire) 2 Beja (Kassala, Sudan; Ethiopia) 1 Bemba (Zambia) 2 Bengali1 184 Berber2 Beti (Cameroon; Gabon; Eq. Guinea) 2 Bhili (India) 3 Bikol (SE Luzon, Philippines) 4 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bikol (SE Luzon, Philippines) 4 Brahui (Pakistan; Afghan.; Iran) 1 Bugis (Indonesia, Malaysia) 4 Bulgarian (Bulgaria) 9 Burmese (Burma) 30 Buyi (S Guizhou, S China) 2 Byelorussian (Byelorussian SSR, USSR) 10 Cantonese (or Yue) (China; Hong-kong) 63 Catalan (NE Spain; S France; Andorra) 9 Cebuano (Bohol Sea area, Philippines) 12 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cebuano (Bohol Sea area, Philippines) 12 Chagga (Kilimanjaro area, Tanzania) 1 Chiga (Ankole, Uganda) 1 Chinese3 Chuvash (Chuvash ASSR, USSR) 2 Czech (Czechoslovakia) 12 Danish (Denmark) 5 Dimli (EC Turkey) 1 Dogri (Jammu-Kashmir, C and E India) 1 Dong (Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi, China) 2 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Dong (Guizhou, Hunan, Guangxi, China) 2 Dutch-Flemish (Netherlands; Belgium) 21 Dyerma (SW Niger) 2 Edo (Bendel, S Nigeria) 1 Efik (incl. Ibibio) (SE Nigeria; W. Cam.) 6 English 443 Esperanto 2 Estonian (Estonian SSR, USSR) 1 Ewe (SE Ghana; S Togo) 3 Fang-Bulu (Dialects of Beti, q. v.) Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Fang-Bulu (Dialects of Beti, q. v.) Farsi (Iranian form of Persian, q. v.) Finnish (Finland; Sweden) 6 Flemish (see Dutch-Flemish) Fon (SC Benin; S Togo) 1 French 121 Fula (or Peulh) (Cameroon; Nigeria) 13 Fulakunda (Senegambia; Guinea Bissau) 2 Futa Jalon (NW Guinea; Sierra Leone) 3 Galician (Galicia, NW Spain) 3 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Galician (Galicia, NW Spain) 3 Galla (see Oromo) Ganda (or Luganda) (S Uganda) 3 Georgian (Georgian SSR, USSR) 4 German 118 Gilaki (Gilan, NW Iran) 2 Gogo (Riff Valley; Tanzania) 1 Gondi (Central India) 2 Greek (Greece) 12 Guarani (Paraguay) 4 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Guarani (Paraguay) 4 Gujarati1 (W and C India; S Pakistan) 38 Gusii (Kisii District, Nyanza, Kenya) 2 Hadiyya (Arusi, Ethiopia) 2 Hakka (or Kejia) (SE China) 32 Hani (S China) 1 Hausa (N Nigeria; Niger; Cameroon) 34 Haya (Kagera, NW Tanzania) 1 Hebrew (Israel) 4 Hindi1,4 352 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hindi1,4 352 Ho (Bihar and Orissa States, India) 1 Hungarian (or Magyar) (Hungary) 14 Iban (Kalimantan, Indonesia; Malaysia) 1 Ibibio (see Efik) Igbo (or Ibo) (lower Niger R., Nigeria) 16 Ijaw (Niger River delta, Nigeria) 2 Ilocano (NW Luzon, Philippines) 7 Indonesian (see Malay-Indonesian) Italian (Italy) 63 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Italian (Italy) 63 Japanese 125 Javanese (Java, Indonesia) 58 Kabyle (W Kabylia, N Algeria) 3 Kamba (E Kenya) 3 Kannada1 (S India) 41 Kanuri (Nigeria; Niger; Chad; Cam.) 4 Karen (see Pho and Sgaw) Karo-Dairi (N Sumatra, Indonesia) 2 Kashmiri1 (N India; NE Pakistan) 4 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Kashmiri1 (N India; NE Pakistan) 4 Kazakh (Kazakh SSR, USSR) 8 Kenuzi-Dongola (S Egypt; Sudan) 1 Khalka (see Mongolian) Khmer (Kampuchea; Vietnam; Thailand) 7 Khmer, Northern (Thailand) 1 Kikuyu (or Gekoyo) (W and C Kenya) 5 Kirghiz (Kirghiz SSR, USSR) 2 Kituba (Bas-Zaire, Bandundu, Zaire) 4 Kongo (W Zaire; S Congo; NW Angola) 3 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Kongo (W Zaire; S Congo; NW Angola) 3 Konkani (Maharashtra and SW India) 4 Korean (So., No. Korea; China; Japan) 71 Kurdish (south-west of Caspian Sea) 9 Kurukh (or Oraon) (C and E India) 2 Lao5 (Laos) 4 Lampung (Sumatra, Indonesia) 1 Latvian (Latvian SSR, USSR) 2 Lingala (including Bangala) (Zaire) 6 Lithuanian (Lithuanian SSR, USSR) 3 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Lithuanian (Lithuanian SSR, USSR) 3 Luba-Lulua (or Chiluba) (Kasai, Zaire) 6 Luba-Shaba (Shaba, Zaire) 1 Lubu (E Sumatra, Indonesia) 1 Luhya (W Kenya) 3 Luo (Kenya; Nyanza, Tanzania) 3 Luri (SW Iran; Iraq) 3 Lwena (E Angola; W Zambia) 1 Macedonian (Macedonia, Yugoslavia) 2 Madurese (Madura, Indonesia) 10 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Madurese (Madura, Indonesia) 10 Magindanaon (Moro Gulf, S Philippines) 1 Makassar (S Sulawesi, Indonesia) 2 Makua (S Tanzania; N Mozambique) 3 Malagasy (Madagascar) 11 Malay-Indonesian 142 Malay, Pattani (SE pennisular Thailand) 1 Malayalam1 (Kerala, India) 34 Malinke-Bambara-Dyula (W Africa) 9 Mandarin 864 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mandarin 864 Marathi1 (Maharashtra, India) 64 Mazandarani (S Mazandaran, N Iran) 2 Mbundu (or Umbundu) (Benguela, Angola) 3 Mbundu (or Kimbundu) (Luanda, Angola) 3 Meithei (NE India; Bangladesh) 1 Mende (Central, S and E Sierra Leone) 2 Meru (Eastern Province, C Tanzania) 1 Miao (or Hmong) (S China; SE Asia) 5 Mien (China; Viet.; Laos; Thailand) 2 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mien (China; Viet.; Laos; Thailand) 2 Min (SE China; Taiwan; Malaysia) 48 Minangkabau (W Sumatra, Indonesia) 6 Moldavian (included with Romanian) Mongolian (Mongolia; NE China) 5 Mordvin (in and near Mord. SSR, USSR) 1 More (central part of Burkina Faso) 4 Nepali (Nepal; NE India; Bhutan) 13 Ngulu (Zambezia, Mozambique; Malawi) 2 Nkole (Western Prov., Uganda) 1 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Nkole (Western Prov., Uganda) 1 Norwegian (Norway) 5 Nung (NE of Hanoi, Vietnam; China) 1 Nupe (Kwara, Niger States, Nigeria) 1 Nyamwezi-Sukuma (NW Tanzania) 4 Nyanja (Malawi; Zambia; N Zimbabwe) 4 Oriya1 (Central and E India) 30 Oromo (W Ethiopia; N Kenya) 10 Pampangan (NW of Manila, Philippines) 2 Panay-Hiligaynon (Philippines) 6 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Panay-Hiligaynon (Philippines) 6 Pangasinan (Lingayen G., Philippines) 2 Pashtu (Pakistan; Afghanistan; Iran) 21 Pedi (see Sotho, Northern) Persian (Iran; Afghanistan) 32 Polish (Poland) 43 Portuguese 173 Provencal (S France) 4 Punjabi1 (Punjab, Pakistan; NW India) 84 Pushto (see Pashtu) (many spellings) Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Pushto (see Pashtu) (many spellings) Quechua (Peru; Bol. Ec.; Arg.) 8 Rejang (SW Sumatra, Indonesia) 1 Riff (N Morocco; Algerian coast) 1 Romanian (Romania; Moldavia, USSR) 25 Romany (Vlach only) (Europe; Amer.) 1 Ruanda (Rwanda; S Uganda; E Zaire) 8 Rundi (Burundi) 6 Russian 293 Samar-Leyte (Central E Philippines) 3 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Samar-Leyte (Central E Philippines) 3 Sango (Central African Republic) 3 Santali (E India; Nepal) 5 Sasak (Lombok, Alas Strait, Indonesia) 1 Serbo-Croatian (Yugoslavia) 20 Sgaw (SW W N of Rangoon, SW Burma) 1 Shan (Shan, E Burma) 3 Shilha (W Algeria; S Morocco) 3 Shona (Zimbabwe) 7 Sidamo (Sidamo, S Ethiopia) 1 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Sidamo (Sidamo, S Ethiopia) 1 Sindhi1 (SE Pakistan; W India) 16 Sinhalese (Sri Lanka) 13 Slovak (Czechoslovakia) 5 Slovene (Slovenia, NW Yugoslavia) 2 Soga (Busoga, Uganda) 1 Somali (Somalia; Eth.; Ken.; Djibouti) 7 Songye (Kasai Or., NW Shala, Zaire) 1 Soninke (Mali; countries to W S E) 1 Sotho, Northern (So. Africa) 3 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Sotho, Northern (So. Africa) 3 Sotho, Southern (So. Africa; Lesotho) 4 Spanish 341 Sundanese (Sunda Strait, Indonesia) 24 Swahili (Kenya; Tanz.; Zaire; Uganda) 43 Swati (Swaziland; So. Africa) 1 Swedish (Sweden; Finland) 9 Sylhetti (Bangladesh) 5 Tagalog (Philippines) 36 Tajiki (Tajik Uzbek Kirghiz SSRs, USSR) 4 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Tajiki (Tajik Uzbek Kirghiz SSRs, USSR) 4 Tamazight (N Morocco; W Algeria) 3 Tamil1 (Tamil Nadu, India; Sri Lanka) 65 Tatar (Tatar SSR, USSR) 7 Tausug (Philippines; Malaysia) 1 Telugu1 (Andhra Pradesh, SE India) 68 Temne (central Sierra Leone) 1 Thai5 (Thailand) 48 Tho (N Vietnam; S China) 1 Thonga (Mozambique; So. Africa) 3 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Thonga (Mozambique; So. Africa) 3 Tibetan (SW China; N India; Nepal) 5 Tigrinya (S Eritrea, Tigre, Ethiopia) 4 Tiv (SE Nigeria; Cameroon) 2 Tong (see Dong) Tonga (SW Zambia; NW Zimbabwe) 2 Tswana (Botswana; So. Africa) 3 Tudza (N Vietnam; S China) 1 Tulu (S India) 2 Tumbuka (N Malawi; NE Zambia) 2 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Tumbuka (N Malawi; NE Zambia) 2 Turkish (Turkey) 55 Turkmen (S USSR; NE Iran; Afghanistan) 3 Twi-Fante (see Akan) Uighur (Xinjiang, NW China; SC USSR) 7 Ukrainian (Ukraine, USSR; Poland) 45 Urdu1,4 (Pakistan; India) 92 Uzbek (Uzbek SSR, USSR) 13 Vietnamese (Vietnam) 57 Wolaytta (SW Ethiopia) 2 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Wolaytta (SW Ethiopia) 2 Wolof (Senegal) 6 Wu (Shanghai and nearby prov., China) 62 Xhosa (SW Cape Province, So. Africa) 7 Yao (see Mien) Yao (Malawi; Tanzania; Mozambique) Yi (S and SW China) 6 Yiddish6 Yoruba (SW Nigeria; Zou, Benin) 18 Zande (NE Zaire; SW Sudan) 1 Language Millions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Zande (NE Zaire; SW Sudan) 1 Zhuang (S China) 14 Zulu (N Natal, So. Africa; Lesotho) 7 1One of the fifteen languages of the Constitution of India. 2See Kabyle, Riff, Shilha, and Tamazight. 3See Mandarin, Cantonese, Wu, Min, and Hakka. The "common speech" (Putonghua) or the "national language" (Guoyu) is a standardized form of Mandarin as spoken in the area of Beijing. 4Hindi and Urdu are essentially the same language, Hindustani. As the official language of Pakistan it is written in a modified Arabic script and called Urdu. As the official language of India it is written in the Devanagari script and called Hindi. 5The distinctions between some Thai dialects and Lao is political rather than linguistic. 6Yiddish is usually considered a variant of German, though it has its own standard grammar, dictionaries, a highly developed literature, and is written in Hebrew characters. Computer Language The Computer Glossary by Alan Freedman, The Computer Language Co. Inc., 1991 access: (used as a verb) to store data on and retrieve data from a disk or other device connected to the computer. acoustic coupler: a device that connects a terminal or computer to the handset of a telephone. It may also include the modem. address: a number of a particular memory or disk location. Like a post office box. analog: a representation of an object that resembles the original. For example, the telephone system converts sound waves into analogous electrical waves. artificial intelligence: a broad range of computer applications that resemble human intelligence and behavior, such as expert systems and robots. ASCII: acronym for American Standard Code for information interchange. A widely-used code for storing data. assembly language: a machine oriented language using mnemonics to represent each machine-language instruction. Each CPU has its own assembly language. authorization code: an identification number or password used to gain access to a computer system. backup file: a copy of a current file used if the current file is destroyed. BASIC: Beginner' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code; a computer language used by many small and personal computer systems. baud rate: the switching speed of a line. One baud equals one bit per second or more. binary: refers to the base-2 number system in which the only allowable digits are 0 and 1. bit: short for binary digit, the smallest unit of information stored in a computer. It always has the binary value of "O" or "1." bubble memory: a memory that circulates tiny bubble-like magnetic bits in a solid state structure. Not widely used. buffer: a temporary place to put information for processing. bug: a mistake that occurs in a program within a computer or in the unit's electrical system. When a mistake is found and corrected, it's called debugging. byte: an 8-bit sequence of binary digits. Each byte corresponds to 1 character of data, representing a single letter, number, or symbol. Bytes are the most common unit for measuring computer and disk storage capacity. c: a high-level programming language often used to write commercial products due to its transportability to many different computer systems. CAD/CAM: abbreviation for computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing. cathode ray tube terminal: a device used as a computer terminal which contains a television-like screen for displaying data. Most CRT terminals also have a typewriter-like keyboard. CD-ROM: Information is retrieved by a laser beam that scans tracks of microscopic holes in a rotating compact disk. They can store 550 million characters, but cannot store new information. COBOL: Common Business Oriented Language; one of the most widely used business programming languages. chip: a common term for an integrated circuit, a collection of interconnected microminiature electronic components. command: an action statement or order to the computer. compiler: a program that translates a high-level language, such as BASIC, into machine language. connect time: the time a user at a terminal (a work station away from the main computer) is logged-on to a computer system. CPU: the Central Processing Unit within the computer that executes the instructions the user gives the system. cursor: the symbol on the computer monitor that marks the place where the operator is working. database: a large amount of data stored in a well organized format. A database management system is a program that allows access to the information. dedicated: designed for a single use. density: the number of bits that can be stored in a linear inch. desktop publishing: using a personal computer to produce high-quality printed output camera ready for the printer. diagnostics: software programs that test the operational capability of hardware components. directory: an index to the location of files on a disk. disk: a revolving plate on which information and programs are stored. See also Floppy disk. disk drive: a peripheral machine that stores information on disks. documentation: user or operator instructions that come with some hardware and software that tells how to use the material. DOS: a single-user operating system commonly used on PCs. download: to transmit data from a central to a remote computer or from a file server to a personal computer. dump: a printout of the contents of memory or a file. error message: a statement by the computer indicating that the user has done something incorrectly. fax: facsimile, the communication of a printed page between remote locations. field: the physical unit of data in a record. file: any collection of data treated as a single unit. file server: a computer that stores data and programs that are shared by many users in a network. floppy disk: a small inexpensive disk used to record and store information. It must be used in conjunction with a disk drive. font: a set of characters of a particular design and size. foreground/background: an operating system prioritizing method in multitasking computer systems. Programs running in the foreground have highest priority. format: the arrangement by which information is stored. function: in programming, a routine, or set of instructions, that performs a particular task. gigabyte: one billion bytes. hacker: a very technical person in the computer field; the term is sometimes used in a derogatory manner to refer to people who gain unauthorized access into computer systems and data banks. hardware: the physical apparatus that makes up a computer, silicon chips, transformers, boards and wires. Also used to describe various pieces of equipment including the CPU, printer, modem, CRT (cathode ray tube). hexadecimal: refers to the base-16 number system, which is used as a shorthand for referencing machine codes. intelligent terminal: a terminal with built-in processing capability. It has memory, but no disk or tape storage. interface: the hardware or software necessary to connect one device or system to another. K: abbreviation for Kilo-byte used to denote 1,024 units of stored matter. language: any set of compiled, unified, or related commands or instructions that are acceptable to a computer. laptop computer: a portable computer that usually weighs less than 12 pounds and has a self-contained power supply. light pen: an input device that uses a light-sensitive stylus connected by a wire to a video terminal. load: the actual operation of putting information and data into the computer or memory. loop: in programming, the repetition of some function within the program. machine readable: any paper form or storage medium that can be automatically read by the computer. master file: a collection of records pertaining to one of the main subjects of an information system. megabyte: one million bytes. memory: the computer's internal work space. menu: programs, functions or other choices displayed on the monitor for user selection. microcomputer: a computer that uses a microprocessor for its CPU. All personal computers are microcomputers. microprocessor: a complete CPU on a single chip. minicomputer: an intermediate computer system sized between the very small microcomputer and the large computer. modem: stands for Modulator-Demodulator. A device that adapts a terminal or computer to an analog telephone line. mouse: a puck-like object that is used as a pointing and drawing device. multitasking: the ability to run more than one program at the same time. network: in communications, the path between terminals and computers. In database management, a database design. noise: random disturbances that degrade or disrupt data communications. operating system: a master control program that runs the computer and acts as a scheduler and traffic cop. OS/2: a single-user, multitasking operating system that was designed to be the successor to DOS. password: a word or code used to identify an authorized user. peripheral: any hardware device connected to a computer, such as printers or joy sticks. pixel: picture element, the smallest display element on a video display screen. program: coded instructions telling a computer how to perform a specific function. RAM: stands for Random Access Memory. Same as memory. random access: the ability to retrieve records in a file without reading any previous records. record: a group of related fields that are used to store data about a subject. A collection of records is a file, and a collection of files is a database. ROM: stands for Read Only Memory. A permanent memory. semiconductor: a solid state substance that can be electrically altered, such as a transistor. software: the programs, or sets of instructions, that tell the computer what to do. spreadsheet: a software program that simulates a paper spreadsheet, or worksheet, in which columns of numbers are totaled. superconductor: a material that has almost no resistance to the flow of electricity. telecommuting: working at home and communicating via computer with the office. user friendly: hardware or software that is easy to use. virus: a program that infects a computer system. It is secretly attached to a program and does its dirty work after the program has been run once. voice recognition: the understanding of spoken words by a machine. window: a separate viewing area on a display screen. word processor: a text-editing program or system that allows electronic writing and correcting of articles, etc. Economic and Financial Glossary Acquisition: The purchase of one company by another. Balanced Budget: The federal government budget is balanced when receipts are equal to current expenditure. Balance of payments: The difference between all payments made to and from foreign countries over a set period of time. A favorable balance exists when more payments are coming in than going out; an unfavorable balance, when the reverse is true. Payments include gold, the cost of merchandise and services, interest and dividend payments, money spent by travelers, and repayment of principal on loans. Balance of trade (trade gap): The difference between exports and imports, both in actual funds and credit. A nation's balance of trade is favorable when exports exceed imports and unfavorable when the reverse is true. Bear Market: A market in which prices are falling. Bearer Bond: A bond issued in bearer form rather than being registered in the owner's name. Ownership is determined by possession. Bond: A written promise or IOU by the issuer to repay a fixed amount of borrowed money on a specified date and to pay a set annual rate of interest in the meantime, usually at semi-annual intervals. Bonds are generally considered safe because the borrower (whether a company or the government) usually must make interest payments before the money is spent on anything else. Bull Market: A market in which prices are on the rise. Commercial Paper: An extremely short-term corporate IOU, generally due in 270 days or less. Available in face amounts of $100,000, $250,000, $500,000, $1,000,000 and combinations thereof. Convertible Bond: A corporate bond (see below) which may be converted into a stated number of shares of common stock. Its price tends to fluctuate along with fluctuations in the price of the stock and with changes in interest rates. Corporate Bond: Evidence of debt by a corporation. The bond normally has a stated life and pays a fixed rate of interest. Considered safer than the common or preferred stock of the same company. Cost of living: The cost of maintaining a standard of living measured in terms of purchased goods and services. A rise in the cost of living mirrors the rate of inflation. Cost-of-living benefits: Benefits that go to those persons whose money receipts increase automatically as prices rise. Credit crunch (liquidity crisis): The period when cash for lending to business and consumers is in short supply. Debenture: An unsecured long-term debt obligation backed only by the general credit of the issuing corporation. Deficit spending: The practice whereby a government goes into debt to finance some of its expenditures. Depression: A long period of economic decline when prices are low, unemployment is high, and there are many business failures. Devaluation: The official lowering of a nation's currency, decreasing its value in relation to foreign currencies. Discount Rate: The rate of interest set by the Federal Reserve that member banks are charged when borrowing money through the Federal Reserve System. Disposable income: Income after taxes which is available to persons for spending and saving. Dividend: Payment by a corporation to its shareholders, usually in the form of cash, stock shares, or other property. Dow-Jones Industrial Average: A measure of stock market prices, based on 30 leading companies on the New York Stock Exchange. Econometrics: The application of mathematical and statistical methods to the study of economic and financial data. Economic Growth: The steady process of increasing productive capacity of the economy, and hence of increasing national income. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): A government-sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions. Federal Reserve System: The entire banking system of the U.S., incorporating 12 Federal Reserve banks (one in each of 12 Federal Reserve districts), and 24 Federal Reserve branch banks, all national banks and state-chartered commercial banks and trust companies that have been admitted to its membership. The system greatly influences the nation's monetary and credit policies. Full employment: The economy is said to be at full employment when only fractional unemployment exists. That is, everyone who wishes to work at the going wage-rate for his type of labor is employed. Since it takes time to switch from one job to another, there will be at any given time a small amount of unemployment. Golden Parachute: Provisions in the employment contracts of executives guaranteeing substantial severance benefits if they lose their position in a corporate takeover. Government Bond: An IOU of the U.S. Treasury, considered the safest security in the investment world. They are divided into two categories, those that are not marketable and those that are. Savings Bonds cannot be bought and sold once the original purchase is made. These include the familiar Series EE bonds. You buy them at 50 percent of their face value and when they mature, 12 years later, they will pay you back 100 percent of face value if you cash them in. Another type, Series H, are not discounted, but issued in amounts of $500, $1,000, $5,000, and $10,000 and pay their interest in semiannual checks. Marketable bonds fall into 12 categories. Treasury Bills are short-term U.S. obligations, maturing in 3, 6, or 12 months. They are sold at a discount of the face value, and the minimum denomination is $10,000. Treasury Notes mature in up to 10 years. Denominations range from $500, $1,000 to $5,000, $10,000 and up. Treasury Bondsmature in 10 to 30 years. The minimum investment is $1,000. Greenmail: A company buys back its own shares from a suitor for more than the going market price to avoid a hostile takeover. Gross National Product (GNP): The market value of all goods and services that have been bought for final use during a year. The GNP is generally considered to be the most comprehensive measure of a nation's economic activity. The Real GNP is the GNP adjusted for inflation. Individual Retirement Account (IRA): A self-funded retirement plan that allows employed individuals to contribute a maximum yearly sum toward their retirement. Interest earned in the account is tax deferred. Inflation: An increase in the average level of prices; double-digit inflation occurs when the percent increase rises above 9.9. Insider Information: Important facts about the condition or plans of a corporation that have not been released to the general public. Junk Bonds: Debt securities that sell at relatively low prices, because of the low credit rating of their issuers. They pay significantly higher yields than top-grade bonds to reflect their added risk. In the 1980s, they have been used to finance hostile takeovers. Key leading indicators: A series of eleven indicators from different segments of the economy used by the Commerce Department to foretell what will happen in the economy in the near future. Leveraged Buy-Out: An acquisition of a public company by a small group, often including the company's management, which takes the company private. Much of the purchase price is borrowed with the debt repaid from company profits or by selling company assets. Liquid Assets: Assets that include cash or those items that are easily converted into cash. Margin Account: A brokerage account that allows a person to trade securities on credit. Money supply: The currency held by the public plus checking accounts in commercial banks and savings institutions. Mortgage-Backed Securities: Created when a bank, builder or government agency gathers together a group of mortgages and then sells bonds to other institutions and the public. The investors receive their proportionate share of the interest payments on the loans as well as the principal payments. Usually, these mortgages are guaranteed by the government, making them a fairly safe investment despite the fact that their market value does fluctuate. Municipal Bond: Issued by governmental units such as states, cities, local taxing authorities and other agencies. Interest is exempt from U.S. -- and sometimes state and local -- income tax. Municipal Bond Unit Investment Trusts allow you to invest with as little as $1,000 in a portfolio of many different municipal bonds chosen by professionals. The income is exempt from federal income taxes. Mutual Fund: A portfolio, or selection, of professionally bought and managed stocks in which you pool your money along with thousands of other people. A share price is based on net asset value, or the value of all the investments owned by the funds, less any debt, and divided by the total number of shares. The major advantage is less risk -- it is spread out over many stocks and, if one or two do badly, the remainder may shield you from the losses. Bond Funds are mutual funds that deal in the bond market exclusively. Money Market Mutual Funds buy in the so-called "Money Market" -- institutions that need to borrow large sums of money for short terms. Usually the individual investor cannot afford the denominations required in the "Money Market" (i.e. treasury bills, commercial paper, certificates of deposit), but through a money market mutual fund he can take advantage of these instruments when interest rates are high. These funds offer special checking account advantages. The minimum investment is generally $1,000. National debt: The debt of the national government as distinguished from the debts of the political subdivisions of the nation and private business and individuals. National debt ceiling: Limit set by Congress beyond which the national debt cannot rise. This limit is periodically raised by congressional vote. Option: A contractual agreement between a buyer and a seller to buy or sell shares of a security. A Call option contract gives the right to purchase shares of a specific stock at a stated price within a given period of time. A Put option contract gives the buyer the right to sell shares of a specific stock at a stated price within a given period of time. Per capita income: The nation's total income divided by the number of people in the nation. Prime interest rate: The rate charged by banks on short-term loans to large commercial customers with the highest credit rating. Producer price index: A statistical measure of the change in the price of wholesale goods. It is reported for 3 different stages of the production chain: crude, intermediate, and finished goods. Program Trading: A term used for trading techniques involving large numbers and large blocks of stocks, usually used in conjunction with computer programs. Techniques include Index Arbitrage in which traders profit from price differences between stocks and futures contracts on stock indexes, and Portfolio Insurance which is the use of stock-index futures to protect stock investors from large losses when the market drops. Public debt: The total of the nation's debts owed by state, local, and national government. This is considered a good measure of how much of the nation's spending is financed by borrowing rather than taxation. Recession: A mild decrease in economic activity marked by a decline in real GNP, employment, and trade, usually lasting 6 months to a year, and marked by widespread decline in many sectors of the economy. Savings Association Insurance Fund (SAIF): Created in 1989 to insure accounts in savings and loan associations up to $100,000. Seasonal adjustment: Statistical changes made to compensate for regular fluctuations in data that are so great they tend to distort the statistics and make comparisons meaningless. For instance, seasonal adjustments are made in mid-winter for a slowdown in housing construction and for the rise in farm income in the fall after the summer crops are harvested. Stagnation: A period of economic slowdown in which there is little growth in GNP, capital investment, and real income. Stock: Common Stocks are shares of ownership in a corporation; they are the most direct way to participate in the fortunes of a company. There can be wide swings in the prices of this kind of stock. Preferred Stock is a type of stock on which a fixed dividend must be paid before holders of common stock are issued their share of the issuing corporation's earnings. Prices are higher and yields lower than comparable bonds. However, they are attractive to corporate investors because 85 percent of preferred dividends are tax exempt to corporations. Convertible Preferred Stock can be converted into the common stock of the company that issued the preferred. This stock has the advantage of producing a higher yield than common stock and it also has appreciation potential. Over-the-Counter Stockis not traded on the major or regional exchanges, but rather through dealers from whom you buy directly. These stocks tend to belong to smaller companies. Prices of OTC stocks are based on the dealer's supply and demand. Blue Chip stocks are so called because they have been leading stocks for a long time. Growth stocks are stocks whose earnings have grown over several years. Stock-index Futures: A futures contract is an agreement to buy or sell a specific amount of a commodity or financial instrument at a particular price at a set date. Futures on a stock index (such as the Standard & Poor's 500) are bets on the future price of that group of stocks. Supply-side economics: The school of economic thinking which stresses the importance of the costs of production as a means of revitalizing the economy. Advocates policies that raise capital and labor output by increasing the incentives to produce. Takeover: The passing of control of one company by another company or group by sale or merger. A friendly takeover occurs when the acquired company's management is agreeable to the merger; when management is opposed to the merger it is an unfriendly takeover. Takeover arbitrage is the purchase and/or selling of the securities of companies involved in takeover situations in order to realize a profit. Tender Offer: A public offer to buy a company's stock; usually priced at a premium above the market. Unit Investment Trust: A portfolio of many different corporate bonds, preferred stocks, government-backed securities or utility common stocks in which you can invest with as little as $1,000. Professional managers choose the securities, arrange for safe-keeping and collect the income. You receive your pro rata share of income every month. Zero Coupon Bond: A corporate or government bond that is issued at a deep discount from the maturity value and pays no interest during the life of the bond. It is redeemable at face value. CONSUMER INFORMATION Consumer Information Catalog Consumer Information Center, U.S. General Services Administration The Consumer Information Catalog is a free listing of about 200 of the best federal consumer publications. They range from booklets on financial planning to planning a diet, from learning about federal benefits to getting an education, from fixing a car to dealing effectively with consumer problems. It also lists many resources that will help you get a passport or a birth certificate, find government documents or national parks, learn your rights and stand up for them. Many of these booklets are free. The Consumer Information Catalog is published quarterly by the Consumer Information Center of the U.S. General Services Administration, so you will be able to send for the most current booklets. For your free copy of the Consumer Information Catalog, send your name and address to: Consumer Information Catalog, Pueblo, CO 81009. Educators, libraries, and other non-profit groups who are able to distribute 25 or more copies of the Consumer Information Catalog on a quarterly basis should write to the same address for an application to be placed on the mailing list. Costs prevent the Consumer Information Center from maintaining a mailing list for individuals. The booklets listed below are available free from the Consumer Information Catalog as of Fall, 1989. Quantities of some may be limited. There is a $1 fee for handling. To order, please send your name and address, the item numbers of the booklets you want, and the $1 fee to: S. James, Consumer Information Center, Pueblo, CO 81009. Free Publications Children Handbook on Child Support Enforcement. The basic steps to follow if you need child support enforcement services; tips on solving enforcement problems. 40 pp. (1989) 505W. Growing Up Drug Free. Shows what children should understand about drugs, including alcohol and tobacco, identifies classes and types of drugs, and resource contacts. 55 pp. (1989) 576W. Education Schools Without Drugs. Guide for parents, schools, students, and communities on how to fight drug use by children. Describes extent of the problem, effects of various drugs, and signs of use. Includes legal considerations and an extensive list of resources. 94 pp. (1989) 511W. Federal Student Aid Fact Sheet. Describes Federal grants, loans, and work/study programs for college, vocational and technical school students after high school. 13 pp. (1990) 578W. AIDS and the Education of Our Children. Facts about AIDS, its transmission, and how teens are at risk. Methods of protection, guidelines for selecting educational materials, and sources for more information. 34 pp. (1988) 509W. Choosing a School for Your Child. How to find the right public or private school. Includes a checklist to help you evaluate schools and suggestions on how to transfer from one public school district to another. 36 pp. (1989) 508W. Federal Benefits Medicare and Prepayment Plans. You don't have to give up Medicare benefits to join a Health Maintenance Organization or Competitive Medical Plan. Here's how these plans work and how you are covered. 8 pp. (1987) 515W. Request for Earnings and Benefit Estimate Statement. A form to complete and return to Social Security to get your earnings history and an estimate of future benefits. 3 pp. (1989) 517W. Hospice Benefits Under Medicare. Describes the scope of medical and support services available to Medicare beneficiaries with a terminal illness. 5 pp. (1989) 513W. Food & Nutrition The Grazing of America: A Guide to Healthy Snacking. "Grazing" is becoming the American way of eating. Learn how to choose the best snacks for your age and lifestyle. 6 pp. (1989) 583W. A Simple Guide to Complex Carbohydrates. What they are and why they are vital to a healthy diet. Dispels the popular myth that starch equals calories and lists healthy sources of starch and fiber. 5 pp. (1989) 595W. Sweetness Minus Calories Equals Controversy. Discusses research findings on the three artificial sweeteners--saccharin, cyclamate, and aspartame (Nutra-Sweet). 4 pp. (1985) 579W. Talking about Turkey. A complete guide with recipes and charts on thawing, cooking, and stuffing. 20 pp. (1984) 528W. A Word About Low Sodium Diets. Tips on how to reduce your sodium intake. Gives recipes with salt substitutes. 5 pp. (1986) 527W. Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer Prevention: The Good News. This booklet will help you select, prepare and serve healthier food. Includes lists of high-fiber and low-fat foods. 15 pp. (1986) 522W. Planning a Diet for a Healthy Heart. How dietary fat and cholesterol increase the risk of heart disease; what to eat to reduce that risk. 6 pp. (1989) 525W. Health Quackery. Discusses how bogus remedies for cancer, arthritis, and the "battle of the bulge" can hurt you much more than help. 4 pp. (1985) 530W. Take ACTION against Drug Abuse. Here are examples of volunteer anti-drug programs and how they got started. Offers suggestions on how to set goals, apply for ACTION grants, raise funds, recruit volunteers, publicize, manage the project, and more. 48 pp. (1989) 580W. Comparing Contraceptives. Discusses effectiveness and possible side effects of various contraceptives with comparisons and statistics on use. 8 pp. (1986) 533W. A Doctor's Advice on Self-Care. Many over-the-counter drugs are now available that can cure, prevent, and diagnose illnesses. The U.S. Commissioner of Food and Drugs tells how to use them safely and effectively. 7 pp. (1989) 534W. Breast Exams: What You Should Know. Eighty percent of breast lumps are not cancer: how to check for lumps, how doctors examine them, what types of treatment are available. 17 pp. (1986) 540W. Smart Advice for Women 40 and Over: Have a Mammogram. A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast designed to find cancer in its earliest stages. Learn how often, and why, you should have one. 4 pp. (1990) 591W. Food and Drug Interactions. Learn how some commonly used drugs affect nutritional needs. 6 pp. (1988) 549W. Some Things You Should Know About Prescription Drugs. Even prescription drugs can be dangerous. Here are tips for safe use. 4 pp. (1984) 537W. Infertility and How It's Treated. Causes and treatment of infertility. 2 pp. (1983) 548W. Clearing the Air: A Guide to Quitting Smoking. No-nonsense tips on kicking the habit. 45 pp. (1988) 543W. Facing Surgery: Get a Second Opinion. Answers questions of the prospective patient. Includes toll-free number for locating specialists. 5 pp. (1989) 545W. Mental Health A Consumer's Guide to Mental Health Services. Answers commonly asked questions about mental health and the different methods of treating mental illness. Lists resources for further help and information. 28 pp. (1987) 552W. Plain Talk About Depression. Nine million Americans suffer from depressive illness during any six month period. Learn about the symptoms and causes; how it's diagnosed and treated; and how to help. 4 pp. (1989) 575W. Plain Talk About Mutual Help Groups. Gain strength through sharing with others who have similiar problems: An overview of the many support groups available. 6 pp. (1989) 553W. What to Do When a Friend Is Depressed: A Guide for Students.Increases teen sensitivity to this often misunderstood condition. Identifies common myths, warning signals, and suggests ways to help. 8 pp. (1989) 557W. When Someone Close Has AIDS. Sensitive, practical advice about living with, and caring for, someone who has AIDS. Discusses realities and stresses that caregivers and patients deal with. 15 pp. (1989) 577W. Plain Talk about Stress. What stress is and how to deal with it. 2 pp. (1987) 554W. Plain Talk About Wife Abuse. The causes, emotional and physical consequences, and where an abused wife can get help. 3 pp. (1983) 555W. Schizophrenia: Questions and Answers. Describes this chronic, debilitating illness affecting millions of Americans: its nature, causes, treatments, how others can help, and the outlook for recovery. 25 pp. (1986) 556W. Money Management Investment Swindles: How They Work and How to Avoid Them.How to protect yourself against illegal telemarketing and direct mail offers. 20 pp. (1987) 561W. Investors' Bill of Rights. Tips to help you make an informed decision on investment risks and costs. 7 pp. (1987) 562W. How to Get the Most for Your Money Consumer's Resource Handbook. Before Making a Purchase: (1) Analyze what you need and what features are important to you. (2) Compare brands. Use word-of-mouth recommendations and formal product comparison reports. Check with your local library for magazines and other publicatons containing consumer information. (3) Compare stores. Look for a store with a good reputation and take advantage of sales. (4) Check for any additional charges, such as delivery and service costs. (5) Compare warranties. (6) Read terms of contracts carefully. (7) Check the return or exchange policy. After Your Purchase: (1) Follow proper use and care instructions for products. (2) Read and understand the warranty provisions. Keep in mind that you may have additional warranty rights in your state. Check with your state or local consumer office to find out. (3) If trouble develops, report the problem as soon as possible. Do not try to fix the product yourself as this may void the warranty. (4) Keep a record of efforts to have your problem remedied. This record should include names of people you speak to, times, dates, and other relevant information. (5) Send for the Consumer's Resource Handbook (see Source, above) to find out where and how to get your problem resolved. (6) Clearly state your problem and the solution you want. (7) Include all relevant details, along with copies of documents (proof of purchase). (8) Briefly describe what you have done to resolve the problem. (9) Allow each person you contact a reasonable period of time to resolve your problem before contacting another source for assistance. Handling Your Own Complaint: (1) Identify your problem and what you believe would be a fair settlement. Do you want your money back? Would you like the product repaired? Will an exchange do? (2) Gather documentation regarding your complaint. Sales receipts, repair orders, warranties, cancelled checks, or contracts will back up your complaint and help the company solve your problem. (3) Go back to where you made the purchase. Contact the person who sold you the item or performed the service. Calmly and accurately explain the problem and what action you would like taken. If that person is not helpful, ask for the supervisor or manager and repeat your complaint. A large percentage of consumer problems are resolved at this level. Chances are yours will be too. (4) Don't give up if you are not satisfied with the response. If the company operates nationally or the product is a national brand, write a letter to the person responsible for consumer complaints at the company's headquarters. A listing of many of these companies can be found in the World Almanac's Business Directory on pages 781-787. If the company doesn't have a consumer office, direct your letter to the president of the company. How to Write a Complaint Letter: (1) If you have already contacted the person who sold you the product or service or the company is out of town, you will need to write a letter to pursue your complaint. (2) If you need the president's name and the address of the company, first check in your phone directory to see if the company has a local office. If it does, call and ask for the name and address of the company's president. If there is no local listing, check Standard & Poor's Register of Corporations, Directors and Executives. It lists over 37,000 American business firms and can be found in most libraries. (3) If you don't have the name of the manufacturer of the product, check your local library for the Thomas Register. It lists the manufacturers of thousands of products. Basic Tips on Letter Writing: (1) Include your name, address, and home and work phone numbers. (2) Type your letter if possible. If it is handwritten, make sure it is neat and easy to read. (3) Make your letter brief and to the point. Include all important facts about your purchase, including the date and place where you made the purchase, and any information you can give about the product or service such as serial or model numbers or specific type of service. (4) State exactly what you want done about the problem and how long you are willing to wait to get it resolved. Be reasonable. (5) Include all documents regarding your problems. Be sure to send COPIES, not originals. (6) Avoid writing an angry, sarcastic, or threatening letter. The person reading your letter probably was not responsible for your problem, but may be very helpful in resolving it. (7) Keep a copy of the letter for your records. Business Directory Listed below are major U.S. corporations, and major foreign corporations, whose operations--products and services--directly concern the American consumer. At the end of each listing is a representative sample of some of the company's products. Company . . . Address . . . Phone Number . . . Chief executive officer . . . Business. AMR Corp. . . . PO Box 619616, Dallas/Ft. Worth Airport, TX 75261 . . . (817) 355-1234 . . . R.L. Crandell . . . Air transportation (American Airlines). Abbott Laboratories . . . One Abbott Park Rd., Abbot Park, IL 60064-3500 (708) 937-6100 . . . D.L. Burnham . . . health care prods. Aetna Life & Casualty Co. . . . 151 Farmington Ave., Hartford, CT 06156 . . . (203) 273-0123 . . . James T. Lynn . . . insurance, financial services. H.F. Ahmanson & Co. . . . 660 S. Figueroa St., Los Angeles, CA 90017 . . . (213) 955-4200 . . . R.H. Deihi . . . operates largest S&L assn. in U.S. (Home Savings of America). Alberto-Culver Co. . . . 2525 Armitage Ave., Melrose Park, IL 60160 . . . (312) 450-3000 . . . Leonard H. Lavin . . . hair care preparations, feminine hygiene products, household and grocery items. Albertson's Inc. . . . 250 Parkcenter Blvd., Boise, ID 83726 . . . (208) 385-6200 . . . W.E. McCain . . . supermarkets Alcan Aluminium Ltd. . . . 1188 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Que., Canada H3A 3G2 . . . (514) 848-8050 . . . D.M. Culver . . . aluminum producer. Alexander & Alexander Services Inc. . . . 1211 Ave. of the Amer., New York, NY 10036 . . . (212) 840-8500 . . . T.H. Irvin . . . insurance & financial services. Allied-Signal Inc. . . . Box 2245R, Morristown, NJ 07960 . . . (201) 455-2000 . . . Edward L. Hennessy Jr. . . . aerospace, engineered materials, automotive prods. Alltel Corp. . . . 100 Executive Pkwy., Hudson, OH 44236 . . . (216) 650-7000 . . . J.T. Ford . . . telephone service in Midwest, South, and Eastern U.S. Aluminum Co. of America . . . 1501 Alcoa Bldg., Pittsburgh, PA 15219 . . . (412) 553-4545 . . . P.H. O'Neill . . . mining, refining, & processing of aluminum. Amerada Hess Corp. . . . 1185 Ave. of the Americas, N.Y., NY 10036 . . . (212) 997-8500 . . . L. Hess . . . integrated petroleum co. American Brands, Inc. . . . 1700 E. Putnam Ave., Old Greenwich, CT 06870 (203) 698-5000 . . . W.J. Alley . . . tobacco (Pall Mall, Carlton), Half and Half, Paleden pipe tobacco), whiskey (Jim Beam), snack foods, life insurance, office prods., food, financial services, toiletries. American Cyanamid Co. . . . One Cyanamid Plaza, Wayne, NJ 07470 . . . (201) 831-2000 . . . G.J. Sella Jr. . . . medical, agricultural, chemical, and consumer prods. American Express Co. . . . American Express Tower, N.Y., NY 10285 (212) 640-2000 . . . J.D. Robinson 3d . . . travelers checks, credit card services, insurance, investment services (Shearson Lehman Hutton). American Greetings Corp. . . . 10500 American Rd., Cleveland, OH 44144 . . . (216) 252-7300 . . . M. Weiss . . . greeting cards, stationery, gift items. American Home Products Corp. . . . 685 3d Ave., N.Y., NY 10017 . . . (212) 986-1000 . . . J.R. Stafford . . . prescription drugs, household prods. (Woolite, Easy-Off oven cleaner; Black Flag, Wizard air fresheners), food (Chef Boy-ar-dee), drugs (Anacin, Advil, Dristan). American Stores Co. . . . 5201 W. Amelia Earhart Dr., Salt Lake City, UT . . . (801) 539-0112 . . . J.L. Scott . . . retail food markets, dept. & drug stores. American Telephone & Telegraph Co. . . . 550 Madison Ave. N.Y., NY 10022 . . . (212) 605-5500 . . . R.E. Allen . . . communications. Amoco Corp. . . . 200 E. Randolph Dr., Chicago, IL 60601 . . . (312) 856-6111 . . . R.M. Morrow . . . oil and gas exploration, production, and marketing. Anheuser-Busch, Inc. . . . One Busch Place, St. Louis, MO 63118 . . . (314) 577-2000 . . . H.A. McInnes . . . brewing (Budweiser, Michelob, Bud Light, Natural Light, King Cobra, Busch), theme parks. Armstrong World Industries . . . P.O. Box 3001, 313 W. Liberty St., Lancaster, PA 17604 . . . (717) 397-0611 . . . W.W. Adams . . . interior furnishings. Arvin Industries, Inc. . . . One Noblitt Plaza, Box 3000, Columbus, IN 47201 . . . (812) 379-3000 . . . J.K. Baker . . . auto exhaust systems, electric heaters, stereos. Ashland Oil, Inc. . . . P.O. Box 391, Ashland, KY 41114 . . . (606) 329-3333 . . . J.R. Hall . . . petroleum refiner, chemicals. Atlantic Richfield Co. . . . 515 S. Flower St., Los Angeles, CA 90071 . . . (213) 486-3511 . . . L.M. Cook . . . petroleum, chemicals, other natural resources. Avery Denison Corp. . . . 150 N. Orange Grove Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91103 . . . (818) 304-2000 . . . Charles D. Miller . . . self-adhesive labels (merged with Denison Manuf. Co. in 1990). Avon Products, Inc. . . . 9 West 57th St., N.Y., NY 10019 . . . (212) 546-6015 . . . J. E. Preston . . . cosmetics, fragrances, toiletries, health care. Bally Manufacturing Corp. . . . 8700 W. Bryn Mawr Ave., Chicago, IL 60631 . . . (312) 399-1300 . . . R.E. Mullane . . . lottery and gaming equip., hotel-casino operator, health & fitness centers. Bausch & Lomb . . . One Lincoln First Square, Rochester, NY 14601 . . . (716) 338-6000 . . . D.E. Gill . . . manuf. of vision care products, accessories. Baxter International Inc. . . . One Baxter Pky., Deerfield, IL. 60015 . . . (708) 948-2000 . . . Vernon R. Loucks Jr. . . . medical care prods & services. Bell Atlantic Corp. . . . 1600 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19103 . . . (215) 963-6000 . . . R.W. Smit c15 telephone service in mid-Atlantic region. BellSouth Corp. . . . 1155 Peachtree St. NE, Atlanta, GA 30367 . . . (404) 249-2000 . . . J.L. Clendenin . . . telephone service in the South. Bethlehem Steel Corp. . . . 8th & Eaton Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18016 . . . (215) 694-2424 . . . W.F. Williams . . . steel & steel prods. Bic Corporation . . . Wiley Street, Milford, CT 06401 . . . (203) 783-2000 . . . Bruno Bich . . . writing instruments, disposable lighters, and shavers. Black & Decker Mfg. Co. . . . 701 E. Joppa Rd., Towson, MD 21204 . . . (301) 583-3900 . . . N.D. Archibald . . . manuf. power tools, household prods., small appliances. H & R Block, Inc. . . . 4410 Main St., Kansas City, MO 64111 . . . (816) 753-6900 . . . Henry W. Bloch . . . tax preparation. Boeing Company . . . 7755 E. Marginal Way So., Seattle, WA 98108 . . . (206) 655-6123 . . . F.A. Shrontz . . . aircraft manuf. Boise Cascade Corp. . . . One Jefferson Square, Boise, ID 83728 . . . (208) 384-6161 . . . J.B. Fery . . . timber, paper, wood prod. Borden, Inc. . . . 277 Park Ave., N.Y., NY 10172 . . . (212) 573-4000 . . . R.J. Ventres . . . food, cheese and cheese products, snacks (Cracker Jack), beverages. Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. . . . 345 Park Ave., N.Y., NY 10154 . . . (212) 546-4000 . . . Richard L. Gelb . . . toiletries (Ban anti-perspirant), hair items (Clairol), drugs (Bufferin, Comtrex, Excedrin), household prods.(Drano), infant formula (Enfamil). Brown-Forman Inc. . . . P.O. Box 1080 Louisville, KY 40210 . . . (502) 585-1100 . . . W.L.L. Brown Jr. . . . distilled spirits (Jack Daniel's Early Times), wines (Bolla, Fontana Candita), champagne (Korbel), liquor (Southern Comfort), Lenox china and crystal. Brown Group, Inc. . . . 8400 Maryland Ave., St. Louis, MO 63166 . . . (314) 854-4000 . . . B.A. Brightwater Jr. . . . manuf. and wholesaler of women's and children's shoes (Buster Brown, Regal Shoes); specialty retailing. Brunswick Corp. . . . One Brunswick Plaza, Skokie, IL 60077 . . . (708) 470-4700 . . . J.F. Reichert . . . marine, recreation prods, bowling centers & equip., fishing equip. Burlington Coat Factory Warehouse Corp. . . . 1830 Route 130 North, Burlington, NJ 08016 . . . (609) 387-7800 . . . M.G. Milstein . . . discount apparel stores. Burlington Northern Inc. . . . 3800 Continental Plaza, 777 Moun St., Ft. Worth, TX 76102 . . . (817) 878-2000 . . . G. Grinstein . . . rail transportation. CBS Inc. . . . 51 W. 52d St., N.Y., NY 10019 . . . (212) 975-4321 . . . L.A. Tisch . . . broadcasting, video cassettes, recorded music, leisure prods. CPC International, Inc. . . . International Plaza, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632 . . . (201) 894-4000 . . . J.R. Eiszner . . . branded food items (Hellman's, Best Foods, Mazola oil, Skippy peanut butter, Knorr Soups, Mueller's pasta prods., Thomas English muffins), corn wet milling prods. Caesar's World, Inc. . . . 1801 Century Park East, Los Angeles, CA 90067 . . . (213) 552-2711 . . . H. Gluck . . . hotels & casinos, resort hotels. Campbell Soup Co. . . . Campbell Pl., Camden, NJ 08103 . . . (609) 342-4800 . . . D.W. Johnson . . . canned soups, spaghetti (Franco-American), vegetable juice (V-8), pork and beans, pet foods, restaurants, confections, Le Menu frozen dinners, Prego spaghetti sauce, Mrs. Paul's frozen fish, Pepperidge Farm breads. Capital Cities/ABC Inc. . . . 77 W. 66th Street, New York, NY 10023 . . . (212) 456-7777 . . . T.S. Murphy . . . operates television and radio stations, newspapers, cable TV (ESPN); newspapers, specialized business and consumer periodicals. Carter Hawley Hale Stores, Inc. . . . 444 S. Flower St., Los Angeles, CA 90071 . . . (213) 620-0150 . . . P.M. Hawley . . . dept. stores, specialty stores. Carter-Wallace, Inc. . . . 767 5th Ave., New York, NY 10153 . . . (212) 339-5000 . . . H.H. Hoyt Jr. . . . personal care items, anti-perspirant (Arrid), shave lathers (Rise), condoms (Trojan), laxative (Carter's Pills), pet products. Castle & Cooke, Inc. . . . 10900 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90024 . . . (213) 842-1500 . . . D.H. Murdock . . . food processing, Dole. Caterpillar Inc. . . . 100 N.E. Adams St., Peoria, IL 61629 . . . (309) 675-1000 . . . G.A. Schaefer . . . heavy duty earth-moving equip. Champion International Corp. . . . 1 Champion Plaza, Stamford, CT 06921 . . . (203) 358-7000 . . . A.C. Sigler . . . forest prods. Chase Manhattan Corp. . . . 1 Chase Manhattan Plaza, New York, NY 10081 . . . (212) 552-2222 . . . W.C. Butcher . . . Bank holding co. Chevron Corp. . . . 225 Bush St., San Francisco, CA 94104 . . . (415) 894-7700 . . . K.T. Derr . . . integrated oil co. Chrysler Corp. . . . 12000 Chrysler Dr., Highland Pk., MI 48288 . . . (313) 956-5252 . . . Lee Iacocca . . . cars, trucks. Circle K Corp. . . . 1601 N 7th St., Phoenix, AZ 85006 . . . (602) 253-9600 . . . R.A. Dearth . . . convenience store chain. Circuit City Stores, Inc. . . . 2040 Thalbro St., Richmond, VA 23230 . . . (804) 257-4292 . . . R.L. Sharp . . . retailer of electronic equip., consumer appliances. Circus Circus Enterprises, Inc. . . . 2880 Las Vegas Blvd. S., Las Vegas, NV 89109 . . . (702) 734-0410 . . . W.G. Bennett . . . casino operator. Citicorp . . . 399 Park Ave., N.Y., NY 10043 . . . (212) 559-1000 . . . J.S. Reed . . . largest U.S. commercial bank. Clayton Homes . . . P.O. Box 15169, Knoxville, TN 37901 . . . (615) 970-7200 . . . J.L. Clayton . . . produces & sells manufactured homes. Clorox Co. . . . 1221 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612 . . . (415) 271-7000 . . . C.R. Weaver . . . retail consumer prods (Formula 409, Twice As Fresh, Lucite paints, Kingsford charcoal briquets, Hidden Valley Ranch salad dressing, Deer Park bottled water, Soft Scrub cleanser). Coachman Industries Inc. . . . 601 E. Beardsley Ave., Elkhart, IN 46515 . . . (219) 262-0123 . . . T.H. Corson . . . manuf. recreational vehicles. Coca-Cola Co. . . . One Coca-Cola Plaza N.W., Atlanta, GA 30313 . . . (404) 676-2121 . . . R.C. Goizueta . . . soft drink (Coca Cola, Sprite, Ramblin root beer), syrups, citrus and fruit juices (Minute Maid, Hi-C). Colgate-Palmolive Co. . . . 300 Park Ave., N.Y., NY 10022 . . . (212) 310-2000 . . . R. Mark . . . soaps (Palmolive, Irish Spring), detergents (Fab, Ajax, Fresh Start), tooth paste (Colgate, Ultra Brite), household prods. (Handy Wipes, Curad bandages). Commodore International Ltd. . . . 1200 Wilson Dr., West Chester, PA 19380 . . . (215) 431-9100 . . . I. Gould . . . microcomputer systems, semiconductors component, consumer electronics, office equipment. Compaq Computer Corp. . . . 20555 SH 249, Houston, TX 77070 . . . (713) 370-0670 . . . J.R. Canion . . . portable, desktop computers. Control Data Corp. . . . 8100 34th Ave. South, Minneapolis, MN 55420 . . . (612) 853-8100 . . . L. Perlman . . . computer systems & services. Adolph Coors Co. . . . Golden, CO 80401 . . . (303) 279-6565 . . . W. K. Coors . . . brewery. Corning Inc. . . . Houghton Park, Corning, NY 14831 . . . (607) 974-9000 . . . J.R. Houghton . . . glass mfg. Crane Co. . . . 737 3d Ave., N.Y., NY 10017 . . . (212) 415-7300 . . . R.S. Evans . . . fluid & pollution controls, aircraft and aerospace, building prods. A.T. Cross Co. . . . One Albion Rd., Lincoln, RI 02865 . . . (401) 333-1200 . . . B.R. Boss . . . writing instruments. Crystal Brands, Inc. . . . Crystal Brands Rd., Southport, CT 06490 . . . (203) 254-6200 . . . R.F. Kral . . . apparel, accessories. Culbro Corp. . . . 387 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016 . . . (212) 561-8700 . . . E. M. Cullman . . . cigars (Corina, Robert Burns, White Owl, Tiparillo's), snack foods. Dana Corp. . . . 4500 Dorr St., Toledo, OH 43697 . . . (419) 535-4500 . . . S.J. Morcott . . . truck and auto parts supplies. Data General Corp. . . . 4400 Computer Dr., Westboro, MA 01580 . . . (508) 366-8911 . . . R.L. Skates . . . computer & communications sytems manuf. Dayton Hudson Corp. . . . 777 Nicollet Mall, Minneapolis, MN 55402 . . . (612) 370-6948 . . . K.A. Macke . . . department, specialty, stores, Mervyn's, Target. Deere & Company . . . John Deere Rd., Moline, IL 61265 . . . (309) 765-8000 . . . H.W. Becherer . . . farm, industrial, and outdoor power equip. Delta Air Lines, Inc. . . . Hartsfield Atlanta Intl. Airport, Atlanta, GA 30320 . . . (404) 765-2600 . . . R.W. Allen . . . air transportation. Diebold, Inc. . . . P.O. Box 8230, Canton, OH 44711 . . . (216) 489-4000 . . . R.W. Mahoney . . . equip. for financial insts. Digital Equipment Corp. . . . 146 Main St., Maynard, MA 01754 . . . (508) 493-5111 . . . Kenneth H. Olsen . . . computer manuf. Walt Disney Co. . . . 500 S. Buena Vista St., Burbank, CA 91521 . . . (818) 560-1000 . . . M.D. Eisner . . . motion pictures, CATV, amusement parks, Disneyland, Walt Disney World, Epcot Center. R.R. Donnelly & Sons Co. . . . 2223 S. Martin Luther King Drive, Chicago, IL 60616 . . . (312) 326-8000 . . . J.R. Walter . . . largest commercial printer. Dow Chemical Co. . . . 2030 Dow Center, Midland, MI 48674 . . . (517) 636-1000 . . . F.P. Popoff . . . chemicals, plastics, metals, consumer prods. Dow Jones & Co. . . . World Financial Center, New York, NY 10281 . . . (212) 416-2000 . . . W. H. Phillips . . . financial news service, publishing (Wall Street Journal, Barron's, Ottaway Newspapers). Dresser Industries, Inc. . . . 1600 Pacific Bldg., Dallas, TX 75201 . . . (214) 740-6000 . . . J.J. Murphy . . . supplier of technology and services to energy related industries. Dun & Bradstreet Corp. . . . 299 Park Ave., New York, NY 10171 . . . (212) 593-6800 . . . C.W. Moritz . . . business information and computer services, publishing, broadcasting. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. . . . 1007 Market St., Wilmington, DE 19898 . . . (302) 774-1000 . . . E.S. Woolard Jr. . . . chemicals, petroleum, consumer prods., coal. Eastman Kodak Co. . . . 343 State St., Rochester, NY 14650 . . . (716) 724-4000 . . . C.C. Chandler . . . photographic prods, chemicals, health care (Sterling Drug). Eaton Corp. . . . Eaton Center, Cleveland, OH 44114 . . . (216) 523-5000 . . . J.R. Stover . . . manuf. of electronic, electrical prods., vehicle components. Emerson Electric Co. . . . 8000 W. Florissant Ave., St. Louis, MO 63136 . . . (314) 553-2000 . . . C.F. Knight . . . electrical/electronics products & systems Ethyl Corp. . . . 330 S. 4th St., Richmond, VA 23217 . . . (804) 788-5000 . . . Floyd D. Gottwald Jr. . . . petroleum and industrial chemicals. Exxon Corp. . . . 1251 Ave. of the Americas, N.Y., NY 10020 . . . (212) 333-6900 . . . L.G. Rawl . . . world's largest oil co. Family Dollar Stores, Inc. . . . 10401 Old Monroe Rd., Charlotte, NC 28212 . . . (704)847-6961 . . . L. Levine . . . discount variety stores. Fabri-Centers of America, Inc . . . 5555 Darrow Rd., Hudson, OH. 44236 . . . (216) 656-2600 . . . A. Ross Kamm . . . Specialty fabric stores. Fedders Corp. . . . 158 Highway 206, P.O. Box 265, Princeton, NJ 07977 . . . (201) 234-2100 . . . S. Giordano . . . manuf. of room air conditioners. Federal Express Corp. . . . 2005 Corporate Ave., Memphis, TN 38132 . . . (901) 369-3600 . . . F.W. Smith . . . small package delivery service. Fieldcrest Cannon, Inc. . . . 326 East Stadium Dr., Eden, NC 27288 . . . (919) 627-3000 . . . J.B. Ely 2d . . . household textile prods., rugs (Karastan, Laurelcrest). Fleetwood Enterprises, Inc. . . . 3125 Myers St., Riverside, CA 92523 . . . (714) 351-3500 . . . John C. Crean . . . manufactured homes, recreational vehicles. Fluor Corp. . . . 3333 Michelson Dr., Irvine, CA 92730 . . . (714) 975-2000 . . . D.S. Tappan Jr. . . . engineering and construction, natural resources. Ford Motor Co. . . . The American Rd., Dearborn, MI 48121 . . . (313) 322-3000 . . . H.A. Poling . . . motor vehicles, Ford Tractor, Lincoln-Mercury. Fruit of The Loom, Inc. . . . 6300 Sears Tower, Chicago, IL 60606 . . . (312) 876-1724 . . . W. Farley . . . Manuf. of men's and boy's underwear. GTE Corp. . . . One Stamford Forum, Stamford, CT 06904 . . . (203) 965-2000 . . . J.L. Johnson . . . communications prods. (U.S. Sprint), electronics. Gannett Co., Inc. . . . P.O. Box 7858, Washington, DC 20044 . . . (703) 284-6000 . . . J.J. Curley . . . newspaper publishing (USA Today), TV stations, outdoor advertising. The GAP, Inc . . . 1 Harrison, San Francisco, CA 94066 . . . (415) 952-4400 . . . D.G. Fisher . . . casual and activewear retailer. Gencorp . . . 175 Ghent Rd., Fairlawn, OH 44313 . . . (216) 869-4200 . . . A.W. Reynolds . . . aerospace, auto prods., polymer prods. Genentech, Inc. . . . 460 Point San Bruno Blvd., S. San Francisco, CA 94080 . . . (415) 266-1000 . . . R.A. Swanson . . . world's largest biotechnology corp. General Cinema Corp. . . . 27 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167 . . . (617) 232-8200 . . . R. A. Smith . . . movie exhibitor, soft drinks (Sunkist), speciality retailing. General Dynamics Corp. . . . Pierre Laclede Ctr., St. Louis, MO 63105 . . . (314) 889-8200 . . . S.C. Pace . . . military and commercial aircraft, tactical missiles. General Electric Co. . . . 3135 Easton Ave., Fairfield, CT 06431 . . . (203) 373-2211 . . . J. F. Welch Jr. . . . electrical, electronic equip, finance (Kidder, Peabody & Co.), radio, television (NBC), polymer plastic prods. General Instrument Corp. . . . 767 5th Ave., New York, NY 10153 . . . (212) 207-6230 . . . F. G. Hickey . . . race track betting systems, CATV, semiconductors, electronic equip. General Mills, Inc. . . . 9200 Wayzata Blvd., Minneapolis, MN 55440 . . . (612) 540-2311 . . . H.B. Atwater Jr. . . . foods, toys, restaurants, fashion and specialty retailing, Total, Bisquick, Wheaties, Cheerios, Hamburger Helper, Gorton's, Betty Crocker, Red Lobster Inns. General Motors Corp. . . . 3044 W. Grand Rapids, Detroit, MI 48202 . . . (313) 556-5000 . . . R. C. Stempel . . . world's largest auto manuf. Genesco Inc. . . . Genesco Park, Nashville, TN 37202 . . . (615) 367-7000 . . . W.S. Wire 2d . . . footwear and men's clothing, Hardy, Laredo, Jarman, Flagg Bros., Johnston & Murphy. Genuine Parts Co. . . . 2999 Circle 75 Pkwy, Atlanta, GA 30339 . . . (404) 953-1700 . . . L. L. Prince . . . distributes auto replacement parts (NAPA). Georgia-Pacific Corp. . . . 133 Peachtree St., NE, Atlanta, GA 30303 . . . (404) 521-4000 . . . T.M. Hahn Jr. . . . building prods., pulp, paper, chemicals. Gerber Products Co. . . . 445 State St., Fremont, MI 49412 . . . (616) 928-2718 . . . A.A. Piergallini . . . baby foods, clothing, nursery accessories. Giant Food Inc. . . . P.O. Box 1804, Washington, DC 20013 . . . (301) 341-4100 . . . I. Cohen . . . supermarkets. Gillette Co. . . . Prudential Tower Bldg., Boston, MA 02199 . . . (617) 421-7000 . . . Colman M. Mockler Jr. . . . razors, pens (Paper Mate; Flair), toiletries (Right Guard deodorants, Foamy shaving cream, Earth Born shampoo), hair products (Toni, Adorn, White Rain). Golden Nugget, Inc. . . . 3400 Las Vegas Blvd., Las Vegas, NV 89101 . . . (702) 385-7111 . . . Steve Wynn . . . operates casino-hotels. B.F. Goodrich Company . . . 3925 Embassy Pkwy, Akron, OH 44313 . . . (216) 374-3985 . . . John D. Ong . . . chemical, aerospace prods. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. . . . 1144 E. Market St., Akron, OH 44316 . . . (216) 796-2121 . . . T.H. Barrett . . . tires, rubber prods. W.R. Grace & Co. . . . Grace Plaza, 1114 Ave. of the Americas, N.Y., NY 10036 . . . (212) 819-5500 . . . J. Peter Grace . . . chemicals, natural resources, consumer prods. and services, restaurants, Channel Home Centers. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. . . . 2 Paragon Dr., Montvale, NJ 07645 . . . (201) 573-9700 . . . James Wood . . . supermarket chain. Greyhound Dial Corp. . . . Greyhound Tower, Phoenix, AZ 85077 . . . (602) 248-4000 . . . John W. Teets . . . bus manuf., household prods. (Dial soap, Purex, Armour Star, Lunch Bucket meals), financial services, food services. Grumman Corp. . . . 1111 Stewart Ave., Bethpage, NY 11714 . . . (516) 575-0574 . . . J. O'Brien . . . aerospace, truck bodies, electronics. Hannaford Bros. Co. . . . 145 Pleasant Hill Rd., Scarborough, ME 04074 . . . (207) 883-2911 . . . J.L. Moody Jr. . . . operates supermarkets, drug stores. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. . . . Orlando, FL 32887 . . . (407) 345-2000 . . . P. Jovanovich . . . textbook publisher, insurance. Harley-Davidson, Inc., . . . 3700 W. Junear Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53201 . . . (414) 342-4680 . . . R.F. Terrlink . . . manuf. of motorcycles, parts & accessories. Hartmarx . . . 101 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago, IL 60606 . . . (312) 372-6300 . . . H.A. Weinberg . . . apparel manufacturer and retailer (Hickey-Freeman). Hasbro Inc. . . . 1027 Newport Ave., P.O. Box 1059, Pawtucket, R.I. 02862 . . . (401) 727-5000 . . . A.G. Hassenfeld . . . toy manuf. & marketer (Milton Bradley, Playskool, G.I. Joe, Cabbage Patch Kids, Scrabble). H.J. Heinz Co. . . . P.O. Box 57, Pittsburgh, PA 15230 . . . (412) 456-5700 . . . Anthony J.F. O'Reilly . . . foods (Star-Kist, Ore-Ida, '57 Varieties), 9-Lives cat food, Weight Watchers. Helene Curtis Industries, Inc. . . . 325 N. Wells St., Chicago, IL 60610 . . . (312) 661-0222 . . . R.J. Gidwitz . . . hair care prods. (Finesse, Sauve, Salon Selectives). Hershey Foods Corp. . . . 100 Mansion Rd., Hershey, PA 17033 . . . (717) 534-4000 . . . R.A. Zimmerman . . . chocolate & confectionery prods., (Reese's peanut butter cups, Life Savers, Kit Kat, Peter Paul Mounds, Almond Joy), pasta (San Giorgio, Ronzoni). Hewlett-Packard Co. . . . 3000 Hanover Street, Palo Alto, CA 94304 . . . (415) 857-1501 . . . John A. Young . . . electronic instruments. Hillenbrand Industries, Inc. . . . Highway 46, Batesville, IN 47006 . . . (812) 934-7000 . . . W.A. Hillenbrand . . . manuf. burial caskets, electronically operated hospital beds. Home Depot, Inc. . . . 2727 Paces Ferry Rd., Atlanta, GA 30339 . . . (404) 433-8211 . . . Bernard Marcus . . . retailer of building materials & home improvement prods. Honda Motor Co., LTD . . . 1270 Ave. of the Americas, N.Y., NY 10020 . . . (212) 765-3804 . . . N. Kawamoto . . . manuf. autos, motorcycles. Honeywell, Inc. . . . Honeywell Plaza, Minneapolis, MN 55408 . . . (612) 870-5200 . . . J.J. Renier . . . industrial systems & controls, aerospace guidance systems, information systems. Geo. A. Hormel & Co. . . . 501 16th Ave. N.E., Austin, MN 55912 . . . (507) 437-5611 . . . R.L. Knowlton . . . meat packaging, pork and beef prods (Spam, Light & Lean, Dinty Moore, Mary Kitchen). Houghton Mifflin Co. . . . One Beacon St., Boston, MA 02108 . . . (617) 725-5000 . . . H.T. Miller . . . book publishing. Household International Inc. . . . 2700 Sanders Rd., Prospect Heights, IL 60070 . . . (708) 564-3663 . . . D.C. Clark . . . financial and insurance services. Huffy Corp. . . . 7701 Byers Rd., Miamisburg, OH 45342 . . . (513) 866-6251 . . . H.A. Shaw 3d . . . bicycle manuf. Humana, Inc. . . . 500 W. Main St., Louisville, KY 40201 . . . (502) 580-1000 . . . D. A. Jones . . . operates hospitals, provides health care plans. ITT Corp. . . . 320 Park Ave., N.Y., NY 10022 . . . (212) 752-6000 . . . R.V. Araskog . . . manuf., installs communciation and electronic equip., auto equip., insurance, financial services, hotels, educational services. Imperial Oil Ltd. . . . 111 St. Clair Ave. W., Toronto, Ont., Canada M5W 1K3 . . . (416) 968-4111 . . . A.R. Haynes . . . Canada's largest oil co. International Business Machines Corp. . . . Armonk, NY 10504 . . . (914) 765-1900 . . . J.F. Akers . . . information-handling systems, equip., and services. International Paper Co. . . . 2 Manhattanville Rd., Purchase, NY 10577 . . . (914) 397-1500 . . . J.A. Georges . . . paper, wood prods. Johnson & Johnson . . . One Johnson & Johnson Plaza, New Brunswick, NJ 08933 . . . (201) 524-0400 . . . R.S. Larsen . . . surgical dressings, pharmaceuticals (Tylenol, Medipren), health and baby prods. Jostens, Inc. . . . 5501 Norman Center Dr., Minneapolis, MN 55437 . . . (612) 830-3300 . . . H. W. Lurton . . . school rings, yearbooks. K mart Corp. . . . 3100 W. Big Beaver Rd., Troy, MI 48084 . . . (313) 643-1000 . . . J. E. Antonini . . . largest U.S. chain of discount stores, book stores (Walden Book), cafeterias, drug stores (Pay Less Drug Stores), home improvement retail stores. Kellogg Co. . . . One Kellogg Sq., Battle Creek, MI 49016 . . . (616) 961-2000 . . . William E. LaMothe . . . ready to eat cereals & other food prods., Mrs. Smith's Pie Co., Salada Foods, Eggo. Kimberly-Clark Corp. . . . P.O. Box 619100, DFW Airport Station, Dallas, TX 75261 . . . (214) 830-1200 . . . Darwin E. Smith . . . paper and lumber prods., consumer prods. (Kleenex, Huggies). King World Productions, Inc. . . . 830 Morris Turnpike, Short Hills, NJ 07078 . . . (201) 376-1313 . . . M. King . . . syndicator of first-run TV programs. Knight-Ridder, Inc. . . . One Herold Plaza, Miami, FL 33132 . . . (305) 376-3800 . . . A.J.K. Batten . . . newspaper publishing, TV broadcasting, book publishing, information services. Kroger Co. . . . 1014 Vine St., Cincinnati, OH 45201 . . . (513) 762-4000 . . . Lyle Everingham . . . grocery chain, drugstores (SupeRx). L.A. Gear, Inc. . . . 4221 Redwood Ave., Los Angeles, CA 91204 . . . (213) 822-1995 . . . R.Y. Greenberg . . . athletic & leisure footwear, casual apparel. La-Z-Boy Chair Co. . . . 1284 N. Telegraph Rd., Monroe, MI 48161 . . . (313) 242-1444 . . . C. T. Knabusch . . . reclining chair mfg. Land's End, Inc. . . . One Land's End Lane, Dodgeville, WI 53595 . . . (608) 935-9341 . . . R.C. Anderson . . . direct-mail catalog co. Eli Lilly & Company . . . Lilly Corp. Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285 . . . (317) 276-6070 . . . Richard D. Wood . . . mfg. human health and agricultural products. The Limited, Inc. . . . Two Limited Pkwy., Columbus, OH 43216 . . . (614) 479-7000 . . . L.H. Wexner . . . women's apparel stores (Lane Bryant, Lerner, Victoria's Secret), Abercrombie & Fitch. Litton Industries, Inc. . . . 360 N. Crescent Dr., Beverly Hills, CA 90210 . . . (213) 859-5000 . . . O.L. Hoch . . . industrial systems & services, advanced electronic systems, electronic & electrical prods., marine engineering. Lockheed Corp. . . . 4500 Park Granada Blvd., Calabasas, CA 91399 . . . (818) 712-2380 . . . D.M. Tellep . . . commercial and military aircraft, missiles. Loews Corp. . . . 667 Madison Ave., N.Y., NY 10021 . . . (212) 545-2000 . . . Laurence A. Tisch . . . tobacco prods. (Kent, Newport, True), watches, hotels, real estate, insurance. Long's Drug Stores Corp. . . . 141 North Civic Dr., Walnut Creek, CA 94596 . . . (415) 937-1170 . . . R.M. Long . . . drug store chain. Lowe's Cos., Inc. . . . Hway. 268 East, N. Wilkesboro, NC 28659 . . . (919) 651-4000 . . . L.G. Herring . . . retailer of building materials & related prods. Luby's Cafeterias, Inc. . . . 211 Northeast Loop 410, San Antonio, TX 78265 . . . (512) 654-9000 . . . R. Erben . . . operates cafeterias in SW U.S. MCA Inc. . . . 100 Universal City Plaza, Universal City, CA 91608 . . . (818) 777-1000 . . . Lew R. Wasserman . . . motion pictures, television, music publishing, mail order, novelty, and gift merchandise. Manor Care, Inc. . . . 10750 Columbia Pike, Silver Spring, MD 20901 . . . (301) 681-9400 . . . S. Bainum Jr . . . operates nursing centers. Marriott Corp. . . . Marriott Dr., Wash., DC 20058 . . . (301) 380-9000 . . . J. Willard Marriott Jr. Martin Marietta Corp. . . . 6801 Rockledge Dr., Bethesda, MD 20817 . . . (301) 897-6000 . . . N.R. Augustine . . . electronics, aerospace. Mattel, Inc. . . . 5150 Rosecrans Ave., Hawthorne, CA 90250 . . . (213) 978-5150 . . . J.W. Amerman . . . toy & hobby prods (Barbie doll, Masters of the Universe, Hot Wheels, Li'l Miss Makeup ). May Department Stores Co. . . . 611 Olive Street, St. Louis, MO 63101 . . . (314) 342-6300 . . . D.C. Farrell . . . department stores (Hecht's, Famous Barr, G. Fox, Lord & Taylor, Foley's), discount chain (Caldor). Maytag Corp. . . . 403 W. 4th St. North, Newton, IA 50208 . . . (515) 792-8000 . . . Daniel J. Krumm . . . manuf. home laundry equip, appliances (Magic Chef, Admiral, Norge). McCormick & Co., Inc. . . . 11350 McCormick Rd., Hunt Valley, MD 21031 . . . (301) 771-7301 . . . C.P. McCormick Jr. . . . world's leading manuf. of seasoning & flavoring prods. McDonald's Corp. . . . McDonald's Plaza, Oak Brook, IL 60521 . . . (708) 575-3000 . . . M.R. Quinlan . . . fast service restaurants. McDonnell Douglas Corp. . . . P.O. Box 516, St. Louis, MO 63166 . . . (314) 232-0232 . . . J. F. McDonnell . . . commercial & military aircraft, space systems & missiles. McGraw-Hill, Inc. . . . 1221 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10020 . . . (212) 512-2000 . . . J.L. Dionne . . . book, magazine publishing (Business Week), information & financial services (Standard and Poor's), TV stations. Mead Corporation . . . Courthouse Plaza Northeast, Dayton, OH 45463 . . . (513) 495-6323 . . . B.R. Roberts . . . printing and writing paper, paperboard, packaging, shipping containers, pulp and lumber. Media General, Inc. . . . 333 E. Grace St., Richmond, VA 23219 . . . (804) 649-6000 . . . D.T. Bryan . . . broadcasting, newspaper publishing. Medtronic, Inc. . . . 7000 Central Ave. N.E., Minneapolis, MN 55432 . . . (612) 574-4000 . . . W.R. Wallin . . . manuf. prosthetic and theraputic devices. Melville Corp. . . . 1 Theall Rd., Rye, NY 10580 . . . (914) 925-4000 . . . S.P. Goldstein . . . shoe stores (Thom McAn), apparel (Marshalls, Chess King), drug stores. Merck & Co., Inc. . . . P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065 . . . (201) 594-4000 . . . P. Roy Vagelos . . . human & animal health care prods. Meredith Corp. . . . 1716 Locust St., Des Moines, IA 50336 . . . (515) 284-3000 . . . J.D. Rehm . . . magazine publishing (Better Homes and Gardens, Ladies Home Journal), book publishing, broadcasting, commercial printing. Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. . . . World Financial Center, N.Y., NY 10281 . . . (212) 449-1000 . . . W.A Schreyer . . . securities broker, financial services, real estate. Minnesota Mining & Manuf. Co. . . . 3M Center, St. Paul, MN 55144 . . . (612) 733-1110 . . . A.F. Jacobson . . . abrasives, adhesives, building services & chemicals, electrical, health care, photographic, printing, recording materials, consumer prods. (Scotch Tape, Post-It). Mobil Corp. . . . 150 E. 42d St., N.Y., NY 10017 . . . (212) 883-4242 . . . A.E. Murray . . . international oil co., chemicals. Monsanto Company . . . 800 N. Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167 . . . (314) 694-1000 . . . R. J. Mahoney . . . chemicals, electronics, agricultural prods., pharmaceuticals, consumer prods. (NutraSweet). Motorola, Inc. . . . 1303 E. Algonquin Rd., Schaumburg, IL 60196 . . . (312) 397-5000 . . . G.M.C. Fisher . . . electronic equipment and components. NCR Corp. . . . 1700 S. Patterson Blvd., Dayton, OH 45479 . . . (513) 445-5000 . . . Charles E. Exley Jr. . . . business information processing systems. National Medical Enterprises, Inc. . . . 11620 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90025 . . . (213) 479-5526 . . . R.K. Eamer . . . operates hospitals. National Semiconductor Corp. . . . 2900 Semiconductor Dr., Santa Clara, CA 95052 . . . (408) 721-5000 . . . Charles E. Sporck . . . manuf. of semiconductors. Navistar Intl. Corp. . . . 455 N. Cityfront Plaza Dr., Chicago, IL 60611 . . . (312) 836-2000 . . . J.C. Cotting . . . manuf. heavy duty trucks, parts. New York Times Co. . . . 229 W. 43rd St., N.Y., NY 10036 . . . (212) 556-1234 . . . A. O. Sulzberger . . . newspapers, radio, CATV stations, magazines (Family Circle, Golf Digest). Norfolk Southern Corp. . . . Three Commercial Place, Norfolk, VA 23510 . . . (804) 629-2680 . . . A.B. McKinnon . . . operates Norfolk & Southern railways, freight carrier (North American Van Lines). Northrop Corp. . . . 1840 Century Park E., Los Angeles, CA 90067 . . . (213) 553-6262 . . . K. Kresa . . . aircraft, electronics, communications. Noxell Corp. . . . 11050 York Rd., Hunt Valley, MD 21030 . . . (301) 785-7300 . . . G. L. Bunting Jr. . . . toiletry, household, consumer prods. (Noxzema, Lestoil, Clarion, Cover Girl). Nynex Corp. . . . 335 Madison Ave., N.Y., NY 10017 . . . (212) 370-7400 . . . W.C. Ferguson . . . telephone co. in northeast U.S. Occidental Petroleum Corp. . . . 10889 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90024 . . . (213) 879-1700 . . . Dr. Armand Hammer . . . oil, gas, chemicals, coal, agriculture. Ogden Corp. . . . 2 Pennsylvania Plaza, New York NY 10121 . . . (212) 868-6100 . . . R. Ablon . . . transportation, foods, metals, financial services. Olin Corp. . . . 120 Long Ridge Rd., Stamford, CT 06904 . . . (203) 356-2000 . . . J.W. Johnstone Jr. . . . chemicals, water treatment prods., aerospace. Olsten Corp. . . . One Merrick Ave., Westbury, NY 11590 . . . (516) 832-8200 . . . F. N. Liguori . . . provides temporary workers. Outboard Marine Corp. . . . 100 Sea Horse Dr., Waukegan, IL 60085 . . . (312) 689-6200 . . . J.C. Chapman . . . outboard motors (Evinrude, Johnson), boats (Four Winns, Stratos, Hydra-Sports). Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. . . . Fiberglas Tower, Toledo, OH 43659 . . . (419) 248-8000 . . . W.W. Boeschenstein . . . glass fiber and related prods. Oxford Industries, Inc. . . . 222 Piedmont Ave., N.E., Atlanta, GA 30308 . . . (404) 659-2424 . . . J.H. Lanier . . . men's and women's apparel products. Pacific Telesis Group . . . 130 Kearny St., San Francisco, CA 94108 . . . (415) 882-8000 . . . S. L. Ginn . . . telephone service. Pan Am Corp. . . . Pan Am Bldg., 200 Park Ave., N.Y., NY 10166 . . . (212) 880-1234 . . . T. G. Plaskett . . . air transportation. Paramount Communications Inc., . . . 15 Columbus Circle, N.Y., NY 10023 . . . (212) 373-8000 . . . M.S. Davis . . . entertainment (Paramount Pictures, Madison Square Garden), publishing (Simon & Schuster, Prentice Hall). J.C. Penney Co. . . . 14841 N. Dallas Pkwy., Dallas, TX 75240 . . . (214) 591-2010 . . . W. R. Howell, chmn. . . . dept. stores, catalog sales, drug stores, insurance. Pennzoil Co. . . . P.O. Box 2967, Houston, TX 77252 . . . (713) 546-4000 . . . J.L. Pate . . . Integrated oil and gas co. Pep Boys--Manny, Moe & Jack . . . 3111 W. Allegheny Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 19132 . . . (215) 229-9000 . . . M. G. Leibovitz . . . automotive parts and accessories, retail stores, household items, hardware, bicycles. PepsiCo, Inc. . . . PepsiCo., Inc., Purchase, NY 10577 . . . (914) 253-2000 . . . D.W. Calloway . . . soft drinks, (Pepsi-Cola, Slice), snack foods (Ruffles, Lays, Doritos) restaurants (Pizza Hut, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Taco Bell). Perry Drug Stores, Inc. . . . 5400 Perry Dr., Pontiac, MI 48056 . . . (313) 334-1300 . . . J.A. Robinson . . . drug stores, health care. Petrie Stores Corp. . . . 70 Enterprise Ave., Seacaucus, NJ 07094 . . . (201) 866-3600 . . . M.J. Petrie . . . operates chain of women's specialty stores. Pfizer Inc. . . . 235 E. 42d St., N.Y., NY 10017 . . . (212) 573-2323 . . . E.T. Pratt Jr. . . . pharmaceutical, hospital, agricultural, chemical prods., consumer prods (Plax oral rinse). Philip Morris Cos., Inc. . . . 120 Park Ave., N.Y., NY 10017 . . . (212) 880-5000 . . . H. Maxwell . . . cigarettes (Marlboro, Virginia Slims), beer (Miller High Life, Lite, Lowenbrau brands), packaged foods (Jell-o, Ronzoni pasta, Entenmann baked goods, Maxwell House coffee, Kool Aid, Tang, Cheez Whiz & Velveeta cheese prods.). Phillips-Van Heusen Corp. . . . 1290 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10104 . . . (212) 541-5200 . . . L. S. Phillips . . . manuf. apparel for men & women; operates retail stores. Pitney Bowes, Inc. . . . , Stamford, CT 06926 . . . (203) 356-5000 . . . G. B. Harvey . . . postage meters, mail handling equip., office equipment. Playboy Enterprises, Inc. . . . 680 N. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60611 . . . (312) 751-8000 . . . C. Hefner . . . magazine publishing, CATV, merchandising. Polaroid Corp. . . . 549 Technology Sq., Cambridge, MA 02139 . . . (617) 577-2000 . . . I.M. Booth . . . photographic equip., supplies and optical goods. Premark Intl., Inc . . . 1717 Deerfield Rd. Deerfield, IL 60015 . . . (312) 405-6000 . . . W.L. Batts . . . consumer prods. (Tupperware, Hobart, West Bend). Primerica, Corp. . . . 65 E. 55 St., N.Y., NY 10022 . . . (212) 891-8900 . . . S. I. Weill . . . insurance financial services (Smith Barney). Procter & Gamble Co. . . . One Procter & Gamble Plaza, Cincinnati, OH 45202 . . . (513) 983-1100 . . . E. L. Artzt . . . soap & detergent (Ivory, Cheer, Tide, Spic and Span), shortenings (Crisco), toiletries (Crest toothpaste, Prell, and Head and Shoulders shampoos), pharmaceuticals (Pepto-Bismol), Pampers disposable diapers, Folgers coffee, Hawaiian Punch, Charmin toilet tissues, Bounty towels, Vicks cough medicines. Quaker Oats Co. . . . 321 N. Clark St., Chicago, IL 60610 . . . (312) 222-7111 . . . William D. Smithburg . . . foods, cereal (Quaker Oat Bran, Life, Cap'n Crunch, Puffed Wheat, Puffed Rice), foods (Aunt Jemima, Celeste pizza, Van Camp's pork and beans, Gatorade), pet foods (Ken-L-Ration, Gaines, Puss `Boots), Magic Pan restaurants. Quaker State Corp. . . . 255 Elm St., Oil City, PA 16301 . . . (814) 676-7676 . . . J.W. Corn refining, marketing petroleum prods., filters, mining & marketing coal. Ralston Purina Co. . . . Checkerboard Sq., St. Louis, MO 63164 . . . (314) 982-1000 . . . W. P. Stiritz . . . pet and livestock food, consumer prods. (Chex cereal, Beech-Nut baby food, Wonder bread, Hostess baked goods, Eveready batteries). Raytheon Company . . . 141 Spring St., Lexington, MA 02173 . . . (617) 862-6600 . . . Thomas L. Phillips . . . electronics, aviation, appliances . . . Amana Refrigeration, Beech Aircraft. Reebok Intl. Ltd. . . . 100 Technology Ctr. Dr., Stoughton, MA 02072 . . . (617) 821-2800 . . . P.B. Fireman . . . athletic & casual footwear, sportswear. Promus Cos. Inc. . . . 1023 Cherrry Rd., Memphis, TN 38117 . . . (901) 762-8600 . . . M.D. Rose . . . casinos (Harrah), lodging (Hampton Inn, Embassy Suites). Reynolds Metals Co. . . . 6601 W. Broad St., Richmond, VA 23261 . . . (804) 281-2000 . . . W.O. Bourke . . . aluminum prods. Rite Aid Corp. . . . Shiremanstown, PA 17011 . . . (717) 761-2633 . . . A. Grass . . . discount drug stores, beauty aid stores, auto parts stores. Rockwell Intl. Corp. . . . 2230 E. Imperial Hwy., El Segundo, CA . . . (213) 647-5000 . . . D. R. Beall . . . aerospace, electronic, automotive prods. Rorer Group Inc. . . . 500 Virginia Dr., Ft. Washington, PA 19034 . . . (215) 628-6000 . . . R.E. Cawthorn . . . pharmaceuticals (Maalox, Ascriptin). Rubbermaid Inc. . . . 1147 Akron Rd., Wooster, OH 44691 . . . (216) 264-6464 . . . S. C. Gault . . . rubber and plastic consumer prods. Russell Corp. . . . P.O. Box 272, Alexander City, AL 35010 . . . (205) 329-4000 . . . D.L. Carlisle Jr. . . . leisure apparel, athletic uniforms. Ryder System, Inc. . . . 3600 NW 82d Ave., Miami, FL 33166 . . . (305) 593-3726 . . . M. A. Burns . . . truck leasing service. Santa Fe Pacific Corp., . . . 224 S. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60604 . . . (312) 786-6422 . . . Robert D. Krebs . . . railroad, real estate, construction, natural resources. Sara Lee Corp. . . . 3 First National Plaza, Chicago, IL 60602 . . . (312) 726-2600 . . . J.H. Bryan Jr. . . . baked goods, fresh and processed meats, fresh and frozen fruits and vegetables and other packaged foods, beverages, tobacco products, hosiery, intimate apparel and knitwear, Electrolux, Fuller Brush, Hanes, Gant, Kiwi, Shasta, Hillshire Farm, L' eggs, Isotoner. Schering-Plough Corp. . . . One Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ 07940 . . . (201) 822-7000 . . . R. P. Luciano . . . pharmaceuticals, consumer prods. Schlumberger Ltd. . . . 277 Park Ave., New York, NY 10172 . . . (212) 350-9400 . . . E. Baird . . . oilfield services, electronics, measurement and control devices. Scott Paper Co. . . . Scott Plaza, Phila., PA 19113 . . . (215) 522-5000 . . . P. E. Lippincott . . . sanitary paper prods. Seagram Co. Ltd. . . . 1430 Peel St., Montreal, Que., Canada H3A 1S9 . . . (514) 849-5271 . . . E.M. Bronfman . . . distilled spirits & wine (Crown Royal, Chivas Regal, Calvert, Wolfschmidt Vodka, Paul Masson, Christian Brothers, Martell, Myer's Jamaica Rum); juice (Tropicana). Sears, Roebuck & Co. . . . Sears Tower, Chicago, IL 60684 . . . (312) 875-2500 . . . E.A. Brennan . . . merchandising, insurance (Allstate), financial services (Dean Witter), real estate (Coldwell Banker). Service Merchandise, Inc. . . . P.O. Box 24600, Nashville, TN 37202 . . . (615) 251-6666 . . . R. Zimmerman . . . operates catalog showrooms. Shaw Industries, Inc. . . . 616 E. Walnut Ave., Dalton, GA 30722 . . . (404) 278-3812 . . . R.E. Shaw . . . manuf. tufted carpeting (Magee, Philadelphia). Sherwin-Williams Co. . . . 101 Prospect Ave. N.W., Cleveland, OH 44115 . . . (216) 566-2000 . . . John G. Breen . . . world's largest paint producer (Dutch Boy, Kem-Tone). Skyline Corp. . . . 2520 By-Pass Rd., Elkhart, IN 46515 . . . (219) 294-6521 . . . Arthur J. Decio . . . mfg. housing and recreational vehicles. Smucker (J.M.) Co. . . . Strawberry Lane, Orville, OH 44667 . . . (216) 682-0015 . . . P. H. Smucker . . . preserves, jams, jellies, toppings. Snap-on Tools Corp. . . . 2801 80th St., Kenosha, WI 53141 . . . (414) 656-5200 . . . M. F. Gregory . . . manuf. mechanic's tools, equip. Sony Corp. . . . 9 W. 57th St., New York, NY 10019 . . . (212) 317-5800 . . . N. Ohga . . . manuf. televisions, radios, tape recorders, audio equip., video tape recorders, entertainment (Columbia Pictures). Southwest Airlines Co. . . . P.O. Box 37611, Love Field, Dallas, TX 75235 . . . (214) 902-1100 . . . H.D. Kelleher . . . air transportation. Southwestern Bell Corp. . . . One Bell Center, St. Louis, MO 63101 . . . (314) 235-9800 . . . E.E. Whitacre Jr. . . . telephone communications. Standard Brands Paint Co. . . . 4300 W 190th St., Torrance, CA 90509 . . . (213) 214-2411 . . . S.D. Buchalter . . . retailer of home decorating prods. Stanley Works . . . 1000 Stanley Drive, P.O. Box 7000, New Britain CT 06050 . . . (203) 225-5111 . . . R.H. Ayers . . . hand tools, hardware, door opening equipment. Stride Rite Corp. . . . 5 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142 . . . (617) 491-8800 . . . A. Hiatt . . . manuf. & retailer children's footwear. Sun Company, Inc. . . . 100 Matsonford Rd., Radnor, PA 19087 . . . (215) 293-6000 . . . R. McClements Jr. . . . energy resources co. Syms Corp. . . . Syms Way, Secaucus, NJ 07094 . . . (201) 902-9600 . . . S. Syms . . . operates off-price apparel stores. Thomas), technical prods. Tambrands Inc. . . . One Marcus Ave., Lake Success, NY 11042 . . . (516) 358-8300 . . . M.F.C. Emmett . . . menstrual tampons (Tampax, Maxithins). Tandem Computers . . . 19333 Vallco Pkwy., Cupertino, CA 95014 . . . (408) 725-6000 . . . T.G. Treybig . . . supplier of computer systems and networks. Tandy Corp. . . . 1800 One Tandy Center, Fort Worth, TX 76102 . . . (817) 390-3700 . . . J.V. Roach . . . consumer electronics retailing & mfg, Radio Shack. Teledyne, Inc. . . . 1901 Ave. of the Stars, Los Angeles, CA 90067 . . . (213) 277-3311 . . . G. A. Roberts . . . electronics, aerospace prods., industrial prods., insurance, finance. Tenneco, Inc. . . . P.O. Box 2511, Houston, TX 77252 . . . (713) 757-2131 . . . J. L. Ketelsen . . . oil, natural gas pipelines, shipbuilding, farm equip. Texaco Inc. . . . 2000 Westchester Ave., White Plains, NY 10650 . . . (914) 253-4000 . . . J.W. Kinnear . . . petroleum and petroleum prods. Texas Instruments Inc. . . . 7610 Stemmons Freeway, Dallas, TX 75247 . . . (214) 647-6700 . . . R.D. Rogers . . . electrical & electronics prods. Textron Inc. . . . 40 Westminster St., Providence, RI 02903 . . . (401) 421-2800 . . . B.F. Dolan . . . aerospace, consumer, industrial, metal prods, consumer finance, insurance, management services. Tiffany & Co. . . . 727 5th Ave, New York, NY 10022 . . . (212) 755-8000 . . . W.R. Chaney . . . designs, manuf., and distributes jewelry & gift items. Time Warner Inc. . . . Rockefeller Center, New York, NY 10020 . . . (212) 522-1212 . . . J.R. Munro . . . magazine publisher (Time, Sports Illustrated, Fortune, Money, People), CATV (HBO, Cinemax), publishing (Little, Brown, Warner Books). Tonka Corp. . . . 6000 Clearwater Dr., Minnetonka, MN 55343 . . . (612) 936-3300 . . . S.G. Shank . . . toy manuf. (Monopoly, Play-Doh, Pound Puppies, Trivial Pursuit, Risk, Clue). Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc., . . . 7401 S. Cicero Ave., Chicago, IL 60629 . . . (312) 838-3400 . . . M.J. Gordon . . . candy (Tootsie Roll, Mason Dots, Mason Crows, Bonomo Turkish Taffy, Charms). The Toro Company . . . 8111 Lyndale Ave. South, Bloomington, MN 55420 . . . (612) 887-8526 . . . K. B. Melrose . . . lawn and turf maintenance, (Lawn Boy); snow removal equipment. Toys "R" Us . . . 461 From Rd., Paramus, NJ 07652 . . . (201) 262-7800 . . . Charles Lazarus . . . toy retailer, clothing stores (Kids "R" Us). Transamerica Corp. . . . 600 Montgomery St., San Francisco, CA 94111 . . . (415) 983-4000 . . . J.R. Harvey . . . insurance, financial, business services (Occidental Life Ins.). Travelers Corp. . . . One Tower Sq., Hartford, CT 06183 . . . (203) 277-0111 . . . E. H. Budd . . . insurance. Tribune Co. . . . 435 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611 . . . (312) 222-9100 . . . S.R. Cook . . . newpaper publishing, broadcasting, entertainment (Chicago Cubs baseball team). Trinity Industries, Inc. . . . 2525 Stemmons Freeway, P.O. Box 10587, Dallas, TX 75207 . . . (214) 631-4420 . . . W.R. Wallace . . . manufactures variety of metal products. TRW Inc. . . . 1900 Richmond Rd., Cleveland, OH 44124 . . . (216) 291-7000 . . . J.T. Gorman . . . car and truck operations, electronics, and space systems. (201) 712-0500 . . . F. L. Salizzoni . . . food service, restaurants (Denny's), nursing homes. USAIR Group, Inc. . . . 1911 Jefferson Hwy., Arlington, VA 22002 . . . (703) 418-7000 . . . E.I. Colodny . . . air carrier of passengers, property, and mail. UST Inc. . . . 100 W. Putnam Ave., Greenwich, CT 06830 . . . (203) 661-1100 . . . L.F. Bantle . . . smokeless tobacco (Copenhagen, Skoal, Happy Days), pipes, pipe tobacco. USX Corp. . . . 600 Grant St., Pittsburgh, PA 15230 . . . C.A. Corry . . . steel manuf., oil & gas. Unilever, N.V. . . . Burgemeester's Jacobplein 1, Rotterdam, The Netherlands . . . F. A. Maljers, Chmn. . . . soap, detergent, margarine, frozen food, toothpaste, tea, dried soups, ice cream, cosmetics, fragrances, (Lever Brothers, Lipton, Pond's Vaseline Intensive Care, Obsession, Q-Tips, Cutex). Union Carbide Corp. . . . 39 Old Ridgebury Rd., Danbury, CT 06817 . . . (203) 794-2000 . . . R.D. Kennedy . . . chemicals, industrial gases. Union Pacific Corp. . . . Martin Tower, Bethlehem, PA 18018 . . . (215) 861-3200 . . . D. Lewis . . . railroad, natural resources. Unisys Corp. . . . P.O. Box 500, Blue Bell, PA 19424 . . . (215) 542-6050 . . . W. Michael Blumenthal . . . business equip., data processing prods. U.S. Home Corp. . . . 1800 W. Loop South, Houston, TX 77252 . . . (713) 877-2311 . . . R. J. Strudler . . . leading single-family homebuilder in U.S. United States Shoe Corp. . . . One Eastwood Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45227 . . . (513) 527-7000 . . . B.B. Hudson . . . apparel, retailer (Casual Corner), shoes (Red Cross, Joyce), eye-care stores (LensCrafters). United Technologies Corp. . . . United Technologies Bldg., Hartford, CT 06101 . . . (203) 728-7000 . . . R.F. Daniell . . . aerospace, industrial prods. & services, Carrier Corp., Otis Elevator; Pratt & Whitney, Sikorsky Aircraft. Univar Corp. . . . 1600 Norton Building, Seattle, WA 98104 . . . (206) 447-5911 . . . J.W. Bernard . . . industrial and agricultural chemicals, laboratory and graphic arts products distributor, home furnishing supplies and fabrics distributors. Universal Foods Corp. . . . 433 East Michigan St., Milwaukee, WI 53202 . . . (414) 271-6755 . . . G.A. Osborn . . . yeast products, cheese products, dehydrated seasonings, food colors and flavors, imported gourmet foods. Upjohn Co. . . . 7000 Portage Rd., Kalamazoo, MI 49001 . . . (616) 323-4000 . . . T. Cooper . . . pharmaceuticals (Motrin, Nuprin, Xanax, Halcion, Cleocin), chemicals, agricultural and health care prods. VF Corp. . . . 1047 No. Park Rd., Wyomissing, PA 19610 . . . (215) 378-1151 . . . L.R. Pugh . . . apparel, Vanity Fair, Lee jeans, Bassett-Walker, Jantzen. Vulcan Materials Co. . . . One Metroplex Dr., Birmingham, AL 35209 . . . (205) 877-3000 . . . H.A. Sklenar . . . construction materials, chemicals, metals. Wal-Mart Stores Inc. . . . 702 W. 8th St., Bentonville, AK 72716 . . . (501) 273-4000 . . . D.D. Glass . . . discount dept. stores. Walgreen Co. . . . 200 Wilmot Rd., Deerfield, IL 60015 . . . (708) 940-2500 . . . Charles R. Walgreen 3d . . . retail drug chain, restaurants. Wang Laboratories, Inc. . . . One Industrial Ave., Lowell, MA 01851 . . . (508) 459-5000 . . . H.H.S. Chou . . . word processors. Warner-Lambert Co. . . . 201 Tabor Rd., Morris Plains, NJ 07950 . . . (201) 540-2000 . . . J.D. Williams . . . health care prods. (Benadryl), consumer prods. (Efferdent dental cleanser, Hall cough tablets, Schick razors, Clorets breath mints, Rolaids antacid, Listerine mouth wash). Washington Post Co. . . . 1150 15th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20071 . . . (202) 334-6000 . . . Katharine Graham . . . newspapers, magazines (Newsweek), TV stations. Weis Markets, Inc. . . . 1000 South Second Street, Sunbury, PA 17801 . . . (717) 286-4571 . . . S. Weis . . . operates supermarkets, distributes frozen foods and grocery items. Wells Fargo & Co. . . . 420 Montgomery St., San Francisco, CA 94163 . . . (415) 477-1000 . . . C.E. Reichardt . . . banking. Wendy's Intl., Inc. . . . 4288 W. Dublin-Granville Rd., Dublin, OH 43017 . . . (614) 764-3100 . . . J.W. Near . . . quick service restaurants. Westinghouse Electric Corp. . . . Westinghouse Bldg., Gateway Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 . . . (412) 244-2000 . . . P.E. Lego . . . manuf. electrical, mechanical equip., radio and television stations. Westvaco Corp. . . . 299 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10171 . . . (212) 688-5000 . . . J.A. Luke . . . manufactures paper for graphic reproduction, communications, and packaging (largest producer of envelopes in the world). Weyerhaeuser Co. . . . Tacoma, WA 98477 . . . (206) 924-2345 . . . George H. Weyerhaeuser . . . manuf., distribution of forest prods. Whirlpool Corp. . . . 2000 M-63 N., Benton Harbor, MI 49022 . . . (616) 926-5000 . . . D.R. Whitwam . . . major home appliances. Whitman Corp. . . . One Illinois Ctr., 111 E. Wacker Dr., Chicago, IL 60601 . . . (312) 565-3000 . . . J.W. Cozad . . . diversified prods. and services, consumer products, food, auto prods (Midas). Willamette Industries, Inc. . . . 3800 1st Interstate Tower, Portland, OR 97201 . . . (503) 227-5581 . . . William Swindells . . . building materials and paper prods. Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc. . . . 5050 Edgewood Ct., Jacksonville, FL 32205 . . . (904) 783-5000 . . . A.D. Davis, chmn. . . . retail grocery chain. Winnebago Industries, Inc. . . . P.O. Box 152, Forest City, IA 50436 . . . (515) 582-3535 . . . J.K. Hanson, chmn. . . . manuf. of motor homes, recreation vehicles. Wolverine World Wide, Inc. . . . 9341 Courtland Dr., Rockford, MI 49351 . . . (616) 866-5500 . . . T.D. Gleason . . . manuf. footwear (Hush Puppies). Woolworth Corp. . . . 233 Broadway, N.Y., NY 10279 . . . (212) 553-2000 . . . H.E. Sells . . . variety stores, shoe stores (Kinney), men's clothing (Richman Brothers), children's apparel (Little Folk shop), athletic footwear (Foot Locker). Wm. Wrigley Jr. Co. . . . 410 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611 . . . (312) 644-2121 . . . William Wrigley . . . chewing gum. Xerox Corp. . . . P.O. Box 1600, Stamford, CT 06904 . . . (203) 968-3000 . . . D. T. Kearns . . . equip. for reproduction, reduction, and transmission of printed information. Zenith Electronics Corp. . . . 1000 Milwaukee Ave., Glenview, IL 60025 . . . (708) 391-7000 . . . Jerry K. Pearlman . . . consumer electronic prods. Who Owns What: Familiar Consumer Products The following is a list of familiar consumer products and their parent companies. The address of the parent company can be found on pages 815-821. Admiral appliances: Maytag Ajax cleanser: Colgate-Palmolive Allstate Insurance Co.: Sears, Roebuck Almond Joy candy: Hershey Anacin: American Home Products Arrid anti-perspirant: Carter-Wallace Ban anti-perspirant: Bristol-Myers Beech Aircraft: Raytheon Beech Nut babyfood: Ralston Purina Betty Crocker products: General Mills Budweiser beer: Anheuser-Busch Bufferin: Bristol-Myers Business Week magazine: McGraw-Hill Buster Brown shoes: Brown Group Cap'n Crunch cereal: Quaker Oats Carrier air conditioners: United Technologies Celeste Pizza: Quaker Oats Charmin toilet tissues: Procter & Gamble Chef Boy-ar-dee products: American Home Products Cheer detergent: Procter & Gamble Cheerios cereal: General Mills Clairol hair products: Bristol-Myers Clorets mints: Warner-Lambert Columbia Pictures: Sony Copenhagen snuff: UST Cracker Jack: Borden Crest toothpaste: Procter & Gamble Crisco shortening: Procter & Gamble Dean Witter financial services: Sears, Roebuck Deer Park bottled water: Clorox Doritos chips: PepsiCo Drano: Bristol-Meyers Dristan: American Home Products Duncan Hines cookies: Procter & Gamble Easy-Off oven cleaner: American Home Products Efferdent dental cleanser: Warner-Lambert ESPN: Capital Cities/ABC Eveready batteries: Ralston Purina Excedrin: Bristol-Myers Fab detergent: Colgate-Palmolive Family Circle magazine: New York Times Flagg Bros. shoe stores: Genesco Foamy shaving cream: Gillette Folger coffee: Procter & Gamble Formula 409 spray cleaner: Clorox Franco-American foods: Campbell Soup Frito-Lay snacks: PepsiCo Fuller Brush prods.: Sara Lee Gatorade: Quaker Oats Gleem toothpaste: Procter & Gamble Hampton Inns--Promus Handy Wipes: Colgate-Palmolive Hanes hosiery: Sara Lee Hawaiian Punch: Procter & Gamble Head and Shoulders shampoo: Procter & Gamble Hellman's mayonnaise: CPC International Hi-C fruit drinks: Coca Cola Hillshire Farm meats: Sara Lee Home Box Office: Time Hostess baked goods: Ralston Purina Hush Puppies shoes: Wolverine World Wide Ivory soap products: Procter & Gamble Jack Daniel bourbon: Brown-Forman Jell-o: Philip Morris Jim Beam whiskey: American Brands Ken-L-Ration pet foods: Quaker Oats Kent cigarettes: Loews Kinney shoe stores: Woolworth Knorr soups: CPC International Kool Aid: Philip Morris La Menu frozen dinners: Campbell Soup Ladies Home Journal magazine: Meredith Lee jeans: VF Corp. Lenox china: Brown-Forman Lens Crafters: U.S. Shoe Lerner stores: The Limited Lestoil: Procter & Gamble Life Savers: Hershey Lipton tea: Unilever Listerine mouth wash: Warner-Lambert Log Cabin syrup: Philip Morris Lord & Taylor dept. stores: May Dept. Stores Lucite paints: Clorox Lunch Bucket meals: Greyhound Dial Maalox: Rorer Group Marlboro cigarettes: Philip Morris Mazola oil: CPC International Maxwell House coffee: Philip Morris Michelob beer: Anheuser-Busch Midas automotive centers: Whitman Miller beer: Philip Morris Milton Bradley games: Hasbro Minute Rice: Philip Morris Mrs. Paul's frozen fish: Campbell Soup Mueller's pasta prods.: CPC International NBC Broadcasting: General Electric Newsweek magazine: Washington Post 9-Lives cat food: H.J. Heinz North American Van Lines: Norfolk Southern Obsession fragrance: Unilever Ore-Ida frozen foods: H.J. Heinz Pampers: Procter & Gamble Paper Mate pens: Gillette People magazine: Time Pepto-Bismol: Procter & Gamble Pepperidge Farm products: Campbell Soup Pizza Hut restaurants: PepsiCo Plax oral rinse: Pfizer Playskool toys: Hasbro Prego spaghetti sauce: Campbell Soup Prell shampoo: Procter & Gamble Prentice-Hall publishing: Paramount Post-It stickers: Minn. Min. & Manuf. Purex detergent: Greyhound Dial Q-Tips: Unilever Radio Shack retail outlets: Tandy Ramblin root beer: Coca Cola Red Lobster Inns: General Mills Reese's peanut butter cups: Hershey Right Guard deodorant: Gillette Rise shave lathers: Carter-Wallace Rolaids antacid: Warner-Lambert Ronzoni pasta: Hershey Ruffles chips: PepsiCo San Giorgio pasta: Hershey Scotch tape: Minn. Min. & Manuf. Scrabble: Hasbro Skippy peanut butter: CPC International Simon & Schuster publishing: Paramount Southern Comfort liquor: Brown-Forman Sports Illustrated magazine: Time Sprite soda: Coca-Cola Sugartwin: Alberto Culver Sunkist soft drink: General Cinema Taco Bell restaurants: PepsiCo Thom McAn shoe stores: Melville Thomas English muffins: CPC International Tide detergent: Procter & Gamble Trojan condoms: Carter-Wallace Tropicana juices: Seagram Tupperware: Premark Tylenol: Johnson & Johnson Ultra Brite toothpaste: Colgate-Palmolive V-8 vegetable juice: Campbell Soup Vanity Fair apparel: VF Corp. Velveeta cheese prods.: Philip Morris Vicks cough medicines: Procter & Gamble Virginia Slims cigarettes: Philip Morris Walden Book stores: K mart Wall Street Journal: Dow Jones Weight Watchers: H.J. Heinz Wheaties cereal: General Mills White Owl cigars: Culbro Wizard air freshener: American Home Products Wyler's drink mixes: Borden Credit Card Rates (As of Aug. 1, 1990) (Prepared by Christian T. Jones, San Diego, CA) 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ala. No limit. Alas. 17% plus fee. Ariz. No limit. Ark. 5% over FRB discount rate (max. 17%). Cal. No limit. Colo. 21%. Conn. 15%; $10 annual fee. D.C. 24%. Del. No limit. Fla. 18%. Ga. No limit on rate or fee. Ha. 24%. Ida. No limit. Ill. No limit; plus fees. Ind. 36-21-15%, [commat]$810, $2,700; or 21%. Ia. No limit. Kan. 18-14.45% [commat] $1,000. Ky. 21%; $20 annual fee. La. 18%; 4% cash advance and $12 annual fees. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 La. 18%; 4% cash advance and $12 annual fees. Me. 18%; $12 annual fee. Md. 24%; 2% fee. Mass. 23% to $6,000; no limit over $6,000; $20 annual fee. Mich. 18%; no limit on annual fee. Minn. 18%; $50 annual fee. Miss. 21%; or 18% plus $12 annual fee. Mo. 22-10% [commat]$1,000. Mont. No limit. Neb. 18% plus fees. Nev. No limit. N.H. No limit. N.J. 30%; $15 annual fee or $50 over $5,000. N.M. No limit. N.Y. 25% plus annual fee to 6/30/93. N.C. 18%; $20 annual fee. N.D. No limit. Oh. 25% to 1/1/92. Okla. 30-21-15% [commat]$780, $2,600; or 21%. Ore. No limit. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ore. No limit. Pa. 12% loans; 15% purchases; $15 annual fee. P.R. 17% loans; 26% purchases. R.I. 18%. S.C. No limit. S.D. No limit. Tenn. 24%. Tex. 18%. Utah No limit. Vt. 18%; no limit on annual fee. Va. No limit. Wash. 12% or 4% over U.S. T-bill rate. W.Va. 18%. Wis. No limit. Wyo. 36-21% [commat]$1,000; no limit over $25,000. Nearly all states have special laws dealing with rates charged for credit cards issued by state banks and other financial institutions. Although some state laws apply only to banks, under Federal parity law, the same charges can be made by other financial institutions. A national bank can charge the highest rates allowed for revolving credit extended by any other creditor in the state where the bank is located for similar types of credit, and such rates may also be charged to residents of any other state. Rates are yearly. Fair Credit: What You Should Know Federal Trade Commission Billing. The Fair Credit Billing Act permits you to dispute the accuracy of charges listed on your credit card statement and provides other important rights (such as limits on liability for unauthorized charges). To file a notice of a "billing error," send a letter to the card issuer at the address specified for "billing inquiries" within 60 days of the date that the card issuer mailed the first statement that shows the alleged error. Be sure to include your name, address, account number, the amount of the charge you dispute, and why you think an error was made. Do not send the letter in the same envelope as your payment and keep a copy. Equal Credit. The Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) prohibits discrimination on the grounds of sex, marital status, age (provided the applicant has the capacity under state law to enter a contract), race, color, religion, or national origin. The ECOA also protects applicants whose income derives in whole or in part from any public assistance program, or those who have in good faith exercised any right under the Federal Consumer Credit Protection Act, which includes the FCBA and ECOA, among other provisions. The creditor may inquire about your marital status, for example, if it needs to do so to determine its rights and not to discriminate in a determination of creditworthiness. Another example involves considering the age of the applicant if the inquiry is for the purpose of determining the amount and probable continuation of income levels or other elements of creditworthiness. However, a creditor may not consider race, national origin, or religion in deciding whether to extend credit. The ECOA also requires the creditor to respond to applications within 30 days of receiving a completed application and to provide rejected applicants with a statement of specific reasons why credit was denied or a notice disclosing the consumer's rights to have the reasons if he or she requests them in writing. Mail-Order Merchandise. By law, you have the right to have merchandise ordered through the mail shipped within 30 days, unless another shipping date has been specified in the advertisement for the merchandise. Promises such as "one week" or "4 to 6 weeks" must be met. However, if the seller is unable to ship your order when promised (or within the 30-day limit), the seller must provide you with a notice informing you that you have the right to cancel your order and get a prompt refund. If you experience a problem with late or non-delivery of merchandise ordered through the mail, contact the Federal Trade Commission. Interest Laws and Consumer Finance Loan Rates Revised by Christian T. Jones. Editor, Consumer Finance Law Bulletin, San Diego, Ca. All states have laws regulating interest rates. These laws fix a legal or conventional rate which applies when there is no contract for interest. They also fix a general maximum contract rate, but there are so many exceptions that the general contract maximum actually applies only to exceptional cases. Also, federal law has preempted state limits on first home mortgages, subject to each state's right to reinstate its own law, and given depository institutions parity with other state lenders. Legal rate of interest. The legal or conventional rate of interest applies to money obligations when no interest rate is contracted for and also to judgments. The rate is usually somewhat below the general interest rate. General maximum contract rates. General interest laws in most states set the maximum rate between 8% and 16% per year. The general maximum is fixed by the state constitution at 5% over the Federal Reserve Discount rate in Arkansas. Loans to corporations are frequently exempted or subject to a higher maximum. In recent years, it has also been common to provide special rates for home mortgage loans and variable usury rates that are indexed to market rates. Specific enabling acts. In many states special statutes permit industrial loan companies, second mortgage lenders, and banks to charge 1.5% a month or more. Laws regulating revolving loans, charge accounts and credit cards generally limit charges between 1.5% and 2% per month plus annual fees for credit cards. Rates for installment sales contracts in most states are somewhat higher. Credit unions may generally charge 1% to 1.5% a month. Pawnbrokers' rates vary widely. Savings and loan associations, and loans insured by federal agencies, are also specially regulated. A number of states allow regulated lenders to charge any rate agreed to with the customer either for all credit or over a certain dollar amount. Consumer finance loan statutes. Most consumer finance loan statutes are based on early models drafted by the Russell Sage Foundation (1916-42) to provide small loans to wage earners under license and other protective regulations. Since 1969 the model has frequently been the Uniform Consumer Credit Code which applies to credit sales and loans for consumer purposes. In general, licensed lenders may charge 3% a month and reduced rates for additional amounts. An add-on of 17% ($17 per $100) per year yields about 2.5% per month if paid in equal monthly installments. Discount rates produce higher yields than add-on rates of the same amount. In the table below, unless otherwise stated, monthly and annual rates are based on reducing principal balances, annual add-on rates are based on the original principal for the full term, and two or more rates apply to different portions of balance or original principal. States with consumer finance loan laws and the rates of charge as of August 1, 1990 Maximum monthly rates computed on unpaid balances, unless otherwise stated. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ala. Annual add-on: 15% to $750, 10% to $2,000 (min. 1.5% on unpaid balances). Higher rates for loans up to $749. Over $2,000, any agreed rate. Fee: 4% (max. $25); 5% real estate. Alas. 3% to $850, 2% to $10,000. Over $10,000, any agreed rate. Ariz. To $1,000: 3%. Over $1,000: 3% to $500, 2% to $10,000. Over $10,000, any agreed 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  2% to $10,000. Over $10,000, any agreed rate. Cal. 2.5% to $225, 2% to $900, 1.5% to $1,650, 1% to $2,500 (1.6% min.). Over $2,500, any agreed rate. 5% fee (max. $50) to $2,500 Colo. 36% per year to $630, 21% to $2,100, 15% to $25,000 (21% min.). Conn. Annual Add-on: 17% to $600, 11% to $5,000; 11% over $1,800 to $5,000 for certain secured loans. Any agreed rate for second mortgages. Del. Any agreed rate. D.C. 24% per year. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Fla. 30% per year to $1,000, 24% to $2,000, 18% to $25,000. Ga. 10% per year discount to 18 months, add-on to 361/2 months; 8% fee to $600, 4% on excess plus $2 per month. Over $3,000, any agreed rate. Ha. 3.5% to $100, 2.5% to $300; 2% on entire balance over $300 or discount rates. Ida. Any agreed rate. Ill. Any agreed rate. Ind. 36% per year to $810, 21% to $2,700, 15% to $25,000 (21% min.). Ia. % to $1,000, 2% to $2,800, 1.5% to 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ia. % to $1,000, 2% to $2,800, 1.5% to $25,000; or equivalent flat rate. Over $25,000: 21% per year. Kan. 36% per year to $690, 21% to $2,300, 14.45% to $25,000 (18% min.). Fee: 2% (max. $100); 3% real estate. Ky. 3% to $1,000, 2% to $3,000. Over $3,000, 2%. La. 36% per year to $1,400, 27% to $4,000, 24% to $7,000, 21% over $7,000, plus $25 fee. Me. 30% per year to $700, 21% to $2,000, 15% to $25,000 (18% min.). Md. 2.75% to $1,000, 2% to $2,000. Over $2,000, 2%. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  $2,000, 2%. Mass. 23% per year plus $20 fee to $6,000; any agreed rate over $6,000. Mich. 31% per year to $500, 13% to $3,000 (18% min.); 18% for second mortgages, plus 2% fee (max. $200). Minn. 33% per year to $750, 19% over $750 (21.75% min.). Miss. 36% per year to $1,000, 33% to $1,800, 24% to $5,000, 14% over $5,000. Over $25,000, 18%. 2% fee (max. $50). Mo. 2.218% to $1,200, 1.67% over $1,200, plus 5% fee (max. $15); 1.67% plus 2% for second mortgages. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Mont. Any agreed rate. Neb. 24% per year to $1,000. 21% over, plus fee of 7% to $2,000 and 5% over (max. $500). Nev. Any agreed rate. N.H. 2% to $600, 1.5% to $1,500; Any agreed rate over $1,500 or for real estate mortgages. N.J. 30% per year to $5,000 or for second mortgages. N.M. Any agreed rate. N.Y. 25% per year to 6/30/93. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  N.C. 3% to $1,000, 1.5% to $7,500; 1.5% on entire amount to $10,000. 1.5% or variable plus 2% fee for second mortgages. N.D. 2.5% to $250, 2% to $500, 1.75% to $750, 1.5% to $1,000; any agreed rate over $1,000. Ohio 28% per year to $1,000, 22% to $5,000; 25% on entire amount over $5,000; plus fee. Okla. 30% per annum to $780, 21% to $2,600, 15% to $45,000. (21% min.). Special rates to $500. Ore. Any agreed rate. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Pa. 9.5% per year discount to 48 months, 6% for remaining time plus 2% fee (max. $100); or 2% on unpaid balances; 1.85% for second mortgages over $5,000, plus 2% fee. P.R. 24% per year. R.I. 3% to $300, 2.5% for loans between $300 and $800; 2% for larger loans to $5,000. 1.75% over $5,000. S.C. Any agreed and posted rate. S.D. Any agreed rate. Tenn. Over $100, 24% per year or discount rates plus fees. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Texas Annual add-on: 18% to $1,080, 8% to $9,000 or formula rate (18% to 24% per year on unpaid balances.) Utah Any agreed rate. Vt. 2% to $1,000, 1% to $3,000 (min. 1.5%); 1.5% for second mortgages. Va. 23/4% to $800, 2% to $2,000, 1.5% to $3,500; or annual add-on of 19% to $800, 15% to $2,000, 12% to $2,800; 2% fee. Any agreed rate over $3,500 for second mortgages, plus 2% fee. Wash. 2.5% to $500, 1.5% to $1,000, 1% to $2,500. Over $2,500, 25% per year or discount rates. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  W.Va. 36% per year to $500, 24% to $1,500, 18% to $2,000. Over $2,000, 27% per year to $2,000, 25% to $10,000, 18% on remainder, 2% fee. Wis. Any agreed rate. Wyo. 36% per year to $1,000, 21% to $25,000. No limit over $25,000. U.S. Passport, Visa, and Health Requirements Passport Services, U.S. State Department as of June, 1990 Passports are issued by the U.S. Department of State to citizens and nationals of the United States for the purpose of documenting them for foreign travel and identifying them as Americans. How to Obtain a Passport Applicants who have never been issued a passport in their own name must execute an application in person before (1) a passport agent; (2) a clerk of any federal court or state court of record or a judge or clerk of any probate court accepting applications; (3) a postal employee designated by the postmaster at a post office which has been selected to accept passport applications; or (4) a U.S. diplomatic or consular officer abroad. A DSP-11 is the correct form to use for applicants who must apply in person. All persons are required to obtain individual passports in their own name. An applicant who is 13 years of age or older is required to appear in person before the clerk or agent executing the application. A parent or legal guardian may execute the application for children under 13. A passport previously issued to the applicant, or one in which he was included, will be accepted as proof of U.S. citizenship. If the applicant has no prior passport and was born in the U.S. a certified copy of their birth certificate shall be presented to the agent accepting the passport application. To be acceptable, the certificate must show the given name and surname, the date and place of birth, and that the birth record was filed shortly after birth. A delayed birth certificate (a record filed more than one year after the date of birth) is acceptable provided that it shows acceptable secondary evidence was used for creating this record. If such primary evidence is not obtainable, a notice from state registrar shall be submitted stating that no birth record exists. The notice shall be accompanied by the best obtainable secondary evidence such as a baptismal certificate, or a hospital birth record. A naturalized citizen with no previous passport should present a Certificate of Naturalization. A person born abroad claiming U.S. citizenship through either a native-born or naturalized citizen parent must submit a Certificate of Citizenship issued by the Immigration and Naturalization Service; or a Consular Report of Birth or Certification of Birth issued by the Dept. of State. If one of the above documents has not been obtained, evidence of citizenship of the parent(s) through whom citizenship is claimed and evidence which would establish the parent/child relationship must be submitted. Additionally, if citizenship is derived through birth to citizen parent(s), the following documents will be required: parents' marriage certificate plus an affidavit from parent(s) showing periods and places of residence or physical presence in the U.S. and abroad, specifying periods spent abroad in the employment of the U.S. government, including the armed forces, or with certain international organizations. If citizenship is derived through naturalization of parents, evidence of admission to the U.S. for permanent residence also will be required. Persons who possess a passport in their own name issued within the last 12 years and after their 16th birthday may be eligible to apply for a new passport by mail. A form DSP-82, Application for Passport by Mail must be filled out and mailed to the nearest passport agency, together with their previous passport, 2 recent identical photographs and $35.00. Contract Employees -- Persons traveling because of a contract with the U.S. Government must submit with their application: letters from their employer stating position, destination and purpose of travel, armed forces contract number, and expiration date of contract when pertinent. Photographs, Fees and Identity Photographs -- Submit 2 identical photographs which are sufficiently recent (normally not more than 6 months old) to be a good likeness of and satisfactorily identify the applicant. Photographs should be 2 [times ] 2 inches in size. The image size measured from the bottom of the chin to the top of the head (including hair) should be not less than one inch nor more than 1 3/8 inches. Photographs should be portrait-type prints. They must be clear, front view, full face, with a plain, white or off-white background. Photographs which depict the applicant as relaxed and smiling are encouraged. Fees -- The passport fee is $20.00 for passports issued to persons under 18 years of age. These passports are valid for 5 years from the date of issue. The passport fee is $35.00 for passports issued to persons 18 and older. These passports are valid for 10 years from the date of issuance. An additional fee of $7.00 is charged for the execution of the application. There is no acceptance fee when using DSP-82, "Application For Passport By Mail." Applicants eligible to use this form pay only the $35.00 passport fee. Identity--Applicants must also establish their identity to the satisfaction of the person accepting the application. To establish identity, applicants may use a previous U.S. passport, a Certificate of Naturalization, a Certificate of Citizenship, a valid driver's license, or a government identification card. Applicants may not use a Social Security card, learner's or temporary driver's license, credit card, or expired identity card. Applicants unable to establish their identity must take the identification cards they have in their own name (i.e. Social Security card) and in addition, they must be accompanied by a person who has known them for at least 2 years and who is a U.S. citizen or legal U.S. permanent resident alien. That person must sign an affidavit before the individual who executes the passport application. The witness will be required to establish his or her own identity. The loss or theft of a valid passport is a serious matter and should be reported immediately to Passport Services, 1425 K Street, N.W., Dept. of State, Wash., D.C. 20524, tel: (202) 647-0508 or to the nearest passport agency if you are in the U.S. or the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate when abroad. Foreign Regulations A visa, usually rubber stamped in a passport by a representative of the country to be visited, indicates that the bearer of the passport is permitted to enter that country for a certain purpose and length of time. In most instances, you must obtain necessary visas before you leave the U.S. Apply directly to the embassy or nearest consulate of each country you plan to visit, or consult a travel agent. The State Dept. publication, "Foreign Visa Requirements," contains entry requirements and application instructions for most foreign countries and is available for 50[cent ] from the Consumer Information Center, Dept. 438T, Pueblo, CO 81009. The process may take several weeks, so it is important to apply well in advance and verify requirements with the embassy or nearest consulate of each country before applying. Aliens -- An alien leaving the U.S. must request a passport from the embassy of the country of their nationality, must have a permit from his local Collector of Internal Revenue, and if they wish to return, should request a re-entry permit from the Immigration and Naturalization Service if it is required. How to Obtain Birth, Marriage, Death Records The United States government has published a series of inexpensive booklets entitled: Where to Write for Birth & Death Records; Where to Write for Marriage Records; Where to Write for Divorce Records; Where to Write for Birth and Death Records of U.S. Citizens Who were Born or Died Outside of the U.S.; Birth Certifications for Alien Children Adopted by U.S. Citizens; You May Save Time Proving Your Age and Other Birth Facts. They tell where to write to get a certified copy of an original vital record. Supt. of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Tourism, 1989 U.S. Travel and Tourism Admin. International tourism reached record levels in 1989, when 38.3 million people visited the U.S. About 70 percent of those visits were for leisure and vacation. The foreign visitors spent $43 billion, while Americans traveling to other nations spent $42.6. The difference was in the U.S.'s favor for the first time, and was expected to increase in 1990. According to the Commerce Dept., tourism became the nation's largest export industry in 1989. The states which showed the largest increase in foreign visitors in 1989 were: New Mexico and South Dakota (+266%); Utah (+254%); Arizona (+205%); Tennessee (+190%); and Alabama and Iowa (+175%). Marriage Laws Gary N. Skoloff, Skoloff & Wolfe, Livingston, N.J.; as of June 1, 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴� Age with parental Age with parental Age without consent consent State Male Female Male Age with parental Age with parental Age without consent consent State Male Female Male 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alabama* 14a 14a 18 Alaska 16z 16z 18 Arizona 16z 16z 18 Arkansas 17c 16c 18 California aa aa 18 Colorado* 16z 16z 18 Age with parental Age with parental Age without consent consent State Male Female Male  Connecticut 16z 16z 18 Delaware 18c 16c 18 Florida 16a, c 16a, c 18 Georgia* aa aa 16 Hawaii 16d 16d 18 Idaho* 16z 16z 18 Illinois 16 16 18 Age with parental Age with parental Age without consent consent State Male Female Male Illinois 16 16 18 Indiana 17c 17c 18 Iowa* 18z 18z 18 Kansas*y 18z 18z 18 Kentucky 18c, z 18c, z 18 Louisiana 18z 18z 18 Maine 16z 16z 18 Age with parental Age with parental Age without consent consent State Male Female Male  Maryland 16c, f 16c, f 18 Massachusetts 16d 16 18 Michigan 16c, d 16c 18 Minnesota 16z 16z 18 Mississippi aa aa 17gg Missouri 15d, 18z 15d, 18z 18 Montana*yy 16 16 18 Age with parental Age with parental Age without consent consent State Male Female Male Montana*yy 16 16 18 Nebraskayy 17 17 18 Nevada 16z 16z 18 New Hampshire 14j 13j 18 New Jersey 16z, c 16z, c 18 New Mexicoy 16d 16d 18 New York 14j 14j 18 Age with parental Age with parental Age without consent consent State Male Female Male  North Carolina 16c, g 16c, g 18 North Dakota 16 16 18 Ohio* 18c, z 16c, z 18 Oklahoma* 16c 16c 18 Oregon 17 17 18 Pennsylvania* 16d 16d 18 Puerto Ricoy 18c, d, z 16c, d, z 21 Age with parental Age with parental Age without consent consent State Male Female Male Puerto Ricoy 18c, d, z 16c, d, z 21 Rhode Island* 18d 16d 18 South Carolina* 16c 14c 18 South Dakota 16c 16c 18 Tennesee 16d 16d 18 Texas*y 14j, k 14j, k 18 Utah 14 14 18x Age with parental Age with parental Age without consent consent State Male Female Male  Vermont 16z 16z 18 Virginia 16a, c 16a, c 18 Washington 17d 17d 18 West 18c 18 18 Virginia18c Wisconsin 16 16 18 Wyoming 16d 16d 18 Age with parental Age with parental Age without consent consent State Male Female Male  Dist. of Columbia* 16a 16a 18 * Indicates 1987 common-law marriage recognized; in many states, such marriages are only recognized if entered into many years before. a Parental consent not required if minor was previously married. aa No age limits. b Veneral diseases. bb Veneral diseases and Rubella (for female). In Colorado, Rubella for female under 45 and Rh type. bbb No medical exam required; however, applicants must file affidavit showing non-affliction of contagious venereal disease. c Younger parties may obtain license in case of pregnancy or birth of child. cc Unless parties are over 18 years of age. d Younger parties may obtain license in special circumstances. e Residents before expiration of 24-hour waiting period; non-residents formerly residents, before expiration of 96-hour waiting period; others 96 hours. ee License effective 1 day after issuance, unless court orders otherwise, valid for 60 days only. f If parties are under 16 years of age, proof of age and the consent of parents in person is required. If a parent is ill, an affidavit by the incapacitated parent and a physician's affidavit to that effect required. ff License valid for 180 days only. g Unless parties are 18 years of age or more, or female is pregnant, or applicants are the parents of a living child born out of wedlock. gg Notice to parents necessary if parties are under 21. h License valid for 90 days only. j Parental consent and/or permission of judge required. k Below age of consent parties need parental consent and permission of judge. l With each certificate issued to couples, a list of family planning agencies and services available to them is provided. m Mental incompetence, infectious tuberculosis, venereal diseases and Rubella (certain counties only). n Venereal diseases; test for sickle cell anemia given at request of examining physician. nn Tests for sickle cell anemia may be required for certain applicants. Marriage prohibited unless it is established that procreation is not possible. p If one or both parties are below the age for marriage without parental consent (3 day waiting period). s License valid for 30 days only. t License valid for 60 days only. tt License valid for 20 days only. ttt License valid for 65 days. v Parties must file notice of intention to marry with local clerk. w Waiting period may be avoided. x Authorizes counties to provide for premarital counseling as a requisite to issuance of license to persons under 19 and persons previously divorced. y Marriages by proxy are valid. yy Proxy marriages are valid under certain conditions. z Younger parties may marry with parental consent and/or permission of judge. In Connecticut, judicial approval. zz With consent of court. Divorce Laws Adapted from a revision by Gary N. Skoloff of the N.J. Bar, as of June 1, 1990. Important: almost all states also have other laws, as well as qualifications of the laws shown below and proposed divorce-reform laws pending. It would be wise to consult a lawyer in conjunction with the use of this chart. Some grounds for absolute divorce 露컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴� Residence Adultery Cruelty Desertion Alcoholism Impotency 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� PR 1 yr. Yes Yes 1 yr. Yes Yes AL 6 mos.* Yes Phys. only 1 yr. Yes Yes* AK * Yes Yes 1 yr. 1 yr. Yes AZ 90 da. No No No No No AR 60 da. Yes Yes 1 yr. 1 yr. Yes CA 6 mos. No No No No A CO 90 da. No No No No No Residence Adultery Cruelty Desertion Alcoholism Impotency  CT 1 yr.* Yes Yes 1 yr. Yes A DE 6 mos. Yes Yes Yes Yes A FL 6 mos. No No No No No GA 6 mos. Yes Yes 1 yr. Yes Yes HI 6 mos.* No No No No No ID 6 wks. Yes Yes Yes Yes A IL 90 da. Yes Yes 1 yr. 2 yrs. Yes IN 6 mos.* No No No No Yes IA 1 yr.* No No No No A Residence Adultery Cruelty Desertion Alcoholism Impotency IA 1 yr.* No No No No A KS 60 da. No No No No No KY 180 da. No No No No A LA 1 yr.* Yes Yes Yes Yes No ME 6 mos.* Yes Yes 3 yrs. Yes Yes MD 1 yr. Yes No 1 yr.* No No MA 1 yr.* Yes Yes 1 yr. Yes Yes MI 180 da. No No No No No MN 180 da. No No No No No Residence Adultery Cruelty Desertion Alcoholism Impotency  MS 6 mos. Yes Yes 1 yr. Yes Yes MO 90 da. No No No No No MT 90 da. No No No No A NE 1 yr.* No No No No A NV 6 wks. No No No No No NH 1 yr.* Yes Yes 2 yrs. 2 yrs. Yes NJ 1 yr.* Yes Yes 1 yr. 1 yr. A NM 6 mos. Yes Yes Yes* No No NY 1 yr.* Yes Yes 1 yr. No No Residence Adultery Cruelty Desertion Alcoholism Impotency NY 1 yr.* Yes Yes 1 yr. No No NC 6 mos. No No No No A ND 6 mos. Yes Yes 1 yr. 1 yr. A OH 6 mos. Yes Yes 1 yr. Yes Yes OK 6 mos. Yes Yes 1 yr. Yes Yes OR 6 mos.* No No No No No PA 6 mos. Yes Yes 1 yr. No No RI 1yr. Yes Yes 5 yrs.* Yes Yes SC 1 yr.* Yes Phys. only 1 yr. Yes No Residence Adultery Cruelty Desertion Alcoholism Impotency  SD none* Yes Yes 1 yr. 1 yr. A TN 6 mos. Yes Yes 2 yrs. Yes Yes TX 6 mos.* Yes Yes 1 yr. * A UT 3 mos. Yes Yes 1 yr. Yes Yes VT 6 mos.* Yes Yes 7 yrs.* No No VA 6 mos.* Yes Yes* 1 yr. No A WA bona fide res. No No No No No WV 1 yr. Yes Yes 6 mos. Yes A WI 6 mos. No No No No A Residence Adultery Cruelty Desertion Alcoholism Impotency WI 6 mos. No No No No A WY 60 da.* No No No No No DC 6 mos. No No No No A * indicates qualification-check local statutes; A indicates grounds for annulment. Wedding Anniversaries The traditional names for wedding anniversaries go back many years in social usage. As such names as wooden, crystal, silver, and golden were applied it was considered proper to present the married pair with gifts made of these products or of something related. The list of traditional gifts, with a few allowable revisions in parentheses, is presented below, followed by modern gifts in bold face. 1st-Paper, clocks 2d-Cotton, china 3d-Leather, crystal & glass 4th-Linen (silk), electrical appliances 5th-Wood, silverware 6th-Iron, wood 7th-Wool (copper), desk sets 8th-Bronze, linens & lace 9th-Pottery (china), leather 10th-Tin (aluminum), diamond jewelry 11th-Steel, fashion jewelry, accessories 12th-Silk, pearls or colored gems 13th-Lace, textiles & furs 14th-Ivory, gold jewelry 15th-Crystal, watches 20th-China, platinum 25th-Silver, sterling silver jubliee 30th-Pearl, diamond 35th-Coral (jade), jade 40th-Ruby, ruby 45th-Sapphire, sapphire 50th-Gold, gold 55th-Emerald, emerald 60th-Diamond, diamond Copyright Law of The United States Copyright Office, Library of Congress What Copyright Is Copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States (title 17, U.S. Code) to the authors of "original works of authorship" including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. This protection is available to both published and unpublished works. Section 106 of the Copyright Act generally gives the owner of copyright the exclusive right to do and to authorize others to do the following: * To reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or phonorecords; * To prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work; * To distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending; * To perform the copyrighted work publicly, in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion pictures and other audiovisual works; and * To display the copyrighted work publicly, in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, including the individual images of a motion picture or other audiovisual work. It is illegal for anyone to violate any of the rights provided by the Act to the owner of copyright. These rights, however, are not unlimited in scope. Sections 107 through 118 of the Copyright Act establish limitations on these rights. In some cases, these limitations are specified exemptions from copyright liability. One major limitation is the doctrine of "fair use," which is given a statutory basis by section 107 of the Act. In other instances, the limitation takes the form of a "compulsory license" under which certain limited uses of copyrighted works are permitted upon payment of specified royalties and compliance with statutory conditions. Copyright protection subsists from the time the work is created in fixed form; that is, it is an incident of the process of authorship. The copyright in the work of authorship immediately becomes the property of the author who created it. Only the author or those deriving their rights from the author can rightfully claim copyright. In the case of works made for hire, the employer and not the employee is presumptively considered the author. Section 101 of the copyright statute defines a "work made for hire" as: (1) a work prepared by an employee within the scope of his or her employment; or (2) a work specially ordered or commissioned for use as a contribution to a collective work, as a part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, as a translation, as a supplementary work, as a compilation, as an instructional text, as a test, as answer material for a test, or as an atlas, if the parties expressly agree in a written instrument signed by them that the work shall be considered a work made for hire. The authors of a joint work are co-owners of the copyright in the work, unless there is an agreement to the contrary. Copyright in each separate contribution to a periodical or other collective work is distinct from copyright in the collective work as a whole and vests initially with the author of the contribution. Works published on or after January 1, 1978, are subject to protection under the copyright statute if, on the date of first publication, one or more of the authors is a national or domiciliary of the U.S., or is a national, domiciliary, or soverign authority of a foreign nation that is a party to a copyright treaty to which the U.S. is also a party, or is a stateless person, regardless of domicile, or if the work is first published either in the U.S. or in a foreign nation that on the date of first publication is a party to the Universal Copyright Convention or the Berne Union. What Works Are Protected Copyright protects "original works of authorship" that are fixed in a tangible form of expression. The fixation need not be directly perceptible, so long as it may be communicated with the aid of a machine or device. Copyrightable works include the following categories: (1) literary works; (2) musical works, including any accompanying words; (3) dramatic works, including any accompanying music; (4) pantomimes and choreographic works; (5) pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works; (6) motion pictures and other audiovisual works; and (7) sound recordings. These categories should be viewed quite broadly: for example, computer programs and most "compilations" are registrable as "literary works"; maps and architectural plans are registrable as "pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works." What Is Not Protected By Copyright Several categories of material are generally not eligible for statutory copyright protection. These include among others: * Works that have not been fixed in a tangible form of expression. For example: choreographic works that have not been notated or recorded, or improvisational speeches or performances that have not been written or recorded. * Titles, names, short phrases, and slogans; familiar symbols or designs; mere variations of typographic ornamentation, lettering, or coloring; mere listings of ingredients or contents. * Ideas, procedures, methods, systems, processes, concepts, principles, discoveries, or devices, as distinguished from a description, explanation, or illustration. * Works consisting entirely of information that is common property and containing no original authorship. For example: standard calendars, height and weight charts, tape measures and rulers, and lists or tables taken from public documents or other common sources. Notice of Copyright For works first published on and after March 1, 1989, use of the copyright notice is optional, though highly recommended. Before March 1, 1989, the use of the notice was mandatory on all published works, and any work first published before that date must bear a notice or risk loss of copyright protection. Use of the notice is recommended because it informs the public that the work is protected by copyright, identifies the copyright owner, and shows the year of first publication. Furthermore, in the event that a work is infringed, if the work carries a proper notice, the court will not allow a defendant to claim "innocent infringement"--that is, that he or she did not realize that the work is protected. (A successful innocent infringement claim may result in a reduction in damages that the copyright owner would otherwise receive.) The use of the copyright notice is the responsibility of the copyright owner and does not require advance permission from, or registration with, the Copyright Office. For visually perceptible copies, the form of the notice consists of the following: [copy ] (the letter C in a circle), the word "Copyright," or "Copr.," and the year of first publication, and the name of the owner of copyright in the work. Example: [copy ] 1989 Judy Smith. The notice must be affixed in such manner and location as to give reasonable notice of the claim of copyright. The notice of copyright prescribed for all published phonorecords of sound recordings consists of the symbol [copysr] (the letter P in a circle), the year of first publication of the sound recording, and the name of the owner of copyright in the sound recording. Example [copysr] 1990 XYZ Records, Inc. The notice on phonorecords may appear on the surface of the phonorecord or on the phonorecord label or container, provided the manner of placement and location give reasonable notice of the claim. How Long Copyright Protection Endures Works Originally Copyrighted on or After January 1, 1978 A work that is created (fixed in tangible form for the first time) on or after January 1, 1978, is automatically protected from the moment of its creation, and is ordinarily given a term enduring for the author's life, plus an additional 50 years after the author's death. In the case of "a joint work prepared by two or more authors who did not work for hire," the term lasts for 50 years after the last surviving author's death. For works made for hire, and for anonymous and pseudonymous works (unless the author's identity is revealed in Copyright Office records), the duration of copyright will be 75 years from publication or 100 years from creation, whichever is shorter. Works that were created but not published or registered for copyright before January 1, 1978, have been automatically brought under the statute and are now given Federal copyright protection. The duration of copyright in these works will generally be computed in the same way as for works created on or after January 1, 1978: the life-plus-50 or 75/100-year terms will apply to them as well. The law provides that in no case will the term of copyright for works in this category expire before December 31, 2002, and for works published on or before December 31, 2002, the term of copyright will not expire before December 31, 2027. Works Copyrighted Before January 1, 1978 Under the law in effect before 1978, copyright was secured either on the date a work was published or on the date of registration if the work was registered in unpublished form. In either case, the copyright endured for a first term of 28 years from the date it was secured. During the last (28th) year of the first term, the copyright was eligible for renewal. The current copyright law has extended the renewal term from 28 to 47 years for copyrights that were subsisting on January 1, 1978, making these works eligible for a total term of protection of 75 years. However, the copyright must be renewed to receive the 47-year period of added protection. This is accomplished by filing a properly completed Form RE accompanied by a $6 filing fee in the Copyright Office before the end of the 28th calendar year of the original term. International Copyright Protection There is no such thing as an "international copyright" that will automatically protect an author's writings throughout the entire world. Protection against unauthorized use in a particular country depends, basically, on the national laws of that country. However, most countries do offer protection to foreign works under certain conditions, and these conditions have been greatly simplified by international copyright treaties and conventions. The U.S. belongs to both global, multilateral copyright treaties--the Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) and the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. A U.S. author may obtain copyright protection in all countries that are members of the Berne Union and the Universal Copyright Convention. A work first published in the U.S. or another Berne Union country (or first published in a non-Berne Union country, followed by publication within 30 days in a Berne Union country) is eligible for protection in all Berne member countries. There are no special requirements. In UCC member countries, where no formalities are required, the works of U.S. authors are also automatically protected. Member countries whose laws impose formalities protect U.S. works if all published copies bear a Convention notice, which consists of the symbol [copy ], together with the name of the copyright owner and the year of publication. Example: [copy ] JOHN DOE 1990. For a list of countries that maintain copyright relations with the U.S., write or call the Copyright Office and ask for Circular 38a. Copyright Registration Copyright registration is a legal formality intended to make a public record of the basic facts of a particular copyright and is not a condition of copyright protection. Even though registration is not generally a requirement for protection, the copyright law provides several inducements or advantages to encourage copyright owners to register. Among these advantages are the following: * Registration establishes a public record of the copyright claim; * Before an infringement suit may be filed in court, registration is necessary for works of U.S. origin and for foreign works not originating in a Berne Union country. (For more information on when a work is of U.S. origin, contact the Copyright Office); * If made before or within 5 years of first publication, registration will establish prima facie evidence in court of the validity of the copyright and of the facts stated in the certificate; and * If registration is made within 3 months after first publication of the work or prior to an infringement of the work, statutory damages and attorney's fees will be available to the copyright owner in court actions. Otherwise, only an award of actual damages and profits is available to the copyright owner. Registration may be made at any time within the life of the copyright. When a work has been registered in unpublished form, it is not necessary to make another registration when the work becomes published (although the copyright owner may register the published edition, if desired). The process of registration is quite simple. An appropriate form is requested from the Copyright Office and completed. It is returned to the Copyright Office along with a $10 ($20, effective 1/3/91) nonrefundable filing fee and the appropriate deposit(s) of the work for which registration is sought. In a common example--a published book--the deposit is two copies of the best edition of the book. A certificate of registration is sent once the paperwork is completed, a process that usually takes several months due to the large volume of registrations the Office must handle. Although a copyright registration is not required, the Copyright Act establishes a mandatory deposit requirement for works published in the U.S. In general, the owner of copyright, or the owner of the exclusive right of publication in the work, has a legal obligation to deposit in the Copyright Office, within three months of publication in the U.S., two copies (or, in the case of sound recordings, two phonorecords) for the use of the Library of Congress. Failure to make the deposit can result in fines and other penalties, but does not affect copyright protection. Certain categories of works are exempt entirely from the mandatory deposit requirements, and the obligation is reduced for certain other categories. Information on registration and application forms may be obtained free of charge by writing the Copyright Office, Information Section, LM-455, Library of Congress, Washington, DC 20559. Registration application forms and circulars may be ordered on a 24-hour basis by calling (202) 707-9100. Request Circular 1 for additional general information on copyright, including a list of which application forms to use when registering specific types of works. Birthstones Jewelry Industry Council 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Month Ancient Modern 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 January Garnet Garnet Month Ancient Modern 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 January Garnet Garnet February Amethyst Amethyst March Jasper Bloodstone or Aquamarine April Sapphire Diamond May Agate Emerald June Emerald Pearl, Moonstone, or Alexandrite July Onyx Ruby August Carnelian Sardonyx or Peridot September Chrysolite Sapphire October Aquamarine Opal or Tourmaline November Topaz Topaz December Ruby Turquoise or Zircon Home Buyer's Glossary Amortization: The gradual repayment of a mortgage over time, usually according to a predetermined schedule. Appraisal: An opinion or estimate of the value of property, usually made by lenders before they will determine how much of a mortgage they will extend. Assumable mortgage: The purchaser takes ownership of real estate encumbered by an existing mortgage and assumes responsibility as the guarantor for the unpaid balance of the mortgage. Balloon payment: The final payment on a loan, usually substantially larger than previous payments, which repays the loan in full. Binder: A preliminary and temporary agreement between the seller and the buyer, generally agreeing to the price of a house before a formal contract. Broker: Usually, a licensed agent of, and paid by, the seller to serve as an intermediary in real estate transactions. Closing: The day of judgment, when after writing numerous checks to cover various fees, the title passes to the buyer. Commission: The fee paid by a seller to a broker for the sale of the house. Fee is negotiable. Condominium: A form of ownership, not a kind of development, in which the owner gets title to a housing unit and an interest in the common areas. Cooperative: A type of ownership in which buyers get shares in the cooperative corporation that owns the building. Those shares give the buyer a proprietary lease on an apartment in that building. Deed: A written document that conveys title in the property. Equity: The value of property minus the mortgage and other liens against it. Escrow: Money paid monthly to the lender, along with the mortgage payment, for use in paying taxes and sometimes insurance. The lender keeps the funds separately and pays bills when due. Foreclosure: Forced sale of property to meet debt obligations; usually to a lending or taxing institution. Freddie Mac: The Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corp., a major secondary mortgage market agency that buys mortgages from lenders, allowing them to make new loans with the proceeds. FHA: The Federal Housing Administration, a division of the Department of Housing and Urban Development that insures, but does not make, mortgages. Fannie Mae: Federal National Mortgage Association, the largest secondary mortgage agency. Ginnie Mae: Government National Mortgage Association, a government-owned secondary market agency that buys FHA-insured loans from lenders. Indexing: Adjusting the interest rate on a loan in accordance with the movements of an index or economic indicator, i.e., the U.S. Treasury bill rate or the consumer price index. Interest: Money paid for the use of money. There are two kinds of interest. Simple interest is interest that is earned and paid. Compound interest is the accumulated interest that is added to the principal amount. Lien: A right to property obtained as collateral to a loan or debt. A mortgage is a lien. Mortgage: A written pledge of property as collateral for a loan. The most common type of mortgage is the fixed rate mortgage, in which the monthly payments remain the same over the life of the loan; and the adjustable rate mortgage (ARM) where the interest rate is tied to a financial index (the one-year Treasury bill rate and the savings and loan cost-of-funds index are most common). With an ARM, the monthly payments usually vary over the life of the loan. In some cases, the total number of monthly payments can be increased or decreased with the amount remaining the same. In 1989, nearly half of new mortgages were ARMs. Another type of mortgage is the graduated payment mortgage, which has a fixed interest rate but lower initial payments, usually for the first 5 years of the loan. This type of mortgage is advantageous to the first-time homeowner. There is also the shared-appreciation mortgage, in which a borrower agrees to share the appreciation of the property with the lender in return for a lower interest rate. Reverse mortgages allow elderly homeowners to convert some of their accumulated housing equity into cash. Origination Fee: A fee paid by a borrower for the cost of evaluating and documenting a loan. Points: Additional payments made by a borrower to a lender; a point equals 1 percent of the loan. Prepayment penalty: An extra fee charged for paying off a mortgage before it is due. Principal: The total amount of a mortgage debt. The amount upon which the interest is computed. Title: Evidence of a person's ownership of a piece of property. Median Price of Existing Single-Family Homes National Association of Realtors 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Median price first quarter Median price first q City1 1989 1990 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Akron, Oh. $56,000 $65,800 Albuquerque, N.M. 82,000 82,800 Anaheim/Santa Ana, Cal. 237,900 243,600 Atlanta, Ga. 80,300 85,300 Baltimore, Md. 92,200 104,200 Baton Rouge, La. 61,100 64,000 Birmingham, Ala. 77,300 77,500 Boston, Mass. 178,500 182,300 Buffalo, N.Y. 68,700 77,300 Charleston, S.C. 72,400 74,400 Charlotte, N.C. 85,200 89,600 Chattanooga, Tenn. 65,600 66,800 Chicago, Ill. 99,300 112,300 Cincinnati, Oh. 73,200 78,000 Cleveland, Oh. 69,400 77,100 Columbia, S.C. 71,900 74,900 Median price first quarter Median price first q City1 1989 1990 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Columbia, S.C. 71,900 74,900 Columbus, Oh. 73,900 79,200 Corpus Christi, Tex. 63,200 62,500 Dallas, Tex. 88,400 94,000 Daytona Beach, Fla. 59,500 62,400 Denver, Col. 80,800 84,500 Des Moines, Ia. 57,300 62,300 Detroit, Mich. 71,900 75,500 El Paso, Tex. 57,200 62,100 Grand Rapids, Mich. 59,600 67,500 Hartford, Conn. 165,500 157,100 Honolulu, Hi. 236,000 290,400 Houston, Tex. 62,900 70,700 Indianapolis, Ind. 68,000 73,200 Jacksonville, Fla. 65,900 67,300 Kansas City, Mo. 73,800 73,900 Knoxville, Tenn. 69,800 73,600 Las Vegas, Nev. 80,500 88,600 Median price first quarter Median price first q City1 1989 1990 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Las Vegas, Nev. 80,500 88,600 Little Rock, Ark. 63,400 NA Los Angeles, Cal. 201,000 211,500 Louisville, Ky. 56,700 59,300 Madison, Wis. 74,700 78,700 Memphis, Tenn. 77,000 77,900 Miami/Hialeah, Fla. 82,600 90,200 Milwaukee, Wis. 74,500 81,800 Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minn. 85,900 87,800 Mobile, Ala. 50,900 58,700 Nashville/Davidson, Tenn. 79,600 80,800 New Haven, Conn. 166,700 148,300 New Orleans, La. 71,200 67,700 New York, N.Y. 181,700 173,700 Oklahoma City, Okla. 52,300 50,600 Omaha, Neb. 60,900 64,800 Orlando, Fla. 79,100 79,900 Philadelphia, Pa. 100,400 98,400 Median price first quarter Median price first q City1 1989 1990 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Philadelphia, Pa. 100,400 98,400 Phoenix, Ariz. 78,500 82,300 Pittsburgh, Pa. 62,400 68,600 Portland, Ore. 67,100 75,600 Providence, R.I. 128,800 127,000 Raleigh/Durham, N.C. 102,000 108,500 Sacramento, Cal. 100,300 127,700 St. Louis, Mo. 81,400 82,600 San Antonio, Tex. 60,800 62,900 San Diego, Cal. 163,900 182,300 San Francisco, Cal. 243,900 262,200 Seattle, Wash. 99,700 136,100 Spokane, Wash. 50,200 52,000 Syracuse, N.Y. 76,900 78,100 Tampa, Fla. 71,700 74,300 Toledo, Oh. 57,700 61,300 Tulsa, Okla. 60,500 62,000 Washington, D.C. 143,700 144,700 Median price first quarter Median price first q City1 1989 1990 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Washington, D.C. 143,700 144,700 U.S. average $91,200 $95,900 The median sale price for existing single-family homes rose 5.2 percent in the first quarter of 1990 from the same period in 1989. 1 All areas are metropolitan statistical areas as defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. They include the named central city and surrounding suburban areas. Housing Affordability National Association of Realtors 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴� Median-priced existing home Average mortgage rate Monthly principa payment 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1981 $66,400 15.12% $677 1982 67,800 15.38 702 1983 70,300 12.85 616 1984 72,400 12.49 618 1985 75,500 11.74 609 1986 80,300 10.25 563 1987 85,600 9.28 565 1988 90,600 9.31 599 1989 93,200 10.59 687 Median-priced existing home Average mortgage rate Monthly principa payment 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1990 97,500 10.16 694 Note: The average mortgage rate is based on the effectiverate of loans closed on existing homes monitored by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board. The 1988 and 1989 numbers are for June. Income Needed to Get a Mortgage National Association of Realtors 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴� Loan amount Loan amount Loan amount Loan am Loan amount Loan amount Loan amount Loan am Interest rate (Percent) $50,000 $75,000 $100,000 $150,00 income needed income needed income needed income 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 8 $15,724 $23,586 $31,447 $47,171 81/2 16,477 24,715 32,954 49,430 9 17,242 25,863 34,484 51,726 91/2 18,018 27,028 36,037 54,055 10 18,085 28,208 37,611 56,415 101/2 19,602 29,403 39,203 58,805 11 20,407 30,611 40,814 61,221 111/2 21,221 31,831 42,441 63,662 12 22,042 33,063 44,084 66,125 121/2 22,870 34,305 45,740 68,610 13 23,704 35,556 47,409 71,113 The following shows the minimum annual gross income needed for various size home loans at different rates. The figures are based on a 30-year loan and assume that the borrower's monthly payments can't exceed 28% of gross income, the ceiling most lenders use. The figures do not include property taxes and insurance as part of the monthly payment. Tips on Cutting Energy Costs in Your Home Con Edison Conservation Services, New York City Heating In many homes, in areas where temperatures drop during the winter, more energy is used for heating than anything else. Installing the right amount of insulation, storm windows and doors, caulking and weatherstripping pays off. Also consider the following advice: * Make sure the thermostat and heating system are in good working order. An annual checkup is recommended. * If your heating system has air filters, make sure they are clean. * Set the thermostat no higher than 68 degrees. When no one is home, or when everyone is sleeping, the setting should be turned down to 60 degrees or lower. An automatic setback thermostat can raise and lower your home's temperature at times you specify. * Close off and do not heat unused areas. * Cover all air conditioner units. * If you do not have conventional storm windows or doors, use kits to make plastic storm windows. * Special glass fireplace doors help keep a room's heat from being drawn up the chimney when the fire is burning low. Close the damper when a fireplace is not in use. * Use the sun's heat by opening blinds and draperies on sunny days. * Keep radiators and warm air outlets clean. Do not block them with furniture or draperies. Water Heater In many homes, the water heater ranks second only to the heating system in total energy consumption. * Put an insulation blanket on your water heater; when you go on vacation turn it to a minimum setting. * If you have a dishwasher, set the water heater thermostat no higher than 140 degrees. If not, or if you have a separate water heater for baths, a setting as low as 110 degrees may be sufficient. * Run the dishwasher and clothes washer only when you have a full load. Use warm or cold water cycles for laundry when you can. * Take showers instead of tub baths. About half as much hot water is used for a shower. * Install a water-saver shower head. * Install aerators or restrictors on all your sink faucets. * Do not leave the hot water running when rinsing dishes or shaving. Plug and partially fill the basin, or fill a pan with water. * Use the right size water heater for your needs. An oversized unit wastes energy heating unneeded water. An undersized unit will not deliver all the hot water you want when you need it. * When shopping for a water heater, look for the yellow-and-black federal EnergyGuide label to learn the estimated yearly energy cost of a unit. Air Conditioning * Clean or replace the filter in an air conditioner at the beginning of the cooling season. Then check it once a month and clean or change the filter if necessary. A dirty filter blocks the flow of air. * Adjust the temperature control setting to provide a room temperature no lower than 78 degrees. Use a good wall thermometer to tell which setting will provide the desired temperature. * Close draperies and shades to block out the sun's heat. * When shopping for a new room air conditioner, look for the yellow-and-black federal EnergyGuide label to learn the Energy Efficiency Rating (EER) and the estimated yearly operating cost. The higher the EER, the less electricity will be used for a cooling job. * Read the manufacturer's instructions; follow closely. * If you have a central air conditioning system, run your hands along the ducts while it is operating to check for air leaks. Repair leaks with duct tape. Make sure the duct system is properly insulated. * On many days, a window fan can cool an apartment as effectively as an air conditioner, and it is less costly. Refrigerators and Freezers The refrigerator operates 24 hours a day, every day, so it is one of the biggest users of energy in the home all year. * Keep the condenser coils clean. The coils are on the back or at the bottom of the refrigerator. Carefully wipe, vacuum or brush the coils to remove dust and dirt at least once a year. * Examine door gaskets and hinges regularly for air leaks. The doors should fit tightly. To check, place a piece of paper between the door and the cabinet. Close the door with normal force, then try to pull the paper straight out. There should be a slight resistance. Test all around the door, including the hinge side. If there are any places where the paper slides out easily, you need to adjust the hinges or replace the gasket, or both. * Pause before opening your refrigerator door. Think of everything you will need before you open the door so you do not have to go back several times. When you open the door, close it quickly to keep the cool air in. * Adjust the temperature-setting dial of the refrigerator as the manufacturer recommends. Use a thermometer to check the temperature (38 to 40 degrees is usually recommended for the refrigerator; zero degrees for the freezer). Settings that are too cold waste electricity. * If you have a manual-defrost refrigerator, do not allow the ice to build up more than 1/4 inch thick. * Keep your refrigerator well-stocked but allow room for air to circulate around the food. * The freezer, on the other hand, should be packed full. If necessary, fill empty spaces with bags of ice cubes or fill milk cartons with water and freeze. * When you are going to be away from home for a week or more, turn off and unplug the refrigerator, empty and clean it, and prop the door open. * If you are buying a new refrigerator, look for one with a humid-dry ("power-saver") switch. This switch is used to turn off "anti-sweat" heaters in the doors to save electricity when the heaters are not needed. * When shopping for a new refrigerator or freezer, eliminate those too large for your needs; look for the federal EnergyGuide label to help you select an efficient unit. Cooking * Cook as many dishes in the oven at one time as you can instead of cooking each separately. If recipes call for slightly different temperatures, say 325, 350, and 375 degrees, pick the middle temperature of 350 to cook all 3 dishes and remove each dish as it's done. * Turn off your oven or range just before the cooking is done. The heat that is left will usually finish the cooking. * Whenever you peek into an oven by opening a door, the temperature drops about 25 degrees. So open the oven door as little as possible. * Use tight-fitting covers on pots and pans to retain heat and cook foods more quickly. * Use the lowest possible heat setting to cook foods on top of the range. * Match the pot to the size of the surface unit. Putting a small pot on a large surface unit wastes energy without cooking the food any faster. * Adjust the flame on a gas burner so that it does not extend beyond the base of the pot. Using too high a flame wastes energy, and can be dangerous. * On gas ranges, the flame should burn in a firm, blue cone. If not, get a service representative to check it. Lighting * Get all family members in the habit of turning off lights when they leave a room, even if they will be gone only for a short time. * During the day, try to get along with as few lights as possible. Let the daylight do the work. White or lightcolored walls make a room seem brighter. * Use bulbs of lower wattage. * When possible, use one large bulb rather than several smaller ones. One 100-watt incandescent bulb, for example, produces more light than three 40-watt. However, never use bulbs of a higher wattage than a fixture is designed to take. * Use three-way bulbs wherever possible. * Buy energy-saving incandescent bulbs to replace standard bulbs with slightly higher wattage. There's a ten percent energy cost saving. * Modern solid-state dimmer controls let you save energy by reducing your lighting level and wattage. Many are easy to install. * Use plug-in timers to turn lights on and off automatically. * Consider changing to fluorescent lighting, especially in kitchens, bathrooms, and work areas. Fluorescent tubes give more light at lower energy cost than incandescent bulbs with the same wattage. * For outdoor lighting, replace standard incandescent floodlights with the new energy-saving halogen type. Tips for Fuel-Efficient Driving U.S. Environmental Protection Agency When Buying a New Vehicle * Buy the type of vehicle that best suits your needs. Check the federal Gas Mileage Guide, available free at all auto dealerships, to compare the fuel economy of similar models. In general, larger displacement engines and higher horsepower ratings will result in lower fuel economy. The additional power and torque may be useful for mountain driving or trailer towing situations, but your fuel economy will suffer during almost all types of driving. Avoid unnecessary optional equipment (especially heavy options such as four-wheel drive and options such as air conditioning that tax the engine). Extra equipment adds weight and decreases the fuel economy of the vehicle. Beware of "sport" packages, which often include fuel-guzzling features such as energy robbing tires that are not reflected by Guide mileage values. Conserving Fuel with your Current Vehicle: * Drive your vehicle wisely. Avoid idles of more than one minute (turn off your engine in traffic jams, limit vehicle warm-ups in winter, park and go in instead of using drive-up lanes at restaurants and banks). Go easy on the brakes and gas pedal (anticipate stops and avoid "jack-rabbit" starts). Pay attention to speed.You can improve your fuel economy about 15 percent by driving 55 mph rather than 65 mph. Put your vehicle's transmission into overdrive or a "fuel economy" position when cruising on the highway. If you have manual transmission, follow recommended shift guidelines or heed your shift indicator light. Do not carry unneeded items that add weight. Reduce drag by placing items inside the vehicle or trunk rather than on roof racks. Use air conditioning only when necessary. * Maintain your vehicle regularly. Periodic tune-ups improve vehicle fuel economy and performance. Dragging brakes, low transmission fluid levels, out of tune engines, and old plugged fuel or air filters all hurt fuel economy. Inflate tires to maximum recommended pressure and perform periodic wheel alignments. Use energy conserving oils which increase fuel economy by reducing internal engine friction (the best are labeled "Energy Conserving II"). * Keep track of your vehicle's fuel economy. A marked increase in the amount of fuel you use could indicate the need for a tune-up, or serve as an early signal for necessary repairs. * Use your vehicle effectively. Use your vehicle only when necessary. Combine errands into one trip. If you have access to more than one vehicle, drive the one that's most fuel efficient whenever possible. Consider carpooling, bicycling, walking, or public transportation. Fuel Economy in 1991 Cars: Comparative Miles per Gallon U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Engine Description Engine Description Model Size/No. Cylinders Trans. Ci 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Highest Mileage by Highest Mileage by Hi Engine Description Engine Description Model Size/No. Cylinders Trans. Ci 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Highest Mileage by Highest Mileage by Hi Class Class Cl Two Seaters Honda Civic CRX HF 1.5-liter /4 M5 49 Minicompact Nissan NX Coupe 1.6-liter /4 M5 28 Subcompact Geo Metro XFI 1.0-liter /3 M5 53 Compact Engine Description Engine Description Model Size/No. Cylinders Trans. Ci 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Compact Volkswagen Jetta 1.6-liter /4 M5 37 (Diesel) Mid-size Chrysler Acclaim 2.5-liter/ 4 M5 24 Spirit 2.5-liter /4 M5 24 Large Saab 9000 2.3-liter /4 M5 20 Small Station Wag. Engine Description Engine Description Model Size/No. Cylinders Trans. Ci 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Small Station Wag. Honda Civic Wagon 1.5-liter /4 M5 31 Mid-Size Station Wag. Volvo 240 Wagon 2.3-liter /4 M5 22 740 Wagon 2.3-liter /4 M5 22 Large Station Wag. Ford Engine Description Engine Description Model Size/No. Cylinders Trans. Ci 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Grand Marquis LTD 5.0-liter /8 L4 17 Crown Vic 5.0-liter /8 L4 17 Lowest Mileage by Class Lowest Mileage by Class Lo Two Seaters Lamborghini: DB132/Diablo 5.7-liter /12 M5 9/ Minicompact Porsche 928 S4 5.0-liter /8 M5 13 Subcompact Engine Description Engine Description Model Size/No. Cylinders Trans. Ci 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Subcompact Rolls Royce: Corniche III 6.8-liter /8 A3 10 Bentley Continental 6.8-liter /8 A3 10 Compact BMW M5 3.5-liter /6 M5 11 Mid-size Rolls Royce: Silver Spirit 6.8-liter /8 A3 10 Engine Description Engine Description Model Size/No. Cylinders Trans. Ci 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Bentley TurboR 6.8-liter /8 A3 10 Bentley 8. Mulsanne S 6.8-liter /8 A3 10 Large Cadillac Brougham 5.0-liter /8 L4 16 Small Station Wag. Toyota Camry Wagon 2.5-liter /6 L4 18 Mid-Size Station Wag. Engine Description Engine Description Model Size/No. Cylinders Trans. Ci 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mid-Size Station Wag. Mercedes 300TE-4MATIC 3.0-liter /6 A4 16 Large Station Wag. General Motors Caprice Wagon 5.0-liter /8 L4 26 Custom Cruiser 5.0-liter /8 L4 16 Roadmaster 5.0-liter /8 L4 16 Fuel economy estimates for 1991 model-year vehicles rank the 1,875-pound subcompact Geo Metro XFI as the most fuel efficient car at 53 miles per gallon (mpg) for city driving and 58 mpg on the highway. The car is made by Suzuki and sold by General Motors. The Lamborghini DB132/Diablo receives the lowest fuel economy rating of 9 mpg city/14 mpg highway, and purchasers will pay a $3,200 gas guzzler tax. MPG ratings appear on window stickers of all new cars prior to sale. By choosing models that obtain fuel economies of just one mile per gallon more than the average for each vehicle class, the Environmental Protection Agency says, consumers could save more than $400 in fuel costs over the life of the vehicle. *Transmission Types: M5=Manual 5-speed; A3=Automatic 3-speed; L4=Automatic w lockup feature. VITAL STATISTICS National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Births According to provisional statistics for the first quarter of 1990, there were 986,000 live births, 5 percent more than the estimated number reported for the same 3-month period in 1989 (937,000). The birth rate (16.0) was 4 percent above the rate for the first quarter of 1989 (15.4); the fertility rate (68.2) was 5 percent higher than the rate for the comparable period in 1989 (65.2). During the 12 months ending with March 1990, there were an estimated 4,070,000 live births, 4 percent more than the number reported for the comparable period ending a year earlier (3,912,000). The birth rate was 16.3, 3 percent above the rate for the 12 months ending with March 1989 (15.9). Marriages The total number of marriages for the first quarter of 1990 was 422,000. The marriage rate was 6.8 per 1,000 population, 3 percent above the rate for the first quarter of 1989 (6.6). Marriage rates for the first quarter of the year typically are lower than rates for the rest of the year. During the 12 months ending with March 1990, an estimated 2,423,000 couples married, an increase of 48,000 over the number who married during the previous 12-month period. The marriage rate for the 12 months ending with March 1990 was 9.7 per 1,000 population, compared with 9.6 for the previous 12-month period. Divorces A total of 299,000 couples divorced during the first quarter of 1990. The divorce rate was 4.9 per 1,000 population, 4 percent above the rate for the first quarter of 1989 (4.7). During the 12 months ending with March 1990, an estimated 1,177,000 couples divorced. The divorce rate was 4.7 per 1,000 population, a decline from 4.8 during the comparable period a year earlier. Deaths According to provisional statistics, there were 586,000 deaths during the first quarter of 1990, 2 percent more than for the first quarter of 1989 (574,000). The death rate was 9.5 per 1,000 population, 1 percent higher than the Jan.-March 1989 rate. Among the 586,000 deaths for the first quarter of 1990, were 9,900 deaths at ages under 1 year, yielding an infant mortality rate of 9.8 per 1,000 live births, 5 percent lower than the rate of 10.3 for the first quarter of 1989. The death rate for the 12 months ending with March 1990 (8.7 deaths per 1,000 population) was the same as the rate for the comparable 12-month period a year earlier. The infant mortality rate for this 12-month-period was 9.6 per 1,000 live births, 2 percent lower than the rate of 9.8 for the 12 months ending with March 1989. Provisional Statistics 12 months ending with March 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Number Number Rate* Rate* 1990 1989 1990 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Live births 4,070,000 3,923,000 16.3 15.9 Deaths 2,167,000 2,152,000 8.7 8.7 Natural increase 1,903,000 1,771,000 7.6 7.2 Marriages 2,423,000 2,375,000 9.7 9.6 Divorces 1,177,000 1,192,000 4.7 4.8 Infant deaths 38,900 38,400 9.6 9.8 Population base(in millions) 249.0 246.3 *Per 1,000 population Note: Rates are based on the 1980 Census of Population. Annual Report for the Year 1989 (Provisional Statistics) Highlights The provisional number of live births in 1989 was higher than the number reported in 1988, and was the largest number reported since 1964. The birth rate and the fertility rate also increased in 1989 and were the highest since 1982. In 1989 the provisional number of marriages was 2,404,000, an increase of 1 percent over 2,389,000 in 1989. The marriage rate remained the same as in 1988 (9.7). The number of divorces decreased by 20,000 from 1988 to 1989 (1,183,000 to 1,163,000) and the divorce rate dropped 2 percent, from 4.8 to 4.7. Births During 1989 an estimated 4,021,000 babies were born in the United States, 3 percent more than in 1988 (3,913,000). This was the largest number reported since 1964. The birth rate was 16.2 per 1,000 total population, 2 percent above the rate for 1988 (15.9). The fertility rate was 68.8 live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years, 2 percent higher than 1988 (67.3) rate. The birth and fertility rates, which increased dramatically in the 1940's and 1950's, followed by rapid declines in the 1960's and early 1970's, have been fairly steady since 1975. The current birth and fertility rates are the highest since 1982. The 3-percent number of births increase in the general fertility rate between 1988 and 1989 is the result of a 2-percent increase in the fertility rate and of less than a 1-percent increase in the number of women in the childbearing ages. Within the childbearing ages, the number of women 15-29 years declined, while the number of women 30-44 years increased, which suggests an increase in some age-specific birth rates. Deaths The provisional count of deaths in the United States during 1989 totaled 2,155,000, about 16,000 fewer than in 1988. The provisional death rate of 8.7 deaths per 1,000 population was 1 percent lower than the provisional rate for 1988 (8.8). The infant mortality rate for 1989 was 9.7 per 1,000 live births, compared with the rate of 9.9 for 1988. It was the lowest rate ever recorded in the U.S. Marriages and Divorces The number of marriages in 1989 was 2,404,000, 1 percent more than in 1988. The national marriage rate remained relatively stable compared with 1988, increasing 1 percent. The marriage rate per 1,000 population for 1989 was identical to the 1988 rate. According to provisional data, 1,163,000 couples were divorced during 1989, 20,000 fewer than in 1988. The divorce rate for 1989, 4.7 per 1,000 population, was a 2-percent drop from the rate for 1988. Births and Deaths in the U.S. 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Births Births Deaths Deaths Year Total number Rate Total number Rate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1955 4,097,000 25.0 1,528,717 9.3 1960 4,257,850 23.7 1,711,982 9.5 1965 3,760,358 19.4 1,828,136 9.4 1970 3,731,386 18.4 1,921,031 9.5 1975 3,144,198 14.6 1,892,879 8.8 1980 3,612,258 15.9 1,986,000 8.7 1985 3,749,000 15.7 2,084,000 8.7 1989 4,021,000 16.2 2,155,000 8.7 Refers only to events occurring within the U.S., including Alaska and Hawaii beginning in 1960. Excludes fetal deaths. Rates per 1,000 population enumerated as of April 1 for 1960, and 1970; estimated as of July 1 for all other years. Beginning 1970 excludes births and deaths occurring to nonresidents of the U.S. Births and Deaths by States and Regions National Center for Health Statistics. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼� Births Births Births Births Deaths Deaths Deat 1988 1988 1989 1989 1988 1988 1989 Number Rate Number Rate Number Rate Numb 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� New England 195,022 15.0 202,027 15.5 121,658 9.4 117, Maine 15,961 13.2 16,842 13.8 11,331 9.4 11,0 New Hampshire 17,186 15.8 17,946 16.2 8,658 8.0 8,39 Vermont 8,538 15.3 7,920 14.0 5,267 9.5 4,50 Massachusetts 91,988 15.6 96,457 16.3 57,715 9.8 55,4 Rhode Island 14,481 14.6 15,302 15.3 9,930 10.0 9,75 Connecticut 46,868 14.5 47,560 14.7 28.757 8.9 28,1 Middle Atlantic 558,553 14.8 577,960 15.3 373,228 9.9 363, New York 277,291 15.5 291,145 16.2 174,299 9.7 169, New Jersey 114,118 14.8 116,554 15.1 71,773 9.3 69,3 Births Births Births Births Deaths Deaths Deat 1988 1988 1989 1989 1988 1988 1989 Number Rate Number Rate Number Rate Numb 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� New Jersey 114,118 14.8 116,554 15.1 71,773 9.3 69,3 Pennsylvania 167,144 13.9 170,261 14.1 127,156 10.6 124, East North Central 637,327 15.1 646,830 15.3 374,467 8.9 368, Ohio 165,258 15.2 162,793 14.9 100,625 9.3 98,2 Indiana 81,421 14.7 82,764 14.8 50,396 9.1 49,4 Illinois 180,526 15.5 186,500 16.0 101,165 8.7 100, Michigan 140,229 15.2 142,673 15.4 78,882 8.5 77,6 Wisconsin 69,893 14.4 72,100 14.8 43,399 8.9 42,6 West North Central 265,917 15.0 265,762 14.9 167,896 9.5 164, Minnesota 66,579 15.5 66,593 15.3 35,246 8.2 34,4 Iowa 38,506 13.6 37,241 13.1 27,753 9.8 25,2 Missouri 75,844 14.8 80,126 15.5 54,495 10.6 55,6 North Dakota 11,433 17.1 10,862 16.5 6,055 9.1 5,86 South Dakota 11,297 15.8 10,991 15.4 6,564 9.2 6,53 Nebraska 24,363 15.2 24,317 15.1 15,123 9.4 15,2 Kansas 37,895 15.2 35,632 14.2 22,660 9.1 21,5 South Atlantic 655,130 15.4 678,872 15.7 390,957 9.2 395, Births Births Births Births Deaths Deaths Deat 1988 1988 1989 1989 1988 1988 1989 Number Rate Number Rate Number Rate Numb 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� South Atlantic 655,130 15.4 678,872 15.7 390,957 9.2 395, Delaware 10,915 16.5 11,492 17.1 5,866 8.9 5,96 Maryland 68,412 14.8 67,550 14.4 37,789 8.2 38,0 District of Columbia 19,290 31.3 22,549 37.3 8,972 14.5 9,86 Virginia 90,498 15.0 93,453 15.3 46,984 7.8 46,3 West Virginia 22,585 12.0 23,079 12.4 19,649 10.5 19,4 North Carolina 98,183 15.1 102,817 15.6 58,164 9.0 57,8 South Carolina 53,285 15.4 55,214 15.7 28,348 8.2 28,9 Georgia 107,108 16.9 109,905 17.1 52,815 8.3 53,7 Florida 184,854 15.0 192,813 15.2 132,370 10.7 133, East South Central 230,975 15.1 229,994 14.9 149,298 9.7 143, Kentucky 51,109 13.7 52,591 14.1 35,557 9.5 34,0 Tennessee 79,140 16.2 76,780 15.5 50,720 10.4 47,4 Alabama 59,611 14.5 58,360 14.2 39,016 9.5 37,4 Mississippi 41,115 15.7 42,263 16.1 24,005 9.2 24,3 West South Central 463,380 17.2 451,625 16.7 217,606 8.1 215, Arkansas 34,554 14.4 34,997 14.5 25,278 10.6 24,5 Births Births Births Births Deaths Deaths Deat 1988 1988 1989 1989 1988 1988 1989 Number Rate Number Rate Number Rate Numb 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Arkansas 34,554 14.4 34,997 14.5 25,278 10.6 24,5 Louisiana 75,170 17.1 68,813 15.7 38,640 8.8 36,2 Oklahoma 46,874 14.5 46,455 14.4 29,174 9.0 28,7 Texas 306,782 18.2 301,360 17.7 124,514 7.4 125, Mountain 235,526 17.7 235,645 17.4 96,664 7.3 96,6 Montana 11,356 14.1 11,394 14.1 6,736 8.4 6,68 Idaho 15,564 15.5 15,459 15.2 7,391 7.4 7,15 Wyoming 6,697 14.0 6,491 13.7 3,042 6.4 3,06 Colorado 53,014 16.1 52,863 15.9 21,712 6.6 21,7 New Mexico 27,438 18.2 27,324 17.9 10,476 7.0 10,5 Arizona 65,608 18.8 67,609 19.0 28,446 8.2 28,8 Utah 37,260 22.0 36,208 21.2 9,695 5.7 9,48 Nevada 18,589 17.6 18,297 16.5 9,166 8.7 9,09 Pacific 653,886 17.5 705,189 18.4 227,784 7.4 290, Washington 68,242 14.7 73,261 15.4 36,372 7.8 36,3 Oregon 41,305 14.9 43,835 15.5 24,868 9.0 27,4 California 514,247 18.2 557,003 19.2 208,161 7.4 217, Births Births Births Births Deaths Deaths Deat 1988 1988 1989 1989 1988 1988 1989 Number Rate Number Rate Number Rate Numb 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� California 514,247 18.2 557,003 19.2 208,161 7.4 217, Alaska 11,037 21.1 11,545 21.9 2,059 3.9 2,05 Hawaii 19,055 17.4 19,545 17.6 6,324 5.8 6,70 Infant Mortality Rates by Race and Sex National Center for Health Statistics 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴� All races All races All races White White White Black Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female Both sexes 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1960 26.0 29.3 22.6 22.9 26.0 19.6 44.3 All races All races All races White White White Black Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female Both sexes 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1960 26.0 29.3 22.6 22.9 26.0 19.6 44.3 1970 20.0 22.4 17.5 17.8 20.0 15.4 32.6 1980 12.6 13.9 11.2 11.0 12.3 9.6 21.4 1981 11.9 13.1 10.7 10.5 11.7 9.2 20.0 1982 11.5 12.8 10.2 10.1 11.2 8.9 19.6 1983 11.2 12.3 10.0 9.7 10.8 8.6 19.2 1984 10.8 11.9 9.6 9.4 10.5 8.3 18.4 1985 10.6 11.9 9.3 9.3 10.6 8.0 18.2 1986 10.4 11.5 9.1 8.9 10.0 7.8 18.0 1987 10.1 1.2 8.9 8.6 9.6 7.6 17.9 Estimated Death Rates for Selected Causes, 1988-89 Natl. Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Depart. of Health and Human Services 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴캠 Cause of death Rate*1988 Rate*p1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 All causes 884.2 862.0 Viral hepatitis 0.5 0.6 Tuberculosis, all forms 0.8 0.7 Septicemia 8.5 7.4 Syphilis 0.0 0.0 All other infectious and parasitic diseases 8.9 11.1 Malignant neoplasms, including neoplasms of 198.3 199.2 lymphatic andhematopoietic tissues Diabetes mellitus 16.2 18.5 Cause of death Rate*1988 Rate*p1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Diabetes mellitus 16.2 18.5 Meningitis 0.5 0.4 Major cardiovascular diseases 394.5 372.2 Diseases of heart 311.9 293.6 Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease 2.7 2.4 Hypertensive heart disease 8.3 8.2 Ischemic heart disease 208.0 198.6 Acute myocardial infarction 101.6 98.4 All other forms of heart disease 87.5 78.8 Hypertension 3.0 3.2 Cause of death Rate*1988 Rate*p1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hypertension 3.0 3.2 Cerebrovascular diseases 60.8 58.3 Artherosclerosis 9.6 7.6 Other diseases of arteries, arterioles, and 9.2 9.5 capillaries Acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis 0.3 0.2 Influenza and pneumonia 31.3 29.8 Influenza 0.8 0.5 Pneumonia 30.5 29.3 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 33.3 33.6 Cause of death Rate*1988 Rate*p1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Chronic and unspecified bronchitis 1.4 1.5 Emphysema 6.4 6.2 Asthma 1.9 1.9 Ulcer of stomach and duodenum 2.6 2.4 Hernia and intestinal obstruction 2.1 2.2 Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease 10.6 10.4 Cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and cholangitis 1.3 1.2 Nephritis, nephrosis and nephrotic syn. 9.2 8.7 Infections of kidney 0.6 0.5 Cause of death Rate*1988 Rate*p1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Hyperplasia of prostate 0.2 0.2 Congenital anomalies 5.2 5.1 Certain causes of mortality in early in-fancy 1.7 1.8 Symptoms, signs, ill-defined conditions 17.7 16.2 All other diseases 67.2 68.2 Accidents 38.9 37.2 Motor vehicle accidents 19.7 18.9 Suicide 11.9 12.3 Homicide 8.8 8.8 Cause of death Rate*1988 Rate*p1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  All other external causes 0.9 1.0 *Per 100,000 population; based on a 10-percent sample of deaths. from Jan. through Nov. pprovisional. Principal Types of Accidental Deaths National Safety Council 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year Motor vehicle Falls Drowning Fires, Burns Injestion of Food, Objec 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1970 54,633 16,926 7,860 6,718 2,753 Year Motor vehicle Falls Drowning Fires, Burns Injestion of Food, Objec 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1970 54,633 16,926 7,860 6,718 2,753 1975 45,853 14,896 8,000 6,071 3,106 1980 53,172 13,294 7,257 5,822 3,249 1982 45,779 12,077 6,351 5,210 3,254 1983 44,452 12,024 6,353 5,028 3,387 1985 45,901 12,001 5,316 4,938 3,551 1986 47,865 11,444 5,700 4,835 3,692 1987 48,290 11,733 5,100 4,710 3,688 1988 48,900 12,200 4,600 4,700 4,000 1989 46,900 12,400 4,600 4,400 3,900 Death rates per 100,000 population 露컴컴코컴컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1970 26.8 8.3 3.9 3.3 1.4 1.2 1.8 0.8 1975 21.3 6.9 3.7 2.8 1.4 1.1 2.2 0.7 1980 23.4 5.9 3.2 2.6 1.4 0.9 1.4 0.5 1982 19.7 5.2 2.7 2.2 1.4 0.8 1.4 0.5 1983 19.0 5.1 2.7 2.1 1.4 0.7 1.4 0.5 1985 19.2 5.0 2.2 2.1 1.5 0.7 1.7 0.5 1986 19.9 4.7 2.4 2.0 1.5 0.6 2.0 0.4 1987 19.8 4.8 2.1 1.9 1.5 0.6 1.8 0.4 1988 19.9 5.0 1.9 1.9 1.6 0.6 2.1 0.4 1989 18.9 5.0 1.9 1.8 1.6 0.6 2.3 0.4 U.S. Civil Aviation Accidents National Safety Council 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Accident Rates Accidents Accidents Per 100,000 Aircraft-Hour 1989 Total Fatal Deaths1 Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Large airlines 24 8 131 0.230 Commuter airlines 18 5 31 0.882 On-demand air taxis 110 23 80 3.83 General aviation 2,167 420 763 7.25 1Includes passengers, crew members and others. Transportation Accident Passenger Death Rates, 1988 National Safety Council 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴� Kind of transportation Passenger miles Passenger deaths Rate pe Kind of transportation Passenger miles Passenger deaths Rate pe (billions) miles 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Passenger automobiles 2,143.9 25,614 1.19 and taxis1 Buses 127.9 44 0.03 Intercity buses 23.1 6 0.03 Railroad passenger 12.8 2 0.02 trains Scheduled airlines 334.2 273 0.01 1Drivers of passenger automobiles are considered passengers. Ownership of Life Insurance in the U.S.and Assets of U.S. Life Insurance Companies American Council of Life Insurance Legal Reserve Life Insurance Companies (millions of dollars) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴� Purchase of life Purchase of life Purchase of life Purchase insurance insurance insurance insuranc Year Ordinary Group Industrial Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1940 6,689 691 3,350 10,730 1950 17,326 6,068 5,402 28,796 1960 52,883 14,645 6,880 74,408 1965 83,485 51,385* 7,296 142,166* 1970 122,820 63,690* 6,612 193,122* Purchase of life Purchase of life Purchase of life Purchase insurance insurance insurance insuranc Year Ordinary Group Industrial Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1970 122,820 63,690* 6,612 193,122* 1975 188,003 95,190* 6,729 289,922* 1980 385,575 183,418 3,609 572,602 1981 481,895 346,702* 2,517 831,114* 1982 585,444 250,532 1,898 837,874 1983 753,444 271,609 1,388 1,026,44 1984 820,315 293,521 943 1,114,77 1985 910,944 319,503 722 1,231,16 1986 933,592 374,741* 418 1,308,75 Purchase of life Purchase of life Purchase of life Purchase insurance insurance insurance insuranc Year Ordinary Group Industrial Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1986 933,592 374,741* 418 1,308,75 1987 986,660 365,529 324 1,352,51 1988 995,686 410,848 320 1,406,85 1989 1,020,719 420,707 252 1,441,67 *Includes Servicemen's Group Life Insurance $27.8 billion in 1965, $17.1 billion in 1970, $1.7 billion in 1975, $45.6 billion in 1981, and $51.0 in 1986, as well as $84.4 billion of Federal Employees' Group Life Insurance in 1981 and $10.8 billion in 1986. Accidental Deaths and Injuries by Severity of Injury National Safety Council 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴� 1989 Severity of injury Total* Motor vehicle Work Home 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Deaths* 94,500 46,900 10,400 22,500 Disabling injuries* 9,000,000 1,700,000 1,700,000 3,400,000 Permanent impairments 340,000 140,000 60,000 90,000 Temporary total disabilities 8,600,000 1,600,000 1,600,000 3,300,000 In 1989 accidental deaths were estimated to number 94,500, a decrease of 2,000 or 2 percent from the 1988 total. This was the eighth consecutive year that accidental deaths were estimated at less than 100,000. The death rate per 100,000 population was 39.8, down 3 percent from 1988. The rates for work and motor vehicle deaths in 1989 were the lowest on record. Certain Costs of Accidental Deaths or Injuries, 1989 (billions) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Total* $148.5 $72.2 $48.5 $18.2 $12.5 Wage loss 37.7 19.5 8.3 6.1 5.5 Medical expense 23.7 5.2 8.1 6.6 5.0 Insurance administration 28.4 20.7 6.1 0.9 0.7 *Duplication between motor vehicle, work, and home are eliminated in the total column. Home Accident Deaths National Safety Council 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴� Year Total home Falls Fires, burns2 Suffo., ingesting object Suffo., m 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1950 29,000 14,800 5,000 (1) 1,600 1955 28,500 14,100 5,400 (1) 1,250 1960 28,000 12,300 6,350 1,850 1,500 1965 28,500 11,700 6,100 1,300* 1,200 1970 27,000 9,700 5,600 1,800 1,100 1975 25,000 8,000 5,000 1,800 800 1980 22,800 7,100 4,800 2,000 500 1985 21,600 6,500 4,000 2,400 600 1987 21,400 6,300 3,900 2,500 600 1988 22,500 6,400 3,800 2,800 500 1989 22,500 6,600 3,300 2,700 700 *Data for this year and subsequent years not comparable with previous years due to classification changes. 1Included in Other. 2Includes deaths resulting from conflagration, regardless of nature of injury. 3Includes about 1,000 excessive deaths due to summer heat wave. Pedalcycle Accidents National Safety Council 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Percent of Deaths by Age Year Pedalcycles (millions) Deaths Death Rate1 0-14 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1940 7.8 750 9.59 48 1950 13.8 440 3.18 82 1960 28.2 460 1.63 78 1970 56.5 780 1.38 66 1980 82.3 1,200 1.46 35 1985 92.7 1,100 1.19 49 1987 100.2 1,0002 1.00 412 Percent of Deaths by Age Year Pedalcycles (millions) Deaths Death Rate1 0-14 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1987 100.2 1,0002 1.00 412 1988 100.7 900 0.89 35 1989 100.6 1,000 0.99 32 1Deaths per 100,000 pedalcycles. 2Data for 1987 and later are not comparable to prior years due to changes in estimating procedures. The 15 Leading Causes of Death, 1989 National Center for Health Statistics 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴� Rank Number Death rate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rank Number Death rate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1 All causes 1,957,000 2 Major cardiovascular diseases 844,830 3 Malignant neoplasms, inc. of lymphatic & hematopoletic 452,230 tissues 4 Cerebrovascular diseases 132,370 5 Accidents & adverse affects 84,420 6 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, allied conditions 76,150 7 Pneumonia 66,530 8 Motor vehicle accidents 43,050 9 Diabetes mellitus 41,970 Rank Number Death rate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  10 All other accidents & adverse affects 41,370 11 Symptoms, signs, ill-defined conditions 36,710 12 Suicide 27,800 13 Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 23,640 14 Homicide & legal intervention 19,930 15 Nephritis & nephrotic syndrome, & nephrosis 19,890 Note:Data are provisional, estimated from a 10-percent sample of deaths, from Jan. through Nov. Rates per 100,000 population. Accidental Death Rate Declines 21% in 1980s The death rate from accidents has dropped 21 percent in the last decade, according to the National Safety Council in Aug. 1990. Increased safety consciousness was cited in the 20 percent decrease in the rate of motor vehicle deaths, which have consistently made up almost half the total accidental deaths, as well as the 29 percent drop in the death rate from public accidents, including plane crashes, falls, and drownings, and the 16 percent drop in the death rate from home accidents, such as fires, falls, and poisonings. Living Arrangements of the Elderly, 1989 Bureau of the Census (Noninstitutional population. Numbers in thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코� 1989 1989 1989 Percent distribution Per 1989 1989 1989 Percent distribution Per Living arrangement and age Total Men Women Total Men 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 65 years and over 29,022 12,078 16,944 100.0 100 Living- Alone 8,851 1,916 6,935 30.5 15. With spouse 15,773 8,977 6,796 54.3 74. With other relatives 3,797 927 2,870 13.1 7.7 With nonrelatives only 601 258 343 2.1 2.1 65 to 74 years 17,747 7,880 9,867 100.0 100 Living- Alone 4,355 1,045 3,310 24.5 13. With spouse 11,252 6,176 5,075 63.4 78. With other relatives 1,832 502 1,331 10.3 6.4 With nonrelatives only 308 157 151 1.7 2.0 75 to 84 years 9,175 3,506 5,669 100.0 100 Living- Alone 3,509 645 2,864 38.2 18. With spouse 4,060 2,468 1,593 44.3 70. With other relatives 1,386 305 1,080 15.1 8.7 With nonrelatives only 220 88 132 2.4 2.5 1989 1989 1989 Percent distribution Per Living arrangement and age Total Men Women Total Men 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� With nonrelatives only 220 88 132 2.4 2.5 85 years and over 2,101 693 1,408 100.0 100 Living- Alone 987 226 760 47.0 32. With spouse 462 334 128 22.0 48. With other relatives 579 121 459 27.6 17. With nonrelatives only 73 12 61 3.5 1.7 Marriages and Divorces by States and Regions National Center for Health Statistics 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴� Marriages Marriages Marriages Marriages Divorces D Marriages Marriages Marriages Marriages Divorces D 1988 1988 1989 1989 1988 1 Number Rate Number Rate Number R 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� New England 116,059 9.0 117,905 9.0 44,558 3 Maine 12,487 10.4 12,420 10.2 5,763 4 New Hampshire 11,270 10.4 11,260 10.2 4,755 4 Vermont 6,486 11.6 6,016 10.6 2,748 4 Massachusetts 49,981 8.5 53,370 9.0 17,244 2 Rhode Island 8,379 8.4 8,235 8.3 3,785 3 Connecticut 27,456 8.5 26,604 8.2 10,263 3 Middle Atlantic 314,638 8.4 307,924 8.2 130,828 3 New York1 165,421 9.2 161,834 9.0 64,571 3 New Jersey 61,052 7.9 60,182 7.8 26,897 3 Pennsylvania 88,165 7.3 85,908 7.1 39,360 3 East North Central 343,963 8.2 355,003 8.4 153,086 4 Ohio 97,334 9.0 98,136 9.0 49,778 4 Indiana 51,874 9.3 55,119 9.9 - - Illinois 79,100 6.8 83,718 7.2 46,433 4 Michigan 74,150 8.0 77,558 8.4 39,887 4 Wisconsin 41,505 8.5 40,472 8.3 16,978 3 Marriages Marriages Marriages Marriages Divorces D 1988 1988 1989 1989 1988 1 Number Rate Number Rate Number R 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wisconsin 41,505 8.5 40,472 8.3 16,978 3 West North Central 155,858 8.8 157,677 8.8 77,487 4 Minnesota 33,481 7.8 34,325 7.9 14,945 3 Iowa 25,006 8.8 24,266 8.5 10,761 3 Missouri 49,867 9.7 51,147 9.9 24,864 4 North Dakota 4,923 7.4 4,835 7.3 2,371 3 South Dakota 7,262 10.2 7,100 9.9 2,657 3 Nebraska 12,349 7.7 12,703 7.9 6,379 4 Kansas 22,970 9.2 23,301 9.3 15,510 6 South Atlantic 454,498 10.7 446,779 10.4 218,983 5 Delaware 5,616 8.5 5,940 8.8 2,972 4 Maryland 44,064 9.5 47,344 10.1 16,439 3 District of Columbia 4,947 8.0 4,795 7.9 3,610 5 Virginia 69,022 11.5 68,868 11.3 26,065 4 West Virginia 14,400 7.7 13,354 7.2 9,149 4 North Carolina 51,664 8.0 50,590 7.7 32,367 5 South Carolina 54,339 15.7 54,335 15.5 14,637 4 Marriages Marriages Marriages Marriages Divorces D 1988 1988 1989 1989 1988 1 Number Rate Number Rate Number R 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� South Carolina 54,339 15.7 54,335 15.5 14,637 4 Georgia 73,330 11.6 63,108 9.8 35,709 5 Florida 137,116 11.1 138,445 10.9 78,035 6 East South Central 188,658 12.3 181,321 11.8 88,086 5 Kentucky 49,910 13.4 50,208 13.5 20,456 5 Tennessee 69,354 14.2 65,005 13.2 31,990 6 Alabama 44,546 10.9 41,817 10.2 23,411 5 Mississippi 24,848 9.5 24,291 9.3 12,229 4 West South Central 276,138 10.3 281,746 10.4 134,464 6 Arkansas 34,820 14.5 34,612 14.4 16,675 7 Louisiana 33,870 7.7 38,990 8.9 - - Oklahoma 32,923 10.2 33,112 10.3 23,048 7 Texas 174,525 10.4 175,032 10.3 94,741 5 Mountain 240,308 18.0 240,807 17.9 87,751 6 Montana 6,765 8.4 6,698 8.3 4,074 5 Idaho 11,213 11.2 13,082 12.9 6,058 6 Wyoming 4,696 9.8 4,624 9.7 3,307 6 Marriages Marriages Marriages Marriages Divorces D 1988 1988 1989 1989 1988 1 Number Rate Number Rate Number R 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wyoming 4,696 9.8 4,624 9.7 3,307 6 Colorado 31,536 9.6 31,680 9.6 18,792 5 New Mexico3,4 13,025 8.6 12,746 8.3 7,943 5 Arizona1 35,737 10.2 35,738 10.1 24,940 7 Utah 16,611 9.8 18,642 10.9 7,824 4 Nevada 120,725 114.5 117,597 106.3 14,813 1 Pacific 319,810 8.6 325,059 8.5 186,112 5 Washington 44,042 9.5 43,684 9.2 26,436 5 Oregon 22,581 8.2 23,485 8.3 14,891 5 California 229,983 8.1 234,120 8.1 136,076 4 Alaska 5,803 11.1 5,786 11.0 3,633 6 Hawaii 17,401 15.8 17,984 16.2 5,076 4 1Figures for marriages are marriage licenses issued for some counties; 2Excludes figures for state shown below as not available; 3Figures for marriages are marriage licenses issued; 4Figures for divorces include estimates for some counties. Notes: Data are by State of occurrence, not residence. Figures reflect revisions. Marriages, Divorces, and Rates in the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Marriages1 Marriages1 Divorces2 Divorces2 Year No. Rate No. Rate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1895 620,000 8.9 40,387 0.6 1900 709,000 9.3 55,751 0.7 1905 842,000 10.0 67,976 0.8 1910 948,166 10.3 83,045 0.9 1915 1,007,595 10.0 104,298 1.0 1920 1,274,476 12.0 170,505 1.6 1925 1,188,334 10.3 175,449 1.5 Marriages1 Marriages1 Divorces2 Divorces2 Year No. Rate No. Rate 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1925 1,188,334 10.3 175,449 1.5 1930 1,126,856 9.2 195,961 1.6 1935 1,327,000 10.4 218,000 1.7 1940 1,595,879 12.1 264,000 2.0 1945 1,612,992 12.2 485,000 33.5 1950 1,667,231 11.1 385,144 2.6 1955 1,531,000 9.3 377,000 2.3 1960 1,523,000 8.5 393,000 2.2 1965 1,800,000 9.3 479,000 2.5 1970 2,158,802 10.6 708,000 3.5 1975 2,152,662 10.0 1,036,000 4.8 1980 2,413,000 10.6 1,182,000 5.2 1985 2,425,000 10.2 1,187,000 5.0 1989 2,404,000 9.7 1,163,000 4.7 Data refer only to events occurring within the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii beginning with 1960. Rates per 1,000 population. 1Includes estimates and marriage licenses for some states for all years. 2Includes reported annulments. 3Divorce rates for 1945 based on population including armed forces overseas. Median Age at First Marriage, 1890-1989 Bureau of the Census 露컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Men Women 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1890 26.1 22.0 1900 25.9 21.9 1910 25.1 21.6 1920 24.6 21.2 1930 24.3 21.3 1940 24.3 21.5 1950 22.8 20.3 Year Men Women 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1950 22.8 20.3 1955 22.6 20.2 1960 22.8 20.3 1965 22.8 20.6 1970 23.2 20.8 1975 23.5 21.1 1980 24.7 22.0 1985 25.5 23.3 1988 25.9 23.6 1989 26.2 23.8 Percent of Population Never Married, 1960-1989 Bureau of the Census 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴旼� Women Women Women Women Men Men Men Men 1960 1970* 1980 1989 1960 1970* 1980 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total, 15 years and over 17.3 22.1 22.5 23.0 23.2 28.1 29.6 30.1 Under 40 years 28.1 38.5 38.8 40.6 39.6 47.7 48.8 50.8 40 years and over 7.5 6.2 5.1 5.2 7.6 7.4 5.7 6.2 15-17 years 93.2 97.3 97.0 98.6 98.8 99.4 99.4 99.9 18 years 75.6 82.0 88.0 93.8 94.6 95.1 97.4 97.9 19 years 59.7 68.8 77.6 87.2 87.1 89.9 90.9 96.5 20-24 years 28.4 35.8 50.2 62.5 53.1 54.7 68.8 77.4 20 years 46.0 56.9 66.5 78.8 75.8 78.3 86.0 91.1 21 years 34.6 43.9 59.7 71.1 63.4 66.2 77.2 86.0 22 years 25.6 33.5 48.3 63.7 51.6 52.3 69.9 79.3 23 years 19.4 22.4 41.7 53.4 40.5 42.1 59.1 70.4 24 years 15.7 17.9 33.5 47.8 33.4 33.2 50.0 64.0 25-29 years 10.5 10.5 20.9 29.4 20.8 19.1 33.1 45.9 25 years 13.1 14.0 28.6 42.0 27.9 26.6 44.3 58.9 26 years 11.4 12.2 22.7 32.4 23.5 20.9 36.5 51.4 27 years 10.2 9.1 22.2 28.9 19.8 16.5 31.5 44.4 28 years 9.2 8.9 16.0 23.0 17.5 17.0 26.8 39.4 Women Women Women Women Men Men Men Men 1960 1970* 1980 1989 1960 1970* 1980 1989 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 28 years 9.2 8.9 16.0 23.0 17.5 17.0 26.8 39.4 29 years 8.7 8.0 14.6 21.5 16.0 13.8 24.0 35.6 30-34 years 6.9 6.2 9.5 16.9 11.9 9.4 15.9 25.8 35-39 years 6.1 5.4 6.2 9.9 8.8 7.2 7.8 15.2 40-44 years 6.1 4.9 4.8 6.3 7.3 6.3 7.1 8.3 45-54 years 7.0 4.9 4.7 5.4 7.4 7.5 6.1 6.7 55-64 years 8.0 6.8 4.5 4.4 8.0 7.8 5.3 5.6 65 years and over 8.5 7.7 5.9 5.0 7.7 7.5 4.9 4.7 *Figures for 1970 include persons 14 years of age. Divorced Persons Per 1,000 Married Persons With Spouse Present, 1960-1988 Bureau of the Census 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Race Race Race Race Total White Black Hispanic1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Both sexes: 1988 133 124 263 137 1980 100 92 203 98 1970 47 44 83 61 1960 35 33 62 (NA) Male: 1988 110 102 216 106 1980 79 74 149 64 1970 35 32 62 40 1960 28 27 45 (NA) Female: 1988 156 146 311 167 1980 120 110 258 132 1970 60 56 104 81 1960 42 38 78 (NA) NA-Not available. 1Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Children Involved in Divorces, 1950-1987 Bureau of the Census 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴� Year Estimated # of children involved Avg. # of children per decree Rate p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1987 1,038,000 0.89 16.3 1986 1,064,000 0.90 16.8 1985 1,091,000 0.92 17.3 1984 1,081,000 0.92 17.2 1983 1,091,000 0.94 17.4 1982 1,108,000 0.94 17.6 1981 1,180,000 0.97 18.7 1980 1,174,000 0.98 17.3 Year Estimated # of children involved Avg. # of children per decree Rate p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1980 1,174,000 0.98 17.3 1979 1,181,000 1.00 18.4 1978 1,147,000 1.01 17.7 1977 1,095,000 1.00 16.7 1976 1,117,000 1.03 16.9 1975 1,123,000 1.08 16.7 1974 1,099,000 1.12 16.2 1973 1,079,000 1.17 15.7 1972 1,021,000 1.20 14.7 1971 946,000 1.22 13.6 1970 870,000 1.22 12.5 1969 840,000 1.31 11.9 1968 784,000 1.34 11.1 1967 701,000 1.34 9.9 1966 669,000 1.34 9.5 1965 630,000 1.32 8.9 1964 613,000 1.36 8.7 1963 562,000 1.31 8.2 1962 532,000 1.29 7.9 Year Estimated # of children involved Avg. # of children per decree Rate p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1962 532,000 1.29 7.9 1961 516,000 1.25 7.8 1960 463,000 1.18 7.2 1959 468,000 1.18 7.5 1958 398,000 1.08 6.5 1957 379,000 0.99 6.4 1956 361,000 0.95 6.3 1955 347,000 0.92 6.3 1954 341,000 0.90 6.4 1953 330,000 0.85 6.4 1952 318,000 0.81 6.2 1951 304,000 0.80 6.1 1950 299,000 0.78 6.3 Note: Data refer to divorces and annulments in the U.S., involving children under 18 years at age. Beginning in 1960, estimates are made from frequencies based on sample data; for 1950-59, estimates are made from total counts. Births to Unmarried Women, 1988 National Center for Health Statistics 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코� Number Number Number Rate per 1,000 Rat unmarried1women in unm specified group spe Age of mother All races White Black All races Whi 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� All ages 1,005,299 539,696 426,665 38.61 26. Under 15 years 9,907 3,522 6,111 -- -- 15-19 years 312,499 168,641 133,419 36.8 24. 15 years 22,456 10,105 11,702 877.0 785 Number Number Number Rate per 1,000 Rat unmarried1women in unm specified group spe Age of mother All races White Black All races Whi 15 years 22,456 10,105 11,702 877.0 785 16 years 44,101 22,535 20,168 26.5 17. 17 years 69,580 37,861 29,429 725.8 615 18 years 85,659 47,577 35,100 52.7 36. 19 years 90,703 50,563 37,020 538.7 426 20-24 years 350,905 186,598 151,308 56.7 38. 25-29 years 196,365 105,218 82,825 48.1 33. 30-34 years 94,874 51,596 38,724 31.7 22. 35-39 years 34,408 20,109 12,358 14.9 11. Number Number Number Rate per 1,000 Rat unmarried1women in unm specified group spe Age of mother All races White Black All races Whi 35-39 years 34,408 20,109 12,358 14.9 11. 40 years and over 6,341 4,012 1,920 3.22 2.6 1Rates computed by relating total births to unmarried mothers, regardless of age of mother, to unmarried women aged 15-44 years. 2Rates computed by relating births to unmarried mothers aged 40 years and over to unmarried women aged 40-44 years. Note: For 42 States and the District of Columbia, marital status of mother is reported on the birth certificate; for 8 States, mother's marital status is inferred. Average Family Size, 1940-1989 Bureau of the Census 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1940 3.76 1950 3.54 1955 3.59 1960 3.67 1965 3.70 1970 3.58 1975 3.54 1980 3.29 1985 3.23 1986 3.21 1987 3.19 1988 3.17 1989 3.16 Adults in Unmarried-Couple Households, 1989 Bureau of the Census (Numbers in thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴� Married Married Male partner Total Never married Separated Other Widowed Divorc 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total 2,764 1,574 136 6 126 921 Never married 1,661 1,206 62 3 33 357 Married: Separated 146 53 33 - 14 46 Other 14 5 1 - - 8 Widowed 73 12 1 3 36 21 Divorced 869 298 39 - 43 489 Percent 100.0 56.9 4.9 0.2 4.6 33.3 Never married 60.1 43.6 2.2 0.1 1.2 12.9 Married: Separated 5.3 1.9 1.2 - 0.5 1.7 Other 0.5 0.2 - - - 0.3 Married Married Male partner Total Never married Separated Other Widowed Divorc 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Other 0.5 0.2 - - - 0.3 Widowed 2.6 0.4 - 0.1 1.3 0.8 Divorced 31.4 10.8 1.4 - 1.6 17.7 -- Represents zero. Young Adults Living with Their Parents, 1989 Bureau of the Census (Numbers in thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴� 18 to 24 years old 18 to 24 years old 18 to 24 Characteristic Total Men Women 18 to 24 years old 18 to 24 years old 18 to 24 Characteristic Total Men Women 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total persons 25,629 12,574 13,055 Son/daughter of householder 13,449 7,308 6,141 Percent of total 52.5 58.1 47.0 With own children 606 63 543 Son/daughter of householder 13,449 7,308 6,141 Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 Never married 97.3 98.0 96.6 Married, spouse present 1.2 1.0 1.4 Married, spouse absent 0.8 0.6 1.2 Widowed - - - Divorced 0.7 0.5 0.8 - Represents zero. Children Living with Grandparents, 1970-1989 Bureau of the Census (Numbers in thousands) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴� 1989 1989 1989 1989 Living arrangement Total White Black Hispanic1 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total children under 18 63,637 51,134 9,835 6,973 63,427 69,16 Grandchildren of householder 2,951 1,636 1,232 360 2,306 2,214 Percent of total 4.6 3.2 12.5 5.2 3.6 3.2 With both parents present 409 345 44 71 310 363 With mother only present 1,556 829 691 182 922 817 With father only present 104 65 31 15 86 78 With neither parent present 882 397 465 92 988 957 Grandchildren of householder 2,951 1,636 1,232 360 2,306 2,214 Percent 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 With both parents present 13.9 21.1 3.6 19.7 13.4 16.4 With mother only present 52.7 50.7 56.1 50.6 40.0 36.9 With father only present 3.5 4.0 2.5 4.2 3.7 3.5 1989 1989 1989 1989 Living arrangement Total White Black Hispanic1 1980 1970 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� With father only present 3.5 4.0 2.5 4.2 3.7 3.5 With neither parent present 29.9 24.3 37.7 25.6 42.8 43.2 1Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Living Arrangements of Children, 1960-1989 Bureau of the Census (Numbers in thousands. Excludes persons under age 18 who were maintaining households or family groups.) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼� % distribution % di Living arrangement 1989 1980 1970 1960 1989 1980 % distribution % di Living arrangement 1989 1980 1970 1960 1989 1980 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� All Races Children under 18 years 63,637 63,427 69,162 63,727 100.0 100. Living with-- Two parents 46,549 48,624 58,939 55,877 73.1 76.7 One parent 15,493 12,466 8,199 5,829 24.3 19.7 Mother only 13,700 11,406 7,452 5,105 21.5 18.0 Father only 1,793 1,060 748 724 2.8 1.7 Other relatives 1,341 1,949 1,547 1,601 2.1 3.1 Nonrelatives only 254 388 477 420 0.4 0.6 Black--1 Children under 18 years 9,835 9,375 9,422 8,650 100.0 100. Living with-- Two parents 3,738 3,956 5,508 5,795 38.0 42.2 One parent 5,362 4,297 2,996 1,897 54.5 45.8 Mother only 5,023 4,117 2,783 1,723 51.1 43.9 Father only 339 180 213 173 3.4 1.9 Other relatives 660 999 820 827 6.7 10.7 Nonrelatives only 75 123 97 132 0.8 1.3 % distribution % di Living arrangement 1989 1980 1970 1960 1989 1980 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nonrelatives only 75 123 97 132 0.8 1.3 Hispanic--2 Children under 18 years 6,973 5,459 4,0063 NA 100.0 100. Living with-- Two parents 4,673 4,116 3,111 NA 67.0 75.4 One parent 2,129 1,152 NA NA 30.5 21.1 Mother only 1,940 1,069 NA NA 27.8 19.6 Father only 189 83 NA NA 2.7 1.5 Other relatives 142 183 NA NA 2.0 3.4 Nonrelatives only 29 8 NA NA 0.4 0.1 NA = Not available. 1Black and other races for 1960. 2Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. 3All persons under 18 years. Persons Not Covered by Health Insurance Bureau of the Census (Numbers in thousands; monthly average, fourth quarter 1988) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴� Not covered by health insurance Not cover Characteristic Total Number Percent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� All persons 243,094 31,507 13.0 Age Less than 16 years 56,591 8,633 15.3 0-4 years 18,319 3,014 16.5 5-9 years 18,321 2,874 15.7 10-15 years 19,952 2,745 13.8 16-24 years 32,988 7,240 21.9 25-34 years 43,262 7,017 16.2 35-44 years 35,675 3,992 11.2 45-54 years 24,159 2,530 10.5 55-64 years 21,637 2,003 9.3 65 years and over 28,782 91 0.3 Not covered by health insurance Not cover Characteristic Total Number Percent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 65 years and over 28,782 91 0.3 Race and Hispanic origin White 205,408 24,072 11.7 Black 29,775 6,028 20.2 Hispanic origin1 19,825 5,249 26.5 1Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Inpatient Surgeries National Center for Health Statistics (Data are for non-federal short-stay hospitals and exclude newborn infants) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴� Number in thousands Number in thousands Rate per populati 1988 1987 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� All surgical procedures 39,192 26,655 1,605.4 Nervous system 896 563 36.7 Endocrine system 111 109 4.5 Eye 547 497 22.4 Ear 198 176 8.1 Nose, mouth, and pharynx 820 930 33.6 Respiratory system 991 745 40.6 Cardiovascular system 3,626 2,978 148.5 Hemic and lymphatic 392 398 16.1 Number in thousands Number in thousands Rate per populati 1988 1987 1988 Hemic and lymphatic 392 398 16.1 system Digestive system 5,257 4,288 214.5 Urinary system 1,706 1,083 69.9 Male genital organs 633 747 25.9 Female genital organs 2,501 2,870 102.5 Obstetrical 6,042 5,358 247.5 Musculoskeletal system 3,143 3,313 128.8 Integumentary system 1,475 1,600 60.4 Chronic Conditions, 1987 National Center for Health Statistics; the most commonly reported chronic conditions among the general population; people with chronic conditions per 1,000 persons by age group. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴� Total Under 18 years 18-44 years 45-64 ye 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Chronic sinusitis 139.7 61.4 157.5 188.0 Arthritis 129.9 2.3 53.3 257.1 High blood pressure 121.5 2.3 64.7 257.8 Deformity/orthopedic impairment 111.6 28.8 131.4 150.9 Hay fever or allergic rhinitis 93.0 63.4 114.6 99.4 Hearing impairment 90.8 17.0 48.7 147.6 Heart disease 84.1 23.3 39.8 135.9 Chronic bronchitis 49.4 54.3 39.0 56.1 Total Under 18 years 18-44 years 45-64 ye 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Chronic bronchitis 49.4 54.3 39.0 56.1 Hemorrhoids 45.8 1.3 53.8 78.2 Asthma 41.2 49.9 38.7 34.8 Migraine headache 38.3 14.2 55.5 45.4 Dermatitis 37.5 34.9 42.5 36.1 Visual impairment 34.7 9.1 29.2 47.7 Varicose veins 31.7 - 26.6 56.8 Tinnitus 26.4 1.1 16.0 49.2 Diabetes 25.8 2.2 9.2 54.6 Average Length of Stay for Inpatients at Short-Stay Hospitals, 1988 National Center for Health Statistics; discharges from non-Federal hospitals, excluding newborn infants, 1988 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Selected characteristic Both sexes Male Average length of stay in days Average length of st 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� All patients 6.5 7.1 Age Under 15 years 5.0 5.0 15-44 years 4.7 6.3 45-64 years 6.8 6.8 65 years and over 8.9 8.6 Region Northeast 7.7 8.1 Midwest 6.4 6.7 South 6.2 6.8 West 5.8 6.8 U.S. Health Expenditures, 1960-1988 Health Care Financing Administration, Office of the Actuary (amount in billions) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코� Type of expenditure 1960 1965 197 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total $27.1 $41.6 $74 Health services and supplies 25.4 38.2 69. Personal health care 23.9 35.6 64. Hospital care 9.3 14.0 27. Physicians' services 5.3 8.2 13. Dentists' services 2.0 2.8 4.7 Other professional services 0.6 0.9 1.5 Type of expenditure 1960 1965 197 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Home health care 0.0 0.1 0.1 Drugs and other medical nondurables 4.2 5.9 8.8 Vision products and other medical durables 0.8 1.2 2.0 Nursing home care 1.0 1.7 4.9 Other personal health care 0.7 0.8 1.4 Program administration and net cost of privatehealth 1.2 1.9 2.8 insurance Government public health activities 0.4 0.6 1.4 Research and construction 1.7 3.5 5.3 Research1 0.7 1.5 2.0 Type of expenditure 1960 1965 197 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Research1 0.7 1.5 2.0 Construction 1.0 1.9 3.4 Average annual % change from previous year shown 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코코컴컴코컴컴코� 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total 8.9 12.3 12. Health services and supplies 8.5 12.6 12. Personal health care 8.3 12.8 12. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Personal health care 8.3 12.8 12. Hospital care 8.6 14.7 13. Physicians' services 9.2 10.6 11. Dentists' services 7.3 10.8 12. Other professional services 7.4 11.8 18. Home health care 9.6 19.7 23. Drugs and other medical nondurables 6.8 8.4 8.1 Vision Products and other medical durables 9.0 10.1 8.8 Nursing home care 11.6 23.4 15. Other personal health care 3.5 10.7 14. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Program administration and net cost of private health 10.5 7.5 12. insurance Government public health activities 10.8 17.1 17. Research and construction 15.2 9.0 9.2 Research1 17.1 5.1 11. Construction 13.9 11.8 8.0 1Research and development expenditures of drug companies and other manufacturers and providers of medical equipment and supplies are excluded from "research expenditures," but they are included in the expenditure class in which the product falls. Average Annual Number of Contacts with Physicians National Center for Health Statistics; data based on household interviews of civilian noninstitutionalized population, 1985-1987. (Number per person per year) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴� Characteristic All ages All ages Under 18 years Under 18 years All family incomes White Black White Black 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total1 5.5 4.7 4.5 2.8 Sex Male 4.6 3.9 4.5 2.9 Female 6.3 5.4 4.5 2.8 Family income Less than $10,000 7.2 5.5 4.4 3.2 $10,000-$19,999 5.6 4.6 4.1 2.5 $20,000-$34,999 5.3 4.3 4.7 2.8 Characteristic All ages All ages Under 18 years Under 18 years All family incomes White Black White Black 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� $20,000-$34,999 5.3 4.3 4.7 2.8 $35,000 or more 5.2 4.6 5.0 3.3 Poverty status In poverty 6.1 5.0 3.9 3.1 Not in poverty 5.5 4.7 4.7 2.8 Employment status2 Employed 4.6 4.3 - - Unemployed 4.7 4.5 - - Not in labor force 8.4 8.4 - - Education2 Less than 12 years 6.6 6.5 - - 12 years 5.6 4.8 - - More than 12 years 5.6 5.6 - - Geographic region Northeast 5.3 4.9 4.5 2.9 Midwest 5.6 5.5 4.7 3.4 South 5.3 4.3 4.6 2.6 West 5.9 5.2 4.3 3.5 Characteristic All ages All ages Under 18 years Under 18 years All family incomes White Black White Black 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� West 5.9 5.2 4.3 3.5 Place of residence MSA 5.6 4.9 4.7 2.9 Central city 5.9 5.1 4.6 3.0 Not central city 5.4 4.4 4.7 2.9 Not MSA 5.2 3.9 4.1 2.4 Marital status2 Married, spouse present 5.6 5.4 - - No spouse present3 8.0 8.0 - - Never married 4.6 4.2 - - 1Unknowns for any characteristic are included in total. 2Persons age 18 and over. 3Includes married, separated, divorced, and widowed. Physicians by Age, Sex, and Selected Specialties American Medical Association, Jan. 1, 1988 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total Physicians* Total Physicians* Under 35 yrs. Male Female Male 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total Physicians 482,490 86,670 103,735 Anesthesiology 20,069 4,189 5,654 Cardiovascular Disease 14,361 771 2,876 Dermatology 5,705 1,336 830 Diagnostic Radiology 12,382 2,146 3,921 Emergency Medicine 11,180 1,745 2,986 Family Practice 37,882 7,062 11,615 Gastroenterology 6,510 358 1,376 General Practice 22,014 2,381 771 General Surgery 35,642 2,150 9,707 Internal Medicine 77,634 17,040 24,216 Neurology 7,359 1,304 1,688 Obstetrics/Gynecology 25,644 6,634 4,487 Total Physicians* Total Physicians* Under 35 yrs. Male Female Male 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Obstetrics/Gynecology 25,644 6,634 4,487 Ophthalmology 14,205 1,376 2,793 Orthopedic Surgery 17,886 348 4,373 Otolaryngology 7,451 361 1,519 Pathology-Anat./Clin. 12,685 3,527 2,199 Pediatrics 24,199 14,032 6,160 Plastic surgery 4,085 271 546 Psychiatry 26,304 7,375 3,812 Pulmonary Diseases 5,324 452 1,117 Radiology 7,665 710 362 Urological Surgery 9,037 118 1,586 Other 5,565 817 381 Unspecified 4,282 1,190 2,265 *Includes those 65 years and over, those living in U.S. possessions, APO's and FPO's, and those with addresses unknown. Estimated Cost of Cardiovascular Disease, 1991 According to the American Heart Association, the estimated cost of cardiovascular diseases in 1991 will be $101.2 billion: hospital and nursing home services, $64.7 billion; lost output due to disability, $16.2 billion; physician and nursing services, $14.9 billion; and medications, $5.4 billion. These estimates are an extrapolation from "Health Care Expenditures for Major Diseases in 1980," Health Care Financing Review. Mental Health Facilities U.S. Institute of Mental Health; Jan. 1987. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코� Inpatient beds Inpatient beds Inp Number of Total (1,000) Rate1 Tot facilities Inpatient beds Inpatient beds Inp Number of Total (1,000) Rate1 Tot facilities 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total 4,747 267.6 111.8 237 Mental hospitals State and county 285 119.0 49.7 111 Private2 751 54.7 22.9 47. General hospitals3 1,351 45.8 19.1 34. Veterans 139 26.9 11.2 24. Administration Free-standing 773 (x) (x) (x) psychiatric outpatient services Inpatient beds Inpatient beds Inp Number of Total (1,000) Rate1 Tot facilities 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Other4 1,448 21.2 8.9 20. X = not applicable. 1Rate per 100,000 population. 2Includes residential treatment centers for emotionally disturbed children. 3Non-federal hospitals with separate psychiatric services. 4Includes multiservice mental health facilities with 2 or more settings not elsewhere classified, and freestanding partial care organizations. Use of Family Planning Services, 1982 and 1988 National Center for Health Statistics 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� All Races All Races W Age and poverty level income 1988 1982 1 Age (Number in thousands) (Number in thousands) ( 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 15-44 years 57,900 54,099 4 15-19 9,179 9,521 7 20-24 9,413 10,629 7 25-29 10,796 10,263 8 30-34 10,930 9,381 9 35-39 9,583 7,893 7 40-44 7,999 6,412 6 Poverty level income 0-149 percent 13,561 13,843 9 150 percent or more 44,339 40,256 3 15-44 years 34.5 36.5 3 15-19 30.4 30.6 2 20-24 59.0 56.2 5 25-29 53.0 55.7 5 30-34 34.9 33.9 3 All Races All Races W Age and poverty level income 1988 1982 1 Age (Number in thousands) (Number in thousands) ( 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 30-34 34.9 33.9 3 35-39 17.0 19.4 1 40-44 6.0 7.0 5 Poverty level income 0-149 percent 36.2 40.0 3 150 percent or more 34.0 35.3 3 AIDS Deaths, 1988 and 1989 National Center for Health Statistics 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴� All races1 All races1 All races1 All races1 White Wh All races1 All races1 All races1 All races1 White Wh 1989 1989 1988 1988 1989 19 Sex and age Number Rate2 Number Rate2 Number Ra 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Both sexes All ages 21,360 8.6 16,210 6.6 14,730 7. Under 15 years 250 0.5 360 0.7 140 0. 15-24 years 500 1.4 680 1.8 320 1. 25-34 years 7,400 16.9 5,700 13.1 4,810 13 35-44 years 8,620 23.6 6,090 17.3 6,060 19 45-54 years 2,990 12.0 2,260 9.4 2,170 10 55 years and over 1,570 3.0 1,090 2.1 1,220 2. Not stated 20 - 10 - 10 - Age-adjusted rate - 8.3 - 6.5 - 6. Male All ages 19,060 15.8 14,300 11.9 13,750 13 Under 15 years 110 0.4 200 0.7 70 0. 15-24 years 420 2.3 570 3.0 270 1. 25-34 years 6,490 29.6 4,980 22.8 4,450 24 34-44 years 7,860 43.6 5,490 31.6 5,790 37 45-54 years 2,780 23.0 2,110 18.0 2,090 19 All races1 All races1 All races1 All races1 White Wh 1989 1989 1988 1988 1989 19 Sex and age Number Rate2 Number Rate2 Number Ra 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 45-54 years 2,780 23.0 2,110 18.0 2,090 19 55 years and over 1,390 6.1 930 4.1 1,070 5. Not stated 10 - 10 - 10 - Age adjusted rate - 15.0 - 11.5 - 12 Female All ages 2,300 1.8 1,910 1.5 970 0. Under 15 years 140 0.5 160 0.6 70 0. 15-24 years 80 0.4 110 0.6 50 0. 25-34 years 910 4.2 720 3.3 360 2. 35-44 years 760 4.1 600 3.4 270 1. 45-54 years 210 1.6 150 1.2 80 0. 55 years and over 180 0.6 160 0.5 140 0. Not stated 10 - - - - - Age-adjusted rate - 1.7 - 1.5 - 0. 1Includes races other than white and black. 2Figures for age not stated are inlcuded in "All ages" but are not distributed among age groups. Notes: AIDS = human immunodificiency virus infection. Data are provisional, estimated from a 10-percent sample of deaths. Rates per 100,000 population in specified group. Figures may differ from those previously published. Due to rounding of estimates, figures may not add to totals. Contraceptive Use, 1982 and 1988 National Center for Health Statistics 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴� Age, race, and marital status Number of women (in thousands) % Using any me 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1988 All women 15-44 yrs. 57,900 60.3 Age 15-24 18,592 45.7 25-34 21,726 66.3 Age, race, and marital status Number of women (in thousands) % Using any me 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 25-34 21,726 66.3 35-44 17,582 68.3 Race White 47,077 61.8 Black 7,679 56.7 Marital status Never married 21,058 41.9 Currently married 29,147 74.3 Formerly married 7,695 57.6 1982 All women 15-44 yrs. 54,099 55.7 Age 15-24 20,150 40.8 25-34 19,644 66.7 35-44 14,305 61.6 Race White 45,367 56.7 Black 6,985 52.0 Marital status Age, race, and marital status Number of women (in thousands) % Using any me 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Marital status Never married 19,164 35.3 Currently married 28,231 69.7 Formerly married 6,704 55.5 U.S. Crime Rate Up 1.4% in 1989 1989 Uniform Crime Reports, FBI The crime rate rose 1.4 percent in 1989, according to the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports. From 1988 to 1989, overall violent crime increased by 5 percent, and property crime increased by 2 percent. Overall, the number of crimes committed nationwide rose to 14.25 million in 1989. The rate of murders was up 3.6 percent; rape, up 1.3 percent; robbery, 5.5 percent; aggravated assault 3.6 percent; burglary, down 2.5 percent; larceny, up 1.2 percent; and auto theft, up 8.1 percent. The FBI urged caution in interpreting the figures. Crime Rates by Region, Geographic Division, and State, 1989 1989 Uniform Crime Reports, FBI(Per 100,000) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼� Area Total Violent crime1 Property crime2 Murder Rape 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� United States Total 5,741.0 663.1 5,077.9 8.7 38.1 Northeast 5.072.1 709.6 4,362.4 7.8 28.3 New England 4,854.1 494.8 4,359.3 4.4 28.6 Connecticut 5,270.0 511.8 4,758.2 5.9 27.5 Maine 3,583.6 137.2 3,446.5 3.2 18.7 Massachusetts 5,136.0 675.0 4,461.0 4.3 31.8 New Hampshire 3,596.2 168.5 3,427.7 3.3 29.5 Area Total Violent crime1 Property crime2 Murder Rape 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� New Hampshire 3,596.2 168.5 3,427.7 3.3 29.5 Rhode Island 5,224.8 378.0 4,846.9 4.9 26.7 Vermont 4,088.5 132.8 3,955.7 1.9 23.1 Middle Atlantic 5,147.3 783.9 4,363.4 9.0 28.2 New Jersey 5,269.4 609.0 4,660.4 5.1 31.7 New York 6,293.2 1,131.2 5,162.1 12.5 29.2 Pennsylvania 3,360.4 378.6 2,981.8 6.3 24.6 Midwest 4,948.8 528.3 4,420.5 6.6 39.0 East North Central 5,149.5 588.8 4,560.7 7.6 43.6 Illinois 5,639.2 845.9 4,793.3 9.0 35.7 Indiana 4,440.0 406.5 4,033.5 6.3 32.3 Michigan 5,968.3 709.2 5.259.2 10.7 71.4 Ohio 4,733.2 468.6 4,264.6 6.0 44.7 Wisconsin 4,164.8 222.6 3,942.2 3.6 20.4 West North Central 4,472.9 384.9 4,088.0 4.3 28.1 Iowa 4,081.4 266.3 3,815.1 1.9 16.2 Kansas 4,982.8 400.8 4,582.0 5.5 36.5 Minnesota 4,383.2 288.3 4,094.9 2.5 31.3 Missouri 5,127.1 632.6 4,494.6 7.9 30.8 Area Total Violent crime1 Property crime2 Murder Rape 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Missouri 5,127.1 632.6 4,494.6 7.9 30.8 Nebraska 4,091.6 279.5 3,812.1 2.5 23.6 North Dakota 2,560.9 63.2 2,497.7 .6 11.8 South Dakota 2,685.2 135.5 2,549.7 1.3 32.0 South 6,205.1 675.0 5,530.1 10.8 40.7 South Atlantic 6,425.0 767.8 5,657.2 11.0 40.7 Delaware 4,865.2 556.5 4,308.8 5.1 84.5 District of Columbia 10,293.4 2,141.9 8,151.5 71.9 30.8 Florida 8,804.5 1,109.4 7,695.1 11.1 49.7 Georgia 7,073.1 735.8 6,337.3 12.7 48.9 Maryland 5,562.6 855.4 4,707.2 11.6 38.0 North Carolina 5,253.8 546.4 4,707.4 8.9 29.9 South Carolina 5,619.2 813.7 4,805.6 9.1 46.5 Virginia 4,211.4 312.5 3,898.9 7.9 26.9 West Virginia 2,362.8 146.7 2,216.2 6.5 18.7 East South Central 4,084.8 473.2 3,611.6 9.0 35.6 Alabama 4,627.8 590.8 4,037.0 10.2 31.0 Kentucky 3,317.1 356.9 2,960.2 7.9 24.6 Mississippi 3,515.3 311.2 3,204.1 9.7 38.8 Area Total Violent crime1 Property crime2 Murder Rape 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mississippi 3,515.3 311.2 3,204.1 9.7 38.8 Tennessee 4,513.6 548.9 3,964.7 8.4 46.0 West South Central 7,063.8 642.1 6,421.7 11.5 43.5 Arkansas 4,555.7 473.7 4,082.0 8.4 38.4 Louisiana 6,241.3 781.8 5,459.5 14.9 38.2 Oklahoma 5,502.6 491.5 5,011.1 6.5 37.5 Texas 7,926.9 658.5 7,268.4 11.9 46.8 West 6,550.4 754.2 5,796.2 8.3 42.2 Mountain 6,250.3 472.3 5,778.0 5.3 35.9 Arizona 8,059.7 599.6 7,460.2 6.7 36.2 Colorado 6,039.4 471.4 5,568.0 4.4 36.2 Idaho 3,931.0 254.6 3,676.3 2.6 23.3 Montana 3,997.5 116.0 3,881.5 2.9 18.0 Nevada 6,271.7 625.3 5,646.4 8.2 59.6 New Mexico 6,573.8 703.9 5,870.0 8.6 45.9 Utah 5,682.1 258.8 5,423.4 2.6 28.6 Wyoming 3,889.1 258.3 3,630.7 4.4 28.2 Pacific 6,656.3 853.8 5,802.6 9.4 44.4 Alaska 4,779.9 497.7 4,282.2 8.0 52.9 Area Total Violent crime1 Property crime2 Murder Rape 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alaska 4,779.9 497.7 4,282.2 8.0 52.9 California 6,763.4 977.7 5,785.8 10.9 41.2 Hawaii 6,270.4 270.1 6,000.3 4.8 44.6 Oregon 6,161.1 518.6 5,642.5 4.8 46.6 Washington 6,593.8 471.7 6,122.1 4.4 61.7 Puerto Rico3 3,277.0 650.9 2,626.1 13.9 15.2 1Violent crimes are murder, rape, robbery and aggravated assault; 2Property crimes are burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft. 3Not included in U.S. totals. Crime in the U.S., 1980-1989 1989 Uniform Crime Reports, FBI 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴� Population1 Crime Index total2 Violent crime3 Property cr 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Number of offenses: Number of offenses: Number of offenses: Number of o 1980-225,349,264 13,408,300 1,344,520 12,063,700 1982-231,534,000 12,974,400 1,322,390 11,652,000 1983-233,981,000 12,108,600 1,258,090 10,850,500 1985-238,740,000 12,431,400 1,328,870 11,102,600 1986-241,077,000 13,211,900 1,489,170 11,722,700 1987-243,400,000 13,508,700 1,484,000 12,024,700 1988-245,807,000 13,923,100 1,566,220 12,356,900 Population1 Crime Index total2 Violent crime3 Property cr  1989-248,239,000 14,251,400 1,646,040 12,605,400 Percent change; Percent change; Percent change; Percent cha number of offenses: number of offenses: number of offenses: number of o 1989/1988 +2.4 +5.1 +2.0 1989/1985 +14.6 +23.9 +13.5 1989/1980 +6.3 +22.4 +4.5 Rate per 100,000 Rate per 100,000 Rate per 100,000 Rate per 10 inhabitants: inhabitants: inhabitants: inhabitants 1980 5,950.0 596.6 5,353.3 1982 5,603.6 571.1 5,032.5 Population1 Crime Index total2 Violent crime3 Property cr 1982 5,603.6 571.1 5,032.5 1983 5,175.0 537.7 4,637.4 1985 5,207.1 556.6 4,650.5 1986 5,480.4 617.3 4,862.6 1987 5,550.0 609.7 4,904.3 1988 5,664.2 637.2 5,027.1 1989 5,741.0 663.1 5,077.9 Percent change; rate Percent change; rate Percent change; rate Percent cha per 100,000 per 100,000 per 100,000 per 100,000 inhabitants: inhabitants: inhabitants: inhabitants Population1 Crime Index total2 Violent crime3 Property cr  1989/1988 +1.4 +4.1 +1.0 1989/1985 +10.3 +19.1 +9.2 1989/1970 -3.5 +11.1 -5.1 1Populations are Bureau of the Census provisional estimates as of July 1, except April 1, 1980, preliminary census counts, and are subject to change. 2Because of rounding, the offenses may not add to totals. 3Violent crimes are offenses of murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. Property crimes are offenses of burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft. Data are not included for the property crime of arson. 4All rates were calculated on the offenses before rounding. Law Enforcement Officers 1989 Uniform Crime Reports, FBI The Nation's law enforcement community employed an average of 2.2 full-time officers for every 1,000 inhabitants as of October 31, 1989. Considering full-time civilians, the overall law enforcement employee rate was 2.9 per 1,000 inhabitants according to 12,218 city, county, and state police agencies. These agencies collectively offered law enforcement service to a population of nearly 230 million, employing 496,353 officers and 180,294 civilians. The law enforcement employee average for all cities nationwide was 2.7 per 1,000 inhabitants. City law enforcement employee averages ranged from 2.2 per 1,000 inhabitants in those with populations from 10,000 to 99,000 to 3.5 for those with populations of 250,000 or more. Rural and suburban counties averaged full-time law enforcement employee rates of 3.6 and 3.3 per 1,000 population, respectively. Regionally, the highest law enforcement employee rate was in the Northeast and the South, each with 2.9. The Midwest rate was 2.5 and the West 2.4. Nationally, males comprised 92 percent of all sworn employees. Ninety-four percent of the officers in rural counties and 92 percent of those in cities were males, while in suburban counties they accounted for 89 percent. Civilians made up 27 percent of the total U.S. law enforcement employee force. They represented 22 percent of the police employees in cities, 33 percent of those in rural counties, and 34 percent of the suburban law enforcement strength. Sixty-seven law enforcement officers were feloniously slain in the line of duty, 11 less than in 1988. Another 78 officers were killed due to accidents occurring while performing official duties. Murder Weapons, 1985-1989 1989 Uniform Crime Reports, FBI 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴� Weapon 1985 1986 1987 1988 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total 17,545 19,257 17,963 17,971 Total Firearms 10,296 11,381 10,612 10,895 Handguns 7,548 8,460 7,847 8,147 Rifles 810 788 776 753 Shotguns 1,188 1,296 1,101 1,105 Other guns 24 22 16 15 Firearms-not stated 726 815 872 875 Cutting or stabbing instruments 3,694 3,957 3,643 3,457 Blunt objects (clubs, hammers, etc.) 972 1,099 1,045 1,126 Personal weapons (hands, fists, feet, etc.)1 1,180 1,310 1,165 1,095 Poison 7 14 34 15 Explosives 11 16 12 34 Fire 243 230 200 255 Narcotics 31 23 24 36 Drowning 43 49 51 38 Strangulation 311 341 360 331 Asphyxiation 115 160 115 73 Other weapons or weapons not stated 642 677 702 616 1Pushing is included in personal weapons. State and Federal Prison Population; Death Penalty Prison population: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Dec. 31, 1989; death penalty: NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund; "Executions" and "Death penalty" as of Dec. 31, 1989; "Under sentence of death" as of July, 1989. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sentenced to more than 1 yr. Sentenced to more than 1 Advance 1989 % change 1988-89 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total 679,263 12.5% Federal institutions 47,168 10.4 State institutions 632,095 12.7 Northeast 110,181 16.6% Sentenced to more than 1 yr. Sentenced to more than 1 Advance 1989 % change 1988-89 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Northeast 110,181 16.6% Connecticut 6,309 33.6 Maine 1,432 18.0 Massachusetts 7,268 12.6 123 New Hampshire 1,166 14.4 New Jersey 19,439 14.8 251 New York 51,227 15.0 Pennsylvania 21,256 18.9 Rhode Island 1,467 24.4 Vermont 617 11.6 Midwest 136,221 13.4% Illinois 24,712 17.2 Indiana 12,220 8.4 Iowa 3,584 18.1 Kansas 5,622 -3.4 Michigan 31,746 15.0 Sentenced to more than 1 yr. Sentenced to more than 1 Advance 1989 % change 1988-89 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Michigan 31,746 15.0 Minnesota 3,103 10.9 Missouri 13,919 14.3 Nebraska 2,321 12.3 North Dakota 404 -2.4 Ohio 30,538 15.4 South Dakota 1,277 25.2 Wisconsin 6,775 7.1 South 249,284 9.9% Alabama 13,575 9.9 Arkansas 6,306 14.3 Delaware 2,337 5.9 District of Columbia 6,771 2.2 Florida 39,966 15.2 Georgia 19,619 8.9 Kentucky 8,289 16.4 Louisiana 17,257 6.2 Maryland 15,378 13.3 Sentenced to more than 1 yr. Sentenced to more than 1 Advance 1989 % change 1988-89 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Maryland 15,378 13.3 Mississippi 7,770 6.2 North Carolina 16,695 2.7 Oklahoma 11,423 9.3 South Carolina 14,808 14.8 Tennessee 10,562 - Texas 40,789 .9 Virginia 16,273 16.8 West Virginia 1,536 5.6 West 136,409 14.0% Alaska 1,908 2.5 Arizona 12,726 9.9 California 84,338 14.3 Colorado 7,318 26.9 Hawaii 1,606 6.4 Idaho 1,850 17.0 Montana 1,362 7.1 Nevada 5,387 10.4 Sentenced to more than 1 yr. Sentenced to more than 1 Advance 1989 % change 1988-89 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nevada 5,387 10.4 New Mexico 2,861 5.1 Oregon 6,744 12.6 Utah 2,355 21.1 Washington 6,928 19.1 Wyoming 1,026 8.6 The number of prisoners under jurisdiction of Federal or State correction authorities at year end 1989 reached a record 710,054. From 1980 through 1989 there was an increase of about 115% in the prison population. The 1989 increase meant a nationwide need for more than 1,600 new prison bedspaces per week. *The number of prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year per 100,000 resident population. Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations, 1989 1989 Uniform Crime Reports, FBI (Percent distribution) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴� United States Total North 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Total1 100.0 100.0 Sale/manufacture: 32.4 36.9 Heroin or cocaine and theirderivatives 19.1 30.0 Marijuana 6.2 4.7 Synthetic or manufactured drugs 0.7 0.8 Other dangerous nonnarcotic drugs 6.3 1.3 Possession: 67.6 63.1 Heroin or cocaine and theirderivatives t.col>34.7 37.4 16.8 Marijuana 23.1 21.9 Synthetic or manufactured drugs 1.4 1.2 Other dangerous non narcotic drugs 8.4 2.6 United States Total North 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Other dangerous non narcotic drugs 8.4 2.6 1Because of rounding, percentages may not add to totals. Federal Bureau of Investigation The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the principal investigative arm of the U.S. Department of Justice, and is located at 10th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue, Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20535. It investigates all violations of Federal law except those specifically assigned to some other agency by legislative action. The FBI's jurisdiction includes a wide range of responsibilities in the criminal, civil, and security fields. Priority has been assigned to six areas--counterterrorism, drugs, foreign counterintelligence, organized crime, white-collar crime, and violent crime. On Jan. 28, 1982, the Attorney General assigned concurrent jurisdiction for the enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act to the FBI and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The FBI also offers cooperative services to duly authorized law enforcement agencies; these services include fingerprint identification, laboratory examination, police training, and the National Crime Information Center. The FBI has 56 field offices in the principal cities of the country. (Consult telephone directories for locations and phone numbers.) An applicant for the position of Special Agent of the FBI must be a citizen of the U.S., at least 23 and under 35 years old, and a graduate of an accredited law school or of an accredited college or university with a major in accounting. In addition, applicants with a four-year degree from an accredited college or university with a major in other academic areas may qualify with three additional years of full-time work experience. Specialized need areas include languages, science, and financial analysis. Those appointed to the Special Agent position must complete an initial training period of 16 weeks at the FBI Academy, Quantico, Virginia. U.S. Fires, 1988 National Fire Protection Assn., Quincy, Mass. Fires * Fires attended by public fire departments increased by 4.6 percent to 2,436,500. * Fires in outside properties increased 10.3 percent to 1,214,000. * Residential properties accounted for 74 percent, or 552,500, of all structure fires. * Fires in structures decreased by 1.7 percent to 745,000. * The South's fire incident rate was highest, at 11.5 fires per thousand population. Fire Deaths * Civilian fire deaths increased by 7.0 percent to 6,215. * Home fire deaths, which accounted for about 80 percent of all fire fatalities, increased by 8 percent to 4,955. * The South had the highest rate of civilian fire deaths, at 32.3 per million population, 28 percent higher than the national average. Fire Injuries * Civilian injuries increased 9.2 percent to 30,800. This estimate is on the low side, due to under-reporting of civilian injuries to the fire service. * Residental properties were the site of 73.4 percent, or 22,600, of civilian injuries, while nonresidential structures saw 11.9 percent, or 3,675. * The Northeast had the highest civilian injury rate, with 140.4 per million population. Property Damage * Property losses increased by a significant 16.7 percent to an estimated $8.352 billion. Three large-loss industrial fires were responsible for 5.6 percent, or $464 million, of this increase. * Structure fires caused $7.188 billion, or 86 percent, of all property damage. * Residental properties incurred $4.020 billion, or 56 percent, of all structure property loss. * The South's property loss rate was 24 percent higher than the national average, at $42 per person. Incendiary and Suspicious Fires * The number of structure fires that were set deliberately, or are suspected of having been set, was down 5.2 percent to 99,500. * Incendiary and suspicious fires accounted for 13.4 percent of all structure fires and 22.2 percent of all structure property loss. * The average loss per incendiary fire was up 5.8 percent to $16,020. * Incendiary and suspicious structure fires resulted in 740 civilian deaths, an increase of 1.4 percent, and $1.594 billion in property damage, a slight increase of 0.3 percent. * Incendiary and suspicious vehicle fires increased 3.9 percent to 53,000 and resulted in $151 million in property damage, up 11.9 percent. Civilian Fire Deaths and Injuries National Fire Protection Assn., Quincy, Mass. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Deaths % Injuries % 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Residential (total) 5,065 81.5 22,600 73.4 One-and Two-Family Dwellings1 4,125 66.4 17,125 55.6 Apartments 830 13.4 4,950 16.1 Hotels and Motels 45 0.7 350 1.1 Other Residential 65 1.0 175 0.6 Non Residential Structures2 215 3.5 3,675 11.9 Highway Vehicles 800 12.9 2,750 8.9 Other Vehicles3 65 1.0 200 0.7 All Other4 70 1.1 1,575 5.1 Total 6,215 30,800 Structure Fires by Property Use National Fire Protection Assn., Quincy, Mass. Structure Fires by Property Use National Fire Protection Assn., Quincy, Mass. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 No. of fires Property loss (thousands) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Public assembly 20,000 $279,000 Educational 10,000 112,000 Institutional 14,000 23,000 Residential 552,500 4,020,000 One-/2-family dwellings1 432,500 3,349,000 Apartments 106,000 548,000 Hotels, motels 8,000 700,000 Other residential 6,000 23,000 Stores and offices 38,000 754,000 Industry, utility, defense5 27,000 1,079,000 Storage in structures5 50,000 735,000 Special structures 33,500 168,000 No. of fires Property loss (thousands) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Special structures 33,500 168,000 Total 745,000 $2,188,000 Fire Losses -- Total and Per Capita: 1960 to 1988 1960, National Board of Fire Underwriters, New York, NY; thereafter, Insurance Information Institute, New York, NY (Prior to 1962, excludes Alaska and Hawaii. Includes allowance for uninsured and unreported losses but excludes losses to government property and forests. Based on incurred losses.) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Total (mil dol.) Per capita1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1960 1,108 $6.19 Year Total (mil dol.) Per capita1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1960 1,108 $6.19 1965 1,456 7.51 1970 2,328 11.41 1975 3,190 14.81 1980 5,579 24.55 1981 5,625 24.50 1982 5,894 25.41 1983 6,320 26.98 1984 7,602 32.15 1985 7,753 32.47 1986 8,488 35.21 1987 8,634 35.44 1988 9,626 39.12 1Based on Bureau of the Census estimated resident population as of July 1. Years of Life Expected at Birth National Center for Health Statistics 露컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴� Total Total Total White White White Black and Other Black and Year Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1920* 54.1 53.6 54.6 54.9 54.4 55.6 45.3 45.5 1930 59.7 58.1 61.6 61.4 59.7 63.5 48.1 47.3 1940 62.9 60.8 65.2 64.2 62.1 66.6 53.1 51.5 1950 68.2 65.6 71.1 69.1 66.5 72.2 60.8 59.1 1960 69.7 66.6 73.1 70.6 67.4 74.1 63.6 61.1 1965 70.2 66.8 73.7 71.0 67.6 74.7 64.1 61.1 1970 70.8 67.1 74.7 71.7 68.0 75.6 65.3 61.3 1971 71.1 67.4 75.0 72.0 68.3 75.8 65.6 61.6 1972 71.2 67.4 75.1 72.0 68.3 75.9 65.7 61.5 1973 71.4 67.6 75.3 72.2 68.5 76.1 66.1 62.0 1974 72.0 68.2 75.9 72.8 69.0 76.7 67.1 62.9 Total Total Total White White White Black and Other Black and Year Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1974 72.0 68.2 75.9 72.8 69.0 76.7 67.1 62.9 1975 72.6 68.8 76.6 73.4 69.5 77.3 68.0 63.7 1976 72.9 69.1 76.8 73.6 69.9 77.5 68.4 64.2 1977 73.3 69.5 77.2 74.0 70.2 77.9 68.9 64.7 1979 73.9 70.0 77.8 74.6 70.8 78.4 69.8 65.4 1980 73.7 70.0 77.5 74.4 70.7 78.1 69.5 65.3 1981 74.2 70.4 77.8 74.8 71.1 78.4 70.3 66.1 1982 74.5 70.9 78.1 75.1 71.5 78.7 71.0 66.8 1983 74.6 71.0 78.1 75.2 71.7 78.7 71.1 67.2 1984 74.7 71.2 78.2 75.3 71.8 78.7 71.3 67.4 1985 74.7 71.2 78.2 75.3 71.9 78.7 71.2 67.2 1986 74.8 71.3 78.3 75.4 72.0 78.8 71.2 67.2 1987 75.0 71.5 78.4 75.6 72.2 78.9 71.3 67.3 1988p 74.9 71.4 78.3 75.5 72.1 78.9 71.5 67.4 1989p 75.2 71.8 78.5 75.9 72.6 79.1 71.7 67.5 p= preliminary *Data prior to 1940 for death-registration states only. Average Height and Weight for Children Physicians Handbook, 1983. 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴� Boys Boys Boys Boys Boys Boys Girls Girls Girls G Age Years Height Height Height Weight Weight Age Height Height H Years ft in cm lb kg Years ft in c 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� (Birth) 1 8 50.8 71/2 3.4 (Birth) 1 8 5 1/2 2 2 66.0 17 7.7 1/2 2 2 6 1 2 5 73.6 21 9.5 1 2 5 7 2 2 9 83.8 26 11.8 2 2 9 8 3 3 0 91.4 31 14.0 3 3 0 9 4 3 3 99.0 34 15.4 4 3 3 9 5 3 6 106.6 39 17.7 5 3 5 1 6 3 9 114.2 46 20.9 6 3 8 1 Boys Boys Boys Boys Boys Boys Girls Girls Girls G Age Years Height Height Height Weight Weight Age Height Height H Years ft in cm lb kg Years ft in c 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 6 3 9 114.2 46 20.9 6 3 8 1 7 3 11 119.3 51 23.1 7 3 11 1 8 4 2 127.0 57 25.9 8 4 2 1 9 4 4 132.0 63 28.6 9 4 4 1 10 4 6 137.1 69 31.3 10 4 6 1 11 4 8 142.2 77 34.9 11 4 8 1 12 4 10 147.3 83 37.7 12 4 10 1 13 5 0 152.4 92 41.7 13 5 0 1 14 5 2 157.5 107 48.5 14 5 2 1 This table gives a general picture of American children at specific ages. When used as a standard, the individual variation in children's growth should not be overlooked. In most cases the height-weight relationship is probably a more valid index of weight status than a weight-for-age assessment. Average Weight of Americans by Height and Age Society of Actuaries; from the 1979 Build and Blood Pressure Study The figures represent weights in ordinary indoor clothingand shoes, and heights with shoes. 露컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴� Men Men Men Men Men Men Men Women Women Women Women Height 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 Height 20-24 25-29 30-39 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 5'2" 130 134 138 140 141 140 4'10" 105 110 113 5'3" 136 140 143 144 145 144 4'11" 110 112 115 5'4" 139 143 147 149 150 149 5'0" 112 114 118 5'5" 143 147 151 154 155 153 5'1" 116 119 121 5'6" 148 152 156 158 159 158 5'2" 120 121 124 5'7" 153 156 160 163 164 163 5'3" 124 125 128 5'8" 157 161 165 167 168 167 5'4" 127 128 131 5'9" 163 166 170 172 173 172 5'5" 130 132 134 Men Men Men Men Men Men Men Women Women Women Women Height 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 Height 20-24 25-29 30-39 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 5'9" 163 166 170 172 173 172 5'5" 130 132 134 5'10" 167 171 174 176 177 176 5'6" 133 134 137 5'11" 171 175 179 181 182 181 5'7" 137 138 141 6'0" 176 181 184 186 187 186 5'8" 141 142 145 6'1" 182 186 190 192 193 191 5'9" 146 148 150 6'2" 187 191 195 197 198 196 5'10" 149 150 153 6'3" 193 197 201 203 204 200 5'11" 155 156 159 6'4" 198 202 206 208 209 207 6'0" 157 159 164 SPORTS IN 1990 Olympic Games Records The modern Olympic Games, first held in Athens, Greece in 1896, werethe result of efforts by Baron Pierre de Coubertin, a French educator, topromote interest in education and culture, also to foster betterinternational understanding through the universal medium of youth's loveof athletics. His source of inspiration for the Olympic Games was the ancient GreekOlympic Games, most notable of the four Panhellenic celebrations. The gameswere combined patriotic, religious, and athletic festivals held every fouryears. The first such recorded festival was held in 776 B.C., the date fromwhich the Greeks began to keep their calendar by "Olympiads,"or four-year spans between the games. The first Olympiad is said to have consisted merely of a 200-yard footrace near the small city of Olympia, but the games gained in scope andbecame demonstrations of national pride. Only Greekcitizens -- amateurs -- were permitted to participate. Winners receivedlaurel, wild olive, and palm wreaths and were accorded many specialprivileges. Under the Roman emperors, the games deteriorated intoprofessional carnivals and circuses. Emperor Theodosius banned themin 394 A.D. Baron de Coubertin enlisted 9 nations to send athletes to the firstmodern Olympics in 1896; now more than 100 nations compete. Winter OlympicGames were started in 1924. Sites of Olympic Games 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1906 Athens* 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1948 London 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona *Games not recognized by International Olympic Committee. Games6 (1916), 12 (1940), and 13 (1944) were not celebrated. The 1980 gameswere boycotted by 62 nations, including the U.S. The 1984 games wereboycotted by the USSR and most eastern bloc nations. East and WestGermany began competing separately in 1968. Olympic Games Champions, 1896-1988 (*Indicates Gold Medal-Winning Record) Track and Field -- Men 100-Meter Run 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1896 Thomas Burke, United States 12s 1900 Francis W. Jarvis, United States 11.0s 1904 Archie Hahn, United States 11s 1908 Reginald Walker, South Africa 10.8s 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1908 Reginald Walker, South Africa 10.8s 1912 Ralph Craig, United States 10.8s 1920 Charles Paddock, United States 10.8s 1924 Harold Abrahams, Great Britain 10.6s 1928 Percy Williams, Canada 10.8s 1932 Eddie Tolan, United States 10.3s 1936 Jesse Owens, United States 10.3s 1948 Harrison Dillard, United States 10.3s 1952 Lindy Remigino, United States 10.4s 1956 Bobby Morrow, United States 10.5s 1960 Armin Hary, Germany 10.2s 1964 Bob Hayes, United States 10.0s 1968 Jim Hines, United States 9.95s 1972 Valery Borzov, USSR 10.14s 1976 Hasely Crawford, Trinidad 10.06s 1980 Allan Wells, Great Britain 10.25s 1984 Carl Lewis, United States 9.99s 1988 Carl Lewis, United States 9.92s* 200-Meter Run 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1900 Walter Tewksbury, United States 22.2s 1904 Archie Hahn, United States 21.6s 1908 Robert Kerr, Canada 22.6s 1912 Ralph Craig, United States 21.7s 1920 Allan Woodring, United States 22s 1924 Jackson Scholz, United States 21.6s 1928 Percy Williams, Canada 21.8s 1932 Eddie Tolan, United States 21.2s 1936 Jesse Owens, United States 20.7s 1948 Mel Patton, United States 21.1s 1952 Andrew Stanfield, United States 20.7s 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1952 Andrew Stanfield, United States 20.7s 1956 Bobby Morrow, United States 20.6s 1960 Livio Berruti, Italy 20.5s 1964 Henry Carr, United States 20.3s 1968 Tommie Smith, United States 19.83s 1972 Valeri Borzov, USSR 20.00s 1976 Donald Quarrie, Jamaica 20.23s 1980 Pietro Mennea, Italy 20.19s 1984 Carl Lewis, United States 19.80s 1988 Joe DeLoach, United States 19.75s* 400-Meter Run 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1896 Thomas Burke, United States 54.2s 1900 Maxey Long, United States 49.4s 1904 Harry Hillman, United States 49.2s 1908 Wyndham Halswelle, Great Britain, walkover 50s 1912 Charles Reidpath, United States 48.2s 1920 Bevil Rudd, South Africa 49.6s 1924 Eric Liddell, Great Britain 47.6s 1928 Ray Barbuti, United States 47.8s 1932 William Carr, United States 46.2s 1936 Archie Williams, United States 46.5s 1948 Arthur Wint, Jamaica, B W I 46.2s 1952 George Rhoden, Jamaica, B W I 45.9s 1956 Charles Jenkins, United States 46.7s 1960 Otis Davis, United States 44.9s 1964 Michael Larrabee, United States 45.1s 1968 Lee Evans, United States 43.8s* 1972 Vincent Matthews, United States 44.66s 1976 Alberto Juantorena, Cuba 44.26s 1980 Viktor Markin, USSR 44.60s 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1980 Viktor Markin, USSR 44.60s 1984 Alonzo Babers, United States 44.27s 1988 Steven Lewis, United States 43.87s 800-Meter Run 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1896 Edwin Flack, Australia 2m. 11s 1900 Alfred Tysoe, Great Britain 2m. 1.2s 1904 James Lightbody, United States 1m. 56s 1908 Mel Sheppard, United States 1m. 52.8s 1912 James Meredith, United States 1m. 51.9s 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1912 James Meredith, United States 1m. 51.9s 1920 Albert Hill, Great Britain 1m. 53.4s 1924 Douglas Lowe, Great Britain 1m. 52.4s 1928 Douglas Lowe, Great Britain 1m. 51.8s 1932 Thomas Hampson, Great Britain 1m. 49.8s 1936 John Woodruff, United States 1m. 52.9s 1948 Mal Whitfield, United States 1m. 49.2s 1952 Mal Whitfield, United States 1m. 49.2s 1956 Thomas Courtney, United States 1m. 47.7s 1960 Peter Snell, New Zealand 1m. 46.3s 1964 Peter Snell, New Zealand 1m. 45.1s 1968 Ralph Doubell, Australia 1m. 44.3s 1972 Dave Wottle, United States 1m. 45.9s 1976 Alberto Juantorena, Cuba 1m. 43.50s 1980 Steve Ovett, Great Britain 1m. 45.40s 1984 Joaquim Cruz, Brazil 1m. 43.00s* 1988 Paul Ereng, Kenya 1m. 43.45s 1,500-Meter Run 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1896 Edwin Flack, Australia 4m. 33.2s 1900 Charles Bennett, Great Britain 4m. 6.2s 1904 James Lightbody, United States 4m. 5.4s 1908 Mel Sheppard, United States 4m. 3.4s 1912 Arnold Jackson, Great Britain 3m. 56.8s 1920 Albert Hill, Great Britain 4m. 1.8s 1924 Paavo Nurmi, Finland 3m. 53.6s 1928 Harry Larva, Finland 3m. 53.2s 1932 Luigi Beccali, Italy 3m. 51.2s 1936 Jack Lovelock, New Zealand 3m. 47.8s 1948 Henri Eriksson, Sweden 3m. 49.8s 1952 Joseph Barthel, Luxemburg 3m. 45.2s 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1952 Joseph Barthel, Luxemburg 3m. 45.2s 1956 Ron Delany, Ireland 3m. 41.2s 1960 Herb Elliott, Australia 3m. 35.6s 1964 Peter Snell, New Zealand 3m. 38.1s 1968 Kipchoge Keino, Kenya 3m. 34.9s 1972 Pekka Vasala, Finland 3m. 36.3s 1976 John Walker, New Zealand 3m. 39.17s 1980 Sebastian Coe, Great Britain 3m. 38.4s 1984 Sebastian Coe, Great Britain 3m. 32.53s* 1988 Peter Rono, Kenya 3m. 35.96s 3,000-Meter Steeplechase 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1920 Percy Hodge, Great Britain 10m. 0.4s 1924 Willie Ritola, Finland 9m. 33.6s 1928 Toivo Loukola, Finland 9m. 21.8s 1932 Volmari Iso-Hollo, Finland 10m. 33.4s (About 3,450 mtrs. extra lap by (About 3,450 mtrs. extra lap by error) error) 1936 Volmari Iso-Hollo, Finland 9m. 3.8s 1948 Thore Sjoestrand, Sweden 9m. 4.6s 1952 Horace Ashenfelter, United States 8m. 45.4s 1956 Chris Brasher, Great Britain 8m. 41.2s 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1960 Zdzislaw Krzyszkowiak, Poland 8m. 34.2s 1964 Gaston Roelants, Belgium 8m. 30.8s 1968 Amos Biwott, Kenya 8m. 51s 1972 Kipchoge Keino, Kenya 8m. 23.6s 1976 Anders Garderud, Sweden 8m. 08.2s 1980 Bronislaw Malinowski, Poland 8m. 09.7s 1984 Julius Korir, Kenya 8m. 11.8s 1988 Julius Kariuki, Kenya 8m. 05.51s* 5,000-Meter Run 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1912 Hannes Kolehmainen, Finland 14m. 36.6s 1920 Joseph Guillemot, France 14m. 55.6s 1924 Paavo Nurmi, Finland 14m. 31.2s 1928 Willie Ritola, Finland 14m. 38s 1932 Lauri Lehtinen, Finland 14m. 30s 1936 Gunnar Hockert, Finland 14m. 22.2s 1948 Gaston Reiff, Belgium 14m. 17.6s 1952 Emil Zatopek, Czechoslovakia 14m. 6.6s 1956 Vladimir Kuts, USSR 13m. 39.6s 1960 Murray Halberg, New Zealand 13m. 43.4s 1964 Bob Schul, United States 13m. 48.8s 1968 Mohamed Gammoudi, Tunisia 14m. 05.0s 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1968 Mohamed Gammoudi, Tunisia 14m. 05.0s 1972 Lasse Viren, Finland 13m. 26.4s 1976 Lasse Viren, Finland 13m. 24.76s 1980 Miruts Yifter, Ethiopia 13m. 21.0s 1984 Said Aouita, Morocco 13m. 05.59s* 1988 John Ngugi, Kenya 13m. 11.70s 10,000-Meter Run 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1912 Hannes Kolehmainen, Finland 31m. 20.8s 1920 Paavo Nurmi, Finland 31m. 45.8s 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1920 Paavo Nurmi, Finland 31m. 45.8s 1924 Willie Ritola, Finland 30m. 23.2s 1928 Paavo Nurmi, Finland 30m. 18.8s 1932 Janusz Kusocinski, Poland 30m. 11.4s 1936 Ilmari Salminen, Finland 30m. 15.4s 1948 Emil Zatopek, Czechoslovakia 29m. 59.6s 1952 Emil Zatopek, Czechoslovakia 29m. 17.0s 1956 Vladimir Kuts, USSR 28m. 45.6s 1960 Pyotr Bolotnikov, USSR 28m. 32.2s 1964 Billy Mills, United States 28m. 24.4s 1968 Naftali Temu, Kenya 29m. 27.4s 1972 Lasse Viren, Finland 27m. 38.4s 1976 Lasse Viren, Finland 27m. 40.38s 1980 Miruts Yifter, Ethiopia 27m. 42.7s 1984 Alberto Cova, Italy 27m. 47.54 1988 Brahim Boutaib, Morocco 27m. 21.46s* Marathon 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1896 Spiridon Loues, Greece 2h. 58m. 50s 1900 Michel Theato, France 2h. 59m. 45s 1904 Thomas Hicks, United States 3h. 28m. 63s 1908 John J. Hayes, United States 2h. 55m. 18.4s 1912 Kenneth McArthur, South Africa 2h. 36m. 54.8s 1920 Hannes Kolehmainen, Finland 2h. 32m. 35.8s 1924 Albin Stenroos, Finland 2h. 41m. 22.6s 1928 A.B. El Ouafi, France 2h. 32m. 57s 1932 Juan Zabala, Argentina 2h. 31m. 36s 1936 Kijung Son, Japan (Korean) 2h. 29m. 19.2s 1948 Delfo Cabrera, Argentina 2h. 34m. 51.6s 1952 Emil Zatopek, Czechoslovakia 2h. 23m. 03.2s 1956 Alain Mimoun, France 2h. 25m. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1956 Alain Mimoun, France 2h. 25m. 1960 Abebe Bikila, Ethiopia 2h. 15m. 16.2s 1964 Abebe Bikila, Ethiopia 2h. 12m. 11.2s 1968 Mamo Wolde, Ethiopia 2h. 20m. 26.4s 1972 Frank Shorter, United States 2h. 12m. 19.8s 1976 Waldemar Cierpinski, E. Germany 2h. 09m. 55s 1980 Waldemar Cierpinski, E. Germany 2h. 11m. 03s 1984 Carlos Lopes, Portugal 2h. 09m. 21s* 1988 Gelindo Bordin, Italy 2h. 10m. 32s 20-Kilometer Walk 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1956 Leonid Spirin, USSR 1h. 31m. 27.4s 1960 Vladimir Golubnichy, USSR 1h. 33m. 7.2s 1964 Kenneth Mathews, Great Britain 1h. 29m. 34.0s 1968 Vladimir Golubnichy, USSR 1h. 33m. 58.4s 1972 Peter Frenkel, E. Germany 1h. 26m. 42.4s 1976 Daniel Bautista, Mexico 1h. 24m. 40.6s 1980 Maurizio Damilano, Italy 1h. 23m. 35.5s 1984 Ernesto Canto, Mexico 1h. 23m. 13.0s 1988 Josef Pribilinec, Czech. 1h. 19m. 57.0s* 50-Kilometer Walk 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1932 Thomas W. Green, Great Britain 4h. 50m. 10s 1936 Harold Whitlock, Great Britain 4h. 30m. 41.4s 1948 John Ljunggren, Sweden 4h. 41m. 52s 1952 Giuseppe Dordoni, Italy 4h. 28m. 07.8s 1956 Norman Read, New Zealand 4h. 30m. 42.8s 1960 Donald Thompson, Great Britain 4h. 25m. 30s 1964 Abdon Pamich, Italy 4h. 11m. 12.4s 1968 Christoph Hohne, E. Germany 4h. 20m. 13.6s 1972 Bern Kannenberg, W. Germany 3h. 56m. 11.6s 1980 Hartwig Gauter, E. Germany 3h. 49m. 24.0s 1984 Raul Gonzalez, Mexico 3h. 47m. 26.0 1988 Vayachselav Ivanenko, USSR 3h. 38m. 29.0s* 110-Meter Hurdles 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1896 Thomas Curtis, United States 17.6s 1900 Alvin Kraenzlein, United States 15.4s 1904 Frederick Schule, United States 16s 1908 Forrest Smithson, United States 15s 1912 Frederick Kelly, United States 15.1s 1920 Earl Thomson, Canada 14.8s 1924 Daniel Kinsey, United States 15s 1928 Sydney Atkinson, South Africa 14.8s 1932 George Saling, United States 14.6s 1936 Forrest Towns, United States 14.2s 1948 William Porter, United States 13.9s 1952 Harrison Dillard, United States 13.7s 1956 Lee Calhoun, United States 13.5s 1960 Lee Calhoun, United States 13.8s 1964 Hayes Jones, United States 13.6s 1968 Willie Davenport, United States 13.3s 1972 Rod Milburn, United States 13.24s 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1972 Rod Milburn, United States 13.24s 1976 Guy Drut, France 13.30s 1980 Thomas Munkelt, E. Germany 13. 39s 1984 Roger Kingdom, United States 13.20s 1988 Roger Kingdom, United States 12.98* 400-Meter Hurdles 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1900 J.W.B. Tewksbury, United States 57.6s 1904 Harry Hillman, United States 53s 1908 Charles Bacon, United States 55s 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1908 Charles Bacon, United States 55s 1920 Frank Loomis, United States 54s 1924 F. Morgan Taylor, United States 52.6s 1928 Lord Burghley, Great Britain 53.4s 1932 Robert Tisdall, Ireland 51.7s 1936 Glenn Hardin, United States 52.4s 1948 Roy Cochran, United States 51.1s 1952 Charles Moore, United States 50.8s 1956 Glenn Davis, United States 50.1s 1960 Glenn Davis, United States 49.3s 1964 Rex Cawley, United States 49.6s 1968 Dave Hemery, Great Britain 48.12s 1972 John Akii-Bua, Uganda 47.82s 1976 Edwin Moses, United States 47.64s 1980 Volker Beck, E. Germany 48.70s 1984 Edwin Moses, United States 47.75s 1988 Andre Phillips, United States 47.19s* High Jump 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1896 Ellery Clark, United States 5ft. 11 1-4 in. 1900 Irving Baxter, United States 6ft. 2 4-5 in. 1904 Samuel Jones, United States 5ft. 11 in. 1908 Harry Porter, United States 6ft. 3 in. 1912 Alma Richards, United States 6ft. 4 in. 1920 Richmond Landon, United States 6ft. 4 in. 1924 Harold Osborn, United States 6ft. 6 in. 1928 Robert W. King, United States 6ft. 4 1-2 in. 1932 Duncan McNaughton, Canada 6ft. 5 5-8 in. 1936 Cornelius Johnson, United States 6ft. 8 in. 1948 John L. Winter, Australia 6ft. 6 in. 1952 Walter Davis, United States 6ft. 8.32 in. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1952 Walter Davis, United States 6ft. 8.32 in. 1956 Charles Dumas, United States 6ft. 11 1-2 in. 1960 Robert Shavlakadze, USSR 7ft. 1 in. 1964 Valery Brumel, USSR 7ft. 1 3-4 in. 1968 Dick Fosbury, United States 7ft. 4 1-4 in. 1972 Yuri Tarmak, USSR 7ft. 3 3-4 in. 1976 Jacek Wszola, Poland 7ft. 4 1-2 in. 1980 Gerd Wessig, E. Germany 7ft. 8 3-4 in. 1984 Dietmar Mogenburg, W. Germany 7ft. 8 1-2 in. 1988 Guennadi Avdeenko, USSR 7ft 9 1-2 in.* Long Jump 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1896 Ellery Clark, United States 20ft. 10 in. 1900 Alvin Kraenzlein, United States 23ft. 6 3-4 in. 1904 Myer Prinstein, United States 24ft. 1 in. 1908 Frank Irons, United States 24ft. 6 1-2 in. 1912 Albert Gutterson, United States 24ft. 11 1-4 in. 1920 William Petterssen, Sweden 23ft. 5 1-2 in. 1924 DeHart Hubbard, United States 24ft. 5 in. 1928 Edward B. Hamm, United States 25ft. 4 1-2 in. 1932 Edward Gordon, United States 25ft. 3-4 in. 1936 Jesse Owens, United States 26ft. 5 1-2 in. 1948 William Steele, United States 25ft. 8 in. 1952 Jerome Biffle, United States 24ft. 10 in. 1956 Gregory Bell, United States 25ft. 8 1-4 in. 1960 Ralph Boston, United States 26ft. 7 3-4 in. 1964 Lynn Davies, Great Britain 26ft. 5 3-4 in. 1968 Bob Beamon, United States 29ft. 2 1-2 in.* 1972 Randy Williams, United States 27ft. 1-2 in. 1976 Arnie Robinson, United States 27ft. 4 1-2 in. 1980 Lutz Dombrowski, E. Germany 28ft. 1-4 in. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1980 Lutz Dombrowski, E. Germany 28ft. 1-4 in. 1984 Carl Lewis, United States 28ft. 1-4 in. 1988 Carl Lewis, United States 28ft. 7 1-4 in. 400-Meter Relay 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1912 Great Britain 42.4s 1920 United States 42.2s 1924 United States 41s 1928 United States 41s 1932 United States 40s 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1932 United States 40s 1936 United States 39.8s 1948 United States 40.6s 1952 United States 40.1s 1956 United States 39.5s 1960 Germany (U.S. disqualified) 39.5s 1964 United States 39.0s 1968 United States 38.2s 1972 United States 38.19s 1976 United States 38.33s 1980 USSR 38.26s 1984 United States 37.83s* 1988 USSR (U.S. disqualified) 38.19s 1,600-Meter Relay 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1908 United States 3m. 29.4s 1912 United States 3m. 16.6s 1920 Great Britain 3m. 22.2s 1924 United States 3m. 16s 1928 United States 3m. 14.2s 1932 United States 3m. 8.2s 1936 Great Britain 3m. 9s 1948 United States 3m. 10.4s 1952 Jamaica, B.W.I. 3m. 03.9s 1956 United States 3m. 04.8s 1960 United States 3m. 02.2s 1964 United States 3m. 00.7s 1968 United States 2m. 56.16s* 1972 Kenya 2m. 59.8s 1976 United States 2m. 58.65s 1980 USSR 3m. 01.1s 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1980 USSR 3m. 01.1s 1984 United States 2m. 57.91s 1988 United States 2m. 56.16s* Pole Vault 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1896 William Hoyt, United States 10ft. 10 in. 1900 Irving Baxter, United States 10ft. 10 in. 1904 Charles Dvorak, United States 11ft. 5 3-4 in. 1908 A. C. Gilbert, United States Edward Cook Jr., United States 12ft. 2 in. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Edward Cook Jr., United States 12ft. 2 in. 1912 Harry Babcock, United States 12ft. 11 1-2 in. 1920 Frank Foss, United States 13ft. 5 in. 1924 Lee Barnes, United States 12ft. 11 1-2 in. 1928 Sabin W. Carr, United States 13ft. 9 1-4 in. 1932 William Miller, United States 14ft. 1 3-4 in. 1936 Earle Meadows, United States 14ft. 3 1-4 in. 1948 Guinn Smith, United States 14ft. 1 1-4 in. 1952 Robert Richards, United States 14ft. 11 in. 1956 Robert Richards, United States 14ft. 11 1-2 in. 1960 Don Bragg, United States 15ft. 5 in. 1964 Fred Hansen, United States 16ft. 8 3-4 in. 1968 Bob Seagren, United States 17ft. 8 1-2 in. 1972 Wolfgang Nordwig, E. Germany 18ft. 1-2 in. 1976 Tadeusz Slusarski, Poland 18ft. 1-2 in. 1980 Wladyslaw Kozakiewicz, Poland 18ft. 11 1-2 in. 1984 Pierre Quinon, France 18ft. 10 1-4 in. 1988 Sergei Bubka, USSR 19ft. 9 1-4 in.* Hammer Throw 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1900 John Flanagan, United States 163ft. 1 in. 1904 John Flanagan, United States 168ft. 1 in. 1908 John Flanagan, United States 170ft. 4 1-4 in. 1912 Matt McGrath, United States 179ft. 7 1-8 in. 1920 Pat Ryan, United States 173ft. 5 5-8 in. 1924 Fred Tootell, United States 174ft. 10 1-8 in. 1928 Patrick O'Callaghan, Ireland 168ft. 7 1-2 in. 1932 Patrick O'Callaghan, Ireland 176ft. 11 1-8 in. 1936 Karl Hein, Germany 185ft. 4 in. 1948 Imre Nemeth, Hungary 183ft. 11 1-2 in. 1952 Jozsef Csermak, Hungary 197ft. 11 9-16 in. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1952 Jozsef Csermak, Hungary 197ft. 11 9-16 in. 1956 Harold Connolly, United States 207ft. 3 1-2 in. 1960 Vasily Rudenkov, USSR 220ft. 1 5-8 in. 1964 Romuald Klim, USSR 228ft. 9 1-2 in. 1968 Gyula Zsivotsky, Hungary 240ft. 8 in. 1972 Anatoli Bondarchuk, USSR 247ft. 8 in. 1976 Yuri Syedykh, USSR 254ft. 4 in. 1980 Yuri Syedykh, USSR 268ft. 4 1-2 in. 1984 Juha Tiainen, Finland 256ft. 2 in. 1988 Sergei Litinov, USSR 278ft. 2 1-2 in.* Discus Throw 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1896 Robert Garrett, United States 95ft. 7 1-2 in. 1900 Rudolf Bauer, Hungary 118ft. 3 in. 1904 Martin Sheridan, United States 128ft. 10 1-2 in. 1908 Martin Sheridan, United States 134ft. 2 in. 1912 Armas Taipale, Finland 148ft. 3 in. Both hands--Armas Taipale, Finland 271ft. 10 1-4 in. 1920 Elmer Niklander, Finland 146ft. 7 in. 1924 Clarence Houser, United States 151ft. 4 in. 1928 Clarence Houser, United States 155ft. 3 in. 1932 John Anderson, United States 162ft. 4 in. 1936 Ken Carpenter, United States 165ft. 7 in. 1948 Adolfo Consolini, Italy 173ft. 2 in. 1952 Sim Iness, United States 180ft. 6.85 in. 1956 Al Oerter, United States 184ft. 10 1-2 in. 1960 Al Oerter, United States 194ft. 2 in. 1964 Al Oerter, United States 200ft. 1 1-2 in. 1968 Al Oerter, United States 212ft. 6 1-2 in. 1972 Ludvik Danek, Czechoslovakia 211ft. 3 in. 1976 Mac Wilkins, United States 221ft. 5.4 in. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1976 Mac Wilkins, United States 221ft. 5.4 in. 1980 Viktor Rashchupkin, USSR 218ft. 8 in. 1984 Rolf Dannenberg, W. Germany 218ft. 6 in. 1988 Jurgen Schult, E. Germany 225ft. 9 1-4 in.* Triple Jump 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1896 James Connolly, United States 44ft. 11 3-4 in. 1900 Myer Prinstein, United States 47ft. 5 3-4 in. 1904 Myer Prinstein, United States 47 ft. 1908 Timothy Ahearne, Great Britain, Ireland 48ft. 11 1-4 in. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1908 Timothy Ahearne, Great Britain, Ireland 48ft. 11 1-4 in. 1912 Gustaf Lindblom, Sweden 48ft. 5 1-4 in. 1920 Vilho Tuulos, Finland 47ft. 7 in. 1924 Anthony Winter, Australia 50ft. 11 1-4 in. 1928 Mikio Oda, Japan 49ft. 11 in. 1932 Chuhei Nambu, Japan 51ft. 7 in. 1936 Naoto Tajima, Japan 52ft. 6 in. 1948 Arne Ahman, Sweden 50ft. 6 1-4 in. 1952 Adhemar da Silva, Brazil 53ft. 2 3-4 in. 1956 Adhemar da Silva, Brazil 53ft. 7 3-4 in. 1960 Jozef Schmidt, Poland 55ft. 2 in. 1964 Jozef Schmidt, Poland 55ft. 3 1-2 in. 1968 Viktor Saneev, USSR 57ft. 3-4 in. 1972 Viktor Saneev, USSR 56ft. 11 in. 1976 Viktor Saneev, USSR 56ft. 8 3-4 in. 1980 Jaak Uudmae, USSR 56ft. 11 1-4 in. 1984 Al Joyner, United States 56ft. 7 1-2 in. 1988 Hristo Markov, Bulgaria 57ft. 9 1-4 in.* 16-lb. Shot Put 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1896 Robert Garrett, United States 36ft. 9 3-4 in. 1900 Richard Sheldon, United States 46ft. 3 1-4 in. 1904 Ralph Rose, United States 48ft. 7 in. 1908 Ralph Rose, United States 46ft. 7 1-2 in. 1912 Pat McDonald, United States 50ft. 4 in. Both hands--Ralph Rose, United States 90ft. 5 1-2 in. 1920 Ville Porhola, Finland 48ft. 7 1-4 in. 1924 Clarence Houser, United States 49ft. 2 1-4 in. 1928 John Kuck, United States 52ft. 3-4 in. 1932 Leo Sexton, United States 52ft. 6 in. 1936 Hans Woellke, Germany 53ft. 1 3-4 in. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1936 Hans Woellke, Germany 53ft. 1 3-4 in. 1948 Wilbur Thompson, United States 56ft. 2 in. 1952 Parry O'Brien, United States 57ft. 1-2 in. 1956 Parry O'Brien, United States 60ft. 11 1-4 in. 1960 William Nieder, United States 64ft. 6 3-4 in. 1964 Dallas Long, United States 66ft. 8 1-2 in. 1968 Randy Matson, United States 67ft. 4 3-4 in. 1972 Wladyslaw Komar, Poland 69ft. 6 in. 1976 Udo Beyer, E. Germany 69ft. 3-4 in. 1980 Vladimir Kiselyov, USSR 70ft. 1-2 in. 1984 Alessandro Andrei, Italy 69ft. 9 in. 1988 Ulf Timmermann, E. Germany 73ft. 8 3-4 in.* Javelin 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1908 Erik Lemming, Sweden 178ft. 7 1-2 in. Held in middle--Erik Lemming, Sweden 179ft. 10 1-2 in. 1912 Erik Lemming, Sweden 198ft. 11 1-4 in. Both hands, Julius Saaristo, Finland 358ft. 11 7-8 in. 1920 Jonni Myrra, Finland 215ft. 9 3-4 in. 1924 Jonni Myrra, Finland 206ft. 6 3-4 in. 1928 Eric Lundkvist, Sweden 218ft. 6 1-8 in. 1932 Matti Jarvinen, Finland 238ft. 6 in. 1936 Gerhard Stoeck, Germany 235ft. 8 5-16 in. 1948 Kaj Rautavaara, Finland 228ft. 10 1-2 in. 1952 Cy Young, United States 242ft. 0.79 in. 1956 Egil Danielson, Norway 281ft. 2 1-4 in. 1960 Viktor Tsibulenko, USSR 277ft. 8 3-8 in. 1964 Pauli Nevala, Finland 271ft. 2 1-2 in. 1968 Janis Lusis, USSR 295ft. 7 1-4 in. 1972 Klaus Wolfermann, W. Germany 296ft. 10 in. 1976 Miklos Nemeth, Hungary 310ft. 4 in.* 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1976 Miklos Nemeth, Hungary 310ft. 4 in.* 1980 Dainis Kula, USSR 299ft. 2 3-8 in. 1984 Arto Haerkoenen, Finland 284ft. 8 in. 1988 Tapio Korjus, Finland 276ft. 6 in. Decathlon 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1912 Hugo Wieslander, Sweden 7,724.49 pts.a 1920 Helge Lovland, Norway 6,804.35 pts. 1924 Harold Osborn, United States 7,710.77 pts. 1928 Paavo Yrjola, Finland 8,053.29 pts. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1928 Paavo Yrjola, Finland 8,053.29 pts. 1932 James Bausch, United States 8,462.23 pts. 1936 Glenn Morris, United States 7,900 pts. 1948 Robert Mathias, United States 7,139 pts. 1952 Robert Mathias, United States 7,887 pts. 1956 Milton Campbell, United States 7,937 pts. 1960 Rafer Johnson, United States 8,392 pts. 1964 Willi Holdorf, Germany 7,887 pts.c 1968 Bill Toomey, United States 8,193 pts. 1972 Nikolai Avilov, USSR 8,454 pts. 1976 Bruce Jenner, United States 8,617 pts. 1980 Daley Thompson, Great Britain 8,495 pts. 1984 Daley Thompson, Great Britain 8,798 pts.*b 1988 Christian Schenk, E. Germany 8,488 pts. a Jim Thorpe of the U.S. won the 1912 Decathlon with 8,413 pts. but was disqualified and had to return his medals because he had played professional baseball prior to the Olympic games. The medals were restored posthumously in 1982. b Scoring change effective Apr., 1985. c Former point systems used prior to 1964. Track and Field--Women 100-Meter Run 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1928 Elizabeth Robinson, United States 12.2s 1932 Stella Walsh, Poland 11.9s 1936 Helen Stephens, United States 11.5s 1948 Francina Blankers-Koen, Netherlands 11.9s 1952 Marjorie Jackson, Australia 11.5s 1956 Betty Cuthbert, Australia 11.5s 1960 Wilma Rudolph, United States 11.0s 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1960 Wilma Rudolph, United States 11.0s 1964 Wyomia Tyus, United States 11.4s 1968 Wyomia Tyus, United States 11.0s 1972 Renate Stecher, E. Germany 11.07s 1976 Annegret Richter, W. Germany 11.08s 1980 Lyudmila Kondratyeva, USSR 11.6s 1984 Evelyn Ashford, United States 10.97s 1988 Florence Griffith-Joyner, United States 10.54s* 200-Meter Run 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1948 Francina Blankers-Koen, Netherlands 24.4s 1952 Marjorie Jackson, Australia 23.7s 1956 Betty Cuthbert, Australia 23.4s 1960 Wilma Rudolph, United States 24.0s 1964 Edith McGuire, United States 23.0s 1968 Irena Szewinska, Poland 22.5s 1972 Renate Stecher, E. Germany 22.40s 1976 Barbel Eckert, E. Germany 22.37s 1980 Barbel Wockel, E. Germany 22.03 1984 Valerie Brisco-Hooks, United States 21.81s 1988 Florence Griffith-Joyner, United States 21.34s* 400-Meter Run 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1964 Betty Cuthbert, Australia 52s 1968 Colette Besson, France 52s 1972 Monika Zehrt, E. Germany 51.08s 1976 Irena Szewinska, Poland 49.29s 1980 Marita Koch, E. Germany 48.88s 1984 Valerie Brisco-Hooks, United States 48.83s 1988 Olga Bryzgina, USSR 48.65s* 800-Meter Run 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1928 Lina Radke, Germany 2m. 16.8s 1960 Ludmila Shevtsova, USSR 2m. 4.3s 1964 Ann Packer, Great Britain 2m. 1.1s 1968 Madeline Manning, United States 2m. 0.9s 1972 Hildegard Falck, W. Germany 1m. 58.6s 1976 Tatyana Kazankina, USSR 1m. 54.94s 1980 Nadezhda Olizayrenko, USSR 1m. 53.5s* 1984 Doina Melinte, Romania 1m. 57.6s 1988 Sigrun Wodars, E. Germany 1m. 56.10s 1,500-Meter Run 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1972 Lyudmila Bragina, USSR 4m. 01.4s 1976 Tatyana Kazankina, USSR 4m. 05.48s 1980 Tatyana Kazankina, USSR 3m. 56.6s 1984 Gabriella Dorio, Italy 4m. 03.25s 1988 Paula Ivan, Romania 3m. 53.96s* 3,000-Meter Run 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1984 Maricica Puica, Romania 8:35.96s 1988 Tatyana Samolenko, USSR 8:26.53s* 10,000-Meter Run 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1988 Olga Boldarenko, USSR 31m. 44.69s* 400-Meter Relay 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1928 Canada 48.4s 1932 United States 46.9s 1936 United States 46.9s 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1936 United States 46.9s 1948 Netherlands 47.5s 1952 United States 45.9s 1956 Australia 44.5s 1960 United States 44.5s 1964 Poland 43.6s 1968 United States 42.8s 1972 West Germany 42.81s 1976 East Germany 42.55s 1980 East Germany 41.60s* 1984 United States 41.65s 1988 United States 41.98s 1,600-Meter Run 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1972 East Germany 3m. 23s 1976 East Germany 3m. 19.23s 1980 USSR 3m. 20.02s 1984 United States 3m. 18.29s 1988 USSR 3 m. 15.18s* 80-Meter Hurdles 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1932 "Babe" Didrikson, United States 11.7s 1936 Trebisonda Valla, Italy 11.7s 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1936 Trebisonda Valla, Italy 11.7s 1948 Francina Blankers-Koen, Netherlands 11.2s 1952 Shirley Strickland de la Hunty, Australia 10.9s 1956 Shirley Strickland de la Hunty, Australia 10.7s 1960 Irina Press, USSR 10.8s 1964 Karin Balzer, Germany 10.5s 1968 Maureen Caird, Australia 10.3s* 100-Meter Hurdles 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1972 Annelie Ehrhardt, E. Germany 12.59s 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1972 Annelie Ehrhardt, E. Germany 12.59s 1976 Johanna Schaller, E. Germany 12.77s 1980 Vera Komisova, USSR 12.56s 1984 Benita Brown-Fitzgerald, United States 12.84s 1988 Jordanka Donkova, Bulgaria 12.38s* 400-Meter Hurdles 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1984 Nawal el Moutawakii, Morocco 54.61s 1988 Debra Flintoff-King, Australia 53.17s* 10,000-Meter Run 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1988 Olga Boldarenko, USSR 31m. 44.69s* Heptathlon 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1984 Glynis Nunn, Australia 6,390 pts. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1984 Glynis Nunn, Australia 6,390 pts. 1988 Jackie Joyner-Kersee, United States 7,215 pts.* High Jump 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1928 Ethel Catherwood, Canada 5ft. 2 1-2 in. 1932 Jean Shiley, United States 5ft. 5 1-4 in. 1936 Ibolya Csak, Hungary 5ft. 3 in. 1948 Alice Coachman, United States 5ft. 6 1-8 in. 1952 Esther Brand, South Africa 5ft. 5 3-4 in. 1956 Mildred L. McDaniel, United States 5ft. 9 1-4 in. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1956 Mildred L. McDaniel, United States 5ft. 9 1-4 in. 1960 Iolanda Balas, Romania 6ft. 3-4 in. 1964 Iolanda Balas, Romania 6ft. 2 3-4 in. 1968 Miloslava Reskova, Czechoslovakia 5ft. 11 1-2 in. 1972 Ulrike Meyfarth, W. Germany 6ft. 4 in. 1976 Rosemarie Ackermann, E. Germany 6ft. 3 3-4 in. 1980 Sara Simeoni, Italy 6ft. 5 1-2 in. 1984 Ulrike Meyfarth, W. Germany 6ft. 7 1-2 in. 1988 Louise Ritter, United States 6ft. 8 in.* Discus Throw 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1928 Helena Konopacka, Poland 129ft. 11 3-4 in. 1932 Lillian Copeland, United States 133ft. 2 in. 1936 Gisela Mauermayer, Germany 156ft. 3 in. 1948 Micheline Ostermeyer, France 137ft. 6 1-2 in. 1952 Nina Romaschkova, USSR 168ft. 8 in. 1956 Olga Fikotova, Czechoslovakia 176ft. 1 in. 1960 Nina Ponomareva, USSR 180ft. 8 1-4 in. 1964 Tamara Press, USSR 187ft. 10 in. 1968 Lia Manoliu, Romania 191ft. 2 in. 1972 Faina Melnik, USSR 218ft. 7 in. 1976 Evelin Schlaak, E. Germany 226ft. 4 in. 1980 Evelin Jahl, E. Germany 229ft. 6 in. 1984 Ria Stalman, Netherlands 214ft. 5 in. 1988 Martina Hellmann, E. Germany 237ft. 2 1-4 in.* Javelin Throw 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1932 "Babe" Didrikson, United States 143ft. 4 in. 1936 Tilly Fleischer, Germany 148ft. 2 3-4 in. 1948 Herma Bauma, Austria 149ft. 6 in. 1952 Dana Zatopkova, Czechoslovakia 165ft. 7 in. 1956 Inese Jaunzeme, USSR 176ft. 8 in. 1960 Elvira Ozolina, USSR 183ft. 8 in. 1964 Mihaela Penes, Romania 198ft. 7 1-2 in. 1968 Angela Nemeth, Hungary 198ft. 1-2 in. 1972 Ruth Fuchs, E. Germany 209ft. 7 in. 1976 Ruth Fuchs, E. Germany 216ft. 4 in. 1980 Maria Colon, Cuba 224ft. 5 in. 1984 Tessa Sanderson, Great Britain 228ft. 2 in. 1988 Petra Felke, E. Germany 245ft.* Shot Put (8lb., 13oz.) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1948 Micheline Ostermeyer, France 45ft. 1 1-2 in. 1952 Galina Zybina, USSR 50ft. 1 3-4 in. 1956 Tamara Tishkyevich, USSR 54ft. 5 in. 1960 Tamara Press, USSR 56ft. 10 in. 1964 Tamara Press, USSR 59ft. 6 1-4 in. 1968 Margitta Gummel, E. Germany 64ft. 4 in. 1972 Nadezhda Chizova, USSR 69ft. 1976 Ivanka Hristova, Bulgaria 69ft. 5 1-4 in. 1980 Ilona Slupianek, E. Germany 73ft. 6 1-4 in.* 1984 Claudia Losch, W. Germany 67ft. 2 1-4 in. 1988 Natalya Lisovskaya, USSR 72ft 11 1-2 in. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1988 Natalya Lisovskaya, USSR 72ft 11 1-2 in. Long Jump 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1948 Olga Gyarmati, Hungary 18ft. 8 1-4 in. 1952 Yvette Williams, New Zealand 20ft. 5 3-4 in. 1956 Elzbieta Krzeskinska, Poland 20ft. 9 3-4 in. 1960 Vyera Krepkina, USSR 20ft. 10 3-4 in. 1964 Mary Rand, Great Britain 22ft. 2 1-4 in. 1968 Viorica Viscopoleanu, Romania 22ft. 4 1-2 in. 1972 Heidemarie Rosendahl, W. Germany 22ft. 3 in. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1972 Heidemarie Rosendahl, W. Germany 22ft. 3 in. 1976 Angela Voigt, E. Germany 22ft. 3-4 in. 1980 Tatyana Kolpakova, USSR 23ft. 2 in. 1984 Anisoara Stanciu, Romania 22ft. 10 in. 1988 Jackie Joyner-Kersee, United States 24ft 3 1-2 in.* Marathon 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1984 Joan Benoit, United States 2h. 24m. 52s* 1988 Rosa Mota, Portugal 2h. 25m. 40s Swimming--Men 50-Meter Freestyle 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1988 Matt Biondi, U.S. 22.14* 100-Meter Freestyle 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1896 Alfred Hajos, Hungary 1:22.2 1904 Zoltan de Halmay, Hungary (100 yards) 1:02.8 1908 Charles Daniels, U.S. 1:05.6 1912 Duke P. Kahanamoku, U.S. 1:03.4 1920 Duke P. Kahanamoku, U.S. 1:01.4 1924 John Weissmuller, U.S. 59.0 1928 John Weissmuller, U.S. 58.6 1932 Yasuji Miyazaki, Japan 58.2 1936 Ferenc Csik, Hungary 57.6 1948 Wally Ris, U.S. 57.3 1952 Clark Scholes, U.S. 57.4 1956 Jon Henricks, Australia 55.4 1960 John Devitt, Australia 55.2 1964 Don Schollander, U.S. 53.4 1968 Mike Wenden, Australia 52.2 1972 Mark Spitz, U.S. 51.22 1976 Jim Montgomery, U.S. 49.99 1980 Jorg Woithe, E. Germany 50.40 1984 Rowdy Gaines, U.S. 49.80 1988 Matt Biondi, United States 48.63* 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1988 Matt Biondi, United States 48.63* 200-Meter Freestyle 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1968 Mike Wenden, Australia 1:55.2 1972 Mark Spitz, U.S. 1:52.78 1976 Bruce Furniss, U.S. 1:50.29 1980 Sergei Kopliakov, USSR 1:49.81 1984 Michael Gross, W. Germany 1:47.44 1988 Duncan Armstrong, Australia 1:47.25* 400-Meter Freestyle 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1904 C.M. Daniels, U.S. (440 yards) 6:16.2 1908 Henry Taylor, Great Britain 5:36.8 1912 George Hodgson, Canada 5:24.4 1920 Norman Ross, U.S. 5:26.8 1924 John Weissmuller, U.S. 5:04.2 1928 Albert Zorilla, Argentina 5:01.6 1932 Clarence Crabbe, U.S. 4:48.4 1936 Jack Medica, U.S. 4:44.5 1948 William Smith, U.S. 4:41.0 1952 Jean Boiteux, France 4:30.7 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1952 Jean Boiteux, France 4:30.7 1956 Murray Rose, Australia 4:27.3 1960 Murray Rose, Australia 4:18.3 1964 Don Schollander, U.S. 4:12.2 1968 Mike Burton, U.S. 4:09.0 1972 Brad Cooper, Australia 4:00.27 1976 Brian Goodell, U.S. 3:51.93 1980 Vladimir Salnikov, USSR 3:51.31 1984 George DiCarlo, U.S. 3:51.23 1988 Ewe Dassler, E. Germany 3:46.95* 1,500-Meter Freestyle 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1908 Henry Taylor, Great Britain 22:48.4 1912 George Hodgson, Canada 22:00.0 1920 Norman Ross, U.S. 22:23.2 1924 Andrew Charlton, Australia 20:06.6 1928 Arne Borg, Sweden 19:51.8 1932 Kusuo Kitamura, Japan 19:12.4 1936 Noboru Terada, Japan 19:13.7 1948 James McLane, U.S. 19:18.5 1952 Ford Konno, U.S. 18:30.3 1956 Murray Rose, Australia 17:58.9 1960 Jon Konrads, Australia 17:19.6 1964 Robert Windle, Australia 17:01.7 1968 Mike Burton, U.S. 16:38.9 1972 Mike Burton, U.S. 15:52.58 1976 Brian Goodell, U.S. 15:02.40 1980 Vladimir Salnikov, USSR 14:58.27* 1984 Michael O'Brien, U.S. 15:05.20 1988 Vladimir Salnikov, USSR 15:00.40 400-Meter Medley Relay 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1960 United States 4:05.4 1964 United States 3:58.4 1968 United States 3:54.9 1972 United States 3:48.16 1976 United States 3:42.22 1980 Australia 3:45.70 1984 United States 3:39.30 1988 United States 3:36.93* 400-Meter Freestyle Relay 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1964 United States 3:31.2 1968 United States 3:31.7 1972 United States 3:26.42 1984 United States 3:19.03 1988 United States 3:16.53* 800-Meter Freestyle Relay 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1908 Great Britain 10:55.6 1912 Australia 10:11.6 1920 United States 10:04.4 1924 United States 9:53.4 1928 United States 9:36.2 1932 Japan 8:58.4 1936 Japan 8:51.5 1948 United States 8:46.0 1952 United States 8:31.1 1956 Australia 8:23.6 1960 United States 8:10.2 1964 United States 7:52.1 1968 United States 7:52.33 1972 United States 7:35.78 1976 United States 7:23.22 1980 USSR 7:23.50 1984 United States 7:15.69 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1984 United States 7:15.69 1988 United States 7:12.51* 100-Meter Backstroke 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1904 Walter Brack, Germany (100 yds.) 1:16.8 1908 Arno Bieberstein, Germany 1:24.6 1912 Harry Hebner, U.S. 1:21.2 1920 Warren Kealoha, U.S. 1:15.2 1924 Warren Kealoha, U.S. 1:13.2 1928 George Kojac, U.S. 1:08.2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1928 George Kojac, U.S. 1:08.2 1932 Masaji Kiyokawa, Japan 1:08.6 1936 Adolph Kiefer, U.S. 1:05.9 1948 Allen Stack, U.S. 1:06.4 1952 Yoshi Oyakawa, U.S. 1:05.4 1956 David Thiele, Australia 1:02.2 1960 David Thiele, Australia 1:01.9 1968 Roland Matthes, E. Germany 58.7 1972 Roland Matthes, E. Germany 56.58 1976 John Naber, U.S. 55.49 1980 Bengt Baron, Sweden 56.33 1984 Rick Carey, U.S. 55.79 1988 Daichi Suzuki, Japan 55.05* 200-Meter Backstroke 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1964 Jed Graef, U.S. 2:10.3 1968 Roland Matthes, E. Germany 2:09.6 1972 Roland Matthes, E. Germany 2:02.82 1976 John Naber, U.S. 1:59.19* 1980 Sandor Wladar, Hungary 2:01.93 1984 Rick Carey, U.S. 2:00.23 1988 Igor Polianski, USSR 1:59.37 100-Meter Breaststroke 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1968 Don McKenzie, U.S. 1:07.7 1972 Nobutaka Taguchi, Japan 1:04.94 1976 John Hencken, U.S. 1:03.11 1980 Duncan Goodhew, Great Britain 1:03.44 1984 Steve Lundquist, U.S. 1:01.65* 1988 Adrian Moorhouse, Great Britain 1:02.04 200-Meter Breaststroke 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1908 Frederick Holman, Great Britain 3:09.2 1912 Walter Bathe, Germany 3:01.8 1920 Haken Malmroth, Sweden 3:04.4 1924 Robert Skelton, U.S. 2:56.6 1928 Yoshiyuki Tsuruta, Japan 2:48.8 1932 Yoshiyuki Tsuruta, Japan 2:45.4 1936 Tetsuo Hamuro, Japan 2:41.5 1948 Joseph Verdeur, U.S. 2:39.3 1952 John Davies, Australia 2:34.4 1956 Masura Furukawa, Japan 2:34.7 1960 William Mulliken, U.S. 2:37.4 1964 Ian O'Brien, Australia 2:27.8 1968 Felipe Munoz, Mexico 2:28.7 1972 John Hencken, U.S. 2:21.55 1976 David Wilkie, Great Britain 2:15.11 1980 Robertas Zhulpa, USSR 2:15.85 1984 Victor Davis, Canada 2:13.34* 1988 Jozsef Szabo, Hungary 2:13.52 100-Meter Butterfly 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1968 Doug Russell, U.S. 55.9 1972 Mark Spitz, U.S. 54.27 1976 Matt Vogel, U.S. 54.35 1980 Par Arvidsson, Sweden 54.92 1984 Michael Gross, W. Germany 53.08 1988 Anthony Nesty, Suriname 53.00* 200-Meter Butterfly 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1956 William Yorzyk, U.S. 2:19.3 1960 Michael Troy, U.S. 2:12.8 1964 Kevin J. Berry, Australia 2:06.6 1968 Carl Robie, U.S. 2:08.7 1972 Mark Spitz, U.S. 2:00.70 1976 Mike Bruner, U.S. 1:59.23 1980 Sergei Fesenko, USSR 1:59.76 1984 Jon Sieben, Australia 1:57.04 1988 Michael Gross, W. Germany 1:56.94* 200-Meter Individual Medley 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1968 Charles Hickcox, U.S. 2:12.0 1972 Gunnar Larsson, Sweden 2:07.17 1984 Alex Baumann, Canada 2:01.42 1988 Tamas Darnyi, Hungary 2:00.17* 400-Meter Individual Medley 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1964 Dick Roth, U.S. 4:45.4 1968 Charles Hickcox, U.S. 4:48.4 1972 Gunnar Larsson, Sweden 4:31.98 1976 Rod Strachan, U.S. 4:23.68 1980 Aleksandr Sidorenko, USSR 4:22.89 1984 Alex Baumann, Canada 4:17.41 1988 Tamas Darnyi, Hungary 4:14.75* Springboard Diving 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Points 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Points 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1908 Albert Zurner, Germany 85.5 1912 Paul Guenther, Germany 79.23 1920 Louis Kuehn, U.S. 675.40 1924 Albert White, U.S. 97.46 1928 Pete Desjardins, U.S. 185.04 1932 Michael Galitzen, U.S. 161.38 1936 Richard Degener, U.S. 163.57 1948 Bruce Harlan, U.S. 163.64 1952 David Browning, U.S. 205.29 1956 Robert Clotworthy, U.S. 159.56 1960 Gary Tobian, U.S. 170.00 1964 Kenneth Sitzberger, U.S. 159.90 1968 Bernie Wrightson, U.S. 170.15 1972 Vladimir Vasin, USSR 594.09 1976 Phil Boggs, U.S. 619.52 1980 Aleksandr Portnov, USSR 905.02 1984 Greg Louganis, U.S. 754.41 1988 Greg Louganis, U.S. 730.80 Platform Diving 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Points 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1904 Dr. G.E. Sheldon, U.S. 12.75 1908 Hjalmar Johansson, Sweden 83.75 1912 Erik Adlerz, Sweden 73.94 1920 Clarence Pinkston, U.S. 100.67 1924 Albert White, U.S. 97.46 1928 Pete Desjardins, U.S. 98.74 1932 Harold Smith, U.S. 124.80 1936 Marshall Wayne, U.S. 113.58 1948 Sammy Lee, U.S. 130.05 Points 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1948 Sammy Lee, U.S. 130.05 1952 Sammy Lee, U.S. 156.28 1956 Joaquin Capilla, Mexico 152.44 1960 Robert Webster, U.S. 165.56 1964 Robert Webster, U.S. 148.58 1968 Klaus Dibiasi, Italy 164.18 1972 Klaus Dibiasi, Italy 504.12 1976 Klaus Dibiasi, Italy 600.51 1980 Falk Hoffmann, E. Germany 835.65 1984 Greg Louganis, U.S. 710.91 1988 Greg Louganis, U.S. 638.61 Swimming--Women 50-Meter Freestyle 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1988 Kristin Otto, E. Germany 25.49* 100-Meter Freestyle 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1912 Fanny Durack, Australia 1:22.2 1920 Ethelda Bleibtrey, U.S. 1:13.6 1924 Ethel Lackie, U.S. 1:12.4 1928 Albina Osipowich, U.S. 1:11.0 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1928 Albina Osipowich, U.S. 1:11.0 1932 Helene Madison, U.S. 1:06.8 1936 Hendrika Mastenbroek, Holland 1:05.9 1948 Greta Andersen, Denmark 1:06.3 1952 Katalin Szoke, Hungary 1:06.8 1956 Dawn Fraser, Australia 1:02.0 1960 Dawn Fraser, Australia 1:01.2 1964 Dawn Fraser, Australia 59.5 1968 Jan Henne, U.S. 1:00.0 1972 Sandra Neilson, U.S. 58.59 1976 Kornelia Ender, E. Germany 55.65 1980 Barbara Krause, E. Germany 54.79* 1984 (tie) Carrie Steinseifer, U.S. 55.92 Nancy Hogshead, U.S. 55.92 1988 Kristin Otto, E. Germany 54.93 200-Meter Freestyle 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1968 Debbie Meyer, U.S. 2:10.5 1972 Shane Gould, Australia 2:03.56 1976 Kornelia Ender, E. Germany 1:59.26 1980 Barbara Krause, E. Germany 1:58.33 1984 Mary Wayte, U.S. 1:59.23 1988 Heike Friedrich, E. Germany 1:57.65* 400-Meter Freestyle 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1924 Martha Norelius, U.S. 6:02.2 1928 Martha Norelius, U.S. 5:42.8 1932 Helene Madison, U.S. 5:28.5 1936 Hendrika Mastenbroek, Netherlands 5:26.4 1948 Ann Curtis, U.S. 5:17.8 1952 Valerie Gyenge, Hungary 5:12.1 1956 Lorraine Crapp, Australia 4:54.6 1960 Susan Chris von Saltza, U.S. 4:50.6 1964 Virginia Duenkel, U.S. 4:43.3 1968 Debbie Meyer, U.S. 4:31.8 1972 Shane Gould, Australia 4:19.44 1976 Petra Thuemer E. Germany 4:09.89 1980 Ines Diers, E. Germany 4:08.76 1984 Tiffany Cohen, U.S. 4:07.10 1988 Janet Evans, U.S. 4:03.85* 800-Meter Freestyle 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1968 Debbie Meyer, U.S. 9:24.0 1972 Keena Rothhammer, U.S. 8:53.68 1976 Petra Thuemer, E. Germany 8:37.14 1980 Michelle Ford, Australia 8:28.90 1984 Tiffany Cohen, U.S. 8:24.95 1988 Janet Evans, U.S. 8:20.20* 100-Meter Backstroke 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1924 Sybil Bauer, U.S. 1:23.2 1928 Marie Braun, Netherlands 1:22.0 1932 Eleanor Holm, U.S. 1:19.4 1936 Dina Senff, Netherlands 1:18.9 1948 Karen Harup, Denmark 1:14.4 1952 Joan Harrison, South Africa 1:14.3 1956 Judy Grinham, Great Britain 1:12.9 1960 Lynn Burke, U.S. 1:09.3 1964 Cathy Ferguson, U.S. 1:07.7 1968 Kaye Hall, U.S. 1:06.2 1972 Melissa Belote, U.S. 1:05.78 1976 Ulrike Richter, E. Germany 1:01.83 1980 Rica Reinisch, E. Germany 1:00.86* 1984 Theresa Andrews, U.S. 1:02.55 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1984 Theresa Andrews, U.S. 1:02.55 1988 Kristin Otto, E. Germany 1:00.89 200-Meter Backstroke 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1968 Pokey Watson, U.S. 2:24.8 1972 Melissa Belote, U.S. 2:19.19 1976 Ulrike Richter, E. Germany 2:13.43 1980 Rica Reinisch, E. Germany 2:11.77 1984 Jolanda De Rover, Netherlands 2:12.38 1988 Krisztina Egerszegi, Hungary 2:09.29* 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1988 Krisztina Egerszegi, Hungary 2:09.29* 100-Meter Breaststroke 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1968 Djurdjica Bjedov, Yugoslavia 1:15.8 1972 Cathy Carr, U.S. 1:13.58 1976 Hannelore Anke, E. Germany 1:11:16 1980 Ute Geweniger, E. Germany 1:10.22 1984 Petra Van Staveren, Netherlands 1:09.88 1988 Tania Dangalakova, Bulgaria 1:07.95* 200-Meter Breaststroke 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1924 Lucy Morton, Great Britain 3:33.2 1928 Hilde Schrader, Germany 3:12.6 1932 Clare Dennis, Australia 3:06.3 1936 Hideko Maehata, Japan 3:03.6 1948 Nelly Van Vliet, Netherlands 2:57.2 1952 Eva Szekely, Hungary 2:51.7 1956 Ursula Happe, Germany 2:53.1 1960 Anita Lonsbrough, Great Britain 2:49.5 1964 Galina Prozumenschikova, USSR 2:46.4 1968 Sharon Wichman, U.S. 2:44.4 1972 Beverly Whitfield, Australia 2:41.71 1976 Marina Koshevaia, USSR 2:33.35 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1976 Marina Koshevaia, USSR 2:33.35 1980 Lina Kachushite, USSR 2:29.54 1984 Anne Ottenbrite, Canada 2:30.38 1988 Silke Hoerner, E. Germany 2:26.71* 200-Meter Individual Medley 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1968 Claudia Kolb, U.S. 2:24.7 1972 Shane Gould, Australia 2:23.07 1984 Tracy Caulkins, U.S. 2:12.64 1988 Daniela Hunger, E. Germany 2:12.59* 400-Meter Individual Medley 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1964 Donna de Varona, U.S. 5:18.7 1968 Claudia Kolb, U.S. 5:08.5 1972 Gail Neall, Australia 5:02.97 1976 Ulrike Tauber, E. Germany 4:42.77 1980 Petra Schneider, E. Germany 4:36.29* 1984 Tracy Caulkins, U.S. 4:39.24 1988 Janet Evans, U.S. 4:37.76 100-Meter Butterfly 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1956 Shelley Mann, U.S. 1:11.0 1960 Carolyn Schuler, U.S. 1:09.5 1964 Sharon Stouder, U.S. 1:04.7 1968 Lynn McClements, Australia 1:05.5 1972 Mayumi Aoki, Japan 1:03.34 1976 Kornelia Ender, E. Germany 1:00.13 1980 Caren Metschuck, E. Germany 1:00.42 1984 Mary T. Meagher, U.S. 59.26 1988 Kristin Otto, E. Germany 59.00* 200-Meter Butterfly 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1968 Ada Kok, Netherlands 2:24.7 1972 Karen Moe, U.S. 2:15.57 1976 Andrea Pollack, E. Germany 2:11.41 1980 Ines Geissler, E. Germany 2:10.44 1984 Mary T. Meagher, U.S. 2:06.90* 1988 Kathleen Nord, E. Germany 2:09.51 400-Meter Medley Relay 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1960 United States 4:41.1 1960 United States 4:33.9 1968 United States 4:28.3 1972 United States 4:20.75 1976 East Germany 4:07.95 1980 East Germany 4:06.67 1984 United States 4:08.34 1988 E. Germany 4:03.74* 400-Meter Freestyle Relay 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1912 Great Britain 5:52.8 1920 United States 5:11.6 1924 United States 4:58.8 1928 United States 4:47.6 1932 United States 4:38.0 1936 Netherlands 4:36.0 1948 United States 4:29.2 1952 Hungary 4:24.4 1956 Australia 4:17.1 1960 United States 4:08.9 1964 United States 4:03.8 1968 United States 4:02.5 1972 United States 3:55.19 1976 United States 3:44.82 1980 East Germany 3:42.71 1984 United States 3:43.43 1988 E. Germany 3:40.63* Springboard Diving 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Points 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1920 Aileen Riggin, U.S. 539.90 1924 Elizabeth Becker, U.S. 474.50 1928 Helen Meany, U.S. 78.62 1932 Georgia Coleman U.S. 87.52 1936 Marjorie Gestring, U.S. 89.27 1948 Victoria M. Draves, U.S. 108.74 1952 Patricia McCormick, U.S. 147.30 1956 Patricia McCormick, U.S. 142.36 1960 Ingrid Kramer, Germany 155.81 1964 Ingrid Engel-Kramer, Germany 145.00 Points 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1964 Ingrid Engel-Kramer, Germany 145.00 1968 Sue Gossick, U.S. 150.77 1972 Micki King, U.S. 450.03 1976 Jenni Chandler, U.S. 506.19 1980 Irina Kalinina, USSR 725.91 1984 Sylvie Bernier, Canada 530.70 1988 Gao Min, China 580.23 Platform Diving 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Points Points 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1912 Greta Johansson, Sweden 39.90 1920 Stefani Fryland-Clausen, Denmark 34.60 1924 Caroline Smith, U.S. 33.20 1928 Elizabeth B. Pinkston, U.S. 31.60 1932 Dorothy Poynton, U.S. 40.26 1936 Dorothy Poynton Hill, U.S. 33.93 1948 Victoria M. Draves, U.S. 68.87 1952 Patricia McCormick, U.S. 79.37 1956 Patricia McCormick, U.S. 84.85 1960 Ingrid Kramer, Germany 91.28 1964 Lesley Bush, U.S. 99.80 1968 Milena Duchkova, Czech 109.59 1972 Ulrika Knape, Sweden 390.00 1976 Elena Vaytsekhouskaya, USSR 406.59 1980 Martina Jaschke, E. Germany 596.25 1984 Zhou Jihong, China 435.51 1988 Xu Yanmei, China 445.20 Boxing Light Flyweight (106 lbs) 1968 Francisco Rodriguez, Venezuela 1972 Gyorgy Gedo, Hungary 1976 Jorge Hernandez, Cuba 1980 Shamil Sabyrov, USSR 1984 Paul Gonzalez, U.S. 1988 Ivailo Hristov, Bulgaria Flyweight (1121/2 lbs) 1904 George Finnegan, U.S. 1920 William Di Gennara, U.S. 1924 Fidel LaBarba, U.S. 1928 Antal Kocsis, Hungary 1932 Istvan Enekes, Hungary 1936 Willi Kaiser, Germany 1948 Pascual Perez, Argentina 1952 Nathan Brooks, U.S. 1956 Terence Spinks, Great Britain 1960 Gyula Torok, Hungary 1964 Fernando Atzori, Italy 1968 Ricardo Delgado, Mexico 1972 Georgi Kostadinov, Bulgaria 1976 Leo Randolph, U.S. 1980 Peter Lessov, Bulgaria 1984 Steve McCrory, U.S. 1988 Kim Kwang Sun, S. Korea Bantamweight (1191/2 lbs) 1904 Oliver Kirk, U.S. 1908 A Henry Thomas, Great Britain 1920 Clarence Walker, South Africa 1924 William Smith, South Africa 1928 Vittorio Tamagnini, Italy 1932 Horace Gwynne, Canada 1936 Ulderico Sergo, Italy 1948 Tibor Csik, Hungary 1952 Pentti Hamalainen, Finland 1956 Wolfgang Behrendt, E. Germany 1960 Oleg Grigoryev, USSR 1964 Takao Sakurai, Japan 1968 Valery Sokolov, USSR 1972 Orlando Martinez, Cuba 1976 Yong-Jo Gu, N. Korea 1980 Juan Hernandez, Cuba 1984 Maurizio Stecca, Italy 1988 Kennedy McKinney, U.S. Featherweight (126 lbs) 1904 Oliver Kirk, U.S. 1908 Richard Gunn, Great Britain 1920 Paul Fritsch, France 1924 John Fields, U.S. 1928 Lambertus van Klaveren, Netherlands 1932 Carmelo Robledo, Argentina 1936 Oscar Casanovas, Argentina 1948 Ernesto Formenti, Italy 1952 Jan Zachara, Czech. 1956 Vladimir Safronov, USSR 1960 Francesco Musso, Italy 1964 Stanislav Stephashkin, USSR 1968 Antonin Roldan, Mexico 1972 Boris Kousnetsov, USSR 1976 Angel Herrera, Cuba 1980 Rudi Fink, E. Germany 1984 Meldrick Taylor, U.S. 1988 Giovanni Parisi, Italy Lightweight (132 lbs) 1904 Harry Spanger, U.S. 1908 Frederick Grace, Great Britain 1920 Samuel Mosberg, U.S. 1924 Hans Nielsen, Denmark 1928 Carlo Orlandi, Italy 1932 Lawrence Stevens, South Africa 1936 Imre Harangi, Hungary 1948 Gerald Dreyer, South Africa 1952 Aureliano Bolognesi, Italy 1956 Richard McTaggart, Great Britain 1960 Kazimierz Pazdzior, Poland 1964 Jozef Grudzien, Poland 1968 Ronald Harris, U.S. 1972 Jan Szczepanski, Poland 1976 Howard Davis, U.S. 1980 Angel Herrera, Cuba 1984 Pernell Whitaker, U.S. 1988 Andreas Zuelow, E. Germany Light Welterweight (140 lbs) 1952 Charles Adkins, U.S. 1956 Vladimir Yengibaryan, USSR 1960 Bohumil Nemecek, Czech. 1964 Jerzy Kulej, Poland 1968 Jerzy Kulej, Poland 1972 Ray Seales, U.S. 1976 Ray Leonard, U.S. 1980 Patrizio Oliva, Italy 1984 Jerry Page, U.S. 1988 Viatcheslav Janovski, USSR Welterweight (148 lbs) 1904 Albert Young, U.S. 1920 Albert Schneider, Canada 1924 Jean Delarge, Belgium 1928 Edward Morgan, New Zealand 1932 Edward Flynn, U.S. 1936 Sten Suvio, Finland 1948 Julius Torma, Czech. 1952 Zygmunt Chychia, Poland 1956 Nicolae Linca, Romania 1960 Giovanni Benvenuti, Italy 1964 Marian Kasprzyk, Poland 1968 Manfred Wolke, E. Germany 1972 Emilio Correa, Cuba 1976 Jochen Bachfeld, E. Germany 1980 Andres Aldama, Cuba 1984 Mark Breland, U.S. 1988 Robert Wangila, Kenya Light Middleweight (156 lbs) 1952 Laszlo Papp, Hungary 1956 Laszio Papp, Hungary 1960 Wilbert McClure, U.S. 1964 Boris Lagutin, USSR 1968 Boris Lagutin, USSR 1972 Dieter Kottysch, W. Germany 1976 Jerzy Rybicki, Poland 1980 Armando Martinez, Cuba 1984 Frank Tate, U.S. 1988 Park Si Hun, S. Korea Middleweight (1651/2 lbs) 1904 Charles Mayer, U.S. 1908 John Douglas, Great Britain 1920 Harry Mallin, Great Britain 1924 Harry Mallin, Great Britain 1928 Piero Toscani, Italy 1932 Carmen Barth, U.S. 1936 Jean Despeaux, France 1948 Laszio Papp, Hungary 1952 Floyd Patterson, U.S. 1956 Gennady Schatkov, USSR 1960 Edward Crook, U.S. 1964 Valery Popenchenko, USSR 1968 Christopher Finnegan, Great Britain 1972 Vyacheslav Lemechev, USSR 1976 Michael Spinks, U.S. 1980 Jose Gomez, Cuba 1984 Joon-Sup Shin, S. Korea 1988 Henry Maske, E. Germany Light Heavyweight (179 lbs) 1920 Edward Eagan, U.S. 1924 Harry Mitchell, Great Britain 1928 Victor Avendano, Argentina 1932 David Carstens, South Africa 1936 Roger Michelot, France 1948 George Hunter, South Africa 1952 Norvel Lee, U.S. 1956 James Boyd, U.S. 1960 Cassius Clay, U.S. 1964 Cosimo Pinto, Italy 1968 Dan Poznyak, USSR 1972 Mate Parlov, Yugoslavia 1976 Leon Spinks, U.S. 1980 Siobodan Kacar, Yugoslavia 1984 Anton Josipovic, Yugoslavia 1988 Andrew Maynard, U.S. Heavyweight (2001/2 lbs) 1984 Henry Tillman, U.S. 1988 Ray Mercer, U.S. Super Heavyweight (Unlimited) (known as heavyweight from 1904-1980) 1904 Samuel Berger, U.S. 1908 Albert Oldham, Great Britain 1920 Ronald Rawson, Great Britain 1924 Otto von Porat, Norway 1928 Arturo Rodriguez Jurado, Argentina 1932 Santiago Lovell, Argentina 1936 Herbert Runge, Germany 1948 Rafael Inglesias, Argentina 1952 H. Edward Sanders, U.S. 1956 T. Peter Rademacher, U.S. 1960 Franco De Piccoli, Italy 1964 Joe Frazier, U.S. 1968 George Foreman, U.S. 1972 Teofilo Stevenson, Cuba 1976 Teofilo Stevenson, Cuba 1980 Teofilo Stevenson, Cuba 1984 Tyrell Biggs, U.S. 1988 Lennox Lewis, Canada 24th Summer Olympics Seoul, S. Korea, Sept. 17-24, 1988 A record 13,674 athletes gathered in Seoul, South Korea in September for 16 days to compete in the Games of the XXIV Olympiad. The athletes represented 161 nations, 21 more than had participated in any previous Olympics, and competed for 237 gold medals in 26 sports at a cost of $3.1 billion to the South Korean government. The Soviet Union won the most medals, East Germany finished second, and the United States third. The 1988 games will be remembered mostly for the long-awaited showdown in the 100-meter race between Ben Johnson, the Canadian sprinter and world record holder, and his archrival, Carl Lewis of the United States. Johnson won the race in world record time. Three days later, Johnson was stripped of his gold medal and world record because he had tested positive for the anabolic steroid stanozolol. Two weightlifters from Bulgaria were also stripped of their gold medals for taking drugs. In all, 10 of the athletes tested were disqualified by the International Olympic Committee for using banned substances. Sports fans in the United States had much to cheer about. Swimmers Matt Biondi won 5 gold medals and Janet Evans won gold in three events. Greg Louganis repeated his 1984 performance by winning the springboard and platform diving events. Florence Griffith-Joyner won the 100 and 200-meter races while her sister-in-law, Jackie Joyner-Kersee was the Heptathlon and long jump champion. The U.S. men won the volleyball gold medal. The biggest disappointment was the defeat of the men's basketball team by the Soviet Union, only the second loss in history for a U.S. Olympic basketball team. Final Medal Standings 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Gold Silver Bronze Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� USSR 55 31 46 132 East Germany 37 35 30 102 United States 36 31 27 94 West Germany 11 14 15 40 Bulgaria 10 12 13 35 South Korea 12 10 11 33 China 5 11 12 28 Romania 7 11 6 24 Great Britain 5 10 9 24 Hungary 11 6 6 23 France 6 4 6 16 Poland 2 5 9 16 Italy 6 4 4 14 Japan 4 3 7 14 Australia 3 6 5 14 New Zealand 3 2 8 13 Gold Silver Bronze Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� New Zealand 3 2 8 13 Yugoslavia 3 4 5 12 Sweden 0 4 7 11 Canada 3 2 5 10 Kenya 5 2 2 9 Netherlands 2 2 5 9 Czechoslovakia 3 3 2 8 Brazil 1 2 3 6 Norway 2 3 0 5 Denmark 2 1 1 4 Finland 1 1 2 4 Spain 1 1 2 4 Switzerland 0 2 2 4 Morocco 1 0 2 3 Turkey 1 1 0 2 Jamaica 0 2 0 2 Argentina 0 1 1 2 Belgium 0 0 2 2 Mexico 0 0 2 2 Gold Silver Bronze Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mexico 0 0 2 2 Austria 1 0 0 1 Portugal 1 0 0 1 Suriname 1 0 0 1 Chile 0 1 0 1 Costa Rica 0 1 0 1 Indonesia 0 1 0 1 Iran 0 1 0 1 Netherlands Antilles 0 1 0 1 Peru 0 1 0 1 Senegal 0 1 0 1 Virgin Islands 0 1 0 1 Colombia 0 0 1 1 Djibouti 0 0 1 1 Greece 0 0 1 1 Mongolia 0 0 1 1 Pakistan 0 0 1 1 Philippines 0 0 1 1 Thailand 0 0 1 1 Gold Silver Bronze Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Thailand 0 0 1 1 Olympic Information Symbol: Five rings or circles, linked together to represent the sporting friendship of all peoples. The rings also symbolize the 5 continents--Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and America. Each ring is a different color--blue, yellow, black, green, and red. Flag: The symbol of the 5 rings on a plain white background. Motto: "Citius, Altius, Fortius." Latin meaning "faster, higher, braver," or the modern interpretation "swifter, higher, stronger". The motto was coined by Father Didon, a French educator, in 1895. Creed: "The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well." Oath: An athlete of the host country recites the following at the opening ceremony. "In the name of all competitors I promise that we will take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, in the true spirit of sportsmanship for the glory of sport and the honor of our teams." Both the oath and the creed were composed by Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Games. Flame: Symbolizes the continuity between the ancient and modern Games. The modern version of the flame was adopted in 1936. The torch used to kindle the flame is first lit by the sun's rays at Olympia, Greece, and then carried to the site of the Games by relays of runners. Ships and planes are used when necessary. Other Summer Olympics Gold Medalists in 1988 Archery Men --Jay Barrs, U.S. Men's Team --S. Korea. Women --Kim Soo-Nyung, S. Korea. Women's Team -- S. Korea. Basketball Men --1. USSR; 2. Yugoslavia; 3. U.S. Women --1. U.S.; 2. Yugoslavia; 3. USSR. Canoeing--Men K1-500M --Zsolt Gyulay, Hungary. K2-500M --Ian Ferguson, Paul MacDonald, New Zealand. K1-1,000M --Greg Barton, U.S. K2-1,000M --Greg Barton, N. Bellingham, U.S. K4-1,000m --Hungary. C1-500M --Olaf Heukrodt, E. Germany. C2-500M --Victor Reneiski, Nikolai Jouravski, USSR. C1-1,000M --Ivan Klementiev, USSR. C2-1,000M --Victor Reneiski, Nikolai Jouravski, USSR. Canoeing--Women K1-500M --Vania Guecheva, Bulgaria. K2-500M --Birgit Schmidt, Anke Nothnagel, E. Germany. K4-500M --E. Germany. Cycling 4,000 Individual Pursuit --Gintaoutas Umaras, USSR. Sprint --Lutz Hesslich, E. Germany. 4,000 Team Pursuit --USSR. 50 Km Points Race --Dan Forst, Denmark. 1K Time Trial --Alexandr Kiritchenko, USSR. 100K Team Time Trial --E. Germany. Road Race --Olaf Ludwig, E. Germany. Women's Sprint --Erika Saloumiae, USSR. Women's Road Race --Monique Knol, Netherlands. Diving Women's Platform --Xu Yanmei, China. Women's Springboard --Gao Min, China. Men's Springboard --Greg Louganis, U.S. Men's Platform --Greg Louganis, U.S. Equestrian Individual 3-Day Event --Mark Todd, New Zealand. Team 3-Day Event --W. Germany. Individual Dressage --Nicole Uphoff, W. Germany. Team Dressage --W. Germany. Individual Jumping --Pierre Durand, France. Team Jumping --W. Germany. Fencing--Men Foil Individual --Stefano Cerioni, Italy. Team Foil --USSR. Sabre Individual --Jean-Francois Lamour, France. Team Sabre --Hungary. Epee Individual --Arnd Schmitt, W. Germany. Epee Team --France. Fencing--Women Foil Individual --Anja Fichtel, W. Germany. Team Foil --W. Germany. Field Hockey Men --1. Great Britain; 2. W. Germany; 3. Netherlands. Women --1. Australia; 2. S. Korea; 3. Netherlands. Gymnastics--Men Team --USSR. All Around -- Vladimir Artemov, USSR. Floor Exercise -- Sergei Kharikov, USSR. Pommel Horse -- Dimitri Bilozerchev, USSR. Rings -- Dimitri Bilozerchev, USSR. Vault -- Lou Yun, China. Parallel Bars -- Vladimir Artemov, USSR. Horizontal Bar --Vladimir Artemov, USSR. Gymnastics--Women Team --USSR. All-Around --Yelena Shoushunova, USSR. Vault --Svetlana Boguinskaya, USSR. Uneven Parallel Bars --Daniela Silivas, Romania. Balance Beam --Daniela Silivas, Romania. Floor Exercise --Daniela Silivas, Romania. Rhythmic Gymnastics Marina Lobatch, USSR. Judo 133 Pounds --Kim Jae Yup, S. Korea. 143 Pounds --Lee Kyung-Keun, S. Korea. 156 Pounds --Marc Alexandre, France. 172 Pounds --Waldemar Legien, Poland. 189 Pounds --Peter Seisenbacher, Austria. 209 Pounds --Aurelio Miguel, Brazil. Over 209 Pounds --Hitoshi Saito, Japan. Modern Pentathlon Individual --Janos Martinek, Hungary. Team --Hungary. Rowing--Men Single Sculls --Tomas Lange, E. Germany. Double Sculls --Netherlands. Coxless Pairs --Great Britain. Coxed Pairs --Italy. Coxed Fours --E. Germany. Coxless Fours --E. Germany. Quadruple Sculls --Italy. Eights --W. Germany. Rowing--Women Single Sculls --Jutta Behrendt, E. Germany. Double Sculls --E. Germany. Coxless Pairs --Romania. Coxless Fours --E. Germany. Quadruple Sculls --E. Germany. Eights --E. Germany. Shooting--Men Smallbore Standard Rifle --Miroslav Varga, Czechoslovakia. Smallbore Free Rifle --Malcolm Cooper, Great Britain. Free Pistol --Sorin Babii, Romania. Air Rifle --Goran Maksimovic, Yugoslavia. Rapid-Fire Pistol --Afanasi Kouzmine, USSR. Running Target --Tor Heiestad, Norway. Air Pistol --Taniou Kiruakov, Bulgaria. Shooting--Women Air Rifle --Irina Cilova, USSR. Sport Pistol --Nino Saloukvadze, USSR. Air Pistol --Jasna Sekaric, Yugoslavia. Smallbore Standard Rifle --Silvia Sperber, W. Germany. Shooting--Mixed Skeet --Axel Wegner, E. Germany. Trap --Dmitri Monakov, USSR. Soccer Championship --1. USSR; 2. Brazil; 3. W. Germany. Synchronized Swimming Solo --Carolyn Waldo, Canada. Duet --Michelle Cameron, Carolyn Waldo, Canada. Table Tennis--Men Singles --Yoo Nam Kyu, S. Korea. Doubles --Chen Longcan, Wei Qingquang, China. Table Tennis--Women Singles --Chen Jing, China. Doubles --Hyun Jung Hwa, Yang Young Ja, S. Korea. Team Handball Men --1. USSR. S. Korea; 3. Yugoslavia. Women --1. S. Korea. Norway; 3. USSR. Tennis--Men Singles --Miloslav Mecir, Czech. Doubles --Ken Flach, Robert Seguso, U.S. Tennis--Women Singles --Steffi Graf, W. Germany. Doubles --Pam Shriver, Zina Garrison, U.S. Volleyball Men --1. U.S.; 2. USSR; 3. Argentina. Women --1. USSR; 2. Peru; 3. China. Water Polo Championship --1. Yugoslavia; 2. U.S.; 3. USSR. Weight Lifting 115 Pounds --Sevdalin Marinov, Bulgaria. 123 Pounds --Oxen Mirzoian, USSR. 132 Pounds --Naim Suleymanogulu, Turkey. 149 Pounds --Joachim Kunz, E. Germany. 165 Pounds --Borislav Guidikov, Bulgaria. 182 Pounds --Israil Arsamakov, USSR. 198 Pounds --Anatoli Khrapatyi, USSR. 220 Pounds --Pavel Kouzntsov, USSR. 242 Pounds --Yuri Zakharevitch, USSR. Over 242 Pounds --Aleksandr Kourlovich, USSR. Wrestling--Greco-Roman 106 Pounds --Vicenzo Maenza, Italy. 115 Pounds --Jon Ronningen, Norway. 126 Pounds --Andras Sike, Hungary. 137 Pounds --Kamandar Madjidov, USSR. 150 Pounds --Levon Djoulfalakian, USSR. 163 Pounds --Kim Young Nam, S. Korea. 181 Pounds --Mikhail Mamiachvili, USSR. 198 Pounds --Atanas Komchev, Bulgaria. 220 Pounds --Andrzej Wronski, Poland. 286 Pounds --Alexander Kareline, USSR. Wrestling--Freestyle 106 Pounds --Takashi Kobayashi, Japan. 115 Pounds --Mitsuru Sato, Japan. 126 Pounds --Serguei Beloglazov, USSR. 137 Pounds --John Smith, U.S. 150 Pounds --Arsen Fadzaev, USSR. 163 Pounds --Ken Monday, U.S. 181 Pounds --Han Myang-Woo, S. Korea. 198 Pounds --Makharbek Khadartsev, USSR. 220 Pounds --Vasile Puscasu, Romania. 286 Pounds --David Gobedjichvili, USSR. Yachting Board Sailing --Bruce Kendall, New Zealand. Finn --Jose Luis Doreste, Spain. Flying Dutchman --Denmark. Soling --E. Germany. Star --Great Britain. Tornado --France. Men's 470 --France. Women's 470 --U.S. Winter Olympic Games Champions, 1924-1988 Sites of Games 1924 Chamonix, France 1928 St. Moritz, Switzerland 1932 Lake Placid, N.Y. 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany 1948 St. Moritz, Switzerland 1952 Oslo, Norway 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy 1960 Squaw Valley, Cal. 1964 Innsbruck, Austria 1968 Grenoble, France 1972 Sapporo, Japan 1976 Innsbruck, Austria 1980 Lake Placid, N.Y. 1984 Sarajevo, Yugoslavia 1988 Calgary, Alberta 1992 Albertville, France (scheduled) Bobsledding (Driver in parentheses) 4-Man Bob 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1924 Switzerland (Eduard Scherrer) 5:45.54 1928 United States (William Fiske) (5-man) 3:20.50 1932 United States (William Fiske) 7:53.68 1936 Switzerland (Pierre Musy) 5:19.85 1948 United States (Francis Tyler) 5:20.10 1952 Germany (Andreas Ostler) 5:07.84 1956 Switzerland (Franz Kapus) 5:10.44 1964 Canada (Victor Emery) 4:14.46 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1964 Canada (Victor Emery) 4:14.46 1968 Italy (Eugenio Monti) (2 races) 2:17.39 1972 Switzerland (Jean Wicki) 4:43.07 1976 E. Germany (Meinhard Nehmer) 3:40.43 1980 E. Germany (Meinhard Nehmer) 3:59.92 1984 E. Germany (Wolfgang Hoppe) 3:20.22 1988 Switzerland (Ekkehard Fasser) 3:47.51 2-Man Bob 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1932 United States (Hubert Stevens) 8:14.74 1936 United States (Ivan Brown) 5:29.29 1948 Switzerland (F. Endrich) 5:29.20 1952 Germany (Andreas Ostler) 5:24.54 1956 Italy (Dalla Costa) 5:30.14 1964 Great Britain (Anthony Nash) 4:21.90 1968 Italy (Eugenio Monti) 4:41.54 1972 W. Germany (Wolfgang Zimmerer) 4:57.07 1976 E. Germany (Meinhard Nehmer) 3:44.42 1980 Switzerland (Erich Schaerer) 4:09.36 1984 E.Germany (Wolfgang Hoppe) 3:25.56 1988 USSR (Janis Kipours) 3:54.19 Luge Men's Singles 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1964 Thomas Keohler, Germany 3:26.77 1968 Manfred Schmid, Austria 2:52.48 1972 Wolfgang Scheidel, E. Germany 3:27.58 1976 Detlef Guenther, E. Germany 3:27.688 1980 Bernhard Glass, E. Germany 2:54.796 1984 Paul Hildgartner, Italy 3:04.258 1988 Jens Mueller, E. Germany 3:05.548 Men's Pairs 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1964 Austria 1:41.62 1968 E. Germany 1:35.85 1972 Italy, E. Germany (tie) 1:28.35 1976 E. Germany 1:25.604 1980 E. Germany 1:19.331 1984 W. Germany 1:23.620 1988 E. Germany 1:31.940 Women's Singles 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1964 Ortun Enderlein, Germany 3:24.67 1968 Erica Lechner, Italy 2:28.66 1972 Anna M. Muller, E. Germany 2:59.18 1976 Margit Schumann, E. Germany 2:50.621 1980 Vera Zozulya, USSR 2:36.537 1984 Steffi Martin, E. Germany 2:46.570 1988 Steffi Walter, E. Germany 3:03.973 Biathlon 10 Kilometers Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1980 Frank Ullrich, E. Germany 32:10.69 1984 Eirik Kvalfoss, Norway 30:53.80 1988 Frank-Peter Roetsch, E. Germany 25:08.10 20 Kilometers 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1960 Klas Lestander,Sweden 1:33:21.6 1964 Vladimir Melanin, USSR 1:20:26.8 1968 Magnar Solberg, Norway 1:13:45.9 1972 Magnar Solberg, Norway 1:15:55.50 1976 Nikolai Kruglov, USSR 1:14:12.26 1980 Anatoly Aljabiev, USSR 1:08:16.31 1984 Peter Angerer, W. Germany 1:11:52.7 1988 Frank-Peter Roetsch, E. Germany 0:56:33.33 30-Kilometer Relay 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1968 USSR, Norway, Sweden 2:13:02.4 1972 USSR, Finland, E. Germany 1:51:44.92 1976 USSR, Finland, E. Germany 1:57:55.64 1980 USSR, E. Germany, W. Germany (30 km.) 1:34:03.27 1984 USSR, Norway, W. Germany 1:38:51.70 1988 USSR, W. Germany, Italy 1:22:30.00 Figure Skating Men's Singles 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1908 Ulrich Salchow, Sweden 1920 Gillis Grafstrom, Sweden 1924 Gillis Grafstrom, Sweden 1928 Gillis Grafstrom, Sweden 1932 Karl Schaefer, Austria 1936 Karl Schaefer, Austria 1948 Richard Button, U.S. 1952 Richard Button, U.S. 1956 Hayes Alan Jenkins, U.S. 1960 David W. Jenkins, U.S. 1964 Manfred Schnelldorfer, Germany 1968 Wolfgang Schwartz, Austria 1972 Ondrej Nepela, Czechoslovakia 1976 John Curry, Great Britain 1980 Robin Cousins, Great Britain 1984 Scott Hamilton, U.S. 1988 Brian Boitano, U.S. Women's Singles 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1908 Madge Syers, Great Britain 1920 Magda Julin-Mauroy, Sweden 1924 Herma von Szabo-Planck, Austria 1928 Sonja Henie, Norway 1932 Sonja Henie, Norway 1936 Sonja Henie, Norway 1948 Barbara Ann Scott, Canada 1952 Jeanette Altwegg, Great Britain 1956 Tenley Albright, U.S. 1960 Carol Heiss, U.S. 1964 Sjoukje Dijkstra, Netherlands 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1964 Sjoukje Dijkstra, Netherlands 1968 Peggy Fleming, U.S. 1972 Beatrix Schuba, Austria 1976 Dorothy Hamill, U.S. 1980 Anett Poetzsch, E. Germany 1984 Katarina Witt, E. Germany 1988 Katarina Witt, E. Germany Pairs 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1908 Anna Hubler & Heinrich Burger, Germany 1920 Ludovika & Walter Jakobsson, Finland 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1920 Ludovika & Walter Jakobsson, Finland 1924 Helene Engelman & Alfred Berger, Austria 1928 Andree Joly & Pierre Brunet, France 1932 Andree Joly & Pierre Brunet, France 1936 Maxi Herber & Ernst Baier, Germany 1948 Micheline Lannoy & Pierre Baugniet, Belgium 1952 Ria and Paul Falk, Germany 1956 Elisabeth Schwartz & Kurt Oppelt, Austria 1960 Barbara Wagner & Robert Paul, Canada 1964 Ludmila Beloussova & Oleg Protopopov, USSR 1968 Ludmila Beloussova & Oleg Protopopov, USSR 1972 Irina Rodnina & Alexei Ulanov, USSR 1976 Irina Rodnina & Aleksandr Zaitzev, USSR 1980 Irina Rodnina & Aleksandr Zaitzev, USSR 1984 Elena Valova & Oleg Vassiliev, USSR 1988 Ekaterina Gordeeva & Sergei Grinkov, USSR Ice Dancing 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1976 Ludmila Pakhomova & Aleksandr Gorschkov, USSR 1980 Natalya Linichuk & Gennadi Karponosov, USSR 1984 Jayne Torvill & Christopher Dean, Great Britain 1988 Natalia Bestemianova & Andrei Bukin, USSR Ice Hockey 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1920 Canada, U.S., Czechoslovakia 1924 Canada, U.S., Great Britain 1928 Canada, Sweden, Switzerland 1932 Canada, U.S., Germany 1936 Great Britain, Canada, U.S. 1948 Canada, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland 1952 Canada, U.S., Sweden 1956 USSR, U.S., Canada 1960 U.S., Canada, USSR 1964 USSR, Sweden, Czechoslovakia 1968 USSR, Czechoslovakia, Canada 1972 USSR, U.S., Czechoslovakia, 1976 USSR, Czechoslovakia, W. Germany 1980 U.S., USSR, Sweden 1984 USSR, Czechoslovakia, Sweden 1988 USSR, Finland, Sweden Alpine Skiing Men's Downhill 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1948 Henri Oreiller, France 2:55.0 1952 Zeno Colo, Italy 2:30.8 1956 Anton Sailer, Austria 2:52.2 1960 Jean Vuarnet, France 2:06.0 1964 Egon Zimmermann, Austria 2:18.16 1968 Jean-Claude Killy, France 1:59.85 1972 Bernhard Russi, Switzerland 1:51.43 1976 Franz Klammer, Austria 1:45.73 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1976 Franz Klammer, Austria 1:45.73 1980 Leonhard Stock, Austria 1:45.50 1984 Bill Johnson, U.S. 1:45:59 1988 Pirmin Zurbriggen, Switzerland 1:59.63 Men's Super Giant Slalom Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1988 Franck Piccard, France 1:39.66 Men's Giant Slalom 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1952 Stein Eriksen, Norway 2:25.0 1956 Anton Sailer, Austria 3:00.1 1960 Roger Staub, Switzerland 1:48.3 1964 Francois Bonlieu, France 1:46.71 1968 Jean-Claude Killy, France 3:29.28 1972 Gustavo Thoeni, Italy 3:09.62 1976 Heini Hemmi, Switzerland 3:26.97 1980 Ingemar Stenmark, Sweden 2:40.74 1984 Max Julen, Switzerland 2:41.18 1988 Alberto Tomba, Italy 2:06:37 Men's Slalom 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1948 Edi Reinalter, Switzerland 2:10.3 1952 Othmar Schneider, Austria 2:00.0 1956 Anton Sailer, Austria 194.7 pts. 1960 Ernst Hinterseer, Austria 2:08.9 1964 Josef Stiegler, Austria 2:11.13 1968 Jean-Claude Killy, France 1:39.73 1972 Francisco Fernandez Ochoa, Spain 1:49.27 1976 Piero Gros, Italy 2:03.29 1980 Ingemar Stenmark, Sweden 1:44.26 1984 Phil Mahre, U.S. 1:39.41 1988 Alberto Tomba 1:39.47 Men's Combined Points 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1988 Hubert Strolz, Austria 36.55 Women's Downhill 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1948 Hedi Schlunegger, Switzerland 2:28.3 1952 Trude Jochum-Beiser, Austria 1:47.1 1956 Madeleine Berthod, Switzerland 1:40.7 1960 Heidi Biebl, Germany 1:37.6 1964 Christl Haas, Austria 1:55.39 1968 Olga Pall, Austria 1:40.87 1972 Marie Therese Nadig, Switzerland 1:36.68 1976 Rosi Mittermaier, W. Germany 1:46.16 1980 Annemarie Proell Moser, Austria 1:37.52 1984 Michela Figini, Switzerland 1:13.36 1988 Marina Kiehl, W. Germany 1:25.86 Women's Super Giant Slalom Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1988 Sigrid Wolf, Austria 1:19.03 Women's Giant Slalom 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1952 Andrea Mead Lawrence, U.S. 2:06.8 1956 Ossi Reichert, Germany 1:56.5 1960 Yvonne Ruegg, Switzerland 1:39.9 1964 Marielle Goitschel, France 1:52.24 1968 Nancy Greene, Canada 1:51.97 1972 Marie Therese Nadig, Switzerland 1:29.90 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1972 Marie Therese Nadig, Switzerland 1:29.90 1976 Kathy Kreiner, Canada 1:29.13 1980 Hanni Wenzel, Liechtenstein (2 runs) 2:41.66 1984 Debbie Armstrong, U.S. 2:20.98 1988 Vreni Schneider, Switzerland 2:06.49 Women's Slalom 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1948 Gretchen Fraser, U.S. 1:57.2 1952 Andrea Mead Lawrence, U.S. 2:10.6 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1952 Andrea Mead Lawrence, U.S. 2:10.6 1956 Renee Colliard, Switzerland 112.3 pts. 1960 Anne Heggtveigt, Canada 1:49.6 1964 Christine Goitschel, France 1:29.86 1968 Marielle Goitschel, France 1:25.86 1972 Barbara Cochran, U.S. 1:31.24 1976 Rosi Mittermaier, W. Germany 1:30.54 1980 Hanni Wenzel, Liechtenstein 1:25.09 1984 Paoletta Magoni, Italy 1:36.47 1988 Vreni Schneider, Switzerland 1:36.69 Women's Combined Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1988 Anita Wachter, Austria 29.25 Nordic Skiing Men's Cross-Country Events 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1924 Thorleif Haug, Norway 1:14:31 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1924 Thorleif Haug, Norway 1:14:31 1928 Johan Grottumsbraaten, Norway 1:37:01 1932 Sven Utterstrom, Sweden 1:23:07 1936 Erik-August Larsson, Sweden 1:14:38 1948 Martin Lundstrom, Sweden 1:13:50 1952 Hallgeir Brenden, Norway 1:01:34 1956 Hallgeir Brenden, Norway 49:39.0 1960 Haakon Brusveen, Norway 51:55.5 1964 Eero Maentyranta, Finland 50:54.1 1968 Harald Groenningen, Norway 47:54.2 1972 Sven-Ake Lundback, Sweden 45:28.24 1976 Nikolai Balukov, USSR 43:58.47 1980 Thomas Wassberg, Sweden 41:57.63 1984 Gunde Svan, Sweden 41:25.6 1988 Mikhail Deviatiarov, USSR 41:18.9 (Note: approx. 18-km. course 1924-1952) 30 kilometers (18.6 miles) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1956 Veikko Hakulinen, Finland 1:44:06.0 1960 Sixten Jernberg, Sweden 1:51:03.9 1964 Eero Maentyranta, Finland 1:30:50.7 1968 Franco Nones, Italy 1:35:39.2 1972 Vyacheslav Vedenine, USSR 1:36:31.15 1976 Sergei Saveliev, USSR 1:30:29.38 1980 Nikolai Zimyatov, USSR 1:27:02.80 1984 Nikolai Zimyatov, USSR 1:28:56.3 1988 Aleksei Prokourorov, USSR 1:24:26.3 50 kilometers (31.2 miles) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1924 Thorleif Haug, Norway 3:44:32.0 1928 Per Erik Hedlund, Sweden 4:52:03.0 1932 Veli Saarinen, Finland 4:28:00.0 1936 Elis Wiklund, Sweden 3:30:11.0 1948 Nils Karlsson, Sweden 3:47:48.0 1952 Veikko Hakulinen, Finland 3:33:33.0 1956 Sixten Jernberg, Sweden 2:50:27.0 1960 Kalevi Hamalainen, Finland 2:59:06.3 1964 Sixten Jernberg, Sweden 2:43:52.6 1968 Ole Ellefsaeter, Norway 2:28:45.8 1972 Paal Tyldum, Norway 2:43:14.75 1976 Ivar Formo, Norway 2:37:30.05 1980 Nikolai Zimyatov, USSR 2:27:24.60 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1980 Nikolai Zimyatov, USSR 2:27:24.60 1984 Thomas Wassberg, Sweden 2:15:55.8 1988 Gunde Svan, Sweden 2:04:30.9 40-km. Relay 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1936 Finland, Norway, Sweden 2:41:33.0 1948 Sweden, Finland, Norway 2:32:08.0 1952 Finland, Norway, Sweden 2:20:16.0 1956 USSR, Finland, Sweden 2:15:30.0 1960 Finland, Norway, USSR 2:18:45.6 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1960 Finland, Norway, USSR 2:18:45.6 1964 Sweden, Finland, USSR 2:18:34.6 1968 Norway, Sweden, Finland 2:08:33.5 1972 USSR, Norway, Switzerland 2:04:47.94 1976 Finland, Norway, USSR 2:07:59.72 1980 USSR, Norway, Finland 1:57:03.46 1984 Sweden, USSR, Finland 1:55:06.30 1988 Sweden, USSR, Czechoslovakia 1:43:58.60 Combined Cross-Country & Jumping 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Points 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Points 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1924 Thorleif Haug, Norway 453.800 1928 Johan Grottumsbraaten, Norway 427.800 1932 Johan Grottumsbraaten, Norway 446.000 1936 Oddbjorn Hagen, Norway 430.300 1948 Heikki Hasu, Finland 448.800 1952 Simon Slattvik, Norway 451.621 1956 Sverre Stenersen, Norway 455.000 1960 Georg Thoma, Germany 457.952 1964 Tormod Knutsen, Norway 469.280 1968 Franz Keller, W. Germany 449.040 1972 Ulrich Wehling, E. Germany 413.340 1976 Ulrich Wehling, E. Germany 423.390 1980 Ulrich Wehling, E. Germany 432.200 1984 Tom Sandberg, Norway 422.595 1988 Hippolyt Kempf, Switzerland 235.8 Men's Team Ski Jumping (90 meters) Points 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1988 Finland, Yugoslavia, Norway 634.400 Ski Jumping (90 meters) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Points 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1924 Jacob Thams, Norway 227.5 1928 Alfred Andersen, Norway 230.5 1932 Birger Ruud, Norway 228.1 1936 Birger Ruud, Norway 232.0 Points 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1936 Birger Ruud, Norway 232.0 1948 Petter Hugsted, Norway 228.1 1952 Arnfinn Bergmann, Norway 226.0 1956 Antti Hyvarinen, Finland 227.0 1960 Helmut Recknagel, Germany 227.2 1964 Toralf Engan, Norway 230.7 1968 Vladimir Beloussov, USSR 231.3 1972 Wojiech Fortuna, Poland 219.9 1976 Karl Schnabl, Austria 234.8 1980 Jouko Tormanen, Finland 271.0 1984 Matti Nykaenen, Finland 231.2 1988 Matti Nykaenen, Finland 224.0 Men's Team Combined Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1988 W. Germany, Switzerland, Austria 1:20:46.0 Ski Jumping (70 meters) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Points 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1964 Veikko Kankkonen, Finland 229.9 1968 Jiri Raska, Czechoslovakia 216.5 1972 Yukio Kasaya, Japan 244.2 1976 Hans Aschenbach, E. Germany 252.0 1980 Anton Innauer, Austria 266.3 1984 Jens Weissflog, E. Germany 215.2 1988 Matti Nykaenen, Finland 229.1 Points 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1988 Matti Nykaenen, Finland 229.1 Women's Events 5 kilometers (approx. 3.1 miles) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1964 Claudia Boyarskikh, USSR 17:50.5 1968 Toini Gustafsson, Sweden 16:45.2 1972 Galina Koulacova, USSR 17:00.50 1976 Helena Takalo, Finland 15:48.69 1980 Raisa Smetanina, USSR 15:06.92 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1980 Raisa Smetanina, USSR 15:06.92 1984 Marja-Liisa Haemaelainen, Finland 17:04.0 1988 Marjo Matikainen, Finland 15:04.0 10 kilometers 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1952 Lydia Wideman, Finland 41:40.0 1956 Lyubov Kosyreva, USSR 38:11.0 1960 Maria Gusakova, USSR 39:46.6 1964 Claudia Boyarskikh, USSR 40:24.3 1968 Toini Gustafsson, Sweden 36:46.5 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1968 Toini Gustafsson, Sweden 36:46.5 1972 Galina Koulacova, USSR 34:17.82 1976 Raisa Smetanina, USSR 30:13.41 1980 Barbara Petzold, E. Germany 30:31.54 1984 Marja-Liisa Haemaelainen, Finland 31:44.2 1988 Vida Ventsene, USSR 30:08.3 20 kilometers Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1984 Marja-Liisa Haemaelainen, Finland 1:01:45.0 1988 Tamara Tikhonova, USSR 55:53.6 20-km. Relay 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1956 Finland, USSR, Sweden (15 km.) 1:09:01.0 1960 Sweden, USSR, Finland (15 km.) 1:04:21.4 1964 USSR, Sweden, Finland (15 km.) 59:20.2 1968 Norway, Sweden, USSR (15 km.) 57:30.0 1972 USSR, Finland, Norway (15 km.) 48:46.15 1976 USSR, Finland, E. Germany 1:07:49.75 1980 E. Germany, USSR, Norway 1:02:11.10 1984 Norway, Czechoslovakia, Finland 1:06:49.70 1988 USSR, Norway, Finland 59:51.1 Speed Skating Men's 500 meters 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1924 Charles Jewtraw, U.S. 0:44.0 1928 Thunberg, Finland & Evensen, Norway (tie) 0:43.4 1932 John A. Shea, U.S. 0:43.4 1936 Ivar Ballangrud, Norway 0:43.4 1948 Finn Helgesen, Norway 0:43.1 1952 Kenneth Henry, U.S. 0:43.2 1956 Evgeniy Grishin, USSR 0:40.2 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1956 Evgeniy Grishin, USSR 0:40.2 1960 Evgeniy Grishin, USSR 0:40.2 1964 Terry McDermott, U.S. 0:40.1 1968 Erhard Keller, W. Germany 0:40.3 1972 Erhard Keller, W. Germany 0:39.44 1976 Evgeny Kulikov, USSR 0:39.17 1980 Eric Heiden, U.S. 0:38.03 1984 Sergei Fokichev, USSR 0:38.19 1988 Jens-Uwe Mey, E. Germany 0:36.45 Men's 1,000 meters 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1976 Peter Mueller, U.S. 1:19.32 1980 Eric Heiden, U.S. 1:15.18 1984 Gaetan Boucher, Canada 1:15.80 1988 Nikolai Guiliaev, USSR 1:13.03 Men's 1,500 meters 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1924 Clas Thunberg, Finland 2:20.8 1928 Clas Thunberg, Finland 2:21.1 1932 John A. Shea, U.S. 2:57.5 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1932 John A. Shea, U.S. 2:57.5 1936 Charles Mathiesen, Norway 2:19.2 1948 Sverre Farstad, Norway 2:17.6 1952 Hjalmar Andersen, Norway 2:20.4 1956 Grishin, & Mikhailov, both USSR (tie) 2:08.6 1960 Aas, Norway & Grishin, USSR (tie) 2:10.4 1964 Ants Anston, USSR 2:10.3 1968 Cornetis Verkerk, Netherlands 2:03.4 1972 Ard Schenk, Netherlands 2:02.96 1976 Jan Egil Storholt, Norway 1:59.38 1980 Eric Heiden, U.S. 1:55.44 1984 Gaetan Boucher, Canada 1:58.36 1988 Andre Hoffmann, E. Germany 1:52.06 Men's 5,000 meters 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1924 Clas Thunberg, Finland 8:39.0 1928 Ivar Ballangrud, Norway 8:50.5 1932 Irving Jaffee, U.S. 9:40.8 1936 Ivar Ballangrud, Norway 8:19.6 1948 Reidar Liaklev, Norway 8:29.4 1952 Hjalmar Andersen, Norway 8:10.6 1956 Boris Shilkov, USSR 7:48.7 1960 Viktor Kosichkin, USSR 7:51.3 1964 Knut Johannesen, Norway 7:38.4 1968 F. Anton Maier, Norway 7:22.4 1972 Ard Schenk, Netherlands 7:23.61 1976 Sten Stensen, Norway 7:24.48 1980 Eric Heiden, U.S. 7:02.29 1984 Sven Tomas Gustafson, Sweden 7:12:28 1988 Tomas Gustafson, Sweden 6:44:63 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1988 Tomas Gustafson, Sweden 6:44:63 Men's 10,000 meters 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1924 Julius Skutnabb, Finland 18:04.8 1928 Event not held, thawing of ice 1932 Irving Jaffee, U.S. 19:13.6 1936 Ivar Ballangrud, Norway 17:24.3 1948 Ake Seyffarth, Sweden 17:26.3 1952 Hjalmar Andersen, Norway 16:45.8 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1952 Hjalmar Andersen, Norway 16:45.8 1956 Sigvard Ericsson, Sweden 16:35.9 1960 Knut Johannesen, Norway 15:46.6 1964 Jonny Nilsson, Sweden 15:50.1 1968 Jonny Hoeglin, Sweden 15:23.6 1972 Ard Schenk, Netherlands 15:01.35 1976 Piet Kleine, Netherlands 14:50.59 1980 Eric Heiden, U.S. 14:28.13 1984 Igor Malkov, USSR 14:39.90 1988 Tomas Gustafson, Sweden 13:48.20 Women's 500 meters 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1960 Helga Haase, Germany 0:45.9 1964 Lydia Skoblikova, USSR 0:45.0 1968 Ludmila Titova, USSR 0:46.1 1972 Anne Henning, U.S. 0:43.33 1976 Sheila Young, U.S. 0:42.76 1980 Karin Enke, E. Germany 0:41.78 1984 Christa Rothenburger, E. Germany 0:41.02 1988 Bonnie Blair, U.S. 0:39.10 Women's 1,000 meters 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1960 Klara Guseva, USSR 1:34.1 1964 Lydia Skoblikova, USSR 1:33.2 1968 Carolina Geijssen, Netherlands 1:32.6 1972 Monika Pflug, W. Germany 1:31.40 1976 Tatiana Averina, USSR 1:28.43 1980 Natalya Petruseva, USSR 1:24.10 1984 Karin Enke, E. Germany 1:21.61 1988 Christa Rothenburger, E. Germany 1:17.65 Women's 1,500 meters 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1960 Lydia Skoblikova, USSR 2:52.2 1964 Lydia Skoblikova, USSR 2:22.6 1968 Kaija Mustonen, Finland 2:22.4 1972 Dianne Holum, U.S. 2:20.85 1976 Galina Stepanskaya, USSR 2:16.58 1980 Anne Borckink, Netherlands 2:10.95 1984 Karin Enke, E. Germany 2:03.42 1988 Yvonne van Gennip, Netherlands 2:00.68 Women's 3,000 meters 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Time Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1960 Lydia Skoblikova, USSR 5:14.3 1964 Lydia Skoblikova, USSR 5:14.9 1968 Johanna Schut, Netherlands 4:56.2 1972 Christina Baas-Kaiser, Netherlands 4:52.14 1976 Tatiana Averina, USSR 4:45.19 1980 Bjoerg Eva Jensen, Norway 4:32.13 1984 Andrea Schoene, E. Germany 4:24.79 1988 Yvonne van Gennip, Netherlands 4:11.94 Women's 5,000 meters Time 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1988 Yvonne van Gennip, Netherlands 7:14:13 Winter Olympic Medal Winners in 1988 Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Feb. 13-28, 1988 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Gold Silver Bronze Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Soviet Union 11 9 9 29 East Germany 9 10 6 25 Switzerland 5 5 5 15 Austria 3 5 2 10 West Germany 2 4 2 8 Finland 4 0 3 7 The Netherlands 3 2 2 7 Sweden 4 0 2 6 United States 2 1 3 6 Gold Silver Bronze Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 United States 2 1 3 6 Italy 2 1 2 5 Norway 0 3 2 5 Canada 0 2 3 5 Yugoslavia 0 2 1 3 Czechoslovakia 0 1 2 3 France 1 0 1 2 Japan 0 0 1 1 Liechtenstein 0 0 1 1 National Hockey League, 1989-90 Final Standings Wales Conference Adams Division 露컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP W L T PTS GF GA 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Boston 80 46 25 9 101 289 232 Buffalo 80 45 27 8 98 286 248 Montreal 80 41 28 11 93 288 234 Hartford 80 38 33 9 85 275 268 Quebec 80 12 61 7 31 240 407 Patrick Division 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴코컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP W L T PTS GF GA 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� N.Y. Rangers 80 36 31 13 85 279 267 New Jersey 80 37 34 9 83 295 288 Washington 80 36 38 6 78 284 275 N.Y. Islanders 80 31 38 11 73 281 288 Pittsburgh 80 32 40 8 72 318 359 Philadelphia 80 30 39 11 71 290 297 Campbell Conference Norris Division 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP W L T PTS GF GA 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Chicago 80 41 33 6 88 316 294 St. Louis 80 37 34 9 83 295 279 Toronto 80 38 38 4 80 337 358 Minnesota 80 36 40 4 76 284 291 Detroit 80 28 38 14 70 288 323 Smythe Division 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP W L T PTS GF GA 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Calgary 80 42 23 15 99 348 265 Edmonton 80 38 28 14 90 315 283 Winnipeg 80 37 32 11 85 298 290 Los Angeles 80 34 39 7 75 338 337 Vancouver 80 25 41 14 64 245 306 Oilers Win Fifth Stanley Cup Championship The Edmonton Oilers defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 1 to win their 5th Stanley Cup championship in the past 7 years. Goalie Bill Ranford of the Oilers was chosen the most valuable player in the playoffs. Stanley Cup Playoff Results Wales Conference N.Y. Rangers defeated N.Y. Islanders 4-1 Washington defeated New Jersey 4-2 Montreal defeated Buffalo 4-2 Boston defeated Hartford 4-3 Washington defeated N.Y. Rangers 4-1 Boston defeated Montreal 4-1 Boston defeated Washington 4-1 Campbell Conference St. Louis defeated Toronto 4-1 Los Angeles defeated Calgary 4-2 Chicago defeated Minnesota 4-3 Edmonton defeated Winnipeg 4-3 Edmonton defeated Los Angeles 4-0 Chicago defeated St. Louis 4-3 Edmonton defeated Chicago 4-2 Finals Edmonton defeated Boston 4-1 Stanley Cup Champions Since 1927 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Champion Coach Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1927 Ottawa Dave Gill Boston 1928 N.Y. Rangers Lester Patrick Montreal 1929 Boston Cy Denneny N.Y. Rangers 1930 Montreal Cecil Hart Boston 1931 Montreal Cecil Hart Chicago 1932 Toronto Dick Irvin N.Y. Rangers 1933 New York Lester Patrick Toronto 1934 Chicago Tommy Gorman Detroit 1935 Montreal Maroons Tommy Gorman Toronto 1936 Detroit Jack Adams Toronto 1937 Detroit Jack Adams N.Y. Rangers 1938 Chicago Bill Stewart Toronto Year Champion Coach Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1938 Chicago Bill Stewart Toronto 1939 Boston Art Ross Toronto 1940 N.Y. Rangers Frank Boucher Toronto 1941 Boston Cooney Weiland Detroit 1942 Toronto Hap Day Detroit 1943 Detroit Jack Adams Boston 1944 Montreal Dick Irvin Chicago 1945 Toronto Hap Day Detroit 1946 Montreal Dick Irvin Boston 1947 Toronto Hap Day Montreal 1948 Toronto Hap Day Detroit 1949 Toronto Hap Day Detroit 1950 Detroit Tommy Ivan N.Y. Rangers 1951 Toronto Joe Primeau Montreal 1952 Detroit Tommy Ivan Montreal 1953 Montreal Dick Irvin Boston 1954 Detroit Tommy Ivan Montreal 1955 Detroit Jimmy Skinner Montreal 1956 Montreal Toe Blake Detroit Year Champion Coach Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1956 Montreal Toe Blake Detroit 1957 Montreal Toe Blake Boston 1958 Montreal Toe Blake Boston 1959 Montreal Toe Blake Toronto 1960 Montreal Toe Blake Toronto 1961 Chicago Rudy Pilous Detroit 1962 Toronto Punch Imlach Chicago 1963 Toronto Punch Imlach Detroit 1964 Toronto Punch Imlach Detroit 1965 Montreal Toe Blake Chicago 1966 Montreal Toe Blake Detroit 1967 Toronto Punch Imlach Montreal 1968 Montreal Toe Blake St. Louis 1969 Montreal Claude Ruel St. Louis 1970 Boston Harry Sinden St. Louis 1971 Montreal Al MacNeil Chicago 1972 Boston Tom Johnson N.Y. Rangers 1973 Montreal Scotty Bowman Chicago 1974 Philadelphia Fred Shero Boston Year Champion Coach Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1974 Philadelphia Fred Shero Boston 1975 Philadelphia Fred Shero Buffalo 1976 Montreal Scotty Bowman Philadelphia 1977 Montreal Scotty Bowman Boston 1978 Montreal Scotty Bowman Boston 1979 Montreal Scotty Bowman N.Y. Rangers 1980 N.Y. Islanders Al Arbour Philadelphia 1981 N.Y. Islanders Al Arbour Minnesota 1982 N.Y. Islanders Al Arbour Vancouver 1983 N.Y. Islanders Al Arbour Edmonton 1984 Edmonton Glen Sather N.Y. Islanders 1985 Edmonton Glen Sather Philadelphia 1986 Montreal Jean Perron Calgary 1987 Edmonton Glen Sather Philadelphia 1988 Edmonton Glen Sather Boston 1989 Calgary Terry Crisp Montreal 1990 Edmonton John Muckler Boston Individual Leaders Points Wayne Gretzky, Los Angeles, 142; Mark Messier, Edmonton, 129; Steve Yzerman, Detroit, 127; Mario Lemieux, Pittsburgh, 123; Brett Hull, St. Louis, 113. Goal Scoring Brett Hull, St. Louis, 72; Steve Yzerman, Detroit, 62; Cam Neely, Boston, 55; Brian Bellows, Minnesota, 55; Pat LaFontaine, N.Y. Islanders, 54. Assists Wayne Gretzky, Los Angeles, 102; Mark Messier, Edmonton, 84; Adam Oates, St. Louis, 79; Mario Lemieux, Pittsburgh, 78; Paul Coffey, Pittsburgh, 74. Power-play goals Brett Hull, St. Louis, 27; Cam Neely, Boston, 25; Mike Gartner, Minn.-N.Y. Rangers, 21; Brian Bellows, Minnesota, 21; Luc Robitaille, Los Angeles, 20. Short hand goals Steve Yzerman, Detroit, 7; Dave McLlwain, Winnipeg, 7; Mark Messier, Edmonton, 6; Craig MacTavish, Edmonton, 6. Shooting percentage (minimum 80 shots) Luc Robitaille, Los Angeles, 24.8; Pat Elynuik, Winnipeg, 24.2; Mike Ridley, Washington, 24.2; Paul MacLean, St. Louis, 24.1; Craig Janney, Boston, 22.9. Plus/Minus Paul Cavallini, St. Louis, 38; Stephane Richer, Montreal, 35; Jamie Macoun, Calgary, 34; Shayne Corson, Montreal, 33; Sergei Makarov, Calgary, 33. Goaltending Leaders (minimum 25 games) Goals against average Patrick Roy, Montreal, 2.53; Mike Liut, Hartford-Wash., 2.53; Rejean Lemelin, Boston, 2.81; Daren Puppa, Buffalo, 2.89; Andy Moog, Boston, 2.89. Wins Patrick Roy, Montreal, 31; Daren Puppa, Buffalo, 31; Jon Casey, Minnesota, 31; Andy Moog, Boston, 24; Bill Ranford, Edmonton, 24. Save percentage Patrick Roy, Montreal, .912; Mike Liut, Hartford-Wash., .905; Daren Puppa, Buffalo, .903; Clint Malarchuk, Buffalo, .903; Mark Fitzpatrick, N.Y. Islanders, .898. Shutouts Mike Liut, Hartford-Wash., 4; Andy Moog, Boston, 3; Mark Fitzpatrick, N.Y. Islanders, 3; Patrick Roy, Montreal, 3; Jon Casey, Minnesota, 3. Individual Scoring (40 or more games played) Boston Bruins 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cam Neely 76 55 37 92 10 117 Ray Bourque 76 19 65 84 31 50 Craig Janney 55 24 38 62 3 4 Bob Carpenter 80 25 31 56 3- 97 Bob Sweeney 70 22 24 46 2 93 Dave Poulin 60 15 27 42 16 24 Brian Propp 54 16 24 40 5 41 Dave Christian 78 15 25 40 8- 12 Andy Brickley 43 12 28 40 11 8 John Carter 76 17 22 39 17 26 Greg Hawgood 77 11 27 38 12 76 Glen Wesley 78 9 27 36 6 48 Garry Galley 71 8 27 35 2 75 Randy Burridge 63 17 15 32 9 47 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Randy Burridge 63 17 15 32 9 47 Bob Gould 77 8 17 25 3- 92 Jim Wiemer 61 5 14 19 11 63 Rob Cimetta 47 8 9 17 4 33 Lyndon Byers 43 4 4 8 0 159 Don Sweeney 58 3 5 8 11 58 Allen Pedersen 68 1 2 3 5- 71 Andy Moog 46 0 3 3 0 18 Rejean Lemelin 43 0 0 0 0 32 Buffalo Sabres 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Pierre Turgeon 80 40 66 106 10 29 Dave Andreychuk 73 40 42 82 6 42 Phil Housley 80 21 60 81 11 32 Christian Ruuttu 75 19 41 60 9 66 Rick Vaive 70 29 19 48 9 74 Doug Bodger 71 12 36 48 0 64 Alexander Mogilny 65 15 28 43 8 16 Mike Foligno 61 15 25 40 13 99 Scott Arniel 79 18 14 32 4 77 Dave Snuggerud 80 14 16 30 8 41 Mike Ramsey 73 4 21 25 21 47 Uwe Krupp 74 3 20 23 15 85 Mike Hartman 60 11 10 21 10- 211 Jay Wells 60 3 17 20 5 129 Benoit Hogue 45 11 7 18 0 79 Grant Ledyard 67 2 13 15 2 37 Dean Kennedy 80 2 12 14 12- 53 Jeff Parker 61 4 5 9 9- 70 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jeff Parker 61 4 5 9 9- 70 Daren Puppa 56 0 4 4 0 4 Calgary Flames 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Joe Nieuwendyk 79 45 50 95 32 40 Doug Gilmour 78 24 67 91 20 54 Al MacInnis 79 28 62 90 20 82 Sergei Makarov 80 24 62 86 33 55 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sergei Makarov 80 24 62 86 33 55 Gary Suter 76 16 60 76 4 97 Gary Roberts 78 39 33 72 31 222 Joe Mullen 78 36 33 69 6 24 Theo Fleury 80 31 35 66 22 157 Paul Ranheim 80 26 28 54 27 23 Brian MacLellan 65 20 18 38 3- 26 Jamie Macoun 78 8 27 35 34 70 Joel Otto 75 13 20 33 4 116 Jiri Hrdina 64 12 18 30 10 31 Dana Murzyn 78 7 13 20 19 140 Brad McCrimmon 79 4 15 19 18 78 Ric Nattress 49 1 14 15 14 26 Colin Patterson 61 5 3 8 4- 20 Jim Korn 46 2 5 7 0 125 Tim Hunter 67 2 3 5 9- 279 Mike Vernon 47 0 3 3 0 21 Chicago Black Hawks 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Steve Larmer 80 31 59 90 25 40 Denis Savard 60 27 53 80 8 56 Doug Wilson 70 23 50 73 13 40 Steve Thomas 76 40 30 70 3- 91 Adam Creighton 80 34 36 70 4 224 Jeremy Roenick 78 26 40 66 2 54 Troy Murray 68 17 38 55 2- 86 Dirk Graham 73 22 32 54 1 102 Michel Goulet 65 20 30 50 32- 51 Greg Gilbert 70 12 25 37 27 54 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Greg Gilbert 70 12 25 37 27 54 Dave Manson 59 5 23 28 4 301 Jocelyn Lemieux 73 14 13 27 1- 108 Keith Brown 67 5 20 25 26 87 Bob Murray 49 5 19 24 3 45 Al Secord 43 14 7 21 5 131 Mike Hudson 49 9 12 21 3- 56 Trent Yawney 70 5 15 20 6- 82 Duane Sutter 72 4 14 18 2- 156 Steve Konroyd 75 3 14 17 6 34 Wayne Presley 49 6 7 13 19- 67 Bob McGill 69 2 10 12 7- 204 Wayne Van Dorp 61 7 4 11 3- 303 Greg Millen 49 0 1 1 0 0 Jacques Cloutier 43 0 0 0 0 8 Detroit Red Wings 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Steve Yzerman 79 62 65 127 5- 79 Gerard Gallant 69 36 44 80 6- 254 Bernie Federko 73 17 40 57 8- 24 Shawn Burr 76 24 32 56 14 82 John Chabot 69 9 40 49 5 24 Steve Chiasson 67 14 28 42 16- 114 Jimmy Carson 48 21 18 39 7- 8 Joey Kocur 71 16 20 36 5- 268 Dave Barr 62 10 25 35 1 15 Marc Habscheid 62 15 11 26 1 33 Rick Zombo 77 5 20 25 13 95 Daniel Shank 57 11 13 24 1 143 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Daniel Shank 57 11 13 24 1 143 Lee Norwood 64 8 14 22 15 95 Borje Salming 49 2 17 19 20 52 Mike O'Connell 66 4 14 18 11- 22 Kevin McClelland 71 5 6 11 6- 196 Doug Houda 73 2 9 11 6- 127 Robert Picard 44 0 8 8 4- 48 Torrie Robertson 42 1 5 6 3- 112 Glen Hanlon 45 0 3 3 0 24 Edmonton Oilers 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mark Messier 79 45 84 129 19 79 Jari Kurri 78 33 60 93 18 48 Glenn Anderson 73 34 38 72 1- 107 Petr Klima 76 30 33 63 9- 72 Esa Tikkanen 79 30 33 63 17 161 Craig Simpson 80 29 32 61 2- 180 Craig MacTavish 80 21 22 43 13 89 Steve Smith 75 7 34 41 6 171 Kevin Lowe 78 7 26 33 18 140 Joe Murphy 71 10 19 29 5 60 Mark Lamb 58 12 16 28 10 42 Martin Gelinas 46 17 8 25 0 30 Randy Gregg 48 4 20 24 24 42 Charlie Huddy 70 1 23 24 13- 56 Adam Graves 76 9 13 22 0 136 Craig Muni 71 5 12 17 22 81 Geoff Smith 74 4 11 15 13 52 Reijo Ruotsalainen 41 3 12 15 5- 20 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Reijo Ruotsalainen 41 3 12 15 5- 20 Jeff Beukeboom 46 1 12 13 5 86 Kelly Buchberger 55 2 6 8 8- 168 Dave Brown 60 0 6 6 3- 145 Bill Ranford 56 0 2 2 0 18 Hartford Whalers 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ron Francis 80 32 69 101 13 73 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ron Francis 80 32 69 101 13 73 Pat Verbeek 80 44 45 89 1 228 Kevin Dineen 67 25 41 66 7 164 Scott Young 80 24 40 64 24- 47 Ray Ferraro 79 25 29 54 15- 109 Dean Evason 78 18 25 43 7 138 Dave Babych 72 6 37 43 16- 62 Mikael Andersson 50 13 24 37 0 6 Brad Shaw 64 3 32 35 2 40 Todd Krygier 58 18 12 30 4 52 Randy Cunneyworth 71 14 15 29 11- 75 Dave Tippett 66 8 19 27 0 32 Mike Tomlak 70 7 14 21 5 48 Yvon Corriveau 63 13 7 20 2 72 Randy Ladouceur 71 3 12 15 6- 143 Ulf Samuelsson 55 2 11 13 15 167 Adam Burt 63 4 8 12 3 105 Grant Jennings 64 3 6 9 4- 154 Ed Kastelic 67 6 2 8 3- 198 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ed Kastelic 67 6 2 8 3- 198 Joel Quenneville 44 1 4 5 9 34 Peter Sidorkiewicz 46 0 1 1 0 4 Los Angeles Kings 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Wayne Gretzky 73 40 102 142 8 42 Luc Robitaille 80 52 49 101 8 38 Tomas Sandstrom 76 32 39 71 11- 128 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Tomas Sandstrom 76 32 39 71 11- 128 John Tonelli 73 31 37 68 8- 62 Steve Duchesne 79 20 42 62 3- 36 Steve Kasper 77 17 28 45 4 27 Mike Krushelnyski 63 16 25 41 7 50 Dave Taylor 58 15 26 41 17 96 Larry Robinson 64 7 32 39 7 34 Robert Kudelski 62 23 13 36 7- 49 Marty McSorley 75 15 21 36 2 322 Tony Granato 56 12 24 36 1- 122 Todd Elik 48 10 23 33 4 41 Mikko Makela 65 9 17 26 14- 18 Brian Benning 55 6 19 25 2- 106 Keith Crowder 55 4 13 17 2 93 Mike Allison 55 2 11 13 6- 78 Jay Miller 68 10 2 12 6- 224 Tim Watters 62 1 10 11 23 92 Tom Laidlaw 57 1 8 9 4 42 Barry Beck 52 1 78 3 53 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Barry Beck 52 1 78 3 53 Kelly Hrudey 52 0 0 0 0 18 Minnesota North Stars 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Brian Bellows 80 55 44 99 3- 72 Neal Broten 80 23 62 85 16- 45 Dave Gagner 79 40 38 78 1- 54 Mike Modano 80 29 46 75 7- 63 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mike Modano 80 29 46 75 7- 63 Larry Murphy 77 10 58 68 13- 44 Ulf Dahlen 76 20 22 42 3- 30 Aaron Broten 77 19 17 36 23- 58 Don Barber 44 15 19 34 4 32 Basil McRae 66 9 17 26 5- 351 Shawn Chambers 78 8 18 26 2- 81 Stewart Gavin 80 12 13 25 9 76 Gaetan Duchesne 72 12 8 20 5 33 Perry Berezan 64 3 12 15 4- 31 Ville Siren 53 1 13 14 1 60 Curt Giles 74 1 12 13 3 48 Mark Tinordi 66 3 7 10 0 240 Frantisek Musil 56 2 8 10 0 109 Shane Churla 53 2 3 5 4- 292 Jon Casey 61 0 3 3 0 18 Montreal Canadiens 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Stephane Richer 75 51 40 91 35 46 Shayne Corson 76 31 44 75 33 144 Russ Courtnall 80 27 32 59 14 27 Guy Carbonneau 68 19 36 55 21 37 Brian Skrudland 59 11 31 42 21 56 Mike McPhee 56 23 18 41 28 47 Mats Naslund 72 21 20 41 3 19 Petr Svoboda 60 5 31 36 20 98 Stephan Lebeau 57 15 20 35 13 11 Chris Chelios 53 9 22 31 20 136 Bobby Smith 53 12 14 26 4- 35 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bobby Smith 53 12 14 26 4- 35 Brent Gilchrist 57 9 15 24 3 28 Mike Keane 74 9 15 24 0 78 Ryan Walter 70 8 16 24 4 59 Matt Schneider 44 7 14 21 2 25 Eric Desjardins 55 3 13 16 1 51 Craig Ludwig 73 1 15 16 24 108 Sylvain Lefebvre 68 3 10 13 18 61 Todd Ewen 44 4 6 10 1- 169 Patrick Roy 54 0 5 5 0 0 New Jersey Devils 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Kirk Muller 80 30 56 86 1- 74 John MacLean 80 41 38 79 17 80 Patrik Sundstrom 74 27 49 76 15 34 Peter Stastny 74 29 44 73 46- 40 Brendan Shanahan 73 30 42 72 15 137 Bruce Driver 75 7 46 53 6 63 Sylvain Turgeon 72 30 17 47 8- 81 Mark Johnson 63 16 29 45 8- 12 Viacheslav Fetisov 72 8 34 42 9 52 Doug Brown 69 14 20 34 7 16 Janne Ojanen 64 17 13 30 5- 12 Tommy Albelin 68 6 23 29 1- 63 Bob Brooke 73 12 14 26 2- 63 David Maley 67 8 17 25 2- 160 Ken Daneyko 74 6 15 21 15 216 Randy Velischek 62 0 6 6 4 72 Jamie Huscroft 42 2 3 5 2- 144 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Jamie Huscroft 42 2 3 5 2- 144 Sean Burke 52 0 1 1 0 38 New York Islanders 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Pat LaFontaine 74 54 51 105 13- 38 Brent Sutter 67 33 35 68 9 65 Doug Crossman 80 15 44 59 3 54 Jeff Norton 60 4 49 53 9- 65 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Jeff Norton 60 4 49 53 9- 65 Patrick Flatley 62 17 32 49 10 101 Randy Wood 74 24 24 48 10- 39 Don Maloney 79 16 27 43 6 47 Derek King 46 13 27 40 2 20 Dave Volek 80 17 22 39 2- 41 Hubie McDonough 76 21 15 36 14 36 Alan Kerr 75 15 20 35 1- 129 Gary Nylund 64 4 21 25 8 144 Bryan Trottier 59 13 11 24 11- 29 Brad Lauer 63 6 18 24 5 19 Gerald Diduck 76 3 17 20 2 163 Mick Vukota 76 4 8 12 10 290 Jari Gronstrand 48 3 5 8 1- 29 Ken Baumgartner 65 1 5 6 4- 222 Mark Fitzpatrick 47 0 2 2 0 18 New York Rangers 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bernie Nicholls 79 39 73 112 9- 86 Mike Gartner 79 45 41 86 4- 38 John Ogrodnick 80 43 31 74 11 44 Brian Mullen 76 27 41 68 7 42 Darren Turcotte 76 32 34 66 3 32 Kelly Kisio 68 22 44 66 11 105 James Patrick 73 14 43 57 4 50 Brian Leetch 72 11 45 56 18- 26 Troy Mallette 79 13 16 29 8- 305 Carey Wilson 41 9 17 26 4 57 Mark Hardy 54 0 15 15 4 94 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mark Hardy 54 0 15 15 4 94 Miloslav Horava 45 4 10 14 10 26 Kris King 68 6 7 13 2 286 Mark Janssens 80 5 8 13 26- 161 Jan Erixon 58 4 9 13 17- 8 Randy Moller 60 1 12 13 1- 139 Ron Greschner 55 1 9 10 7- 53 Lindy Ruff 56 3 6 9 10- 77 John Vanbiesbrouck 47 0 2 2 0 24 Philadelphia Flyers 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Rick Tocchet 75 37 59 96 4 196 Murray Craven 76 25 50 75 2 42 Mike Bullard 70 27 37 64 0 67 Pelle Eklund 70 23 39 62 7 16 Tim Kerr 40 24 24 48 3- 34 Ron Sutter 75 22 26 48 2 104 Ilkka Sinisalo 59 23 23 46 6 26 Gord Murphy 75 14 27 41 7- 95 Ken Linseman 61 11 25 36 5 96 Mark Howe 40 7 21 28 22 24 Keith Acton 69 13 14 27 2- 80 Scott Mellanby 57 6 17 23 4- 77 Kjell Samuelsson 66 5 17 22 20 91 Terry Carkner 63 4 18 22 8- 167 Craig Berube 74 4 14 18 7- 291 Kevin Maguire 66 7 9 16 4- 121 Kerry Huffman 43 1 12 13 3- 34 Tony Horacek 48 5 5 10 6 117 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Tony Horacek 48 5 5 10 6 117 Derrick Smith 55 3 6 9 15- 32 Jeff Chychrun 79 2 7 9 12- 250 Ken Wregget 51 0 2 2 0 12 Pittsburgh Penguins 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mario Lemieux 59 45 78 123 18- 78 Paul Coffey 80 29 74 103 25- 95 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Paul Coffey 80 29 74 103 25- 95 John Cullen 72 32 60 92 13- 138 Rob Brown 80 33 47 80 10- 102 Kevin Stevens 76 29 41 70 13- 171 Mark Recchi 74 30 37 67 6 44 Tony Tanti 78 28 36 64 10- 72 Phil Bourque 76 22 17 39 7- 108 Bob Errey 78 20 19 39 3 109 Zarley Zalapski 51 6 25 31 14- 37 Barry Pederson 54 6 25 31 13- 39 Troy Loney 67 11 16 27 9- 168 Randy Gilhen 61 5 11 16 8- 54 Jim Johnson 75 3 13 16 20- 154 Randy Hillier 61 3 12 15 11 71 Chris Dahlquist 62 4 10 14 2- 56 Gilbert Delorme 54 3 7 10 3 44 Doug Smith 40 4 5 9 1- 97 Gord Dineen 69 1 8 9 6 125 Jim Kyte 56 3 1 4 10- 125 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jim Kyte 56 3 1 4 10- 125 Wendell Young 43 0 4 4 0 8 Alain Chevrier 42 0 3 3 0 8 Quebec Nordiques 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Joe Sakic 80 39 63 102 40- 27 Michel Petit 63 12 24 36 38- 215 Tony McKegney 62 18 12 30 29- 53 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Tony McKegney 62 18 12 30 29- 53 Marc Fortier 59 13 17 30 16- 28 Tony Hrkac 50 9 20 29 4- 10 Mike Hough 43 13 13 26 24- 84 Claude Loiselle 72 11 14 25 27- 104 Paul Gillis 71 8 14 22 24- 234 Jeff Jackson 65 8 12 20 21- 71 Iirvo Jarvi 41 7 13 20 11- 18 Joe Cirella 56 4 14 18 27- 67 Mario Marois 67 3 15 18 45- 104 Lucien Deblois 70 9 8 17 29- 45 Ken McRae 66 7 8 15 38- 191 Bryan Fogarty 45 4 10 14 47- 31 Steven Finn 64 3 9 12 33- 208 Craig Wolanin 50 1 10 11 11- 57 Darin Kimble 44 5 5 10 20- 185 Curtis Leschyshyn 68 2 6 8 41- 44 St. Louis Blues 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Brett Hull 80 72 41 113 1- 24 Adam Oates 80 23 79 102 9 30 Peter Zezel 73 25 47 72 9- 30 Paul MacLean 78 34 33 67 2 100 Rod Brind'Amour 79 26 35 61 23 46 Sergio Momesso 79 24 32 56 15- 199 Jeff Brown 77 16 38 54 26- 55 Paul Cavallini 80 8 39 47 38 106 Gino Cavallini 80 15 15 30 8- 77 Dave Lowry 78 19 6 25 1 75 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dave Lowry 78 19 6 25 1 75 Rick Meagher 76 8 17 25 4 47 Steve Tuttle 71 12 10 22 6- 4 Rich Sutter 74 11 9 20 3- 155 Gordie Roberts 75 3 14 17 12- 140 Mike Lalor 78 0 16 16 6- 81 Glen Featherstone 58 0 12 12 1- 145 Harold Snepsts 46 1 4 5 1- 36 Kelly Chase 43 1 3 4 1- 244 Vincent Riendeau 43 0 0 0 0 6 Toronto Maple Leafs 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Gary Leeman 80 51 44 95 4 63 Vincent Damphousse 80 33 61 94 2 56 Ed Olczyk 79 32 56 88 0 78 Dan Marois 68 39 37 76 1 82 Mark Osborne 78 23 50 73 2 91 Al Iafrate 75 21 42 63 4- 135 Tom Kurvers 71 15 37 52 9- 29 Rob Ramage 80 8 41 49 1- 202 Tom Fergus 54 19 26 45 18- 62 Lou Franceschetti 80 21 15 36 12- 127 Dave Reid 70 9 19 28 8- 9 Gilles Thibaudeau 41 11 15 26 8 30 Dan Daoust 65 7 11 18 1 89 Luke Richardson 67 4 14 18 1- 122 John McIntyre 59 5 12 17 12- 117 Scott Pearson 41 5 10 15 7- 90 Todd Gill 48 1 14 15 8- 92 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Todd Gill 48 1 14 15 8- 92 Brad Marsh 79 1 13 14 14 95 John Kordic 55 9 4 13 8- 252 Brian Curran 72 2 9 11 2- 301 Allan Bester 42 0 2 2 0 4 Vancouver Canucks 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dan Quinn 78 25 38 63 17- 49 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dan Quinn 78 25 38 63 17- 49 Paul Reinhart 67 17 40 57 2 30 Trevor Linden 73 21 30 51 17- 43 Greg Adams 65 30 20 50 8- 18 Brian Bradley 67 19 29 48 5 65 Petri Skriko 77 15 33 48 21- 36 Igor Larionov 74 17 27 44 5- 20 Doug Lidster 80 8 28 36 16- 36 Vladimir Krutov 61 11 23 34 5- 20 Jyrki Lumme 65 4 26 30 17 49 Jim Sandlak 70 15 8 23 15- 104 Steve Bozek 58 14 9 23 3- 32 Andrew McBain 67 9 14 23 11- 73 Garth Butcher 80 6 14 20 10- 205 Stan Smyl 47 1 15 16 14- 71 Robert Nordmark 44 2 11 13 16- 34 Jim Benning 45 3 9 12 4 26 Kirk McLean 63 0 3 3 0 6 Larry Melnyk 67 0 2 2 27- 91 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Larry Melnyk 67 0 2 2 27- 91 Washington Capitals 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dino Ciccarelli 80 41 38 79 5- 122 Geoff Courtnall 80 35 39 74 27 104 Mike Ridley 74 30 43 73 0 27 Michal Pivonka 77 25 39 64 7- 54 Dale Hunter 80 23 39 62 17 233 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dale Hunter 80 23 39 62 17 233 Kevin Hatcher 80 13 41 54 4 102 Kelly Miller 80 18 22 40 2- 49 Scott Stevens 56 11 29 40 1 154 Calle Johansson 70 8 31 39 7 25 Stephen Leach 70 18 14 32 10 104 John Tucker 46 10 21 31 8 12 Bob Rouse 70 4 16 20 2- 123 Alan May 77 7 10 17 1- 339 Bob Joyce 47 6 10 16 6- 26 Bill Houlder 41 1 11 12 8 28 John Druce 45 8 3 11 3- 52 Rob Murray 41 2 7 9 10- 58 Rod Langway 58 0 8 8 7 39 Don Beaupre 48 0 1 1 0 24 Winnipeg Jets 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dale Hawerchuk 79 26 55 81 11- 60 Pat Elynuik 80 32 42 74 2 83 Thomas Steen 53 18 48 66 2 35 Brent Ashton 79 22 34 56 4 37 Fredrik Olausson 77 9 46 55 1- 32 Dave McLlwain 80 25 26 51 1- 60 Paul Fenton 80 32 18 50 2 40 Doug Smail 79 25 24 49 15 63 Greg Paslawski 71 18 30 48 4- 14 Dave Ellett 77 17 29 46 15- 96 Teppo Numminen 79 11 32 43 4- 20 PaulMacDermid 73 13 22 35 5 169 GP G A Pts +/- PIM 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� PaulMacDermid 73 13 22 35 5 169 Moe Mantha 73 2 26 28 8 28 Laurie Boschman 66 10 17 27 11- 103 Randy Carlyle 53 3 15 18 8 50 Mark Kumpel 56 8 9 17 5- 21 Phil Sykes 48 9 6 15 8- 26 Peter Taglianetti 49 3 6 9 20 136 Gord Donnelly 55 3 3 6 3 222 Shawn Cronin 61 0 4 4 16- 243 Conn Smythe Trophy (MVP in Playoffs) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1965 Jean Beliveau, Montreal 1966 Roger Crozier, Detroit 1967 Dave Keon, Toronto 1968 Glenn Hall, St. Louis 1969 Serge Savard, Montreal 1970 Bobby Orr, Boston 1971 Ken Dryden, Montreal 1972 Bobby Orr, Boston 1973 Yvan Cournoyer, Montreal 1974 Bernie Parent, Philadelphia 1975 Bernie Parent, Philadelphia 1976 Reg Leach, Philadelphia 1977 Guy Lafleur, Montreal 1978 Larry Robinson, Montreal 1979 Bob Gainey, Montreal 1980 Bryan Trottier, N.Y. Islanders 1981 Butch Goring, N.Y. Islanders 1982 Mike Bossy, N.Y. Islanders 1983 Billy Smith, N.Y. Islanders 1984 Mark Messier, Edmonton 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1984 Mark Messier, Edmonton 1985 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 1986 Patrick Roy, Montreal 1987 Ron Hextall, Philadelphia 1988 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 1989 Al MacInnis, Calgary 1990 Bill Ranford, Edmonton Ross Trophy (Leading Scorer) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1927 Bill Cook, N.Y. Rangers 1928 Howie Morenz, Montreal 1929 Ace Bailey, Toronto 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1929 Ace Bailey, Toronto 1930 Cooney Weiland, Boston 1931 Howie Morenz, Montreal 1932 Harvey Jackson, Toronto 1933 Bill Cook, N.Y. Rangers 1934 Charlie Conacher, Toronto 1935 Charlie Conacher, Toronto 1936 Dave Schriner, N.Y. Americans 1937 Dave Schriner, N.Y. Americans 1938 Gordie Drillon, Toronto 1939 Toe Blake, Montreal 1940 Milt Schmidt, Boston 1941 Bill Cowley, Boston 1942 Bryan Hextall, N.Y. Rangers 1943 Doug Bentley, Chicago 1944 Herbie Cain, Boston 1945 Elmer Lach, Montreal 1946 Max Bentley, Chicago 1947 Max Bentley, Chicago 1948 Elmer Lach, Montreal 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1948 Elmer Lach, Montreal 1949 Roy Conacher, Chicago 1950 Ted Lindsay, Detroit 1951 Gordie Howe, Detroit 1952 Gordie Howe, Detroit 1953 Gordie Howe, Detroit 1954 Gordie Howe, Detroit 1955 Bernie Geoffrion, Montreal 1956 Jean Beliveau, Montreal 1957 Gordie Howe, Detroit 1958 Dickie Moore, Montreal 1959 Dickie Moore, Montreal 1960 Bobby Hull, Chicago 1961 Bernie Geoffrion, Montreal 1962 Bobby Hull, Chicago 1963 Gordie Howe, Detroit 1964 Stan Mikita, Chicago 1965 Stan Mikita, Chicago 1966 Bobby Hull, Chicago 1967 Stan Mikita, Chicago 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1967 Stan Mikita, Chicago 1968 Stan Mikita, Chicago 1969 Phil Esposito, Boston 1970 Bobby Orr, Boston 1971 Phil Esposito, Boston 1972 Phil Esposito, Boston 1973 Phil Esposito, Boston 1974 Phil Esposito, Boston 1975 Bobby Orr, Boston 1976 Guy Lafleur, Montreal 1977 Guy Lafleur, Montreal 1978 Guy Lafleur, Montreal 1979 Bryan Trottier, N.Y. Islanders 1980 Marcel Dionne, Los Angeles 1981 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 1982 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 1983 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 1984 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 1985 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 1986 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1986 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 1987 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 1988 Mario Lemieux, Pittsburgh 1989 Mario Lemieux, Pittsburgh 1990 Wayne Gretzky, Los Angeles James Norris Memorial Trophy (Outstanding Defenseman) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1954 Red Kelly, Detroit 1955 Doug Harvey, Montreal 1956 Doug Harvey, Montreal 1957 Doug Harvey, Montreal 1958 Doug Harvey, Montreal 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1958 Doug Harvey, Montreal 1959 Tom Johnson, Montreal 1960 Doug Harvey, Montreal 1961 Doug Harvey, Montreal 1962 Doug Harvey, N.Y. Rangers 1963 Pierre Pilote, Chicago 1964 Pierre Pilote, Chicago 1965 Pierre Pilote, Chicago 1966 Jacques Laperriere, Montreal 1967 Harry Howell, N.Y. Rangers 1968 Bobby Orr, Boston 1969 Bobby Orr, Boston 1970 Bobby Orr, Boston 1971 Bobby Orr, Boston 1972 Bobby Orr, Boston 1973 Bobby Orr, Boston 1974 Bobby Orr, Boston 1975 Bobby Orr, Boston 1976 Denis Potvin, N.Y. Islanders 1977 Larry Robinson, Montreal 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1977 Larry Robinson, Montreal 1978 Denis Potvin, N.Y. Islanders 1979 Denis Potvin, N.Y. Islanders 1980 Larry Robinson, Montreal 1981 Randy Carlyle, Pittsburgh 1982 Doug Wilson, Chicago 1983 Rod Langway, Washington 1984 Rod Langway, Washington 1985 Paul Coffey, Edmonton 1986 Paul Coffey, Edmonton 1987 Ray Bourque, Boston 1988 Ray Bourque, Boston 1989 Chris Chelios, Montreal 1990 Ray Bourque, Boston *Vezina Trophy (Leading Goalie) 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1927 George Hainsworth, Montreal 1928 George Hainsworth, Montreal 1929 George Hainsworth, Montreal 1930 Tiny Thompson, Boston 1931 Roy Worters, N.Y. Americans 1932 Charlie Gardiner, Chicago 1933 Tiny Thompson, Boston 1934 Charlie Gardiner, Chicago 1935 Lorne Chabot, Chicago 1936 Tiny Thompson, Boston 1937 Normie Smith, Detroit 1938 Tiny Thompson, Boston 1939 Frank Brimsek, Boston 1940 Dave Kerr, N.Y. Rangers 1941 Turk Broda, Toronto 1942 Frank Brimsek, Boston 1943 Johnny Mowers, Detroit 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1943 Johnny Mowers, Detroit 1944 Bill Durnan, Montreal 1945 Bill Durnan, Montreal 1946 Bill Durnan, Montreal 1947 Bill Durnan, Montreal 1948 Turk Broda, Toronto 1949 Bill Durnan, Montreal 1950 Bill Durnan, Montreal 1951 Al Rollins, Toronto 1952 Terry Sawchuk, Detroit 1953 Terry Sawchuk, Detroit 1954 Harry Lumley, Toronto 1955 Terry Sawchuk, Detroit 1956 Jacques Plante, Montreal 1957 Jacques Plante, Montreal 1958 Jacques Plante, Montreal 1959 Jacques Plante, Montreal 1960 Jacques Plante, Montreal 1961 John Bower, Toronto 1962 Jacques Plante, Montreal 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1962 Jacques Plante, Montreal 1963 Glenn Hall, Chicago 1964 Charlie Hodge, Montreal 1965 Sawchuk, Bower, Toronto 1966 Worsley, Hodge, Montreal 1967 Hall, DeJordy, Chicago 1968 Worsley, Vachon, Montreal 1969 Hall, Plante, St. Louis 1970 Tony Esposito, Chicago 1971 Giacomin, Villemure, N.Y. Rangers 1972 Esposito, Smith, Chicago 1973 Ken Dryden, Montreal 1974 Bernie Parent, Philadelphia; Tony Esposito, Chicago 1975 Bernie Parent, Philadelphia 1976 Ken Dryden, Montreal 1977 Dryden, Larocque, Montreal 1978 Dryden, Larocque, Montreal 1979 Dryden, Larocque, Montreal 1980 Sauve, Edwards, Buffalo 1981 Sevigny, Larocque, Herron, Montreal 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1981 Sevigny, Larocque, Herron, Montreal 1982 Bill Smith, N.Y. Islanders 1983 Pete Peeters, Boston 1984 Tom Barrasso, Buffalo 1985 Pelle Lindbergh, Philadelphia 1986 John Vanbiesbrouck, N.Y. Rangers 1987 Ron Hextall, Philadelphia 1988 Grant Fuhr, Edmonton 1989 Patrick Roy, Montreal 1990 Patrick Roy, Montreal *Awarded to goalie who played a minimum 25 games for the team which allowed the fewest goals; since 1982, awarded to outstanding goalie. Calder Memorial Trophy (Rookie of the Year) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1933 Carl Voss, Detroit 1934 Russ Blinco, Montreal Maroons 1935 Dave Schriner, N.Y. Americans 1936 Mike Karakas, Chicago 1937 Syl Apps, Toronto 1938 Cully Dahlstrom, Chicago 1939 Frank Brimsek, Boston 1940 Kilby Macdonald, N.Y. Rangers 1941 John Quilty, Montreal 1942 Grant Warwick, N.Y. Rangers 1943 Gaye Stewart, Toronto 1944 Gus Bodnar, Toronto 1945 Frank McCool, Toronto 1946 Edgar Laprade, N.Y. Rangers 1947 Howie Meeker, Toronto 1948 Jim McFadden, Detroit 1949 Pentti Lund, N.Y. Rangers 1950 Jack Gelineau, Boston 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1950 Jack Gelineau, Boston 1951 Terry Sawchuk, Detroit 1952 Bernie Geoffrion, Montreal 1953 Gump Worsley, N.Y. Rangers 1954 Camille Henry, N.Y. Rangers 1955 Ed Litzenberger, Chicago 1956 Glenn Hall, Detroit 1957 Larry Regan, Boston 1958 Frank Mahovlich, Toronto 1959 Ralph Backstrom, Montreal 1960 Bill Hay, Chicago 1961 Dave Keon, Toronto 1962 Bobby Rousseau, Montreal 1963 Kent Douglas, Toronto 1964 Jacques Laperriere, Montreal 1965 Roger Crozier, Detroit 1966 Brit Selby, Toronto 1967 Bobby Orr, Boston 1968 Derek Sanderson, Boston 1969 Danny Grant, Minnesota 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1969 Danny Grant, Minnesota 1970 Tony Esposito, Chicago 1971 Gilbert Perreault, Buffalo 1972 Ken Dryden, Montreal 1973 Steve Vickers, N.Y. Rangers 1974 Denis Potvin, N.Y. Islanders 1975 Eric Vail, Atlanta 1976 Bryan Trottier, N.Y. Islanders 1977 Willi Plett, Atlanta 1978 Mike Bossy, N.Y. Islanders 1979 Bobby Smith, Minnesota 1980 Ray Bourque, Boston 1981 Peter Stastny, Quebec 1982 Dale Hawerchuk, Winnipeg 1983 Steve Larmer, Chicago 1984 Tom Barrasso, Buffalo 1985 Mario Lemieux, Pittsburgh 1986 Gary Suter, Calgary 1987 Luc Robitaille, Los Angeles 1988 Joe Nieuwendyk, Calgary 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1988 Joe Nieuwendyk, Calgary 1989 Brian Leetch, N.Y. Rangers 1990 Sergei Makarov, Calgary Lady Byng Memorial Trophy (Most Gentlemanly Player) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1925 Frank Nighbor, Ottawa 1926 Frank Nighbor, Ottawa 1927 Billy Burch, N.Y. Americans 1928 Frank Boucher, N.Y. Rangers 1929 Frank Boucher, N.Y. Rangers 1930 Frank Boucher, N.Y. Rangers 1931 Frank Boucher, N.Y. Rangers 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1931 Frank Boucher, N.Y. Rangers 1932 Joe Primeau, Toronto 1933 Frank Boucher, N.Y. Rangers 1934 Frank Boucher, N.Y. Rangers 1935 Frank Boucher, N.Y. Rangers 1936 Doc Romnes, Chicago 1937 Marty Barry, Detroit 1938 Gordie Drillon, Toronto 1939 Clint Smith, N.Y. Rangers 1940 Bobby Bauer, Boston 1941 Bobby Bauer, Boston 1942 Syl Apps, Toronto 1943 Max Bentley, Chicago 1944 Clint Smith, Chicago 1945 Bill Mosienko, Chicago 1946 Toe Blake, Montreal 1947 Bobby Bauer, Boston 1948 Buddy O'Connor, N.Y. Rangers 1949 Bill Quackenbush, Detroit 1950 Edgar Laprade, N.Y. Rangers 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1950 Edgar Laprade, N.Y. Rangers 1951 Red Kelly, Detroit 1952 Sid Smith, Toronto 1953 Red Kelly, Detroit 1954 Red Kelly, Detroit 1955 Sid Smith, Toronto 1956 Earl Reibel, Detroit 1957 Andy Hebenton, N.Y. Rangers 1958 Camille Henry, N.Y. Rangers 1959 Alex Delvecchio, Detroit 1960 Don McKenney, Boston 1961 Red Kelly, Toronto 1962 Dave Keon, Toronto 1963 Dave Keon, Toronto 1964 Ken Wharram, Chicago 1965 Bobby Hull, Chicago 1966 Alex Delvecchio, Detroit 1967 Stan Mikita, Chicago 1968 Stan Mikita, Chicago 1969 Alex Delvecchio, Detroit 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1969 Alex Delvecchio, Detroit 1970 Phil Goyette, St. Louis 1971 John Bucyk, Boston 1972 Jean Ratelle, N.Y. Rangers 1973 Gil Perreault, Buffalo 1974 John Bucyk, Boston 1975 Marcel Dionne, Detroit 1976 Jean Ratelle, N.Y. R.-Boston 1977 Marcel Dionne, Los Angeles 1978 Butch Goring, Los Angeles 1979 Bob MacMillan, Atlanta 1980 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 1981 Butch Goring, N.Y. Islanders 1982 Rick Middleton, Boston 1983 Mike Bossy, N.Y. Islanders 1984 Mike Bossy, N.Y. Islanders 1985 Jari Kurri, Edmonton 1986 Mike Bossy, N.Y. Islanders 1987 Joe Mullen, Calgary 1988 Mats Naslund, Montreal 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1988 Mats Naslund, Montreal 1989 Joe Mullen, Calgary 1990 Brett Hull, St. Louis Frank J. Selke Trophy (Best Defensive Forward) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1978 Bob Gainey, Montreal 1979 Bob Gainey, Montreal 1980 Bob Gainey, Montreal 1981 Bob Gainey, Montreal 1982 Steve Kasper, Boston 1983 Bobby Clarke, Philadelphia 1984 Doug Jarvis, Washington 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1984 Doug Jarvis, Washington 1985 Craig Ramsay, Buffalo 1986 Troy Murray, Chicago 1987 Dave Poulin, Philadelphia 1988 Guy Carbonneau, Montreal 1989 Guy Carbonneau, Montreal 1990 Rick Meagher, St. Louis Hart Memorial Trophy (MVP) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1927 Herb Gardiner, Montreal 1928 Howie Morenz, Montreal 1929 Roy Worters, N.Y. Americans 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1929 Roy Worters, N.Y. Americans 1930 Nels Stewart, Montreal Maroons 1931 Howie Morenz, Montreal 1932 Howie Morenz, Montreal 1933 Eddie Shore, Boston 1934 Aurel Joliat, Montreal 1935 Eddie Shore, Boston 1936 Eddie Shore, Boston 1937 Babe Siebert, Montreal 1938 Eddie Shore, Boston 1939 Toe Blake, Montreal 1940 Ebbie Goodfellow, Detroit 1941 Bill Cowley, Boston 1942 Tom Anderson, N.Y. Americans 1943 Bill Cowley, Boston 1944 Babe Pratt, Toronto 1945 Elmer Lach, Montreal 1946 Max Bentley, Chicago 1947 Maurice Richard, Montreal 1948 Buddy O'Connor, N.Y. Rangers 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1948 Buddy O'Connor, N.Y. Rangers 1949 Sid Abel, Detroit 1950 Chuck Rayner, N.Y. Rangers 1951 Milt Schmidt, Boston 1952 Gordie Howe, Detroit 1953 Gordie Howe, Detroit 1954 Al Rollins, Chicago 1955 Ted Kennedy, Toronto 1956 Jean Beliveau, Montreal 1957 Gordie Howe, Detroit 1958 Gordie Howe, Detroit 1959 Andy Bathgate, N.Y. Rangers 1960 Gordie Howe, Detroit 1961 Bernie Geoffrion, Montreal 1962 Jacques Plante, Montreal 1963 Gordie Howe, Detroit 1964 Jean Beliveau, Montreal 1965 Bobby Hull, Chicago 1966 Bobby Hull, Chicago 1967 Stan Mikita, Chicago 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1967 Stan Mikita, Chicago 1968 Stan Mikita, Chicago 1969 Phil Esposito, Boston 1970 Bobby Orr, Boston 1971 Bobby Orr, Boston 1972 Bobby Orr, Boston 1973 Bobby Clarke, Philadelphia 1974 Phil Esposito, Boston 1975 Bobby Clarke, Philadelphia 1976 Bobby Clarke, Philadelphia 1977 Guy Lafleur, Montreal 1978 Guy Lafleur, Montreal 1979 Bryan Trottier, N.Y. Islanders 1980 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 1981 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 1982 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 1983 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 1984 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 1985 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 1986 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1986 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 1987 Wayne Gretzky, Edmonton 1988 Mario Lemieux, Pittsburgh 1989 Wayne Gretzky, Los Angeles 1990 Mark Messier, Edmonton NHL All Star Team, 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 First team Position Second team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Patrick Roy, Montreal Goalie Darren Puppa, Buffalo Ray Bourque, Boston Defense Paul Coffey, Pittsburgh Al Macinnis, Calgary Defense Doug Wilson, Chicago Mark Messier, Edmonton Center Wayne Gretzky, Los Angeles First team Position Second team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mark Messier, Edmonton Center Wayne Gretzky, Los Angeles Brett Hull, St. Louis Right Wing Cam Neely, Boston Luc Robitaille, Los Angeles Left Wing Brian Bellows, Minnesota All-Time NHL Scoring Leaders At end of 1989-90 season. *Active player. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Games G A Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wayne Gretzky* 847 677 1,302 1,979 Gordie Howe 1,767 801 1,049 1,850 Marcel Dionne 1,348 731 1,040 1,771 Phil Esposito 1,282 717 873 1,590 Games G A Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Phil Esposito 1,282 717 873 1,590 Stan Mikita 1,394 541 926 1,467 Bryan Trottier* 1,123 500 853 1,353 John Bucyk 1,540 556 813 1,369 Gil Perreault 1,191 512 814 1,326 Guy Lafleur* 1,067 548 777 1,325 Alex Delvecchio 1,549 456 825 1,281 Jean Ratelle 1,281 491 776 1,267 Norm Ullman 1,410 490 739 1,229 Jean Beliveau 1,215 507 712 1,219 Bobby Clarke 1,144 358 852 1,210 Bobby Hull 1,063 610 560 1,170 NCAA Hockey Champions 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1948 Michigan 1949 Boston College 1950 Colorado College 1951 Michigan 1952 Michigan 1953 Michigan 1954 RPI 1955 Michigan 1956 Michigan 1957 Colorado College 1958 Denver 1959 North Dakota 1960 Denver 1961 Denver 1962 Michigan Tech 1963 North Dakota 1964 Michigan 1965 Michigan Tech 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1965 Michigan Tech 1966 Michigan State 1967 Cornell 1968 Denver 1969 Denver 1970 Cornell 1971 Boston Univ. 1972 Boston Univ 1973 Wisconsin 1974 Minnesota 1975 Michigan Tech 1976 Minnesota 1977 Wisconsin 1978 Boston Univ. 1979 Minnesota 1980 North Dakota 1981 Wisconsin 1982 North Dakota 1983 Wisconsin 1984 Bowling Green 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1984 Bowling Green 1985 RPI 1986 Michigan State 1987 North Dakota 1988 Lake Superior St. 1989 Harvard 1990 Wisconsin Major Indoor Soccer League in 1990 The San Diego Sockers defeated the Baltimore Blast 4 games to 2 to win the Major Indoor Soccer League championship series. It was the 6th title in eight years for the San Diego team. Brian Quinn of the Sockers was voted the most valuable player in the series. Westminster Kennel Club 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year Best-in-show Breed Owner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1981 Ch. Dhandy Favorite Woodchuck Pug Robert Houslohner 1982 Ch. St. Aubrey Dragonora of Elsdon Pekingese Anne Snelling 1983 Ch. Kabik's The Challenger Afghan Chris & Marguerit 1984 Ch. Seaward's Blackbeard Newfoundland Elinor Ayers 1985 Ch. Braeburn's Close Encounter Scottish terrier Sonnie Novick 1986 Ch. Marjetta National Acclaim Pointer Mrs. Alan Robson 1987 Ch. Covy Tucker Hill's Manhattan German shepherd Shirley Braunstei 1988 Ch. Great Elms Prince Charming II Pomeranian Skip Piazza & Olg 1989 Ch. Royal Tudor's Wild As The Wind Doberman Sue & Art Kemp, R 1990 Ch. Wendessa Crown Prince Pekingese Ed Jenner IGFA Freshwater & Saltwater All-Tackle World Records International Game Fish Association. Records confirmed to Jan., 1990 Saltwater Fish 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Species Weight Where caught 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Albacore 88 lbs. 2 oz. Pt. Mogan, Canary Islands Amberjack, greater 155 lbs. 10 oz. Bermuda Amberjack, Pacific 104 lbs. Baja, Mexico Barracuda, great 83 lbs. Lagos, Nigeria Barracuda, Mexican 21 lbs. Costa Rica Barracuda, slender 17 lbs. 4 oz. Sitra Channel, Bahrain Bass, barred sand 13 lbs. 3 oz. Huntington Beach, Cal. Bass, black sea 9 lbs. 8 oz. Virginia Beach, Va. Bass, European 20 lbs. 11 oz. Stes Maries de la Mer, France Bass, giant sea 563 lbs. 8 oz. Anacaba Island, Cal. Bass, striped 78 lbs. 8 oz. Atlantic City, N.J. Bluefish 31 lbs. 12 oz. Hatteras Inlet, N.C. Species Weight Where caught 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Bluefish 31 lbs. 12 oz. Hatteras Inlet, N.C. Bonefish 19 lbs. Zululand, S. Africa Bonito, Atlantic 18 lbs. 14 oz. Fayal I., Azores Bonito, Pacific 23 lbs. 8 oz. Victoria, Mahe Seychelles Cabezon 18 lbs. Pt. Townsend, Wash. Cobia 135 lbs. 9 oz. Shark Bay, Australia Cod, Atlantic 98 lbs. 12 oz. Isle of Shoals, N.H. Cod, Pacific 30 lbs. Andrew Bay, Alaska Conger 102 lbs. 8 oz. Devon, England Dolphin 87 lbs. Papagallo Gulf, Costa Rica Drum, black 113 lbs. 1 oz. Lewes, Del. Drum, red 94 lbs. 2 oz. Avon, N.C. Eel, African mottled 36 lbs. 1 oz. Durban, So. Africa Eel, American 4 lb. 7 oz. Lake Ronkonkoma, N.Y. Flounder, southern 20 lb. 9 oz. Nassau Sound, Fla. Flounder, summer 22 lbs. 7 oz. Montauk, N.Y. Grouper, Warsaw 436 lbs. 12 oz. Gulf of Mexico, Destin, Fla. Halibut, Atlantic 255 lbs. 4 oz. Gloucester, Mass. Halibut, California 53 lbs. 4 oz. Santa Rosa Is., Cal. Species Weight Where caught 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Halibut, California 53 lbs. 4 oz. Santa Rosa Is., Cal. Halibut, Pacific 356 lbs. 8 oz. Juneau, Alaska Jack, crevalle 54 lbs. 7oz. Pt. Michel, Gabon Jack, horse-eye 24 lbs. 8 oz. Miami, Fla. Jack, Pacific crevalle 24 lbs. Baja, Cal., Mex. Jewfish 680 lbs. Fernandina Beach, Fla. Kawakawa 29 lbs. Clarion Is., Mexico Lingcod 64 lbs. Elfin Cove, Alaska Mackerel, cero 17 lbs. 2 oz. Islamorada, Fla. Mackerel, king 90 lbs. Key West, Fla. Mackeral, Spanish 13 lbs. Ocracoke Inlet, N.C. Marlin, Atlantic blue 1,282 lbs. St. Thomas, Virgin Islands Marlin, black 1,560 lbs. Cabo Blanco, Peru Marlin, Pacific blue 1,376 lbs. Kaaiwa Pt., Hawaii Marlin, striped 494 lbs. Tutukaka, New Zealand Marlin, white 181 lbs. 14 oz. Vitoria, Brazil Permit 51 lbs. 8 oz. Lake Worth, Fla. Pollack 26 lbs. 7 oz. Devon, England Pollock 46 lbs. 7 oz. Brielle, N.J. Species Weight Where caught 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Pollock 46 lbs. 7 oz. Brielle, N.J. Pompano, African 49 lbs. Stuart, Fla. Roosterfish 114 lbs. La Paz, Mexico Runner, blue 7 lbs. Bimini, Bahamas Runner, rainbow 33 lbs. 10 oz. Clarion Is., Mexico Sailfish, Atlantic 128 lbs. 1 oz. Luanda, Angola Sailfish, Pacific 221 lbs. Santa Cruz Is., Ecuador Seabass, white 83 lbs. 12 oz. San Felipe, Mexico Seatrout, spotted 16 lbs. Mason's Beach, Va. Shark, blue 437 lbs. Catherine Bay, N.S.W. Australia Shark, Greenland 1,708 lbs. 9 oz. Trondheim, Norway Shark, hammerhead 991 lbs. Sarasota, Fla. Shark, man-eater or white 2,664 lbs. Ceduna, Australia Shark, mako 1,115 lbs. Black R., Mauritius Shark, porbeagle 465 lbs. Cornwall, England Shark, thresher 802 lbs. Tutukaka, New Zealand Shark, tiger 1,780 lbs. Cherry Grove, S.C. Skipjack, black 20 lbs. 5 oz. Baja, Mexico Snapper, cubera 121 lbs. 8 oz. Cameron, La. Species Weight Where caught 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Snapper, cubera 121 lbs. 8 oz. Cameron, La. Snook 53 lbs. 10 oz. Costa Rica Spearfish 90 lbs. 13 oz. Madeira Island, Portugal Swordfish 1,182 lbs. Iquique, Chile Tanguigue 99 lbs. Natal, So. Africa Tarpon 283 lbs. Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela Tautog 24 lbs. Wachapreagee, Va. Tope 72 lbs. 12 oz. Parengarenga Harbor, New Zealand Trevally, bigeye 15 lbs. Isla Coiba, Panama Trevally, giant 137 lbs. 9 oz. McKenzie St. Park, Hawaii Tuna, Atlantic bigeye 375 lbs. 8 oz. Ocean City, Md. Tuna, blackfin 42 lbs. Bermuda Bermuda July 18, 1989 Gilbert Pearman Tuna, bluefin 1,496 lbs. Aulds Cove, Nova Scotia Tuna, longtail 79 lbs. 2 oz. Montague Is., N.S.W., Australia Tuna, Pacific bigeye 435 lbs. Cabo Blanco, Peru Tuna, skipjack 41 lbs. 14 oz. Mauritius Tuna, southern bluefin 348 lbs. 5 oz. Whakatane, New Zealand Tuna, yellowfin 388 lbs. 12 oz. San Benedicto Island, Mexico Species Weight Where caught 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Tuna, yellowfin 388 lbs. 12 oz. San Benedicto Island, Mexico Tunny, little 35 lbs. 2 oz. Cap de Garde, Algeria Wahoo 149 lbs. Cay Cay, Bahamas Weakfish 19 lbs. 2 oz. Jones Beach Inlet, N.Y. Yellowtail, California 78 lbs. Alijos Rocks, Mexico Yellowtail, southern 114 lbs. 10 oz. Tauranga, New Zealand Freshwater Fish 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴� Species Weight Where caught Date 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Barramundi 59 lbs. 12 oz. Pt. Stuart, Australia Apr. 7, 1 Bass, largemouth 22 lbs. 4 oz. Montgomery Lake, Ga. June 2, 1 Species Weight Where caught Date 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Bass, largemouth 22 lbs. 4 oz. Montgomery Lake, Ga. June 2, 1 Bass, peacock 26 lbs. 8 oz. Matevini R., Colombia Jan. 26, Bass, redeye 8 lbs. 3 oz. Flint River, Ga. Oct. 23, Bass rock 3 lbs. York River, Ont. Aug. 1, 1 Bass, smallmouth 11 lbs. 15 oz. Dale Hollow Lake, Ky. July 9, 1 Bass, Suwannee 3 lbs. 14 oz. Suwannee River, Fla. Mar. 2, 1 Bass, white 6 lbs. 13 oz. L. Orange, Va. July 31, Bass, whiterock 24 lbs. 3 oz. Leesville L., Va. May 12, 1 Bass, yellow 2 lbs. 4 oz. Lake Monroe, Ind. Mar. 27, Bluegill 4 lbs. 12 oz. Ketona Lake, Ala. Apr. 9, 1 Bowfin 21 lbs. 8 oz. Florence, S.C. Jan. 29, Buffalo, bigmouth 70 lbs. 5 oz. Bastrop, La. Apr. 21, Buffalo, black 55 lbs. 8 oz. Cherokee L., Tenn. May 3, 19 Buffalo, smallmouth 68 lbs. 8 oz. L. Hamilton, Ark. May 16, 1 Bullhead, brown 5 lbs. 8 oz. Veal Pond, Ga. May 22, 1 Bullhead, yellow 4 lbs. 4 oz. Mormon Lake, Ariz. May 11, 1 Burbot 18 lbs. 4 oz. Pickford, Mich. Jan. 31, Carp 75 lbs. 11 oz. Lac de St. Cassien, France May 21, 1 Catfish, blue 97 lbs. Missouri River, S.D. Sept. 16, Species Weight Where caught Date 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Catfish, blue 97 lbs. Missouri River, S.D. Sept. 16, Catfish, channel 58 lbs. Santee-Cooper Res., S.C. July 7, 1 Catfish, flathead 91 lbs. 4 oz. L. Lewisville, Tex. Mar. 28, Catfish, white 17 lbs. 7 oz. Success L., Tulare, Cal. Nov. 15, Char, Arctic 32 lbs. 9 oz. Tree River, Canada July 30, Crappie, white 5 lbs. 3 oz. Enid Dam, Miss. July 31, Dolly Varden 12 lbs. Noatak R., Alaska July 10, Dorado 51 lbs. 5 oz. Corrientes, Argentina Sept. 27, Drum, freshwater 54 lbs. 8 oz. Nickajack Lake, Tenn. Apr. 20, Gar, alligator 279 lbs. Rio Grande River, Tex. Dec. 2, 1 Gar, Florida 21 lbs. 3 oz. Boca Raton, Fla. June 3, 1 Gar, longnose 50 lbs. 5 oz. Trinity River, Tex. July 30, Gar, shortnose 5 lbs. Sally Jones L., Oklahoma Apr. 26, Gar, spotted 8 lbs. 12 oz. Tennessee R., Ala. Aug. 26, Grayling, Arctic 5 lbs. 15 oz. Katseyedie River, N.W.T. Aug. 16, Inconnu 53 lbs. Pah R., Alaska Aug. 20, Kokanee 9 lbs. 6 oz. Okanagan Lake, Vernon, B.C. June 18, Muskellunge 69 lbs. 15 oz. St. Lawrence River, N.Y. Sept. 22, Muskellunge, tiger 51 lbs. 3 oz. Lac Vieux-Desert, Wis., Mich. July 16, Species Weight Where caught Date 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Muskellunge, tiger 51 lbs. 3 oz. Lac Vieux-Desert, Wis., Mich. July 16, Perch, Nile 152 lbs. 1 oz. Tende Bay, Uganda June 4, 1 Perch, white 4 lbs. 12 oz. Messalonskee Lake, Me. June 4, 1 Perch, yellow 4 lbs. 3 oz. Bordentown, N.J. May, 1865 Pickerel, chain 9 lbs. 6 oz. Homerville, Ga. Feb. 17, Pike, northern 55 lbs. 1 oz. Lake of Grefeern, W., Germany Oct. 16, Redhorse, greater 9 lbs. 3 oz. Salmon R., Pulaski, N.Y. May 11, 1 Redhorse, silver 11 lbs. 7 oz. Plum Creek, Wis. May 29, 1 Salmon, Atlantic 79 lbs. 2 oz. Tana River, Norway 1928 Salmon, chinook 97 lbs. 4 oz. Kenai R., Alas. May 17, 1 Salmon, chum 32 lbs. Behm Canal, Alas. June 7, 1 Salmon, coho 33 lbs. 4 oz. Salmon R., Pulaski, N.Y. Sept. 27, Salmon, pink 12 lbs. 9 oz. Morse, Kenai rivers, Alas. Aug. 17, Salmon, sockeye 15 lbs. 3 oz. Kenai R., Alaska Aug. 9, 1 Sauger 8 lbs. 12 oz. Lake Sakakawea, N.D. Oct. 6, 1 Shad, American 11 lbs. 4 oz. Connecticut R., Mass. May 19, 1 Sturgeon, white 468 lbs. Benicia, Cal. July 9, 1 Sunfish, green 2 lbs. 2 oz. Stockton Lake, Mo. June 18, Sunfish, redbreast 1 lb. 12 oz. Suwannee R., Fla. May 29, 1 Species Weight Where caught Date 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sunfish, redbreast 1 lb. 12 oz. Suwannee R., Fla. May 29, 1 Sunfish, redear 4 lbs. 13 oz. Marianna, Fla. Mar. 13, Tigerfish 97 lbs. Zaire R., Kinshasa, Zaire July 9, 1 Tilapia 6 lbs. L. Okeechobee, Fla. June 24, Trout, Apache 2 lb. 10 oz. Apache Res., Ariz. June 27, Trout, brook 14 lbs. 8 oz. Nipigon River, Ont. July 1916 Trout, brown 35 lbs. 15 oz. Nahuel Huapi, Argentina Dec. 16, Trout, bull 32 lbs. L. Pend Oreille, Ida. Oct. 27, Trout, cutthroat 41 lbs. Pyramid Lake, Nev. Dec. 1925 Trout, golden 11 lbs. Cook's Lake, Wyo. Aug. 5, 1 Trout, lake 65 lbs. Great Bear Lake, N.W.T. Aug. 8, 1 Trout, rainbow 42 lbs. 2 oz. Bell Island, Alas. June 22, Trout, tiger 20 lbs. 13 oz. Lake Michigan, Wis. Aug. 12, Walleye 25 lbs. Old Hickory Lake, Tenn. Aug. 1, 1 Warmouth 2 lbs. 7 oz. Yellow R., Holt, Fla. Oct. 19, Whitefish, lake 14 lbs. 6 oz. Meaford, Ont. May 21, 1 Whitefish, mountain 5 lbs. 6 oz. Rioh R., Sask. June 15, Whitefish, river 11 lbs. 2 oz. Nymoua, Sweden Dec. 9, 1 Whitefish, round 6 lbs. Putahow R., Manitoba June 14, Species Weight Where caught Date 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Whitefish, round 6 lbs. Putahow R., Manitoba June 14, Zander 22 lbs. 2 oz. Trosa, Sweden June 12, COLLEGE BASKETBALL Final Regular Season Conference Standings, 1989-90 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� American South American South American South Am Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� American South American South American South Am New Orleans 8 2 19 La. Tech 8 2 20 Texas-Pan Am. 7 3 21 SW Louisiana 4 6 20 Arkansas St. 2 8 15 Lamar 1 9 7 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --New Orleans. --New Orleans. --New Orleans. -- Atlantic Coast Atlantic Coast Atlantic Coast At Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Atlantic Coast Atlantic Coast Atlantic Coast At Clemson 10 4 24 Duke 9 5 24 Georgia Tech 8 6 23 North Carolina 8 6 19 Virginia 6 8 19 N.C. State 6 8 18 Maryland 6 8 18 Wake Forest 3 11 12 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Georgia Tech. --Georgia Tech. --Georgia Tech. -- Atlantic 10 Atlantic 10 Atlantic 10 At Temple 15 3 20 Penn St. 13 5 21 West Virginia 11 7 16 Rhode Island 11 7 15 Rutgers 11 7 16 Massachusetts 10 8 17 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  George Washington 6 12 14 St. Joseph's 5 13 7 Duquesne 5 13 7 St. Bonaventure 3 15 8 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Temple. --Temple. --Temple. -- Big East Big East Big East Bi Syracuse 12 4 24 Connecticut 12 4 27 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Georgetown 11 5 23 St. John's 10 6 23 Providence 8 8 17 Villanova 8 8 18 Seton Hall 5 11 12 Pittsburgh 5 11 12 Boston College 1 15 8 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Connecticut. --Connecticut. --Connecticut. -- Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Big Eight Big Eight Big Eight Bi Missouri 12 2 26 Kansas 11 3 29 Oklahoma 11 3 25 Kansas St. 7 7 17 Oklahoma St. 6 8 16 Iowa St. 4 10 10 Nebraska 3 11 10 Colorado 2 12 12 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Colorado 2 12 12 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Oklahoma. --Oklahoma. --Oklahoma. -- Big Sky Big Sky Big Sky Bi Idaho 13 3 25 E. Washington 11 5 18 Montana 10 6 18 Nevada-Reno 9 7 15 Montana St. 8 8 17 Weber St. 8 8 14 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Weber St. 8 8 14 Boise St. 7 9 12 N. Arizona 3 13 8 Idaho St. 3 13 6 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Idaho. --Idaho. --Idaho. -- Big South Big South Big South Bi Coastal Carolina 11 1 23 N.C.-Asheville 7 5 18 Campbell 7 5 15 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Campbell 7 5 15 Winthrop 6 6 19 Baptist College 4 8 9 Augusta 4 8 8 Radford 3 9 7 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Coastal Carolina. --Coastal Carolina. --Coastal Carolina. -- Big Ten Big Ten Big Ten Bi Michigan St. 15 3 26 Purdue 13 5 21 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Purdue 13 5 21 Michigan 12 6 22 Minnesota 11 7 20 Illinois 11 7 20 Ohio St. 10 8 16 Indiana 8 10 18 Wisconsin 4 14 14 Iowa 4 14 12 Northwestern 2 16 9 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  East Coast East Coast East Coast Ea Towson St. 8 6 18 Lehigh 8 6 18 Hofstra 8 6 13 Delaware 7 7 16 Lafayette 7 7 15 Drexel 7 7 13 Bucknell 6 8 15 Rider 5 9 10 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rider 5 9 10 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Towson St. --Towson St. --Towson St. -- Big West Big West Big West Bi New Mexico St. 16 2 26 UNLV 16 2 28 UC-Santa Barbara 13 5 20 Long Beach St. 12 6 22 Utah St. 8 10 14 Pacific Univ. 7 11 15 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Pacific Univ. 7 11 15 CS-Fullerton 6 12 13 San Jose St. 5 13 8 Fresno St. 4 14 10 UC-Irvine 3 15 5 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --UNLV. --UNLV. --UNLV. -- Colonial Colonial Colonial Co James Madison 11 3 20 Richmond 10 4 22 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Richmond 10 4 22 American Univ. 10 4 20 George Mason 10 4 20 East Carolina 6 8 13 Navy 4 10 5 N.C.-Wilmington 3 11 8 William & Mary 2 12 6 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Richmond. --Richmond. --Richmond. -- North Atlantic North Atlantic North Atlantic No Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� North Atlantic North Atlantic North Atlantic No Northeastern 9 3 16 Boston Univ. 9 3 17 Hartford 8 4 17 Maine 6 6 11 Vermont 4 8 12 Colgate 3 9 7 New Hampshire 3 9 5 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Boston Univ. --Boston Univ. --Boston Univ. -- Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� --Boston Univ. --Boston Univ. --Boston Univ. -- Northeast Northeast Northeast No Robert Morris 12 4 22 Monmouth 11 5 17 Marist 10 6 17 St. Francis (Pa.) 10 6 17 Mt. St. Mary's 10 6 16 FDU 8 8 16 Wagner 6 10 11 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  St. Francis (NY) 4 12 9 Long Island 1 15 3 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Robert Morris. --Robert Morris. --Robert Morris. -- Ivy League Ivy League Ivy League Iv Princeton 11 3 20 Yale 10 4 19 Dartmouth 7 7 12 Harvard 7 7 12 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Penn 7 7 12 Brown 7 7 10 Cornell 5 9 12 Columbia 2 12 4 Metro Metro Metro Me Louisville 12 2 26 Southern Miss 9 5 20 Cincinnati 9 5 19 Memphis St. 8 6 18 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Memphis St. 8 6 18 Florida St. 6 8 16 South Carolina 6 8 14 Virginia Tech 5 9 13 Tulane 1 13 4 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Louisville. --Louisville. --Louisville. -- Metro Atlantic Metro Atlantic Metro Atlantic Me North Holy Cross 14 2 24 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Holy Cross 14 2 24 Siena 11 5 16 Fordham 10 6 19 Canisius 5 11 11 Army 5 11 10 Niagara 5 11 6 South La Salle 16 0 29 Iona 8 8 13 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  St. Peter's 7 9 14 Manhattan 7 9 11 Fairfield 6 10 10 Loyola (Md.) 2 14 4 Tournament Champion--La Tournament Champion--La Tournament Champion--La To Salle. Salle. Salle. Sa Mid-American Mid-American Mid-American Mi Ball St. 13 3 23 Kent St. 12 4 21 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Bowling Green 9 7 18 Miami (Ohio) 9 7 14 E. Michigan 8 8 19 Toledo 7 9 12 Cent. Michigan 6 10 13 Ohio Univ. 5 11 12 W. Michigan 3 13 9 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Ball St. --Ball St. --Ball St. -- Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Mid-Continent Mid-Continent Mid-Continent Mi SW Missouri St. 11 1 22 Wisconsin-Green Bay 9 3 21 N. Iowa 6 6 20 Ill.-Chicago 6 6 16 W. Illinois 6 6 15 E. Illinois 3 9 10 Valparaiso 1 11 4 Cleveland St. 0 0 15 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cleveland St. 0 0 15 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Northern Iowa. --Northern Iowa. --Northern Iowa. -- Mid-Eastern Mid-Eastern Mid-Eastern Mi Coppin St. 15 1 26 Florida A&M 13 3 18 Delaware St. 9 7 14 S. Carolina St. 8 8 13 Bethune-Cookman 8 8 10 N. Carolina A&T 6 10 13 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� N. Carolina A&T 6 10 13 Howard Univ. 5 11 8 Maryland-E. Shore 4 12 10 Morgan St. 4 12 8 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Coppin St. --Coppin St. --Coppin St. -- Midwestern Midwestern Midwestern Mi Xavier (Ohio) 12 2 26 Dayton 10 4 21 St. Louis 9 5 17 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� St. Louis 9 5 17 Marquette 9 5 15 Evansville 8 6 17 Detroit 3 11 10 Loyola (Ill.) 3 11 7 Butler 2 12 6 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Dayton. --Dayton. --Dayton. -- Southern Missouri Southern Missouri Southern Missouri So Valley Valley Valley Va Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  S. Illinois 10 4 26 Creighton 9 5 21 Illinois St. 9 5 18 Tulsa 9 5 17 Bradley 6 8 11 Wichita St. 6 8 10 Drake 5 9 13 Indiana St. 2 12 8 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Illinois St. --Illinois St. --Illinois St. -- Ohio Valley Ohio Valley Ohio Valley Oh Murray St. 10 2 21 Tennessee Tech 9 3 19 Morehead St. 7 5 16 E. Kentucky 7 5 13 Middle Tennessee 5 7 12 Austin Peay 2 10 10 Tennessee St. 2 10 7 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Tennessee St. 2 10 7 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Murray St. --Murray St. --Murray St. -- Pacific-10 Pacific-10 Pacific-10 Pa Oregon St. 15 3 22 Arizona 15 3 23 California 12 6 21 UCLA 11 7 20 Oregon 10 8 15 Stanford 9 9 18 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Stanford 9 9 18 Arizona St. 6 12 15 USC 6 12 12 Washington 5 13 12 Washington St. 1 17 6 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Arizona. --Arizona. --Arizona. -- Southern Southern Southern So E. Tennessee St. 12 2 27 Marshall 9 5 15 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Marshall 9 5 15 Appalachian St. 8 6 19 Tenn.-Chattanooga 7 7 14 VMI 7 7 14 Furman 5 9 15 Citadel 5 9 12 W. Carolina 3 11 10 Tournament Champion--E. Tournament Champion--E. Tournament Champion--E. To Tenn. St. Tenn. St. Tenn. St. Te Southeastern Southeastern Southeastern So Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Southeastern Southeastern Southeastern So Georgia 13 5 20 Alabama 12 6 23 LSU 12 6 22 Tennessee 10 8 15 Kentucky 10 8 14 Mississippi 8 10 13 Auburn 8 10 13 Mississippi St. 7 11 15 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Vanderbilt 7 11 16 Florida 3 15 7 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Alabama. --Alabama. --Alabama. -- Southland Southland Southland So NE Louisiana 13 1 21 McNeese St. 11 3 14 SW Texas St. 9 5 13 Sam Houston St. 8 6 10 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Texas-Arlington 6 8 13 NW Louisiana 5 9 10 North Texas 3 11 4 S.F. Austin 1 13 2 Tournament Champion--NE Tournament Champion--NE Tournament Champion--NE To Louisiana. Louisiana. Louisiana. Lo Southwest Southwest Southwest So Arkansas 14 2 25 Houston 13 3 25 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Texas 12 4 21 Texas Christian 9 7 16 Baylor 7 9 16 Texas A&M 7 9 14 Rice 5 11 11 SMU 5 11 10 Texas Tech 0 16 5 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Arkansas. --Arkansas. --Arkansas. -- Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Southwestern Southwestern Southwestern So Southern Univ. 12 2 25 Texas So. 10 4 18 Alabama St. 7 7 15 Mississippi Valley 7 7 11 Alcorn St. 6 8 7 Prairie View 5 9 9 Grambling St. 5 9 9 Jackson St. 4 10 9 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jackson St. 4 10 9 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Texas So. --Texas So. --Texas So. -- Sun Belt Sun Belt Sun Belt Su Alabama-Birmingham 12 2 22 South Florida 9 5 20 Old Dominion 7 7 14 W. Kentucky 7 7 13 N.C.-Charlotte 6 8 16 Jacksonville 5 9 13 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jacksonville 5 9 13 South Alabama 5 9 11 Va. Commonwealth 5 9 11 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --South Florida. --South Florida. --South Florida. -- Trans America Trans America Trans America Tr Centenary 14 2 22 Texas-San Antonio 13 3 21 Arkansas-Little Rock 12 4 19 Georgia Southern 11 5 17 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Georgia Southern 11 5 17 Stetson 8 8 14 Hardin Simmons 5 11 9 Samford 4 12 6 Georgia St. 3 13 5 Mercer 2 14 7 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Arkansas-Little Rock. --Arkansas-Little Rock. --Arkansas-Little Rock. -- West Coast West Coast West Coast We Loyola, Marymount 13 1 23 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Loyola, Marymount 13 1 23 Pepperdine 10 4 17 San Diego 9 5 16 Portland 7 7 11 Santa Clara 6 8 9 San Francisco 4 10 8 St. Mary's 4 10 7 Gonzaga 3 11 8 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --Loyola (Tournament --Loyola (Tournament --Loyola (Tournament -- Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� --Loyola (Tournament --Loyola (Tournament --Loyola (Tournament -- not completed) not completed) not completed) no Western Athletic Western Athletic Western Athletic We Colorado St. 11 5 21 BYU 11 5 21 Hawaii 10 6 23 UTEP 10 6 21 New Mexico 9 7 17 Utah 7 9 16 Wyoming 7 9 15 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wyoming 7 9 15 San Diego St. 4 12 13 Air Force 3 13 12 Tournament Champion Tournament Champion Tournament Champion To --UTEP. --UTEP. --UTEP. -- Independents Independents Independents In Wright St. 21 N. Illinois 17 Akron 16 Notre Dame 16 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Notre Dame 16 De Paul 18 Miami, Fla. 13 Mo.-Kansas City 13 S. Utah 13 Md. Baltimore Co. 12 U.S. International 12 Liberty 11 Youngstown St. 8 Conference Conference Ov W L W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Brooklyn 7 Central Florida 7 Florida International 7 Chicago St. 6 Central Connecticut 5 Nicholls St. 4 Davidson 4 National Invitation Tournament Champions 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Champion 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1938 Temple 1939 Long Island Univ. 1940 Colorado 1941 Long Island Univ. 1942 West Virginia 1943 St. John's 1944 St. John's 1945 De Paul 1946 Kentucky 1947 Utah 1948 St. Louis 1949 San Francisco 1950 CCNY Year Champion 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1950 CCNY 1951 Brigham Young 1952 LaSalle 1953 Seton Hall 1954 Holy Cross 1955 Duquesne 1956 Louisville 1957 Bradley 1958 Xavier (Ohio) 1959 St. John's 1960 Bradley 1961 Providence 1962 Dayton 1963 Providence 1964 Bradley 1965 St. John's 1966 Brigham Young 1967 Southern Illinois 1968 Dayton Year Champion 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1968 Dayton 1969 Temple 1970 Marquette 1971 North Carolina 1972 Maryland 1973 Virginia Tech 1974 Purdue 1975 Princeton 1976 Kentucky 1977 St. Bonaventure 1978 Texas 1979 Indiana 1980 Virginia 1981 Tulsa 1982 Bradley 1983 Fresno State 1984 Michigan 1985 UCLA 1986 Ohio State Year Champion 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1986 Ohio State 1987 Southern Mississippi 1988 Connecticut 1989 St. John's 1990 Vanderbilt NCAA Division I Women's Champions 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Champion Coach Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1982 Louisiana Tech Sonja Hogg Cheyney 1983 USC Linda Sharp Louisiana Tech 1984 USC Linda Sharp Tennessee Year Champion Coach Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1984 USC Linda Sharp Tennessee 1985 Old Dominion Marianne Stanley Georgia 1986 Texas Jody Conradt USC 1987 Tennessee Pat Head Summitt Louisiana Tech 1988 Louisiana Tech Leon Barmore Auburn 1989 Tennessee Pat Head Summitt Auburn 1990 Stanford Tara VanDerveer Auburn (Set Art Here) NCAA Division I Champions 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴� Year Champion Coach Final opponent Score Outstanding 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1939 Oregon Howard Hobson Ohio St. 46-33 None Year Champion Coach Final opponent Score Outstanding 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1939 Oregon Howard Hobson Ohio St. 46-33 None 1940 Indiana Branch McCracken Kansas 60-42 Marvin Huff 1941 Wisconsin Harold Foster Washington St. 39-34 John Kotz, 1942 Stanford Everett Dean Dartmouth 53-38 Howard Dall 1943 Wyoming Everett Shelton Georgetown 46-34 Ken Sailors 1944 Utah Vadal Peterson Dartmouth 42-401 Arnold Ferr 1945 Oklahoma St.2 Henry Iba NYU 49-45 Bob Kurland 1946 Oklahoma St.2 Henry Iba North Carolina 43-40 Bob Kurland 1947 Holy Cross Alvin Julian Oklahoma 58-47 George Kaft 1948 Kentucky Adolph Rupp Baylor 58-42 Alex Groza, 1949 Kentucky Adolph Rupp Oklahoma St. 46-36 Alex Groza, 1950 CCNY Nat Holman Bradley 71-68 Irwin Dambr 1951 Kentucky Adolph Rupp Kansas St. 68-58 None 1952 Kansas Forrest Allen St. John's 80-63 Clyde Lovel 1953 Indiana Branch McCracken Kansas 69-68 B.H. Born, 1954 La Salle Kenneth Loeffler Bradley 92-76 Tom Gola, L 1955 San Francisco Phil Woolpert LaSalle 77-63 Bill Russel 1956 San Francisco Phil Woolpert Iowa 83-71 Hal Lear, T 1957 N. Carolina Frank McGuire Kansas 54-531 Wilt Chambe Year Champion Coach Final opponent Score Outstanding 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1957 N. Carolina Frank McGuire Kansas 54-531 Wilt Chambe 1958 Kentucky Adolph Rupp Seattle 84-72 Elgin Baylo 1959 California Pete Newell W. Virginia 71-70 Jerry West, 1960 Ohio St. Fred Taylor California 75-55 Jerry Lucas 1961 Cincinnati Edwin Jucker Ohio St. 70-651 Jerry Lucas 1962 Cincinnati Edwin Jucker Ohio St. 71-59 Paul Hogue, 1963 Loyola (Ill.) George Ireland Cincinnati 60-581 Art Heyman, 1964 UCLA John Wooden Duke 98-83 Walt Hazzar 1965 UCLA John Wooden Michigan 91-80 Bill Bradle 1966 Texas-El Paso3 Don Haskins Kentucky 72-65 Jerry Chamb 1967 UCLA John Wooden Dayton 79-64 Lew Alcindo 1968 UCLA John Wooden N. Carolina 78-55 Lew Alcindo 1969 UCLA John Wooden Purdue 92-72 Lew Alcindo 1970 UCLA John Wooden Jacksonville 80-69 Sidney Wick 1971 UCLA John Wooden Villanova* 68-62 Howard Port 1972 UCLA John Wooden Florida St. 81-76 Bill Walton 1973 UCLA John Wooden Memphis St. 87-66 Bill Walton 1974 N. Carolina St. Norm Sloan Marquette 76-64 David Thomp 1975 UCLA John Wooden Kentucky 92-85 Richard Was Year Champion Coach Final opponent Score Outstanding 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1975 UCLA John Wooden Kentucky 92-85 Richard Was 1976 Indiana Bob Knight Michigan 86-68 Kent Benson 1977 Marquette Al McGuire N. Carolina 67-59 Butch Lee, 1978 Kentucky Joe Hall Duke 94-88 Jack Givens 1979 Michigan St. Jud Heathcote Indiana St. 75-64 Magic Johns 1980 Louisville Denny Crum UCLA* 59-54 Darrell Gri 1981 Indiana Bob Knight N. Carolina 63-50 Isiah Thoma 1982 N. Carolina Dean Smith Georgetown 63-62 James Worth 1983 N. Carolina St. Jim Valvano Houston 54-52 Akeem Olaju 1984 Georgetown John Thompson Houston 84-75 Patrick Ewi 1985 Villanova Rollie Massimino Georgetown 66-64 Ed Pinckney 1986 Louisville Denny Crum Duke 72-69 Pervis Elli 1987 Indiana Bob Knight Syracuse 74-73 Keith Smart 1988 Kansas Larry Brown Oklahoma 83-79 Danny Manni 1989 Michigan Steve Fisher Seton Hall 80-791 Glen Rice, 1990 UNLV Jerry Tarkanian Duke 103-73 Anderson Hu *Declared ineligible subsequent to the tournament. 1 Overtime. 2 Known as Oklahoma A&M at that time. 3 Known as Texas Western at that time. NCAA Division I Career Scoring Leaders 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴코컴컴컴캠 Player, team Seasons G FG FT Pts. Avg. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Pete Maravich, Louisiana State 1968-70 83 1387 893 3667 44.2 Austin Carr, Notre Dame 1969-71 74 1017 526 2560 34.6 Oscar Robertson, Cincinnati 1958-60 88 1052 869 2973 33.8 Calvin Murphy, Niagara 1968-70 77 947 654 2548 33.1 Dwight Lamar, SW Louisiana 1972-73 57 768 326 1862 32.7 Frank Selvy, Furman 1952-54 78 922 694 2538 32.5 Rick Mount, Purdue 1968-70 72 910 503 2323 32.3 Darrell Floyd, Furman 1954-56 71 868 545 2281 32.1 Nick Werkman, Seton Hall 1962-64 71 812 649 2273 32.0 Willie Humes, Idaho State 1970-71 48 565 380 1510 31.5 Player, team Seasons G FG FT Pts. Avg. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Willie Humes, Idaho State 1970-71 48 565 380 1510 31.5 William Averitt, Pepperdine 1972-73 49 615 311 1541 31.4 Elgin Baylor, Col. Idaho, Seattle 55, 57-58 80 956 588 2500 31.3 Elvin Hayes, Houston 1966-68 93 1215 454 2884 31.0 Freeman Williams, Portland State 1975-1978 106 1369 511 3249 30.7 Larry Bird, Indiana State 1977-79 94 1154 542 2850 30.3 John R. Wooden Award 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1977 Marques Johnson, UCLA 1978 Phil Ford, North Carolina 1979 Larry Bird, Indiana State 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1979 Larry Bird, Indiana State 1980 Darrell Griffith, Louisville 1981 Danny Ainge, Brigham Young 1982 Ralph Sampson, Virginia 1983 Ralph Sampson, Virginia 1984 Michael Jordan, North Carolina 1985 Chris Mullin, St. John's 1986 Walter Berry, St. John's 1987 David Robinson, Navy 1988 Danny Manning, Kansas 1989 Sean Elliott, Arizona 1990 Lionel Simmons, La Salle Awarded annually to the nation's outstanding college basketball playing student-athlete by a poll of sports writers and broadcasters. Division I College Basketball Leaders in 1989-1990 Season (through games of Monday, Mar. 12) Scoring 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 G Pts Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Bo Kimble, Loyola-Marymount 28 988 35.3 Kevin Bradshaw, U.S. International 28 875 31.3 Dave Jamerson, Ohio 28 874 31.2 Alphonzo Ford, Mississippi 27 808 29.9 Steve Rogers, Alabama St. 28 831 29.7 Hank Gathers, Loyola-Marymount 26 754 29.0 Darryl Brooks, Tennessee St. 24 690 28.8 Chris Jackson, LSU 30 860 28.7 Dennis Scott, Georgia Tech. 30 817 27.2 G Pts Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dennis Scott, Georgia Tech. 30 817 27.2 Mark Stevenson, Duquesne 29 788 27.2 Rebounds 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 G No. Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Anthony Bonner, St. Louis 28 381 13.6 Eric McArthur, UC Santa Barbara 27 359 13.3 Lee Campbell, Southwest Mo. St. 28 355 12.7 Tyrone Hill, Xavier (Ohio) 29 365 12.6 G No. Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Tyrone Hill, Xavier (Ohio) 29 365 12.6 Cedric Ceballos, Cal. St. Fullerton 29 362 12.5 Hakim Shahid, South Florida 30 373 12.4 Derrick Coleman, Syracuse 30 365 12.2 Ron Draper, American 29 352 12.1 Shaquille O'Neal, LSU 30 360 12.0 Steve Stevenson, Prairie View 26 302 Blocked Shots Per Game 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 G No. Avg G No. Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Kenny Green, Rhode Island 26 124 4.8 Dikembe Mutombo, Georgetown 29 123 4.2 Kevin Roberson, Vermont 30 114 3.8 Lorenzo Williams, Stetson 32 121 3.8 Steve Stevenson, Prairie View 26 97 3.7 Assists 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 G No. Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Todd Lehman, Drexel 28 260 9.3 G No. Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Todd Lehman, Drexel 28 260 9.3 Aaron Mitchell, Southwestern La. 29 264 9.1 Keith Jennings, East Tenn. St. 33 292 8.8 Kenny Anderson, Georgia Tech. 30 257 8.6 Otis Livingston, Idaho 30 250 8.3 Gary Payton, Oregon St. 28 232 8.3 Lamar Holt, Prairie View 26 213 8.2 Tony Edmond, Texas Christian 29 234 8.1 Field-Goal Percentage 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 FG FGA Pct 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Stephen Scheffler, Purdue 160 220 72.7 Lee Campbell, Southwest Mo. St. 189 268 70.5 Felton Spencer, Louisville 177 257 68.9 Brian Parker, Cleveland St. 155 236 65.7 Larry Stewart, Coppin St. 226 345 65.5 Brian Hill, Evansville 180 278 64.7 Hakim Shahid, South Florida 196 305 64.3 Larry Johnson, UNLV 260 414 62.8 3-Pt. FG Percentage 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 FG FGA Pct 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Matt Lapin, Princeton 70 128 54.7 Lee Mayberry, Arkansas 58 109 53.2 Mike Iuzzolino, St. Francis (Pa.) 79 153 51.6 Dwight Pernell, Holy Cross 77 150 51.3 Tony Bennett, Wis.-Green Bay 65 129 50.4 Jeff Gueldner, Kansas 66 131 50.4 Steve Hood, James Madison 68 136 50.0 Brett Andricks, Tex.-Pan American 57 114 50.0 NCAA Division I Basketball Statistical Trends Averages and percentages are for both teams, per game. 露컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴� Year Games FG Made FG Att. Pct. FT Made FT Att. Pct. PF Pts. Year Games FG Made FG Att. Pct. FT Made FT Att. Pct. PF Pts. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1948 3945 40.6 138.7 29.3 25.3 42.2 59.8 36.9 106.5 1950 3659 43.2 136.8 31.6 28.7 46.5 61.8 39.0 115.1 1952 4009 47.5 140.6* 33.7 31.6 50.5 62.6 44.9* 126.6 1955 3829 51.1 138.6 36.9 43.1* 64.7 66.5 37.9 145.3 1958 4153 51.6 134.2 38.4 33.6 50.5 66.4 36.4 136.8 1960 4295 52.6 132.3 39.8 34.7 51.5 67.4 36.7 139.9 1961 4238 53.3 131.1 40.7 34.7 50.9 68.2 36.4 141.3 1963 4180 53.2 127.6 41.7 32.6 47.8 68.2 36.4 139.0 1965 4520 58.3 135.4 43.1 34.7 50.3 69.0 38.5 151.4 1967 4602 57.7 131.9 43.8 34.4 49.8 69.0 38.3 149.8 1969 4883 58.2 132.8 43.8 34.8 50.8 68.4 37.9 151.2 1971 5232 60.2 135.6 44.4 35.0 51.3 68.1 38.5 155.4* 1973 5582 62.3* 139.2 44.8 26.2 38.3 68.4 38.4 150.9 1975 6147 62.9 136.7 46.0 27.4 39.7 69.0 40.3 153.1 1977 6676 60.7 129.8 46.7 28.4 41.0 69.4 40.2 149.7 1979 7131 59.2 124.1 47.7 29.5 42.2 69.7* 41.1 147.9 1981 7407 55.6 115.9 48.0 29.0 42.0 68.9 40.2 140.2 1983 7957 54.3 114.0 47.7 29.0 42.3 68.5 39.7 138.7 1985 8269 54.5 113.9 47.9 29.3 42.5 68.9 39.3 138.3 Year Games FG Made FG Att. Pct. FT Made FT Att. Pct. PF Pts. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1985 8269 54.5 113.9 47.9 29.3 42.5 68.9 39.3 138.3 1986 8360 54.7 114.6 47.7 29.4 42.5 69.1 39.1 138.7 1987 8580 54.4 117.3 46.6 29.7 43.0 69.1 39.3 145.5 1988 8587 54.8 116.6 47.0 30.2 43.8 68.9 39.4 147.8 1989 8677* 55.7 118.5 47.0 31.1 45.0 69.1 40.2 151.4 *All-time high. World Almanac All-America Team in 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 First team Position Second team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alonzo Mourning, Georgetown Center Doug Smith, Missouri First team Position Second team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Alonzo Mourning, Georgetown Center Doug Smith, Missouri Lionel Simmons, LaSalle Forward Hank Gathers, Loyola, Marymount Derrick Coleman, Syracuse Forward Larry Johnson, UNLV Gary Payton, Oregon St. Guard Kenny Anderson, Georgia Tech Chris Jackson, LSU Guard Kendall Gill, Illinois Coach of the Year--Jim Calhoun, Connecticut Player of the Year--Lionel Simmons World Almanac All-America Women's team in 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 First team Position Second team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 First team Position Second team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Venus Lacy, Louisiana Tech Center Pauline Jordan, UNLV Dale Hodges, St. Joseph's (PA.) Forward Daedra Charles, Tennessee Portia Hill, Stephen F. Austin Forward Wendy Scholtens, Vanderbilt Jennifer Azzi, Stanford Guard Franthea Price, Iowa Andrea Stinson, North Carolina Guard Edna Campbell, Texas St. Coach of the Year-- Leon Barmore, Louisiana Tech Player of the Year-- Venus Lacy, Louisiana Tech GTE Academic All-America Basketball Team in 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 University Division Position College Division 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� David Jamerson, Ohio Univ. Forward Philip Hutcheson, David Liscomb Alec Kessler, Georgia Forward Dan Nettleton, Wartburg Andy Toolson, Brigham Young Forward Mark Slayman, Ohio Wesleyan Michael Iuzzolino, St. Francis, Guard S. Juan Mitchell, Monmouth, Pa. Ill. Dean Smith, Maine Guard Gary Townsend, Arkansas Tech. The 1990 GTE Academic All-America University and College basketball teams were chosen by the College Sports Information Directors of America. A player must be a starter or key reserve and carry a minimum cumulative grade average of 3.2 on a 4.0 scale. NATIONAL BASKETBALL ASSOCIATION, 1989-90 Final Standing Eastern Conference Atlantic Division 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Club W L Pct GB 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Philadelphia 53 29 .646 . . . Boston 52 30 .634 1 New York 45 37 .549 8 Washington 31 51 .378 22 Miami 18 64 .220 35 New Jersey 17 65 .207 36 Central Division 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Club W L Pct GB 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Club W L Pct GB 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Detroit 59 23 .720 . . . Chicago 55 27 .671 4 Milwaukee 44 38 .537 15 Cleveland 42 40 .512 17 Indiana 42 40 .512 17 Atlanta 41 41 .500 18 Orlando 18 64 .220 41 Western Conference Midwest Division 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Club W L Pct GB 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� San Antonio 56 26 .683 . . . Utah 55 27 .671 1 Dallas 47 35 .573 9 Denver 43 39 .524 13 Houston 41 41 .500 15 Minnesota 22 60 .268 34 Charlotte 19 63 .232 37 Pacific Division 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Club W L Pct GB 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Los Angeles Lakers 63 19 .768 . . . Portland 59 23 .720 4 Phoenix 54 28 .659 9 Seattle 41 41 .500 22 Golden State 37 45 .451 26 Los Angeles Clippers 30 52 .366 33 Sacramento 23 59 .280 40 NBA Playoff Results Eastern Division Detroit defeated Indiana 3 games to 0 Chicago defeated Milwaukee 3 games to 1 New York defeated Boston 3 games to 2 Philadelphia defeated Cleveland 3 games to 2 Detroit defeated New York 4 games to 1 Chicago defeated Philadelphia 4 games to 1 Detroit defeated Chicago 4 games to 3 Western Division Portland defeated Dallas 3 games to 0 San Antonio defeated Denver 3 games to 0 L.A. Lakers defeated Houston 3 games to 1 Phoenix defeated Utah 3 games to 2 Phoenix defeated L.A. Lakers 4 games to 1 Portland defeated San Antonio 4 games to 3 Portland defeated Phoenix 4 games to 2 Championship Detroit defeated Portland 4 games to 1 Pistons Repeat as Champions by Defeating Trail Blazers The Detroit Pistons won their second consecutive National BasketballAssociation championship by defeating the Portland Trail Blazers 4 games to 1. Isiah Thomas of the Pistons was named the most valuable player of the finals. Portland Trail Blazers 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 FG M-A FT M-A Reb Ast Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Drexler 51-94 28-37 39 31 26.4 Kersey 35-74 25-32 35 6 19.0 Porter 24-61 40-45 13 42 19.0 Duckworth 34-65 10-15 28 0 15.6 Williams 20-43 16-25 45 9 11.2 Robinson 8-32 3-6 12 4 3.8 Young 6-15 1-3 7 8 3.0 Petrovic 5-14 0-0 1 2 2.5 Cooper 4-12 1-4 20 1 1.8 FG M-A FT M-A Reb Ast Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cooper 4-12 1-4 20 1 1.8 Bryant 0-0 1-2 2 0 0.5 Totals 187-410 125-169 202 103 102.0 Detroit Pistons 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 FG M-A FT M-A Reb Ast Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Thomas 52-96 23-31 26 35 27.6 Dumars 34-82 33-37 14 28 20.6 Edwards 29-65 14-25 19 4 14.4 FG M-A FT M-A Reb Ast Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Edwards 29-65 14-25 19 4 14.4 Laimbeer 24-54 10-10 67 12 13.2 Johnson 25-46 11-14 10 6 12.2 Aguirre 15-45 14-21 18 4 9.6 Salley 12-32 9-13 32 2 6.6 Rodman 4-9 1-4 22 3 2.3 Greenwood 1-3 1-2 9 0 1.0 Henderson 1-1 0-0 0 0 1.0 Hastings 0-1 0-0 0 0 0.0 Totals 197-434 116-157 217 94 107.0 NBA Champions 1947-1990 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Regular season Regular season Playoffs Playoffs Year Eastern Conference Western Conference Winner Coach 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1947 Washington Chicago Philadelphia Ed Gottlieb 1948 Philadelphia St. Louis Baltimore Buddy Jeannette 1949 Washington Rochester Minneapolis John Kundla 1950 Syracuse Minneapolis Minneapolis John Kundla 1951 Philadelphia Minneapolis Rochester Lester Harrison 1952 Syracuse Rochester Minneapolis John Kundla 1953 New York Minneapolis Minneapolis John Kundla 1954 New York Minneapolis Minneapolis John Kundla 1955 Syracuse Ft. Wayne Syracuse Al Cervi 1956 Philadelphia Ft. Wayne Philadelphia George Senesky 1957 Boston St. Louis Boston Red Auerbach 1958 Boston St. Louis St. Louis Alex Hannum 1959 Boston St. Louis Boston Red Auerbach 1960 Boston St. Louis Boston Red Auerbach 1961 Boston St. Louis Boston Red Auerbach 1962 Boston Los Angeles Boston Red Auerbach 1963 Boston Los Angeles Boston Red Auerbach Regular season Regular season Playoffs Playoffs Year Eastern Conference Western Conference Winner Coach 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1963 Boston Los Angeles Boston Red Auerbach 1964 Boston San Francisco Boston Red Auerbach 1965 Boston Los Angeles Boston Red Auerbach 1966 Philadelphia Los Angeles Boston Red Auerbach 1967 Philadelphia San Francisco Philadelphia Alex Hannum 1968 Philadelphia St. Louis Boston Bill Russell 1969 Baltimore Los Angeles Boston Bill Russell 1970 New York Atlanta New York Red Holzman 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴� Regular season Regular season Regular season Regular season Playoff Atlantic Central Midwest Pacific Winner Regular season Regular season Regular season Regular season Playoff Atlantic Central Midwest Pacific Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1971 New York Baltimore Milwaukee Los Angeles Milwauk 1972 Boston Baltimore Milwaukee Los Angeles Los Ang 1973 Boston Baltimore Milwaukee Los Angeles New Yor 1974 Boston Capital Milwaukee Los Angeles Boston 1975 Boston Washington Chicago Golden State Golden 1976 Boston Cleveland Milwaukee Golden State Boston 1977 Philadelphia Houston Denver Los Angeles Portlan 1978 Philadelphia San Antonio Denver Portland Washing 1979 Washington San Antonio Kansas City Seattle Seattle 1980 Boston Atlanta Milwaukee Los Angeles Los Ang 1981 Boston Milwaukee San Antonio Phoenix Boston 1982 Boston Milwaukee San Antonio Los Angeles Los Ang 1983 Philadelphia Milwaukee San Antonio Los Angeles Philade 1984 Boston Milwaukee Utah Los Angeles Boston 1985 Boston Milwaukee Denver L.A. Lakers L.A. La 1986 Boston Milwaukee Houston L.A. Lakers Boston 1987 Boston Atlanta Dallas L.A. Lakers L.A. La 1988 Boston Detroit Denver L.A. Lakers L.A. La Regular season Regular season Regular season Regular season Playoff Atlantic Central Midwest Pacific Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1988 Boston Detroit Denver L.A. Lakers L.A. La 1989 New York Detroit Utah L.A. Lakers Detroit 1990 Philadelphia Detroit San Antonio L.A. Lakers Detroit NBA Most Valuable Player 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1956 Bob Pettit, St. Louis 1957 Bob Cousy, Boston 1958 Bill Russell, Boston 1959 Bob Pettit, St. Louis 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1959 Bob Pettit, St. Louis 1960 Wilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia 1961 Bill Russell, Boston 1962 Bill Russell, Boston 1963 Bill Russell, Boston 1964 Oscar Robertson, Cincinnati 1965 Bill Russell, Boston 1966 Wilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia 1967 Wilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia 1968 Wilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia 1969 Wes Unseld, Baltimore 1970 Willis Reed, New York 1971 Lew Alcindor, Milwaukee 1972 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (Alcindor), Milwaukee 1973 Dave Cowens, Boston 1974 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Milwaukee 1975 Bob McAdoo, Buffalo 1976 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Los Angeles 1977 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Los Angeles 1978 Bill Walton, Portland 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1978 Bill Walton, Portland 1979 Moses Malone, Houston 1980 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Los Angeles 1981 Julius Erving, Philadelphia 1982 Moses Malone, Houston 1983 Moses Malone, Philadelphia 1984 Larry Bird, Boston 1985 Larry Bird, Boston 1986 Larry Bird, Boston 1987 Magic Johnson, L.A. Lakers 1988 Michael Jordan, Chicago 1989 Magic Johnson, L.A. Lakers 1990 Magic Johnson, L.A. Lakers 1989-1990 NBA Individual Highs Minutes played, season -- 3238, McCray, Sacramento. Points, game -- 69, Jordan, Chicago vs. Cleveland, 3/28 (OT). Field goals made, game -- 23, Jordan, Chicago at Cleveland, 3/28. Field goal attempts, game -- 43, Jordan, Chicago vs. Orlando, 2/14 (OT). 3-pt. field goals made, game -- 9, Ellis, Seattle vs. L.A. Clippers, 4/20. Free throws made, game -- 23, K. Johnson, Phoenix vs. Utah, 4/9 (OT). Rebounds, game -- 27, Donaldson, Dallas vs. Portland, 12/29 (3 OT). Offensive rebounds, game -- 16, Cummings, San Antonio vs. Golden St., 2/28 (OT). Defensive rebounds, game -- 22, Donaldson, Dallas vs. Portland, 12/29 (3 OT); Olajuwon, Houston vs. Detroit 2/27 (OT). Offensive rebounds, season -- 364, Malone, Atlanta. Defensive rebounds, season -- 850, Olajuwon, Houston. Assists, game -- 27, Stockton, Utah at New York, 12/19. Blocked shots, game -- 13, Bol, Golden St. vs. New Jersey, 2/2. Personal fouls, season -- 328, Smits, Indiana. Statistical Leaders, 1989-1990 Scoring 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 G FG Pts Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jordan, Chicago 82 1034 2753 33.6 Malone, Utah 82 914 2540 31.0 G FG Pts Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Malone, Utah 82 914 2540 31.0 Ewing, New York 82 922 2347 28.6 Chambers, Phoenix 81 810 2201 27.2 Wilkins, Atlanta 80 810 2138 26.7 Barkley, Philadelphia 79 706 1989 25.2 Mullin, Golden St. 78 682 1956 25.1 Miller, Indiana 82 661 2016 24.6 Olajuwon, Houston 82 806 1995 24.3 Robinson, San Antonio 82 690 1993 24.3 Bird, Boston 75 718 1820 24.3 Malone, Washington 75 781 1820 24.3 Drexler, Portland 73 670 1703 23.3 Campbell, Minnesota 82 723 1903 23.2 K. Johnson, Phoenix 74 578 1665 22.5 Cummings, San Antonio 81 728 1818 22.4 King, Washington 82 711 1837 22.4 Johnson, L.A. Lakers 79 546 1765 22.3 Tisdale, Sacramento 79 726 1758 22.3 Richmond, Golden St. 78 640 1720 22.1 G FG Pts Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Richmond, Golden St. 78 640 1720 22.1 Rebounds Per Game 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 G Def Tot Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Olajuwon, Houston 82 850 1149 14.0 Robinson, San Antonio 82 680 983 12.0 Barkley, Philadelphia 79 548 909 11.5 Malone, Utah 82 679 911 11.1 Ewing, New York 82 658 893 10.9 G Def Tot Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ewing, New York 82 658 893 10.9 Seikaly, Miami 74 513 766 10.4 Parish, Boston 79 537 796 10.1 Malone, Atlanta 81 448 812 10.0 Cage, Seattle 82 515 821 10.0 Williams, Portland 82 550 800 9.8 Field Goal Percentage 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 FG FGA Pct 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� FG FGA Pct 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� West, Phoenix 331 530 .625 Barkley, Philadelphia 706 1177 .600 Parish, Boston 505 871 .580 Malone, Utah 914 1627 .562 Woolridge, L.A. Lakers 306 550 .556 Ewing, New York 922 1673 .551 McHale, Boston 648 1181 .549 Thorpe, Houston 547 998 .548 Worthy, L.A. Lakers 711 1298 .548 Williams, Portland 413 754 .548 Free Throw Percentage 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 FT FTA Pct 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Bird, Boston 319 343 .930 E. Johnson, Phoenix 188 205 .917 Davis, Denver 207 227 .912 Dumars, Detroit 297 330 .900 McHale, Boston 393 440 .893 Porter, Portland 421 472 .892 Johnson, L.A. Lakers 567 637 .890 Mullin, Golden St. 505 568 .889 Hawkins, Philadelphia 387 436 .888 Price, Cleveland 300 338 .888 Assists Per Game 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 G Ast Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Stockton, Utah 78 1134 14.5 Johnson, L.A. Lakers 79 907 11.5 K. Johnson, Phoenix 74 846 11.4 Bogues, Charlotte 81 867 10.7 Grant, L.A. Lakers 44 442 10.0 Thomas, Detroit 81 765 9.4 Price, Cleveland 73 666 9.1 Porter, Portland 80 726 9.1 Hardaway, Golden St. 79 689 8.7 Walker, Washington 81 652 8.0 3-Point Field Goal Percentage 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 FG FGA Pct 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Kerr, Cleveland 73 144 .507 Hodges, Chicago 87 181 .481 Petrovic, Portland 34 74 .459 Sundvold, Miami 44 100 .440 Scott, L.A. Lakers 93 220 .423 Hawkins, Philadelphia 84 200 .420 Ehlo, Cleveland 104 248 .419 Stockton, Utah 47 113 .416 Miller, Indiana 150 362 .414 Lever, Denver 36 87 .414 Steals Per Game 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 G Stl Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jordan, Chicago 82 227 2.77 Stockton, Utah 78 207 2.65 Pippen, Chicago 82 211 2.57 Robertson, Milwaukee 81 207 2.56 Harper, Dallas 82 187 2.28 Corbin, Minnesota 82 175 2.13 Lever, Denver 79 168 2.13 Olajuwon, Houston 82 174 2.12 Conner, New Jersey 82 172 2.10 Hardaway, Golden St. 79 165 2.09 Blocked Shots Per Game 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 G Blk Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Olajuwon, Houston 82 376 4.59 Ewing, New York 82 327 3.99 Robinson, San Antonio 82 319 3.80 Bol, Golden St. 75 238 3.17 Benjamin, L.A. Clippers 71 187 2.63 Eaton, Utah 82 201 2.45 Jones, Washington 81 197 2.43 West, Phoenix 82 184 2.24 Smits, Indiana 82 169 2.06 G Blk Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Smits, Indiana 82 169 2.06 J. Williams, Cleveland 82 167 2.04 NBA All League Team in 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 First team Position Second team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Karl Malone, Utah Forward Tom Chambers, Phoenix Charles Barkley, Philadelphia Forward Larry Bird, Boston Patrick Ewing, New York Center Akeem Olajuwon, Houston First team Position Second team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Patrick Ewing, New York Center Akeem Olajuwon, Houston Magic Johnson, L.A. Lakers Guard John Stockton, Utah Michael Jordan, Chicago Guard Kevin Johnson, Phoenix NBA All-Defensive Team in 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 First team Position Second team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Dennis Rodman, Detroit Forward Kevin McHale, Boston Buck Williams, Portland Forward Rick Mahorn, Philadelphia First team Position Second team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Buck Williams, Portland Forward Rick Mahorn, Philadelphia Akeem Olajuwon, Houston Center David Robinson, San Antonio Michael Jordan, Chicago Guard Alvin Robertson, Milwaukee Joe Dumars, Detroit Guard Derek Harper, Dallas Individual Statistics, 1989-1990 (Over 600 Minutes Played) Atlanta Hawks 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wilkins 36.1 .484 .807 6.5 2.5 2138 26.7 Malone 33.8 .480 .781 10.0 1.6 1528 18.9 Rivers 31.8 .454 .812 4.2 5.5 598 12.5 Willis 28.1 .519 .683 8.0 0.7 1006 12.4 Smith 30.6 .466 .821 2.0 5.6 943 11.9 Battle 24.6 .506 .756 1.7 2.6 654 10.9 Webb 26.6 .477 .871 2.5 5.8 751 9.2 Long 21.5 .453 .836 1.7 1.8 404 8.4 Carr 18.3 .516 .775 3.4 1.2 335 7.6 Levingston 22.7 .509 .680 4.3 1.1 516 6.9 Volkov 13.0 .482 .583 1.7 1.2 357 5.0 Koncak 18.1 .614 .532 4.2 2.3 198 3.7 Boston Celtics 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts per 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Bird 39.3 .473 .930 9.5 7.5 1820 24.3 McHale 33.2 .549 .893 8.3 2.1 1712 20.9 Lewis 31.9 .496 .808 4.4 2.8 1340 17.0 Parish 30.3 .580 .747 10.1 1.3 1243 15.7 Johnson 27.1 .434 .843 2.7 6.5 531 7.1 Paxson 17.8 .453 .811 1.1 1.9 460 6.4 Kleine 16.9 .480 .830 4.4 0.6 435 5.4 Gamble 13.9 .455 .794 1.6 1.7 362 5.1 M. Smith 9.5 .476 .828 1.5 1.2 327 5.0 Pinckney 14.1 .542 .773 2.9 0.9 362 4.7 Bagley 20.3 .459 .744 1.6 5.5 230 4.3 Charlotte Hornets 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts pe 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Chapman 32.6 .408 .750 3.3 2.4 945 17.5 Gilliam 31.9 .515 .723 7.9 1.3 1271 16.7 Curry 27.8 .466 .923 2.5 2.4 1070 16.0 Tripucka 30.4 .430 .883 4.1 2.8 1232 15.6 J.R. Reid 33.6 .440 .664 8.4 1.2 908 11.1 Bogues 33.9 .491 .791 2.6 10.7 763 9.4 Keys 20.2 .432 .721 3.2 1.1 701 8.8 Gattison 14.9 .550 .682 3.1 0.6 372 5.9 R. Reid 16.7 .391 .628 2.1 1.3 414 5.8 Anderson 11.2 .417 .783 2.4 1.0 231 4.3 Chicago Bulls 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jordan 39.0 .526 .848 6.9 6.3 2753 33.6 Pippen 38.3 .489 .675 6.7 5.4 1351 16.5 Grant 34.4 .523 .699 7.9 2.8 1071 13.4 Cartwright 30.4 .488 .811 6.5 2.0 811 11.4 Paxson 28.8 .516 .824 1.5 6.4 819 10.0 King 21.7 .504 .727 4.7 1.1 728 8.9 Hodges 16.7 .438 .909 0.8 1.7 407 6.5 Armstrong 15.9 .485 .885 1.3 2.5 452 5.6 Perdue 11.5 .414 .692 2.8 0.6 294 3.8 Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Perdue 11.5 .414 .692 2.8 0.6 294 3.8 Cleveland Cavaliers 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Price 37.1 .459 .888 3.4 9.1 1430 19.6 J. Williams 33.9 .493 .739 8.1 2.0 1381 16.8 Daugherty 35.1 .479 .704 9.1 3.2 690 16.8 Nance 33.3 .511 .778 8.3 2.6 1011 16.3 Ehlo 35.7 .464 .681 5.4 4.6 1102 13.6 Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ehlo 35.7 .464 .681 5.4 4.6 1102 13.6 Keys 18.6 .421 .744 2.9 0.8 365 7.6 Brown 17.9 .470 .762 3.1 0.7 545 7.3 Kerr 21.3 .444 .863 1.3 3.2 520 6.7 Bennett 18.0 .479 .667 3.4 1.0 338 6.1 Rollins 14.0 .456 .688 3.2 0.5 125 2.6 Dallas Mavericks 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Blackman 36.7 .498 .844 3.5 3.6 1552 19.4 Harper 36.7 .488 .794 3.0 7.4 1473 18.0 Tarpley 36.6 .451 .756 13.1 1.5 758 16.8 Perkins 35.1 .493 .778 7.5 2.3 1206 15.9 Dantley 28.9 .477 .787 3.8 1.8 662 14.7 Donaldson 31.0 .539 .700 8.6 0.8 665 9.1 H. Williams 27.1 .444 .679 4.8 1.5 700 8.6 Davis 17.7 .490 .770 1.3 3.3 470 6.4 Wennington 13.6 .449 .800 3.3 0.7 270 4.5 White 12.9 .369 .562 3.1 0.4 237 4.3 Jones 9.8 .371 .681 1.2 0.4 195 3.0 Denver Nuggets 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts pe 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lever 35.8 .443 .804 9.3 6.5 1443 18.3 English 27.6 .491 .880 0.3 2.8 1433 17.9 Davis 23.7 .481 .912 2.6 2.2 1207 17.5 Adams 34.1 .402 .850 2.8 6.3 1221 15.5 Rasmussen 24.6 .497 .828 7.3 1.0 1001 12.4 Schayes 22.5 .494 .852 6.5 1.2 551 10.4 Carroll 22.6 .411 .774 5.8 1.3 761 10.0 Lichti 16.8 .486 .747 1.9 1.5 630 8.0 Hanzlik 19.8 .452 .743 2.6 2.3 500 6.2 Kempton 14.9 .490 .675 3.1 1.7 383 5.4 Lane 14.3 .469 .367 5.4 0.1 334 5.0 Hughes 14.9 .411 .676 1.2 1.9 209 3.5 Dunn 10.1 .454 .667 2.1 0.7 114 1.8 Detroit Pistons 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts per 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Thomas 37.0 .438 .775 3.8 9.4 1492 18.4 Dumars 34.4 .480 .900 2.8 4.9 1335 17.8 Edwards 27.8 .498 .749 4.2 0.8 1189 14.5 Aguirre 25.7 .488 .756 3.9 1.9 1099 14.1 Laimbeer 33.0 .484 .854 9.6 2.1 981 12.1 Johnson 24.0 .431 .668 3.1 3.1 804 9.8 Rodman 30.0 .581 .654 9.7 0.9 719 8.8 Salley 23.3 .512 .713 5.4 0.8 593 7.2 Golden State Warriors 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mullin 36.3 .536 .889 0.2 4.1 1956 25. Richmond 35.9 .497 .866 4.6 2.9 1720 22. Teagle 29.0 .480 .830 4.5 1.9 1323 16. Hardaway 33.7 .471 .764 3.9 8.7 1162 14. Marciulionis 22.6 .519 .787 2.9 1.6 905 12. Higgins 24.3 .481 .821 5.1 1.6 909 11. Tolbert 19.2 .493 .726 5.2 0.8 616 8.8 Garland 17.5 .375 .841 2.2 3.1 270 5.3 Bol 17.5 .331 .510 3.7 0.5 146 1.9 Houston Rockets 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts per 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Olajuwon 38.1 .501 .713 14.0 2.9 1995 24.3 Thorpe 36.0 .548 .688 9.0 3.2 1401 17.1 Wiggins 28.1 .488 .810 4.3 1.6 1024 15.5 Johnson 34.5 .495 .759 4.6 3.1 1215 14.8 Floyd 32.1 .451 .806 2.4 7.3 1000 12.2 Maxwell 25.1 .439 .645 2.9 3.7 714 9.0 Woodson 15.9 .395 .721 1.4 1.1 394 6.5 Lucas 19.1 .375 .764 1.8 4.9 286 5.8 Bowie 13.9 .406 .741 1.8 1.5 284 4.3 Smith 17.6 .474 .364 6.1 0.9 222 3.0 Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts per 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Smith 17.6 .474 .364 6.1 0.9 222 3.0 Indiana Pacers 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts per 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Miller 38.9 .514 .868 3.6 3.8 2016 24.6 Person 35.2 .487 .781 5.8 3.0 1515 19.7 Schrempf 33.0 .516 .820 7.9 3.2 1267 16.2 Smits 29.3 .533 .811 6.2 1.7 1271 15.5 Fleming 35.1 .508 .782 3.9 7.4 1176 14.3 Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts per 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Fleming 35.1 .508 .782 3.9 7.4 1176 14.3 Thompson 25.9 .473 .799 7.7 1.3 554 6.8 Sanders 18.7 .470 .733 2.8 1.1 510 6.2 Green 13.4 .433 .843 0.8 2.6 244 3.5 Los Angeles Clippers 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts per 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Harper 39.1 .473 .788 5.9 5.2 798 22.8 Smith 35.0 .520 .794 6.7 1.5 1645 21.1 Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts per 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Smith 35.0 .520 .794 6.7 1.5 1645 21.1 Manning 32.0 .533 .741 5.9 2.6 1154 16.3 Norman 33.3 .510 .632 6.7 2.3 1128 16.1 Benjamin 32.6 .526 .732 9.3 2.2 959 13.5 Grant 34.8 .466 .779 4.4 10.0 575 13.1 Garland 22.3 .401 .836 2.7 3.8 574 7.3 Garrick 23.6 .494 .772 2.2 4.0 508 7.0 Martin 19.6 .411 .705 2.3 0.6 433 6.3 Wolf 17.2 .395 .775 3.0 0.8 370 4.8 Rivers 13.9 .406 .756 1.7 3.0 219 4.2 Los Angeles Lakers 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts pe 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Johnson 37.2 .480 .890 6.6 11.5 1765 22.3 Worthy 37.0 .548 .782 6.0 3.6 1685 21.1 Scott 33.7 .470 .766 3.1 3.6 1197 15.5 Green 33.0 .478 .751 8.7 1.1 1061 12.9 Woolridge 22.9 .556 .733 3.0 1.5 788 12.7 Thompson 26.9 .500 .706 6.8 0.6 706 10.1 Divac 19.6 .499 .708 6.2 0.9 701 8.5 Cooper 23.1 .387 .883 2.8 2.7 515 6.4 Drew 16.7 .444 .767 1.2 2.7 418 5.2 Miami Heat 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts per 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Seikaly 32.6 .502 .594 10.4 1.1 1228 16.6 Douglas 30.5 .494 .687 2.5 7.6 1155 14.3 Rice 30.0 .439 .734 4.6 1.8 1048 13.6 Edwards 28.3 .412 .760 3.6 3.2 938 12.0 Thompson 27.1 .516 .622 7.0 2.1 867 11.0 Frank 22.9 .458 .765 5.0 1.1 735 9.5 Long 23.0 .483 .714 5.0 1.2 686 8.5 Sundvold 13.8 .408 .846 1.1 1.6 384 6.1 Sparrow 21.4 .412 .766 1.7 3.6 487 5.9 Davis 14.0 .466 .621 3.6 0.4 298 4.7 Milwaukee Bucks 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts pe 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Pierce 30.0 .510 .839 2.8 2.3 1359 23.0 Humphries 34.8 .494 .786 3.3 5.8 1237 15.3 Robertson 32.1 .503 .741 6.9 5.5 1153 14.2 Sikma 31.7 .416 .885 6.9 3.2 986 13.9 Pressey 24.6 .472 .758 3.0 4.3 628 11.0 Roberts 27.3 .495 .783 3.8 1.8 857 10.5 Lohaus 24.3 .460 .728 5.0 2.1 732 9.2 Anderson 21.5 .507 .535 6.2 0.4 529 8.8 Grayer 20.1 .460 .651 3.1 1.5 548 7.7 Brown 10.4 .427 .679 1.2 0.7 219 3.6 Minnesota Timberwolves 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Campbell 38.6 .457 .787 5.5 2.6 1903 23.2 Corbin 36.7 .481 .770 7.4 2.6 1203 14.7 Mitchell 30.2 .446 .768 5.8 1.1 1012 12.7 Richardson 31.5 .461 .589 2.6 6.8 938 11.4 Breuer 23.2 .428 .653 5.1 1.2 722 8.9 Murphy 30.4 .471 .709 6.9 1.3 680 8.3 Roth 14.9 .379 .746 1.6 1.6 486 6.8 Royal 11.3 .459 .777 2.1 0.7 387 5.9 Sellers 11.9 .406 .795 1.5 0.6 264 4.5 Lowe 21.8 .319 .722 2.0 4.2 187 2.3 New Jersey Nets 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Hopson 32.3 .434 .792 3.5 1.9 1251 15.8 Hinson 31.7 .507 .869 6.8 0.9 376 15.0 Morris 30.6 .422 .722 5.3 1.8 1187 14.8 Bowie 32.5 .416 .776 10.1 1.3 998 14.7 Short 27.0 .455 .835 3.0 1.8 1072 13.1 Blaylock 25.3 .371 .778 2.8 4.2 505 10.1 Shackleford 22.2 .462 .687 6.8 0.8 573 8.2 Conner 28.7 .414 .804 3.2 4.7 648 7.9 Dudley 16.1 .411 .319 6.6 0.6 350 5.5 Haley 16.2 .398 .680 4.5 0.4 361 5.4 Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Haley 16.2 .398 .680 4.5 0.4 361 5.4 Myers 14.4 .396 .660 1.8 2.6 244 4.7 New York Knickerbockers 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ewing 38.6 .551 .775 10.9 2.2 2347 28.6 Oakley 36.0 .524 .761 11.9 2.4 889 14.6 G. Wilkins 31.8 .457 .803 4.5 4.0 1191 14.5 Newman 28.5 .476 .799 2.4 2.3 1032 12.9 Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Newman 28.5 .476 .799 2.4 2.3 1032 12.9 Jackson 29.6 .437 .727 3.9 7.4 809 9.9 Cheeks 31.1 .504 .847 3.0 5.6 789 9.7 Tucker 21.3 .417 .767 2.1 2.1 667 8.2 Walker 23.5 .531 .723 5.0 0.7 535 7.9 E. Wilkins 12.3 .455 .605 3.4 0.2 371 4.7 Orlando Magic 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts per 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts per 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Catledge 33.3 .474 .702 7.6 1.0 1435 19.4 Theus 30.9 .439 .853 2.9 5.4 1438 18.9 Smith 25.3 .492 .761 4.6 2.3 875 13.5 Reynolds 27.1 .417 .742 4.8 2.7 858 12.8 Anderson 22.0 .494 .705 3.9 1.5 931 11.5 Vincent 26.3 .457 .879 3.1 5.6 705 11.2 Green 25.5 .468 .651 8.1 1.4 761 10.4 Ansley 17.0 .497 .722 5.0 0.6 626 8.7 Skiles 20.9 .409 .874 2.3 4.8 536 7.7 Wiley 16.0 .442 .737 0.8 2.9 229 5.7 Turner 18.4 .429 .778 3.8 0.9 308 5.1 Acres 21.1 .484 .692 5.4 0.8 362 4.5 Philadelphia 76ers 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts per 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Barkley 39.1 .600 .749 11.5 3.9 1989 25.2 Hawkins 34.8 .460 .888 3.7 3.2 1515 18.5 Dawkins 35.4 .489 .861 3.0 7.4 1162 14.3 Gminski 32.8 .457 .821 8.5 1.6 1112 13.7 Anderson 26.8 .451 .838 3.8 1.8 926 11.9 Mahorn 30.3 .497 .715 7.6 1.3 811 10.8 Smith 18.7 .508 .699 2.3 1.5 668 8.9 Brooks 13.5 .431 .877 0.9 2.9 319 4.4 Phoenix Suns 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Chambers 37.6 .501 .861 7.0 2.3 2201 27.2 Johnson 37.6 .499 .838 3.6 11.4 1665 22.5 Hornacek 34.0 .536 .856 4.7 5.0 1179 17.6 E. Johnson 28.3 .453 .917 3.8 1.7 1080 16.9 Majerle 30.7 .424 .762 5.9 2.6 809 11.1 West 29.3 .625 .691 8.9 0.5 861 10.5 Rambis 25.7 .509 .646 7.1 1.8 462 6.2 Perry 10.2 .513 .589 2.5 0.3 254 4.2 Battle 12.3 .547 .671 2.1 0.6 242 4.1 Lang 13.7 .557 .653 3.7 0.3 258 3.5 Grant 10.1 .384 .661 0.9 2.5 208 3.1 Portland Trail Blazers 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts pe 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Drexler 36.8 .494 .774 6.9 5.9 1703 23.3 Porter 34.8 .462 .892 3.4 9.1 1406 17.6 Duckworth 30.0 .478 .740 0.2 1.1 1327 16.2 Kersey 34.7 .478 .690 8.4 2.3 1310 16.0 Williams 34.2 .548 .706 9.8 1.4 1114 13.6 Robinson 19.1 .397 .550 3.8 0.9 746 9.1 Petrovic 12.6 .485 .844 1.4 1.5 583 7.6 Young 17.0 .421 .813 1.5 2.8 383 4.7 Cooper 14.9 .454 .641 4.3 0.6 301 3.8 Sacramento Kings 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts pe 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Tisdale 37.2 .525 .783 7.5 1.4 1758 22.3 Ainge 36.4 .438 .831 4.3 6.0 1342 17.9 McCray 39.5 .515 .784 8.2 4.6 1358 16.6 Smith 38.0 .461 .809 2.6 6.6 688 15.0 Carr 22.4 .494 .795 4.2 1.5 949 12.3 Del Negro 24.4 .462 .871 2.6 3.3 739 9.7 Pressley 22.3 .424 .780 4.3 2.1 636 8.8 Ellison 25.5 .442 .628 5.8 1.9 271 8.0 Toney 15.1 .348 .807 0.9 2.7 264 4.1 Allen 11.8 .444 .535 2.2 0.4 235 3.7 Kite 21.3 .432 .500 5.3 1.1 230 3.2 Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts pe 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Kite 21.3 .432 .500 5.3 1.1 230 3.2 San Antonio Spurs 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Robinson 36.6 .531 .732 12.0 2.0 1993 24.3 Cummings 34.8 .475 .780 8.4 2.7 1818 22.4 Anderson 34.0 .492 .748 4.5 4.4 1288 15.7 Strickland 26.1 .454 .626 3.2 5.7 868 10.6 Elliott 25.1 .481 .866 3.7 1.9 810 10.0 Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts p 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Elliott 25.1 .481 .866 3.7 1.9 810 10.0 Maxwell 22.8 .435 .621 2.9 3.0 340 6.9 Williams 15.8 .388 .765 1.8 1.1 320 6.8 Wingate 23.8 .488 .777 2.5 2.7 527 6.8 Brickowski 18.4 .545 .674 4.2 1.3 517 6.6 Jones 12.3 .465 .704 3.2 0.3 173 2.4 Seattle SuperSonics 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts per 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts per 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ellis 37.0 .497 .818 4.3 2.0 1293 23.5 McDaniel 35.2 .496 .733 6.5 2.5 1471 21.3 McKey 34.4 .493 .782 6.1 2.3 1254 15.7 Threatt 22.8 .506 .828 1.8 3.3 744 11.4 Cage 31.6 .504 .698 10.0 0.9 798 9.7 Barros 20.1 .405 .809 1.6 2.5 782 9.7 Kemp 13.8 .479 .736 4.3 0.3 525 6.5 McMillan 28.5 .473 .641 4.9 7.3 523 6.4 Polynice 13.7 .540 .475 3.8 0.2 360 4.6 Utah Jazz 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts per 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Malone 38.1 .562 .762 11.1 2.8 2540 31.0 Stockton 37.3 .514 .819 2.6 14.5 1345 17.2 Bailey 31.5 .481 .779 5.0 1.7 1162 14.2 Griffith 17.6 .464 .654 2.0 0.8 733 8.9 Edwards 23.0 .507 .719 3.1 1.8 727 8.9 Hansen 26.8 .467 .516 2.8 1.8 617 7.6 Eaton 27.8 .527 .669 7.3 0.5 395 4.8 Leckner 9.9 .563 .743 2.5 0.2 331 4.3 Rudd 11.0 .429 .660 0.7 2.3 273 3.5 Washington Bullets 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴� Min per game FG% FT% RBs per game Ast per game Pts Pts per 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Malone 34.2 .491 .877 2.7 3.2 1820 24.3 King 32.8 .487 .803 4.9 4.6 1837 22.4 Williams 35.1 .474 .774 7.6 4.7 327 18.2 Eackles 21.7 .439 .750 2.2 2.3 1055 13.5 Alarie 23.1 .473 .812 4.6 1.7 860 10.5 Walker 35.6 .454 .687 8.8 8.0 772 9.8 Grant 22.8 .473 .701 4.2 1.6 664 8.2 Hammonds 13.2 .437 .643 2.1 0.8 321 5.3 Colter 13.4 .478 .811 2.4 0.7 361 4.9 Turpin 13.9 .526 .789 3.7 0.5 276 4.7 Jones 27.7 .508 .648 6.2 1.7 256 3.2 All-Time NBA Statistical Leaders (at the start of the 1989-90 season. *Includes 1989-90 season.) Scoring Average (400 games or 10,000 Points Minimum) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 G Pts. Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� *Michael Jordan 427 14,016 32.8 Wilt Chamberlain 1,045 31,419 30.1 Elgin Baylor 846 23,149 27.4 Jerry West 932 25,192 27.0 Bob Pettit 792 20,880 26.4 George Gervin 791 20,708 26.2 *Dominique Wilkins 639 16,695 26.1 Oscar Robertson 1,040 26,710 25.7 G Pts. Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Oscar Robertson 1,040 26,710 25.7 *Larry Bird 792 19,719 24.8 *Adrian Dantley 945 23,120 24.4 Field Goal Percentage (2,000 FGM Minimum) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 FGA FGM Pct. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Artis Gilmore 9,570 5,732 .599 FGA FGM Pct. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Artis Gilmore 9,570 5,732 .599 James Donaldson 4,015 2,356 .587 Charles Barkley 5,252 3,032 .577 Steve Johnson 4,810 2,759 .574 Darryl Dawkins 6,060 3,468 .572 Kevin McHale 8,958 5,057 .565 Jeff Ruland 3,685 2,080 .564 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 28,307 15,837 .559 Larry Nance 7,329 4,081 .557 James Worthy 7,464 4,151 .556 Free Throw Percentage (1,200 FTM Minimum) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 FTA FTM Pct. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Rick Barry 4,243 3,818 .900 *Larry Bird 4,088 3,675 .898 Calvin Murphy 3,864 3,445 .892 *Ricky Pierce 1,864 1,661 .891 Bill Sharman 3,357 3,143 .884 *Kiki Vandeweghe 2,960 2,579 .871 Mike Newlin 3,456 3,005 .870 *Jeff Malone 2,231 1,939 .869 John Long 1,996 1,719 .861 Points 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pts. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 38,387 Wilt Chamberlain 31,419 Elvin Hayes 27,313 Oscar Robertson 26,710 John Havlicek 26,395 Jerry West 25,192 *Moses Malone 24,868 *Alex English 24,850 Elgin Baylor 23,149 Games Played 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 1,560 Elvin Hayes 1,303 John Havlicek 1,270 Paul Silas 1,254 Hal Greer 1,122 Len Wilkens 1,077 Dolph Schayes 1,059 Johnny Green 1,057 Don Nelson 1,053 Assists 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Oscar Robertson 9,887 *Magic Johnson 8,932 Len Wilkens 7,211 *Isiah Thomas 6,985 Bob Cousy 6,955 Guy Rodgers 6,917 Nate Archibald 6,476 *John Lucas 6,454 Norm Nixon 6,386 Field Goals Made 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar 15,837 Wilt Chamberlain 12,681 Elvin Hayes 10,976 John Havlicek 10,513 *Alex English 10,337 Oscar Robertson 9,508 Jerry West 9,016 Elgin Baylor 8,693 *Moses Malone 8,587 Rebounds 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Wilt Chamberlain 23,924 Bill Russell 21,620 Kareem Addul-Jabbar 17,440 Elvin Hayes 16,279 *Moses Malone 14,483 Nate Thurmond 14,464 Walt Bellamy 14,241 Wes Unseld 13,769 Jerry Lucas 12,942 NBA Scoring Leaders 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Scoring champion Pts Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1947 Joe Fulks, Philadelphia 1,389 23.2 1948 Max Zaslofsky, Chicago 1,007 21.0 1949 George Mikan, Minneapolis 1,698 28.3 1950 George Mikan, Minneapolis 1,865 27.4 1951 George Mikan, Minneapolis 1,932 28.4 1952 Paul Arizin, Philadelphia 1,674 25.4 1953 Neil Johnston, Philadelphia 1,564 22.3 1954 Neil Johnston, Philadelphia 1,759 24.4 1955 Neil Johnston, Philadelphia 1,631 22.7 1956 Bob Pettit, St. Louis 1,849 25.7 1957 Paul Arizin, Philadelphia 1,817 25.6 1958 George Yardley, Detroit 2,001 27.8 1959 Bob Pettit, St. Louis 2,105 29.2 1960 Wilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia 2,707 37.9 1961 Wilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia 3,033 38.4 Year Scoring champion Pts Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1961 Wilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia 3,033 38.4 1962 Wilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia 4,029 50.4 1963 Wilt Chamberlain, San Francisco 3,586 44.8 1964 Wilt Chamberlain, San Francisco 2,948 36.5 1965 Wilt Chamberlain, San Fran., Phila. 2,534 34.7 1966 Wilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia 2,649 33.5 1967 Rick Barry, San Francisco 2,775 35.6 1968 Dave Bing, Detroit 2,142 27.1 1969 Elvin Hayes, San Diego 2,327 28.4 1970 Jerry West, Los Angeles 2,309 31.2 1971 Lew Alcindor, Milwaukee 2,596 31.7 1972 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (Alcindor), Milwaukee 2,822 34.8 1973 Nate Archibald, Kansas City-Omaha 2,719 34.0 1974 Bob McAdoo, Buffalo 2,261 30.6 1975 Bob McAdoo, Buffalo 2,831 34.5 1976 Bob McAdoo, Buffalo 2,427 31.1 1977 Pete Maravich, New Orleans 2,273 31.1 1978 George Gervin, San Antonio 2,232 27.2 1979 George Gervin, San Antonio 2,365 29.6 Year Scoring champion Pts Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1979 George Gervin, San Antonio 2,365 29.6 1980 George Gervin, San Antonio 2,585 33.1 1981 Adrian Dantley, Utah 2,452 30.7 1982 George Gervin, San Antonio 2,551 32.3 1983 Alex English, Denver 2,326 28.4 1984 Adrian Dantley, Utah 2,418 30.6 1985 Bernard King, New York 1,809 32.9 1986 Dominique Wilkins, Atlanta 2,366 30.3 1987 Michael Jordan, Chicago 3,041 37.1 1988 Michael Jordan, Chicago 2,868 35.0 1989 Michael Jordan, Chicago 2,633 32.5 1990 Michael Jordan, Chicago 2,753 33.6 NBA Rookie of the Year 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1953 Don Meineke, Ft. Wayne 1954 Ray Felix, Baltimore 1955 Bob Pettit, Milwaukee 1956 Maurice Stokes, Rochester 1957 Tom Heinsohn, Boston 1958 Woody Sauldsberry, Philadelphia 1959 Elgin Baylor, Minneapolis 1960 Wilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia 1961 Oscar Robertson, Cincinnati 1962 Walt Bellamy, Chicago 1963 Terry Dischinger, Chicago 1964 Jerry Lucas, Cincinnati 1965 Willis Reed, New York 1966 Rick Barry, San Francisco 1967 Dave Bing, Detroit 1968 Earl Monroe, Baltimore 1969 Wes Unseld, Baltimore Year Player 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1969 Wes Unseld, Baltimore 1970 Lew Alcindor, Milwaukee 1971 Dave Cowens, Boston; Geoff Petrie, Portland (tie) 1972 Sidney Wicks, Portland 1973 Bob McAdoo, Buffalo 1974 Ernie DiGregorio, Buffalo 1975 Keith Wilkes, Golden State 1976 Alvan Adams, Phoenix 1977 Adrian Dantley, Buffalo 1978 Walter Davis, Phoenix 1979 Phil Ford, Kansas City 1980 Larry Bird, Boston 1981 Darrell Griffith, Utah 1982 Buck Williams, New Jersey 1983 Terry Cummings, San Diego 1984 Ralph Sampson, Houston 1985 Michael Jordan, Chicago 1986 Patrick Ewing, New York Year Player 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1986 Patrick Ewing, New York 1987 Chuck Person, Indiana 1988 Mark Jackson, New York 1989 Mitch Richmond, Golden State 1990 David Robinson, San Antonio Individuals in The Basketball Hall of Fame Springfield, Mass. Players Arizin, Paul Barlow, Thomas Barry, Rick Baylor, Elgin Beckman, John Bing, Dave Borgmann, Bennie Bradley, Bill Brennan, Joseph Cervi, Al Chamberlain, Wilt Cooper, Charles Cousy, Bob Cunningham, Billy Davies, Bob DeBernardi, Forrest DeBusschere, Dave Dehnert, Dutch Endacott, Paul Foster, Bud Frazier, Walt Friedman, Max Fulks, Joe Gale, Lauren Gates, Pop Gola, Tom Greer, Hal Gruenig, Ace Hagan, Cliff Hanson, Victor Havlicek, John Hayes, Elvin Heinsohn, Tom Holman, Nat Houbregs, Bob Hyatt, Chuck Johnson, William Johnston, Neil Jones, K.C. Jones, Sam Krause, Moose Kurland, Bob Lapchick, Joe Lovellette, Clyde Lucas, Jerry Luisetti, Hank Macauley, Ed Maravich, Pete Martin, Slater McCracken, Branch McCracken, Jack McDermott, Bobby Mikan, George Monroe, Earl Murphy, Stretch Page, Pat Pettit, Bob Phillip, Andy Pollard, Jim Ramsey, Frank Reed, Willis Robertson, Oscar Roosma, John S. Russell, Honey Russell, Bill Schayes, Adolph Schmidt, Ernest Schommer, John Sedran, Barney Sharman, Bill Steinmetz, Christian Thompson, Cat Thurmond, Nate Twyman, Jack Unseld, Wes Vandivier, Fuzzy Wachter, Edward Wanzer, Bobby West, Jerry Wilkins, Lenny Wooden, John Coaches Auerbach, Red Barry, Sam Blood, Ernest Cann, Howard Carlson, Dr. H.C. Carnevale, Ben Case, Everett Dean, Everett Diddle, Edgar Drake, Bruce Gaines, Clarence Gardner, Jack Gill, Slats Hickey, Edgar Hobson, Howard Holzman, Red Iba, Hank Julian, Alvin Keaney, Frank Keogan, George Lambert, Ward Litwack, Harry Loeffler, Kenneth Lonborg, Dutch McCutchan, Arad McGuire, Frank McLendon, John Meyer, Ray Meanwell, Dr. W.E. Miller, Ralph Newell, Pete Rupp, Adolph Sachs, Leonard Shelton, Everett Smith, Dean Taylor, Fred Teague, Bertha Wade, Margaret Watts, Stan Wooden, John Referees Enright, James Hepbron, George Hoyt, George Kennedy, Matthew Leith, Lloyd Mihalik, Red Nucatola, John Quigley, Ernest Shirley, J. Dallas Tobey, David Walsh, David Contributors Abbott, Senda B. Allen, Phog Bee, Clair Brown, Walter Bunn, John Douglas, Bob Duer, Al O. Fagan, Cliff Fisher, Harry Gottlieb, Edward Gulick, Dr. L.H. Harrison, Lester Hepp, Dr. Ferenc Hickox, Edward Hinkle, Tony Irish, Ned Jones, R.W. Kennedy, Walter Liston, Emil Mokray, Bill Morgan, Ralph Morgenweck, Frank Naismith, Dr. James O'Brien, John Olsen, Harold Podoloff, Maurice Porter, H.V. Reis, William Ripley, Elmer St. John, Lynn Saperstein, Abe Schabinger, Arthur Stagg, Amos Alonzo Steitz, Edward Taylor, Chuck Tower, Oswald Trester, Arthur Wells, Clifford Wilke, Lou MVP in Playoffs 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1969 Jerry West, Los Angeles 1970 Willis Reed, New York 1971 Lew Alcindor, Milwaukee 1972 Wilt Chamberlain, Los Angeles 1973 Willis Reed, New York 1974 John Havlicek, Boston 1975 Rick Barry, Golden State 1976 Jo Jo White, Boston 1977 Bill Walton, Portland 1978 Wes Unseld, Washington 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1978 Wes Unseld, Washington 1979 Dennis Johnson, Seattle 1980 Magic Johnson, Los Angeles 1981 Cedric Maxwell, Boston 1982 Magic Johnson, Los Angeles 1983 Moses Malone, Philadelphia 1984 Larry Bird, Boston 1985 Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, L.A. Lakers 1986 Larry Bird, Boston 1987 Magic Johnson, L.A. Lakers 1988 James Worthy, L.A. Lakers 1989 Joe Dumars, Detroit 1990 Isiah Thomas, Detroit 1990 NBA Player Draft The following are the first round picks of the National Basketball Association. New Jersey--Derrick Coleman, Syracuse Seattle--Gary Payton, Oregon State Denver--Chris Jackson, LSU Orlando--Dennis Scott, Georgia Tech Charlotte--Kendall Gill, Illinois Minnesota--Felton Spencer, Louisville Sacramento--Lionel Simmons, La Salle L.A. Clippers--Bo Kimball, Loyola Marymount Miami--Willie Burton, Minnesota Atlanta--Rumeal Robinson, Michigan Golden State--Tyrone Hill, Xavier Houston--Alec Kessler,1 Georgia L.A. Clippers--Lon Vaught, Michigan Sacramento--Travis Mays, Texas Miami--Dave Jamerson,2 Ohio Univ. Milwaukee--Terry Mills,3 Michigan New York--Jerrod Mustaf, Maryland Sacramento--Duane Causwell, Temple Boston--Dee Brown, Jacksonville Minnesota--Gerald Glass, Mississippi Phoenix--Jayson Williams, St. John's New Jersey--Tate George, Connecticut Sacramento--Anthony Bonner, St. Louis San Antonio--Dwayne Schintzius, Florida Portland--Alaa Abdelnaby, Duke Detroit--Lance Blanks, Texas L.A. Lakers--Elden Campbell, Clemson1 Traded to Miami; 2 Traded to Houston; 3 Traded to Denver. First Round NBA Draft Picks, 1966-90 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Team Player, college 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1966 New York Cazzie Russell, Michigan 1967 Detroit Jimmy Walker, Providence Year Team Player, college 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1967 Detroit Jimmy Walker, Providence 1968 Houston Elvin Hayes, Houston 1969 Milwaukee Lew Alcindor, UCLA* 1970 Detroit Bob Lanier, St. Bonaventure 1971 Cleveland Austin Carr, Notre Dame 1972 Portland LaRue Martin, Loyola-Chicago 1973 Philadelphia Doug Collins, Illinois St. 1974 Portland Bill Walton, UCLA 1975 Atlanta David Thompson, 1 N.C. State 1976 Houston John Lucas, Maryland 1977 Milwaukee Kent Benson, Indiana 1978 Portland Mychal Thompson, Minnesota 1979 L.A. Lakers Magic Johnson, Michigan St. 1980 Golden State Joe Barry Carroll, Purdue 1981 Dallas Mark Aguirre, DePaul 1982 L.A. Lakers James Worthy, N. Carolina 1983 Houston Ralph Sampson, Virginia 1984 Houston Akeem Olajuwon, Houston 1985 New York Patrick Ewing, Georgetown Year Team Player, college 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1985 New York Patrick Ewing, Georgetown 1986 Cleveland Brad Daugherty, N. Carolina 1987 San Antonio David Robinson, Navy 1988 L.A. Clippers Danny Manning, Kansas 1989 Sacramento Pervis Ellison, Louisville 1990 New Jersey Derrick Coleman, Syracuse *Later Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. 1 Signed with Denver of ABA. Professional Sports Arenas 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name, location Capacity 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Name, location Capacity 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 ARCO Arena, Sacramento 17,014 Arizona Veteran's Memorial Coliseum, Phoenix 14,487 Boston Garden 14,890-*14,451 Bradley Center, Milwaukee 18,633 Buffalo Memorial Auditorium 17,900-*16,433a Capital Centre, Landover, Md. 18,756-*18,130 Charlotte Coliseum 23,388 Chicago Stadium 17,339-*17,317 The Coliseum, Richfield Township, Oh. 20,273 Great Western Forum 17,505-*16,005 Hartford Civic Center *15,200 HemisFair Arena, San Antonio 15,861 Joe Louis Sports Arena, Detroit *19,275 Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena 15,310 Madison Square Garden, New York 18,212-*17,500 Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto *16,382a Market Square Arena, Indianapolis 16,912-*15,822 McNichols Sports Arena, Denver, 17,022-*16,399 Meadowlands Arena, E. Rutherford, N.J. 20,039-*19,040 Name, location Capacity 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Meadowlands Arena, E. Rutherford, N.J. 20,039-*19,040 Metrodome, Minneapolis 25,810 Met. Sports Center, Bloomington, Minn. *15,449 Miami Arena 15,008 Montreal Forum *16,074 Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum, Uniondale, N.Y. *16,267 Northlands Coliseum, Edmonton *17,502a Oakland Coliseum Arena 15,025 Olympic Saddledome, Calgary, Alta *16,798 The Omni, Atlanta 16,371 Orlando Arena, Orlando, Fla. 15,500 Pacific Coliseum, Vancouver, B.C. *16,553 Palace, Auburn Hills, Mich. 21,454 Pittsburgh Civic Arena *16,033 Portland Memorial Coliseum 12,880 Quebec Coliseum *15,434 Reunion Arena, Dallas 17,007 St. Louis Arena *17,666 Salt Palace, Salt Lake City 12,616-*10,594 Name, location Capacity 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Salt Palace, Salt Lake City 12,616-*10,594 Seattle Coliseum 14,250 Spectrum, Philadelphia 18,168-*17,211 The Summit, Houston 16,279 Winnipeg Arena *15,401 The seating capacity of sports arenas can vary depending on the event being presented. The figures below are the normal seating capacity for basketball. (*) indicates hockey seating capacity. Domed stadiums can dramatically increase seating capacity for special occasions. a includes standees Figure Skating Champions 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� U.S. Champions U.S. Champions World Champions Men Women Year Men 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dick Button Tenley Albright 1952 Dick Button, U.S. Hayes Jenkins Tenley Albright 1953 Hayes Jenkins, U. Hayes Jenkins Tenley Albright 1954 Hayes Jenkins, U. Hayes Jenkins Tenley Albright 1955 Hayes Jenkins, U. Hayes Jenkins Tenley Albright 1956 Hayes Jenkins, U. Dave Jenkins Carol Heiss 1957 Dave Jenkins, U.S Dave Jenkins Carol Heiss 1958 Dave Jenkins, U.S Dave Jenkins Carol Heiss 1959 Dave Jenkins, U.S Dave Jenkins Carol Heiss 1960 Alain Giletti, Fr U.S. Champions U.S. Champions World Champions Men Women Year Men 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dave Jenkins Carol Heiss 1960 Alain Giletti, Fr Bradley Lord Laurence Owen 1961 none Monty Hoyt Barbara Roles Pursley 1962 Don Jackson, Cana Tommy Litz Lorraine Hanlon 1963 Don McPherson, Ca Scott Allen Peggy Fleming 1964 Manfred Schnelldo Germany Gary Visconti Peggy Fleming 1965 Alain Calmat, Fra Scott Allen Peggy Fleming 1966 Emmerich Danzer, Gary Visconti Peggy Fleming 1967 Emmerich Danzer, Tim Wood Peggy Fleming 1968 Emmerich Danzer, U.S. Champions U.S. Champions World Champions Men Women Year Men 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Tim Wood Peggy Fleming 1968 Emmerich Danzer, Tim Wood Janet Lynn 1969 Tim Wood, U.S. Tim Wood Janet Lynn 1970 Tim Wood, U.S. John Misha Petkevich Janet Lynn 1971 Ondrej Nepela, Cz Ken Shelley Janet Lynn 1972 Ondrej Nepela, Cz Gordon McKellen Jr. Janet Lynn 1973 Ondrej Nepela, Cz Gordon McKellen Jr. Dorothy Hamill 1974 Jan Hoffmann, E. Gordon McKellen Jr. Dorothy Hamill 1975 Sergei Volkov, US Terry Kubicka Dorothy Hamill 1976 John Curry, Gt. B U.S. Champions U.S. Champions World Champions Men Women Year Men 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Charles Tickner Linda Fratianne 1977 Vladimir Kovalev, Charles Tickner Linda Fratianne 1978 Charles Tickner, Charles Tickner Linda Fratianne 1979 Vladimir Kovalev, Charles Tickner Linda Fratianne 1980 Jan Hoffmann, E. Scott Hamilton Elaine Zayak 1981 Scott Hamilton, U Scott Hamilton Rosalynn Sumners 1982 Scott Hamilton, U Scott Hamilton Rosalynn Sumners 1983 Scott Hamilton, U Scott Hamilton Rosalynn Sumners 1984 Scott Hamilton, U Brian Boitano Tiffany Chin 1985 Aleksandr Fadeev, U.S. Champions U.S. Champions World Champions Men Women Year Men 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Brian Boitano Tiffany Chin 1985 Aleksandr Fadeev, Brian Boitano Debi Thomas 1986 Brian Boitano, U. Brian Boitano Jill Trenary 1987 Brian Orser, Cana Brian Boitano Debi Thomas 1988 Brian Boitano, U. Christopher Bowman Jill Trenary 1989 Kurt Browning, Ca Todd Eldredge Jill Trenary 1990 Kurt Browning, Ca 1976 United States, Bruce Roberts 1977 Sweden, Ragnar Kamp 1978 United States, Bob Nichols U.S. Champions U.S. Champions World Champions Men Women Year Men 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  1979 Norway, Kristian Soerum 1980 Canada, Rich Folk 1981 Switzerland, Jurg Tanner 1982 Canada, Al Hackner 1983 Canada, Ed Werenich 1984 Norway, Eigil Ramsfjell 1985 Canada, Al Hackner 1986 Canada, Ed Luckowich 1987 Canada, Russ Howard U.S. Champions U.S. Champions World Champions Men Women Year Men 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1987 Canada, Russ Howard 1988 Norway, Eigil Ramsfjell 1989 Canada, Pat Ryan 1990 Canada, Ed Werenich U.S. Men's Champions 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year State, skip Year State, skip 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1976 Minnesota, Bruce Roberts 1977 Minnesota, Bruce Roberts 1978 Wisconsin, Bob Nichols 1979 Minnesota, Scotty Baird 1980 Minnesota, Paul Pustover 1981 Wisconsin, Somerville-Nichols 1982 Wisconsin, Steve Brown 1983 Colorado, Don Cooper 1984 Minnesota, Bruce Roberts 1985 Illinois, Tim Wright 1986 Wisconsin, Steve Brown 1987 Washington, Jim Vukich 1988 Washington, Doug Jones 1989 Washington, Jim Vukich 1990 Washington, Doug Jones U.S. Ladies Champions 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year State, skip 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1979 Washington, Nancy Langley 1980 Washington, Sharon Kozai 1981 Washington, Nancy Langley 1982 Illinois, Ruth Schwenker 1983 Washington, Nancy Langley 1984 Minnesota, Amy Hatten 1985 Alaska, Bev Birklid 1986 Minnesota, Gerri Tilden 1987 Washington, Sharon Good 1988 Washington, Nancy Langey 1989 North Dakota, Jan Lagasse 1990 Colorado, Bev Behnke THOROUGHBRED RACING Triple Crown Winners Since 1920, colts have carried 126 lbs. in triple crown events; fillies 121 lbs. (Kentucky Derby, Preakness, and Belmont Stakes) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Horse Jockey Trainer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1919 Sir Barton J. Loftus H.G. Bedwell 1930 Gallant Fox E. Sande J. Fitzsimmons 1935 Omaha W. Sanders J. Fitzsimmons 1937 War Admiral C. Kurtsinger G. Conway 1941 Whirlaway E. Arcaro B.A. Jones Year Horse Jockey Trainer 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1941 Whirlaway E. Arcaro B.A. Jones 1943 Count Fleet J. Longden G.D. Cameron 1946 Assault Mehrtens M. Hirsch 1948 Citation E. Arcaro H.A. Jones 1973 Secretariat R. Turcotte L. Laurin 1977 Seattle Slew J. Cruguet W.H. Turner Jr. 1978 Affirmed S. Cauthen L.S. Barrera Kentucky Derby Churchill Downs, Louisville, Ky.; inaugurated 1875; distance 1-1/4 miles; 1-1/2 miles until 1896. 3-year olds.Best time: 1:59.2, Secretariat, 1973 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Winner Jockey Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1875 Aristides O. Lewis 1876 Vagrant R. Swim 1877 Baden Baden W. Walker 1878 Day Star J. Carter 1879 Lord Murphy C. Schauer 1880 Fonso G. Lewis 1881 Hindoo J. McLaughlin 1882 Apollo B. Hurd 1883 Leonatus W. Donohue 1884 Buchanan I. Murphy 1885 Joe Cotton E. Henderson 1886 Ben Ali P. Duffy 1887 Montrose I. Lewis 1888 Macbeth II. G. Covington 1889 Spokane T. Kiley 1890 Riley I. Murphy 1891 Kingman I. Murphy 1892 Azra A. Clayton 1893 Lookout E. Kunze Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1893 Lookout E. Kunze 1894 Chant F. Goodale 1895 Halma J. Perkins 1896 Ben Brush W. Simms 1897 Typhoon II. F. Garner 1898 Plaudit W. Simms 1899 Manuel F. Taral 1900 Lieut. Gibson J. Boland 1901 His Eminence J. Winkfield 1902 Alan-a-Dale J. Winkfield 1903 Judge Himes H. Booker 1904 Elwood F. Prior 1905 Agile J. Martin 1906 Sir Huon R. Troxler 1907 Pink Star A. Minder 1908 Stone Street A. Pickens 1909 Wintergreen V. Powers 1910 Donau F. Herbert 1911 Meridian G. Archibald Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1911 Meridian G. Archibald 1912 Worth C.H. Shilling 1913 Donerail R. Goose 1914 Old Rosebud J. McCabe 1915 Regret* J. Notter 1916 George Smith J. Loftus 1917 Omar Khayyam C. Borel 1918 Exterminator W. Knapp 1919 Sir Barton J. Loftus 1920 Paul Jones T. Rice 1921 Behave Yourself C. Thompson 1922 Morvich A. Johnson 1923 Zev E. Sande 1924 Black Gold J. D. Mooney 1925 Flying Ebony E. Sande 1926 Bubbling Over A. Johnson 1927 Whiskery L. McAtee 1928 Reigh Count C. Lang 1929 Clyde Van Dusen L. McAtee Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1929 Clyde Van Dusen L. McAtee 1930 Gallant Fox E. Sande 1931 Twenty Grand C. Kurtsinger 1932 Burgoo King E. James 1933 Brokers Tip D. Meade 1934 Cavalcade M. Garner 1935 Omaha W. Saunders 1936 Bold Venture I. Hanford 1937 War Admiral C. Kurtsinger 1938 Lawrin E. Arcaro 1939 Johnstown J. Stout 1940 Gallahadion C. Bierman 1941 Whirlaway E. Arcaro 1942 Shut Out W.D. Wright 1943 Count Fleet J. Longden 1944 Pensive C. McCreary 1945 Hoop, Jr. E. Arcaro 1946 Assault W. Mehrtens 1947 Jet Pilot E. Guerin Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1947 Jet Pilot E. Guerin 1948 Citation E. Arcaro 1949 Ponder S. Brooks 1950 Middleground W. Boland 1951 Count Turf C. McCreary 1952 Hill Gail E. Arcaro 1953 Dark Star H. Moreno 1954 Determine R. York 1955 Swaps W. Shoemaker 1956 Needles D. Erb 1957 Iron Liege W. Hartack 1958 Tim Tam I. Valenzuela 1959 Tomy Lee W. Shoemaker 1960 Venetian Way W. Hartack 1961 Carry Back J. Sellers 1962 Decidedly W. Hartack 1963 Chateaugay B. Baeza 1964 Northern Dancer W. Hartack 1965 Lucky Debonair W. Shoemaker Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1965 Lucky Debonair W. Shoemaker 1966 Kauai King D. Brumfield 1967 Proud Clarion R. Ussery 1968 Dancer's Imagea R. Ussery 1969 Majestic Prince W. Hartack 1970 Dust Commander M. Manganello 1971 Canonero II G. Avila 1972 Riva Ridge R. Turcotte 1973 Secretariat R. Turcotte 1974 Cannonade A. Cordero 1975 Foolish Pleasure J. Vasquez 1976 Bold Forbes A. Cordero 1977 Seattle Slew J. Cruguet 1978 Affirmed S. Cauthen 1979 Spectacular Bid R. Franklin 1980 Genuine Risk* J. Vasquez 1981 Pleasant Colony J. Velasquez 1982 Gato del Sol E. Delahoussaye 1983 Sunny's Halo E. Delahoussaye Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1983 Sunny's Halo E. Delahoussaye 1984 Swale L. Pincay 1985 Spend a Buck A. Cordero 1986 Ferdinand W. Shoemaker 1987 Alysheba C. McCarron 1988 Winning Colors* G. Stevens 1989 Sunday Silence P. Valenzuela 1990 Unbridled C. Perret a Dancer's Image was disqualified from purse money after tests disclosed that he had run with a pain-killing drug, phenylbutazone, in his system. All wagers were paid on Dancer's Image. Forward Pass was awarded first place money. The Kentucky Derby has been won five times by two jockeys, Eddie Arcaro, 1938, 1941, 1945, 1948 and 1952; and Bill Hartack, 1957, 1960, 1962, 1964 and 1969; four times by Willie Shoemaker, 1955, 1959, 1965, and 1986; and three times by each of three jockeys, Isaac Murphy, 1884, 1890, and 1891; Earle Sande, 1923, 1925 and 1930, and Angel Cordero in 1974, 1976 and 1985. *Regret, Genuine Risk and Winning Colors are the only fillies to win the Derby. Preakness Pimlico, Baltimore, Md.; inaugurated 1873; 1 3-16 miles, 3 yr. olds. Best time: 1:53.2, Tank's Prospect, 1985 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1873 Survivor G. Barbee 1874 Culpepper M. Donohue 1875 Tom Ochiltree L. Hughes 1876 Shirley G. Barbee 1877 Cloverbrook C. Holloway 1878 Duke of Magenta C. Holloway 1879 Harold L. Hughes Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1879 Harold L. Hughes 1880 Grenada L. Hughes 1881 Saunterer W. Costello 1882 Vanguard W. Costello 1883 Jacobus G. Barbee 1884 Knight of Ellerslie S.H. Fisher 1885 Tecumseh J. McLaughlin 1886 The Bard S. H. Fisher 1887 Dunboyne W. Donohue 1888 Refund F. Littlefield 1889 Buddhist G. Anderson 1890 Montague W. Martin 1894 Assignee F. Taral 1895 Belmar F. Taral 1896 Margrave H. Griffin 1897 Paul Kauvar C. Thorpe 1898 Sly Fox W. Simms 1899 Half Time R. Clawson 1900 Hindus H. Spencer Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1900 Hindus H. Spencer 1901 The Parader F. Landry 1902 Old England L. Jackson 1903 Flocarline W. Gannon 1904 Bryn Mawr E. Hildebrand 1905 Cairngorm W. Davis 1906 Whimsical W. Miller 1907 Don Enrique G. Mountain 1908 Royal Tourist E. Dugan 1909 Effendi W. Doyle 1910 Layminster R. Estep 1911 Watervale E. Dugan 1912 Colonel Holloway C. Turner 1913 Buskin J. Butwell 1914 Holiday A. Schuttinger 1915 Rhine Maiden D. Hoffman 1916 Damrosch L. McAtee 1917 Kalitan E. Haynes 1918 War Cloud J. Loftus Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1918 War Cloud J. Loftus Jack Hare Jr. C. Peak 1919 Sir Barton J. Loftus 1920 Man o'War C. Kummer 1921 Broomspun F. Coltiletti 1922 Pillory L. Morris 1923 Vigil B. Marinelli 1924 Nellie Morse J. Merimee 1925 Coventry C. Kummer 1926 Display J. Malben 1927 Bostonian A. Abel 1928 Victorian R. Workman 1929 Dr. Freeland L. Schaefer 1930 Gallant Fox E. Sande 1931 Mate G. Ellis 1932 Burgoo King E. James 1933 Head Play C. Kurtsinger 1934 High Quest R. Jones 1935 Omaha W. Saunders Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1935 Omaha W. Saunders 1936 Bold Venture G. Woolf 1937 War Admiral C. Kurtsinger 1938 Dauber M. Peters 1939 Challedon G. Seabo 1940 Bimelech F.A. Smith 1941 Whirlaway E. Arcaro 1942 Alsab B. James 1943 Count Fleet J. Longden 1944 Pensive C. McCreary 1945 Polynesian W.D. Wright 1946 Assault W. Mehrtens 1947 Faultless D. Dodson 1948 Citation E. Arcaro 1949 Capot T. Atkinson 1950 Hill Prince E. Arcaro 1951 Bold E. Arcaro 1952 Blue Man C. McCreary 1953 Native Dancer E. Guerin Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1953 Native Dancer E. Guerin 1954 Hasty Road J. Adams 1955 Nashua E. Arcaro 1956 Fabius W. Hartack 1957 Bold Ruler E. Arcaro 1958 Tim Tam I. Valenzuela 1959 Royal Orbit W. Harmatz 1960 Bally Ache R. Ussery 1961 Carry Back J. Sellers 1962 Greek Money J.L. Rotz 1963 Candy Spots W. Shoemaker 1964 Northern Dancer W. Hartack 1965 Tom Rolfe R. Turcotte 1966 Kauai King D. Brumfield 1967 Damascus W. Shoemaker 1968 Forward Pass I. Valenzuela 1969 Majestic Prince W. Hartack 1970 Personality E. Belmonte 1971 Canonero II G. Avila Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1971 Canonero II G. Avila 1972 Bee Bee Bee E. Nelson 1973 Secretariat R. Turcotte 1974 Little Current M. Rivera 1975 Master Derby D. McHargue 1976 Elocutionist J. Lively 1977 Seattle Slew J. Cruguet 1978 Affirmed S. Cauthen 1979 Spectacular Bid R. Franklin 1980 Codex A. Cordero 1981 Pleasant Colony J. Velasquez 1982 Aloma's Ruler J. Kaenel 1983 Deputed Testamony D. Miller 1984 Gate Dancer A. Cordero 1985 Tank's Prospect P. Day 1986 Snow Chief A. Solis 1987 Alysheba C. McCarron 1988 Risen Star E. Delahoussaye 1989 Sunday Silence P. Valenzuela Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1989 Sunday Silence P. Valenzuela 1990 Summer Squall P. Day Belmont Stakes Elmont, N.Y.; inaugurated 1867; 1 1/2 miles, 3 year olds. Fastest time: 2:24, Secretariat 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1867 Ruthless J. Gilpatrick 1868 General Duke R. Swim 1869 Fenian C. Miller 1870 Kingfisher W. Dick Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1870 Kingfisher W. Dick 1871 Harry Bassett W. Miller 1872 Joe Daniels J. Rowe 1873 Springbok J. Rowe 1874 Saxon G. Barbee 1875 Calvin R. Swim 1876 Algerine W. Donohue 1877 Cloverbrook C. Holloway 1878 Duke of Magenta L. Hughes 1879 Spendthrift S. Evans 1880 Grenada L. Hughes 1881 Saunterer T. Costello 1882 Forester J. McLaughlin 1883 George Kinney J. McLaughlin 1884 Panique J. McLaughlin 1885 Tyrant P. Duffy 1886 Inspector B. J. McLaughlin 1887 Hanover J. McLaughlin 1888 Sir Dixon J. McLaughlin Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1888 Sir Dixon J. McLaughlin 1889 Eric W. Hayward 1890 Burlington S. Barnes 1891 Foxford E. Garrison 1892 Patron W. Hayward 1893 Comanche W. Simms 1894 Henry of Navarre W. Simms 1895 Belmar F. Taral 1896 Hastings H. Griffin 1897 Scottish Chieftain J. Scherrer 1898 Bowling Brook F. Littlefield 1899 Jean Bereaud R.R. Clawson 1900 Ildrim N. Turner 1901 Commando H. Spencer 1902 Masterman J. Bullman 1903 Africander J. Bullman 1904 Delhi G. Odom 1905 Tanya E. Hildebrand 1906 Burgomaster L. Lyne Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1906 Burgomaster L. Lyne 1907 Peter Pan G. Mountain 1908 Colin J. Notter 1909 Joe Madden E. Dugan 1910 Sweep J. Butwell 1913 Prince Eugene R. Troxler 1914 Luke McLuke M. Buxton 1915 The Finn G. Byrne 1916 Friar Rock E. Haynes 1917 Hourless J. Butwell 1918 Johren F. Robinson 1919 Sir Barton J. Loftus 1920 Man o'War C. Kummer 1921 Grey Lag E. Sande 1922 Pillory C.H. Miller 1923 Zev E. Sande 1924 Mad Play E. Sande 1925 American Flag A. Johnson 1926 Crusader A. Johnson Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1926 Crusader A. Johnson 1927 Chance Shot E. Sande 1928 Vito C. Kummer 1929 Blue Larkspur M. Garner 1930 Gallant Fox E. Sande 1931 Twenty Grand C. Kurtsinger 1932 Faireno T. Malley 1933 Hurryoff M. Garner 1934 Peace Chance W.D. Wright 1935 Omaha W. Saunders 1936 Granville J. Stout 1937 War Admiral C. Kurtsinger 1938 Pasteurized J. Stout 1939 Johnstown J. Stout 1940 Bimelech F.A. Smith 1941 Whirlaway E. Arcaro 1942 Shut Out E. Arcaro 1943 Count Fleet J. Longden 1944 Bounding Home G.L. Smith Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1944 Bounding Home G.L. Smith 1945 Pavot E. Arcaro 1946 Assault W. Mehrtens 1947 Phalanx R. Donoso 1948 Citation E. Arcaro 1949 Capot T. Atkinson 1950 Middleground W. Boland 1951 Counterpoint D. Gorman 1952 One Count E. Arcaro 1953 Native Dancer E. Guerin 1954 High Gun E. Guerin 1955 Nashua E. Arcaro 1956 Needles D. Erb 1957 Gallant Man W. Shoemaker 1958 Cavan P. Anderson 1959 Sword Dancer W. Shoemaker 1960 Celtic Ash W. Hartack 1961 Sherluck B. Baeza 1962 Jaipur W. Shoemaker Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1962 Jaipur W. Shoemaker 1963 Chateaugay B. Baeza 1964 Quadrangle M. Ycaza 1965 Hail to All J. Sellers 1966 Amberoid W. Boland 1967 Damascus W. Shoemaker 1968 Stage Door Johnny H. Gustines 1969 Arts and Letters B. Baeza 1970 High Echelon J.L. Rotz 1971 Pass Catcher W. Blum 1972 Riva Ridge R. Turcotte 1973 Secretariat R. Turcotte 1974 Little Current M. Rivera 1975 Avatar W. Shoemaker 1976 Bold Forbes A. Cordero 1977 Seattle Slew J. Cruguet 1978 Affirmed S. Cauthen 1979 Coastal R. Hernandez 1980 Temperence Hill E. Maple Year Winner Jockey 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1980 Temperence Hill E. Maple 1981 Summing G. Martens 1982 Conquistador Cielo L. Pincay 1983 Caveat L. Pincay 1984 Swale L. Pincay 1985 Creme Fraiche E. Maple 1986 Danzig Connection C. McCarron 1987 Bet Twice C. Perret 1988 Risen Star E. Delahoussaye 1989 Easy Goer P. Day 1990 Go and Go M. Kinane Eclipse Awards in 1989 Sponsored by the Thoroughbred Racing Assn., Daily Racing Form, and the National Turf Writers Assn. Horse of the Year --Sunday Silence Best 2-year-old colt --Rhythm Best 2-year-old filly --Go For Wand Best 3-year-old colt --Sunday Silence Best 3-year-old filly --Open Mind Best colt, horse, or gelding (4-year-olds & up) --Blushing John Best filly or mare (4-year-olds & up) --Bayakoa Best male turf horse --Steinlen Best turf filly or mare --Brown Bess Best sprinter --Safely Kept Best steeplechase horse --Highland Bud Best trainer --Charlie Whittingham Best jockey --Kent Desormeaux Best apprentice jockey --Mike Luzzi Best breeder --North Ridge Farm Annual Leading Money-Winning Horses 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Horse Amount 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1948 Citation $709,470 1949 Ponder 321,825 1950 Noor 346,940 1951 Counterpoint 250,525 Year Horse Amount 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1951 Counterpoint 250,525 1952 Crafty Admiral 277,255 1953 Native Dancer 513,425 1954 Determine 328,700 1955 Nashua 752,550 1956 Needles 440,850 1957 Round Table 600,383 1958 Round Table 662,780 1959 Sword Dancer 537,004 1960 Bally Ache 455,045 1961 Carry Back 565,349 1962 Never Bend 402,969 1963 Candy Spots 604,481 1964 Gun Bow 580,100 1965 Buckpasser 568,096 1966 Buckpasser 669,078 1967 Damascus 817,941 1968 Forward Pass 546,674 1969 Arts and Letters 555,604 Year Horse Amount 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1969 Arts and Letters 555,604 1970 Personality 444,049 1971 Riva Ridge 503,263 1972 Droll Roll 471,633 1973 Secretariat 860,404 1974 Chris Evert 551,063 1975 Foolish Pleasure 716,278 1976 Forego 491,701 1977 Seattle Slew 641,370 1978 Affirmed 901,541 1979 Spectacular Bid 1,279,334 1980 Temperence Hill 1,130,452 1981 John Henry 1,148,800 1982 Perrault 1,197,400 1983 All Along 2,138,963 1984 Slew O'Gold 2,627,944 1985 Spend a Buck 3,552,704 1986 Snow Chief 1,875,200 1987 Alysheba 2,511,156 Year Horse Amount 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1987 Alysheba 2,511,156 1988 Alysheba 3,808,600 1989 Sunday Silence 4,578,454 Annual Leading Jockey--Money Won 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Horse Amount 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1957 Bill Hartack $3,060,501 1958 Willie Shoemaker 2,961,693 1959 Willie Shoemaker 2,843,133 1960 Willie Shoemaker 2,123,961 1961 Willie Shoemaker 2,690,819 Year Horse Amount 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1961 Willie Shoemaker 2,690,819 1962 Willie Shoemaker 2,916,844 1963 Willie Shoemaker 2,526,925 1964 Willie Shoemaker 2,649,553 1965 Braulio Baeza 2,582,702 1966 Braulio Baeza 2,951,022 1967 Braulio Baeza 3,088,888 1968 Braulio Baeza 2,835,108 1969 Jorge Velasquez 2,542,315 1970 Laffit Pincay Jr. 2,626,526 1971 Laffit Pincay Jr. 3,784,377 1972 Laffit Pincay Jr. 3,225,827 1973 Laffit Pincay Jr. 4,093,492 1974 Laffit Pincay Jr. 4,251,060 1975 Braulio Baeza 3,695,198 1976 Angel Cordero Jr. 4,709,500 1977 Steve Cauthen 6,151,750 1978 Darrel McHargue 6,029,885 1979 Laffit Pincay Jr. 8,193,535 Year Horse Amount 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1979 Laffit Pincay Jr. 8,193,535 1980 Chris McCarron 7,663,300 1981 Chris McCarron 8,397,604 1982 Angel Cordero Jr. 9,483,590 1983 Angel Cordero Jr. 10,116,697 1984 Chris McCarron 12,045,813 1985 Laffit Pincay Jr. 13,353,299 1986 Jose Santos 11,329,297 1987 Jose Santos 12,375,433 1988 Jose Santos 14,877,298 1989 Jose Santos 13,838,389 Table Tennis in 1990 U.S. National Closed Berkeley, Cal., Jan. 10-14, 1990 Men's Singles -- Sean O'Neill. Women's Singles -- In Sook Bhushan. Men's Doubles -- Jim & Scott Butler. Women's Doubles -- In Sook Bhushan & Diana Gee. Mixed Doubles -- Brian Masters & In Sook Bhushan. U.S. National Open Baltimore, Md., June 12-18, 1990 Men's Singles -- Jan-Ove Waldner, Sweden. Women's Singles -- Ding Yaping, China. Men's Doubles -- Ilija Lupulesku & Zoran Primorac, Yugoslavia. Women's Doubles -- Gao Jun & Liu Wei, China. Mixed Doubles -- Chen Zhibin & Gao Jun, China. Men's Team -- China. Women's Team -- China. Professional Sports Directory Baseball Commissioner's Office 350 Park Ave. New York, NY 10022 National League National League Office 350 Park Ave. New York, NY 10022 Atlanta Braves PO Box 4064 Atlanta, GA 30302 Chicago Cubs Wrigley Field Chicago, IL 60613 Cincinnati Reds 100 Riverfront Stadium Cincinnati, OH 45202 Houston Astros Astrodome Houston, TX 77001 Los Angeles Dodgers Dodger Stadium Los Angeles, CA 90012 Montreal Expos PO Box 500, Station M Montreal, Que. 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Figueroa Los Angeles, CA 90037 Los Angeles Lakers PO Box 10 Inglewood, CA 90306 Miami Heat Miami Arena Miami, FL 33136 Milwaukee Bucks 1001 N. 4th St. Milwaukee, WI 53203 Minnesota Timberwolves 730 Hennepin Ave. Minneapolis, MN 55403 New Jersey Nets Meadowlands Arena E. Rutherford, NJ 07073 New York Knickerbockers 4 Pennsylvania Plaza New York, NY 10001 Orlando Magic 1 Magic Place Orlando, FL 32801 Philadelphia 76ers PO Box 25040 Philadelphia, PA 19147 Phoenix Suns 2910 N. Central Ave. Phoenix, AZ 85012 Portland Trail Blazers 700 NE Multnomah St. Portland, OR 97232 Sacramento Kings One Sports Pkwy. Sacramento, CA 95834 San Antonio Spurs 600 E. Market St. San Antonio, TX 78205 Seattle SuperSonics 190 Queen Ann Ave. N. Seattle, WA 98109 Utah Jazz 5 Triad Center Salt Lake City, UT 84180 Washington Bullets 1 Harry S. Truman Dr. Landover, MD 20785 National Hockey League League Headquarters Sun Life Bldg. Montreal, Quebec H3B 2W2 Boston Bruins 150 Causeway St. Boston, MA 02114 Buffalo Sabres Memorial Auditorium Buffalo, NY 14202 Calgary Flames P.O. Box 1540 Calgary, Alta. T2P 3B9 Chicago Black Hawks 1800 W. Madison St. Chicago, IL 60612 Detroit Red Wings 600 Civic Center Drive Detroit, MI 48226 Edmonton Oilers Northlands Coliseum Edmonton, Alta. T5B 4M9 Hartford Whalers One Civic Center Plaza Hartford, CT 06103 Los Angeles Kings 39 W. Manchester Blvd. Inglewood, CA 90306 Minnesota North Stars 7901 Cedar Ave. S. Bloomington, MN 55420 Montreal Canadiens 2313 St. Catherine St., West Montreal, Quebec H3H 1N2 New Jersey Devils Meadowlands Arena E. Rutherford, NJ 07073 New York Islanders Nassau Coliseum Uniondale, NY 11553 New York Rangers 4 Pennsylvania Plaza New York, NY 10001 Philadelphia Flyers Pattison Place Philadelphia, PA 19148 Pittsburgh Penguins Civic Arena Pittsburgh, PA 15219 Quebec Nordiques 2205 Ave. du Colisee Quebec, Que. G1L 4W7 St. Louis Blues 5700 Oakland Ave. St. Louis, MO 63110 Toronto Maple Leafs 60 Carlton St. Toronto, Ont. M5B 1L1 Vancouver Canucks 100 North Renfrew St. Vancouver, B.C. V5K 3N7 Washington Capitals Capital Centre Landover, MD 20785 Winnipeg Jets 15-1430 Maroons Road Winnipeg, Man. R3G 0L5 COLLEGE FOOTBALL Annual Results of Major Bowl Games (Note: Dates indicate the year that the game was played.) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1902 Michigan 49, Stanford 0 1916 Wash. State 14, Brown 0 1917 Oregon 14, Pennsylvania 0 1918-19 Service teams 1920 Harvard 7, Oregon 6 1921 California 28, Ohio State 0 1922 Wash. & Jeff. 0, California 0 1923 So. California 14, Penn State 3 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1923 So. California 14, Penn State 3 1924 Navy 14, Washington 14 1925 Notre Dame 27, Stanford 10 1926 Alabama 20, Washington 19 1927 Alabama 7, Stanford 7 1928 Stanford 7, Pittsburgh 6 1929 Georgia Tech 8, California 7 1930 So. California 47, Pittsburgh 14 1931 Alabama 24, Wash. State 0 1932 So. California 21, Tulane 12 1933 So. California 35, Pittsburgh 0 1934 Columbia 7, Stanford 0 1935 Alabama 29, Stanford 13 1936 Stanford 7, So. Methodist 0 1937 Pittsburgh 21, Washington 0 1938 California 13, Alabama 0 1939 So. California 7, Duke 3 1940 So. California 14, Tennessee 0 1941 Stanford 21, Nebraska 13 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1941 Stanford 21, Nebraska 13 1942 Oregon St. 20, Duke 16 (at Durham) 1943 Georgia 9, UCLA 0 1944 So. California 29, Washington 0 1945 So. California 25, Tennessee 0 1946 Alabama 34, So. California 14 1947 Illinois 45, UCLA 14 1948 Michigan 49, So. California 0 1949 Northwestern 20, California 14 1950 Ohio State 17, California 14 1951 Michigan 14, California 6 1952 Illinois 40, Stanford 7 1953 So. California 7, Wisconsin 0 1954 Mich. State 28, UCLA 20 1955 Ohio State 20, So. California 7 1956 Mich. State 17, UCLA 14 1957 Iowa 35, Oregon St. 19 1958 Ohio State 10, Oregon 7 1959 Iowa 38, California 12 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1959 Iowa 38, California 12 1960 Washington 44, Wisconsin 8 1961 Washington 17, Minnesota 7 1962 Minnesota 21, UCLA 3 1963 So. California 42, Wisconsin 37 1964 Illinois 17, Washington 7 1965 Michigan 34, Oregon St. 7 1966 UCLA 14, Mich. State 12 1967 Purdue 14, So. California 13 1968 Southern Cal. 14, Indiana 3 1969 Ohio State 27, Southern Cal 16 1970 Southern Cal 10, Michigan 3 1971 Stanford 27, Ohio State 17 1972 Stanford 13, Michigan 12 1973 So. California 42, Ohio State 17 1974 Ohio State 42, So. California 21 1975 So. California 18, Ohio State 17 1976 UCLA 23, Ohio State 10 1977 So. California 14, Michigan 6 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1977 So. California 14, Michigan 6 1978 Washington 27, Michigan 20 1979 So. California 17, Michigan 10 1980 So. California 17, Ohio State 16 1981 Michigan 23, Washington 6 1982 Washington 28, Iowa 0 1983 UCLA 24, Michigan 14 1984 UCLA 45, Illinois 9 1985 So. California 20, Ohio State 17 1986 UCLA 45, Iowa 28 1987 Arizona St. 22, Michigan 15 1988 Mich. State 20, Southern Cal. 17 1989 Mich State 22, Southern Cal. 14 1990 Southern Cal. 17, Michigan 10 1935 Bucknell 26, Miami (Fla.) 0 1936 Catholic U. 20, Mississippi 19 1937 Duquesne 13, Miss. State 12 1938 Auburn 6, Mich. State 0 1939 Tennessee 17, Oklahoma 0 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1939 Tennessee 17, Oklahoma 0 1940 Georgia Tech 21, Missouri 7 1941 Miss. State 14, Georgetown 7 1942 Georgia 40, TCU 26 1943 Alabama 37, Boston Col. 21 1944 LSU 19, Texas A&M 14 1945 Tulsa 26, Georgia Tech 12 1946 Miami (Fla.) 13, Holy Cross 6 1947 Rice 8, Tennessee 0 1948 Georgia Tech 20, Kansas 14 1949 Texas 41, Georgia 28 1950 Santa Clara 21, Kentucky 13 1951 Clemson 15, Miami (Fla.) 14 1952 Georgia Tech 17, Baylor 14 1953 Alabama 61, Syracuse 6 1954 Oklahoma 7, Maryland 0 1955 Duke 34, Nebraska 7 1956 Oklahoma 20, Maryland 6 1957 Colorado 27, Clemson 21 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1957 Colorado 27, Clemson 21 1958 Oklahoma 48, Duke 21 1959 Oklahoma 21, Syracuse 6 1960 Georgia 14, Missouri 0 1961 Missouri 21, Navy 14 1962 LSU 25, Colorado 7 1963 Alabama 17, Oklahoma 0 1964 Nebraska 13, Auburn 7 1965 Texas 21, Alabama 17 1966 Alabama 39, Nebraska 28 1967 Florida 27, Georgia Tech 12 1968 Oklahoma 26, Tennessee 24 1969 Penn State 15, Kansas 14 1970 Penn State 10, Missouri 3 1971 Nebraska 17, Louisiana St. 12 1972 Nebraska 38, Alabama 6 1973 Nebraska 40, Notre Dame 6 1974 Penn State 16, Louisiana St. 9 1975 Notre Dame 13, Alabama 11 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1975 Notre Dame 13, Alabama 11 1976 Oklahoma 14, Michigan 6 1977 Ohio State 27, Colorado 10 1978 Arkansas 31, Oklahoma 6 1979 Oklahoma 31, Nebraska 24 1980 Oklahoma 24, Florida St. 7 1981 Oklahoma 18, Florida St. 17 1982 Clemson 22, Nebraska 15 1983 Nebraska 21, Louisiana St. 20 1984 Miami (Fla.) 31, Nebraska 30 1985 Washington 28, Oklahoma 17 1986 Oklahoma 25, Penn State 10 1987 Oklahoma 42, Arkansas 8 1988 Miami (Fla.) 20, Oklahoma 14 1989 Miami (Fla.) 23, Nebraska 3 1990 Notre Dame 21, Colorado 6 1935 Tulane 20, Temple 14 1936 TCU 3, LSU 2 1937 Santa Clara 21, LSU 14 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1937 Santa Clara 21, LSU 14 1938 Santa Clara 6, LSU 0 1939 TCU 15, Carnegie Tech 7 1940 Texas A&M 14, Tulane 13 1941 Boston Col. 19, Tennessee 13 1942 Fordham 2, Missouri 0 1943 Tennessee 14, Tulsa 7 1944 Georgia Tech 20, Tulsa 18 1945 Duke 29, Alabama 26 1946 Oklahoma A&M 33, St. Mary's 13 1947 Georgia 20, No. Carolina 10 1948 Texas 27, Alabama 7 1949 Oklahoma 14, No. Carolina 6 1950 Oklahoma 35, LSU 0 1951 Kentucky 13, Oklahoma 7 1952 Maryland 28, Tennessee 13 1953 Georgia Tech. 24, Mississippi 7 1954 Georgia Tech 42, West Virginia 19 1955 Navy 21, Mississippi 0 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1955 Navy 21, Mississippi 0 1956 Georgia Tech 7, Pittsburgh 0 1957 Baylor 13, Tennessee 7 1958 Mississippi 39, Texas 7 1959 LSU 7, Clemson 0 1960 Mississippi 21, LSU 0 1961 Mississippi 14, Rice 6 1962 Alabama 10, Arkansas 3 1963 Mississippi 17, Arkansas 13 1964 Alabama 12, Mississippi 7 1965 LSU 13, Syracuse 10 1966 Missouri 20, Florida 18 1967 Alabama 34, Nebraska 7 1968 LSU 20, Wyoming 13 1969 Arkansas 16, Georgia 2 1970 Mississippi 27, Arkansas 22 1971 Tennessee 34, Air Force 13 1972 Oklahoma 40, Auburn 22 *1972(Dec.) Okla. 14, Penn State 0 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 *1972(Dec.) Okla. 14, Penn State 0 1973 Notre Dame 24, Alabama 23 1974 Nebraska 13, Florida 10 1975 Alabama 13, Penn State 6 1977(Jan.) Pittsburgh 27, Georgia 3 1978 Alabama 35, Ohio State 6 1979 Alabama 14, Penn State 7 1980 Alabama 24, Arkansas 9 1981 Georgia 17, Notre Dame 10 1982 Pittsburgh 24, Georgia 20 1983 Penn State 27, Georgia 23 1984 Auburn 9, Michigan 7 1985 Nebraska 28, Louisiana St. 10 1986 Tennessee 35, Miami (Fla.) 7 1987 Nebraska 30, Louisiana St. 15 1988 Syracuse 16, Auburn 16 1989 Florida St. 13, Auburn 7 1990 Miami 33, Alabama 25 1971 Arizona St. 45, Florida St. 38 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1971 Arizona St. 45, Florida St. 38 1972 Arizona St. 49, Missouri 35 1973 Arizona St. 28, Pittsburgh 7 1974 Okla. St. 16, Brigham Young 6 1975 Arizona St. 17, Nebraska 14 1976 Oklahoma 41, Wyoming 7 1977 Penn St. 42, Arizona St. 30 1978 UCLA 10, Arkansas 10 1979 Pittsburgh 16, Arizona 10 1980 Penn St. 31, Ohio St. 19 1982(Jan.) Penn St. 26, USC 10 1983 Arizona St. 32, Oklahoma 21 1984 Ohio State 28, Pittsburgh 23 1985 UCLA 39, Miami 37 1986 Michigan 27, Nebraska 23 1987 Penn St. 14, Miami (Fla.) 10 1988 Florida St. 31, Nebraska 28 1989 Notre Dame 34, W. Virginia 21 1990 Florida St. 41, Nebraska 17 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1990 Florida St. 41, Nebraska 17 1986(Dec.) Boston Coll. 27, Georgia 24 1988(Jan.) Michigan 28, Alabama 24 1989 Syracuse 23, LSU 10 1990 Auburn 31, Ohio St. 14 1937 TCU 16, Marquette 6 1938 Rice 28, Colorado 14 1939 St. Mary's 20, Texas Tech 13 1940 Clemson 6, Boston Col. 3 1941 Texas A&M 13, Fordham 12 1942 Alabama 29, Texas A&M 21 1943 Texas 14, Georgia Tech 7 1944 Randolph Field 7, Texas 7 1945 Oklahoma A&M 34, TCU 0 1946 Texas 40, Missouri 27 1947 Arkansas 0, LSU 0 1948 So. Methodist 13, Penn State 13 1949 So. Methodist 21, Oregon 13 1950 Rice 27, No. Carolina 13 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1950 Rice 27, No. Carolina 13 1951 Tennessee 20, Texas 14 1952 Kentucky 20, TCU 7 1953 Texas 16, Tennessee 0 1954 Rice 28, Alabama 6 1955 Georgia Tech 14, Arkansas 6 1956 Mississippi 14, TCU 13 1957 TCU 28, Syracuse 27 1958 Navy 20, Rice 7 1959 TCU 0, Air Force 0 1960 Syracuse 23, Texas 14 1961 Duke 7, Arkansas 6 1962 Texas 12, Mississippi 7 1963 LSU 13, Texas 0 1964 Texas 28, Navy 6 1965 Arkansas 10, Nebraska 7 1966 LSU 14, Arkansas 7 1967 Georgia 24, So. Methodist 9 1968 Texas A&M 20, Alabama 16 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1968 Texas A&M 20, Alabama 16 1969 Texas 36, Tennessee 13 1970 Texas 21, Notre Dame 17 1971 Notre Dame 24, Texas 11 1972 Penn State 30, Texas 6 1973 Texas 17, Alabama 13 1974 Nebraska 19, Texas 3 1975 Penn State 41, Baylor 20 1976 Arkansas 31, Georgia 10 1977 Houston 30, Maryland 21 1978 Notre Dame 38, Texas 10 1979 Notre Dame 35, Houston 34 1980 Houston 17, Nebraska 14 1981 Alabama 30, Baylor 2 1982 Texas 14, Alabama 12 1983 SMU 7, Pittsburgh 3 1984 Georgia 10, Texas 9 1985 Boston Coll. 45, Houston 28 1986 Texas A&M 36, Auburn 16 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1986 Texas A&M 36, Auburn 16 1987 Ohio St. 28, Texas A&M 12 1988 Texas A&M 35, Notre Dame 10 1989 UCLA 17, Arkansas 3 1990 Tennessee 31, Arkansas 27 1936 Hardin Simmons 14, New Mex. St. 14 1937 Hardin-Simmons 34, Texas Mines 6 1938 West Virginia 7, Texas Tech 6 1939 Utah 26, New Mexico 0 1940 Catholic U. 0, Arizona St. 0 1941 Western Reserve 26, Arizona St. 13 1942 Tulsa 6, Texas Tech 0 1943 2d Air Force 13, Hardin-Simmons 7 1944 Southwestern (Tex.) 7, New Mexico 0 1945 Southwestern (Tex.) 35, U. of Mex. 0 1946 New Mexico 34, Denver 24 1947 Cincinnati 18, Virginia Tech 6 1948 Miami (O.) 13, Texas Tech 12 1949 West Virginia 21, Texas Mines 12 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1949 West Virginia 21, Texas Mines 12 1950 Texas Western 33, Georgetown 20 1951 West Texas St. 14, Cincinnati 13 1952 Texas Tech 25, Col. Pacific 14 1953 Col. Pacific 26, Miss. Southern 7 1954 Texas Western 37, Miss. Southern 14 1955 Texas Western 47, Florida St. 20 1956 Wyoming 21, Texas Tech 14 1957 Geo. Washington 13, Tex. Western 0 1958 Louisville 34, Drake 20 1959 Wyoming 14, Hardin-Simmons 6 1960 New Mexico St. 28, No. Texas St. 8 1961 New Mexico St. 20, Utah State 13 1962 Villanova 17, Wichita 9 1963 West Texas St. 15, Ohio U. 14 1964 Oregon 21, So. Methodist 14 1965 Georgia 7, Texas Tech 0 1966 Texas Western 13, TCU 12 1967 Wyoming 28, Florida St. 20 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1967 Wyoming 28, Florida St. 20 1968 UTex El Paso 14, Mississippi 7 1969 Auburn 34, Arizona 10 1969(Dec.) Nebraska 45, Georgia 6 1970 Georgia Tech. 17, Texas Tech. 9 1971 LSU 33, Iowa State 15 1972 North Carolina 32, Texas Tech 28 1973 Missouri 34, Auburn 17 1974 Mississippi St. 26, No. Carolina 24 1975 Pittsburgh 33, Kansas 19 1977(Jan.) Texas A&M 37, Florida 14 1977(Dec.) Stanford 24, Louisiana St. 14 1978 Texas 42, Maryland 0 1979 Washington 14, Texas 7 1980 Nebraska 31, Mississippi St. 17 1981 Oklahoma 40, Houston 14 1982 North Carolina 26, Texas 10 1983 Alabama 28, SMU 7 1984 Maryland 28, Tennessee 27 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1984 Maryland 28, Tennessee 27 1985 Georgia 13, Arizona 13 1986 Alabama 28, Washington 6 1987 Oklahoma St. 35, West Virginia 33 1988 Alabama 29, Army 28 1989 Pittsburgh 31, Texas A&M 28 1946 Wake Forest 26, So. Carolina 14 1947 Oklahoma 34, N.C. State 13 1948 Maryland 20, Georgia 20 1949 Clemson 24, Missouri 23 1950 Maryland 20, Missouri 7 1951 Wyoming 20, Wash. & Lee 7 1952 Miami (Fla.) 14, Clemson 0 1953 Florida 14, Tulsa 13 1954 Texas Tech 35, Auburn 13 1955 Auburn 33, Baylor 13 1956 Vanderbilt 25, Auburn 13 1957 Georgia Tech 21, Pittsburgh 14 1958 Tennessee 3, Texas A&M 0 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1958 Tennessee 3, Texas A&M 0 1959 Mississippi 7, Florida 3 1960 Arkansas 14, Georgia Tech 7 1961 Florida 13, Baylor 12 1962 Penn State 30, Georgia Tech 15 1963 Florida 17, Penn State 7 1964 No. Carolina 35, Air Force 0 1965 Florida St. 36, Oklahoma 19 1966 Georgia Tech 31, Texas Tech 21 1967 Tennessee 18, Syracuse 12 1968 Penn State 17, Florida St. 17 1969 Missouri 35, Alabama 10 1969(Dec.) Florida 14, Tenn. 13 1971(Jan.) Auburn 35, Mississippi 28 1972 Georgia 7, N. Carolina 3 1973 Auburn 24, Colorado 3 1973(Dec.) Tex. Tech. 28, Tenn. 19 1974 Auburn 27, Texas 3 1975 Maryland 13, Florida 0 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1975 Maryland 13, Florida 0 1976 Notre Dame 20, Penn State 9 1977 Pittsburgh 34, Clemson 3 1978 Clemson 17, Ohio State 15 1979 No. Carolina 17, Michigan 15 1980 Pittsburgh 37, So. Carolina 9 1981 No. Carolina 31, Arkansas 27 1982 Florida St. 31, West Va. 12 1983 Florida 14, Iowa 6 1984 Oklahoma St. 21, So. Carolina 14 1985 Florida St. 34, Oklahoma St. 23 1986 Clemson 27, Stanford 21 1987 LSU 30, So. Carolina 13 1989(Jan.) Georgia 34, Michigan St. 27 1989(Dec.) Clemson 27, W. Va. 7 1959 Penn State 7, Alabama 0 1960 Penn State 41, Oregon 12 1961 Syracuse 15, Miami 14 1962 Oregon State 6, Villanova 0 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1962 Oregon State 6, Villanova 0 1963 Miss. State 16, N.C. State 12 1964 Utah 32, West Virginia 6 1965 Mississippi 13, Auburn 7 1966 Miami (Fla.) 14, Va. Tech 7 1967 N.C. State 14, Georgia 7 1968 Mississippi 34, Va. Tech 17 1969 Colorado 47, Alabama 33 1970 Tulane 17, Colorado 3 1971 Tennessee 14, Arkansas 13 1972 Georgia Tech 31, Iowa State 30 1973 No. Carolina St. 31, Kansas 18 1974 Tennessee 7, Maryland 3 1975 USC 20, Texas A&M 0 1976 Alabama 36, UCLA 6 1977 Nebraska 21, N. Carolina 17 1978 Missouri 20, Louisiana St. 15 1979 Penn St. 9, Tulane 6 1980 Purdue 28, Missouri 25 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1980 Purdue 28, Missouri 25 1981 Ohio State 31, Navy 28 1982 Alabama 21, Illinois 15 1983 Notre Dame 19, Boston Coll. 18 1984 Auburn 21, Arkansas 15 1985 Baylor 21, Louisiana St. 7 1986 Tennessee 21, Minnesota 14 1987 Georgia 20, Arkansas 17 1988 Indiana 34, S. Carolina 10 1989 Mississippi 42, Air Force 29 1984 Iowa 55, Texas 17 1985 Washington 20, Colorado 17 1986 UCLA 31, Brigham Young 10 1987 Arizona St. 33, Air Force 28 1988 Brigham Young 20, Colorado 17 1989 Washington 34, Florida 7 1989 Arizona 17, N.C. St. 10 1976 McNeese St. 20, Tulsa 16 1977 Louisiana Tech 24, Louisiville 14 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1977 Louisiana Tech 24, Louisiville 14 1978 E. Carolina 35, La. Tech 13 1979 Syracuse 31, McNeese St. 7 1980 So. Miss. 16, McNeese St. 14 1981 Texas A&M 33, Oklahoma St. 16 1982 Wisconsin 14, Kansas St. 3 1983 Air Force 9, Mississippi 3 1984 Air Force 23, Virginia Tech 7 1985 Minnesota 20, Clemson 13 1986 Mississippi 20, Texas Tech 17 1987 Washington 24, Tulane 12 1988 S. Mississippi 38, UTEP 18 1989 Oregon 27, Tulsa 24 1947 Catawba 31, Maryville 6 1948 Catawba 7, Marshall 0 1949 Murray State 21, Sul Ross St. 21 1950 St. Vincent 7, Emory & Henry 6 1951 Morris Harvey 35, Emory & Henry 14 1952 Stetson 35, Arkansas St. 20 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1952 Stetson 35, Arkansas St. 20 1953 East Texas St. 33, Tenn. Tech 0 1954 East Texas St. 7, Arkansas St. 7 1955 Neb.-Omaha 7, Eastern Kentucky 6 1956 Juniata 6, Missouri Valley 6 1957 West Texas St. 20, So. Miss. 13 1958 East Texas St. 10, So. Miss. 9 1958(Dec.) East Texas St. 26, Missouri Valley 7 1960(Jan.) Middle Tenn. 21, Presbyterian 12 1960(Dec.) Citadel 27, Tenn. Tech 0 1961 Lamar 21, Middle Tennessee 14 1962 Houston 49, Miami (O.) 21 1963 Western Ky. 27, Coast Guard 0 1964 E. Carolina 14, Massachusetts 13 1965 East Carolina 31, Maine 0 1966 Morgan State 14, West Chester 6 1967 Tenn.-Martin 25, West Chester 8 1968 Richmond 49, Ohio U. 42 1969 Toledo 56, Davidson 33 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1969 Toledo 56, Davidson 33 1970 Toledo 40, William & Mary 12 1971 Toledo 28, Richmond 3 1972 Tampa 21, Kent State 18 1973 Miami (O.) 16, Florida 7 1974 Miami (O.) 21, Georgia 10 1975 Miami (O.) 20, South Carolina 7 1976 Okla. St. 49, Brigham Young 21 1977 Florida St. 40, Texas Tech 17 1978 N.C. State 30, Pittsburgh 17 1979 LSU 34, Wake Forest 10 1980 Florida 35, Maryland 20 1981 Missouri 19, Southern Miss. 17 1982 Auburn 33, Boston College 26 1983 Tennessee 30, Maryland 23 1984 Georgia 17, Florida St. 17 1985 Ohio St. 10, Brigham Young 7 1987(Jan.) Auburn 16, USC 7 1988 Clemson 35, Penn St. 10 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1988 Clemson 35, Penn St. 10 1989 Clemson 13, Oklahoma 6 1990 Illinois 31, Virginia 21 1968 LSU 31, Florida St. 27 1969 West Virginia 14, S. Carolina 3 1970 Arizona St. 48, N. Carolina 26 1971 Mississippi 41, Georgia Tech. 18 1972 N. Carolina St. 49, W. Va. 13 1973 Georgia 17, Maryland 16 1974 Vanderbilt 6, Texas Tech. 6 1975 W. Virginia 13, No. Carolina St. 10 1976 Kentucky 21, North Carolina 0 1977 N. Carolina St. 24, Iowa St. 14 1978 Purdue 41, Georgia Tech. 21 1979 Baylor 24, Clemson 18 1981(Jan.) Miami 20, Virginia Tech. 10 1981(Dec.) West Virginia 26, Florida 6 1982 Iowa 28, Tennessee 22 1983 Florida St. 28, North Carolina 3 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1983 Florida St. 28, North Carolina 3 1984 Virginia 27, Purdue 22 1985 Army 31, Illinois 29 1986 Va. Tech 25, N.C. State 24 1988(Jan.) Tennessee 28, Indiana 22 1988(Dec.) N.C. State 28, Iowa 23 1989 Syracuse 19, Georgia 18 1977 Maryland 17, Minnesota 7 1978 Texas A&M 28, Iowa St. 12 1979 Missouri 24, So. Carolina 14 1980 Arkansas 34, Tulane 15 1981 Mississippi St. 10, Kansas 0 1982 Air Force 36, Vanderbilt 28 1983 W. Virginia 20, Kentucky 16 1984 Kentucky 20, Wisconsin 19 1985 Georgia Tech 17, Michigan St. 14 1986 Florida St. 27, Indiana 13 1987 Virginia 22, Brigham Young 16 1988 Florida 14, Illinois 10 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1988 Florida 14, Illinois 10 1989 Texas Tech 49, Duke 21 1978 Navy 23, Brigham Young 16 1979 Indiana 38, Brigham Young 37 1980 Brigham Young 46, SMU 45 1981 Brigham Young 38, Wash. St. 36 1982 Ohio State 47, Brigham Young 17 1983 Brigham Young 21, Missouri 17 1984 Brigham Young 24, Michigan 17 1985 Arkansas 18, Arizona St. 17 1986 Iowa 39, San Diego St. 38 1987 Iowa 20, Wyoming 19 1988 Oklahoma St. 62, Wyoming 14 1989 Penn St. 50, Brigham Young 39 1982 Washington 21, Maryland 20 1983 Penn State 13, Washington 10 1984 SMU 27, Notre Dame 20 1985 Alabama 24, USC 3 1986 Arizona 30, North Carolina 21 Rose Bowl, Pasadena Rose Bowl, Pasadena 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1986 Arizona 30, North Carolina 21 1987 UCLA 20, Florida 16 1988 Washington St. 24, Houston 22 1989 Michigan St. 33, Hawaii 13 1981 Toledo 27, San Jose St. 25 1982 Fresno St. 29, Bowling Green 28 1983 N. Illinois 20, Cal. State Fullerton 13 1984 Nevada-Las Vegas 30, Toledo 13 1985 Fresno St. 51, Bowling Green 7 1986 San Jose St. 37, Miami (Oh.) 7 1987 E. Michigan 30, San Jose St. 27 1988 Fresno St. 35, W. Michigan 30 1989 Fresno St. 27, Ball St. 6 *Penn St. awarded game by forfeit College Division I Football Teams 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴� Team Nickname Team colors Confere 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Air Force Falcons Blue & silver Western Akron Zips Blue & Gold Indepen Alabama Crimson Tide Crimson & white Southea Alabama State Hornets Black & gold Southwe Alcorn State Braves Purple & gold Southwe Appalachian State Mountaineers Black & gold Souther Arizona Wildcats Red & blue Pacific Arizona State Sun Devils Maroon & gold Pacific Arkansas Razorbacks Cardinal & white Southwe Arkansas State Indians Scarlet & black Indepen Army Cadets Black, gold, gray Indepen Auburn Tigers Orange & blue Southea Austin Peay State Governors Red & white Ohio Va Ball State Cardinals Cardinal & white Mid-Ame Team Nickname Team colors Confere 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Ball State Cardinals Cardinal & white Mid-Ame Baylor Bears Green & gold Southwe Bethune-Cookman Wildcats Maroon & gold Mid-Eas Boise State Broncos Orange & Blue Big Sky Boston College Eagles Maroon & gold Indepen Boston Univ. Terriers Scarlet & white Yankee Bowling Green Falcons Orange & brown Mid-Ame Brigham Young Cougars Royal blue & white Western Brown Bears Brown, cardinal, white Ivy Bucknell Bisons Orange & blue Patriot California Golden Bears Blue & gold Pacific Central Florida Knights Black & gold Indepen Central Michigan Chippewas Maroon & gold Mid-Ame Cincinnati Bearcats Red & black Indepen Citadel Bulldogs Blue & white Souther Clemson Tigers Purple & orange Atlanti Colgate Red Raiders Maroon Patriot Colorado State Rams Green & gold Western Colorado Buffaloes Silver, gold & blue Big Eig Team Nickname Team colors Confere 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Colorado Buffaloes Silver, gold & blue Big Eig Columbia Lions Blue & white Ivy Connecticut Huskies Blue & white Yankee Cornell Big Red Carnelian & white Ivy Dartmouth Big Green Dartmouth green & white Ivy Davidson Wildcats Red & black Indepen Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens Blue & gold Yankee Delaware State Hornets Red & blue Mid-Eas Duke Blue Devils Royal blue & white Atlanti East Carolina Pirates Purple & gold Indepen East Tennessee St. Buccaneers Blue & gold Souther Eastern Illinois Panthers Blue & Gray Gateway Eastern Kentucky Colonels Maroon & white Ohio Va Eastern Michigan Hurons Green & white Mid-Ame Eastern Washington Eagles Red & white Big Sky Florida Gators Orange & blue Southea Florida A&M Rattlers Orange & green Mid-Eas Florida State Seminoles Garnet & gold Indepen Fordham Rams Maroon & white Patriot Team Nickname Team colors Confere 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Fordham Rams Maroon & white Patriot Fresno State Bulldogs Cardinal & blue Big Wes Fullerton, Cal State Titans Blue, orange, white Big Wes Furman Paladins Purple & white Souther Georgia Bulldogs Red & black Southea Georgia Southern Eagles Blue & white Indepen Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Old gold & white Atlanti Grambling Tigers Black & gold Southwe Harvard Crimson Crimson Ivy Hawaii Rainbow Warriors Green & white Western Holy Cross Crusaders Royal purple Patriot Houston Cougars Scarlet & white Southwe Howard Bison Blue & white Mid-Eas Idaho Vandals Silver & gold Big Sky Idaho State Bengals Orange & black Big Sky Illinois Fighting Illini Orange & blue Big Ten Illinois State Redbirds Red & white Gateway Indiana Fightin' Hoosiers Cream & crimson Big Ten Indiana State Sycamores Blue & white Gateway Team Nickname Team colors Confere 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Indiana State Sycamores Blue & white Gateway Iowa Hawkeyes Old gold & black Big Ten Iowa State Cyclones Cardinal & gold Big Eig Jackson State Tigers Blue & white Southwe James Madison Dukes Purple & gold Indepen Kansas Jayhawks Crimson & blue Big Eig Kansas State Wildcats Purple & white Big Eig Kent State Golden Flashes Blue & gold Mid-Ame Kentucky Wildcats Blue & white Southea Lafayette Leopards Maroon & white Patriot Lehigh Engineers Brown & white Patriot Liberty Flames Red, White, Blue Indepen Long Beach State Forty-Niners Brown & gold Big Wes Louisiana State Fighting Tigers Purple & gold Southea Louisiana Tech Bulldogs Red & blue Indepen Louisville Cardinals Red, black, white Indepen Maine Black Bears Blue & white Yankee Marshall Thundering Herd Green & white Souther Maryland Terps Red, white, black & gold Atlanti Team Nickname Team colors Confere 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Maryland Terps Red, white, black & gold Atlanti Massachusetts Minutemen Maroon & white Yankee McNeese State Cowboys Blue & gold Southla Memphis State Tigers Blue & gray Indepen Miami (Fla.) Hurricanes Orange, green, white Indepen Miami (Ohio) Redskins Red & white Mid-Ame Michigan Wolverines Maize & blue Big Ten Michigan State Spartans Green & white Big Ten Middle Tennessee St. Blue Raiders Blue & white Ohio Va Minnesota Golden Gophers Maroon & gold Big Ten Mississippi Rebels Red & blue Southea Mississippi State Bulldogs Maroon & white Southea Miss. Valley Delta Devils Green & white Southwe Missouri Tigers Old gold & black Big Eig Montana Grizzlies Copper, silver, gold Big Sky Montana State Bobcats Blue & gold Big Sky Morehead State Eagles Blue & gold Ohio Va Morgan State Bears Blue & orange Mid-Eas Murray State Racers Blue & gold Ohio Va Team Nickname Team colors Confere 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Murray State Racers Blue & gold Ohio Va Navy Midshipmen Navy blue & gold Indepen Nebraska Cornhuskers Scarlet & cream Big Eig Nevada-Las Vegas Rebels Scarlet & gray Big Wes Nevada-Reno Wolf Pack Silver & blue Big Sky New Hampshire Wildcats Blue & white Yankee New Mexico Lobos Cherry & silver Western New Mexico State Aggies Crimson & white Big Wes Nicholls St. Colonels Red & grey Indepen North Carolina Tar Heels Blue & white Atlanti North Carolina A & T Aggies Blue & gold Mid-Eas North Carolina State Wolfpack Red & white Atlanti North Texas Mean Green, Eagles Green & white Southla Northeast Louisiana Indians Maroon & gold Southla Northeastern Huskies Red & black Indepen Northern Arizona Lumberjacks Blue & gold Big Sky Northern Illinois Huskies Cardinal & black Indepen Northern Iowa Panthers Purple & Old Gold Gateway Northwestern Wildcats Purple & white Big Ten Team Nickname Team colors Confere 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Northwestern Wildcats Purple & white Big Ten Northwestern State Demons Purple & White Southla Notre Dame Fighting Irish Gold & blue Indepen Ohio State Buckeyes Scarlet & gray Big Ten Ohio Univ Bobcats Green & white Mid-Ame Oklahoma Sooners Crimsom & cream Big Eig Oklahoma State Cowboys Orange & black Big Eig Oregon Ducks Green & Yellow Pacific Oregon State Beavers Orange & black Pacific Pacific Tigers Orange & black Big Wes Penn State Nittany Lions Blue & white Indepen Pennsylvania Red & Blue, Quakers Red & blue Ivy Pittsburgh Panthers Gold & blue Indepen Princeton Tigers Orange & black Ivy Purdue Boilermakers Old gold & black Big Ten Rhode Island Rams Blue & white Yankee Rice Owls Blue & gray Southwe Richmond Spiders Red & blue Yankee Rutgers Scarlet Knights Scarlet Indepen Team Nickname Team colors Confere 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rutgers Scarlet Knights Scarlet Indepen Sam Houston State Bear Kats Orange & white Southla Samford Bulldogs Crimson & Blue Indepen San Diego State Aztecs Scarlet & black Western San Jose State Spartans Gold & white Big Wes South Carolina Fighting Gamecocks Garnet & black Indepen South Carolina State Bulldogs Garnet & blue Mid-Eas Southern-Baton Rouge Jaguars Blue & gold Southwe Southern California Trojans Cardinal & gold Pacific Southern Illinois Salukis Maroon & white Gateway Southern Methodist Mustangs Red & blue Southwe Southern Mississippi Golden Eagles Black & gold Indepen SW Missouri St Bears Maroon & white Gateway SW Texas St. Bobcats Maroon & gold Southla Southwestern La. Ragin' Cajuns Vermillion & white Indepen Stanford Cardinal Cardinal & white Pacific Stephen F. Austin St. Lumberjacks Purple & white Southla Syracuse Orangemen Orange Indepen Temple Owls Cherry & white Indepen Team Nickname Team colors Confere 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Temple Owls Cherry & white Indepen Tennessee Volunteers Orange & white Southea Tenn.-Chattanooga Moccasins Navy blue & gold Souther Tennessee State Tigers Blue & white Ohio Va Tennessee Tech Golden Eagles Purple & gold Ohio Va Texas Longhorns Orange & white Southwe Texas-El Paso Miners Orange, white, blue Western Texas A & M Aggies Maroon & white Southwe Texas Christian Horned Frogs Purple & white Southwe Texas Southern Tigers Maroon & gray Southwe Texas Tech Red Raiders Scarlet & black Southwe Toledo Rockets Blue & gold Mid-Ame Towson St. Tigers Gold & white Indepen Tulane Green Wave Olive green & sky blue Indepen Tulsa Golden Hurricane Blue & gold Indepen UCLA Bruins Navy blue & gold Pacific Utah State Aggies Navy blue & white Big Wes Utah Utes Crimson & white Western Vanderbilt Commodores Black & gold Southea Team Nickname Team colors Confere 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Vanderbilt Commodores Black & gold Southea Villanova Wildcats Blue & white Yankee Virginia Cavaliers Orange & blue Atlanti VMI Keydets Red, white & yellow Souther Virginia Tech. Gobblers, Hokies Orange & maroon Indepen Wake Forest Demon Deacons Old gold & black Atlanti Washington Huskies Purple & gold Pacific Washington State Cougars Crimson & gray Pacific Weber State Wildcats Purple & white Big Sky West Virginia Mountaineers Old gold & blue Indepen Western Carolina Catamounts Purple & gold Souther Western Illinois Leathernecks Purple & Gold Gateway Western Kentucky Hilltoppers Red & white Indepen Western Michigan Broncos Brown & gold Mid-Ame William & Mary Tribe Green & gold Indepen Wisconsin Badgers Cardinal & white Big Ten Wyoming Cowboys Brown & yellow Western Yale Bulldogs, Elis Yale blue & white Ivy Youngstown St. Penguins Scarlet & white Indepen Team Nickname Team colors Confere 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Youngstown St. Penguins Scarlet & white Indepen College Football Conference Champions 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Atlantic Coast Atlantic Coast 1975 Maryland 1976 Maryland 1977 North Carolina 1978 Clemson 1979 No. Carolina St. 1980 North Carolina 1981 Clemson 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1981 Clemson 1982 Clemson 1983 Maryland 1984 Maryland 1985 Maryland 1986 Clemson 1987 Clemson 1988 Clemson 1989 Virginia, Duke Ivy League Ivy League 1975 Harvard 1976 Yale, Brown 1977 Yale 1978 Dartmouth 1979 Yale 1980 Yale 1981 Yale, Dartmouth 1982 Harvard, Dartmouth, Penn 1983 Harvard, Penn 1984 Penn 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1984 Penn 1985 Penn 1986 Penn 1987 Harvard 1988 Penn, Cornell 1989 Yale, Princeton Big Eight Big Eight 1975 Oklahoma, Nebraska 1976 Oklahoma, Colorado, Oklahoma State 1977 Oklahoma 1978 Nebraska, Oklahoma 1979 Oklahoma 1980 Oklahoma 1981 Nebraska 1982 Nebraska 1983 Nebraska 1984 Nebraska, Oklahoma 1985 Oklahoma 1986 Oklahoma 1987 Oklahoma 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1987 Oklahoma 1988 Nebraska 1989 Colorado Big Ten Big Ten 1975 Ohio State 1976 Michigan, Ohio State 1977 Michigan, Ohio State 1978 Michigan St., Michigan 1979 Ohio State 1980 Michigan 1981 Iowa, Ohio State 1982 Michigan 1983 Illinois 1984 Ohio State 1985 Iowa 1986 Michigan, Ohio State 1987 Michigan St. 1988 Michigan 1989 Michigan Mid-America Mid-America 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mid-America Mid-America 1975 Miami 1976 Ball State 1977 Miami 1978 Ball State 1979 Central Michigan 1980 Central Michigan 1981 Toledo 1982 Bowling Green 1983 Northern Illinois 1984 Toledo 1985 Bowling Green 1986 Miami 1987 E. Michigan 1988 W. Michigan 1989 Ball State Southern Southern 1975 Richmond 1976 East Carolina 1977 Tenn.-Chattanooga 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1977 Tenn.-Chattanooga 1978 Tenn.-Chattanooga, Furman 1979 Tenn.-Chattanooga 1980 Furman 1981 Furman 1982 Furman 1983 Furman 1984 Tenn.-Chattanooga 1985 Furman 1986 Appalachian St. 1987 Appalachian St. 1988 Marhsall, Furman 1989 Furman Southeastern Southeastern 1975 Alabama 1976 Georgia 1977 Alabama 1978 Alabama 1979 Alabama 1980 Georgia 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1980 Georgia 1981 Georgia, Alabama 1982 Georgia 1983 Aubum 1984 Florida (title vacated) 1985 Tennessee 1986 LSU 1987 Aubum 1988 Aubum, LSU 1989 Alabama, Tennessee Southwest Southwest 1975 Texas A&M, Texas, Arkansas 1976 Houston 1977 Texas 1978 Houston 1979 Houston, Arkansas 1980 Baylor 1981 SMU 1982 SMU 1983 Texas 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1983 Texas 1984 SMU, Texas 1985 Texas A&M 1986 Texas A&M 1987 Texas A&M 1988 Arkansas 1989 Arkansas Pacific Ten Pacific Ten 1975 UCLA, Cal. 1976 USC 1977 Washington 1978 USC 1979 USC 1980 Washington 1981 Washington 1982 UCLA 1983 UCLA 1984 USC 1985 UCLA 1986 Arizona State 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1986 Arizona State 1987 UCLA, USC 1988 USC 1989 USC Western Athletic Western Athletic 1975 Arizona State 1976 Wyoming, Brigham Young 1977 Brigham Young, Arizona St. 1978 Brigham Young 1979 Brigham Young 1980 Brigham Young 1981 Brigham Young 1982 Brigham Young 1983 Brigham Young 1984 Brigham Young 1985 Brigham Young, Air Force 1986 San Diego State 1987 Wyoming 1988 Wyoming 1989 Brigham Young 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1989 Brigham Young Big West Big West 1975 Arizona State 1976 San Jose St. 1977 San Diego State 1978 Fresno State 1979 Utah St., San Jose St. 1980 San Jose St. 1981 Long Beach State 1982 San Jose State 1983 Cal State-Fullerton 1984 Nevada-Las Vegas 1985 Fresno State 1986 San Jose State 1987 San Jose State 1988 Fresno State 1989 Fresno State Outland Award Honoring the outstanding interior lineman selected by the Football Writers' Association of America. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1946 George Connor, Notre Dame, T 1947 Joe Steffy, Army, G 1948 Bill Fischer, Notre Dame, G 1949 Ed Bagdon, Michigan St., G 1950 Bob Gain, Kentucky, T 1951 Jim Weatherall, Oklahoma, T 1952 Dick Modzelewski, Maryland, T 1953 J.D. Roberts, Oklahoma, G 1954 Bill Brooks, Arkansas, G 1955 Calvin Jones, Iowa, G 1956 Jim Parker, Ohio State, G 1957 Alex Karras, Iowa, T 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1957 Alex Karras, Iowa, T 1958 Zeke Smith, Auburn, G 1959 Mike McGee, Duke, T 1960 Tom Brown, Minnesota, G 1961 Merlin Olsen, Utah State, T 1962 Bobby Bell, Minnesota, T 1963 Scott Appleton, Texas, T 1964 Steve Delong, Tennessee, T 1965 Tommy Nobis, Texas, G 1966 Loyd Phillips, Arkansas, T 1967 Ron Yary, Southern Cal, T 1968 Bill Stanfill, Georgia, T 1969 Mike Reid, Penn State, DT 1970 Jim Stillwagon, Ohio State, LB 1971 Larry Jacobson, Nebraska, DT 1972 Rich Glover, Nebraska, MG 1973 John Hicks, Ohio State, G 1974 Randy White, Maryland, DE 1975 Lee Roy Selmon, Oklahoma, DT 1976 Ross Browner, Notre Dame, DE 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1976 Ross Browner, Notre Dame, DE 1977 Brad Shearer, Texas, DT 1978 Greg Roberts, Oklahoma, G 1979 Jim Ritcher, No. Carolina St., C 1980 Mark May, Pittsburgh, OT 1981 Dave Rimington, Nebraska, C 1982 Dave Rimington, Nebraska, C 1983 Dean Steinkuhler, Nebraska, G 1984 Bruce Smith, Virginia Tech, DT 1985 Mike Ruth, Boston College, DT 1986 Jason Buck, BYU, DT 1987 Chad Hennings, Air Force, DT 1988 Tracy Rocker, Auburn, DT 1989 Mohammed Elewonibi, BYU, G All-Time Division I-A Coaching Victories 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Paul "Bear" Bryant 323 Amos Alonzo Stagg 314 Glenn "Pop" Warner 313 Woody Hayes 238 Bo Schembechler 234 Joe Paterno 220 Jess Neely 207 Warren Woodson 203 Eddie Anderson 201 Vince Dooley 201 Dana Bible 198 Dan McGugin 197 Fielding Yost 196 Bobby Bowden 195 Howard Jones 194 John Vaught 190 John Heisman 185 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 John Heisman 185 Darrell Royal 184 Carl Snavely 180 Gil Dobie 180 Jerry Claiborne 179 Ben Schwartzwalder 178 Ralph Jordan 176 Frank Kush 176 Lynn "Pappy" Waldorf 174 Bob Neyland 173 Eddie Robinson of Grambling State Univ. holds the record for most college football victories with 358 at the start of the 1990 season. National College Football Champions 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1936 Minnesota 1937 Pittsburgh 1938 Texas Christian 1939 Texas A&M 1940 Minnesota 1941 Minnesota 1942 Ohio State 1943 Notre Dame 1944 Army 1945 Army 1946 Notre Dame 1947 Notre Dame 1948 Michigan 1949 Notre Dame 1950 Oklahoma 1951 Tennessee 1952 Michigan State 1953 Maryland 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1953 Maryland 1954 Ohio State, UCLA 1955 Oklahoma 1956 Oklahoma 1957 Auburn, Ohio State 1958 Louisiana State 1959 Syracuse 1960 Minnesota 1961 Alabama 1962 Southern Cal. 1963 Texas 1964 Alabama 1965 Alabama, Mich. State 1966 Notre Dame 1967 Southern Cal. 1968 Ohio State 1969 Texas 1970 Nebraska, Texas 1971 Nebraska, 1972 Southern Cal. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1972 Southern Cal. 1973 Notre Dame, Alabama 1974 Oklahoma, So. Cal. 1975 Oklahoma 1976 Pittsburgh 1977 Notre Dame 1978 Alabama, So. Cal. 1979 Alabama 1980 Georgia 1981 Clemson 1982 Penn State 1983 Miami (Fla.) 1984 Brigham Young 1985 Oklahoma 1986 Penn State 1987 Miami (Fla.) 1988 Notre Dame 1989 Miami (Fla.) The NCAA recognizes as unofficial national champion the team selected each year by the AP (poll of writers) and the UPI (poll of coaches). When the polls disagree both teams are listed. The AP poll originated in 1936 and the UPI poll in 1950. College Football Coach of the Year (Selected by the American Football Coaches Assn. & the Football Writers Assn. of America) 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 AFCA FWAA 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1935 Lynn Waldorf, Northwestern 1936 Dick Harlow, Harvard 1937 Edward Mylin, Lafayette AFCA FWAA 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1937 Edward Mylin, Lafayette 1938 Bill Kern, Carnegie Tech 1939 Eddie Anderson, Iowa 1940 Clark Shaughnessy, Stanford 1941 Frank Leahy, Notre Dame 1942 Bill Alexander, Georgia Tech 1943 Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pacific 1944 Carroll Widdoes, Ohio St. 1945 Bo McMillin, Indiana 1946 Earl "Red" Blaik, Army AFCA FWAA 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1946 Earl "Red" Blaik, Army 1947 Fritz Crisler, Michigan 1948 Bennie Oosterbaan, Michigan 1949 Bud Wilkinson, Oklahoma 1950 Charlie Caldwell, Princeton 1951 Chuck Taylor, Stanford 1952 Biggie Munn, Michigan St. 1953 Jim Tatum, Maryland 1954 Henry "Red" Sanders, UCLA 1955 Duffy Daugherty, Michigan St. AFCA FWAA 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1955 Duffy Daugherty, Michigan St. 1956 Bowden Wyatt, Tennessee 1957 Woody Hayes, Ohio St. Woody Hayes, Ohio St. 1958 Paul Dietzel, LSU Paul Dietzel, LSU 1959 Ben Schwartzwalder, Syracuse Ben Schwartzwalder, Syracuse 1960 Murray Warmath, Minnesota Murray Warmath, Minnesota 1961 Paul "Bear" Bryant, Alabama Darrell Royal, Texas 1962 John McKay, USC John McKay, USC 1963 Darrell Royal, Texas Darrell Royal, Texas 1964 Frank Broyles, Arkansas;Ara Ara Parseghian, Notre Dame AFCA FWAA 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1964 Frank Broyles, Arkansas;Ara Ara Parseghian, Notre Dame Paraseghian, Notre Dame 1965 Tommy Prothro, UCLA Duffy Daugherty, Michigan St. 1966 Tom Cahill, Army Tom Cahill, Army 1967 John Pont, Indiana John Pont, Indiana 1968 Joe Paterno, Penn St. Woody Hayes, Ohio St. 1969 Bo Schembechler, Michigan Bo Schembechler, Michigan 1970 Charles McClendon, LSU; Darrell Alex Agase, Northwestern Royal, Texas 1971 Paul "Bear" Bryant, Alabama Bob Devaney, Nebraska 1972 John McKay, USC John McKay, USC AFCA FWAA 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1972 John McKay, USC John McKay, USC 1973 Paul "Bear" Bryant, Alabama Johnny Majors, Pittsburgh 1974 Grant Teaff, Baylor Grant Teaff, Baylor 1975 Frank Kush, Arizona St. Woody Hayes, Ohio St. 1976 Johnny Majors, Pittsburgh Johnny Majors, Pittsburgh 1977 Don James, Washington Lou Holtz, Arkansas 1978 Joe Paterno, Penn St. Joe Paterno, Penn St. 1979 Earle Bruce, Ohio St Earle Bruce, Ohio St 1980 Vince Dooley, Georgia Vince Dooley, Georgia 1981 Danny Ford, Clemson Danny Ford, Clemson AFCA FWAA 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1981 Danny Ford, Clemson Danny Ford, Clemson 1982 Joe Paterno, Penn St. Joe Paterno, Penn St. 1983 Ken Hatfield, Air Force Howard Schnellenberger, Miami (Fla.) 1984 LaVell Edwards, Brigham Young LaVell Edwards, Brigham Young 1985 Fisher De Berry, Air Force Fisher De Berry, Air Force 1986 Joe Paterno, Penn St. Joe Paterno, Penn St. 1987 Dick MacPherson, Syracuse Dick MacPherson, Syracuse 1988 Don Nehlen, W. Virginia Lou Holtz, Notre Dame 1989 Bill McCartney, Colorado Bill McCartney, Colorado AFCA FWAA 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Longest Division I-A Winning Streaks 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Wins Team Years Ended by Score 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 47 Oklahoma 1953-57 Notre Dame 7-0 39 Washington 1908-14 Oregon State 0-0 37 Yale 1890-93 Princeton 6-0 37 Yale 1887-89 Princeton 10-0 35 Toledo 1969-71 Tampa 21-0 34 Pennsylvania 1894-96 Lafayette 6-4 31 Oklahoma 1948-50 Kentucky 13-7 Wins Team Years Ended by Score 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 31 Oklahoma 1948-50 Kentucky 13-7 31 Pittsburgh 1914-18 Cleveland Naval Reserve 10-9 31 Pennsylvania 1896-98 Harvard 10-0 30 Texas 1968-70 Notre Dame 24-11 29 Michigan 1901-03 Minnesota 6-6 28 Alabama 1978-80 Mississippi State 6-3 28 Oklahoma 1973-75 Kansas 23-3 28 Michigan State 1950-53 Purdue 6-0 27 Nebraska 1901-04 Colorado 6-0 26 Cornell 1921-24 Williams 14-7 26 Michigan 1903-05 Chicago 2-0 25 Michigan 1946-49 Army 21-7 25 Army 1944-46 Notre Dame 0-0 25 Southern Cal 1931-33 Oregon State 0-0 25 Brigham Young 1983-85 UCLA 27-24 Heisman Trophy Winners Awarded annually to the nation's outstanding college football player. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1935 Jay Berwanger, Chicago, HB 1936 Larry Kelley, Yale, E 1937 Clinton Frank, Yale, HB 1938 David O'Brien, Tex. Christian, QB 1939 Nile Kinnick, Iowa, HB 1940 Tom Harmon, Michigan, HB 1941 Bruce Smith, Minnesota, HB 1942 Frank Sinkwich, Georgia, HB 1943 Angelo Bertelli, Notre Dame, QB 1944 Leslie Horvath, Ohio State, QB 1945 Felix Blanchard, Army, FB 1946 Glenn Davis, Army, HB 1947 John Lujack, Notre Dame, QB 1948 Doak Walker, SMU, HB 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1948 Doak Walker, SMU, HB 1949 Leon Hart, Notre Dame, E 1950 Vic Janowicz, Ohio State, HB 1951 Richard Kazmaier, Princeton, HB 1952 Billy Vessels, Oklahoma, HB 1953 John Lattner, Notre Dame, HB 1954 Alan Ameche, Wisconsin, FB 1955 Howard Cassady, Ohio St., HB 1956 Paul Hornung, Notre Dame, QB 1957 John Crow, Texas A & M, HB 1958 Pete Dawkins, Army, HB 1959 Billy Cannon, La. State, HB 1960 Joe Bellino, Navy, HB 1961 Ernest Davis, Syracuse, HB 1962 Terry Baker, Oregon State, QB 1963 Roger Staubach, Navy, QB 1964 John Huarte, Notre Dame, QB 1965 Mike Garrett, USC, HB 1966 Steve Spurrier, Florida, QB 1967 Gary Beban, UCLA, QB 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1967 Gary Beban, UCLA, QB 1968 O.J. Simpson, USC, RB 1969 Steve Owens, Oklahoma, RB 1970 Jim Plunkett, Stanford, QB 1971 Pat Sullivan, Auburn, QB 1972 Johnny Rodgers, Nebraska, RB-R 1973 John Cappelletti, Penn State, RB 1974 Archie Griffin, Ohio State, RB 1975 Archie Griffin, Ohio State, RB 1976 Tony Dorsett, Pittsburgh, RB 1977 Earl Campbell, Texas, RB 1978 Billy Sims, Oklahoma, RB 1979 Charles White, USC, RB 1980 George Rogers, So. Carolina, RB 1981 Marcus Allen, USC, RB 1982 Herschel Walker, Georgia, RB 1983 Mike Rozier, Nebraska, RB 1984 Doug Flutie, Boston College, QB 1985 Bo Jackson, Auburn, RB 1986 Vinny Testaverde, Miami, QB 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1986 Vinny Testaverde, Miami, QB 1987 Tim Brown, Notre Dame, WR 1988 Barry Sanders, Oklahoma St., RB 1989 Andre Ware, Houston, QB Vince Lombardi Award Honoring the outstanding lineman, sponsored by the Rotary Club of Houston 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1970 Jim Stillwagon, Ohio State, MG 1971 Walt Patulski, Notre Dame, DE 1972 Rich Glover, Nebraska, MG 1973 John Hicks, Ohio State, OT 1974 Randy White, Maryland, DT 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1974 Randy White, Maryland, DT 1975 Lee Roy Selmon, Oklahoma, DT 1976 Wilson Whitley, Houston, DT 1977 Ross Browner, Notre Dame, DE 1978 Bruce Clark, Penn State, DT 1979 Brad Budde, USC, G 1980 Hugh Green, Pittsburgh, DE 1981 Kenneth Sims, Texas, DT 1982 Dave Rimington, Nebraska, C 1983 Dean Steinkuhler, Nebraska, G 1984 Tony Degrate, Texas, DT 1985 Tony Casillas, Oklahoma, NG 1986 Cornelius Bennett, Alabama, DE 1987 Chris Spielman, Ohio State, LB 1988 Tracy Rocker, Auburn, DT 1989 Percy Snow, Michigan St., LB All-Time Division I-A Percentage Leaders (Classified as Division I-A for the last 10 years; record includes bowl games; ties computed as half won and half lost) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴� Bowl Games Bowl Games Bowl Years Won Lost Tied Pct. W L T 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Notre Dame 101 683 203 40 .759 10 5 0 Michigan 110 703 233 33 .743 9 12 0 Alabama 95 651 228 43 .729 23 16 3 Oklahoma 95 628 227 50 .722 18 10 1 Texas 97 661 255 31 .714 16 15 2 USC 97 605 232 50 .710 22 11 0 Ohio St. 100 626 253 50 .701 11 11 0 Penn St. 103 637 279 41 .687 16 8 2 Nebraska 100 635 281 39 .685 14 14 0 Tennessee 93 600 266 50 .682 16 14 0 Central Michigan 89 456 239 31 .649 3 0 0 Bowl Games Bowl Games Bowl Years Won Lost Tied Pct. W L T 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Central Michigan 89 456 239 31 .649 3 0 0 Louisiana St. 96 556 298 46 .643 11 16 1 Army 100 567 304 50 .643 2 1 0 Arizona St. 77 422 233 24 .639 9 5 1 Miami (Ohio) 101 525 288 39 .639 5 2 0 Georgia 96 561 315 53 .632 13 13 3 Washington 100 524 301 49 .628 10 7 1 Auburn 97 529 321 44 .616 11 9 2 Minnesota 106 541 329 43 .616 2 3 0 Michigan St. 93 499 305 42 .615 4 5 0 Florida St. 43 272 170 16 .611 10 7 2 Arkansas 96 533 335 38 .609 9 14 3 Pittsburgh 100 551 354 41 .604 8 10 0 UCLA 71 409 262 37 .604 9 7 1 Canadian Football League Championships 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1956 Edmonton Eskimos 50, Montreal Alouettes 27 1957 Hamilton Tiger-Cats 32, Winnipeg Blue Bombers 7 1958 Winnipeg Blue Bombers 35, Hamilton Tiger-Cats 28 1959 Winnipeg Blue Bombers 21, Hamilton Tiger-Cats 7 1960 Ottawa Rough Riders 16, Edmonton Eskimos 6 1961 Winnipeg Blue Bombers 21, Hamilton Tiger-Cats 14 1962 Winnipeg Blue Bombers 28, Hamilton Tiger-Cats 27 1963 Hamilton Tiger-Cats 21, British Columbia Lions 10 1964 British Columbia Lions 34, Hamilton Tiger-Cats 24 1965 Hamilton Tiger-Cats 22, Winnipeg Blue Bombers 16 1966 Saskatchewan Roughriders 29, Ottawa Rough Riders 14 1967 Hamilton Tiger-Cats 24, Saskatchewan Roughriders 1 1968 Ottawa Rough Riders 24, Calgary Stampeders 21 1969 Ottawa Rough Riders 29, Saskatchewan Roughriders 11 1970 Montreal Alouettes 23, Calgary Stampeders 10 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1970 Montreal Alouettes 23, Calgary Stampeders 10 1971 Calgary Stampeders 14, Toronto Argonauts 11 1972 Hamilton Tiger-Cats 13, Saskatchewan Roughriders 10 1973 Ottawa Rough Riders 22, Edmonton Eskimos 18 1974 Montreal Alouettes 20, Edmonton Eskimos 7 1975 Edmonton Eskimos 9, Montreal Alouettes 8 1976 Ottawa Rough Riders 23, Saskatchewan Roughriders 20 1977 Montreal Alouettes 41, Edmonton Eskimos 6 1978 Edmonton Eskimos 20, Montreal Alouettes 13 1979 Edmonton Eskimos 17, Montreal Alouettes 9 1980 Edmonton Eskimos 48, Hamilton Tiger-Cats 10 1981 Edmonton Eskimos 26, Ottawa Rough Riders 23 1982 Edmonton Eskimos 32, Toronto Argonauts 16 1983 Toronto Argonauts 18, B.C. Lions 17 1984 Winnipeg Blue Bombers 47, Hamilton Tiger-Cats 17 1985 B.C. Lions 37, Hamilton Tiger-Cats 24 1986 Hamilton Tiger-Cats 39, Edmonton Eskimos 15 1987 Edmonton Eskimos 38, Toronto Argonauts 36 1988 Winnipeg Blue Bombers 22, B.C. Lions 21 1989 Saskatchewan Roughriders 43, Hamilton Tiger-Cats 40 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1989 Saskatchewan Roughriders 43, Hamilton Tiger-Cats 40 Winners of Eastern and Western divisions meet in championship game for Grey Cup (donated by Governor-General Earl Grey in 1909). Canadian football features 3 downs, 110-yard field, and each team can have 12 players on field at one time. NATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE Final 1989 Standings National Conference Eastern Division 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼코컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 W L T Pct Pts Opp 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� New York Giants 12 4 0 .750 348 252 Philadelphia 11 5 0 .688 342 274 Washington 10 6 0 .625 386 308 Phoenix 5 11 0 .313 258 377 Dallas 1 15 0 .063 204 393 Central Division 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼코컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 W L T Pct Pts Opp 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Minnesota 10 6 0 .625 351 275 Green Bay 10 6 0 .625 362 356 Detroit 7 9 0 .438 312 364 Chicago 6 10 0 .375 358 377 Tampa Bay 5 11 0 .313 320 419 Western Division 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 W L T Pct Pts Opp 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� W L T Pct Pts Opp 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� San Francisco 14 2 0 .875 442 253 Los Angeles Rams 11 5 0 .688 426 344 New Orleans 9 7 0 .563 386 301 Atlanta 3 13 0 .188 279 437 NFC Playoffs--L.A. Rams 21, Philadelphia 7; L.A. Rams 19, N.Y. Giants 13; San Francisco 41,Minnesota 13; San Francisco 30, L.A. Rams 3 American Conference Eastern Division 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼코컴코컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 W L T Pct Pts Opp 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Buffalo 9 7 0 .563 409 317 Indianapolis 8 8 0 .500 298 301 Miami 8 8 0 .500 331 379 New England 5 11 0 .313 297 391 New York Jets 4 12 0 .250 253 411 Central Division 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴旼코컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 W L T Pct Pts Opp W L T Pct Pts Opp 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cleveland 9 6 1 .594 334 254 Houston 9 7 0 .563 365 412 Pittsburgh 9 7 0 .563 265 326 Cincinnati 8 8 0 .500 404 285 Western Division 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼코컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 W L T Pct Pts Opp 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Denver 11 5 0 .688 362 226 Kansas City 8 7 1 .531 318 286 Los Angeles Raiders 8 8 0 .500 315 297 W L T Pct Pts Opp 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Los Angeles Raiders 8 8 0 .500 315 297 Seattle 7 9 0 .438 241 327 San Diego 6 10 0 .375 266 290 AFC Playoffs--Pittsburgh 26, Houston 23; Denver 24, Pittsburgh 23; Cleveland 34, Buffalo 30;Denver 37, Cleveland 21. 49ers Crush Broncos in Super Bowl The San Francisco 49ers easily defeated the Denver Broncos, 55-10, to win Super Bowl XXIV.It was a record-tying 4th Super Bowl victory for the 49ers. Joe Montana, quarterback of the 49ers,was chosen the game's most valuable player for a record 3rd time. Score by Quarters 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� San Francisco 13 14 14 14--55 Denver 3 0 7 0--10 Scoring San Francisco--Rice 20 yd. pass from Montana (Cofer kick) Denver--Treadwill 42 yd. field goal San Francisco--Jones 7 yd. pass from Montana San Francisco--Rathman 1 yd. run (Cofer kick) San Francisco--Rice 38 yd. pass from Montana (Cofer kick) San Francisco--Rice 28 yd. pass from Montana (Cofer kick) San Francisco--Taylor 35 yd. pass from Montana (Cofer kick) Denver--Elway 3 yd. run (Treadwell kick) San Francisco--Rathman 3 yd. run (Cofer kick) San Francisco--Craig 1 yd. run (Cofer kick) Individual Statistics Rushing -- San Francisco, Craig 20-69, Rathman 11-38, Montana 2-15, Flagler 6-14,Young 4-6, Sydney 1-2. Denver, Humphrey 12-61, Elway 4-8, Winder 1-(minus 5). Passing -- San Francisco, Montana 22-29-0-297, Young 2-3-0-20. Denver,Elway 10-26-2-108, Kubiak 1-3-0-28. Receiving -- San Francisco, Rice 7-148,Craig 5-34, Rathman 4-43, Taylor 3-49, Sherrard 1-13, Walls 1-9, Jones 1-7,Williams 1-7, Sydney 1-7. Denver, Humphrey 3-38, Sewell 2-22, Johnson 2-21,Nattiel 1-28, Bratton 1-1 Winder 1-7, Kay 1-6. Team Statistics 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 San Francisco Denver 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� First downs 28 12 Total net yards 461 167 Total plays 77 52 Avg gain 6.0 3.2 Rushing yards 144 64 Passing yards 317 103 San Francisco Denver 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Passing yards 317 103 Yards per pass 9.6 2.9 Punts-average 4-40 6-39 Penalties-yards 4-38 0-0 Fumbles-lost 0-0 3-2 Time of possession 39:31 20:29 Super Bowl 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year Winner Loser Winning coach 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1967 Green Bay Packers, 35 Kansas City Chiefs, 10 Vince Lombardi 1968 Green Bay Packers, 33 Oakland Raiders, 14 Vince Lombardi Year Winner Loser Winning coach 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1968 Green Bay Packers, 33 Oakland Raiders, 14 Vince Lombardi 1969 New York Jets, 16 Baltimore Colts, 7 Weeb Ewbank 1970 Kansas City Chiefs, 23 Minnesota Vikings, 7 Hank Stram 1971 Baltimore Colts, 16 Dallas Cowboys, 13 Don McCafferty 1972 Dallas Cowboys, 24 Miami Dolphins, 3 Tom Landry 1973 Miami Dolphins, 14 Washington Redskins, 7 Don Shula 1974 Miami Dolphins, 24 Minnesota Vikings, 7 Don Shula 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers, 16 Minnesota Vikings, 6 Chuck Noll 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers, 21 Dallas Cowboys, 17 Chuck Noll 1977 Oakland Raiders, 32 Minnesota Vikings, 14 John Madden 1978 Dallas Cowboys, 27 Denver Broncos, 10 Tom Landry 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers, 35 Dallas Cowboys, 31 Chuck Noll 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers, 31 Los Angeles Rams, 19 Chuck Noll 1981 Oakland Raiders, 27 Philadelphia Eagles, 10 Tom Flores 1982 San Francisco 49ers, 26 Cincinnati Bengals, 21 Bill Walsh 1983 Washington Redskins, 27 Miami Dolphins, 17 Joe Gibbs 1984 Los Angeles Raiders, 38 Washington Redskins, 9 Tom Flores 1985 San Francisco 49ers, 38 Miami Dolphins, 16 Bill Walsh 1986 Chicago Bears, 46 New England Patriots, 10 Mike Ditka Year Winner Loser Winning coach 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1986 Chicago Bears, 46 New England Patriots, 10 Mike Ditka 1987 New York Giants, 39 Denver Broncos, 20 Bill Parcells 1988 Washington Redskins, 42 Denver Broncos, 10 Joe Gibbs 1989 San Francisco 49ers, 20 Cincinnati Bengals, 16 Bill Walsh 1990 San Francisco 49ers, 55 Denver Broncos, 10 George Siefert National Football League Champions 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴� Year East Winner (W-L-T) West Winner (W-L-T) Playoff 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1933 New York Giants (11-3-0) Chicago Bears (10-2-1) Chicago Bear 1934 New York Giants (8-5-0) Chicago Bears (13-0-0) New York 30, Year East Winner (W-L-T) West Winner (W-L-T) Playoff 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1934 New York Giants (8-5-0) Chicago Bears (13-0-0) New York 30, 1935 New York Giants (9-3-0) Detroit Lions (7-3-2) Detroit 26, 1936 Boston Redskins (7-5-0) Green Bay Packers (10-1-1) Green Bay 21 1937 Washington Redskins (8-3-0) Chicago Bears (9-1-1) Washington 2 1938 New York Giants (8-2-1) Green Bay Packers (8-3-0) New York 23, 1939 New York Giants (9-1-1) Green Bay Packers (9-2-0) Green Bay 27 1940 Washington Redskins (9-2-0) Chicago Bears (8-3-0) Chicago Bear 1941 New York Giants (8-3-0) Chicago Bears (10-1-1)a Chicago Bear 1942 Wash. Redskins (10-1-1) Chicago Bears (11-0-0) Washington 1 1943 Wash. Redskins (6-3-1)a Chicago Bears (8-1-1) Chicago Bear 1944 New York Giants (8-1-1) Green Bay Packers (8-2-0) Green Bay 14 1945 Wash. Redskins (8-2-0) Cleveland Rams (9-1-0) Cleveland 15 1946 New York Giants (7-3-1) Chicago Bears (8-2-1) Chicago Bear 1947 Philadelphia Eagles (8-4-0)a Chicago Cardinals (9-3-0) Chicago Card 1948 Philadelphia Eagles (9-2-1) Chicago Cardinals (11-1-0) Philadelphia 1949 Philadelphia Eagles (11-1-0) Los Angeles Rams (8-2-2) Philadelphia 1950 Cleveland Browns (10-2-0)a Los Angeles Rams (9-3-0)a Cleveland 30 1951 Cleveland Browns (11-1-0) Los Angeles Rams (8-4-0) Los Angeles 1952 Cleveland Browns (8-4-0) Detroit Lions (9-3-0)a Detroit 17, Year East Winner (W-L-T) West Winner (W-L-T) Playoff 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1952 Cleveland Browns (8-4-0) Detroit Lions (9-3-0)a Detroit 17, 1953 Cleveland Browns (11-1-0) Detroit Lions (10-2-0) Detroit 17, 1954 Cleveland Browns (9-3-0) Detroit Lions (9-2-1) Cleveland 56 1955 Cleveland Browns (9-2-1) Los Angeles Rams (8-3-1) Cleveland 38 1956 New York Giants (8-3-1) Chicago Bears (9-2-1) New York 47, 1957 Cleveland Browns (9-2-1) Detroit Lions (8-4-0)a Detroit 59, 1958 New York Giants (9-3-0)a Baltimore Colts (9-3-0) Baltimore 23 1959 New York Giants (10-2-0) Baltimore Colts (9-3-0) Baltimore 31 1960 Philadelphia Eagles (10-2-0) Green Bay Packers (8-4-0) Philadelphia 1961 New York Giants (10-3-1) Green Bay Packers (11-3-0) Green Bay 37 1962 New York Giants (12-2-0) Green Bay Packers (13-1-0) Green Bay 16 1963 New York Giants (11-3-0) Chicago Bears (11-1-2) Chicago 14, 1964 Cleveland Browns (10-3-1) Baltimore Colts (12-2-0) Cleveland 27 1965 Cleveland Browns (11-3-0) Green Bay Packers (10-3-1)a Green Bay 23 1966 Dallas Cowboys (10-3-1) Green Bay Packers (12-2-0) Green Bay 34 a Won divisional playoff. b Won at 8:15 sudden death overtime period. 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year Conference Division Winner (W-L-T) Playoff 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1967 East Century Cleveland (9-5-0) Dallas 52, Cleveland 14 Capitol Dallas (9-5-0) West Central Green Bay (9-4-1) Green Bay 28, Los Angele Coastal Los Angeles (11-1-2)a Green Bay 21, Dallas 17 1968 East Century Cleveland (10-4-0) Cleveland 31, Dallas 20 Capitol Dallas (12-2-0) West Central Minnesota (8-6-0) Baltimore 24, Minnesota Coastal Baltimore (13-1-0) Baltimore 34, Cleveland 1969 East Century Cleveland (10-3-1) Cleveland 38, Dallas 14 Capitol Dallas (11-2-1) West Central Minnesota (12-2-0) Minnesota 23, Los Angele Coastal Los Angeles (11-3-0) Minnesota 27, Cleveland 1970 American Eastern Baltimore (11-2-1) Baltimore 17, Cincinnati Year Conference Division Winner (W-L-T) Playoff 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1970 American Eastern Baltimore (11-2-1) Baltimore 17, Cincinnati Central Cincinnati (8-6-0) Oakland 21, Miami 14 Western Oakland (8-4-2) Baltimore 27, Oakland 17 National Eastern Dallas (10-4-0) Dallas 5, Detroit 0 Central Minnesota (12-2-0) San Francisco 17, Minnes Western San Francisco (10-3-1) Dallas 17, San Francisco 1971 American Eastern Miami (10-3-1) Miami 27, Kansas City 24 Central Cleveland (9-5-0) Baltimore 20, Cleveland Western Kansas City (10-3-1) Miami 21, Baltimore 0 National Eastern Dallas (11-3-0) Dallas 20, Minnesota 12 Central Minnesota (11-3-0) San Francisco 24, Washin Western San Francisco (9-5-0) Dallas 14, San Francisco 1972 American Eastern Miami (14-0-0) Miami 20, Cleveland 14 Central Pittsburgh (11-3-0) Pittsburgh 13, Oakland 7 Western Oakland (10-3-1) Miami 21, Pittsburgh 17 National Eastern Washington (11-3-0) Washington 16, Green Bay Central Green Bay (10-4-0) Dallas 30, San Francisco Western San Francisco (8-5-1) Washington 26, Dallas 3 1973 American Eastern Miami (12-2-0) Miami 34, Cincinnati 16 Year Conference Division Winner (W-L-T) Playoff 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1973 American Eastern Miami (12-2-0) Miami 34, Cincinnati 16 Central Cincinnati (10-4-0) Oakland 33, Pittsburgh 1 Western Oakland (9-4-1) Miami 27, Oakland 10 National Eastern Dallas (10-4-0) Dallas 27, Los Angeles 1 Central Minnesota (12-2-0) Minnesota 27, Washington Western Los Angeles (12-2-0) Minnesota 27, Dallas 10 1974 American Eastern Miami (11-3-0) Oakland 28, Miami 26 Central Pittsburgh (10-3-1) Pittsburgh 32, Buffalo 1 Western Oakland (12-2-0) Pittsburgh 24, Oakland 1 National Eastern St. Louis (10-4-0) Minnesota 30, St. Louis Central Minnesota (10-4-0) Los Angeles 19, Washingt Western Los Angeles (10-4-0) Minnesota 14, Los Angele 1975 American Eastern Baltimore (10-4-0) Pittsburgh 28, Baltimore Central Pittsburgh (12-2-0) Oakland 31, Cincinnati 2 Western Oakland (11-3-0) Pittsburgh 16, Oakland 1 National Eastern St. Louis (11-3-0) Dallas 17, Minnesota 14 Central Minnesota (12-2-0) Los Angeles 35, St. Loui Western Los Angeles (12-2-0) Dallas 37, Los Angeles 7 1976 American Eastern Baltimore (11-3-0) Pittsburgh 40, Baltimore Year Conference Division Winner (W-L-T) Playoff 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1976 American Eastern Baltimore (11-3-0) Pittsburgh 40, Baltimore Central Pittsburgh (10-4-0) Oakland 24, New England Western Oakland (13-1-0) Oakland 24, Pittsburgh 7 National Eastern Dallas (11-3-0) Minnesota 35, Washington Central Minnesota (11-2-1) Los Angeles 14, Dallas 1 Western Los Angeles (10-3-1) Minnesota 24, Los Angele 1977 American Eastern Baltimore (10-4-0) Oakland 37, Baltimore 31 Central Pittsburgh (9-5-0) Denver 34, Pittsburgh 21 Western Denver (12-2-0) Dallas 37, Chicago 7 National Eastern Dallas (12-2-0) Minnesota 14, Los Angele Central Minnesota (9-5-0) Denver 20, Oakland 17 Western Los Angeles (10-4-0) Dallas 23, Minnesota 6 1978 American Eastern New England (11-5-0) Pittsburgh 33, Denver 10 Central Pittsburgh (14-2-0) Houston 31, New England Western Denver (10-6-0) Pittsburgh 34, Houston 5 National Eastern Dallas (12-4-0) Dallas 27, Atlanta 20 Central Minnesota (8-7-1) Los Angeles 34, Minnesot Western Los Angeles (12-4-0) Dallas 28, Los Angeles 0 1979 American Eastern Miami (10-6-0) Houston 17, San Diego 14 Year Conference Division Winner (W-L-T) Playoff 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1979 American Eastern Miami (10-6-0) Houston 17, San Diego 14 Central Pittsburgh (12-4-0) Pittsburgh 34, Miami 14 Western San Diego (12-4-0) Pittsburgh 27, Houston 1 National Eastern Dallas (11-5-0) Tampa Bay 24, Philadelph Central Tampa Bay (10-6-0) Los Angeles 21, Dallas 1 Western Los Angeles (9-7-0) Los Angeles 9, Tampa Bay 1980 American Eastern Buffalo (11-5-0) San Diego 20, Buffalo 14 Central Cleveland (11-5-0) Oakland 14, Cleveland 12 Western San Diego (11-5-0) Oakland 34, San Diego 27 National Eastern Philadelphia (12-4-0) Philadelphia 31, Minneso Central Minnesota (9-7-0) Dallas 30, Atlanta 27 Western Atlanta (12-4-0) Philadelphia 20, Dallas 1981 American Eastern Miami (11-4-1) San Diego 41, Miami 38 Central Cincinnati (12-4-0) Cincinnati 28, Buffalo 2 Western San Diego (10-6-0) Cincinnati 27, San Diego National Eastern Dallas (12-4-0) Dallas 38, Tampa Bay 0 Central Tampa Bay (9-7-0) San Francisco 38, N.Y. G Western San Francisco (13-3-0) San Francisco 28, Dallas 1982 American American L.A. Raiders (8-1-0) Year Conference Division Winner (W-L-T) Playoff 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1982 American American L.A. Raiders (8-1-0) National National Washington (8-1-0) Strike-shortened season 1983 American Eastern Miami (12-4-0) Seattle 27, Miami 20 Central Pittsburgh (10-6-0) L.A. Raiders 38, Pittsbu Western L.A. Raiders (12-4-0) L.A. Raiders 30, Seattle National Eastern Washington (14-2-0) Washington 51, L.A. Rams Central Detroit (9-7-0) San Francisco 24, Detroi Western San Francisico (10-6-0) Washington 24, San Franc 1984 American Eastern Miami (14-2-0) Miami 31, Seattle 10 Central Pittsburgh (9-7-0) Pittsburgh 24, Denver 17 Western Denver (13-3-0) Miami 45, Pittsburgh 28 National Eastern Washington (11-5-0) Chicago 23, Washington 1 Central Chicago (10-6-0) San Francisco 21, N.Y. G Western San Francisco (15-1-0) San Francisco 23, Chicag 1985 American Eastern Miami (12-4-0) New England 27, L.A. Rai Central Cleveland (8-8-0) Miami 24, Cleveland 21 Western L.A. Raiders (12-4-0) New England 31, Miami 14 National Eastern Dallas (10-6-0) Chicago 21, N.Y. Giants Central Chicago (15-1-0) L.A. Rams 20, Dallas 0 Year Conference Division Winner (W-L-T) Playoff 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Central Chicago (15-1-0) L.A. Rams 20, Dallas 0 Western L.A. Rams (11-5-0) Chicago 24, L.A. Rams 0 1986 American Eastern New England (11-5-0) Denver 22, New England 1 Central Cleveland (12-4-0) Cleveland 23, N.Y. Jets Western Denver (11-5-0) Denver 23, Cleveland 20 National Eastern N.Y. Giants (14-2-0) N.Y. Giants 49, San Fran Central Chicago (14-2-0) Washington 27, Chicago 1 Western San Francisco (10-5-1) N.Y. Giants 17, Washingt 1987 American Eastern Indianapolis (9-6-0) Cleveland 38, Indianapol Central Cleveland (10-5-0) Denver 34, Houston 10 Western Denver (10-4-1) Denver 38, Cleveland 33 National Eastern Washington (11-4-0) Washington 21, Chicago 7 Central Chicago (11-4-0) Minnesota 36, San Franci Western San Francisco (13-2-0) Washington 17, Minnesota 1988 American Eastern Buffalo (12-4-0) Buffalo 17, Houston 10 Central Cincinnati (12-4-0) Cincinnati 21, Seattle 1 Western Seattle (9-7-0) Cincinnati 21, Buffalo 1 National Eastern Philadelphia (10-6-0) Chicago 20, Philadelphia Central Chicago (12-4-0) San Francisco 34, Minnes Year Conference Division Winner (W-L-T) Playoff 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴�  Central Chicago (12-4-0) San Francisco 34, Minnes Western San Francisco (10-6-0) San Francisco 28, Chicag 1989 American Eastern Buffalo (9-7-0) Cleveland 34, Buffalo 30 Central Cleveland (9-6-1) Denver 24, Pittsburgh 23 Western Denver (11-5-0) Denver 37, Cleveland 21 National Eastern N.Y. Giants (12-4-0) San Francisco 41, Minnes Central Minnesota (10-6-0) L.A. Rams 19, N.Y. Giant Western San Francisco (14-2-0) San Francisco 30, L.A. R AFC playoffs--Miami 28, New England 13; L.A. Raiders 27, Cleveland 10; N.Y. Jets 44,Cincinnati 17; San Diego 31, Pittsburgh 28; N.Y. Jets 17, L.A. Raiders 14; Miami 34,San Diego 13; Miami 14, N.Y. Jets 0.NFC playoffs--Washington 31, Detroit 7; Green Bay 41, St. Louis 16; Dallas 30,Tampa Bay 17; Minnesota 30, Atlanta 24; Washington 21, Minnesota 7; Dallas 37,Green Bay 26; Washington 31, Dallas 17. World Almanac/NEA Bert Bell Memorial Trophy Winners 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1964 Charlie Taylor, Washington, WR 1965 Gale Sayers, Chicago, RB 1966 Tommy Nobis, Atlanta, LB 1967 Mel Farr, Detroit, RB 1968 Earl McCullouch, Detroit, WR 1969 Calvin Hill, Dallas, RB 1970 Raymond Chester, Oakland, TE 1971 AFC: Jim Plunkett, New England, QB NFC: John Brockington, Green Bay, RB 1972 AFC: Franco Harris, Pittsburgh, RB NFC:Willie Buchanon, Green Bay, DB 1973 AFC: Boobie Clark, Cincinnati, RB NFC:Chuck Foreman, Minnesota, RB 1974 Don Woods, San Diego, RB 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1974 Don Woods, San Diego, RB 1975 AFC: Robert Brazile, Houston, LB NFC:Steve Bartkowski, Atlanta, QB 1976 AFC: Mike Haynes, New England, CB NFC:Sammy White, Minnesota, WR 1977 Tony Dorsett, Dallas, RB 1978 Earl Campbell, Houston, RB 1979 Ottis Anderson, St. Louis, RB 1980 Billy Sims, Detroit, RB 1981 Lawrence Taylor, N.Y. Giants, LB 1982 Marcus Allen, L.A. Raiders, RB 1983 Eric Dickerson, L.A. Rams, RB 1984 Louis Lipps, Pittsburgh, WR 1985 Eddie Brown, Cincinnati, WR 1986 Rueben Mayes, New Orleans, RB 1987 Bo Jackson, L.A. Raiders, RB 1988 John Stephens, New England, RB 1989 Barry Sanders, Detroit, RB The World Almanac/NEA Bert Bell Memorial Trophy, named after the former NFL commissioner,is awarded annually to the outstanding NFL rookie as chosen by a panel of sports experts. World Almanac/NEA George Halas Trophy Winners 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1966 Larry Wilson, St. Louis 1967 Deacon Jones, Los Angeles 1968 Deacon Jones, Los Angeles 1969 Dick Butkus, Chicago 1970 Dick Butkus, Chicago 1971 Carl Eller, Minnesota 1972 Joe Greene, Pittsburgh 1973 Alan Page, Minnesota 1974 Joe Greene, Pittsburgh 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1974 Joe Greene, Pittsburgh 1975 Curley Culp, Houston 1976 Jerry Sherk, Cleveland 1977 Harvey Martin, Dallas 1978 Randy Gradishar, Denver 1979 Lee Roy Selmon, Tampa Bay 1980 Lester Hayes, Oakland 1981 Joe Klecko, N.Y. Jets 1982 Mark Gastineau, N.Y. Jets 1983 Jack Lambert, Pittsburgh 1984 Mike Haynes, L.A. Raiders 1985 Howie Long, L.A. Raiders Andre Tippett, New England 1986 Lawrence Taylor, N.Y. Giants 1987 Reggie White, Philadelphia 1988 Mike Singletary, Chicago 1989 Tim Harris, Green Bay The World Almanac/NEA Halas Trophy, named after football coach George Halas, is awarded annuallyto the outstanding defensive player in the NFL as chosen by a panel of sports experts. World Almanac/NEA Jim Thorpe Trophy Winners 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1955 Harlon Hill, Chicago Bears 1956 Frank Gifford, N.Y. Giants 1957 John Unitas, Baltimore Colts 1958 Jim Brown, Cleveland Browns 1959 Charley Conerly, N.Y. Giants 1960 Norm Van Brocklin, Philadelphia Eagles 1961 Y.A. Tittle, N.Y. Giants 1962 Jim Taylor, Green Bay Packers 1963 Jim Brown, Cleveland Browns; Y.A. Tittle, N.Y. Giants 1964 Lenny Moore, Baltimore Colts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1964 Lenny Moore, Baltimore Colts 1965 Jim Brown, Cleveland Browns 1966 Bart Starr, Green Bay Packers 1967 John Unitas, Baltimore Colts 1968 Earl Morrall, Baltimore Colts 1969 Roman Gabriel, Los Angeles Rams 1970 John Brodie, San Francisco 49ers 1971 Bob Griese, Miami Dolphins 1972 Larry Brown, Washington Redskins 1973 O.J. Simpson, Buffalo Bills 1974 Ken Stabler, Oakland Raiders 1975 Fran Tarkenton, Minnesota Vikings 1976 Bert Jones, Baltimore Colts 1977 Walter Payton, Chicago Bears 1978 Earl Campbell, Houston Oilers 1979 Earl Campbell, Houston Oilers 1980 Earl Campbell, Houston Oilers 1981 Ken Anderson, Cincinnati Bengals 1982 Dan Fouts, San Diego Chargers 1983 Joe Theismann, Washington Redskins 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1983 Joe Theismann, Washington Redskins 1984 Dan Marino, Miami Dolphins 1985 Walter Payton, Chicago Bears 1986 Phil Simms, N.Y. Giants 1987 Jerry Rice, San Francisco 1988 Roger Craig, San Francisco 1989 Joe Montana, San Francisco The World Almanac/NEA Jim Thorpe Trophy goes to the most valuable player as chosen by theNFL Players Association in 1989. Super Bowl MVPs 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1967 Bart Starr, Green Bay 1968 Bart Starr, Green Bay 1969 Joe Namath, N.Y. Jets 1970 Len Dawson, Kansas City 1971 Chuck Howley, Dallas 1972 Roger Staubach, Dallas 1973 Jake Scott, Miami 1974 Larry Csonka, Miami 1975 Franco Harris, Pittsburgh 1976 Lynn Swann, Pittsburgh 1977 Fred Biletnikoff, Oakland 1978 Randy White, Harvey Martin, Dallas 1979 Terry Bradshaw, Pittsburgh 1980 Terry Bradshaw, Pittsburgh 1981 Jim Plunkett, Oakland 1982 Joe Montana, San Francisco 1983 John Riggins, Washington 1984 Marcus Allen, L.A. Raiders 1985 Joe Montana, San Francisco 1986 Richard Dent, Chicago 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1986 Richard Dent, Chicago 1987 Phil Simms, N.Y. Giants 1988 Doug Williams, Washington 1989 Jerry Rice, San Francisco 1990 Joe Montana, San Francisco American Football League 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year Eastern Division Western Division Playoff 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1960 Houston Oilers (10-4-0) L. A. Chargers (10-4-0) Houston 24, Los 1961 Houston Oilers (10-3-1) San Diego Chargers (12-2-0) Houston 10, San 1962 Houston Oilers (11-3-0) Dallas Texans (11-3-0) Dallas 20, Houst 1963 Boston Patriots (8-6-1)a San Diego Chargers (11-3-0) San Diego 51, Bo Year Eastern Division Western Division Playoff 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1963 Boston Patriots (8-6-1)a San Diego Chargers (11-3-0) San Diego 51, Bo 1964 Buffalo Bills (12-2-0) San Diego Chargers (8-5-1) Buffalo 20, San 1965 Buffalo Bills (10-3-1) San Diego Chargers (9-2-3) Buffalo 23, San 1966 Buffalo Bills (9-4-1) Kansas City Chiefs (11-2-1) Kansas City 31, 1967 Houston Oilers (9-4-1) Oakland Raiders (13-1-0) Oakland 40, Hous 1968 New York Jets (11-3-0) Oakland Raiders (12-2-0)a New York 27, Oak 1969 New York Jets (10-4-0) Oakland Raiders (12-1-1) Kansas City 17, a won divisional playoff b won at 2:45 of second overtime.c Kansas City defeated Jets to make playoffs. National Football Conference Leaders (National Football League, 1960-69) Passing 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player, team Atts Com YG TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1960 Milt Plum, Cleveland 250 151 2,297 21 1961 Milt Plum, Cleveland 302 177 2,416 18 1962 Bart Starr, Green Bay 285 178 2,438 12 1963 Y.A. Tittle, N.Y. Giants 367 221 3,145 36 1964 Bart Starr, Green Bay 272 163 2,144 15 1965 Rudy Bukich, Chicago 312 176 2,641 20 1966 Bart Starr, Green Bay 251 156 2,257 14 1967 Sonny Jurgensen, Washington 508 288 3,747 31 1968 Earl Morrall, Baltimore 317 182 2,909 26 1969 Sonny Jurgensen, Washington 442 274 3,102 22 1970 John Brodie, San Francisco 378 223 2,941 24 1971 Roger Staubach, Dallas 211 126 1,882 15 1972 Norm Snead, N.Y. Giants 325 196 2,307 17 Year Player, team Atts Com YG TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1972 Norm Snead, N.Y. Giants 325 196 2,307 17 1973 Roger Staubach, Dallas 286 179 2,428 23 1974 Sonny Jurgensen, Washington 167 107 1,185 11 1975 Fran Tarkenton, Minnesota 425 273 2,294 25 1976 James Harris, Los Angeles 158 91 1,460 8 1977 Roger Staubach, Dallas 361 210 2,620 18 1978 Roger Staubach, Dallas 413 231 3,190 25 1979 Roger Staubach, Dallas 461 267 3,586 27 1980 Ron Jaworski, Philadelphia 451 257 3,529 27 1981 Joe Montana, San Francisco 488 311 3,565 19 1982 Joe Thiesmann, Washington 252 161 2,033 13 1983 Steve Bartkowski, Atlanta 423 274 3,167 22 1984 Joe Montana, San Francisco 432 279 3,630 28 1985 Joe Montana, San Francisco 494 303 3,653 27 1986 Tommy Kramer, Minnesota 372 208 3,000 24 1987 Joe Montana, San Francisco 398 266 3,054 31 1988 Wade Wilson, Minnesota 332 204 2,746 15 1989 Joe Montana, San Francisco 386 271 3,521 26 Pass-Receiving 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player, team Ct YG TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1960 Raymond Berry, Baltimore 74 1,298 10 1961 Jim Phillips, L.A. Rams 78 1,092 5 1962 Bobby Mitchell, Washington 72 1,384 11 1963 Bobby Joe Conrad, St. Louis 73 967 10 1964 Johnny Morris, Chicago 93 1,200 10 1965 Dave Parks, San Francisco 80 1,344 12 1966 Charley Taylor, Washington 72 1,119 12 1967 Charley Taylor, Washington 70 990 9 1968 Clifton McNeil, San Francisco 71 994 7 Year Player, team Ct YG TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1968 Clifton McNeil, San Francisco 71 994 7 1969 Dan Abramowicz, New Orleans 73 1,015 7 1970 Dick Gordon, Chicago 71 1,026 13 1971 Bob Tucker, Giants 59 791 4 1972 Harold Jackson, Philadelphia 62 1,048 4 1973 Harold Carmichael, Philadelphia 67 1,116 9 1974 Charles Young, Philadelphia 63 696 3 1975 Chuck Foreman, Minnesota 73 691 9 1976 Drew Pearson, Dallas 58 806 6 1977 Ahmad Rashad, Minnesota 51 681 2 1978 Rickey Young, Minnesota 88 704 5 1979 Ahmad Rashad, Minnesota 80 1,156 9 1980 Earl Cooper, San Francisco 83 567 4 1981 Dwight Clark, San Francisco 85 1,105 4 1982 Dwight Clark, San Francisco 60 913 5 1983 Roy Green, St. Louis 78 1,227 14 Charlie Brown, Washington 78 1,225 8 Earnest Gray, N.Y. Giants 78 1,139 5 1984 Art Monk, Washington 106 1,372 7 Year Player, team Ct YG TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1984 Art Monk, Washington 106 1,372 7 1985 Roger Craig, San Francisco 92 1,016 6 1986 Jerry Rice, San Francisco 86 1,570 15 1987 J.T. Smith, St. Louis 91 1,117 8 1988 Henry Ellard, L.A. Rams 86 1,414 10 1989 Sterling Sharpe, Green Bay 90 1,423 12 Scoring 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player, team TD PAT FG Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Year Player, team TD PAT FG Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1960 Paul Hornung, Green Bay 15 41 15 176 1961 Paul Hornung, Green Bay 10 41 15 146 1962 Jim Taylor, Green Bay 19 0 0 114 1963 Don Chandler, N.Y. Giants 0 52 18 106 1964 Lenny Moore, Baltimore 20 0 0 120 1965 Gale Sayers, Chicago 22 0 0 132 1966 Bruce Gossett, L.A. Rams 0 29 28 113 1967 Jim Bakken, St. Louis 0 36 27 117 1968 Leroy Kelly, Cleveland 20 0 0 120 1969 Fred Cox, Minnesota 0 43 26 121 1970 Fred Cox, Minnesota 0 35 30 125 1971 Curt Knight, Washington 0 27 29 114 1972 Chester Marcol, Green Bay 0 29 33 128 1973 David Ray, Los Angeles 0 40 30 130 1974 Chester Marcol, Green Bay 0 19 25 94 1975 Chuck Foreman, Minnesota 22 0 0 132 1976 Mark Moseley, Washington 0 31 22 97 1977 Walter Payton, Chicago 16 0 0 96 1978 Frank Corrall, Los Angeles 0 31 29 118 Year Player, team TD PAT FG Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1978 Frank Corrall, Los Angeles 0 31 29 118 1979 Mark Moseley, Washington 0 39 25 114 1980 Ed Murray, Detroit 0 35 27 116 1981 Ed Murray, Detroit 0 46 25 121 1982 Wendell Tyler, L.A. Rams 13 0 0 78 1983 Mark Moseley, Washington 0 62 33 161 1984 Ray Wersching, San Francisco 0 56 25 131 1985 Kevin Butler, Chicago 0 51 31 144 1986 Kevin Butler, Chicago 0 36 28 120 1987 Jerry Rice, San Francisco 23 0 0 138 1988 Mike Cofer, San Francisco 0 40 27 121 1989 Mike Cofer, San Francisco 0 49 29 136 Rushing 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player, team Yds Atts TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1960 Jim Brown, Cleveland 1,257 215 9 1961 Jim Brown, Cleveland 1,408 305 8 1962 Jim Taylor, Green Bay 1,474 272 19 1963 Jim Brown, Cleveland 1,863 291 12 1964 Jim Brown, Cleveland 1,446 280 7 1965 Jim Brown, Cleveland 1,544 289 17 1966 Gale Sayers, Chicago 1,231 229 8 1967 Leroy Kelly, Cleveland 1,205 235 11 1968 Leroy Kelly, Cleveland 1,239 248 16 1969 Gale Sayers, Chicago 1,032 236 8 1970 Larry Brown, Washington 1,125 237 5 1971 John Brockington, Green Bay 1,105 216 4 1972 Larry Brown, Washington 1,216 285 8 1973 John Brockington, Green Bay 1,144 265 3 1974 Lawrence McCutcheon, Los Angeles 1,109 236 3 Year Player, team Yds Atts TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1974 Lawrence McCutcheon, Los Angeles 1,109 236 3 1975 Jim Otis, St. Louis 1,076 269 5 1976 Walter Payton, Chicago 1,390 311 13 1977 Walter Payton, Chicago 1,852 339 14 1978 Walter Payton, Chicago 1,395 333 11 1979 Walter Payton, Chicago 1,610 369 14 1980 Walter Payton, Chicago 1,460 317 15 1981 George Rogers, New Orleans 1,674 378 13 1982 Tony Dorsett, Dallas 745 177 5 1983 Eric Dickerson, L.A. Rams 1,808 390 18 1984 Eric Dickerson, L.A. Rams 2,105 379 14 1985 Gerald Riggs, Atlanta 1,719 397 10 1986 Eric Dickerson, L.A. Rams 1,821 404 11 1987 Charles White, L.A. Rams 1,374 324 11 1988 Herschel Walker, Dallas 1,514 361 5 1989 Barry Sanders, Detroit 1,470 280 14 American Football Conference Leaders (American Football League, 1960-1969) Passing 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player, team Atts Com YG TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1960 Jack Kemp, Los Angeles 406 211 3,018 20 1961 George Blanda, Houston 362 187 3,330 36 1962 Len Dawson, Dallas 310 189 2,759 29 1963 Tobin Rote, Kansas City 286 170 2,510 20 1964 Len Dawson, Kansas City 354 199 2,879 30 1965 John Hadl, San Diego 348 174 2,798 20 1966 Len Dawson, Kansas City 284 159 2,527 26 Year Player, team Atts Com YG TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1966 Len Dawson, Kansas City 284 159 2,527 26 1967 Daryle Lamonica, Oakland 425 220 3,228 30 1968 Len Dawson, Kansas City 224 131 2,109 17 1969 Greg Cook, Cincinnati 197 106 1,854 15 1970 Daryle Lamonica, Oakland 356 179 2,516 22 1971 Bob Griese, Miami 263 145 2,089 19 1972 Earl Morrall, Miami 150 83 1,360 11 1973 Ken Stabler, Oakland 260 163 1,997 14 1974 Ken Anderson, Cincinnati 328 213 2,667 18 1975 Reggie Rucker, Cleveland 60 770 3 1976 Ken Stabler, Oakland 291 194 2,737 27 1977 Bob Griese, Miami 307 180 2,252 22 1978 Terry Bradshaw, Pittsburgh 368 207 2,915 28 1979 Dan Fouts, San Diego 530 332 4,082 24 1980 Brian Sipe, Cleveland 554 337 4,132 30 1981 Ken Anderson, Cincinnati 479 300 3,754 29 1982 Ken Anderson, Cincinnati 309 218 2,495 12 1983 Dan Marino, Miami 296 173 2,210 20 1984 Dan Marino, Miami 564 362 5,084 48 Year Player, team Atts Com YG TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1984 Dan Marino, Miami 564 362 5,084 48 1985 Ken O'Brien, N.Y. Jets 488 297 3,888 25 1986 Dan Marino, Miami 623 378 4,746 44 1987 Bernie Kosar, Cleveland 389 241 3,033 22 1988 Boomer Esiason, Cincinnati 388 223 3,572 28 1989 Boomer Esiason, Cincinnati 455 258 3,525 28 Pass-Receiving 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player, team Ct YG TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year Player, team Ct YG TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1960 Lionel Taylor, Denver 92 1,235 12 1961 Lionel Taylor, Denver 100 1,176 4 1962 Lionel Taylor, Denver 77 908 4 1963 Lionel Taylor, Denver 78 1,101 10 1964 Charley Hennigan, Houston 101 1,546 8 1965 Lionel Taylor, Denver 85 1,131 6 1966 Lance Alworth, San Diego 73 1,383 13 1967 George Sauer, N.Y. Jets 75 1,189 6 1968 Lance Alworth, San Diego 68 1,312 10 1969 Lance Alworth, San Diego 64 1,003 4 1970 Marlin Briscoe, Buffalo 57 1,036 8 1971 Fred Biletnikoff, Oakland 61 929 9 1972 Fred Biletnikoff, Oakland 58 802 7 1973 Fred Willis, Houston 57 371 1 1974 Lydell Mitchell, Baltimore 72 544 2 1975 Reggie Rucker, Cleveland 60 770 3 Lydell Mitchell, Baltimore 60 554 4 1976 MacArthur Lane, Kansas City 66 686 1 1977 Lydell Mitchell, Baltimore 71 620 4 Year Player, team Ct YG TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1977 Lydell Mitchell, Baltimore 71 620 4 1978 Steve Largent, Seattle 71 1,168 8 1979 Joe Washington, Baltimore 82 750 3 1980 Kellen Winslow, San Diego 89 1,290 9 1981 Kellen Winslow, San Diego 88 1,075 10 1982 Kellen Winslow, San Diego 54 721 6 1983 Todd Christensen, L.A. Raiders 92 1,247 12 1984 Ozzie Newsome, Cleveland 89 1,001 5 1985 Lionel James, San Diego 86 1,027 6 1986 Todd Christensen, L.A. Raiders 95 1,153 8 1987 Al Toon, N.Y. Jets 68 976 5 1988 Al Toon, N.Y. Jets 93 1,067 5 1989 Andre Reed, Buffalo 88 1,312 9 Scoring 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player, team TD PAT FG Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1960 Gene Mingo, Denver 6 33 18 123 1961 Gino Cappelletti, Boston 8 48 17 147 1962 Gene Mingo, Denver 4 32 27 137 1963 Gino Cappelletti, Boston 2 35 22 113 1964 Gino Cappelletti, Boston 7 36 25 155 1965 Gino Cappelletti, Boston 9 27 17 132 1966 Gino Cappelletti, Boston 6 35 16 119 1967 George Blanda, Oakland 0 56 20 116 1968 Jim Turner, N.Y. Jets 0 43 34 145 1969 Jim Turner, N.Y. Jets 0 33 32 129 1970 Jan Stenerud, Kansas City 0 26 30 116 1971 Garo Yepremian, Miami 0 33 28 117 1972 Bobby Howfield, N.Y. Jets 0 40 27 121 1973 Roy Gerela, Pittsburgh 0 36 29 123 Year Player, team TD PAT FG Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1973 Roy Gerela, Pittsburgh 0 36 29 123 1974 Roy Gerela, Pittsburgh 0 33 20 93 1975 O.J. Simpson, Buffalo 23 0 0 138 1976 Toni Linhart, Baltimore 0 49 20 109 1977 Errol Mann, Oakland 0 39 20 99 1978 Pat Leahy, N.Y. Jets 0 41 22 107 1979 John Smith, New England 0 46 23 115 1980 John Smith, New England 0 51 26 129 1981 Jim Breech, Cincinnati 0 49 22 115 1982 Marcus Allen, L.A. Raiders 14 0 0 84 1983 Gary Anderson, Pittsburgh 0 38 27 119 1984 Gary Anderson, Pittsburgh 0 45 24 117 1985 Gary Anderson, Pittsburgh 0 40 33 139 1986 Tony Franklin, New England 0 44 32 140 1987 Jim Breech, Cincinnati 0 25 24 97 1988 Scott Norwood, Buffalo 0 33 32 129 1989 David Treadwell 0 39 27 120 Rushing 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player, team Yds Atts TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1960 Abner Haynes, Dallas 875 156 9 1961 Billy Cannon, Houston 948 200 6 1962 Cookie Gilchrest, Buffalo 1,096 214 13 1963 Clem Daniels, Oakland 1,099 215 3 1964 Cookie Gilchrest, Buffalo 981 230 6 1965 Paul Lowe, San Diego 1,121 222 7 1966 Jim Nance, Boston 1,458 299 11 1967 Jim Nance, Boston 1,216 269 7 1968 Paul Robinson, Cincinnati 1,023 238 8 1969 Dick Post, San Diego 873 182 6 Year Player, team Yds Atts TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1969 Dick Post, San Diego 873 182 6 1970 Floyd Little, Denver 901 209 3 1971 Floyd Little, Denver 1,133 284 6 1972 O.J. Simpson, Buffalo 1,251 292 6 1973 O.J. Simpson, Buffalo 2,003 332 12 1974 Otis Armstrong, Denver 1,407 263 9 1975 O.J. Simpson, Buffalo 1,817 329 16 1976 O.J. Simpson, Buffalo 1,503 290 8 1977 Mark van Eeghen, Oakland 1,273 324 7 1978 Earl Campbell, Houston 1,450 302 13 1979 Earl Campbell, Houston 1,697 368 19 1980 Earl Campbell, Houston 1,934 373 13 1981 Earl Campbell, Houston 1,376 361 10 1982 Freeman McNeil, N.Y. Jets 786 151 6 1983 Curt Warner, Seattle 1,446 335 13 1984 Earnest Jackson, San Diego 1,179 296 8 1985 Marcus Allen, L.A. Raiders 1,759 380 11 1986 Curt Warner, Seattle 1,481 319 13 1987 Eric Dickerson, L.A. Rams, Indianapolis 1,288* 2836 Year Player, team Yds Atts TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1987 Eric Dickerson, L.A. Rams, Indianapolis 1,288* 2836 1988 Eric Dickerson, Indianapolis 1,659 388 14 1989 Christian Okoye, Kansas City 1,480 370 12 *1,011 AFC yards led conference. World Almanac/NEA All-Pro Team in 1989 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 First team Offense Second team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Jerry Rice, San Francisco Wide receiver Andre Reed, Buffalo Sterling Sharpe, Green Bay Wide receiver Mark Carrier, Tampa Bay First team Offense Second team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Sterling Sharpe, Green Bay Wide receiver Mark Carrier, Tampa Bay Rodney Holman, Cincinnati Tight end Steve Jordan, Minnesota Anthony Munoz, Cincinnati Tackle Lomas Brown, Detroit Jackie Slater, L.A. Rams Tackle Chris Hinton, Indianapolis Rich Moran, Green Bay Guard Bruce Matthews Houston Mike Munchak, Houston Guard Tom Newberry, L.A. Rams Jay Hilgenberg, Chicago Center Keith Loudermilk, Minnesota Joe Montana, San Francisco Quarterback Jim Everett, L.A. Rams Christian Okoye, Kansas Running back Barry Sanders, Detroit City First team Offense Second team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 City Thurman Thomas, Buffalo Running back Dalton Hilliard, New Orleans Mike Cofer, San Francisco Placekicker Mike Lansford, L.A. Rams Reggie White, Philadelphia End Bruce Smith, Buffalo Chris Doleman, Minnesota End Howie Long, L.A. Raiders Michael Dean Perry, Nose tackle Jerry Ball, Detroit Cleveland Keith Millard, Minnesota Tackle Jerome Brown, Philadelphia Vaughn Johnson, New Inside linebacker Billy Ray Smith, San Diego Orleans First team Offense Second team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Karl Mecklenburg, Denver Inside linebacker Michael Walter, San Francisco Tim Harris, Green Bay Outside Linebacker Pat Swilling, New Orleans Kevin Greene, L.A. Rams Outside linebacker Lawrence Taylor, N.Y. Giants Albert Lewis, Kansas City Cornerback Eric Allen, Philadelphia Mark Collins, N.Y. Giants Cornerback Frank Minnifield, Cleveland Joey Browner, Minnesota Safety Erik McMillan, N.Y. Jets Tim McDonald, Phoenix Safety David Fulcher, Cincinnati Greg Montgomery, Houston Punter Reggie Roby, Miami First team Offense Second team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Greg Montgomery, Houston Punter Reggie Roby, Miami Chosen by a panel of sports experts representing the World Almanac, its co-sponsoring newspapers,and its publisher, Newspaper Enterprise Assn. 1989 NFL Individual Leaders National Football Conference Passing 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴� Att Comp Pct comp Yards Avg gain TD Pc 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Joe Montana, San Francisco 386 271 70.2 3521 9.12 26 6. Jim Everett, L.A. Rams 518 304 58.7 4310 8.32 29 5. Mark Rypien, Washington 476 280 58.8 3768 7.92 22 4. Bobby Hebert, New Orleans 353 222 62.9 2686 7.61 15 4. Don Majkowski, Green Bay 599 353 58.9 4318 7.21 27 4. Phil Simms, N.Y. Giants 405 228 56.3 3061 7.56 14 3. Chris Miller, Atlanta 526 280 53.2 3459 6.58 16 3. Randall Cunningham,Philadelphia 532 290 54.5 3400 6.39 21 3. Wade Wilson, Minnesota 362 194 53.6 2543 7.02 9 2. Gary Hogeboom, Phoenix 364 204 56.0 2591 7.12 14 3. Rushing 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Att Yds Avg TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Barry Sanders, Detroit 280 1470 5.3 14 Neal Anderson, Chicago 274 1275 4.7 11 Dalton Hilliard, New Orleans 344 1262 3.7 13 Greg Bell, L.A. Rams 272 1137 4.2 15 Roger Craig, San Francisco 271 1054 3.9 6 Ottis Anderson, N.Y. Giants 325 1023 3.1 14 Herschel Walker, Dall.-Minn. 250 915 3.7 7 Gerald Riggs, Washington 201 834 4.1 4 Brent Fullwood, Green Bay 204 821 4.0 5 John Settle, Atlanta 179 689 3.8 3 Pass Receiving 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 No Yds Avg TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Sterling Sharpe, Green Bay 90 1423 15.8 12 Mark Carrier, Tampa Bay 86 1422 16.5 9 Art Monk, Washington 86 1186 13.8 8 Jerry Rice, San Francisco 82 1483 18.1 17 Ricky Sanders, Washington 80 1138 14.2 4 Gary Clark, Washington 79 1229 15.6 9 Tom Rathman, San Francisco 73 616 8.4 1 Henry Ellard, L.A. Rams 70 1382 19.7 8 Richard Johnson, Detroit 70 1091 15.6 8 Eric Martin, New Orleans 68 1090 16.0 8 Scoring-Touchdowns 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 TD Rush Pass Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dalton Hilliard, New Orleans 18 13 5 108 Jerry Rice, San Francisco 17 0 17 102 Neal Anderson, Chicago 15 11 4 90 Greg Bell, L.A. Rams 15 15 0 90 Ottis Anderson, N.Y. Giants 14 14 0 84 Barry Sanders, Detroit 14 14 0 84 *Sterling Sharpe, Green Bay 13 0 12 78 Cris Carter, Philadelphia 11 0 11 66 John Taylor, San Francisco 10 0 10 60 *Herschel Walker, Dall.-Minn. 10 7 2 60 *One TD via return. Scoring-Kicking 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 XP XPA FG FGA Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mike Cofer, San Francisco 49 51 29 36 136 Chris Lohmiller, Washington 41 41 29 40 128 Rich Karlis, Minnesota 27 28 31 39 120 Mike Lansford, L.A. Rams 51 51 23 30 120 Chris Jacke, Green Bay 42 42 22 28 108 Morten Andersen, N.O. 44 45 20 29 104 Donald Igwebuike, Tampa Bay 33 35 22 28 99 Eddie Murray, Detroit 36 36 20 21 96 Greg Davis, N.E.-Atlanta 25 28 23 34 94 Kevin Butler, Chicago 43 45 15 19 88 XP XPA FG FGA Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Kevin Butler, Chicago 43 45 15 19 88 Interceptions 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 No Yds Long TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Eric Allen, Philadelphia 8 38 18 0 Tim McDonald, Phoenix 7 170 53 1 Jerry Holmes, Detroit 6 77 36 1 Harry Hamilton, Tampa Bay 6 70 30 0 Dave Waymer, New Orleans 6 66 42 0 Jerry Gray, L.A. Rams 6 48 27 1 No Yds Long TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jerry Gray, L.A. Rams 6 48 27 1 Kickoff Returns 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 No Yds Avg TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mel Gray, Detroit 24 640 26.7 0 James Dixon, Dallas 47 1181 25.1 1 Joe Howard, Washington 21 522 24.9 1 Dennis Gentry, Chicago 28 667 23.8 0 Dave Meggett, N.Y. Giants 27 577 21.4 0 Thomas Sanders, Chicago 23 491 21.3 1 No Yds Avg TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Thomas Sanders, Chicago 23 491 21.3 1 A.J. Johnson, Washington 24 504 21.0 0 Deion Sanders, Atlanta 35 725 20.7 0 Ron Brown, L.A. Rams 47 968 20.6 0 Vai Sikahema, Phoenix 43 874 20.3 0 Punt Returns 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 No Yds Avg TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Walter Stanley, Detroit 36 496 13.8 0 Dave Meggett, N.Y. Giants 46 582 12.7 1 No Yds Avg TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Dave Meggett, N.Y. Giants 46 582 12.7 1 Vai Sikahema, Phoenix 37 433 11.7 0 John Taylor, San Francisco 36 417 11.6 0 Willie Drewrey, Tampa Bay 20 220 11.0 0 Deion Sanders, Atlanta 28 307 11.0 1 Leo Lewis, Minnesota 44 446 10.1 0 Joe Howard, Washington 21 200 9.5 0 Darryl Henley, L.A. Rams 29 273 9.4 0 Gizmo Williams, Philadelphia 30 267 8.9 0 Punters 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 No Yds Avg Long 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rich Camarillo, Phoenix 76 3298 43.4 58 Jim Arnold, Detroit 82 3538 43.1 64 Sean Landeta, N.Y. Giants 70 3019 43.1 71 Ralf Mojsiejenko, Washington 62 2663 43.0 74 Scott Fulhage, Atlanta 84 3472 41.3 65 Mike Saxon, Dallas 79 3233 40.9 56 Don Bracken, Green Bay 66 2682 40.6 63 Barry Helton, San Francisco 55 2226 40.5 56 Bucky Scribner, Minnesota 72 2864 39.8 55 Tommy Barnhardt, New Orleans 55 2179 39.6 56 Sacks 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 No 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Doleman, Chris, Minnesota 21 Harris, Tim, Green Bay 191/2 Millard, Keith, Minnesota 18 Greene, Kevin, L.A. Rams 161/2 Swilling, Pat, New Orleans 161/2 Simmons, Clyde, Philadelphia 151/2 Taylor, Lawrence, N.Y. Giants 15 Jeffcoat, Jim, Dallas 12 Noga, Al, Minnesota 111/2 White, Reggie, Philadelphia 11 American Football Conference Passing 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴코컴컴� Att Comp Pct comp Yards Avg gain TD Pct TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Boomer Esiason, Cincinnati 455 258 56.7 3525 7.75 28 6.2 Warren Moon, Houston 464 280 60.3 3631 7.83 23 5.0 Jim Kelly, Buffalo 391 228 58.3 3130 8.01 25 6.4 Bernie Kosar, Cleveland 513 303 59.1 3533 6.89 18 3.5 Dan Marino, Miami 550 308 56.0 3997 7.27 24 4.4 Steve DeBerg, Kansas City 324 196 60.5 2529 7.81 11 3.4 Dave Krieg, Seattle 499 286 57.3 3309 6.63 21 4.2 Ken O'Brien, N.Y. Jets 477 288 60.4 3346 7.01 12 2.5 John Elway, Denver 416 223 53.6 3051 7.33 18 4.3 Jim McMahon, San Diego 318 176 55.3 2132 6.70 10 3.1 Rushing 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Att Yds Avg TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Christian Okoye, Kansas City 370 1480 4.0 12 Eric Dickerson, Indianapolis 314 1311 4.2 7 Thurman Thomas, Buffalo 298 1244 4.2 6 James Brooks, Cincinnati 221 1239 5.6 7 Bobby Humphrey, Denver 294 1151 3.9 7 Bo Jackson, L.A. Raiders 173 950 5.5 4 John Stephens, New England 244 833 3.4 7 Tim Worley, Pittsburgh 195 770 3.9 5 Johnny Hector, N.Y. Jets 177 702 4.0 3 Marion Butts, San Diego 170 683 4.0 9 Pass Receiving 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 No Yds Avg TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Andre Reed, Buffalo 88 1312 14.9 9 Brian Blades, Seattle 77 1063 13.8 5 Vance Johnson, Denver 76 1095 14.4 7 John L. Williams, Seattle 76 657 8.6 6 Anthony Miller, San Diego 75 1252 16.7 10 Drew Hill, Drew, Houston 66 938 14.2 8 Webster Slaughter, Cleveland 65 1236 19.0 6 Tim McGee, Cincinnati 65 1211 18.6 8 Mark Clayton, Miami 64 1011 15.8 9 Bill Brooks, Indianapolis 63 919 14.6 4 No Yds Avg TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Bill Brooks, Indianapolis 63 919 14.6 4 Scoring-Touchdowns 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 TD Rush Pass Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Christian Okoye, Kansas City 12 12 0 72 Thurman Thomas, Buffalo 12 6 6 72 *Anthony Miller, San Diego 11 0 10 66 Eric Metcalf, Cleveland 10 6 4 60 James Brooks, Cincinnati 9 7 2 54 Marion Butts, San Diego 9 9 0 54 TD Rush Pass Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Marion Butts, San Diego 9 9 0 54 Mark Clayton, Miami 9 0 9 54 Mervyn Fernandez, L.A. Raiders 9 0 9 54 Rodney Holman, Cincinnati 9 0 9 54 Andre Reed, Buffalo 9 0 9 54 *One TD via return. Scoring-Kicking 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 XP XPA FG FGA Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� XP XPA FG FGA Pts 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� David Treadwell, Denver 39 40 27 33 120 Scott Norwood, Buffalo 46 47 23 30 115 Tony Zendejas, Houston 40 40 25 37 115 Nick Lowery, Kansas City 34 35 24 33 106 Jeff Jaeger, L.A. Raiders 34 34 23 34 103 Pete Stoyanovich, Miami 38 39 19 26 95 Dean Biasucci, Indianapolis 31 32 21 27 94 Gary Anderson, Pittsburgh 28 28 21 30 91 Matt Bahr, Cleveland 40 40 16 24 88 Chris Bahr, San Diego 29 30 17 25 80 Interceptions 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 No Yds Long TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Felix Wright, Cleveland 9 91 27 1 David Fulcher, Cincinnati 8 87 22 0 Keith Taylor, Indianapolis 7 225 80 1 Gill Byrd, San Diego 7 38 22 0 Erik McMillan, N.Y. Jets 6 180 92 1 Tyrone Braxton, Denver 6 103 34 1 Kickoff Returns 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 No Yds Avg TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� No Yds Avg TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rod Woodson, Pittsburgh 36 982 27.3 1 Marc Logan, Miami 24 613 25.5 1 Anthony Miller, San Diego 21 533 25.4 1 Sammy Martin, New England 24 584 24.3 0 James Jefferson, Seattle 22 511 23.2 1 Eric Metcalf, Cleveland 31 718 23.2 0 Stanford Jennings, Cincinnati 26 525 20.2 0 Ken Bell, Denver 30 602 20.1 0 Stefon Adams, L.A. Raiders 22 425 19.3 0 JoJo Townsell, N.Y. Jets 34 653 19.2 0 Punt Returns 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 No Yds Avg TD 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Clarence Verdin, Indianapolis 23 296 12.9 1 Gerald McNeil, Cleveland 49 496 10.1 0 JoJo Townsell, N.Y. Jets 33 299 9.1 0 Mickey Sutton, G.B.-Buffalo 31 273 8.8 0 Rod Woodson, Pittsburgh 29 207 7.1 0 Ken Bell, Denver 21 143 6.8 0 Punters 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 No Yds Avg Long 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� No Yds Avg Long 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Greg Montgomery, Houston 56 2422 43.3 63 Rohn Stark, Indianapolis 79 3392 42.9 64 Reggie Roby, Miami 58 2458 42.4 58 Harry Newsome, Pittsburgh 82 3368 41.1 57 Jeff Gossett, L.A. Raiders 67 2711 40.5 60 Mike Horan, Denver 77 3111 40.4 63 Kelly Goodburn, Kansas City 67 2688 40.1 54 Hank Ilesic, San Diego 76 3049 40.1 64 Lee Johnson, Cincinnati 61 2446 40.1 62 Ruben Rodriguez, Seattle 75 2995 39.9 59 Sacks 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 No. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Williams, Lee, San Diego 14 Smith, Bruce, Buffalo 13 O'Neal, Leslie, San Diego 121/2 Fletcher, Simon, Denver 12 Porter, Rufus, Seattle 101/2 Townsend, Greg, L.A. Raiders 101/2 Cross, Jeff, Miami 10 Grossman, Burt, San Diego 10 Hand, Jon, Indianapolis 10 Thomas, Derrick, Kansas City 10 All-Time Professional Football Records NFL, AFL, and All-American Football Conference (at start of 1990 season) Leading Lifetime Rushers 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Player League Yrs Att Yards Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Walter Payton NFL 13 3,838 16,726 4.4 Tony Dorsett NFL 12 2,936 12,739 4.3 Jim Brown NFL 9 2,359 12,312 5.2 Franco Harris NFL 13 2,949 12,120 4.1 John Riggins NFL 14 2,916 11,352 3.9 O.J. Simpson AFL-NFL 11 2,404 11,236 4.7 Eric Dickerson NFL 6 2,136 9,915 4.6 Joe Perry AAFC-NFL 16 1,929 9,723 5.0 Earl Campbell NFL 8 2,187 9,407 4.3 O.J. Anderson NFL 11 2,274 9,317 4.1 Jim Taylor NFL 10 1,941 8,597 4.4 Player League Yrs Att Yards Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Jim Taylor NFL 10 1,941 8,597 4.4 Larry Csonka AFL-NFL 11 1,891 8,081 4.3 Gerald Riggs NFL 8 1,788 7,465 4.2 Mike Pruitt NFL 11 1,844 7,378 4.0 Marcus Allen NFL 8 1,781 7,275 4.1 Leroy Kelly NFL 10 1,727 7,274 4.2 George Rogers NFL 7 1,692 7,176 4.2 Freeman McNeil NFL 9 1,605 7,146 4.5 John Henry Johnson NFL-AFL 13 1,571 6,803 4.3 Wilbert Montgomery NFL 9 1,540 6,789 4.4 Most Yards Gained, Season -- 2,105, Eric Dickerson, Los Angeles Rams, 1984. Most Yards Gained, Game -- 275, Walter Payton, Chicago Bears vs. Minnesota Vikings, Nov. 20, 1977. Most Games, 100 Yards or more, Season -- 12, Eric Dickerson, Los Angeles Rams, 1984. Most Games, 100 Yards or more, Career -- 77, Walter Payton, Chicago Bears, 1975-87. Most Touchdowns Rushing, Career -- 110, Walter Payton, Chicago Bears, 1975-1987. Most Touchdowns Rushing, Season -- 24, John Riggins, Washington Redskins, 1983. Most Touchdowns Rushing, Game -- 6, Ernie Nevers, Chicago Cardinals vs. Chicago Bears, Nov. 8, 1929. Most Rushing Attempts, Season -- 407, James Wilder, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, 1984. Most Rushing Attempts, Game -- 45, Jamie Morris, Washington Redskins vs. Cincinnati Bengals, Dec. 17, 1988. Longest run from Scrimmage -- 99 yds., Tony Dorsett, Dallas vs. Minnesota, Jan. 3, 1983 (scored touchdown). Leading Lifetime Passers (Minimum 1,500 attempts) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Player League Yrs Att Comp Yds Pts* 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Joe Montana NFL 11 4,059 2,593 31,054 94.0 Dan Marino NFL 7 3,650 2,174 27,853 89.3 Otto Graham AAFC-NFL 10 2,626 1,464 23,584 86.6 Boomer Esiason NFL 6 2,285 1,296 18,350 87.3 Dave Krieg NFL 10 2,843 1,644 20,858 83.7 Roger Staubach NFL 11 2,958 1,685 22,700 83.4 Bernie Kosar NFL 5 1,940 1,134 13,888 83.4 Ken O'Brien NFL 6 2,467 1,471 17,589 83.0 Jim Kelly NFL 4 1,742 1,032 12,901 82.7 Neil Lomax NFL 8 3,153 1,817 22,771 82.7 Sonny Jurgensen NFL 18 4,262 2,433 32,224 82.6 Len Dawson NFL-AFL 19 3,741 2,136 28,711 82.6 Ken Anderson NFL 16 4,475 2,654 32,838 81.9 Danny White NFL 13 2,950 1,761 21,959 81.7 Bart Starr NFL 16 3,149 1,808 24,718 80.5 Fran Tarkenton NFL 18 6,467 3,686 47,003 80.4 Tony Eason NFL 7 1,536 898 10,987 80.3 Dan Fouts NFL 15 5,604 3,294 43,040 80.2 Jim McMahon NFL 8 1,831 1,050 13,335 79.2 Player League Yrs Att Comp Yds Pts* 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jim McMahon NFL 8 1,831 1,050 13,335 79.2 Johnny Unitas NFL 18 5,186 2,830 40,239 78.2 Bert Jones NFL 10 2,551 1,430 18,190 78.2 *Rating points based on performances in the following categories: Percentage of completions, percentage of touchdown passes, percentage of interceptions, and average gain per pass attempt. -- 5,084, Dan Marino, Miami Dolphins, 1984. -- 554, Norm Van Brocklin, Los Angeles Rams vs. New York Yankees, Sept. 18, 1951 (27 completions in 41 attempts). -- 342, Fran Tarkenton, Minnesota Vikings, 1961-66; N.Y. Giants, 1967-71; Vikings, 1972-78. -- 48, Dan Marino, Miami Dolphins, 1984. -- 7, Sid Luckman, Chicago Bears vs. New York Giants, Nov. 14, 1943; Adrian Burk, Philadelphia Eagles vs. Washington Redskins, Oct. 17, 1954; George Blanda, Houston Oilers vs. New York Titans, Nov. 19, 1961; Y.A. Tittle, New York Giants vs. Washington Redskins, Oct. 28, 1962; Joe Kapp, Minnesota Vikings vs. Baltimore Colts, Sept. 28, 1969. -- 623, Dan Marino, Miami Dolphins, 1986. -- 68, George Blanda, Houston Oilers vs. Buffalo Bills, Nov. 1, 1964 (37 completions). -- 378, Dan Marino, Miami Dolphins, 1986. -- 42, Richard Todd, N.Y. Jets vs. San Francisco 49ers, Sept. 21, 1980. -- 22, Joe Montana, S. F. vs. Cleveland, (5), Nov. 29, & Green Bay (17), Dec. 6, 1987. -- 47, John Unitas, Baltimore Colts, 1956-1960. Leading Lifetime Receivers 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Player League Yrs No Yds Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Steve Largent NFL 14 819 13,089 16.0 Charlie Joiner NFL 18 750 12,146 16.2 Art Monk NFL 10 662 9,165 13.8 Player League Yrs No Yds Avg 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Art Monk NFL 10 662 9,165 13.8 Charley Taylor NFL 13 649 9,110 14.0 Ozzie Newsome NFL 12 639 7,740 12.1 Don Maynard AFL-NFL 15 633 11,834 18.7 Raymond Berry NFL 13 631 9,275 14.7 James Lofton NFL 12 607 11,251 18.5 Harold Carmichael NFL 14 590 8,985 15.2 Fred Biletnikoff AFL-NFL 14 589 8,974 15.2 Harold Jackson NFL 16 579 10,372 17.9 Lionel Taylor AFL 10 567 7,195 12.7 Wes Chandler NFL 11 559 8,966 16.0 Lance Alworth AFL-NFL 11 542 10,266 18.9 Kellen Winslow NFL 9 541 6,741 12.5 John Stallworth NFL 14 537 8,723 16.2 Stanley Morgan NFL 13 534 10,352 19.4 J.T. Smith NFL 12 526 6,749 12.8 Bobby Mitchell NFL 11 521 7,954 15.3 Nat Moore NFL 13 510 7,546 14.8 -- 1,746, Charley Hennigan, Houston Oilers, 1961. -- 336, Willie Anderson, L.A. Rams vs. New Orleans, Nov. 26, 1989. -- 106, Art Monk, Washington Redskins, 1984. -- 18, Tom Fears, Los Angeles Rams vs. Green Bay Packers, Dec. 3, 1950 (189 yards). -- 177, Steve Largent, Seattle Seahawks, 1976-1989. -- 100, Steve Largent, Seattle Seahawks, 1976-1989. -- 22, Jerry Rice, San Francisco 49ers, 1987. -- 5, Bob Shaw, Chicago Cardinals vs. Baltimore Colts, Oct. 2, 1950; Kellen Winslow, San Diego vs. Oakland, Nov. 22, 1981. Leading Lifetime Scorers 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Player League Yrs TD PAT FG Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Player League Yrs TD PAT FG Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� George Blanda NFL-AFL 26 9 943 335 2,002 Jan Stenerud AFL-NFL 19 0 580 373 1,699 Lou Groza AAFC-NFL 21 1 810 264 1,608 Jim Turner AFL-NFL 16 1 521 304 1,439 Mark Moseley NFL 16 0 482 300 1,382 Jim Bakken NFL 17 0 534 282 1,380 Fred Cox NFL 15 0 519 282 1,365 Pat Leahy NFL 16 0 496 255 1,261 Chris Bahr NFL 14 0 490 241 1,213 Gino Cappelletti AFL 11 42 350 176 1,130 Ray Wersching NFL 15 0 456 222 1,122 Don Cockroft NFL 13 0 432 216 1,080 Garo Yepremian AFL-NFL 14 0 444 210 1,074 Bruce Gossett NFL 11 0 374 219 1,031 Nick Lowery NFL 11 0 338 225 1,013 Sam Baker NFL 15 2 428 179 977 Jim Breech NFL 11 0 418 184 970 Rafael Septien NFL 10 0 420 180 960 Lou Michaels NFL 13 1 386 187 955* Player League Yrs TD PAT FG Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lou Michaels NFL 13 1 386 187 955* Eddie Murray 10 0 307 212 943 *Includes safety. -- 176, Paul Hornung, Green Bay Packers, 1960(15 TD's, 41 PAT's, 15 FG's). -- 40, Ernie Nevers, Chicago Cardinals vs. Chicago Bears, Nov. 28, 1929(6 TD's, 4 PAT's). -- 24, John Riggins, Washington Redskins, 1984 (24 rushing). -- 6, Ernie Nevers, Chicago Cardinals vs. Chicago Bears, Nov. 28, 1929(6 rushing); Dub Jones, Cleveland Browns vs. Chicago Bears, Nov. 25, 1951(4 rushing, 2 pass receptions); Gale Sayers, Chicago Bears vs. San Francisco 49ers,Dec. 12, 1965 (4 rushing, 1 pass reception, 1 punt return). -- 66, Uwe von Schamann, Miami Dolphins, 1984. -- 234, Tommy Davis, San Francisco 49ers, 1959-1969. -- 7, Jim Bakken, St. Louis Cardinals vs. Pittsburgh Steelers,Sept. 24, 1967; Rich Karlis, Minn. Vikings vs. L.A. Rams, Nov. 5, 1989. -- 35, Ali Haji-Sheikh, N.Y. Giants, 1983. -- 49, Bruce Gossett, Los Angeles Rams, 1966;Curt Knight, Washington Redskins, 1971. -- 9, Jim Bakken, St. Louis Cardinals vs. PittsburghSteelers, Sept. 24, 1967 (7 successful). -- 24, Kevin Butler, Chicago Bears, 1988-1989. -- 31, Fred Cox, Minnesota Vikings, 1968-1970. -- 63 yds., Tom Dempsey, New Orleans Saints vs. Detroit Lions, Nov. 8, 1970. -- 95.24 Mark Moseley,Washington Redskins, 1982; Eddie Murray, Detroit Lions, 1988 & 1989 (20 FG's in 21 attempts). Pass Interceptions Passes Had Intercepted, Game -- 8, Jim Hardy, Chicago Cardinals vs. Philadelphia Eagles, Sept. 24, 1950 (39 attempts) Passes Had Intercepted, Season -- 42, George Blanda, Houston Oilers, 1962 (418 attempts). Passes Had Intercepted, Career -- 277, George Blanda, Chicago Bears, 1949-1958; Houston Oilers, 1960-1966; Oakland Raiders, 1967-1975 (4,000 attempts). Consecutive Passes Attempted Without Interception -- 294, Bart Starr, Green Bay Packers, 1964-1965. Interceptions By, Season -- 14, Dick Lane, Los Angeles Rams, 1952. Interceptions By, Career -- 81, Paul Krause, Washington Redskins, 1964-67; Minnesota Vikings, 1968-79. Consecutive Games, Passes Intercepted By -- 8, Tom Morrow, Oakland Raiders, 1962 (4), 1963 (4). Punting Punts, Game -- 15, John Teltschick, Philadelphia Eagles vs. N.Y. Giants, Dec. 6, 1987. Punts, Career -- 1,154, Dave Jennings, N.Y. Giants, 1974-1984; N.Y. Jets, 1985-1987. Punts, Season -- 114, Bob Parsons, Chicago Bears, 1981. Highest Punting Average, Season (20 punts) -- 51.40, Sam Baugh, Washington Redskins, 1940 (35 punts). Longest Punt -- 98 yds., Steve O'Neal, New York Jets vs. Denver Broncos, Sept. 21, 1969. Kickoff Returns Yardage Returning Kickoffs, Career -- 6,922, Ron Smith, Chicago Bears, 1965; Atlanta Falcons, 1966-67; Los Angeles Rams, 1968-69; Chicago Bears, 1970-72; San Diego Chargers, 1973; Oakland Raiders, 1974. Yardage Returning Kickoffs, Season -- 1,345, Buster Rhymes, Minnesota Vikings, 1985. Yardage Returning Kickoffs, Game -- 294, Wally Triplett, Detroit Lions vs. Los Angeles Rams, Oct. 29, 1950 (4 returns). Touchdowns Scored via Kickoff Returns, Career -- 6, Ollie Matson, Chicago Cardinals, 1952 (2), 1954, 1956, 1958 (2); Gale Sayers, Chicago Bears, 1965, 1966 (2), 1967 (3); Travis Williams, Green Bay Packers, 1967 (4), 1969; Los Angeles Rams, 1971. Touchdowns Scored via Kickoff Returns, Game -- 2, Tim Brown, Philadelphia Eagles vs. Dallas Cowboys, Nov. 6, 1966; Travis Williams, Green Bay Packers vs. Cleveland Browns, Nov. 12, 1967; Ron Brown, Los Angeles Rams vs. Green Bay Packers, Nov. 24, 1985. Kickoff Returns, Career -- 275, Ron Smith, Chicago Bears, 1965; Atlanta Falcons, 1966-67; Los Angeles Rams, 1968-69; Chicago Bears, 1970-72; San Diego Chargers, 1973; Oakland Raiders, 1974. Kickoff Returns, Season -- 60, Drew Hill, Los Angeles Rams, 1981. Longest Kickoff Return -- 106 yds., Al Carmichael, Green Bay Packers vs. Chicago Bears, October 7, 1956; Noland Smith, Kansas City vs. Denver, Dec. 17, 1967; Roy Green, St. Louis Cardinals vs. Dallas Cowboys, Oct. 21, 1979 (all scored TD). Punt Returns Yardage Returning Punts, Career -- 3,317, Billy Johnson, Houston, 1974-80, Atlanta, 1982-87, Washington, 1988. Yardage Returning Punts, Season -- 692, Fulton Walker, Miami-L.A. Raiders, 1985. Yardage Returning Punts, Game -- 207, Leroy Irvin, Los Angeles Rams vs. Atlanta Falcons, Oct. 11. 1981. Touchdowns Scored via Punt Returns, Career -- 8, Jack Christiansen, Detroit Lions, 1951-1958; Rick Upchurch, Denver Broncos, 1975-83. Punt Returns, Career -- 282, Billy Johnson, Houston Oilers, 1974-1980; Atlanta Falcons, 1982-1987, Washington, 1988. Punt Returns, Season -- 70, Danny Reece, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, 1979. Miscellaneous Records Fumbles, Season -- 18, Dave Krieg, Seattle Seahawks, 1989. Fumbles, Game -- 7, Len Dawson, Kansas City Chiefs vs. San Diego Chargers, Nov. 15, 1964. Sacks, Career --104, Lawrence Taylor, N.Y. Giants, 1982-89. Sacks, Season --22, Mark Gastineau, N.Y. Jets, 1984. Seasons, Active Player -- 26, George Blanda, Chicago Bears, 1949-1958; Houston Oilers, 1960-1966 and Oakland, 67-75. Consecutive Games Played, Career -- 282, Jim Marshall, Cleveland Browns, 1960; Minnesota Vikings, 1961-1979. Number One NFL Draft Choices, 1936-90 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Team Player, Pos., College 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Year Team Player, Pos., College 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1936 Philadelphia Jay Berwanger, HB, Chicago 1937 Philadelphia Sam Francis, FB, Nebraska 1938 Cleve.Rams Corbett Davis, FB, Indiana 1939 Chi.Cards Ki Aldrich, C, TCU 1940 Chi.Cards George Cafego, HB, Tennessee 1941 Chi.Bears Tom Harmon, HB, Michigan 1942 Pittsburgh Bill Dudley, HB, Virginia 1943 Detroit Frank Sinkwich, HB, Georgia 1944 Boston Yanks Angelo Bertelli, QB, Notre Dame 1945 Chi.Cards Charley Trippi, HB, Georgia 1946 Boston Yanks Frank Dancewicz, QB, NotreDame 1947 Chi.Bears Bob Fenimore, HB, Okla. A&M 1948 Washington Harry Gilmer, QB, Alabama 1949 Philadelphia Chuck Bednarik, C, Penn 1950 Detroit Leon Hart, E, Notre Dame 1951 N.Y. Giants Kyle Rote, HB, SMU 1952 L.A. Rams Bill Wade, QB, Vanderbilt 1953 San Francisco Harry Babcock, E, Georgia 1954 Cleveland Bobby Garrett, QB, Stanford Year Team Player, Pos., College 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1954 Cleveland Bobby Garrett, QB, Stanford 1955 Baltimore George Shaw, QB, Oregon 1956 Pittsburgh Gary Glick, DB, Col. A&M 1957 Green Bay Paul Hornung, QB, Notre Dame 1958 Chi.Cards King Hill, QB, Rice 1959 Green Bay Randy Duncan, QB, Iowa 1960 L.A. Rams Billy Cannon, HB, LSU 1961 Minnesota Tommy Mason, HB, Tulane 1962 Washington Ernie Davis, HB, Syracuse 1963 L.A. Rams Terry Baker, QB, Oregon St. 1964 San Francisco Dave Parks, E, Texas Tech 1965 N.Y. Giants Tucker Frederickson, HB, Auburn 1966 Atlanta Tommy Nobis, LB, Texas 1967 Baltimore Bubba Smith, DT, Michigan St. 1968 Minnesota Ron Yary, T, USC 1969 Buffalo O.J. Simpson, RB, USC 1970 Pittsburgh Terry Bradshaw, QB, La.Tech 1971 New England Jim Plunkett, QB, Stanford 1972 Buffalo Walt Patulski, DE, Notre Dame Year Team Player, Pos., College 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1972 Buffalo Walt Patulski, DE, Notre Dame 1973 Houston John Matuszak, DE, Tampa 1974 Dallas Ed "Too Tall" Jones, Tenn.St. 1975 Atlanta Steve Bartkowski, QB, Cal. 1976 Tampa Bay Lee Roy Selmon, DE, Oklahoma 1977 Tampa Bay Ricky Bell, RB, USC 1978 Houston Earl Campbell, RB, Texas 1979 Buffalo Tom Cousineau, LB, Ohio St. 1980 Detroit Billy Sims, RB, Oklahoma 1981 New Orleans George Rogers, RB, S.Carolina 1982 New England Kenneth Sims, DT, Texas 1983 Baltimore John Elway, QB, Stanford 1984 New England Irving Fryar, WR, Nebraska 1985 Buffalo Bruce Smith, DE, Va.Tech 1986 Tampa Bay Bo Jackson, RB, Auburn 1987 Tampa Bay Vinny Testaverde, QB, Miami,(Fla.) 1988 Atlanta Aundray Bruce, LB, Auburn 1989 Dallas Troy Aikman, QB, UCLA 1990 Indianapolis Jeff George, QB, Illinois Year Team Player, Pos., College 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1990 Indianapolis Jeff George, QB, Illinois First-Round Selections in the 1990 NFL Draft 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Team Player Pos. College 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1--Colts *Jeff George QB Illinois 2--Jets Blair Thomas RB Penn State 3--Seahawks Cortez Kennedy DT Miami 4--Buccaneers *Keith McCants LB Alabama 5--Chargers *Junior Seau LB USC 6--Bears *Mark Carrier DB USC 7--Lions *Andre Ware QB Houston Team Player Pos. College 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 7--Lions *Andre Ware QB Houston 8--Patriots Chris Singleton LB Arizona 9--Dolphins Richmond Webb OT Texas A&M 10--Patriots Ray Agnew DT N.C. State 11--Raiders Anthony Smith DL Arizona 12--Bengals James Francis LB Baylor 13--Chiefs Percy Snow LB Michigan St. 14--Saints Renaldo Turnbull DE West Virginia 15--Oilers *Lamar Lathon LB Houston 16--Bills J.D. Williams DB Fresno St. 17--Cowboys *Emmitt Smith RB Florida 18--Packers Tony Bennett LB Mississippi 19--Packers Darrell Thompson RB Minnesota 20--Falcons Steve Broussard RB Washington St. 21--Steelers Eric Green TE Liberty 22--Eagles Ben Smith DB Georgia 23--Rams Bern Brostek C Washington 24--Giants *Rodney Hampton RB Georgia 25--49ers Dexter Carter RB Florida St. Team Player Pos. College 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 25--49ers Dexter Carter RB Florida St. *Juniors who gave up final year of college eligibility Pro Football Hall of Fame, Canton, Ohio Herb Adderley Lance Alworth Doug Atkins Morris (Red) Badgro Cliff Battles Sammy Baugh Chuck Bednarik Bert Bell Bobby Bell Raymond Berry Charles Bidwell Fred Biletnikoff George Blanda Mel Blount Terry Bradshaw Jim Brown Paul Brown Roosevelt Brown Willie Brown Buck Buchanan Dick Butkus Tony Canadeo Joe Carr Guy Chamberlin Jack Christiansen Dutch Clark George Connor Jim Conzelman Larry Csonka Willie Davis Len Dawson Mike Ditka Art Donovan Paddy Driscoll Bill Dudley Turk Edwards Weeb Ewbank Tom Fears Ray Flaherty Len Ford Dr. Daniel Fortmann Frank Gatski Bill George Frank Gifford Sid Gillman Otto Graham Red Grange Joe Greene Forrest Gregg Bob Griese Lou Groza Joe Guyon George Halas Jack Ham Franco Harris Ed Healey Mel Hein Ted Hendricks Pete Henry Arnold Herber Bill Hewitt Clarke Hinkle Elroy (Crazy Legs) Hirsch Paul Hornung Ken Houston Cal Hubbard Sam Huff Lamar Hunt Don Hutson John Henry Johnson Deacon Jones Sonny Jurgensen Walt Kiesling Frank (Bruiser) Kinard Curly Lambeau Jack Lambert Tom Landry Dick (Night Train) Lane Jim Langer Willie Lanier Yale Lary Dante Lavelli Bobby Layne Tuffy Leemans Bob Lilly Vince Lombardi Sid Luckman Link Lyman Tim Mara Gino Marchetti George Marshall Ollie Matson Don Maynard George McAfee Mike McCormack Hugh McElhenny John (Blood) McNally Mike Michalske Wayne Millner Bobby Mitchell Ron Mix Lenny Moore Marion Motley George Musso Bronko Nagurski Joe Namath Greasy Neale Ernie Nevers Ray Nitschke Leo Nomellini Merlin Olsen Jim Otto Steve Owen Alan Page Clarence (Ace) Parker Jim Parker Joe Perry Pete Pihos Hugh (Shorty) Ray Dan Reeves Jim Ringo Andy Robustelli Art Rooney Pete Rozelle Bob St. Clair Gale Sayers Joe Schmidt Art Shell O.J. Simpson Bart Starr Roger Staubach Ernie Stautner Ken Strong Joe Stydahar Fran Tarkenton Charlie Taylor Jim Taylor Jim Thorpe Y.A. Tittle George Trafton Charlie Trippi Emlen Tunnell Clyde (Bulldog) Turner Johnny Unitas Gene Upshaw Norm Van Brocklin Steve Van Buren Doak Walker Paul Warfield Bob Waterfield Arnie Weinmeister Bill Willis Larry Wilson Alex Wojciechowicz Willie Wood NFL Stadiums 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Name, location Capacity 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Anaheim Stadium, Anaheim, Cal. 69,007 Arrowhead Stadium, Kansas City, Mo. 78,067 Astrodome, Houston, Tex. 61,000 Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium 59,673 Candlestick Park, San Francisco, Cal. 64,252 Cleveland Stadium 80,098 Giants Stadium, E. Rutherford, N.J. 76,891 Hoosier Dome, Indianapolis, Ind. 60,127 Robert F. Kennedy Stadium, Wash., D.C. 55,750 Kingdome, Seattle, Wash. 64,984 Lambeau Field, Green Bay, Wis. 57,063 Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 92,488 Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans 69,573 Metrodome, Minneapolis 63,000 Mile High Stadium, Denver, Col. 76,273 Name, location Capacity 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mile High Stadium, Denver, Col. 76,273 Milwaukee County Stadium 56,051 Pontiac Silverdome, Mich. 80,500 Rich Stadium, Buffalo, N.Y. 80,290 Riverfront Stadium, Cincinnati, Oh. 59,754 Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami, Fla. 75,000 San Diego Jack Murphy Stadium, San Diego 60,750 Soldier Field, Chicago, Ill. 66,949 Sullivan Stadium, Foxboro, Mass. 60,794 Sun Devil Stadium, Tempe, Ariz. 72,000 Tampa Stadium, Tampa, Fla. 74,314 Texas Stadium, Irving, Tex. 63,855 Three Rivers Stadium, Pittsburgh, Pa. 59,000 Veterans Stadium, Philadelphia, Pa. 65,356 BOWLING PBA Leading Money Winners 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Bowler Amount 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1962 Don Carter $49,972 1963 Dick Weber 46,333 1964 Bob Strampe 33,592 1965 Dick Weber 47,674 1966 Wayne Zahn 54,720 1967 Dave Davis 54,165 1968 Jim Stefanich 67,377 1969 Billy Hardwick 64,160 1970 Mike McGrath 52,049 1971 Johnny Petraglia 85,065 1972 Don Johnson 56,648 1973 Don McCune 69,000 Year Bowler Amount 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1973 Don McCune 69,000 1974 Earl Anthony 99,585 1975 Earl Anthony 107,585 1976 Earl Anthony 110,833 1977 Mark Roth 105,583 1978 Mark Roth 134,500 1979 Mark Roth 124,517 1980 Wayne Webb 116,700 1981 Earl Anthony 164,735 1982 Earl Anthony 134,760 1983 Earl Anthony 135,605 1984 Mark Roth 158,712 1985 Mike Aulby 201,200 1986 Walter Ray Williams Jr. 145,550 1987 Pete Weber 175,491 1988 Brian Voss 225,485 1989 Mike Aulby 298,237 Total winnings are from PBA, ABC Masters, and BPAA All-Star tournaments only, and do notinclude numerous other tournaments or earnings from special television shows and matches. Leading PBA Averages by Year 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Bowler Average 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1962 Don Carter 212.844 1963 Billy Hardwick 210.346 1964 Ray Bluth 210.512 1965 Dick Weber 211.895 1966 Wayne Zahn 208.663 1967 Wayne Zahn 212.342 1968 Jim Stefanich 211.895 1969 Bill Hardwick 212.957 Year Bowler Average 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1969 Bill Hardwick 212.957 1970 Nelson Burton Jr. 214.908 1971 Don Johnson 213.977 1972 Don Johnson 215.290 1973 Earl Anthony 215.799 1974 Earl Anthony 219.394 1975 Earl Anthony 219.060 1976 Mark Roth 215.970 1977 Mark Roth 218.174 1978 Mark Roth 219.834 1979 Mark Roth 221.662 1980 Earl Anthony 218.535 1981 Mark Roth 216.699 1982 Marshall Holman. 212.844 1983 Earl Anthony 216.645 1984 Marshall Holman 213.911 1985 Mark Baker 213.718 1986 John Gant 214.378 1987 Marshall Holman 216.801 Year Bowler Average 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1987 Marshall Holman 216.801 1988 Mark Roth 218.036 1989 Pete Weber 215.432 Firestone Tournament of Champions 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1965 Billy Hardwick 1966 Wayne Zahn 1967 Jim Stefanich 1968 Dave Davis 1969 Jim Godman Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1969 Jim Godman 1970 Don Johnson 1971 Johnny Petraglia 1972 Mike Durbin 1973 Jim Godman 1974 Earl Anthony 1975 Dave Davis 1976 Marshall Holman 1977 Mike Berlin 1978 Earl Anthony 1979 George Pappas 1980 Wayne Webb 1981 Steve Cook 1982 Mike Durbin 1983 Joe Berardi 1984 Mike Durbin 1985 Mark Williams 1986 Marshall Holman 1987 Pete Weber Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1987 Pete Weber 1988 Mark Williams 1989 Del Ballard Jr. 1990 Dave Ferraro PBA Hall of Fame Performance Bill Allen Glenn Allison Earl Anthony Barry Asher Ray Bluth Nelson Burton Jr. Don Carter Dave Davis Gary Dickinson Mike Durbin Buzz Fazio Jim Godman Johnny Guenther Billy Hardwick Tommy Hudson Don Johnson Joe Joseph Larry Laub Mike Mc Grath George Pappas Johnny Petraglia Dick Ritger Mark Roth Jim St. John Carmen Salvino Bob Strampe Harry Smith Dave Soutar Jim Stefanich Dick Weber Billy Welu Wayne Zahn Meritorious service John Archibald Eddie Elias Frank Esposito Dick Evans Raymond Firestone E.A. "Bud" Fisher Lou Frantz Harry Golden Ted Hoffman Jr. John Jowdy Joe Kelley Steve Nagy Chuck Pezzano Joe Richards Chris Schenkel Lorraine Stilzlein American Bowling Congress Championships in 1990 Regular Division Individual --Bob Hochrein, Dubuque, la., 791. All Events --Mike Neumann, Tonawanda, N.Y., 2,168. Doubles --Mike Neumann & Bob Ujvari, Tonawanda, N.Y., 1,448. Team --Brunswick Rhinos No. 1, Tonawanda, N.Y. & State Farm Agency, Detroit, Mich., 3,201. Booster Division Team --Pro World Pro Shop, Milwaukee, Wis., 2,934. All-Time Records for League and Tournament Play 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴� Type of record Holder of record Year 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� High team total Budweiser Beer, St. Louis 1958 High team game Soutarls Pro Shop, Kansas City, MO. 1990 High doubles total Thomas Jordan & Ken Yonker Jr, Paterson, N.J. 1989 High doubles game John Cotta and Steve Larson, Manteca, Cal. 1981 Jeff Mraz & Dave Roney, Canton, OH. 1987 William Gruner & Dave Conway, Sacramento, Cal. 1990 High individual total Thomas Jordan, Paterson, N.J. 1989 High all events score Paul Andrews, East Moline, Ill. 1981 Masters Bowling Tournament Champions 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1980 Neil Burton, St. Louis, Mo. 1981 Randy Lightfoot, St. Charles, Mo. 1982 Joe Berardi, Brooklyn, N.Y. 1983 Mike Lastowski, Havre de Grace, Md. 1984 Earl Anthony, Dublin, Cal. 1985 Steve Wunderlich, St. Louis, Mo. 1986 Mark Fahy, Chicago, Ill. 1987 Rick Steelsmith, Wichita, Kan. 1988 Del Ballard Jr., Richardson, Tex. 1989 Mike Aulby, Indianapolis, Ind. 1990 Chris Warren, Dallas, Tex. Bowlers with 15 or More Sanctioned 300 Games 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bob Learn Jr, Erie, Pa. 39 Jim Johnson Jr., Wilmington, Del. 33 John Wilcox Jr., Shavertown, Pa. 32 Ron Woolet, Louisville, Ky. 30 Elvin Mesger, Sullivan, Mo. 27 Tony Torrice, Wolcott, Conn. 23 Teata Semiz, Fairfield, N.J. 22 Dave Heller, Highland Falls, N.Y. 21 Mark Stibora, Cleveland, Oh. 20 Mitch Jabczenski, Detroit, Mich. 20 Dave Soutar, Kansas City, Mo. 19 Steve Carson, Oklahoma City, Okla 19 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Steve Carson, Oklahoma City, Okla 19 Dick Weber, St. Louis, Mo. 18 George Billick, Old Forge, Pa. 17 Dave Williams, Sebastopal, Cal. 17 Don Johnson, Las Vegas, Nev. 16 Byron Russell, Tulsa, Okla. 16 Dave Davis, Tinton Falls, N.J. 15 Ronnie Graham, Louisville, Ky. 15 Don McCune, Munster, Ind. 15 Bob Hart, Columbus, Oh. 15 Women's International Bowling Congress Champions in 1990 All Events --Carol Norman, Ardmore, Okla. Singles --(Tie) Dana Miller-Mackie, Sydney, Aust. & Paula Carter, Miami, Fla. Doubles --Margi Melvin & Ann Meconnahey, Newark, Bear, Del. Team --R.A.T.'s, Team, Lakeland, Fla. Most Sanctioned 300 Games Jeanne Maiden, Solon, Oh. 16 Vicki Fischel, Westminster, Cal. 10 Betty Morris, Stockton, Cal. 9 Cindy Coburn-Carroll, Buffalo, N.Y. 9 Tish Johnson, Panorama City, Cal. 9 Aleta Sill, Dearborn, Mich. 9 Donna Adamek, Victorville, Cal. 8 Robin Romeo, Van Nuys, Cal. 8 Toni Gillard, Beverly, Oh. 6 Ann Marie Pike, Cypress, Cal. 6 Linda Kelly, Huber Hts., Oh. 6 Carol Norman, Ardmore, Okla. 6 Cheryl Daniels, Detroit, Mich. 6 James E. Sullivan Memorial Trophy Winners 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Winner Sport 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1930 Bobby Jones Golf 1931 Barney Berlinger Track 1932 Jim Bausch Track 1933 Glenn Cunningham Track 1934 Bill Bonthron Track 1935 Lawson Little Golf 1936 Glenn Morris Track 1937 Don Budge Tennis 1938 Don Lash Track 1939 Joe Burk Rowing 1940 Greg Rice Track 1941 Leslie MacMitchell Track 1942 Cornelius Warmerdam Track Year Winner Sport 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1942 Cornelius Warmerdam Track 1943 Gilbert Dodds Track 1944 Ann Curtis Swimming 1945 Doc Blanchard Football 1946 Arnold Tucker Football 1947 John Kelly Jr. Rowing 1948 Robert Mathias Track 1949 Dick Button Skating 1950 Fred Wilt Track 1951 Rev. Robert Richards Track 1952 Horace Ashenfelter Track 1953 Dr. Sammy Lee Diving 1954 Mal Whitfield Track 1955 Harrison Dillard Track 1956 Patricia McCormick Diving 1957 Bobby Joe Morrow Track 1958 Glenn Davis Track 1959 Parry O'Brien Track 1960 Rafer Johnson Track Year Winner Sport 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1960 Rafer Johnson Track 1961 Wilma Rudolph Ward Track 1962 James Beatty Track 1963 John Pennel Track 1964 Don Schollander Swimming 1965 Bill Bradley Basketball 1966 Jim Ryun Track 1967 Randy Matson Track 1968 Debbie Meyer Swimming 1969 Bill Toomey Track 1970 John Kinsella Swimming 1971 Mark Spitz Swimming 1972 Frank Shorter Track 1973 Bill Walton Basketball 1974 Rick Wohlhuter Track 1975 Tim Shaw Swimming 1976 Bruce Jenner Track 1977 John Naber Swimming 1978 Tracy Caulkins Swimming Year Winner Sport 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1978 Tracy Caulkins Swimming 1979 Kurt Thomas Gymnastics 1980 Eric Heiden Speed Skating 1981 Carl Lewis Track 1982 Mary Decker Track 1983 Edwin Moses Track 1984 Greg Louganis Diving 1985 Joan Benoit Samuelson Marathon 1986 Jackie Joyner-Kersee Track 1987 Jim Abbott Baseball 1988 Florence Griffith Joyner Track 1989 Janet Evans Swimming The James E. Sullivan Memorial Trophy, named after the former president of the AAU andinaugurated in 1930, is awarded annually by the AAU to the athlete who "by his orher performance, example and influence as an amateur, has done the most during the yearto advance the cause of sportmanship." Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race in 1990 Susan Butcher won the 1990 Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race by completing the 1,158-mile race from Anchorage to Nome, Alaska in a record 11 days 1 hour 53 minutes 23 seconds. It was the fourth time in the past 5 years that Butcher has won the race. The victory was worth $50,000, plus $25,000 from one of her sponsors. Joe Runyan, the 1989 champion, finished second. The America's Cup The United States yacht Stars & Stripes defeated the New Zealand yacht New Zealand in 2 consecutive races to win the best-of-three series in the waters off San Diego, Cal. Stars & Stripes was skippered by Dennis Connor, as it had been when the Cup was recaptured from Australia in 1987. The New Zealand syndicate, however, went to court to have the result of the races invalidated, claiming that the Americans did not live up to the America's Cup Deed of Gift which, they claim, says that the competing boats must be similar. The Americans used a catamaran, the New Zealanders a monohulled ship. On Mar. 28, 1989, a New York State Supreme Court justice ruled that the San Diego Yacht Club had beaten its challenger unfairly and must forfeit the America's Cup to New Zealand. On Sept. 19, a New York appeals court overturned the ruling, and the N.Y. State Court of Appeals upheld that decision, Apr. 26, 1990. The next America's Cup competition is scheduled for May 1992 in San Diego. Competition for the America's Cup grew out of the first contest to establish a world yachting championship, one of the carnival features of the London Exposition of 1851. The race, open to all classes of yachts from all over the world, covered a 60-mile course around the Isle of Wight; the prize was a cup worth about $500, donated by the Royal Yacht Squadron of England, known as the "America's Cup" because it was first won by the United States yacht America. Successive efforts of British and Australian yachtsmen had failed to win the famous trophy until 1983 when the Australian yacht Australia II defeated the U.S. entry Liberty. Winners of the America's Cup 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1851 America 1870 Magic defeated Cambria, England, (1-0) 1871 Columbia (first three races) and Sappho (last two races) defeated Livonia, England, (4-1) 1876 Madeline defeated Countess of Dufferin, Canada, (2-0) 1881 Mischief defeated Atalanta, Canada, (2-0) 1885 Puritan defeated Genesta, England, (2-0) 1886 Mayflower defeated Galatea, England, (2-0) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  (2-0) 1887 Volunteer defeated Thistle, Scotland, (2-0) 1893 Vigilant defeated Valkyrie II, England, (3-0) 1895 Defender defeated Valkyrie III, England, (3-0) 1899 Columbia defeated Shamrock, England, (3-0) 1901 Columbia defeated Shamrock II, England, (3-0) 1903 Reliance defeated Shamrock III, England, (3-0) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1920 Resolute defeated Shamrock IV, England, (3-2) 1930 Enterprise defeated Shamrock V, England, (4-0) 1934 Rainbow defeated Endeavour, England, (4-2) 1937 Ranger defeated Endeavour II, England, (4-0) 1958 Columbia defeated Sceptre, England, (4-0) 1962 Weatherly defeated Gretel, Australia, (4-1) 1964 Constellation defeated Sovereign, England, (4-0) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  England, (4-0) 1967 Intrepid defeated Dame Pattie, Australia, (4-0) 1970 Intrepid defeated Gretel II, Australia, (4-1) 1974 Courageous defeated Southern Cross, Australia, (4-0) 1977 Courageous defeated Australia, Australia, (4-0) 1980 Freedom defeated Australia, Australia, (4-1) 1983 Australia II, Australia defeated Liberty, (4-3) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1987 Stars & Stripes defeated Kookaburra III, Australia, (4-0) 1988 Stars & Stripes defeated New Zealand, New Zealand, (2-0) Pro Rodeo Championship Standings in 1989 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴캠 Event Winner Money won 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 All Around Ty Murray, Odessa, Tex. $134,806 Event Winner Money won 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Saddle Bronc Clint Johnson, Spearfish, S.D. 89,687 Bareback Marvin Garrett, Gillette, Wyo. 105,931 Bull Riding Richard Hedeman, Bowie, Tex. 122,765 Calf Roping Rabe Rabon, San Antonio, Fla. 89,301 Steer Wrestling John W. Jones Jr., Morro Bay, Cal. 94,304 Steer Roping Guy Allen, Lovington, N.M. 44,386 Team Roping Jake Barnes, Bloomfield, N.M. & Clay 90,455 O'Brien Cooper, Gilbert, Ariz. Women's Barrel Racing Charmayne James Rodman, Galt, Cal. 96,651 1968 Larry Mahan, Salem, Ore. $49,129 Event Winner Money won 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1968 Larry Mahan, Salem, Ore. $49,129 1969 Larry Mahan, Brooks, Ore. 57,726 1970 Larry Mahan, Brooks, Ore. 41,493 1971 Phil Lyne, George West, Tex. 49,245 1972 Phil Lyne, George West, Tex. 60,852 1973 Larry Mahan, Dallas, Tex. 64,447 1974 Tom Ferguson, Miami, Okla. 66,929 1975 Leo Camarillo, Oakdale, Cal. 50,300 Tom Ferguson, Miami, Okla. 50,300 1976 Tom Ferguson, Miami, Okla. 87,908 Event Winner Money won 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1976 Tom Ferguson, Miami, Okla. 87,908 1977 Tom Ferguson, Miami, Okla. 76,730 1978 Tom Ferguson, Miami, Okla. 103,734 1979 Tom Ferguson, Miami, Okla. $96,272 1980 Paul Tierney, Rapid City, S.D. 105,568 1981 Jimmie Cooper, Monument, N.M. 105,862 1982 Chris Lybbert, Coyote, Cal. 123,709 1983 Roy Cooper, Durant, Okla. 153,391 1984 Dee Pickett, Caldwell, Ida. 122,618 1985 Lewis Feild, Elk Ridge, Ut. 130,347 Event Winner Money won 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1985 Lewis Feild, Elk Ridge, Ut. 130,347 1986 Lewis Feild, Elk Ridge, Ut. 166,042 1988 Lewis Feild, Elk Ridge, Ut. 144,335 1988 Dave Appleton, Arlington, Tex. 121,546 1989 Ty Murray, Odessa, Tex. 134,806 U.S. Long Course Swimming Championships in 1990 Austin, Tex., Aug. 1-4, 1990 Men 50M Freestyle--Tom Jager. Time--0:22.26. 100M Freestyle--Shaun Jordan. Time--0:49.68. 200M Freestyle--Troy Dalbey. Time--1:48.69. 400M Freestyle--Dan Jorgensen.Time--3:49.80. 800M Freestyle--Dan Jorgensen. Time--7:59.97. 100M Breaststroke--Eric Wunderlich. Time--1:01.89. 200M Breaststroke--Mike Barrowman. Time--2:11.55. 100M Butterfly--Mark Henderson. Time--0:53.92. 200M Butterfly--Melvin Stewart. Time--1:57.43. 100M Backstroke--Jeff Rouse. Time--0:54.86. 200M Backstroke--Jeff Rouse. Time--2:00.13. 400M Individual Medley--Eric Namesnik. Time--4:15.57. Women 100M Freestyle--Nicole Haislett. Time--0:55.84. 200M Freestyle--Janet Evans. Time--2:00.27. 400M Freestyle--Janet Evans. Time--4:08.67. 800M Freestyle--Janet Evans. Time--8:24.32. 1,500M Freestyle--Julie Kole. Time--16:38.56. 100M Breaststroke--Toni DeSilva. Time--1:10.09. 200M Breaststroke--Mary Blanchard. Time--2:32.45. 100M Backstroke--Jodi Wilson. Time--1:05.52. 100M Butterfly--Chrissy Ahmann-Leighton. Time--1:00.47. 200M Individual Medley--Summer Sanders. Time--2:14.36. 400M Individual Medley--Erika Hansen. Time--4:40.84. World Swimming Records As of Sept., 1990 Men's Records 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Distance Time Holder Distance Time Holder 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Freestyle Freestyle Freestyle 50 Meters 0:21.81 Tom Jager 100 Meters 0:48.42 Matt Biondi 200 Meters 1:46.69 Giorgio Lamberti 400 Meters 3:46.95 Ewe Dassler 800 Meters 7:50.64 Vladimir Salnikov 1,500 Meters 14:54.76 Vladimir Salnikov Breaststroke Breaststroke Breaststroke 100 Meters 1:01.49 Adrian Moorhouse 200 Meters 2:11.53 Mike Barrowman Butterfly Butterfly Butterfly 100 Meters 0:52.84 Pablo Morales 200 Meters 1:56.24 Michael Gross Backstroke Backstroke Backstroke 100 Meters 0:54.51 David Berkoff 200 Meters 1:58.14 Igor Polianskiy Individual Medley Individual Medley Individual Medley 200 Meters 2:00.11 Dave Wharton 400 Meters 4:15.42 Tamas Darnyi Distance Time Holder 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 400 Meters 4:15.42 Tamas Darnyi Freestyle Relays Freestyle Relays Freestyle Relays 400 M. (4[times ]100) 3:16.53 Jacobs, Dalbey, Jager, Biondi 800 M. (4[times ]200) 7:12.51 Dalbey, Cetlinsky, Gjertsen, Biondi Medley Relays Medley Relays Medley Relays 400 M. (4[times ]100) 3:36.93 Berkoff, Schroeder, Jacobs, Biondi Women's Records 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Distance Time Holder 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Freestyle Freestyle Freestyle 50 Meters 0:24.98 Yang Wenyi Distance Time Holder 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 50 Meters 0:24.98 Yang Wenyi 100 Meters 0:54.73 Kristin Otto 200 Meters 1:57.55 Heike Friedrich 400 Meters 4:03.85 Janet Evans 800 Meters 8:16.22 Janet Evans 1,500 Meters 15:52.10 Janet Evans Breaststroke Breaststroke Breaststroke 100 Meters 1:07.91 Silke Hoerner 200 Meters 2:26.71 Silke Hoerner Butterfly Butterfly Butterfly 100 Meters 0:57.93 Mary T. Meagher 200 Meters 2:05.96 Mary T. Meagher Backstroke Backstroke Backstroke 100 Meters 1:00.59 Ina Kleber 200 Meters 2:08.60 Betsy Mitchell Individual Medley Individual Medley Individual Medley 200 Meters 2:11.73 Uta Geweniger 400 Meters 4:36.10 Petra Schneider Freestyle Relays Freestyle Relays Freestyle Relays Distance Time Holder 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Freestyle Relays Freestyle Relays Freestyle Relays 400 M. (4[times ]100) 3:40.57 (Otto, Stellmach, Friedrich, Schulz 800 M. (4[times ]200) 7:55:47 (Stellmach, Strauss, Mohring, Fried Medley Relays Medley Relays Medley Relays 400 M. (4[times ]100) 4:03.69 National Team (Kleber, Gerasch,Geis TRACK AND FIELD World Track and Field Records As of Sept. 1990 *Indicates pending record; some new records await confirmation. The International AmateurAtheletic Federation, the world body of track and field, recognizes only records in metricdistances except for the mile. Men's Records 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Event Record Holder 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Running Running Running 100 meters 9.92 s. Carl Lewis 200 meters 19.72 s. Pietro Mennea 400 meters 43.29 s. Butch Reynolds 800 meters 1 m., 41.73 s. Sebastian Coe 1,000 meters 2 m., 12.18 s. Sebastian Coe 1,500 meters 3 m., 29.46 s. Said Aouita 1 mile 3 m., 46.32 s. Steve Cram 2,000 meters 4 m., 50.81 s. Said Aouita 3,000 meters 7 m., 29.45 s. Said Aouita 5,000 meters 12 m., 58.39 s. Said Aouita 10,000 meters 27 m., 08.23 s. Arturo Barrios Event Record Holder 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 10,000 meters 27 m., 08.23 s. Arturo Barrios 20,000 meters 57 m., 24.2 s. Jos Hermens 25,000 meters 1 hr., 13 m., 55.8 s. Toshihiko Seko 30,000 meters 1 hr., 29 m., 18.8 s. Toshihiko Seko 3,000 meter stpl 8 m., 05.35 s. Peter Koech Marathon 2 hr., 6 m., 50 s. Belayneh Densimo Hurdles Hurdles Hurdles 110 meters 12.92 s. Roger Kingdom 400 meters 47.02 s. Edwin Moses Relay Races Relay Races Relay Races 400 mtrs. 37.83 s. (Graddy, Brown, Smith, Lew 800 mtrs. (4[times ]200) 1 m., 19.38 s. (Lewis, Everett, Burrell, 1,600 mtrs. (4[times ]400) 2 m., 56.16 s. (Matthews, Freeman, James, (Everett, Lewis, Robinzine 3,200 mtrs. (4[times ]800) 7 m., 03.89 s. National team Field Events Field Events Field Events High jump 8 ft. Javier Sotomayor Long jump 29 ft., 21/2 in. Bob Beamon Triple jump 58 ft., 111/2 in. Willie Banks Event Record Holder 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Triple jump 58 ft., 111/2 in. Willie Banks Pole vault 19 ft., 101/2 in. Sergei Bubka 16 lb. shot put *75 ft., 101/4 in. Randy Barnes Discus 243 ft. Juergen Schult Javelin *298 ft. 6 in. Steve Backley 16 lb. hammer 284 ft., 7 in. Yuri Sedykh Decathlon 8,647 pts. Daley Thompson Walking Walking Walking 30 km. 2 h., 7 min., 59.8 s. Jose Martin 50 km. 3 hr., 41 m., 38.4 s. Raul Gonzales Women's Records 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코� Event Record Holder Cou 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Running Running Running Run 100 meters 10.49 s. Florence Griffith Joyner U.S 200 meters 21.34 s. Florence Griffith Joyner U.S 400 meters 47.60 s. Marita Koch E. 800 meters 1 m., 53.28 s. Jarmila Kratochvilova Cze 1,500 meters 3 m., 52.47 s. Tatyana Kazankina USS 1 mile 4 m., 15.61 s. Paula Ivan Rom 2,000 meters 5 m., 28.69 s. Maricica Puica Rom 3,000 meters 8 m., 22.62 s. Tatyana Kazankina USS 5,000 meters 14 m., 37.33 s. Ingrid Kristiansen Nor 10,000 meters 30 m., 13.74 s. Ingrid Kristiansen Nor Marathon 2 h., 21 m., 06 s. Ingrid Kristiansen Nor Hurdles Hurdles Hurdles Hur 100 meters 12.21 s. Yordanka Donkova Bul 400 meters 52.94 s. Marina Stepanova USS Field Events Field Events Field Events Fie High jump 6 ft., 101/4 in. Stefka Kostadinova Bul Shot put 74 ft., 3 in. Natalya Lisouskaya USS Long jump 24 ft., 81/4 in. Galina Chistyakova USS Event Record Holder Cou 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Long jump 24 ft., 81/4 in. Galina Chistyakova USS Triple Jump 47 ft., 73/4 in. Galina Chistyakova USS Discus 252 ft. Gabriele Reinsch E. Javelin 262 ft., 5 in. Petra Felke E. Heptathlon 7,291 pts. Jackie Joyner-Kersee U.S Relay Races Relay Races Relay Races Rel 400 mtrs. (4[times ]100) 41.37 s. National team E. 800 mtrs. (4[times ]200) 1 m., 28.15 s. National team E. 1,600 mtrs. (4[times ]400) 3 m., 15.18 s. National team USS 3,200 mtrs. (4[times ]800) 7 m., 50.17 s. National team USS World Track and Field Indoor Records As of Sept., 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴� Event Record Holder Country 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Men Men Men Men 60 meters 6.50 Lee McRae U.S. 200 meters 20.36 Bruno Marie-Rose France 400 meters *45.04 Danny Everett U.S. 800 meters 1:44.84 Paul Ereng Kenya 1,000 meters 2:16.62 Rob Druppers Netherlands 1,500 meters *3:34.21 Peter Elliott Gr. Britain 1 Mile 3:49.78 Eamonn Coghlan Ireland 3,000 meters 7:39.2 Emiel Puttemans Belguim 5,000 meters 13:20.4 Suleiman Nyambui Tanzania 50-meter hurdles 6.25 Mark McKoy Canada 60-meter hurdles 7.36 Roger Kingdom U.S. High Jump 7 ft. 111/2 in. Javier Sotomayor Cuba Pole Vault *19 ft. 101/4 in. Sergey Bubka USSR Long Jump 28 ft. 101/4 in. Carl Lewis U.S. Triple Jump 58 ft. 31/4 in. Mike Conley U.S. Shot Put 74 ft. 41/4 in. Randy Barnes U.S. Event Record Holder Country 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Shot Put 74 ft. 41/4 in. Randy Barnes U.S. Women Women Women Women 60 meters 7.00 Nellie Cooman-Fiere Holland 200 meters 22.27 Heike Drechsler E. Germany 400 meters 49.59 Jarmila Kratochvilova Czechoslovakia 500 meters 1:07.67 Olga Nazarova USSR 800 meters 1:56.40 Christine Wachtel E. Germany 1,000 meters 2:34.8 Brigitte Kraus W. Germany 1,500 meters 4:00.8 Mary Decker-Slaney U.S. 1 Mile *4:17.13 Doina Melinte Romania 3,000 meters 8:33.82 Elly Van Hulst Netherlands 5,000 meters 15:25.02 Brenda Webb U.S. 55-meter hurdles 7:37 Cornelia Oschkenat E. Germany Jackie Joyner-Kersee U.S. 60-meter hurdles *7.69 Lyudmila Narozhi-Lenko USSR High Jump 6 ft. 9 in. Stefka Kostadinova Bulgaria Long Jump 24 ft. 21/4 in. Heike Dreschler E. Germany Shot Put 73 ft. 10 in. Helena Fibingerova Czechoslovakia The International Amateur Athletic Federation began recognizing world indoor track &field records as official on January 1, 1987. Prior to that, there were only unofficial worldindoor bests. World indoor bests set prior to January 1, 1987 are subject to approval as worldrecords providing they meet the prescribed IAAF world records criteria, including drug testing.To be accepted as a world indoor record, a performance must meet the same criteria as a worldrecord outdoors except that a track performance can't be set on an indoor track largerthan 200 meters. *Record pending. National Track & Field Hall of Fame Indianapolis, Ind. Jesse Abramson Dave Albritton Horace Ashenfelter Andy Bakjian Weems Baskin James Bausch Bob Beamon Percy Beard Jim Beatty Greg Bell Dee Boeckman Tom Botts Ralph Boston Bill Bowerman Avery Brundage Jim Bush Lee Calhoun Milt Campbell Alice Coachman (Davis) Harold Connolly Tom Courtney Dean Cromwell Glenn Cunningham William Curtis Willie Davenport Glenn Davis Harold Davis Mildred (Babe) Didrikson Harrison Dillard Ken Doherty Charles Dumas Bill Easton James (Jumbo) Elliott Lee Evans Barney Ewell Ray Ewry Mae Faggs (Starr) Barbara Ferrell Dan Ferris John Flanagan Dick Fosbury Bob Giegengack Fortune Gordien John Griffith Archie Hahn Evelyne Hall Brutus Hamilton Glenn Hardin Ted Haydon Billy Hayes Bob Hayes Ward Haylett Bud Held Doris Brown Heritage Ralph Higgins Harry Hillman Jim Hines Bud Houser DeHart Hubbard Edward Hurt Wilbur Hutsell Nell Jackson Bruce Jenner Rafer Johnson Hayes Jones Thomas Jones Payton Jordan John Kelley Abel Kiviat Alvin Kraenzlein Ron Laird Clyde Littlefield Bob Mathias Randy Matson Mildred McDaniel Edith McGuire (Du Vall) Ted Meredith Ralph Metcalfe Billy Mills Madeline Manning-Mims Jack Moakley Tom Moore Bobby Morrow Michael Murphy Lon Myers Cordner Nelson Parry O'Brien Al Oerter Harold Osborn Jesse Owens Charlie Paddock Mel Patton Eulace Peacock Steve Prefontaine Joie Ray Greg Rice Bob Richards Betty Robinson (Schwartz) Ralph Rose Wilma Rudolph Jim Ryun Jackson Scholz Bob Seagren Mel Sheppard Martin Sheridan Frank Shorter Dave Sime Robert Simpson Tommie Smith Larry Snyder Andy Stanfield Les Steers Helen Stephens James Sullivan Ed Temple Dink Templeton John Thomas Earl Thomson Jim Thorpe Eddie Tolan Bill Toomey Forrest Towns Wyomia Tyus LeRoy Walker Stella Walsh Cornelius Warmerdam Martha Watson Willye White Mal Whitfield Fred Wilt Lloyd "Bud" Winter Rick Wohlhuter John Woodruff Dave Wottle Frank Wykoff Joe Yancey George Young NCAA Outdoor Championships Provo, Ut., June 1-3, 1990 Men 100 Meters--Leroy Burrell, Houston. Time--0:09.94. 200 Meters--Michael Johnson, Baylor. Time--0:20.31. 400 Meters--Steve Lewis, UCLA. Time--0:45.19. 800 Meters--Mark Everett, Florida. Time--1:44.70. 1,500 Meters--Bob Kennedy, Indiana. Time--3:40.42. 5,000 Meters--John Traufmann, Georgetown. Time--14:07.47. 110-Meter Hurdles--Chris Lancaster, Indiana St. Time--0:13.45. 400-Meter Hurdles--McClinton Neal, Texas-Arl. Time--0:49.23. High Jump--Charles Austin, SW Texas St. 7 ft. 73/4 in. Long Jump--Llewellyn Starks, LSU. 26 ft. 53/4 in. Triple Jump--Edrick Floreal, Arkansas. 56 ft. 61/2 in. Shot Put--Shane Collins, Arizona St. 66 ft. 31/4 in. Hammer Throw--Scott McGee, Oregon. 217 ft. 8 in. Pole Vault--Istvan Bagyula, George Mason. 18 ft. 41/2 in. Decathlon--Drew Fucci, SW Texas St. 7,779 pts. Team champion--LSU. Women 100 Meters--Esther Jones, LSU. Time--0:11.14. 200 Meters--Esther Jones. Time--0:22.49. 400 Meters--Maicel Malone, Arizona St. Time--0:51.25. 800 Meters--Suzy Favor, Wisconsin. Time--1:59.11. 1,500 Meters--Suzy Favor. Time--4:08.26. 3,000 Meters--Sonia O'Sullivan, Villanova. Time--8:56.27. 5,000 Meters--Valerie McGovern, Kentucky. Time--15:45.72. 100-Meter Hurdles--Lynda Tolbert, Arizona St. Time--0:12.84. 400-Meter Hurdles--Janeene Vickers, UCLA. Time--0:55.40. High Jump--Angie Bradburn, Texas. 6 ft. 23/4 in. Long Jump--Sheila Hudson, California. 22 ft. 1 in. Triple Jump--Sheila Hudson. 46 ft. 3/4 in. Shot Put--Tracie Millett, UCLA. 53 ft. 7 in. Discus--Tracie Millett. 183 ft. 9 in. Team champion--LSU. USA/Mobil Outdoor Championships Norwalk, Cal., June 15-17, 1990 Men 100 Meters--Carl Lewis. Time--0:10.05. 200 Meters--Michael Johnson. Time--0:19.90. 400 Meters--Steve Lewis. Time--0:44.75. 800 Meters--Mark Everett. Time--1:45.01. 1,500 Meters--Joe Falcon. Time--3:37.49. 5,000 Meters--Doug Padilla. Time--13:41.85. 110-Meter Hurdles--Roger Kingdom. Time--0:13.22. 400-Meter Hurdles--David Patrick. Time--0:48.79. High Jump--Hollis Conway. 7 ft. 83/4 in. Pole Vault--Earl Bell. 18 ft. 10 in. Long Jump--Mike Powell. 27 ft. 1/2 in. Triple Jump--Kenny Harrison. 56 ft. 31/4 in. Discus--Kami Keshmiri. 204 ft. 5 in. Hammer--Ken Flax. 249 ft. 6 in. Javelin--Vince Lobosky. 261 ft. 3 in. Shot Put--Jim Doehring. 69 ft. 63/4 in. Decathlon--Dave Johnson. 8,600 pts. Women 100 Meters--Michelle Finn. Time--0:11.20. 200 Meters--Grace Jackson. Time--0:22.48. 400 Meters--Maicel Malone. Time--0:51.23. 800 Meters--Meredith Rainey. Time--2:00.70. 1,500 Meters--Suzy Favor. Time--4:13.47. 3,000 Meters--Lynn Jennings. Time--8:51.97. 5,000-Meters--Patti Sue Plumer. Time--15:45.67. 100-Meter Hurdles--LaVonna Martin. Time--0:12.90. 400-Meter Hurdles--Janeene Vickers. Time--0:54.80. Long Jump--Jackie Joyner-Kersee. 23 ft. 23/4 in. Shot Put--Connie Price. 60 ft. 103/4 in. Javelin--Karin Smith. 206 ft. 3 in. Discus--Connie Price. 191 ft. 6 in. High Jump--Yolanda Henry. 6 ft. 5 in. Triple Jump--Sheila Hudson. 46 ft. 2 in. Heptathlon--Cindy Greiner. 6,262 pts. Boxing Champions by Classes 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴� Class, Weight Limit WBA WBC 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Heavyweight Buster Douglas, U.S. Buster Douglas, Cruiserweight (195 lbs.) Robert Daniels, U.S. Massimiliano Du Light Heavyweight (175 lbs.) Virgil Hill, U.S. Dennis Andries, Middleweight (160 lbs.) Mike McCallum, U.S. vacant Jr. Middleweight (154 lbs.) Julian Jackson, Virgin Islands Terry Norris, U Welterweight (147 lbs.) Aaron Davis, U.S. Maurice Blocker Class, Weight Limit WBA WBC 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Welterweight (147 lbs.) Aaron Davis, U.S. Maurice Blocker Jr. Welterweight (140 lbs.) Juan Coggi, Argentina Julio Cesar Cha Lightweight (135 lbs.) Pernell Whitaker, U.S. Pernell Whitake Jr. Lightweight (130 lbs.) Brian Mitchell, So. Africa Vacant Featherweight (126 lbs.) Antonio Esparragoza, Venezuela Marcos Villasan Jr. Featherweight (122 lbs.) Vacant Paul Banke, U.S Bantamweight (118 lbs.) Luisito Espinosa, Philippines Raul Perez, Mex Flyweight (112 lbs.) Yukihito Tamakuma, Japan Sot Chitalada, As of Sept. 15, 1990 the only generally accepted title holders were in the heavyweight andlightweight division. There are numerous governing bodies in boxing including the World BoxingCouncil, the World Boxing Assn., the International Boxing Federation, the United States BoxingAssn., the North American Boxing Federation, and the European Boxing Union. Other organizationsare recognized by TV networks and the print media. All the governing bodies have their own championsand assorted boxing divisions. The following are the recognized champions in the principal divisionsof the World Boxing Association, the World Boxing Council, and the International Boxing Federation. Ring Champions by Years *Abandoned title Heavyweights 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1882-1892 John L. Sullivana 1892-1897 James J. Corbettb 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1897-1899 Robert Fitzsimmons 1899-1905 James J. Jeffriesc 1905-1906 Marvin Hart 1906-1908 Tommy Burns 1908-1915 Jack Johnson 1915-1919 Jess Willard 1919-1926 Jack Dempsey 1926-1928 Gene Tunney* 1928-1930 vacant 1930-1932 Max Schmeling 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1930-1932 Max Schmeling 1932-1933 Jack Sharkey 1933-1934 Primo Carnera 1934-1935 Max Baer 1935-1937 James J. Braddock 1937-1949 Joe Louis* 1949-1951 Ezzard Charles 1951-1952 Joe Walcott 1952-1956 Rocky Marciano* 1956-1959 Floyd Patterson 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1959-1960 Ingemar Johansson 1960-1962 Floyd Patterson 1962-1964 Sonny Liston 1964-1967 Cassius Clay* (Muhammad Ali)d 1970-1973 Joe Frazier 1973-1974 George Foreman 1974-1978 Muhammad Ali 1978-1979 Leon Spinkse, Muhammad Ali* 1978 Ken Norton (WBC), Larry Holmes (WBC)f 1979 John Tate (WBA) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1979 John Tate (WBA) 1980 Mike Weaver (WBA) 1982 Michael Dokes (WBA) 1983 Gerrie Coetzee (WBA) 1984 Tim Witherspoon (WBC); Pinklon Thomas (WBC); Greg Page (WBA) 1985 Tony Tubbs (WBA); Michael Spinks (IBF) 1986 Tim Witherspoon (WBA); Trevor Berbick (WBC); Mike Tyson (WBC); James (Bonecrusher) Smith (WBA). 1987 Mike Tyson (WBA). 1990 James "Buster" Douglas (WBA, WBC, IBF) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1990 James "Buster" Douglas (WBA, WBC, IBF) a London Prize Ring (bare knuckle champion). b First Marquis of Queensberry champion. c Jeffries abandoned the title (1905) and designated Marvin Hart and Jack Root as logical contenders and agreed to referee a fight between them, the winner to be declared champion. Hart defeated Root in 12 rounds (1905) and in turn was defeated by Tommy Burns (1906) who immediately laid claim to the title. Jack Johnson defeated Burns (1908) and was recognized as champion. He clinched the title by defeating Jeffries in an attempted comeback (1910). d Title declared vacant by the WBA and other groups in 1967 after Clay's refusal to fulfill his military obligation. Joe Frazier was recognized as champion by 6 states, Mexico, and So. America. Jimmy Ellis was declared champion by the WBA. Frazier KOd Ellis, Feb. 16, 1970. e After Spinks defeated Ali, the WBC recognized Ken Norton as champion. Norton subsequently lost his title to Larry Holmes. f Holmes was stripped of his WBC title in 1984. He was the IBF champion when he lost to Michael Spinks. Light Heavyweights 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1903 Jack Root, George Gardner 1903-1905 Bob Fitzsimmons 1905-1912 Philadelphia Jack O'Brien* 1912-1916 Jack Dillon 1916-1920 Battling Levinsky 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1916-1920 Battling Levinsky 1920-1922 George Carpentier 1922-1923 Battling Siki 1923-1925 Mike McTigue 1925-1926 Paul Berlenbach 1926-1927 Jack Delaney* 1927-1929 Tommy Loughran* 1930-1934 Maxey Rosenbloom 1934-1935 Bob Olin 1935-1939 John Henry Lewis* 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1939 Melio Bettina 1939-1941 Billy Conn* 1941 Anton Christoforidis (won NBA title) 1941-1948 Gus Lesnevich, Freddie Mills 1948-1950 Freddie Mills 1950-1952 Joey Maxim 1952-1960 Archie Moore 1961-1962 vacant 1962-1963 Harold Johnson 1963-1965 Willie Pastrano 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1963-1965 Willie Pastrano 1965-1966 Jose Torres 1966-1968 Dick Tiger 1968-1974 Bob Foster*, John Conteh (WBA) 1975-1977 John Conteh (WBC), Miguel Cuello (WBC), Victor Galindez (WBA) 1978 Mike Rossman (WBA), Mate Parlov (WBC), Marvin Johnson (WBC) 1979 Victor Galindez (WBA), Matthew Saad Muhammad (WBC) 1980 Eddie Mustava Muhammad (WBA) 1981 Michael Spinks (WBA), Dwight Braxton 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1981 Michael Spinks (WBA), Dwight Braxton (WBC) 1983 Michael Spinks 1986 Marvin Johnson (WBA); Dennis Andries (WBC) 1987 Thomas Hearns (WBC); Leslie Stewart (WBA); Virgil Hill (WBA); Don Lalonde (WBC). 1988 Ray Leonard* (WBC) 1989 Jeff Harding (WBC) 1990 Dennis Andries (WBC) Middleweights 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1884-1891 Jack "Nonpareil" Dempsey 1891-1897 Bob Fitzsimmons* 1897-1907 Tommy Ryan* 1907-1908 Stanley Ketchel, Billy Papke 1908-1910 Stanley Ketchel 1911-1913 vacant 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1911-1913 vacant 1913 Frank Klaus, George Chip 1914-1917 Al McCoy 1917-1920 Mike O'Dowd 1920-1923 Johnny Wilson 1923-1926 Harry Greb 1926-1931 Tiger Flowers, Mickey Walker 1931-1932 Gorilla Jones (NBA) 1932-1937 Marcel Thil 1938 Al Hostak (NBA), Solly Krieger (NBA) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1939-1940 Al Hostak (NBA) 1941-1947 Tony Zale 1947-1948 Rocky Graziano 1948 Tony Zale, Marcel Cerdan 1949-1951 Jake LaMotta 1951 Ray Robinson, Randy Turpin, Ray Robinson* 1953-1955 Carl (Bobo) Olson 1955-1957 Ray Robinson 1957 Gene Fullmer, Ray Robinson, Carmen Basilio 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Basilio 1958 Ray Robinson 1959 Gene Fullmer (NBA); Ray Robinson (N.Y.) 1960 Gene Fullmer (NBA); Paul Pender (New York and Mass.) 1961 Gene Fullmer (NBA); Terry Downes (New York, Mass., Europe) 1962 Gene Fullmer, Dick Tiger (NBA), Paul Pender (New York and Mass.)* 1963 Dick Tiger (universal). 1963-1965 Joey Giardello 1965-1966 Dick Tiger 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1965-1966 Dick Tiger 1966-1967 Emile Griffith 1967 Nino Benvenuti 1967-1968 Emile Griffith 1968-1970 Nino Benvenuti 1970-1977 Carlos Monzon* 1977-1978 Rodrigo Valdez 1978-1979 Hugo Corro 1979-1980 Vito Antuofermo 1980 Alan Minter, Marvin Hagler 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1987 Ray Leonard* (WBC); Thomas Hearns (WBC); Sumbu Kalambay (WBA). 1988 Iran Barkley (WBC) 1989 Mike McCallum (WBA); Roberto Duran (WBC) Welterweights 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1892-1894 Mysterious Billy Smith 1894-1896 Tommy Ryan 1896 Kid McCoy* 1900 Rube Ferns, Matty Matthews 1901 Rube Ferns 1901-1904 Joe Walcott 1904-1906 Dixie Kid, Joe Walcott, Honey Mellody 1907-1911 Mike Sullivan 1911-1915 vacant 1915-1919 Ted Lewis 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1919-1922 Jack Britton 1922-1926 Mickey Walker 1926 Pete Latzo 1927-1929 Joe Dundee 1929 Jackie Fields 1930 Jack Thompson, Tommy Freeman 1931 Freeman, Thompson, Lou Brouillard 1932 Jackie Fields 1933 Young Corbett, Jimmy McLarnin 1934 Barney Ross, Jimmy McLarnin 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1934 Barney Ross, Jimmy McLarnin 1935-1938 Barney Ross 1938-1940 Henry Armstrong 1940-1941 Fritzie Zivic 1941-1946 Fred Cochrane 1946-1946 Marty Servo*; Ray Robinsona 1946-1950 Ray Robinson* 1951 Johnny Bratton (NBA) 1951-1954 Kid Gavilan 1954-1955 Johnny Saxton 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1955 Tony De Marco, Carmen Basilio 1956 Carmen Basilio, Johnny Saxton, Basilio 1957 Carmen Basilio* 1958-1960 Virgil Akins, Don Jordan 1960 Benny Paret 1961 Emile Griffith, Benny Paret 1962 Emile Griffith 1963 Luis Rodriguez, Emile Griffith 1964-1966 Emile Griffith* 1966-1969 Curtis Cokes 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1966-1969 Curtis Cokes 1969-1970 Jose Napoles, Billy Backus 1971-1975 Jose Napoles 1975-1976 John Stracey (WBC), Angel Espada (WBA) 1976-1979 Carlos Palomino (WBC), Jose Cuevas (WBA) 1979 Wilfredo Benitez (WBC), Sugar Ray Leonard (WBC) 1980 Roberto Duran (WBC), Thomas Hearns (WBA), Sugar Ray Leonard (WBC) 1981-1982 Sugar Ray Leonard* 1983 Donald Curry (WBA); Milton McCrory (WBC) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1985 Donald Curry 1986 Lloyd Honeyghan (WBC) 1987 Mark Breland (WBA); Marlon Starling (WBA); Jorge Vaca (WBC) 1988 Tomas Molinares (WBA); Lloyd Honeyghan (WBC) 1989 Marlon Starling (WBC); Mark Breland (WBA) 1990 Maurice Blocker (WBC); Aaron Davis (WBA) a Robinson gained the title by defeating Tommy Bell in an elimination agreed to bythe NY Commission and the NBA. Both claimed Robinson waived his title when he won themiddleweight crown from LaMotta in 1951. Lightweights 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1896-1899 Kid Lavigne 1899-1902 Frank Erne 1902-1908 Joe Gans 1908-1910 Battling Nelson 1910-1912 Ad Wolgast 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1912-1914 Willie Ritchie 1914-1917 Freddie Welsh 1917-1925 Benny Leonard* 1925 Jimmy Goodrich, Rocky Kansas 1926-1930 Sammy Mandell 1930 Al Singer, Tony Canzoneri 1930-1933 Tony Canzoneri 1933-1935 Barney Ross* 1935-1936 Tony Canzoneri 1936-1938 Lou Ambers 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1936-1938 Lou Ambers 1938 Henry Armstrong 1939 Lou Ambers 1940 Lew Jenkins 1941-1943 Sammy Angott 1944 S. Angott (NBA), J. Zurita (NBA) 1945-1951 Ike Williams (NBA: later universal) 1951-1952 James Carter 1952 Lauro Salas, James Carter 1953-1954 James Carter 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1954 Paddy De Marco; James Carter 1955 James Carter; Bud Smith 1956 Bud Smith, Joe Brown 1956-1962 Joe Brown 1962-1965 Carlos Ortiz 1965 Ismael Laguna 1965-1968 Carlos Ortiz 1968-1969 Teo Cruz 1969-1970 Mando Ramos 1970 Ismael Laguna, Ken Buchanan (WBA) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1970 Ismael Laguna, Ken Buchanan (WBA) 1971 Mando Ramos (WBC), Pedro Carrasco (WBC) 1972-1979 Roberto Duran* (WBA) 1972 Pedro Carrasco, Mando Ramos, Chango Carmona, Rodolfo Gonzalez (all WBC) 1974-1976 Guts Ishimatsu (WBC) 1976-1977 Esteban De Jesus (WBC) 1979 Jim Watt (WBC), Ernesto Espana (WBA) 1980 Hilmer Kenty (WBA) 1981 Alexis Arguello (WBC), Sean O'Grady (WBA), Arturo Frias (WBA) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1982-1984 Ray Mancini (WBA) 1983 Edwin Rosario (WBC) 1984 Livingstone Bramble (WBA); Jose Luis Ramirez (WBC) 1985 Hector (Macho) Camacho (WBC) 1986 Edwin Rosario (WBA); Jose Luis Ramirez (WBC) 1987 Julio Cesar Chavez (WBA) 1989 Edwin Rosario (WBA); Pernell Whitaker (WBC) 1990 Juan Nazario (WBA); Pernell Whitaker (WBA) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  (WBA) Featherweights 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1892-1900 George Dixon (disputed) 1900-1901 Terry McGovern, Young Corbett* 1901-1912 Abe Attell 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1912-1923 Johnny Kilbane 1923 Eugene Criqui, Johnny Dundee 1923-1925 Johnny Dundee* 1925-1927 Kid Kaplan* 1927-1928 Benny Bass, Tony Canzoneri 1928-1929 Andre Routis 1929-1932 Battling Battalino* 1932-1934 Tommy Paul (NBA) 1933-1936 Freddie Miller 1936-1937 Petey Sarron 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1936-1937 Petey Sarron 1937-1938 Henry Armstrong* 1938-1940 Joey Archibaldb 1940-41 Harry Jeffra 1942-1948 Willie Pep 1948-1949 Sandy Saddler 1949-1950 Willie Pep 1950-1957 Sandy Saddler* 1957-1959 Hogan (Kid) Bassey 1959-1963 Davey Moore 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1963-1964 Sugar Ramos 1964-1967 Vicente Saldivar* 1968-1971 Paul Rojas (WBA), Sho Saijo (WBA) 1971 Antonio Gomez (WBA), Kuniaki Shibada (WBC) 1972 Ernesto Marcel* (WBA), Clemente Sanchez* (WBC), Jose Legra (WBC) 1973 Eder Jofre (WBC) 1974 Ruben Olivares (WBA), Alexis Arguello (WBA), Bobby Chacon (WBC) 1975 Ruben Olivares (WBC), David Kotey (WBC) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1976 Danny Lopez (WBC) 1977 Rafael Ortega (WBA) 1978 Cecilio Lastra (WBA), Eusebio Pedrosa (WBA) 1980 Salvador Sanchez (WBC) 1982 Juan LaPorte (WBC) 1984 Wilfredo Gomez (WBC); Azumah Nelson (WBC) 1985 Barry McGuigan (WBA) 1986 Steve Cruz (WBA) 1987 Antonio Esparragoza (WBA) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1988 Jeff Fenech (WBC) 1990 Marcos Villasana (WBC) b After Petey Scalzo knocked out Archibald in an overweight match and was refused a titlebout, the NBA named Scalzo champion. The NBA title succession: Scalzo, 1938-1941; Richard Lemos,1941; Jackie Wilson, 1941-1943; Jackie Callura, 1943; Phil Terranova, 1943-1944; Sal Bartolo,1944-1946. History of Heavyweight Championship Bouts *Title Changed Hands 1889--July 8--John L. Sullivan def. Jake Kilrain, 75, Richburg, Miss. Last championship bare knuckles bout. *1892--Sept. 7--James J. Corbett def. John L. Sullivan, 21, New Orleans. Big gloves used for first time. 1894--Jan. 25--James J. Corbett KOd Charley Mitchell, 3, Jacksonville, Fla. *1897--Bob Fitzsimmons def. James J. Corbett, 14, Carson City, Nev. *1899--June 9--James J. Jeffries def. Bob Fitzsimmons, 11, Coney Island, N.Y. 1899--Nov. 3--James J. Jeffries def. Tom Sharkey, 25, Coney Island, N.Y. 1900--May 11--James J. Jeffries KOd James J. Corbett, 23, Coney Island, N.Y. 1901--Nov. 15--James J. Jeffries KOd Gus Ruhlin, 5, San Francisco. 1902--July 25--James J. Jeffries KOd Bob Fitzsimmons, 8, San Francisco. 1903--Aug. 14--James J. Jeffries KOd James J. Corbett, 10, San Francisco. 1904--Aug. 26--James J. Jeffries KOd Jack Monroe, 2, San Francisco. *1905--James J. Jeffries retired, July 3--Marvin Hart KOd Jack Root, 12, Reno. Jeffries refereed and presented the title to the victor. Jack O'Brien also claimed the title. *1906--Feb. 23--Tommy Burns def. Marvin Hart, 20, Los Angeles. 1906--Nov. 28--Philadelphia Jack O'Brien and Tommy Burns, 20, draw, Los Angeles. 1907--May 8--Tommy Burns def. Jack O'Brien, 20, Los Angeles. 1907--July 4--Tommy Burns KOd Bill Squires, 1, Colma, Cal. 1907--Dec. 2--Tommy Burns KOd Gunner Moir, 10, London. 1908--Feb. 10--Tommy Burns KOd Jack Palmer, 4, London. 1908--March 17--Tommy Burns KOd Jem Roche, 1, Dublin. 1908--April 18--Tommy Burns KOd Jewey Smith, 5, Paris. 1908--June 13--Tommy Burns KOd Bill Squires, 8, Paris. 1908--Aug. 24--Tommy Burns KOd Bill Squires, 13, Sydney, New South Wales. 1908--Sept. 2--Tommy Burns KOd Bill Lang, 2, Melbourne, Australia. *1908--Dec. 26--Jack Johnson KOd Tommy Burns, 14, Sydney, Australia. Police halted contest. 1909--May 19--Jack Johnson and Jack O'Brien, 6, draw, Philadelphia. 1909--June 30--Jack Johnson and Tony Ross, 6, draw, Pittsburgh. 1909--Sept. 9--Jack Johnson and Al Kaufman, 10, draw, San Francisco. 1909--Oct. 16--Jack Johnson KOd Stanley Ketchel, 12, Colma, Cal. 1910--July 4--Jack Johnson KOd Jim Jeffries, 15, Reno, Nev. Jeffries came back from retirement. 1912--July 4--Jack Johnson def. Jim Flynn, 9, Las Vegas, N.M. Contest stopped by police. 1913--Nov. 28--Jack Johnson KOd Andre Spaul, 2, Paris. 1913--Dec. 9--Jack Johnson and Jim Johnson, 10, draw, Paris. Bout called a draw when Jack Johnson declared he had broken his arm. 1914--June 27--Jack Johnson def. Frank Moran, 20, Paris. *1915--April 5--Jess Willard KOd Jack Johnson, 26, Havana. Cuba. 1916--March 25--Jess Willard and Frank Moran, 10, draw, New York. *1919--July 4--Jack Dempsey KOd Jess Willard, Toledo, Oh. Willard failed to answer bell for 4th round. 1920--Sept. 6--Jack Dempsey KOd Billy Miske, 3, Benton Harbor, Mich. 1920--Dec. 14--Jack Dempsey KOd Bill Brennan, 12, New York. 1921--July 2--Jack Dempsey KOd George Carpentier, 4, Boyle's Thirty Acres, Jersey City, N.J. Carpentier had held the so-called white heavyweight title since July 16, 1914, in a series established in 1913, after Jack Johnson's exile in Europe late in 1912. 1923--July 4--Jack Dempsey def. Tom Gibbons, 15, Shelby, Mont. 1923--Sept. 14--Jack Dempsey KOd Luis Firpo, 2, New York. *1926--Sept. 23--Gene Tunney def. Jack Dempsey, 10, Philadelphia. 1927--Sept. 22--Gene Tunney def. Jack Dempsey, 10, Chicago. 1928--July 26--Gene Tunney KOd Tom Heeney, 11, New York; soon afterward he announced his retirement. *1930--June 12--Max Schmeling def. Jack Sharkey, 4, New York. Sharkey fouled Schmeling in a bout which was generally considered to have resulted in the election of a successor to Gene Tunney, New York. 1931--July 3--Max Schmeling KOd Young Stribling, 15, Cleveland. *1932--June 21--Jack Sharkey def. Max Schmeling, 15, New York. *1933--June 29-- Primo Carnera KOd Jack Sharkey, 6, New York. 1933--Oct. 22--Primo Carnera def. Paulino Uzcudun, 15, Rome. 1934--March 1--Primo Carnera def. Tommy Loughran, 15, Miami. *1934--June 14--Max Baer KOd Primo Carnera, 11, New York. *1935--June 13--James J. Braddock def. Max Baer, 15, New York. *1937--June 22--Joe Louis KOd James J. Braddock, 8, Chicago. 1937--Aug. 30--Joe Louis def. Tommy Farr, 15, New York. 1938--Feb. 23--Joe Louis KOd Nathan Mann, 3, New York. 1938--April 1--Joe Louis KOd Harry Thomas, 5, New York. 1938--June 22--Joe Louis KOd Max Schmeling, 1, New York. 1939--Jan. 25--Joe Louis KOd John H. Lewis, 1, New York. 1939--April 17--Joe Louis KOd Jack Roper, 1, Los Angeles. 1939--June 28--Joe Louis KOd Tony Galento, 4, New York. 1939--Sept. 20--Joe Louis KOd Bob Pastor, 11, Detroit. 1940--February 9--Joe Louis def. Arturo Godoy, 15, New York. 1940--March 29--Joe Louis KOd Johnny Paycheck, 2, New York. 1940--June 20--Joe Louis KOd Arturo Godoy, 8, New York. 1940--Dec. 16--Joe Louis KOd Al McCoy, 6, Boston. 1941--Jan. 31--Joe Louis KOd Red Burman, 5, New York. 1941--Feb. 17--Joe Louis KOd Gus Dorzaio, 2, Philadelphia. 1941--March 21--Joe Louis KOd Abe Simon, 13, Detroit. 1941--April 8--Joe Louis KOd Tony Musto, 9, St. Louis. 1941--May 23--Joe Louis def. Buddy Baer, 7, Washington, D.C., on a disqualification. 1941--June 18--Joe Louis KOd Billy Conn, 13, New York. 1941--Sept. 29--Joe Louis KOd Lou Nova, 6, New York. 1942--Jan. 9--Joe Louis KOd Buddy Baer, 1, New York. 1942--March 27--Joe Louis KOd Abe Simon, 6, New York. 1946--June 19--Joe Louis KOd Billy Conn, 8, New York. 1946--Sept. 18--Joe Louis KOd Tami Mauriello, 1, New York. 1947--Dec. 5--Joe Louis def. Joe Walcott, 15, New York. 1948--June 25--Joe Louis KOd Joe Walcott, 11, New York. *1949--June 22--Following Joe Louis' retirement Ezzard Charles def. Joe Walcott, 15, Chicago, NBA recognition only. 1949--Aug. 10--Ezzard Charles KOd Gus Lesnevich, 7, New York. 1949--Oct. 14--Ezzard Charles KOd Pat Valentino, 8, San Francisco; clinched American title. 1950--Aug. 15--Ezzard Charles KOd Freddy Beshore, 14, Buffalo. 1950--Sept. 27--Ezzard Charles def. Joe Louis in latter's attempted comeback, 15, New York; universal recognition. 1950--Dec. 5--Ezzard Charles KOd Nick Barone, 11, Cincinnati. 1951--Jan. 12--Ezzard Charles KOd Lee Oma, 10, New York. 1951--March 7--Ezzard Charles def. Joe Walcott, 15, Detroit. 1951--May 30--Ezzard Charles def. Joey Maxim, light heavyweight champion, 15, Chicago. *1951--July 18--Joe Walcott KOd Ezzard Charles, 7, Pittsburgh. 1952--June 5--Joe Walcott def. Ezzard Charles, 15, Philadelphia. *1952--Sept. 23--Rocky Marciano KOd Joe Walcott, 13, Philadelphia. 1953--May 15--Rocky Marciano KOd Joe Walcott, 1, Chicago. 1953--Sept. 24--Rocky Marciano KOd Roland LaStarza, 11, New York. 1954--June 17--Rocky Marciano def. Ezzard Charles, 15, New York. 1954--Sept. 17--Rocky Marciano KOd Ezzard Charles, 8, New York. 1955--May 16--Rocky Marciano KOd Don Cockell, 9, San Francisco. 1955--Sept. 21--Rocky Marciano KOd Archie Moore, 9, New York. Marciano retired undefeated, Apr. 27, 1956. *1956--Nov. 30--Floyd Patterson KOd Archie Moore, 5, Chicago. 1957--July 29--Floyd Patterson KOd Hurricane Jackson, 10, New York. 1957--Aug. 22--Floyd Patterson KOd Pete Rademacher, 6, Seattle. 1958--Aug. 18--Floyd Patterson KOd Roy Harris, 12, Los Angeles. 1959--May 1--Floyd Patterson KOd Brian London, 11, Indianapolis. *1959--June 26--Ingemar Johansson KOd Floyd Patterson, 3, New York. *1960--June 20--Floyd Patterson KOd Ingemar Johansson, 5, New York. First heavyweight in boxing history to regain title. 1961--Mar. 13--Floyd Patterson KOd Ingemar Johansson, 6, Miami Beach. 1961--Dec. 4--Floyd Patterson KOd Tom McNeeley, 4, Toronto. *1962--Sept. 25--Sonny Liston KOd Floyd Patterson, 1, Chicago. 1963--July 22--Sonny Liston KOd Floyd Patterson, 1, Las Vegas. *1964--Feb. 25--Cassius Clay KOd Sonny Liston, 7, Miami Beach. 1965--May 25--Cassius Clay KOd Sonny Liston, 1, Lewiston, Maine. 1965--Nov. 11--Cassius Clay KOd Floyd Patterson, 12, Las Vegas. 1966--Mar. 29--Cassius Clay def. George Chuvalo, 15, Toronto. 1966--May 21--Cassius Clay KOd Henry Cooper, 6, London. 1966--Aug. 6--Cassius Clay KOd Brian London, 3, London. 1966--Sept. 10--Cassius Clay KOd Karl Mildenberger, 12, Frankfurt, Germany. 1966--Nov. 14--Cassius Clay KOd Cleveland Williams, 3, Houston. 1967--Feb. 6--Cassius Clay def. Ernie Terrell, 15, Houston. 1967--Mar. 22--Cassius Clay KOd Zora Folley, 7, New York. Clay was stripped of his title by the WBA and others for refusing military service. *1970--Feb. 16--Joe Frazier KOd Jimmy Ellis, 5, New York. 1970--Nov. 18--Joe Frazier KOd Bob Foster, 2, Detroit. 1971--Mar. 8--Joe Frazier def. Cassius Clay (Muhammad Ali), 15, New York. 1972--Jan. 15--Joe Frazier KOd Terry Daniels, 4, New Orleans. 1972--May 25--Joe Frazier KOd Ron Stander, 5, Omaha. *1973--Jan. 22--George Foreman KOd Joe Frazier, 2, Kingston, Jamaica. 1973--Sept. 1--George Foreman KOd Joe Roman, 1, Tokyo. 1974--Mar. 3--George Foreman KOd Ken Norton, 2, Caracas. *1974--Oct. 30--Muhammad Ali KOd George Foreman, 8, Zaire. 1975--Mar. 24--Muhammad Ali KOd Chuck Wepner, 15, Cleveland. 1975--May 16--Muhammad Ali KOd Ron Lyle, 11, Las Vegas. 1975--June 30--Muhammad Ali def. Joe Bugner, 15, Malaysia. 1975--Oct. 1--Muhammad Ali KOd Joe Frazier, 14, Manila. 1976--Feb. 20--Muhammad Ali KOd Jean-Pierre Coopman, 5, San Juan. 1976--Apr. 30--Muhammad Ali def. Jimmy Young, 15, Landover, Md. 1976--May 25--Muhammad Ali KOd Richard Dunn, 5, Munich. 1976--Sept. 28--Muhammad Ali def. Ken Norton, 15, New York. 1977--May 16--Muhammad Ali def. Alfredo Evangelista, 15, Landover, Md. 1977--Sept. 29--Muhammad Ali def. Earnie Shavers, 15, New York. *1978--Feb. 15--Leon Spinks def. Muhammad Ali, 15, Las Vegas. *1978--Sept. 15--Muhammad Ali def. Leon Spinks, 15, New Orleans. Ali retired in 1979. (Bouts when title changed hands only) *1978--June 9--(WBC) Larry Holmes def. Ken Norton, 15, Las Vegas. *1980--Mar. 31--(WBA) Mike Weaver KOd John Tate, 15, Knoxville. *1982--Dec. 10--(WBA) Michael Dokes KOd Mike Weaver, 1, Las Vegas. *1983--Sept. 23--(WBA) Gerrie Coetzee KOd Michael Dokes, 10, Richfield, Oh. *1984--Mar. 10--(WBC) Tim Witherspoon def. Greg Page, 12, Las Vegas, Nev. *1984--Aug. 31--(WBC) Pinklon Thomas def. Tim Witherspoon, 12, Las Vegas, Nev. *1984--Dec. 2--(WBA) Greg Page KOd Gerrie Coetzee, 8, Sun City, Bophuthatswana *1985--Apr. 29--(WBA) Tony Tubbs def. Greg Page, 15, Buffalo, N.Y. *1985--Sept. 21--(IBF) Michael Spinks def. Larry Holmes, 15, Las Vegas, Nev. *1986--Jan. 17--(WBA) Tim Witherspoon def. Tony Tubbs, 15, Atlanta, Ga. *1986--Mar. 23--(WBC) Trevor Berbick def. Pinklon Thomas, 12, Miami, Fla. *1986--Nov. 22--(WBC) Mike Tyson KOd Trevor Berbick, 2, Las Vegas. *1986--Dec. 12--(WBA) James (Bonecrusher) Smith KOd Tim Witherspoon, 1, New York. *1987--Mar. 7--(WBA) Mike Tyson def. James (Bonecrusher) Smith, 12, Las Vegas. *1990--Feb. 11--(WBA, WBC, IBF) James "Buster" Douglas KOd Mike Tyson, 10, Tokyo. NCAA Wrestling Champions 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Champion 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1964 Oklahoma State 1965 Iowa State 1966 Oklahoma State 1967 Michigan State 1968 Oklahoma State 1969 Iowa State 1970 Iowa State 1971 Oklahoma State 1972 Iowa State 1973 Iowa State Year Champion 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1973 Iowa State 1974 Oklahoma 1975 Iowa 1976 Iowa 1977 Iowa State 1978 Iowa 1979 Iowa 1980 Iowa 1981 Iowa 1982 Iowa 1983 Iowa 1984 Iowa 1985 Iowa 1986 Iowa 1987 Iowa State 1988 Arizona State 1989 Oklahoma State 1990 Oklahoma State Tennis U.S. Open Champions Men's Singles 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Champion Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1910 William Larned T.C. Bundy 1911 William Larned Maurice McLoughlin 1912 Maurice McLoughlin Wallace Johnson 1913 Maurice McLoughlin Richard Williams 1914 Richard Williams Maurice McLoughlin 1915 William Johnston Maurice McLoughlin Year Champion Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1915 William Johnston Maurice McLoughlin 1916 Richard Williams William Johnston 1917 Richard Murray N.W. Niles 1918 Richard Murray Bill Tilden 1919 William Johnston Bill Tilden 1920 Bill Tilden William Johnston 1921 Bill Tilden Wallace Johnson 1922 Bill Tilden William Johnston 1923 Bill Tilden William Johnston 1924 Bill Tilden William Johnston 1925 Bill Tilden William Johnston 1926 Rene Lacoste Jean Borotra 1927 Rene Lacoste Bill Tilden 1928 Henri Cochet Francis Hunter 1929 Bill Tilden Francis Hunter 1930 John Doeg Francis Shields 1931 H. Ellsworth Vines George Lott 1932 H. Ellsworth Vines Henri Cochet 1933 Fred Perry John Crawford Year Champion Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1933 Fred Perry John Crawford 1934 Fred Perry Wilmer Allison 1935 Wilmer Allison Sidney Wood 1936 Fred Perry Don Budge 1937 Don Budge Baron G. von Cramm 1938 Don Budge C. Gene Mako 1939 Robert Riggs S. Welby Van Horn 1940 Don McNeill Robert Riggs 1941 Robert Riggs F.L. Kovacs 1942 F.R. Schroeder Jr. Frank Parker 1943 Joseph Hunt Jack Kramer 1944 Frank Parker William Talbert 1945 Frank Parker William Talbert 1946 Jack Kramer Thomas Brown Jr. 1947 Jack Kramer Frank Parker 1948 Pancho Gonzales Eric Sturgess 1949 Pancho Gonzales F.R. Schroeder Jr. 1950 Arthur Larsen Herbert Flam 1951 Frank Sedgman E. Victor Seixas Jr. Year Champion Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1951 Frank Sedgman E. Victor Seixas Jr. 1952 Frank Sedgman Gardnar Mulloy 1953 Tony Trabert E. Victor Seixas Jr. 1954 E. Victor Seixas Jr. Rex Hartwig 1955 Tony Trabert Ken Rosewall 1956 Ken Rosewall Lewis Hoad 1957 Malcolm Anderson Ashley Cooper 1958 Ashley Cooper Malcolm Anderson 1959 Neale A. Fraser Alejandro Olmedo 1960 Neale A. Fraser Rod Laver 1961 Roy Emerson Rod Laver 1962 Rod Laver Roy Emerson 1963 Rafael Osuna F.A. Froehling 3d 1964 Roy Emerson Fred Stolle 1965 Manuel Santana Cliff Drysdale 1966 Fred Stolle John Newcombe 1967 John Newcombe Clark Graebner 1968 Arthur Ashe Tom Okker 1969 Rod Laver Tony Roche Year Champion Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1969 Rod Laver Tony Roche 1970 Ken Rosewall Tony Roche 1971 Stan Smith Jan Kodes 1972 Ilie Nastase Arthur Ashe 1973 John Newcombe Jan Kodes 1974 Jimmy Connors Ken Rosewall 1975 Manuel Orantes Jimmy Connors 1976 Jimmy Connors Bjorn Borg 1977 Guillermo Vilas Jimmy Connors 1978 Jimmy Connors Bjorn Borg 1979 John McEnroe Vitas Gerulaitis 1980 John McEnroe Bjorn Borg 1981 John McEnroe Bjorn Borg 1982 Jimmy Connors Ivan Lendl 1983 Jimmy Connors Ivan Lendl 1984 John McEnroe Ivan Lendl 1985 Ivan Lendl John McEnroe 1986 Ivan Lendl Miloslav Mecir 1987 Ivan Lendl Mats Wilander Year Champion Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1987 Ivan Lendl Mats Wilander 1988 Mats Wilander Ivan Lendl 1989 Boris Becker Ivan Lendl 1990 Pete Sampras Andre Agassi Women's Singles 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Champion Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1926 Molla B. Mallory Elizabeth Ryan 1927 Helen Wills Betty Nuthall 1928 Helen Wills Helen Jacobs 1929 Helen Wills M. Watson Year Champion Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1929 Helen Wills M. Watson 1930 Betty Nuthall L.A. Harper 1931 Helen Wills Moody E.B. Whittingstall 1932 Helen Jacobs Carolin A. Babcock 1933 Helen Jacobs Helen Wills Moody 1934 Helen Jacobs Sarah H. Palfrey 1935 Helen Jacobs Sarah P. Fabyan 1936 Alice Marble Helen Jacobs 1937 Anita Lizana Jadwiga Jedrzejowska 1938 Alice Marble Nancye Wynne 1939 Alice Marble Helen Jacobs 1940 Alice Marble Helen Jacobs 1941 Sarah Palfrey Cooke Pauline Betz 1942 Pauline Betz Louise Brough 1943 Pauline Betz Louise Brough 1944 Pauline Betz Margaret Osborne 1945 Sarah P. Cooke Pauline Betz 1946 Pauline Betz Doris Hart 1947 Louise Brough Margaret Osborne Year Champion Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1947 Louise Brough Margaret Osborne 1948 Margaret Osborne duPont Louise Brough 1949 Margaret Osborne duPont Doris Hart 1950 Margaret Osborne duPont Doris Hart 1951 Maureen Connolly Shirley Fry 1952 Maureen Connolly Doris Hart 1953 Maureen Connolly Doris Hart 1954 Doris Hart Louise Brough 1955 Doris Hart Patricia Ward 1956 Shirley Fry Althea Gibson 1957 Althea Gibson Louise Brough 1958 Althea Gibson Darlene Hard 1959 Maria Bueno Christine Truman 1960 Darlene Hard Maria Bueno 1961 Darlene Hard Ann Haydon 1962 Margaret Smith Darlene Hard 1963 Maria Bueno Margaret Smith 1964 Maria Bueno Carole Graebner 1965 Margaret Smith Billie Jean Moffitt Year Champion Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1965 Margaret Smith Billie Jean Moffitt 1966 Maria Bueno Nancy Richey 1967 Billie Jean King Ann Haydon Jones 1968 Virginia Wade Billie Jean King 1969 Margaret Court Nancy Richey 1970 Margaret Court Rosemary Casals 1971 Billie Jean King Rosemary Casals 1972 Billie Jean King Kerry Melville 1973 Margaret Court Evonne Goolagong 1974 Billie Jean King Evonne Goolagong 1975 Chris Evert Evonne Goolagong 1976 Chris Evert Evonne Goolagong 1977 Chris Evert Wendy Turnbull 1978 Chris Evert Pam Shriver 1979 Tracy Austin Chris Evert Lloyd 1980 Chris Evert Lloyd Hana Mandlikova 1981 Tracy Austin Martina Navratilova 1982 Chris Evert Lloyd Hana Mandlikova 1983 Martina Navratilova Chris Evert Lloyd Year Champion Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1983 Martina Navratilova Chris Evert Lloyd 1984 Martina Navratilova Chris Evert Lloyd 1985 Hana Mandlikova Martina Navratilova 1986 Martina Navratilova Helena Sukova 1987 Martina Navratilova Steffi Graf 1988 Steffi Graf Gabriela Sabatini 1989 Steffi Graf Martina Navratilova 1990 Gabriela Sabatini Steffi Graf Men's Doubles 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Champions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Year Champions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1945 Gardnar Mulloy--William Talbert 1946 Gardnar Mulloy--William Talbert 1947 Jack Kramer--Frederick Schroeder Jr. 1948 Gardnar Mulloy--William Talbert 1949 John Bromwich--William Sidwell 1950 John Bromwich--Frank Sedgman 1951 Frank Sedgman--Kenneth McGregor 1952 Mervyn Rose--E. Victor Seixas Jr. 1953 Rex Hartwig--Mervyn Rose 1954 E. Victor Seixas Jr.--Tony Trabert 1955 Kosei Kamo--Atsushi Miyagi 1956 Lewis Hoad--Ken Rosewall 1957 Ashley Cooper--Neale Fraser 1958 Hamilton Richardson--Alejandro Olmedo 1959 Neale A. Fraser--Roy Emerson 1960 Neale A. Fraser--Roy Emerson 1961 Dennis Ralston--Chuck McKinley 1962 Rafael Osuna--Antonio Palafox 1963 Dennis Ralston--Chuck McKinley Year Champions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1963 Dennis Ralston--Chuck McKinley 1964 Dennis Ralston--Chuck McKinley 1965 Roy Emerson--Fred Stolle 1966 Roy Emerson--Fred Stolle 1967 John Newcombe--Tony Roche 1968 Robert Lutz--Stan Smith 1969 Fred Stolle--Ken Rosewall 1970 Pierre Barthes--Nicki Pilic 1971 John Newcombe--Roger Taylor 1972 Cliff Drysdale--Roger Taylor 1973 John Newcombe--Owen Davidson 1974 Bob Lutz--Stan Smith 1975 Jimmy Connors--Ilie Nastase 1976 Marty Riessen--Tom Okker 1977 Bob Hewitt--Frew McMillan 1978 Stan Smith--Bob Lutz 1979 John McEnroe--Peter Fleming 1980 Bob Lutz--Stan Smith 1981 John McEnroe--Peter Fleming Year Champions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1981 John McEnroe--Peter Fleming 1982 Kevin Curren--Steve Denton 1983 John McEnroe--Peter Fleming 1984 Tomas Smid--John Fitzgerald 1985 Ken Flach--Robert Seguso 1986 Andres Gomez--Slobodan Zivojinovic 1987 Stefan Edberg--Anders Jarryd 1988 Sergio Casal--Emilio Sanchez 1989 John McEnroe--Mark Woodforde 1990 Pieter Aldrich--Danie Visser Women's Doubles 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Champions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1945 A. Louise Brough--Margaret Osborne 1946 A. Louise Brough--Margaret Osborne 1947 A. Louise Brough--Margaret Osborne 1948 A. Louise Brough--Mrs. M.O. du Pont 1949 A. Louise Brough--Mrs. M.O. du Pont 1950 A. Louise Brough--Mrs. M.O. du Pont 1951 Doris Hart--Shirley Fry 1952 Doris Hart--Shirley Fry 1953 Doris Hart--Shirley Fry 1954 Doris Hart--Shirley Fry 1955 A. Louise Brough--Mrs. M.O. du Pont 1956 A. Louise Brough--Mrs. M.O. du Pont 1957 A. Louise Brough--Mrs. M.O. du Pont 1958 Darlene Hard--Jeanne Arth 1959 Darlene Hard--Jeanne Arth 1960 Darlene Hard--Maria Bueno 1961 Darlene Hard--Lesley Turner 1962 Maria Bueno--Darlene Hard 1963 Margaret Smith--Robyn Ebbern Year Champions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1963 Margaret Smith--Robyn Ebbern 1964 Billie Jean Moffitt--Karen Susman 1965 Carole C. Graebner--Nancy Richey 1966 Maria Bueno--Nancy Richey 1967 Rosemary Casals--Billie Jean King 1968 Maria Bueno--Margaret S. Court 1969 Francoise Durr--Darlene Hard 1970 M.S. Court--Judy Tegart Dalton 1971 Rosemary Casals--Judy Tegart Dalton 1972 Francoise Durr--Betty Stove 1973 Margaret S. Court--Virginia Wade 1974 Billie Jean King--Rosemary Casals 1975 Margaret Court--Virginia Wade 1976 Linky Boshoff--Ilana Kloss 1977 Betty Stove--Martina Navratilova 1978 Martina Navratilova--Billie Jean King 1979 Betty Stove--Wendy Turnbull 1980 Billie Jean King--Martina Navratilova 1981 Anne Smith--Kathy Jordan Year Champions 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1981 Anne Smith--Kathy Jordan 1982 Rosemary Casals--Wendy Turnbull 1983 Martina Navratilova--Pam Shriver 1984 Martina Navratilova--Pam Shriver 1985 Claudia Kohde-Kilsch--Helena Sukova 1986 Martina Navratilova--Pam Shriver 1987 Martina Navratilova--Pam Shriver 1988 Gigi Fernandez--Robin White 1989 Martina Navratilova--Hana Mandlikova 1990 Gigi Fernandez--Martina Navratilova Davis Cup Challenge Round 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Result 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1900 United States 5, British Isles 0 1901 (not played) 1902 United States 3, British Isles 2 1903 British Isles 4, United States 1 1904 British Isles 5, Belgium 0 1905 British Isles 5, United States 0 1906 British Isles 5, United States 0 1907 Australia 3, British Isles 2 1908 Australasia 3, United States 2 1909 Australasia 5, United States 0 1910 (not played) 1911 Australasia 5, United States 0 1912 British Isles 3, Australasia 2 1913 United States 3, British Isles 2 1914 Australasia 3, United States 2 1915-18 (not played) 1919 Australasia 4, British Isles 1 1920 United States 5, Australasia 0 Year Result 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1920 United States 5, Australasia 0 1921 United States 5, Japan 0 1922 United States 4, Australasia 1 1923 United States 4, Australasia 1 1924 United States 5, Australasia 0 1925 United States 5, France 0 1926 United States 4, France 1 1927 France 3, United States 2 1928 France 4, United States 1 1929 France 3, United States 2 1930 France 4, United States 1 1931 France 3, Great Britain 2 1932 France 3, United States 2 1933 Great Britain 3, France 2 1934 Great Britain 4, United States 1 1935 Great Britain 5, United States 0 1936 Great Britain 3, Australia 2 1937 United States 4, Great Britain 1 1938 United States 3, Australia 2 Year Result 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1938 United States 3, Australia 2 1939 Australia 3, United States 2 1940-45 (not played) 1946 United States 5, Australia 0 1947 United States 4, Australia 1 1948 United States 5, Australia 0 1949 United States 4, Australia 1 1950 Australia 4, United States 1 1951 Australia 3, United States 2 1952 Australia 4, United States 1 1953 Australia 3, United States 2 1954 United States 3, Australia 2 1955 Australia 5, United States 0 1956 Australia 5, United States 0 1957 Australia 3, United States 2 1958 United States 3, Australia 2 1959 Australia 3, United States 2 1960 Australia 4, Italy 1 1961 Australia 5, Italy 0 Year Result 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1961 Australia 5, Italy 0 1962 Australia 5, Mexico 0 1963 United States 3, Australia 2 1964 Australia 3, United States 2 1965 Australia 4, Spain 1 1966 Australia 4, India 1 1967 Australia 4, Spain 1 1968 United States 4, Australia 1 1969 United States 5, Romania 0 1970 United States 5, W. Germany 0 1971 United States 3, Romania 2 1972 United States 3, Romania 2 1973 Australia 5, United States 0 1974 South Africa (default by India) 1975 Sweden 3, Czech. 2 1976 Italy 4, Chile 1 1977 Australia 3, Italy 1 1978 United States 4, Great Britain 1 1979 United States 5, Italy 0 Year Result 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1979 United States 5, Italy 0 1980 Czechoslovakia 4, Italy 1 1981 United States 3, Argentina 1 1982 United States 3, France, 0 1983 Australia 3, Sweden 1 1984 Sweden 3, United States 0 1985 Sweden 3, W. Germany 2 1986 Australia 3, Sweden 2 1987 Sweden 5, India 0 1988 W. Germany 4, Sweden 1 1989 W. Germany 3, Sweden 2 All-England Champions, Wimbledon Men's Singles 露컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Champion Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1933 Jack Crawford Ellsworth Vines 1934 Fred Perry Jack Crawford 1935 Fred Perry Gottfried von Cramm 1936 Fred Perry Gottfried von Cramm 1937 Donald Budge Gottfried von Cramm 1938 Donald Budge Wilfred Austin 1939 Bobby Riggs Elwood Cooke 1940-45 not held 1946 Yvon Petra Geoff E. Brown 1947 Jack Kramer Tom P. Brown 1948 Bob Falkenburg John Bromwich 1949 Ted Schroeder Jaroslav Drobny 1950 Budge Patty Frank Sedgman 1951 Dick Savitt Ken McGregor 1952 Frank Sedgman Jaroslav Drobny 1953 Vic Seixas Kurt Nielsen Year Champion Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1953 Vic Seixas Kurt Nielsen 1954 Jaroslav Drobny Ken Rosewall 1955 Tony Trabert Kurt Nielsen 1956 Lew Hoad Ken Rosewall 1957 Lew Hoad Ashley Cooper 1958 Ashley Cooper Neale Fraser 1959 Alex Olmedo Rod Laver 1960 Neale Fraser Rod Laver 1961 Rod Laver Chuck McKinley 1962 Rod Laver Martin Mulligan 1963 Chuck McKinley Fred Stolle 1964 Roy Emerson Fred Stolle 1965 Roy Emerson Fred Stolle 1966 Manuel Santana Dennis Ralston 1967 John Newcombe Wilhelm Bungert 1968 Rod Laver Tony Roche 1969 Rod Laver John Newcombe 1970 John Newcombe Ken Rosewall 1971 John Newcombe Stan Smith Year Champion Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1971 John Newcombe Stan Smith 1972 Stan Smith Ilie Nastase 1973 Jan Kodes Alex Metreveli 1974 Jimmy Connors Ken Rosewall 1975 Arthur Ashe Jimmy Connors 1976 Bjorn Borg Ilie Nastase 1977 Bjorn Borg Jimmy Connors 1978 Bjorn Borg Jimmy Connors 1979 Bjorn Borg Roscoe Tanner 1980 Bjorn Borg John McEnroe 1981 John McEnroe Bjorn Borg 1982 Jimmy Connors John McEnroe 1983 John McEnroe Chris Lewis 1984 John McEnroe Jimmy Connors 1985 Boris Becker Kevin Curren 1986 Boris Becker Ivan Lendl 1987 Pat Cash Ivan Lendl 1988 Stefan Edberg Boris Becker 1989 Boris Becker Stefan Edberg Year Champion Final opponent 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1989 Boris Becker Stefan Edberg 1990 Stefan Edberg Boris Becker Women's Singles 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Champion 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1946 Pauline Betz 1947 Margaret Osborne 1948 Louise Brough 1949 Louise Brough 1950 Louise Brough 1951 Doris Hart Year Champion 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1951 Doris Hart 1952 Maureen Connolly 1953 Maureen Connolly 1954 Maureen Connolly 1955 Louise Brough 1956 Shirley Fry 1957 Althea Gibson 1958 Althea Gibson 1959 Maria Bueno 1960 Maria Bueno 1961 Angela Mortimer 1962 Karen Hantze-Susman 1963 Margaret Smith 1964 Maria Bueno 1965 Margaret Smith 1966 Billie Jean King 1967 Billie Jean King 1968 Billie Jean King 1969 Ann Haydon-Jones Year Champion 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1969 Ann Haydon-Jones 1970 Margaret Court 1971 Evonne Goolagong 1972 Billie Jean King 1973 Billie Jean King 1974 Chris Evert 1975 Billie Jean King 1976 Chris Evert 1977 Virginia Wade 1978 Martina Navratilova 1979 Martina Navratilova 1980 Evonne Goolagong 1981 Chris Evert Lloyd 1982 Martina Navratilova 1983 Martina Navratilova 1984 Martina Navratilova 1985 Martina Navratilova 1986 Martina Navratilova 1987 Martina Navratilova Year Champion 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1987 Martina Navratilova 1988 Steffi Graf 1989 Steffi Graf 1990 Martina Navratilova French Open Champions 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Men Women 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1969 Rod Laver Margaret Smith Court 1970 Jan Kodes Margaret Smith Court 1971 Jan Kodes Evonne Goolagong Year Men Women 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1971 Jan Kodes Evonne Goolagong 1972 Andres Gimeno Billie Jean King 1973 Ilie Nastase Margaret Court 1974 Bjorn Borg Chris Evert 1975 Bjorn Borg Chris Evert 1976 Adriano Panatta Sue Barker 1977 Guillermo Vilas Mima Jausovec 1978 Bjorn Borg Virginia Ruzici 1979 Bjorn Borg Chris Evert Lloyd 1980 Bjorn Borg Chris Evert Lloyd 1981 Bjorn Borg Hana Mandlikova 1982 Mats Wilander Martina Navratilova 1983 Yannick Noah Chris Evert Lloyd 1984 Ivan Lendl Martina Navratilova 1985 Mats Wilander Chris Evert Lloyd 1986 Ivan Lendl Chris Evert Lloyd 1987 Ivan Lendl Steffi Graf 1988 Mats Wilander Steffi Graf 1989 Michael Chang Arantxa Sanchez Year Men Women 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1989 Michael Chang Arantxa Sanchez 1990 Andres Gomez Monica Seles The World Cup 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Winner Final opponent Site 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1930 Uruguay Argentina Uruguay 1934 Italy Czechoslovakia Italy 1938 Italy Hungary France 1950 Uruguay Brazil Brazil 1954 W. Germany Hungary Switzerland 1958 Brazil Sweden Sweden Year Winner Final opponent Site 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1958 Brazil Sweden Sweden 1962 Brazil Czechoslovakia Chile 1966 England W. Germany England 1970 Brazil Italy Mexico 1974 W. Germany Netherlands W. Germany 1978 Argentina Netherlands Argentina 1982 Italy W. Germany Spain 1986 Argentina W. Germany Mexico 1990 W. Germany Argentina Italy The World Cup, emblematic of International soccer supremacy, was won by West Germany onJuly 8, 1990, with a 1-0 victory over defending champion Argentina on a penalty shot inthe 84th minute. It was the lowest-scoring final in the 60 years of World Cup play. It wasthe 3d World Cup title for West Germany, equaling Brazil and Italy. Winners and sites ofprevious World Cup play follow: Tour de France in 1990 Greg LeMond of the United States won the 77th Tour de France, the world's most prestigious bicycle race, for the second consecutive year. His margin of victory was 2 minutes 16 seconds, and he completed the 21-day, about 2,000 mile race in a total time of 90 hours 43 minutes 20 seconds. Claudio Chiappucci of Italy finished second. Notable Sports Personalities Henry Aaron, b. 1934: Milwaukee-Atlanta outfielder hit record 755 home runs; led NL 4 times. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, b. 1947: Milwaukee, L.A. Lakers center; MVP 6 times; leading scorer twice; playoff MVP, 1971, 1985; all-time leading NBA scorer. Grover Cleveland Alexander, (1887-1950): pitcher won 374 NL games; pitched 16 shutouts, 1916. Muhammad Ali, b. 1942: 3-time heavyweight champion. Ken Anderson, b. 1949: Cinn. Bengals quarterback led AFC in passing 4 times. Mario Andretti, b. 1940; won Indy 500, 1969; Grand Prix champ, 1978. Eddie Arcaro, b. 1916: jockey rode 4,779 winners including the Kentucky Derby 5 times; the Preakness and Belmont Stakes 6 times each. Henry Armstrong, b. 1912: boxer held feather-, welter-, light-weight titles simultaneously, 1937-38. Arthur Ashe, b. 1943: U.S. singles champ, 1968, Wimbledon champ, 1975. Red Auerbach, b. 1917: coached Boston Celtics to 9 NBA championships. Ernie Banks, b. 1931: Chicago Cubs slugger hit 512 NL homers: twice MVP. Roger Bannister, b. 1929: Briton ran first sub 4-minute mile, May 6, 1954. Rick Barry, b. 1944: NBA scoring leader, 1967; ABA, 1969. Sammy Baugh, b. 1914: Washington Redskins quarterback held numerous records upon retirement after 16 pro seasons. Elgin Baylor, b. 1934: L.A. Lakers forward; 1st team all-star 10 times. Bob Beamon, b. 1946: long jumper won 1968 Olympic gold medal with record 29 ft. 21/2 in. Jean Beliveau, b. 1931: Montreal Canadiens center scored 507 goals; twice MVP. Johnny Bench, b. 1947: Cincinnati Reds catcher; MVP twice; led league in home runs twice, RBIs 3 times. Patty Berg, b. 1918: won over 80 golf tournaments: AP Woman Athlete-of-the-Year 3 times. Yogi Berra, b. 1925: N.Y. Yankees catcher; MVP 3 times; played in 14 World Series. Raymond Berry, b. 1933: Baltimore Colts receiver caught 631 passes. Matt Biondi, b. 1965: swimmer won 5 gold medals at 1988 Olympics. Larry Bird, b. 1956: Boston Celtics forward; chosen MVP 1984-86, playoff MVP, 1984, 1986. George Blanda, b. 1927: quarterback, kicker; 26 years as active player, scoring record 2,002 points. Wade Boggs, b. 1958: AL Batting champ, 1983, 1985-88. Bjorn Borg, b. 1956: led Sweden to first Davis Cup, 1975; Wimbledon champion, 5 times. Mike Bossy, b.1957; N.Y. Islanders right wing scored over 50 goals 8 times. Terry Bradshaw, b. 1948; Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback led team to 4 Super Bowl titles. George Brett, b. 1953: Kansas City Royals 3d baseman led AL in batting, 1976, 1980; MVP, 1980. Lou Brock, b. 1939: St. Louis Cardinals outfielder stole record 118 bases, 1974; record 938 career; led NL 8 times. Jimmy Brown, b. 1936: Cleveland Browns fullback ran for 12,312 career yards; MVP 3 times. Paul "Bear" Bryant, (1913-1983), college football coach with 323 victories. Maria Bueno, b. 1939: U.S. singles champ 4 times; Wimbledon champ 3 times. Dick Butkus, b. 1942: Chicago Bears linebacker twice chosen best NFL defensive player. Dick Button, b. 1929: figure skater won 1948, 1952 Olympic gold medals; world titlist, 1948-52. Walter Camp, (1859-1925): Yale football player, coach, athletic director; established many rules; promoted All-America designations. Roy Campanella, b. 1921: Brooklyn Dodgers catcher; MVP 3 times. Earl Campbell, b. 1955: NFL running back; NFL MVP 1978-1980. Jose Canseco, b. 1964: Oakland A's outfielder; AL MVP 1988. Rod Carew, b. 1945: AL infielder won 7 batting titles; MVP, 1977. Steve Carlton, b. 1944: NL pitcher won 20 games 5 times, Cy Young award 4 times. Billy Casper, b. 1931: PGA Player-of-the-Year 3 times; U.S. Open champ twice. Wilt Chamberlain, b. 1936: center was NBA leading scorer 7 times; MVP 4 times. Bobby Clarke, b. 1949: Philadelphia Flyers center led team to 2 Stanley Cup championships: MVP 3 times. Roberto Clemente, (1934-1972): Pittsburgh Pirates outfielder won 4 batting titles; MVP, 1966. Ty Cobb, (1886-1961): Detroit Tigers outfielder had record .367 lifetime batting average, 12 batting titles. Sebastian Coe, b. 1956: Briton won Olympic 1,500-meter run, 1980, 1984. Nadia Comaneci, b. 1961: Romanian gymnast won 3 gold medals, achieved 7 perfect scores, 1976 Olympics. Maureen Connolly, (1934-1969): won tennis "grand slam," 1953; AP Woman-Athlete-of-the-Year 3 times. Jimmy Connors, b. 1952: U.S. singles champ 5 times; Wimbledon champ twice. James J. Corbett, (1866-1933): heavyweight champion, 1892-97; credited with being the first "scientific" boxer. Angel Cordero, b. 1942: jockey won over 6,000 races; leading money winner, 1976, 1982-83. Margaret Smith Court, b. 1942: Australian won U.S. singles championship 5 times; Wimbledon champ 3 times. Bob Cousy, b. 1928: Boston Celtics guard led team to 6 NBA championships: MVP, 1957. Andre Dawson, b. 1954: slugger led NL in home runs, MVP, 1987. Dizzy Dean, (1911-1974): colorful pitcher for St. Louis Cardinals "Gashouse Gang" in the 30s; MVP, 1934. Jack Dempsey, (1895-1983); heavyweight champion, 1919-26. Eric Dickerson, b. 1960: running back ran for NFL record 2,105 yds., 1984; led NFC 3 times, AFC twice. Joe DiMaggio, b. 1914: N.Y. Yankees outfielder hit safely in record 56 consecutive games, 1941; MVP 3 times. Leo Durocher, b. 1906: manager won 3 NL pennants. Gertrude Ederle, b. 1906: first woman to swim English Channel, broke existing men's record, 1926. Julius Erving, b. 1950: MVP and leading scorer in ABA 3 times; NBA MVP, 1981. Phil Esposito, b. 1942: NHL scoring leader 5 times. Chris Evert, b. 1954: U.S. singles champ 6 times, Wimbledon champ 3 times. Patrick Ewing, b. 1962: center led Georgetown Univ. to 1984 NCAA championship. Ray Ewry, (1873-1937): track and field star won 8 gold medals, 1900, 1904, and 1908 Olympics. Juan Fangio, b. 1911: World Grand Prix champion 5 times. Bob Feller, b. 1918: Cleveland Indians pitcher won 266 games; pitched 3 no-hitters, 12 one-hitters. Peggy Fleming, b. 1948: world figure skating champion, 1966-68; gold medalist 1968 Olympics. Whitey Ford, b. 1928: N.Y. Yankees pitcher won record 10 World Series games. Dick Fosbury, b. 1947: high jumper won 1968 Olympic gold medal; developed the "Fosbury Flop." Jimmie Foxx, (1907-1967): Red Sox, Athletics slugger; MVP 3 times; triple crown, 1933. A.J. Foyt, b. 1935: won Indy 500 4 times; U.S. Auto Club champ 7 times. Joe Frazier, b. 1944: heavyweight champion, 1970-73. Lou Gehrig, (1903-1941): N.Y. Yankees 1st baseman played record 2,130 consecutive games; MVP, 1936. George Gervin, b. 1952: leading NBA scorer, 1978-80, 1982. Althea Gibson, b. 1927: twice U.S. and Wimbledon singles champ. Bob Gibson, b. 1935: St. Louis Cardinals pitcher won Cy Young award twice; struck out 3,117 batters. Frank Gifford, b. 1930: N.Y. Giants back; MVP, 1956. Dwight Gooden, b. 1964: N.Y. Mets pitcher was NL Rookie of Year, 1984; Cy Young award, 1985. Steffi Graf, b. 1969: W. German won tennis "grand slam," 1988; U.S. champ 1988, 1989. Otto Graham, b. 1921: Cleveland Browns quarterback; all-pro 4 times. Red Grange, b.1903: All-America at Univ. of Illinois 1923-25; played for Chicago Bears, 1925-35. Joe Greene, b. 1946: Pittsburgh Steelers lineman; twice NFL outstanding defensive player. Wayne Gretzky, b. 1961: Edmonton Oilers center scored record 92 goals, 212 pts., 1982; MVP, 1980-87, 1989. Florence Griffith Joyner, b. 1959: sprinter won 3 gold medals at 1988 Olympics. Lefty Grove, (1900-1975): pitcher won 300 AL games; 20-game winner 8 times. Tony Gwynn, b. 1960: NL batting champ, 1984, 1987-1989. Walter Hagen, (1892-1969): won PGA championship 5 times. British Open 4 times. George Halas, (1895-1983); founder-coach of Chicago Bears; won 5 NFL championships. Bill Hartack, b. 1932: jockey rode 5 Kentucky Derby winners. John Havlicek, b. 1940: Boston Celtics forward scored over 26,000 NBA points. Eric Heiden, b. 1958: speed skater won 5 1980 Olympic gold medals. Rickey Henderson, b. 1958; AL outfielder stole record 130 bases, 1982. Sonja Henie, (1912-1969): world champion figure skater, 1927-36; Olympic gold medalist, 1928, 1932, 1936. Ben Hogan, b. 1912: won 4 U.S. Open championships, 2 PGA, 2 Masters. Rogers Hornsby, (1896-1963): NL 2d baseman batted record .424 in 1924; twice won triple crown; batting leader, 1920-25. Paul Hornung, b. 1935: Green Bay Packers runner-placekicker scored record 176 points, 1960. Gordie Howe, b. 1928: hockey forward; NHL MVP 6 times. Carl Hubbell, (1903-1988): N.Y. Giants pitcher; 20-game winner 5 consecutive years, 1933-37. Bobby Hull, b. 1939: NHL all-star 10 times. Catfish Hunter, b.1946: pitched perfect game, 1968; 20-game winner 5 times. Don Hutson, b. 1913: Green Bay Packers receiver caught 99 NFL touchdown passes. Reggie Jackson, b. 1946: slugger led AL in home runs 4 times; MVP, 1973; hit 5 World Series home runs, 1977. Jack Johnson, (1878-1946): heavyweight champion, 1910-15. Magic Johnson, b. 1959: NBA MVP 1987, 1989, 1990. Playoff MVP 1980, 1982, 1987. Walter Johnson, (1887-1946): Washington Senators pitcher won 413 games. Bobby Jones, (1902-1971); won "grand slam of golf" 1930; U.S. Amateur champ 5 times, U.S. Open champ 4 times. Deacon Jones, b. 1938: L.A. Rams lineman; twice NFL outstanding defensive player. Michael Jordan, b. 1963: NBA leading scorer, 1987-90; MVP, 1988. Sonny Jurgensen, b. 1934: quarterback named all-pro 5 times. Duke Kahanamoku, (1890-1968): swimmer won 1912, 1920 Olympic gold medals in 100-meter freestyle. Harmon Killebrew, b. 1936: Minnesota Twins slugger led AL in home runs 6 times. Jean Claude Killy, b. 1943: French skier won 3 1968 Olympic gold medals. Ralph Kiner, b. 1922: Pittsburgh Pirates slugger led NL in home runs 7 consecutive years, 1946-52. Billie Jean King, b. 1943: U.S. singles champ 4 times; Wimbledon champ 6 times. Bob Knight, b. 1940: Indiana U. basketball coach lead team to NCAA championships, 1976, 1981, 1987. Olga Korbut, b. 1955: Soviet gymnast won 3 1972 Olympic gold medals. Sandy Koufax, b. 1935: Dodgers pitcher won Cy Young award 3 times; lowest ERA in NL, 1962-66; pitched 4 no-hitters, one a perfect game. Guy Lafleur, b. 1951: forward led NHL in scoring 3 times; MVP, 1977, 1978. Tom Landry, b. 1924: Dallas Cowboys head coach 1960-88. Rod Laver, b. 1938: Australian won tennis "grand slam," 1962, 1969; Wimbledon champ 4 times. Mario Lemieux, b. 1965: NHL leading scorer, 1988-1989; MVP, 1988. Ivan Lendl, b. 1960: U.S. singles champ, 1985-87. Sugar Ray Leonard, b. 1956: former world welterweight champ. Carl Lewis, b. 1961: track and field star won 4 1984 Olympic gold medals. Vince Lombardi, (1913-1970): Green Bay Packers coach led, team to 5 NFL championships and 2 Super Bowl victories. Joe Louis, (1914-1981): 1914: heavyweight champion, 1937-49. Sid Luckman, b. 1916: Chicago Bears quarterback led team to 4 NFL championships; MVP, 1943. Connie Mack, (1862-1956): Philadelphia Athletics manager, 1901-50; won 9 pennants, 5 championships. Bill Madlock, b. 1951: NL batting leader 4 times. Moses Malone, b. 1955: NBA center was MVP 1979, 1982, 1983. Mickey Mantle, b. 1931: N.Y. Yankees outfielder; triple crown, 1956; 18 World Series home runs. Pete Maravich (1948-1988): guard scored NCAA record 44.2 ppg during collegiate career; led NBA in scoring, 1977. Rocky Marciano, (1923-1969): heavyweight champion, 1952-56; retired undefeated. Dan Marino, b. 1961: Miami Dolphins quarterback passed for NFL record 5,084 yds, 1984. Roger Maris, (1934-1985): N.Y. Yankees outfielder hit record 61 home runs, 1961; MVP, 1960 and 1961. Eddie Mathews, b. 1931: Milwaukee-Atlanta 3d baseman hit 512 career home runs. Christy Mathewson, (1880-1925): N.Y. Giants pitcher won 373 games. Bob Mathias, b. 1930: decathlon gold medalist, 1948, 1952. Don Mattingly, b. 1961: N.Y. Yankees 1st baseman won 1984 AL batting title; MVP, 1985. Willie Mays, b. 1931: N.Y.-S.F. Giants center fielder hit 660 home runs; twice MVP. Willie McCovey, b. 1938: S.F. Giants slugger hit 521 home runs; led NL 3 times. John McEnroe, b. 1959: U.S. singles champ, 1979-81, 1984; Wimbledon champ, 1981, 1983-84. John McGraw, (1873-1934): N.Y. Giants manager led team to 10 pennants, 3 championships. Mark Messier, Edmonton Oilers Center chosen NHL MVP, 1990; Conn Smythe Trophy, 1984. George Mikan, b. 1924: Minneapolis Lakers center selected in a 1950 AP poll as the greatest basketball player of the first half of the 20th century. Stan Mikita, b. 1940: Chicago Black Hawks center led NHL in scoring 4 times; MVP twice. Joe Montana, b. 1956: S.F. 49ers QB was Super Bowl MVP, 1982, 1985, 1990. Archie Moore, b. 1913: world light-heavyweight champion, 1952-62. Howie Morenz, (1902-1937): Montreal Canadiens forward chosen in a 1950 Canadian press poll as the outstanding hockey player of the first half of the 20th century. Joe Morgan, b. 1943: National League MVP, 1975, 1976. Thurman Munson, (1947-1979): N.Y. Yankees catcher; MVP, 1976. Dale Murphy, b. 1956: outfielder chosen NL MVP 1982, 1983. Stan Musial, b. 1920: St. Louis Cardinals star won 7 NL batting titles; MVP 3 times. Bronko Nagurski, (1908-1990): Chicago Bears fullback and tackle; gained over 4,000 yds. rushing. Joe Namath, b. 1943: quarterback led N.Y. Jets to 1969 Super Bowl title. Martina Navratilova, b. 1956: Wimbledon champ 8 times, U.S. champ 1983-1984; 1986-87. Byron Nelson, b. 1912: won 11 consecutive golf tournaments in 1945; twice Masters and PGA titlist. Ernie Nevers, (1903-1976): Stanford star selected the best college fullback to play between 1919-1969. John Newcombe, b. 1943: Australian twice U.S. singles champ; Wimbledon titlist 3 times. Jack Nicklaus, b. 1940: PGA Player-of-the-Year, 1967, 1972; leading money winner 8 times; won Masters 6 times. Chuck Noll, b. 1931: Pittsburgh Steelers coach led team to 4 Super Bowl titles. Paavo Nurmi, (1897-1973): Finnish distance runner won 6 Olympic gold medals, 1920, 1924, 1928. Al Oerter, b. 1936: discus thrower won gold medal at 4 consecutive Olympics, 1956-68. Bobby Orr, b. 1948: Boston Bruins defenseman; Norris Trophy 8 times; led NHL in scoring twice, assists 5 times. Mel Ott, (1909-1958): N.Y. Giants outfielder hit 511 home runs; led NL 6 times. Jesse Owens, (1913-1980): track and field star won 4 1936 Olympic gold medals. Satchel Paige, (1906-1982): pitcher starred in Negro leagues, 1924-48; entered major leagues at age 42. Arnold Palmer, b. 1929: golf's first $1 million winner; won 4 Masters, 2 British Opens. Jim Palmer, b. 1945: Baltimore Orioles pitcher; Cy Young award 3 times; 20-game winner 7 times. Floyd Patterson, b. 1935: twice heavyweight champion. Walter Payton, b. 1954: Chicago Bears running back has most rushing yards in NFL history; leading NFC rusher, 1976-80. Pele, b. 1940: Brazilian soccer star scored 1,281 goals during 22-year career. Bob Pettit, b. 1932: first NBA player to score 20,000 points; twice NBA scoring leader. Richard Petty, b. 1937: NASCAR national champ 7 times; 7-times Daytona 500 winner. Laffit Pincay Jr., b. 1946: leading money-winning jockey, 1970-74, 1979. Jacques Plante, (1929-1986): goalie, 7 Vezina trophies; first goalie to wear a mask in a game. Kirby Puckett, b. 1961: Minn. Twins outfielder won AL Batting Title, 1989; led Al in hits, 1987-89. Willis Reed, b. 1942: N.Y. Knicks center; MVP, 1970; playoff MVP, 1970, 1973. Jerry Rice, b. 1962: S.F. 49ers receiver chosen 1989 Super Bowl MVP. Jim Rice, b. 1953: Boston Red Sox outfielder led AL in home runs, 1977-78, 1983; MVP 1978. Maurice Richard, b. 1921: Montreal Canadiens forward scored 544 regular season goals, 82 playoff goals. Branch Rickey, (1881-1965): executive instrumental in breaking baseball's color barrier, 1947; initiated farm system, 1919. Oscar Robertson, b. 1938: guard averaged career 25.7 points per game; record 9,887 career assists; MVP, 1964. Brooks Robinson, b. 1937: Baltimore Orioles 3d baseman played in 4 World Series; MVP, 1964. Frank Robinson, b. 1935: slugger MVP in both NL and AL; triple crown winner, 1966; first black manager in majors. Jackie Robinson, (1919-1972): broke baseball's color barrier with Brooklyn Dodgers, 1947; MVP, 1949. Larry Robinson, b. 1951: NHL defenseman won Norris trophy, 1977, 1980. Sugar Ray Robinson, (1920-1989): middleweight champion 5 times, welterweight champion. Knute Rockne, (1888-1931): Notre Dame football coach, 1918-31; revolutionized game by stressing forward pass. Pete Rose, b. 1941: won 3 NL batting titles; hit safely in 44 consecutive games, 1978; has most major league hits. Wilma Rudolph, b. 1940: sprinter won 3 1960 Olympic gold medals. Bill Russell, b. 1934: Boston Celtics center led team to 11 NBA titles; MVP 5 times; first black coach of major pro sports team. Babe Ruth, (1895-1948): N.Y. Yankees outfielder hit 60 home runs, 1927; 714 lifetime; led AL 11 times. Johnny Rutherford, b. 1938: auto racer won Indy 500 3 times. Nolan Ryan, b. 1947: pitcher struck out record 383 batters, 1973; first to strike out 5,000 batters; pitched record 6 no-hitters; won 300th game, 1990. Bret Saberhagan, b. 1964: K.C. Royals pitcher won Cy Young award, 1985, 1989; WS MVP, 1985. Gene Sarazen, b. 1902: won PGA championship 3 times, U.S. Open twice; developer of sand wedge. Gale Sayers, b. 1943: Chicago Bears back twice led NFC in rushing. Mike Schmidt, b. 1949: Phillies 3d baseman led NL in home runs, 1974-76, 1980-81, 1983-84, 1986; NL MVP, 1980, 1981, 1986. Tom Seaver, b. 1944: pitcher won NL Cy Young award 3 times, won 311 major league games. Bill Shoemaker, b. 1931: jockey rode 3 Kentucky Derby and 5 Belmont Stakes winners; leading career money winner. Eddie Shore, (1902-1985): Boston Bruins defenseman; MVP 4 times, first-team all-star 7 times. Al Simmons, (1902-1956): AL outfielder had lifetime .334 batting average. O.J. Simpson, b. 1947: running back rushed for 2,003 yds., 1973; AFC leading rusher 4 times. George Sisler, (1893-1973): St. Louis Browns 1st baseman had record 257 hits, 1920; batted .340 lifetime. Billy Smith, b. 1950: N.Y. Islanders goalie led team to 4 Stanley Cup championships. Sam Snead, b. 1912: PGA and Masters champ 3 times each. Warren Spahn, b. 1921: pitcher won 363 NL games; 20-game winner 13 times; Cy Young award, 1957. Tris Speaker, (1885-1958): AL outfielder batted .344 over 22 seasons; hit record 793 career doubles. Mark Spitz, b. 1950: swimmer won 7 1972 Olympic gold medals. Amos Alonzo Stagg, (1862-1965): coached Univ. of Chicago football team for 41 years, including 5 undefeated seasons; introduced huddle, man-in-motion, and end-around play. Willie Stargell, b. 1941: Pittsburgh Pirate slugger chosen NL, World Series MVP, 1979. Bart Starr, b. 1934: Green Bay Packers quarterback led team to 5 NFL titles and 2 Super Bowl victories. Roger Staubach, b. 1942: Dallas Cowboys quarterback; leading NFC passer 5 times. Casey Stengel, (1890-1975): managed Yankees to 10 pennants, 7 championships, 1949-60. Jackie Stewart, b. 1939: Scot auto racer retired with 27 Grand Prix victories. John L. Sullivan, (1858-1918): last bareknuckle heavyweight champion, 1882-1892. Fran Tarkenton, b. 1940: quarterback holds career passing records for touchdowns, completions, yardage. Gustavo Thoeni, b. 1951: Italian 4-time world alpine ski champ. Jim Thorpe, (1888-1953): football All-America, 1911, 1912; won pentathlon and decathlon, 1912 Olympics. Bill Tilden, (1893-1953): U.S. singles champ 7 times; played on 11 Davis Cup teams. Y.A. Tittle, b. 1926: N.Y. Giants quarterback; MVP, 1961, 1963. Lee Trevino, b. 1939: won the U.S. and British Open championships twice. Bryan Trottier, b. 1956: center led N.Y. Islanders to 4 consecutive Stanley Cup championships, 1980-83. Mike Tyson, b. 1966: world heavyweight champion, 1987-90. Wyomia Tyus, b. 1945: sprinter won 1964, 1968 Olympic 100-meter dash. Johnny Unitas, b. 1933: Baltimore Colts quarterback passed for over 40,000 yds.; MVP, 1957, 1967. Al Unser, b. 1939: Indy 500 winner, 4 times. Bobby Unser, b. 1934: Indy 500 winner 3 times. Fernando Valenzuela, b. 1960: L.A. Dodgers pitcher won Cy Young award, 1981. Norm Van Brocklin, (1926-1983); quarterback passed for game record 554 yds., 1951; MVP, 1960. Honus Wagner, (1874-1955): Pittsburgh Pirates shortstop won 8 NL batting titles. Tom Watson, b. 1949: golfer won British Open 5 times. Johnny Weissmuller, (1903-1984); swimmer won 52 national championships, 5 Olympic gold medals; set 67 world records. Jerry West, b. 1938: L.A. Lakers guard had career average 27 points per game; first team all-star 10 times. Kathy Whitworth, b. 1939: women's golf leading money winner 8 times: first woman to earn over $300,000. Ted Williams, b. 1918: Boston Red Sox outfielder won 6 batting titles; last major leaguer to hit over .400: .406 in 1941: .344 lifetime batting average. John Wooden, b. 1910: coached UCLA basketball team to 10 national championships. Mickey Wright, b. 1935: won LPGA championship 4 times, Vare Trophy 5 times; twice AP Woman-Athlete-of-the-Year. Carl Yastrzemski, b. 1939: Boston Red Sox slugger won 3 batting titles, triple crown, 1967. Cy Young, (1867-1955): pitcher won record 511 major league games. Babe Didrikson Zaharias, (1914-1956): track star won 2 1932 Olympic gold medals; won numerous golf tournaments. Goodwill Games of 1990 The second edition of the Goodwill Games was contested in Seattle, Wash. from July 21through August 5. The USSR won the most gold medals. Final Medal Standings 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Country Gold Silver Bronze Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� USSR 66 68 54 188 U.S. 60 53 48 161 East Germany 11 8 24 43 Bulgaria 8 7 9 24 China 6 7 3 16 West Germany 4 3 8 15 Japan 2 3 10 15 Cuba 6 4 3 13 Canada 4 1 6 11 Romania 2 4 2 8 Spain 3 2 2 7 South Korea 3 2 2 7 Hungary 1 1 5 7 Netherlands 1 1 5 7 Australia 0 4 3 7 Country Gold Silver Bronze Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Australia 0 4 3 7 Brazil 0 1 6 7 Poland 4 1 0 5 Italy 2 2 1 5 Jamaica 1 1 2 4 Great Britain 0 2 2 4 Yugoslavia 2 1 0 3 Denmark 1 1 1 3 Turkey 0 2 1 3 Mongolia 1 1 0 2 Ethiopia 0 2 0 2 New Zealand 0 2 0 2 Kenya 0 1 1 2 Czechoslovakia 1 0 0 1 Mexico 1 0 0 1 Morocco 1 0 0 1 Suriname 1 0 0 1 Bahamas 0 1 0 1 France 0 0 1 1 Country Gold Silver Bronze Total 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� France 0 0 1 1 Ireland 0 0 1 1 Sweden 0 0 1 1 Virgin Islands 0 0 1 1 GOLF United States Open 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1903 Willie Anderson 1904 Willie Anderson 1905 Willie Anderson 1906 Alex Smith 1907 Alex Ross 1908 Fred McLeod 1909 George Sargent 1910 Alex Smith 1911 John McDermott 1912 John McDermott 1913 Francis Ouimet* 1914 Walter Hagen 1915 Jerome Travers* 1916 Chick Evans* 1917-18 (Not played) 1919 Walter Hagen 1920 Edward Ray 1921 Jim Barnes 1922 Gene Sarazen Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1922 Gene Sarazen 1923 Bobby Jones* 1924 Cyril Walker 1925 Willie MacFarlane 1926 Bobby Jones* 1927 Tommy Armour 1928 John Farrell 1929 Bobby Jones* 1930 Bobby Jones* 1931 Wm. Burke 1932 Gene Sarazen 1933 John Goodman* 1934 Olin Dutra 1935 Sam Parks Jr. 1936 Tony Manero 1937 Ralph Guldahl 1938 Ralph Guldahl 1939 Byron Nelson 1940 Lawson Little Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1940 Lawson Little 1941 Craig Wood 1942-45 (Not played) 1946 Lloyd Mangrum 1947 L. Worsham 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Cary Middlecoff 1950 Ben Hogan 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Julius Boros 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Ed Furgol 1955 Jack Fleck 1956 Cary Middlecoff 1957 Dick Mayer 1958 Tommy Bolt 1959 Billy Casper 1960 Arnold Palmer 1961 Gene Littler Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1961 Gene Littler 1962 Jack Nicklaus 1963 Julius Boros 1964 Ken Venturi 1965 Gary Player 1966 Billy Casper 1967 Jack Nicklaus 1968 Lee Trevino 1969 Orville Moody 1970 Tony Jacklin 1971 Lee Trevino 1972 Jack Nicklaus 1973 Johnny Miller 1974 Hale Irwin 1975 Lou Graham 1976 Jerry Pate 1977 Hubert Green 1978 Andy North 1979 Hale Irwin Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1979 Hale Irwin 1980 Jack Nicklaus 1981 David Graham 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Larry Nelson 1984 Fuzzy Zoeller 1985 Andy North 1986 Ray Floyd 1987 Scott Simpson 1988 Curtis Strange 1989 Curtis Strange 1990 Hale Irwin *Amateur Professional Golfer's Association Championships 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1922 Gene Sarazen 1923 Gene Sarazen 1924 Walter Hagen 1925 Walter Hagen 1926 Walter Hagen 1927 Walter Hagen 1928 Leo Diegel 1929 Leo Diegel 1930 Tommy Armour 1931 Tom Creavy 1932 Olin Dutra 1933 Gene Sarazen 1934 Paul Runyan 1935 Johnny Revolta 1936 Denny Shute Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1936 Denny Shute 1937 Denny Shute 1938 Paul Runyan 1939 Henry Picard 1940 Byron Nelson 1941 Victor Ghezzi 1942 Sam Snead 1944 Bob Hamilton 1945 Byron Nelson 1946 Ben Hogan 1947 Jim Ferrier 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Chandler Harper 1951 Sam Snead 1952 James Turnesa 1953 Walter Burkemo 1954 Melvin Harbert 1955 Doug Ford Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1955 Doug Ford 1956 Jack Burke 1957 Lionel Hebert 1958 Dow Finsterwald 1959 Bob Rosburg 1960 Jay Hebert 1961 Jerry Barber 1962 Gary Player 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 Bob Nichols 1965 Dave Marr 1966 Al Geiberger 1967 Don January 1968 Julius Boros 1969 Ray Floyd 1970 Dave Stockton 1971 Jack Nicklaus 1972 Gary Player 1973 Jack Nicklaus Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1973 Jack Nicklaus 1974 Lee Trevino 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 Dave Stockton 1977 Lanny Wadkins 1978 John Mahaffey 1979 David Graham 1980 Jack Nicklaus 1981 Larry Nelson 1982 Ray Floyd 1983 Hal Sutton 1984 Lee Trevino 1985 Hubert Green 1986 Bob Tway 1987 Larry Nelson 1988 Jeff Sluman 1989 Payne Stewart 1990 Wayne Grady Masters Golf Tournament Champions 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1934 Horton Smith 1935 Gene Sarazen 1936 Horton Smith 1937 Byron Nelson 1938 Henry Picard 1939 Ralph Guldahl 1940 Jimmy Demaret 1941 Craig Wood 1942 Byron Nelson 1943-1945 (Not played) 1946 Herman Keiser Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1946 Herman Keiser 1947 Jimmy Demaret 1948 Claude Harmon 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Jimmy Demaret 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Sam Snead 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Sam Snead 1955 Cary Middlecoff 1956 Jack Burke 1957 Doug Ford 1958 Arnold Palmer 1959 Art Wall Jr. 1960 Arnold Palmer 1961 Gary Player 1962 Arnold Palmer 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 Arnold Palmer Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1964 Arnold Palmer 1965 Jack Nicklaus 1966 Jack Nicklaus 1967 Gay Brewer Jr. 1968 Bob Goalby 1969 George Archer 1970 Billy Casper 1971 Charles Coody 1972 Jack Nicklaus 1973 Tommy Aaron 1974 Gary Player 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 Ray Floyd 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Gary Player 1979 Fuzzy Zoeller 1980 Severiano Ballesteros 1981 Tom Watson 1982 Craig Stadler Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1982 Craig Stadler 1983 Severiano Ballesteros 1984 Ben Crenshaw 1985 Bernhard Langer 1986 Jack Nicklaus 1987 Larry Mize 1988 Sandy Lyle 1989 Nick Faldo 1990 Nick Faldo British Open Golf Champions 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Winner Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1930 Bobby Jones 1931 Tommy Armour 1932 Gene Sarazen 1933 Denny Shute 1934 Henry Cotton 1935 Alf Perry 1936 Alf Padgham 1937 T.H. Cotton 1938 R.A. Whitcombe 1939 Richard Burton 1940-45 (Not played) 1946 Sam Snead 1947 Fred Daly 1948 Henry Cotton 1949 Bobby Locke 1950 Bobby Locke 1951 Max Faulkner 1952 Bobby Locke 1953 Ben Hogan Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Peter Thomson 1955 Peter Thomson 1956 Peter Thomson 1957 Bobby Locke 1958 Peter Thomson 1959 Gary Player 1960 Kel Nagle 1961 Arnold Palmer 1962 Arnold Palmer 1963 Bob Charles 1964 Tony Lema 1965 Peter Thomson 1966 Jack Nicklaus 1967 Roberto de Vicenzo 1968 Gary Player 1969 Tony Jacklin 1970 Jack Nicklaus 1971 Lee Trevino Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1971 Lee Trevino 1972 Lee Trevino 1973 Tom Weiskopf 1974 Gary Player 1975 Tom Watson 1976 Johnny Miller 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Jack Nicklaus 1979 Seve Ballesteros 1980 Tom Watson 1981 Bill Rogers 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Tom Watson 1984 Seve Ballesteros 1985 Sandy Lyle 1986 Greg Norman 1987 Nick Faldo 1988 Seve Ballesteros 1989 Mark Calcavecchia Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1989 Mark Calcavecchia 1990 Nick Faldo Professional Golf Tournaments in 1990 Women 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴� Date Event Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Jan. 7 Tournament of Champions, Carlsbad, Cal. Paul Azinger Jan. 14 Tucson Open, Ariz. Robert Gamez Jan. 21 Bob Hope Chrysler Classic, LaQuinta, Cal. Peter Jacobsen Jan. 28 Phoenix Open, Ariz. Tommy Armour 3d Feb. 4 A.T.&T. National Pro-Am, Pebble Beach, Cal. Mark O'Meara Date Event Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Feb. 4 A.T.&T. National Pro-Am, Pebble Beach, Cal. Mark O'Meara Feb. 11 Hawaiian Open, Honolulu David Ishii Feb. 25 Los Angeles Open Fred Couples Feb. 18 Shearson Lehman Hutton Open, La Jolla, Cal. Dan Forsman Mar. 4 Doral Ryder Open, Miami, Fla. Greg Norman Mar. 18 Tournament Players Championship, Ponte Vedra, Fla. Jodie Mudd Mar. 25 Nestle Invitational, Orlando, Fla. Robert Gamez Apr. 8 Masters Tournament, Augusta, Ga. Nick Faldo Apr. 16 Heritage Classic, Hilton Head, S.C. Payne Stewart Apr. 22 Greater Greensboro Open, N.C. Steve Elkington Apr. 29 USF&G Classic, New Orleans David Frost May 6 Byron Nelson Classic, Irving, Tex. Payne Stewart May 13 Memorial Tournament, Dublin, Oh. Greg Norman May 20 Colonial National Tournament, Ft. Worth, Tex. Ben Crenshaw May 28 Atlanta Classic, Ga. Wayne Levi June 3 Kemper Open, Potomac, Md. Gil Morgan June 10 Western Open, Oak Brook, Ill. Wayne Levi June 18 U.S. Open, Medinah, Ill. Hale Irwin June 24 Buick Classic, Harrison, N.Y. Hale Irwin Date Event Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� June 24 Buick Classic, Harrison, N.Y. Hale Irwin July 1 Greater Hartford Open, Conn. Wayne Levi July 8 Anheuser-Busch Classic, Williamsburg, Va. Lanny Wadkins July 15 Bank of Boston Classic, Sutton, Mass. Morris Hatalsky July 30 Buick Open, Grand Blanc, Mich. Chip Beck Aug. 5 St. Jude Classic, Memphis, Tenn. Tom Kite Aug. 12 PGA Championship, Shoal Creek, Ala. Wayne Grady Aug. 20 The International, Castle Rock, Col. Davis Love 3d Aug. 26 World Series of Golf, Akron, Oh. Jose-Maria Olaz Sept. 2 Greater Milwaukee Open Jim Gallagher Sept. 9 Hardee's Classic, Coal Valley, Ill. Joey Sindelar Sept. 16 Canadian Open, Oakville, Ont. Wayne Levi Sept. 23 B.C. Open, Endicott, N.Y. Nolan Henke Sept. 30 Southern Open, Columbus, Ga. Kenny Knox Oct. 7 Texas Open, San Antonio Mark O'Meara Jan. 21 Jamaica Classic, Montego, Jamaica Patty Sheehan Feb. 18 Inverrary Classic, Lauderhill, Fla. Jane Crafter Feb. 25 Hawaiian Open, Honolulu Beth Daniel Mar. 4 Kemper Open, Wailea, Ha. Beth Daniel Date Event Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mar. 4 Kemper Open, Wailea, Ha. Beth Daniel Mar. 18 Tucson Open, Tucson, Ariz. Colleen Walker Mar. 26 Turquoise Classic, Phoenix, Ariz. Pat Bradley Apr. 1 Dinah Shore Invitational, Rancho Mirage, Cal. Betsy King Apr. 8 Red Robin Classic, Poway, Cal. Kris Monaghan May 6 Sara Lee Classic, Nashville, Tenn. Ayako Okamoto May 13 Crestar Classic, Chesapeake, Va. Dottie Mochrie May 27 Corning Classic, Corning, N.Y. Pat Bradley June 3 Lady Keystone Open, Hershey, Pa. Cathy Gerring June 10 McDonald's Championship, Wilmington, Del. Patty Sheehan June 24 Rochester International, N.Y. Patty Sheehan July 1 Du Maurier Classic, Kitchener, Ont. Cathy Johnson July 8 Jamie Farr Toledo Classic, Oh. Tina Purtzin July 15 U.S. Women's Open, Duluth, Ga. Betsy King Aug. 5 Boston Five Classic, Danvers, Mass. Barb Mucha Aug. 12 Stratton Classic, Vt. Cathy Gerring Aug. 20 Big Apple Classic, New Rochelle, N.Y. Betsy King Aug. 26 Northgate Classic, Brooklyn Park, Minn. Beth Daniel Sept. 9 Cellular One-Ping Championship, Portland, Ore. Patty Sheehan Date Event Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sept. 9 Cellular One-Ping Championship, Portland, Ore. Patty Sheehan Sept. 16 Safeco Classic, Kent, Wash. Patty Sheehan Sept. 23 MBS Calssic, Buena Park, Cal. Nancy Lopez Oct. 7 Centel Classic, Tallahassee, Fla. Beth Daniel *Won playoff. U.S. Women's Open Golf Champions 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1948 "Babe" Zaharias 1949 Louise Suggs Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1949 Louise Suggs 1950 "Babe" Zaharias 1951 Betsy Rawls 1952 Louise Suggs 1953 Betsy Rawls 1954 "Babe" Zaharias 1955 Fay Crocker 1956 Mrs. K. Cornelius 1957 Betsy Rawls 1958 Mickey Wright 1959 Mickey Wright 1960 Betsy Rawls 1961 Mickey Wright 1962 Murle Lindstrom 1963 Mary Mills 1964 Mickey Wright 1965 Carol Mann 1966 Sandra Spuzich 1967 Catherine Lacoste* Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1967 Catherine Lacoste* 1968 Susie Maxwell Berning 1969 Donna Caponi 1970 Donna Caponi 1971 JoAnne Carner 1972 Susie Maxwell Berning 1973 Susie Maxwell Berning 1974 Sandra Haynie 1975 Sandra Palmer 1976 JoAnne Carner 1977 Hollis Stacy 1978 Hollis Stacy 1979 Jerilyn Britz 1980 Amy Alcott 1981 Pat Bradley 1982 Janet Alex 1983 Jan Stephenson 1984 Hollis Stacy 1985 Kathy Baker Year Winner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1985 Kathy Baker 1986 Jane Geddes 1987 Laura Davies 1988 Liselotte Neumann 1989 Betsy King 1990 Betsy King *Amateur PGA Leading Money Winners 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player Amount 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year Player Amount 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1946 Ben Hogan $42,556 1947 Jimmy Demaret 27,936 1948 Ben Hogan 36,812 1949 Sam Snead 31,593 1950 Sam Snead 35,758 1951 Lloyd Mangrum 26,088 1952 Julius Boros 37,032 1953 Lew Worsham 34,002 1954 Bob Toski 65,819 1955 Julius Boros 65,121 1956 Ted Kroll 72,835 1957 Dick Mayer 65,835 1958 Arnold Palmer 42,407 1959 Art Wall Jr. 53,167 1960 Arnold Palmer 75,262 1961 Gary Player 64,540 1962 Arnold Palmer 81,448 1963 Arnold Palmer 128,230 1964 Jack Nicklaus 113,284 Year Player Amount 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1964 Jack Nicklaus 113,284 1965 Jack Nicklaus 140,752 1966 Billy Casper 121,944 1967 Jack Nicklaus 188,988 1968 Billy Casper 205,168 1969 Frank Beard 175,223 1970 Lee Trevino 157,037 1971 Jack Nicklaus 244,490 1972 Jack Nicklaus 320,542 1973 Jack Nicklaus 308,362 1974 Johnny Miller 353,201 1975 Jack Nicklaus 323,149 1976 Jack Nicklaus 266,438 1977 Tom Watson 310,653 1978 Tom Watson 362,429 1979 Tom Watson 462,636 1980 Tom Watson 530,808 1981 Tom Kite 375,699 1982 Craig Stadler 446,462 Year Player Amount 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1982 Craig Stadler 446,462 1983 Hal Sutton 426,668 1984 Tom Watson 476,260 1985 Curtis Strange 542,321 1986 Greg Norman 653,296 1987 Curtis Strange 925,941 1988 Curtis Strange 1,147,644 1989 Tom Kite 1,395,278 LPGA Leading Money Winners 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player Amount 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Year Player Amount 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1954 Patty Berg $16,011 1955 Patty Berg 16,492 1956 Marlene Hagge 20,235 1957 Patty Berg 16,272 1958 Beverly Hanson 12,629 1959 Betsy Rawls 26,774 1960 Louise Suggs 16,892 1961 Mickey Wright 22,236 1962 Mickey Wright 21,641 1963 Mickey Wright 31,269 1964 Mickey Wright 29,800 1965 Kathy Whitworth 28,658 1966 Kathy Whitworth 33,517 1967 Kathy Whitworth 32,937 1968 Kathy Whitworth 48,379 1969 Carol Mann 49,152 1970 Kathy Whitworth 30,235 1971 Kathy Whitworth 41,181 1972 Kathy Whitworth 65,063 Year Player Amount 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1972 Kathy Whitworth 65,063 1973 Kathy Whitworth 82,854 1974 JoAnne Carner 87,094 1975 Sandra Palmer 94,805 1976 Judy Rankin 150,734 1977 Judy Rankin 122,890 1978 Nancy Lopez 189,813 1979 Nancy Lopez 215,987 1980 Beth Daniel 231,000 1981 Beth Daniel 206,977 1982 JoAnne Carner 310,399 1983 JoAnne Carner 291,404 1984 Betsy King 266,771 1985 Nancy Lopez 416,472 1986 Pat Bradley 492,021 1987 Ayako Okamoto 466,034 1988 Sherri Turner 347,255 1989 Betsy King 654,132 Lacrosse Champions in 1990 World Championship --Perth, Australia, July 15: U.S. 19, Canada 15. U.S. Club Lacrosse Association Championship --Baltimore, Md., June 8: Mt. Washington Club (Baltimore) 13, N.Y. A.C. 7. NCAA Division I Championship --Piscataway, N.J., May 28: Syracuse 21, Loyola (Baltimore) 9. NCAA Division III Championship --Geneva, N.Y., May 19: Hobart College 18, Washington College 6. USILA All-Star Game --Baltimore, Md., June 9: North 18, South 16. National Junior College Championship --Herkimer, N.Y., May 12: Nassau C.C. 16, Essex C.C. 9. NCAA Women's Lacrosse Championship, Division I --Princeton, N.J., May 20: Harvard 8, Maryland 7. USILA Division I All America Team Attack: Greg Burns, Syracuse; Tom Marechek, Syracuse; Jim Blanding, Loyola. Midfield: Jon Reese, Yale; Gary Gait, Syracuse; Paul Gait, Syracuse; Greg Rinaldi, Rutgers. Defense: Bryan Martin, Yale; Pat McCabe, Syracuse; Joe Breschi, North Carolina. Goal: Tom Guido, Yale. Coach of the Year: Mike Waldvogel, Yale. Note: 4 midfielders selected for the 3 midfield positions USILA Division III All America Team Attack: William Miller, Hobart; Tim Hormes, Washington; Lance Savage, Hobart. Midfield: Michael DeMaria, Hobart; Matthew Kerwick, Hobart; Bob Martino, Washington; Ken Knapp, Ohio Wesleyan. Defense: Mike Warnes, Ohio Wesleyan; Peter Bennett, Hobart; Brad Edwards, Gettysburg. Goal: Dave Slomkowski, Washington. Coach of the Year: Al Brown, Alfred. Note: 4 midfielders selected for the 3 midfield positions. NCAA Division I Champions 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Champion 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1971 Cornell 1972 Virginia 1973 Maryland 1974 Johns Hopkins 1975 Maryland 1976 Cornell 1977 Cornell 1978 Johns Hopkins 1979 Johns Hopkins 1980 Johns Hopkins 1981 North Carolina 1982 North Carolina 1983 Syracuse 1984 Johns Hopkins 1985 Johns Hopkins 1986 North Carolina 1987 Johns Hopkins 1988 Syracuse 1989 Syracuse Year Champion 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1989 Syracuse 1990 Syracuse American Power Boat Assn. Gold Cup Champions 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Boat Driver 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1973 Miss Budweiser Dean Chenoweth 1974 Pay'N Pak George Henley 1975 Pay'N Pak George Henley 1976 Miss U.S. Tom D'Eath 1977 Atlas Van Lines Bill Muncey 1978 Atlas Van Lines Bill Muncey Year Boat Driver 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1978 Atlas Van Lines Bill Muncey 1979 Atlas Van Lines Bill Muncey 1980 Miss Budweiser Dean Chenoweth 1981 Miss Budweiser Dean Chenoweth 1982 Atlas Van Lines Chip Hanauer 1983 Atlas Van Lines Chip Hanauer 1984 Atlas Van Lines Chip Hanauer 1985 Miller American Chip Hanauer 1986 Miller American Chip Hanauer 1987 Miller American Chip Hanauer 1988 Miller American Chip Hanauer 1989 Miss Budweiser Tom D'Eath 1990 Miss Budweiser Tom D'Eath Rifle and Pistol Individual Championships in 1990 National Rifle Association of America National Outdoor Rifle and Pistol Championships Pistol -- James R. Lenardson, Toledo, Oh., 1764-90X. Civilian Pistol -- Allen B. Fulford, Vienna, Ga., 1759-82X. Woman Pistol -- Roxane Conrad, Quantico, Va., 1733-74X. Collegiate Pistol -- Keith Hanzel, Falls Church, Va., 1708-54X. Smallbore Rifle Prone -- T.R. Bishop, Lenoir, N.C., 6388-483X. Civilian Smallbore Rifle Prone -- T.R. Bishop, 6388-483X. Woman Smallbore Rifle Prone -- Edie Reynolds, Raleigh, N.C., 6385-467X. Collegiate Smallbore Rifle Prone -- Erin Gestl, Bethlehem, Pa., 6382-486X. Smallbore Rifle 3-Position -- James Meredith, Columbus, Ga., 2261. Civilian Smallbore 3-Position -- Lones Wigger, Colorado Springs, Col., 2259. Woman Smallbore 3-Position -- Rhonda Barush, Columbus, Ga., 2229. Collegiate Smallbore 3-Position -- Erin Gestl, 2231. Highpower Rifle -- G. David Tubb, Canadian, Tex., 2380-108X. Woman Highpower Rifle -- Nancy Gallagher-Tompkins, Long Beach, Cal., 2354-86X. Civilian Highpower Rifle -- G. David Tubb, 2380-108X. U.S. NRA International Shooting Championship Smallbore Free Rifle Prone -- Bill Meek, Riverside, Cal., 1296.5. Smallbore Free Rifle Position -- Bob Foth, Colorado Springs, Col., 2424.6. Men's Air Rifle -- Bob Foth, 1284.9. Women's Air Rifle -- Launi Meili, Cheney, Wash., 881.9. Women's Smallbore Rifle Prone -- Deena Wigger, Colorado Springs, Col., 1176. Women's Standard Rifle 3-Position -- Deena Wigger, 1265.1. Free Pistol -- Erich Buljung, Columbus, Ga., 1219. Rapid Fire Pistol -- John McNally, Columbus, Ga., 1453. Center Fire Pistol -- Eduardo Suarez, Ft. Benning, Ga., 1163. Standard Pistol -- John McNally, 1146. Men's Air Pistol -- Don Nygord, LaCrescenta, Cal., 1246.3. Women's Air Pistol -- Connie Petracek, Nashville, Tenn., 847.7. Women's Sport Pistol -- Bettie Blocksome, Hartselle, Ala., 1246. International Trap -- George Haas, III, Ontario, Cal., 414. Women's International Trap -- Denise Morrison, Columbus, Ga., 292. International Skeet -- Michael Schmidt Jr., St. Paul, Minn., 415. Women's International Skeet --Connie Fluker, Deer Park, Tex., 299. National Indoor Rifle & Pistol Championships Smallbore Rifle 4-Position -- Thomas A. Tamas, Columbus, Ga., 800. Smallbore Rifle NRA 3-Position -- Karen E. Monez, Colorado Springs, Col., 1191. Smallbore Rifle International -- Thomas A. Tamas, 1175. Woman Smallbore Rifle 4-Position -- Karen E. Monez, 799. Woman Smallbore Rifle NRA 3-Position -- Karen Monez, 1191. Woman International Smallbore Rifle -- Debbie L. Sinclair, Tigard, Ore., 1161. Air Rifle -- Robert J. Foth, Colorado Springs, Col., 587. Woman Air Rifle -- Rhonda Barush, Columbus, Ga., 581. Conventional Pistol -- Charles E. Baxter, Argyle, Tex., 889. Woman Conventional Pistol -- Marcia A. Yarow, Marlborough, Mass., 851. International Free Pistol -- Jimmie W. McCoy, Columbus, Ga., 559. International Standard Pistol -- James V. Marsh, Annapolis, Md., 571. Woman International Standard Pistol -- Patricia Ann Zidek, Hopewell Jct., N.Y., 536. Air Pistol -- Donald C. Nygord, LaCrescenta, Cal., 584 Woman Air Pistol -- Michele D. Oberholz, Virginia Beach, Va., 550. Skiing World Cup Alpine Champions Men 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1967 Jean Claude Killy, France 1968 Jean Claude Killy, France 1969 Karl Schranz, Austria 1970 Karl Schranz, Austria 1971 Gustavo Thoeni, Italy 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1971 Gustavo Thoeni, Italy 1972 Gustavo Thoeni, Italy 1973 Gustavo Thoeni, Italy 1974 Piero Gros, Italy 1975 Gustavo Thoeni, Italy 1976 Ingemar Stenmark, Sweden 1977 Ingemar Stenmark, Sweden 1978 Ingemar Stenmark, Sweden 1979 Peter Luescher, Switzerland 1980 Andreas Wenzel, Liechtenstein 1981 Phil Mahre, U.S. 1982 Phil Mahre, U.S. 1983 Phil Mahre, U.S. 1984 Pirmin Zurbriggen, Switzerland 1985 Marc Girardelli, Luxembourg 1986 Marc Girardelli, Luxembourg 1987 Pirmin Zurbriggen, Switzerland 1988 Pirmin Zurbriggen, Switzerland 1989 Marc Girardelli, Luxembourg 1990 Pirmin Zurbriggen, Switzerland 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1990 Pirmin Zurbriggen, Switzerland Women 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1967 Nancy Greene, Canada 1968 Nancy Greene, Canada 1969 Gertrud Gabl, Austria 1970 Michele Jacot, France 1971 Annemarie Proell, Austria 1972 Annemarie Proell, Austria 1973 Annemarie Proell, Austria 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1973 Annemarie Proell, Austria 1974 Annemarie Proell, Austria 1975 Annemarie Proell, Austria 1976 Rose Mittermaier, W. Germany 1977 Lise-Marie Morerod, Switzerland 1978 Hanni Wenzel, Liechtenstein 1979 Annemarie Proell Moser, Austria 1980 Hanni Wenzel, Liechtenstein 1981 Marie-Theres Nadig, Switzerland 1982 Erika Hess, Switzerland 1983 Tamara McKinney, U.S. 1984 Erika Hess, Switzerland 1985 Michela Figini, Switzerland 1986 Maria Walliser, Switzerland 1987 Maria Walliser, Switzerland 1988 Michela Figini, Switzerland 1989 Vreni Schneider, Switzerland 1990 Petra Kronberger, Austria U.S. Alpine Championships in 1990 Crested Butte, Col. Men Downhill --Skip Merrick Slalom --Felix McGrath Giant Slalom --Tommy Moe Super Giant Slalom --A.J. Kitt Combined --Kyle Wieche Women Downhill --Lucie Laroche Slalom --Monique Pelletier Giant Slalom --Kristi Terzian Super Giant Slalom --Krista Schmidinger Combined --Julie Parisien Auto Racing Indianapolis 500 Winners 露컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Winner, Car MPH 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Year Winner, Car MPH 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1911 Ray Harroun, Marmon Wasp 74.59 1912 Joe Dawson, National 78.72 1913 Jules Goux, Peugeot 75.933 1914 Rene Thomas, Delage 82.47 1915 Ralph DePalma, Mercedes 89.84 1916 Dario Resta, Peugeot 84.00 1917-18 race not held 1919 Howdy Wilcox, Peugeot 88.05 1920 Gaston Chevrolet, Monroe 88.16 1921 Tommy Milton, Frontenac 89.62 1922 Jimmy Murphy, Murphy Special 94.48 1923 Tommy Milton, H.C.S. 90.95 1924 L.L. Corum-Joe Boyer, Duesenberg 98.23 1925 Pete DePaolo, Duesenberg 101.13 1926 Frank Lockhart, Miller 95.904 1927 George Souders, Duesenberg 97.545 1928 Louis Meyer, Miller 99.482 1929 Ray Keech, Simplex 97.585 1930 Billy Arnold, Miller-Hartz 100.448 Year Winner, Car MPH 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1930 Billy Arnold, Miller-Hartz 100.448 1931 Louis Schneider, Bowes Seal Fast 96.629 1932 Fred Frame, Miller-Hartz 104.144 1933 Louis Meyer, Tydol 104.162 1934 Bill Cummings, Boyle Products 104.863 1935 Kelly Petillo, Gilmore Speedway 106.240 1936 Louis Meyer, Ring Free 109.069 1937 Wilbur Shaw, Shaw-Gilmore 113.580 1938 Floyd Roberts, Burd Piston Ring 117.200 1939 Wilbur Shaw, Boyle 115.035 1940 Wilbur Shaw, Boyle 114.277 1941 Floyd Davis-Mauri Rose, Knock-Out-Hose Clip 115.117 1942-45 race not held 1946 George Robson, Thorne Engineering 114.820 1947 Mauri Rose, Blue Crown Special 116.338 1948 Mauri Rose, Blue Crown Special 119.814 1949 Bill Holland, Blue Crown Special 121.327 1950 Johnny Parsons, Wynn Kurtis Kraft 124.002 1951 Lee Wallard, Belanger 126.224 Year Winner, Car MPH 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1951 Lee Wallard, Belanger 126.224 1952 Troy Ruttman, Agajanian 128.922 1953 Bill Vukovich, Fuel Injection 128.740 1954 Bill Vukovich, Fuel Injection 130.840 1955 Bob Sweikert, John Zink Special 128.209 1956 Pat Flaherty, John Zink Special 128.490 1957 Sam Hanks, Belond Exhaust 135.601 1958 Jimmy Bryan, Belond A.P. 133.791 1959 Rodger Ward, Leader Card Special 135.857 1960 Jim Rathmann, Ken Paul Special 138.767 1961 A.J. Foyt, Bowes Seal Fast 139.130 1962 Rodger Ward, Leader Card Special 140.293 1963 Parnelli Jones, Agajanian Special 143.137 1964 A.J. Foyt, Sheraton-Thompson Special 147.350 1965 Jim Clark, Lotus-Ford 150.686 1966 Graham Hill, American Red Ball 144.317 1967 A.J. Foyt, Sheraton-Thompson Special 151.207 1968 Bobby Unser, Rislone Special 152.882 1969 Mario Andretti, STP Oil Treatment Special 156.867 Year Winner, Car MPH 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1969 Mario Andretti, STP Oil Treatment Special 156.867 1970 Al Unser, Johnny Lightning Special 155.749 1971 Al Unser, Johnny Lightning Special 157.735 1972 Mark Donohue, Sunoco McLaren 162.962 1973 Gordon Johncock, STP Double Oil Filter 159.036 1974 Johnny Rutherford, McLaren 158.589 1975 Bobby Unser, Jorgenson Eagle 149.213 1976 Johnny Rutherford, Hygain McLaren 148.725 1977 A.J. Foyt, Gilmore Coyote-Ford 161.331 1978 Al Unser, Lola Cosworth 161.363 1979 Rick Mears, Penske-Cosworth 158.899 1980 Johnny Rutherford, Chaparral-Cosworth 142.862 1981 Bobby Unser, Penske-Cosworth 139.085 1982 Gordon Johncock, Wildcat-Cosworth 162.026 1983 Tom Sneva, March-Cosworth 162.117 1984 Rick Mears, March-Cosworth 163.621 1985 Danny Sullivan, March-Cosworth 152.982 1986 Bobby Rahal, March-Cosworth 170.722 1987 Al Unser, March-Cosworth 162.175 Year Winner, Car MPH 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1987 Al Unser, March-Cosworth 162.175 1988 Rick Mears, Penske-Chevy V8 144.809 1989 Emerson Fittipaldi, Penske PC 18-Chevy 167.581 1990 Arie Luyendyk, Lola-Chevy 185,984 The race was less than 500 miles in the following years: 1916 (300 mi.), 1926 (400 mi.),1950 (345 mi.), 1973 (332.5 mi.), 1975 (435 mi.), 1976 (255 mi.). Race record--185,984 MPH,Arie Luyendyk, 1990. Notable One-Mile Speed Records 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Date Driver Car MPH 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Date Driver Car MPH 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1/26/06 Marriott Stanley (Steam) 127.659 3/16/10 Oldfield Benz 131.724 4/23/11 Burman Benz 141.732 2/12/19 DePalma Packard 149.875 4/27/20 Milton Dusenberg 155.046 4/28/26 Parry-Thomas Thomas Spl. 170.624 3/29/27 Seagrave Sunbeam 203.790 4/22/28 Keech White Triplex 207.552 3/11/29 Seagrave Irving-Napier 231.446 2/5/31 Campbell Napier-Campbell 246.086 2/24/32 Campbell Napier-Campbell 253.96 2/22/33 Campbell Napier-Campbell 272.109 9/3/35 Campbell Bluebird Special 301.13 11/19/37 Eyston Thunderbolt 1 311.42 9/16/38 Eyston Thunderbolt 1 357.5 8/23/39 Cobb Railton 368.9 9/16/47 Cobb Railton-Mobil 394.2 8/5/63 Breedlove Spirit of America 407.45 10/27/64 Arfons Green Monster 536.71 Date Driver Car MPH 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 10/27/64 Arfons Green Monster 536.71 11/15/65 Breedlove Spirit of America 600.601 10/23/70 Gabelich Blue Flame 622.407 10/9/79 Barrett Budweiser Rocket 638.637* 10/4/83 Noble Thrust 2 633.6 *not recognized as official by sanctioning bodies. CART Champions (U.S. Auto Club Champions prior to 1979) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Driver 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Year Driver 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1960 A.J. Foyt 1961 A.J. Foyt 1962 Rodger Ward 1963 A.J. Foyt 1964 A.J. Foyt 1965 Mario Andretti 1966 Mario Andretti 1967 A.J. Foyt 1968 Bobby Unser 1969 Mario Andretti 1970 Al Unser 1971 Joe Leonard 1972 Joe Leonard 1973 Roger McCluskey 1974 Bobby Unser 1975 A.J. Foyt 1976 Gordon Johncock 1977 Tom Sneva 1978 Tom Sneva Year Driver 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1978 Tom Sneva 1979 Rick Mears 1980 Johnny Rutherford 1981 Rick Mears 1982 Rick Mears 1983 Al Unser 1984 Mario Andretti 1985 Al Unser 1986 Bobby Rahal 1987 Bobby Rahal 1988 Danny Sullivan 1989 Emerson Fittipaldi Le Mans 24-Hour Race in 1990 Martin Brundle of the U.K., Price Cobb of the U.S., and John Nielson of Denmark drove theirJaguar XJR 12 to victory in the 1990 Le Mans 24-hour race. NASCAR Racing in 1990 Winston Cup Races 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴� Date Race, site Winner Car 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Feb. 18 Daytona 500, Daytona Beach, Fla. Derrike Cope Chevrole Feb. 25 Pontiac Excitement 400, Richmond, Va. Mark Martin Ford Mar. 4 Goodwrench 500, Rockingham, N.C. Kyle Petty Pontiac Mar. 18 Motorcraft 500, Atlanta, Ga. Dale Earnhardt Chevrole Apr. 1 Transouth 500, Darlington, S.C. Dale Earnhardt Chevrole Apr. 8 Valleydale Meats 500, Bristol, Tenn. Davey Allison Ford Apr. 22 First Union 400, N. Wilkesboro, N.C. Brett Bodine Buick Apr. 29 Hanes Activewear 500, Martinsville, Va. Geoff Bodine Ford May 6 Winston 500, Talladega, Ala. Dale Earnhardt Chevrole May 27 Coca Cola 600, Charlotte, N.C. Rusty Wallace Pontiac Date Race, site Winner Car 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� May 27 Coca Cola 600, Charlotte, N.C. Rusty Wallace Pontiac June 3 Budweiser 500, Dover, Del. Derrike Cope Chevrole June 10 Banquet Frozen Foods 300, Sonoma, Cal. Rusty Wallace Pontiac June 17 Miller Genuine Draft 500, Pocono, Pa. Harry Gant Oldsmobi June 24 Miller Genuine Draft 400, Brooklyn, Mich. Dale Earnhardt Chevrole July 7 Pepsi 400, Daytona Beach, Fla. Dale Earnhardt Chevrole July 22 AC Spark Plug 500, Pocono, Pa. Geoff Bodine Ford Aug. 12 Watkins Glen International, N.Y. Ricky Rudd Chevrole Aug. 19 Champion Spark Plug 400, Brooklyn, Mich. Mark Martin Ford Aug. 25 Busch 500, Bristol, Tenn. Ernie Irvan Chevrole Sept. 2 Southern 500, Darlington, S.C. Dale Earnhardt Chevrole Sept. 9 Miller Genuine Draft 400, Richmond, Va. Dale Earnhardt Chevrole Sept. 16 Delaware 500, Dover, Del. Bill Elliott Ford Sept. 23 Goody's 500, Martinsville, Va. Geoff Bodine Ford Winston Cup Champions (NASCAR) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Driver 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1949 Red Byron 1950 Bill Rexford 1951 Herb Thomas 1952 Tim Flock 1953 Herb Thomas 1954 Lee Petty 1955 Tim Flock 1956 Buck Baker 1957 Buck Baker 1958 Lee Petty 1959 Lee Petty 1960 Rex White 1961 Ned Jarrett 1962 Joe Weatherly 1963 Joe Weatherly Year Driver 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1963 Joe Weatherly 1964 Richard Petty 1965 Ned Jarrett 1966 David Pearson 1967 Richard Petty 1968 David Pearson 1969 David Pearson 1970 Bobby Isaac 1971 Richard Petty 1972 Richard Petty 1973 Benny Parson 1974 Richard Petty 1975 Richard Petty 1976 Cale Yarborough 1977 Cale Yarborough 1978 Cale Yarborough 1979 Richard Petty 1980 Dale Earnhardt 1981 Darrell Waltrip Year Driver 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1981 Darrell Waltrip 1982 Darrell Waltrip 1983 Bobby Allison 1984 Terry Labonte 1985 Darrell Waltrip 1986 Dale Earnhardt 1987 Dale Earnhardt 1988 Bill Elliott 1989 Rusty Wallace Daytona 500 Winners 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Driver, car Avg. MPH Year Driver, car Avg. MPH 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1959 Lee Petty, Oldsmobile 135.521 1960 Junior Johnson, Chevrolet 124.740 1961 Marvin Panch, Pontiac 149.601 1962 Fireball Roberts, Pontiac 152.529 1963 Tiny Lund, Ford 151.566 1964 Richard Petty, Plymouth 154.334 1965 Fred Lorenzen, Forda 141.539 1966 Richard Petty, Plymouthb 160.627 1967 Mario Andretti, Ford 146.926 1968 Cale Yarborough, Mercury 143.251 1969 Lee Roy Yarborough, Ford 160.875 1970 Pete Hamilton, Plymouth 149.601 1971 Richard Petty, Plymouth 144.456 1972 A.J. Foyt, Mercury 161.550 1973 Richard Petty, Dodge 157.205 1974 Richard Petty, Dodgec 140.894 1975 Benny Parsons, Chevrolet 153.649 1976 David Pearson, Mercury 152.181 1977 Cale Yarborough, Chevrolet 153.218 Year Driver, car Avg. MPH 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1977 Cale Yarborough, Chevrolet 153.218 1978 Bobby Allison, Ford 159.730 1979 Richard Petty, Oldsmobile 143.977 1980 Buddy Baker, Oldsmobile 177.602 1981 Richard Petty, Buick 169.651 1982 Bobby Allison, Buick 153.991 1983 Cale Yarborough, Pontiac 155.979 1984 Cale Yarborough, Chevrolet 150.994 1985 Bill Elliott, Ford 172.265 1986 Geoff Bodine, Chevrolet 148.124 1987 Bill Elliott, Ford 176.263 1988 Bobby Allison, Buick 137.531 1989 Darrell Waltrip, Chevrolet 148.466 1990 Derrike Cope, Chevrolet 165.761 a 322.5 miles. b 495 miles. c 450 miles. World Grand Prix Champions 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Driver 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1951 Jan Fangio, Argentina 1952 Alberto Ascari, Italy 1953 Alberto Ascari, Italy 1954 Juan Fangio, Argentina 1955 Juan Fangio, Argentina 1956 Juan Fangio, Argentina 1957 Juan Fangio, Argentina 1958 Mike Hawthorne, England 1959 Jack Brabham, Australia 1960 Jack Brabham, Australia 1961 Phil Hill, United States 1962 Graham Hill, England 1963 Jim Clark, Scotland Year Driver 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1963 Jim Clark, Scotland 1964 John Surtees, England 1965 Jim Clark, Scotland 1966 Jack Brabham, Australia 1967 Denis Hulme, New Zealand 1968 Graham Hill, England 1969 Jackie Stewart, Scotland 1970 Jochen Rindt, Austria 1971 Jackie Stewart, Scotland 1972 Emerson Fittipaldi, Brazil 1973 Jackie Stewart, Scotland 1974 Emerson Fittipaldi, Brazil 1975 Niki Lauda, Austria 1976 James Hunt, England 1977 Niki Lauda, Austria 1978 Mario Andretti, U.S. 1979 Jody Scheckter, So. Africa 1980 Alan Jones, Australia 1981 Nelson Piquet, Brazil Year Driver 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1981 Nelson Piquet, Brazil 1982 Keke Rosberg, Finland 1983 Nelson Piquet, Brazil 1984 Niki Lauda, Austria 1985 Alain Prost, France 1986 Alain Prost, France 1987 Nelson Piquet, Brazil 1988 Ayrton Senna, Brazil 1989 Alain Prost, France Grand Prix for Formula 1 Cars in 1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Grand Prix Winner, car Grand Prix Winner, car 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Belgian Ayrton Senna, McLaren-Honda Brazilian Alain Prost, Ferrari British Alain Prost, Ferrari Canadian Ayrton Senna, McLaren-Honda French Alain Prost, Ferrari German Ayrton Senna, McLaren-Honda Hungarian Thierry Boutsen, Williams-Renault Italian Ayrton Senna, McLaren-Honda Mexico Alain Prost, Ferrari Monaco Ayrton Senna, McLaren-Honda San Marino Riccardo Patrese, Williams-Renault Spanish Alain Prost, Ferrari United States Ayrton Senna, McLaren-Honda Chess U.S. Chess Federation 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1866-1894 Wilhelm Steinitz, Austria 1894-1921 Emanuel Lasker, Germany 1921-1927 Jose R. Capablanca, Cuba 1927-1935 Alexander A. Alekhine, France 1935-1937 Max Euwe, Netherlands 1937-1946 Alexander A. Alekhine, France 1948-1957 Mikhail Botvinnik, USSR 1957-1958 Vassily Smyslov, USSR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1958-1959 Mikhail Botvinnik, USSR 1960-1961 Mikhail Tal, USSR 1961-1963 Mikhail Botvinnik, USSR 1963-1969 Tigran Petrosian, USSR 1969-1972 Boris Spassky, USSR 1972-1975 Bobby Fischer, U.S.a 1975-1950 Pnatoly Karpov, USSR 1985 Gary Kasparov, USSR Unofficial champions Unofficial champions 1857-1871 Paul Morphy 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1857-1871 Paul Morphy 1871-1876 George Mackenzie 1876-1880 James Mason 1880-1889 George Mackenzie 1889-1890 S. Lipschutz 1890 Jackson Showalter 1890-1891 Max Judd Official champions Official champions 1891-1892 Jackson Showalter 1892-1894 S. Lipschutz 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1894 Jackson Showalter 1894-1895 Albert Hodges 1895-1897 Jackson Showalter 1897-1906 Harry Pillsbury 1906-1909 vacant 1909-1936 Frank Marshall 1936-1944 Samuel Reshevsky 1944-1946 Arnold Denker 1946-1948 Samuel Reshevsky 1948-1951 Herman Steiner 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1948-1951 Herman Steiner 1951-1954 Larry Evans 1954-1957 Arthur Bisguier 1957-1961 Bobby Fischer 1961-1962 Larry Evans 1962-1968 Bobby Fischer 1968-1969 Larry Evans 1969-1972 Samuel Reshevsky 1972-1973 Robert Byrne 1973-1974 Lubomir Kavalek, John Grefe 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1974-1977 Walter Browne 1978-1980 Lubomir Kavalek 1980-1981 (tie) Larry Evans, Larry Christiansen, Walter Browne 1981-1983 (tie) Walter Browne, Yasser Seirawan 1983 (tie) Walter Browne, Larry Christiansen, Roman Dzindzichashvili 1984-1985 Lev Alburt 1986 Yasser Seirawan 1987 (tie) Joel Benjamin Nick DeFirmian 1988 Michael Wilder 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1988 Michael Wilder 1989 (tie) Stuart Rachels, Yasser Seirawan, Roman Dzindzichashvili U.S. Outdoor Diving Championships in 1990 Dallas, Tex., Aug. 16-18, 1990 Men One Meter --Pat Evans. Three Meter --Kent Ferguson. Platform --Matt Scoggin. Women One Meter --Krista Wilson. Three Meter --Wendy Lucero. Platform --Wendy Lian Williams. U.S. Gymnastics Championships in 1990 Denver, Col., July 15-18, 1990 Men Floor exercise --Bob Stelter. Pommel horse --Patrick Kirksey. Still rings --Scott Keswick. Vault --Lance Ringnald. Parallel bars --(Tie) Lance Ringnald, Trent Dimas. Horizontal Bars --(Tie) Lance Ringnald, Trent Dimas. All Around --Lance Ringnald. Women Vault --Brandy Johnson. Uneven bars --Sandy Woolsey. Balance beam --Elizabeth Okino. Floor exercise --Brandy Johnson. All Around --Kim Zmeskal. Harness Racing Harness Horse of the Year U.S. Trotting Assn. (Chosen by the U.S. Trotting Assn. and the U.S. Harness Writers Assn.) 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1950 Proximity 1951 Pronto Don 1952 Good Time 1953 Hi Lo's Forbes 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1953 Hi Lo's Forbes 1954 Stenographer 1955 Scott Frost 1956 Scott Frost 1957 Torpid 1958 Emily's Pride 1959 Bye Bye Byrd 1960 Adios Butler 1961 Adios Butler 1962 Su Mac Lad 1963 Speedy Scot 1964 Bret Hanover 1965 Bret Hanover 1966 Bret Hanover 1967 Nevele Pride 1968 Nevele Pride 1969 Nevele Pride 1970 Fresh Yankee 1971 Albatross 1972 Albatross 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1972 Albatross 1973 Sir Dalrae 1974 Delmonica Hanover 1975 Savior 1976 Keystone Ore 1977 Green Speed 1978 Abercrombie 1979 Niatross 1980 Niatross 1981 Fan Hanover 1982 Cam Fella 1983 Cam Fella 1984 Fancy Crown 1985 Nihilator 1986 Forrest Skipper 1987 Mack Lobell 1988 Mack Lobell 1989 Matt's Scooter The Hambletonian (3-year-old trotters) 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Winner Driver 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1949 Miss Tilly Fred Egan 1950 Lusty Song Del Miller 1951 Mainliner Guy Crippen 1952 Sharp Note Bion Shively 1953 Helicopter Harry Harvey 1954 Newport Dream Del Cameron 1955 Scott Frost Joe O'Brien 1956 The Intruder Ned Bower 1957 Hickory Smoke John Simpson Sr. 1958 Emily's Pride Flave Nipe 1959 Diller Hanover Frank Ervin 1960 Blaze Hanover Joe O'Brien Year Winner Driver 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1960 Blaze Hanover Joe O'Brien 1961 Harlan Dean James Arthur 1962 A.C. Os Viking Sanders Russell 1963 Speedy Scot Ralph Baldwin 1964 Ayres John Simpson Sr. 1965 Egyptian Candor Del Cameron 1966 Kerry Way Frank Ervin 1967 Speedy Streak Del Cameron 1968 Nevele Pride Stanley Dancer 1969 Lindy's Pride Howard Beissinger 1970 Timothy T John Simpson Sr. 1971 Speedy Crown Howard Beissinger 1972 Super Bowl Stanley Dancer 1973 Flirth Ralph Baldwin 1974 Christopher T Bill Haughton 1975 Bonefish Stanley Dancer 1976 Steve Lobell Bill Haughton 1977 Green Speed Bill Haughton 1978 Speedy Somolli Howard Beissinger Year Winner Driver 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1978 Speedy Somolli Howard Beissinger 1979 Legend Hanover George Sholty 1980 Burgomeister Bill Haughton 1981 Shiaway St. Pat Ray Remmen 1982 Speed Bowl Tommy Haughton 1983 Duenna Stanley Dancer 1984 Historic Freight Ben Webster 1985 Prakas Bill O'Donnell 1986 Nuclear Kosmos Ulf Thoresen 1987 Mack Lobell John Campbell 1988 Armbro Goal John Campbell 1989 Park Avenue Joe Ron Waples 1990 Harmonious John Campbell Leading Drivers Races Won 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Driver 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1967 Bob Farrington 277 1968 Herve Filion 407 1969 Herve Filion 394 1970 Herve Filion 486 1971 Herve Filion 543 1972 Herve Filion 605 1973 Herve Filion 445 1974 Herve Filion 637 1975 Daryl Buse 360 1976 Herve Filion 445 1977 Herve Filion 441 1978 Herve Filion 423 1979 Ron Waples 443 1980 Herve Filion 474 Year Driver 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1980 Herve Filion 474 1981 Eddie Davis 404 Herve Filion 404 1982 Herve Filion 495 1983 Eddie Davis 470 1984 Michel Lachance 466 1985 Michel Lachance 592 1986 Michel Lachance 770 1987 Michel Lachance 715 1988 Herve Filion 798 1989 Herve Filion 806 Money Won 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Driver Amount 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1966 Stanley Dancer $1,218,403 1967 Bill Haughton 1,305,773 1968 Bill Haughton 1,654,172 1969 Del Insko 1,635,463 1970 Herve Filion 1,647,837 1971 Herve Filion 1,915,945 1972 Herve Filion 2,473,265 1973 Herve Filion 2,233,302 1974 Herve Filion 3,474,315 1975 Carmine Abbatiello 2,275,093 1976 Herve Filion 2,241,045 1977 Herve Filion 2,551,058 1978 Carmine Abbatiello 3,344,457 1979 John Campbell 3,308,984 1980 John Campbell 3,732,306 1981 Bill O'Donnell 4,065,608 1982 Bill O'Donnell 5,755,067 1983 John Campbell 6,104,082 Year Driver Amount 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1983 John Campbell 6,104,082 1984 Bill O'Donnell 9,059,184 1985 Bill O'Donnell 10,207,372 1986 John Campbell 9,515,055 1987 John Campbell 10,186,495 1988 John Campbell 11,148,565 1989 John Campbell 9,738,450 Notable Sports Records (Nov. 1989-Oct. 1990) Baseball Rickey Henderson stole his 893d base to set a new American League record. Ryne Sandberg set a major league record for 2nd basemen by handling 480 consecutive chances without an error. Cal Ripkin set an American League record by playing in his 73rd consecutive errorless game at shortstop. Dave Stieb pitched the season's 9th no-hit-game to set a new modern record for most no-hitters in a season. Others pitching no hitters in 1990 were Mark Langston/Mike Witt, California; Nolan Ryan, Texas; Randy Johnson, Seattle; Dave Stewart, Oakland; Fernando Valenzuela, Los Angeles; Andy Hawkins, N.Y. Yankees; Melido Perez, Chicago White Sox; and Terry Mulholland, Philadelphia. Carlton Fisk hit his 328th home run as a catcher to set a major league record. Andre Dawson entered the record books when he was walked 5 times intentionally in a game against the Cincinnati Reds. The Toronto Blue Jays set a major league attendance record of 3,885,284. The Boston Red Sox became the first major league team to hit into 2 triple plays in a game. Gary Carter set a record when he caught his 1,862 major league game. Ken Griffey Jr. and Ken Griffey Sr. of the Seattle Mariners became the first father and son to play on the same major league team. Bobby Thigpen set a major league record by recording 57 saves in a season. George Brett became the first major leaguer to win a batting championship in 3 separate decades. Willie McGee became the first major leaguer to win a batting title in one league while playing in another. Barry Bonds became the first major leaguer to drive in 100 runs, hit 30 home runs, and steal 50 bases while batting .300. Billy Hatcher of the Cincinnati Reds set a World Series record with 7 consecutive hits. Basketball The Boston Celtics scored an NBA playoff record 157 points in the 2nd game of the series against the N.Y. Knicks. John Stockton set a new NBA record with 1,134 assists in a season. The Boston Celtics set an NBA record by making 83.29% of their free throws. Dale Ellis set a single-game NBA record with nine 3-point field goals. The Minnesota Timberwolves set an NBA record with total attendance of 1,072,572 for the season. UNLV defeated Duke 103-73 to record the largest margin of victory in the NCAA championship game. Oklahoma Univ. scored a NCAA record 97 points in the first half in a game against U.S. International; in the same game, they set an NCAA record for shots taken, 147. Football Joe Montana set the following career Super Bowl records: completions, 83; attempts, 122; completion percentage, 68.0; touchdown passes, 11; yards passing, 1,142. His five touchdown passes established a new single-game mark. Jerry Rice set Super Bowl game (3) and career (4) touchdown reception records. Roger Craig caught a Super Bowl career record 20 passes. Steve Largent retired with the following NFL records: touchdown receptions, 100; consecutive games with a reception, 177; most career receptions, 819; and most reception yardage, 13,189. Willie Anderson of the L.A. Rams set an NFL single-game record for receiving yardage with 336 yards on 15 receptions in a game against the New Orleans Saints. Others Jari Kurri scored his 90th goal to set a new NHL career playoff record. Jockey Kent Desormeaux rode 597 winners in 1989 for a new record. Arie Luyendyk won the Indianapolis 500 auto race with a record 185.984 mph. Al Unser Jr. drove the fastest 500-mile Indy-car race with a record 189.727 mph. BASEBALL Major League Pennant Winners, 1901-1990 National League 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴코컴컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Winner Won Lost Pct Manager 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1901 Pittsburgh 90 49 .647 Clarke 1902 Pittsburgh 103 36 .741 Clarke 1903 Pittsburgh 91 49 .650 Clarke 1904 New York 106 47 .693 McGraw 1905 New York 105 48 .686 McGraw 1906 Chicago 116 36 .763 Chance 1907 Chicago 107 45 .704 Chance 1908 Chicago 99 55 .643 Chance 1909 Pittsburgh 110 42 .724 Clarke 1910 Chicago 104 50 .675 Chance Year Winner Won Lost Pct Manager 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1910 Chicago 104 50 .675 Chance 1911 New York 99 54 .647 McGraw 1912 New York 103 48 .682 McGraw 1913 New York 101 51 .664 McGraw 1914 Boston 94 59 .614 Stallings 1915 Philadelphia 90 62 .592 Moran 1916 Brooklyn 94 60 .610 Robinson 1917 New York 98 56 .636 McGraw 1918 Chicago 84 45 .651 Mitchell 1919 Cincinnati 96 44 .686 Moran 1920 Brooklyn 93 60 .604 Robinson 1921 New York 94 56 .614 McGraw 1922 New York 93 61 .604 McGraw 1923 New York 95 58 .621 McGraw 1924 New York 93 60 .608 McGraw 1925 Pittsburgh 95 58 .621 McKechnie 1926 St. Louis 89 65 .578 Hornsby 1927 Pittsburgh 94 60 .610 Bush 1928 St. Louis 95 59 .617 McKechnie Year Winner Won Lost Pct Manager 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1928 St. Louis 95 59 .617 McKechnie 1929 Chicago 98 54 .645 McCarthy 1930 St. Louis 92 62 .597 Street 1931 St. Louis 101 53 .656 Street 1932 Chicago 90 64 .584 Grimm 1933 New York 91 61 .599 Terry 1934 St. Louis 95 58 .621 Frisch 1935 Chicago 100 54 .649 Grimm 1936 New York 91 62 .597 Terry 1937 New York 95 57 .625 Terry 1938 Chicago 89 63 .586 Hartnett 1939 Cincinnati 97 57 .630 McKechnie 1940 Cincinnati 100 53 .654 McKechnie 1941 Brooklyn 100 54 .649 Durocher 1942 St. Louis 106 48 .688 Southworth 1943 St. Louis 105 49 .682 Southworth 1944 St. Louis 105 49 .682 Southworth 1945 Chicago 98 56 .636 Grimm 1946 St. Louis 98 58 .628 Dyer Year Winner Won Lost Pct Manager 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1946 St. Louis 98 58 .628 Dyer 1947 Brooklyn 94 60 .610 Shotton 1948 Boston 91 62 .595 Southworth 1949 Brooklyn 97 57 .630 Shotton 1950 Philadelphia 91 63 .591 Sawyer 1951 New York 98 59 .624 Durocher 1952 Brooklyn 96 57 .627 Dressen 1953 Brooklyn 105 49 .682 Dressen 1954 New York 97 57 .630 Durocher 1955 Brooklyn 98 55 .641 Alston 1956 Brooklyn 93 61 .604 Alston 1957 Milwaukee 95 59 .617 Haney 1958 Milwaukee 92 62 .597 Haney 1959 Los Angeles 88 68 .564 Alston 1960 Pittsburgh 95 59 .617 Murtaugh 1961 Cincinnati 93 61 .604 Hutchinson 1962 San Francisco 103 62 .624 Dark 1963 Los Angeles 99 63 .611 Alston 1964 St. Louis 93 69 .574 Keane Year Winner Won Lost Pct Manager 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1964 St. Louis 93 69 .574 Keane 1965 Los Angeles 97 65 .599 Alston 1966 Los Angeles 95 67 .586 Alston 1967 St. Louis 101 60 .627 Schoendienst 1968 St. Louis 97 65 .599 Schoendienst American League 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Winner Won Lost Pct Manager 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1901 Chicago 83 53 .610 Griffith Year Winner Won Lost Pct Manager 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1901 Chicago 83 53 .610 Griffith 1902 Philadelphia 83 53 .610 Mack 1903 Boston 91 47 .659 Collins 1904 Boston 95 59 .617 Collins 1905 Philadelphia 92 56 .622 Mack 1906 Chicago 93 58 .616 Jones 1907 Detroit 92 58 .613 Jennings 1908 Detroit 90 63 .588 Jennings 1909 Detroit 98 54 .645 Jennings 1910 Philadelphia 102 48 .680 Mack 1911 Philadelphia 101 50 .669 Mack 1912 Boston 105 47 .691 Stahl 1913 Philadelphia 96 57 .627 Mack 1914 Philadelphia 99 53 .651 Mack 1915 Boston 101 50 .669 Carrigan 1916 Boston 91 63 .591 Carrigan 1917 Chicago 100 54 .649 Rowland 1918 Boston 75 51 .595 Barrow 1919 Chicago 88 52 .629 Gleason Year Winner Won Lost Pct Manager 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1919 Chicago 88 52 .629 Gleason 1920 Cleveland 98 56 .636 Speaker 1921 New York 98 55 .641 Huggins 1922 New York 94 60 .610 Huggins 1923 New York 98 54 .645 Huggins 1924 Washington 92 62 .597 Harris 1925 Washington 96 55 .636 Harris 1926 New York 91 63 .591 Huggins 1927 New York 110 44 .714 Huggins 1928 New York 101 53 .656 Huggins 1929 Philadelphia 104 46 .693 Mack 1930 Philadelphia 102 52 .662 Mack 1931 Philadelphia 107 45 .704 Mack 1932 New York 107 47 .695 McCarthy 1933 Washington 99 53 .651 Cronin 1934 Detroit 101 53 .656 Cochrane 1935 Detroit 93 58 .616 Cochrane 1936 New York 102 51 .667 McCarthy 1937 New York 102 52 .662 McCarthy Year Winner Won Lost Pct Manager 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1937 New York 102 52 .662 McCarthy 1938 New York 99 53 .651 McCarthy 1939 New York 106 45 .702 McCarthy 1940 Detroit 90 64 .584 Baker 1941 New York 101 53 .656 McCarthy 1942 New York 103 51 .669 McCarthy 1943 New York 98 56 .636 McCarthy 1944 St. Louis 89 65 .578 Sewell 1945 Detroit 88 65 .575 O'Neill 1946 Boston 104 50 .675 Cronin 1947 New York 97 57 .630 Harris 1948 Cleveland 97 58 .626 Boudreau 1949 New York 97 57 .630 Stengel 1950 New York 98 56 .636 Stengel 1951 New York 98 56 .636 Stengel 1952 New York 95 59 .617 Stengel 1953 New York 99 52 .656 Stengel 1954 Cleveland 111 43 .721 Lopez 1955 New York 96 58 .623 Stengel Year Winner Won Lost Pct Manager 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1955 New York 96 58 .623 Stengel 1956 New York 97 57 .630 Stengel 1957 New York 98 56 .636 Stengel 1958 New York 92 62 .597 Stengel 1959 Chicago 94 60 .610 Lopez 1960 New York 97 57 .630 Stengel 1961 New York 109 53 .673 Houk 1962 New York 96 66 .593 Houk 1963 New York 104 57 .646 Houk 1964 New York 99 63 .611 Berra 1965 Minnesota 102 60 .630 Mele 1966 Baltimore 97 63 .606 Bauer 1967 Boston 92 70 .568 Williams 1968 Detroit 103 59 .636 Smith National League American League 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코� East East East East East West Wes Year Winner W L Pct Manager Winner W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1969 N.Y. Mets 100 62 .617 Hodges Atlanta 93 1970 Pittsburgh 89 73 .549 Murtaugh Cincinnati 102 1971 Pittsburgh 97 65 .599 Murtaugh San Francisco 90 1972 Pittsburgh 96 59 .619 Virdon Cincinnati 95 1973 N.Y. Mets 82 79 .509 Berra Cincinnati 99 1974 Pittsburgh 88 74 .543 Murtaugh Los Angeles 102 1975 Pittsburgh 92 69 .571 Murtaugh Cincinnati 108 1976 Philadelphia 101 61 .623 Ozark Cincinnati 102 1977 Philadelphia 101 61 .623 Ozark Los Angeles 98 1978 Philadelphia 90 72 .556 Ozark Los Angeles 95 1979 Pittsburgh 98 64 .605 Tanner Cincinnati 90 1980 Philadelphia 91 71 .562 Green Houston 93 1981a Philadelphia 34 21 .618 Green Los Angeles 36 East East East East East West Wes Year Winner W L Pct Manager Winner W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1981a Philadelphia 34 21 .618 Green Los Angeles 36 1981b Montreal 30 23 .566 Williams, Fanning Houston 33 1982 St. Louis 92 70 .568 Herzog Atlanta 89 1983 Philadelphia 90 72 .556 Corrales, Owens Los Angeles 91 1984 Chicago 96 65 .596 Frey San Diego 92 1985 St. Louis 101 61 .623 Herzog Los Angeles 95 1986 N.Y. Mets 108 54 .667 Johnson Houston 96 1987 St. Louis 95 67 .586 Herzog San Francisco 90 1988 N.Y. Mets 100 60 .625 Johnson Los Angeles 94 1989 Chicago 93 69 .571 Zimmer San Francisco 92 1990 Pittsburgh 95 67 .586 Leyland Cincinnati 91 1969 Baltimore 109 53 .673 Weaver Minnesota 97 1970 Baltimore 108 54 .667 Weaver Minnesota 98 1971 Baltimore 101 57 .639 Weaver Oakland 101 1972 Detroit 86 70 .551 Martin Oakland 93 1973 Baltimore 97 65 .599 Weaver Oakland 94 1974 Baltimore 91 71 .562 Weaver Oakland 90 1975 Boston 95 65 .594 Johnson Oakland 98 East East East East East West Wes Year Winner W L Pct Manager Winner W 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1975 Boston 95 65 .594 Johnson Oakland 98 1976 New York 97 62 .610 Martin Kansas City 90 1977 New York 100 62 .617 Martin Kansas City 102 1978 New York 100 63 .613 Martin, Lemon Kansas City 92 1979 Baltimore 102 57 .642 Weaver California 88 1980 New York 103 59 .636 Howser Kansas City 97 1981a New York 34 22 .607 Michael Oakland 37 1981b Milwaukee 31 22 .585 Rodgers Kansas City 30 1982 Milwaukee 95 67 .586 Rodgers, Kuenn California 93 1983 Baltimore 98 64 .605 Altobelli Chicago 99 1984 Detroit 104 58 .642 Anderson Kansas City 84 1985 Toronto 99 62 .615 Cox Kansas City 91 1986 Boston 95 66 .590 McNamara California 92 1987 Detroit 98 64 .605 Anderson Minnesota 85 1988 Boston 89 73 .549 McNamara, Morgan Oakland 104 1989 Toronto 89 73 .549 Williams, Gaston Oakland 99 1990 Boston 88 74 .543 Morgan Oakland 103 a First half; b Second half; c Montreal and L.A. won the divisionalplayoffs; d N.Y. and Oakland won the divisional playoffs. Baseball Stadiums 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴� Home Team Surface LF 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� National League National League National League Natio Atlanta Braves Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium Natural grass 330 Chicago Cubs Wrigley Field Natural grass 355 Cincinnati Reds Riverfront Stadium Artificial 330 Houston Astros Astrodome Artificial 330 Los Angeles Dodgers Dodger Stadium Natural grass 330 Montreal Expos Olympic Stadium Artificial 325 Home Team Surface LF 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Montreal Expos Olympic Stadium Artificial 325 New York Mets Shea Stadium Natural grass 338 Philadelphia Phillies Veterans Stadium Artificial 330 Pittsburgh Pirates Three Rivers Stadium Artificial 335 St. Louis Cardinals Busch Stadium Artificial 330 San Diego Padres Jack Murphy Stadium Natural grass 327 San Francisco Giants Candlestick Park Natural grass 335 American League American League American League Ameri Baltimore Orioles Memorial Stadium Natural grass 309 Boston Red Sox Fenway Park Natural grass 315 California Angels Anaheim Stadium Natural grass 333 Chicago White Sox Comiskey Park1 Natural grass - Cleveland Indians Cleveland Stadium Natural grass 320 Detroit Tigers Tiger Stadium Natural grass 340 Kansas City Royals Royals Stadium Artificial 330 Milwaukee Brewers Milwaukee County Stadium Natural grass 315 Minnesota Twins Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome Artificial 343 New York Yankees Yankee Stadium Natural grass 318 Home Team Surface LF 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� New York Yankees Yankee Stadium Natural grass 318 Oakland A's Oakland Coliseum Natural grass 330 Seattle Mariners Kingdome Artificial 316 Texas Rangers Arlington Stadium Natural grass 330 Toronto Blue Jays Skydome Artificial 330 1 New Comiskey Park will open in 1991. Home Run Leaders National League 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player, Club HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1901 Sam Crawford, Cincinnati 16 1902 Thomas Leach, Pittsburgh 6 1903 James Sheckard, Brooklyn 9 1904 Harry Lumley, Brooklyn 9 1905 Fred Odwell, Cincinnati 9 1906 Timothy Jordan, Brooklyn 12 1907 David Brain, Boston 10 1908 Timothy Jordan, Brooklyn 12 1909 Red Murray, New York 7 1910 Fred Beck, Bos., Frank Schulte, Chi. 10 1911 Frank Schulte, Chicago 21 1912 Henry Zimmerman, Chicago 14 1913 Gavvy Cravath, Philadelphia 19 1914 Gavvy Cravath, Philadelphia 19 1915 Gavvy Cravath, Philadelphia 24 1916 Dave Robertson, N.Y., Fred (Cy) Williams, Chi. 12 1917 Dave Robertson, N.Y., Gavvy Cravath, Phil. 12 Year Player, Club HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1917 Dave Robertson, N.Y., Gavvy Cravath, Phil. 12 1918 Gavvy Cravath, Philadelphia 8 1919 Gavvy Cravath, Philadelphia 12 1920 Cy Williams, Philadelphia 15 1921 George Kelly, New York 23 1922 Rogers Hornsby, St. Louis 42 1923 Cy Williams, Philadelphia 41 1924 Jacques Fournier, Brooklyn 27 1925 Rogers Hornsby, St. Louis 39 1926 Hack Wilson, Chicago 21 1927 Hack Wilson, Chicago; Cy Williams, Philadelphia 30 1928 Hack Wilson, Chicago; Jim Bottomley, St. Louis 31 1929 Chuck Klein, Philadelphia 43 1930 Hack Wilson, Chicago 56 1931 Chuck Klein, Philadelphia 31 1932 Chuck Klein, Philadelphia, Mel Ott, New York 38 1933 Chuck Klein, Philadelphia 28 1934 Rip Collins, St. Louis; Mel Ott, New York 35 1935 Walter Berger, Boston 34 Year Player, Club HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1935 Walter Berger, Boston 34 1936 Mel Ott, New York 33 1937 Mel Ott, New York; Joe Medwick, St. Louis 31 1938 Mel Ott, New York 36 1939 John Mize, St. Louis 28 1940 John Mize, St. Louis 43 1941 Dolph Camilli, Brooklyn 34 1942 Mel Ott, New York 30 1943 Bill Nicholson, Chicago 29 1944 Bill Nicholson, Chicago 33 1945 Tommy Holmes, Boston 28 1946 Ralph Kiner, Pittsburgh 23 1947 Ralph Kiner, Pittsburgh; John Mize, New York 51 1948 Ralph Kiner, Pittsburgh; John Mize, New York 40 1949 Ralph Kiner, Pittsburgh 54 1950 Ralph Kiner, Pittsburgh 47 1951 Ralph Kiner, Pittsburgh 42 1952 Ralph Kiner, Pittsburgh; Hank Sauer, Chicago 37 1953 Ed Mathews, Milwaukee 47 Year Player, Club HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1953 Ed Mathews, Milwaukee 47 1954 Ted Kluszewski, Cincinnati 49 1955 Willie Mays, New York 51 1956 Duke Snider, Brooklyn 43 1957 Hank Aaron, Milwaukee 44 1958 Ernie Banks, Chicago 47 1959 Ed Mathews, Milwaukee 46 1960 Ernie Banks, Chicago 41 1961 Orlando Cepeda, San Francisco 46 1962 Willie Mays, San Francisco 49 1963 Hank Aaron, Milwaukee, Willie McCovey, S.F. 44 1964 Willie Mays, San Francisco 47 1965 Willie Mays, San Francisco 52 1966 Hank Aaron, Atlanta 44 1967 Hank Aaron, Atlanta 39 1968 Willie McCovey, San Francisco 36 1969 Willie McCovey, San Francisco 45 1970 Johnny Bench, Cincinnati 45 1971 Willie Stargell, Pittsburgh 48 Year Player, Club HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1971 Willie Stargell, Pittsburgh 48 1972 Johnny Bench, Cincinnati 40 1973 Willie Stargell, Pittsburgh 44 1974 Mike Schmidt, Philadelphia 36 1975 Mike Schmidt, Philadelphia 38 1976 Mike Schmidt, Philadelphia 38 1977 George Foster, Cincinnati 52 1978 George Foster, Cincinnati 40 1979 Dave Kingman, Chicago 48 1980 Mike Schmidt, Philadelphia 48 1981 Mike Schmidt, Philadelphia 31 1982 Dave Kingman, New York 37 1983 Mike Schmidt, Philadelphia 40 1984 Mike Schmidt, Phil.; Dale Murphy, Atlanta 36 1985 Dale Murphy, Atlanta 37 1986 Mike Schmidt, Philadelphia 37 1987 Andre Dawson, Chicago 49 1988 Darryl Strawberry, New York 39 1989 Kevin Mitchell, San Francisco 47 Year Player, Club HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1989 Kevin Mitchell, San Francisco 47 1990 Ryne Sandberg, Chicago 40 American League 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player, Club HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1901 Napoleon Lajoie, Philadelphia 14 1902 Socks Seybold, Philadelphia 16 Year Player, Club HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1903 Buck Freeman, Boston 13 1904 Harry Davis, Philadelphia 10 1905 Harry Davis, Philadelphia 8 1906 Harry Davis, Philadelphia 12 1907 Harry Davis, Philadelphia 8 1908 Sam Crawford, Detroit 7 1909 Ty Cobb, Detroit 9 1910 Jake Stahl, Boston 10 1911 J. Franklin Baker, Philadelphia 11 Year Player, Club HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1912 J. Franklin Baker, Philadelphia, Tris Speaker, Boston 10 1913 J. Franklin, Baker, Philadelphia 12 1914 J. Franklin, Baker, Philadelphia 9 1915 Robert Roth, Chicago-Cleveland 7 1916 Wally Pipp, New York 12 1917 Wally Pipp, New York 9 1918 Babe Ruth, Bos., Tilly Walker, Phil. 11 1919 Babe Ruth, Boston 29 1920 Babe Ruth, New York 54 Year Player, Club HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1921 Babe Ruth, New York 59 1922 Ken Williams, St. Louis 39 1923 Babe Ruth, New York 41 1924 Babe Ruth, New York 46 1925 Bob Meusel, New York 33 1926 Babe Ruth, New York 47 1927 Babe Ruth, New York 60 1928 Babe Ruth, New York 54 1929 Babe Ruth, New York 46 Year Player, Club HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1930 Babe Ruth, New York 49 1931 Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, New York 46 1932 Jimmie Foxx, Philadelphia 58 1933 Jimmie Foxx, Philadelphia 48 1934 Lou Gehrig, New York 49 1935 Jimmie Foxx, Philadelphia, Hank Greenberg, Detroit 36 1936 Lou Gehrig, New York 49 1937 Joe DiMaggio, New York 46 1938 Hank Greenberg, Detroit 58 Year Player, Club HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1939 Jimmie Foxx, Boston 35 1940 Hank Greenberg, Detroit 41 1941 Ted Williams, Boston 37 1942 Ted Williams, Boston 36 1943 Rudy York, Detroit 34 1944 Nick Etten, New York 22 1945 Vern Stephens, St. Louis 24 1946 Hank Greenberg, Detroit 44 1947 Ted Williams, Boston 32 Year Player, Club HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1948 Joe DiMaggio, New York 39 1949 Ted Williams, Boston 43 1950 Al Rosen, Cleveland 37 1951 Gus Zernial, Chicago-Philadelphia 33 1952 Larry Doby, Cleveland 32 1953 Al Rosen, Cleveland 43 1954 Larry Doby, Cleveland 32 1955 Mickey Mantle, New York 37 1956 Mickey Mantle, New York 52 Year Player, Club HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1957 Roy Sievers, Washington 42 1958 Mickey Mantle, New York 42 1959 Rocky Colavito, Cleve., Harmon Killebrew, Wash. 42 1960 Mickey Mantle, New York 40 1961 Roger Maris, New York 61 1962 Harmon Killebrew, Minnesota 48 1963 Harmon Killebrew, Minnesota 45 1964 Harmon Killebrew, Minnesota 49 1965 Tony Conigliaro, Boston 32 Year Player, Club HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1966 Frank Robinson, Baltimore 49 1967 Carl Yastrzemski, Boston, Harmon Killebrew, Minn. 44 1968 Frank Howard, Washington 44 1969 Harmon Killebrew, Minnesota 49 1970 Frank Howard, Washington 44 1971 Bill Melton, Chicago 33 1972 Dick Allen, Chicago 37 1973 Reggie Jackson, Oakland 32 1974 Dick Allen, Chicago 32 Year Player, Club HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1975 George Scott, Milwaukee; Reggie Jackson, Oakland 36 1976 Graig Nettles, New York 32 1977 Jim Rice, Boston 39 1978 Jim Rice, Boston 46 1979 Gorman Thomas, Milwaukee 45 1980 Reggie Jackson, New York; Ben Oglivie, Milwaukee 41 1981 Bobby Grich, California; Tony Armas, Oakland; Dwight Evans, 22 Boston; Eddie Murray, Baltimore 1982 Gorman Thomas, Milwaukee; Reggie Jackson, Cal. 39 1983 Jim Rice, Boston 39 Year Player, Club HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1983 Jim Rice, Boston 39 1984 Tony Armas, Boston 43 1985 Darrell Evans, Detroit 40 1986 Jesse Barfield, Toronto 40 1987 Mark McGwire, Oakland 49 1988 Jose Canseco, Oakland 42 1989 Fred McGriff, Toronto 36 1990 Cecil Fielder, Detroit 51 Runs Batted In Leaders National League 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player, Club RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1907 Honus Wagner, Pittsburgh 91 1908 Honus Wager, Pittsburgh 106 1909 Honus Wager, Pittsburgh 102 1910 Sherwood Magee, Philadelphia 116 1911 Frank Schulte, Chicago 121 1912 Henry Zimmerman, Chicago 98 1913 Gavvy Cravath, Philadelphia 118 1914 Sherwood Magee, Philadelphia 101 1915 Gavvy Cravath, Philadelphia 118 Year Player, Club RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1915 Gavvy Cravath, Philadelphia 118 1916 Hal Chase, Cincinnati 94 1917 Henry Zimmerman, New York 100 1918 Frederick Merkle, Chicago 71 1919 Hi Myers, Boston 72 1920 George Kelly, N.Y., Rogers Hornsby, St. Louis 94 1921 Rogers Hornsby, St. Louis 126 1922 Rogers Hornsby, St. Louis 152 1923 Emil Meusel, New York 125 1924 George Kelly, New York 136 1925 Rogers Hornsby, St. Louis 143 1926 Jim Bottomley, St. Louis 120 1927 Paul Waner, Pittsburgh 131 1928 Jim Bottomley, St. Louis 136 1929 Hack Wilson, Chicago 159 1930 Hack Wilson, Chicago 190 1931 Chuck Klein, Philadelphia 121 1932 Don Hurst, Philadelphia 143 1933 Chuck Klein, Philadelphia 120 Year Player, Club RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1933 Chuck Klein, Philadelphia 120 1934 Mel Ott, New York 135 1935 Walter Berger, Boston 130 1936 Joe Medwick, St. Louis 138 1937 Joe Medwick, St. Louis 154 1938 Joe Medwick, St. Louis 122 1939 Frank McCormick, Cincinnati 128 1940 John Mize, St. Louis 137 1941 Adolph Camilli, Brooklyn 120 1942 John Mize, New York 110 1943 Bill Nicholson, Chicago 128 1944 Bill Nicholson, Chicago 122 1945 Dixie Walker, Brooklyn 124 1946 Enos Slaughter, St. Louis 130 1947 John Mize, New York 138 1948 Stan Musial, St. Louis 131 1949 Ralph Kiner, Pittsburgh 127 1950 Del Ennis, Philadelphia 126 1951 Monte Irvin, New York 121 Year Player, Club RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1951 Monte Irvin, New York 121 1952 Hank Sauer, Chicago 121 1953 Roy Campanella, Brooklyn 142 1954 Ted Kluszewski, Cincinnati 141 1955 Duke Snider, Brooklyn 136 1956 Stan Musial, St. Louis 109 1957 Hank Aaron, Milwaukee 132 1958 Ernie Banks, Chicago 129 1959 Ernie Banks, Chicago 143 1960 Hank Aaron, Milwaukee 126 1961 Orlando Cepeda, San Francisco 142 1962 Tommy Davis, Los Angeles 153 1963 Hank Aaron, Milwaukee 130 1964 Ken Boyer, St. Louis 119 1965 Deron Johnson, Cincinnati 130 1966 Hank Aaron, Atlanta 127 1967 Orlando Cepeda, St. Louis 111 1968 Willie McCovey, San Francisco 105 1969 Willie McCovey, San Francisco 126 Year Player, Club RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1969 Willie McCovey, San Francisco 126 1970 Johnny Bench, Cincinnati 148 1971 Joe Torre, St. Louis 137 1972 Johnny Bench, Cincinnati 125 1973 Willie Stargell, Pittsburgh 119 1974 Johnny Bench, Cincinnati 129 1975 Greg Luzinski, Philadelphia 120 1976 George Foster, Cincinnati 121 1977 George Foster, Cincinnati 149 1978 George Foster, Cincinnati 120 1979 Dave Winfield, San Diego 118 1980 Mike Schmidt, Philadelphia 121 1981 Mike Schmidt, Philadelphia 91 1982 Dale Murphy, Atlanta; Al Oliver, Montreal 109 1983 Dale Murphy, Atlanta 121 1984 Mike Schmidt, Phil.; Gary Carter, Montreal 106 1985 Dave Parker, Cincinnati 125 1986 Mike Schmidt, Philadelphia 119 1987 Andre Dawson, Chicago 137 Year Player, Club RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1987 Andre Dawson, Chicago 137 1988 Will Clark, San Francisco 109 1989 Kevin Mitchell, San Francisco 125 1990 Matt Williams, San Francisco 122 American League 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player, Club RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1907 Ty Cobb, Detroit 116 1908 Ty Cobb, Detroit 101 Year Player, Club RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1908 Ty Cobb, Detroit 101 1909 Ty Cobb, Detroit 115 1910 Sam Crawford, Detroit 115 1911 Ty Cobb, Detroit 144 1912 J. Franklin Baker, Philadelphia 133 1913 J. Franklin Baker, Philadelphia 126 1914 Sam Crawford, Detroit 112 1915 Sam Crawford, Detroit 116 1916 Wally Pipp, New York 99 1917 Robert Veach, Detroit 115 1918 George Burns, Phila., Robert Veach, Detroit 74 1919 Babe Ruth, Boston 112 1920 Babe Ruth, New York 137 1921 Babe Ruth, New York 171 1922 Ken Williams, St. Louis 155 1923 Babe Ruth, New York 131 1924 Goose Goslin, Washington 129 1925 Bob Meusel, New York 138 1926 Babe Ruth, New York 145 Year Player, Club RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1926 Babe Ruth, New York 145 1927 Lou Gehrig, New York 175 1928 Babe Ruth, N.Y., Lou Gehrig, N.Y. 142 1929 Al Simmons, Philadelphia 157 1930 Lou Gehrig, New York 174 1931 Lou Gehrig, New York 184 1932 Jimmie Foxx, Philadelphia 169 1933 Jimmie Foxx, Philadelphia 163 1934 Lou Gehrig, New York 165 1935 Hank Greenberg, Detroit 170 1936 Hal Trosky, Cleveland 162 1937 Hank Greenberg, Detroit 183 1938 Jimmie Foxx, Boston 175 1939 Ted Williams, Boston 145 1940 Hank Greenberg, Detroit 150 1941 Joe DiMaggio, New York 125 1942 Ted Williams, Boston 137 1943 Rudy York, Detroit 118 1944 Vern Stephens, St. Louis 109 Year Player, Club RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1944 Vern Stephens, St. Louis 109 1945 Nick Etten, New York 111 1946 Hank Greenberg, Detroit 127 1947 Ted Williams, Boston 114 1948 Joe DiMaggio, New York 155 1949 Ted Williams, Bos., Vern Stephens, Bos. 159 1950 Walt Dropo, Bos., Vern Stephens, Bos. 144 1951 Gus Zernial, Chicago-Philadelphia 129 1952 Al Rosen, Cleveland 105 1953 Al Rosen, Cleveland 145 1954 Larry Doby, Cleveland 126 1955 Ray Boone, Detroit, Jackie Jensen, Boston 116 1956 Mickey Mantle, New York 130 1957 Roy Sievers, Washington 114 1958 Jackie Jensen, Boston 122 1959 Jackie Jensen, Boston 112 1960 Roger Maris, New York 112 1961 Roger Maris, New York 142 1962 Harmon Killebrew, Minnesota 126 Year Player, Club RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1962 Harmon Killebrew, Minnesota 126 1963 Dick Stuart, Boston 118 1964 Brooks Robinson, Baltimore 118 1965 Rocky Colavito, Cleveland 108 1966 Frank Robinson, Baltimore 122 1967 Carl Yastrzemski, Boston 121 1968 Ken Harrelson, Boston 109 1969 Harmon Killebrew, Minnesota 140 1970 Frank Howard, Washington 126 1971 Harmon Killebrew, Minnesota 119 1972 Dick Allen, Chicago 113 1973 Reggie Jackson, Oakland 117 1974 Jeff Burroughs, Texas 118 1975 George Scott, Milwaukee 109 1976 Lee May, Baltimore 109 1977 Larry Hisle, Minnesota 119 1978 Jim Rice, Boston 139 1979 Don Baylor, California 139 1980 Cecil Cooper, Milwaukee 122 Year Player, Club RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1980 Cecil Cooper, Milwaukee 122 1981 Eddie Murray, Baltimore 78 1982 Hal McRae, Kansas City 133 1983 Cecil Cooper, Milwaukee; Jim Rice, Boston 126 1984 Tony Armas, Boston 123 1985 Don Mattingly, New York 145 1986 Joe Carter, Cleveland 121 1987 George Bell, Toronto 134 1988 Jose Canseco, Oakland 124 1989 Ruben Sierra, Texas 119 1990 Cecil Fielder, Detroit 132 Batting Champions National League 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player Club Pct. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1901 Jesse C. Burkett St. Louis .382 1902 Clarence Beaumont Pittsburgh .357 1903 Honus Wagner Pittsburgh .355 1904 Honus Wagner Pittsburgh .349 1905 James Seymour Cincinnati .377 1906 Honus Wagner Pittsburgh .339 1907 Honus Wagner Pittsburgh .350 1908 Honus Wagner Pittsburgh .354 1909 Honus Wagner Pittsburgh .339 1910 Sherwood Magee Philadelphia .331 1911 Honus Wagner Pittsburgh .334 1912 Henry Zimmerman Chicago .372 1913 Jacob Daubert Brooklyn .350 1914 Jacob Daubert Brooklyn .329 Year Player Club Pct. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1914 Jacob Daubert Brooklyn .329 1915 Larry Doyle New York .320 1916 Hal Chase Cincinnati .339 1917 Edd Roush Cleveland .341 1918 Zach Wheat Brooklyn .335 1919 Edd Roush Cincinnati .321 1920 Rogers Hornsby St. Louis .370 1921 Rogers Hornsby St. Louis .397 1922 Rogers Hornsby St. Louis .401 1923 Rogers Hornsby St. Louis .384 1924 Rogers Hornsby St. Louis .424 1925 Rogers Hornsby St. Louis .403 1926 Eugene Hargrave Cincinnati .353 1927 Paul Waner Pittsburgh .380 1928 Rogers Hornsby Boston .387 1929 Lefty O'Doul Philadelphia .398 1930 Bill Terry New York .401 1931 Chick Hafey St. Louis .349 1932 Lefty O'Doul Brooklyn .368 Year Player Club Pct. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1932 Lefty O'Doul Brooklyn .368 1933 Chuck Klein Philadelphia .368 1934 Paul Waner Pittsburgh .362 1935 Arky Vaughan Pittsburgh .385 1936 Paul Waner Pittsburgh .373 1937 Joe Medwick St. Louis .374 1938 Ernie Lombardi Cincinnati .342 1939 John Mize St. Louis .349 1940 Debs Garms Pittsburgh .355 1941 Pete Reiser Brooklyn .343 1942 Ernie Lombardi Boston .330 1943 Stan Musial St. Louis .357 1944 Dixie Walker Brooklyn .357 1945 Phil Cavarretta Chicago .355 1946 Stan Musial St. Louis .365 1947 Harry Walker Philadelphia .363 1948 Stan Musial St. Louis .376 1949 Jackie Robinson Brooklyn .342 1950 Stan Musial St. Louis .346 Year Player Club Pct. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1950 Stan Musial St. Louis .346 1951 Stan Musial St. Louis .355 1952 Stan Musial St. Louis .336 1953 Carl Furillo Brooklyn .344 1954 Willie Mays New York .345 1955 Richie Ashburn Philadelphia .338 1956 Hank Aaron Milwaukee .328 1957 Stan Musial St. Louis .351 1958 Richie Ashburn Philadelphia .350 1959 Hank Aaron Milwaukee .355 1960 Dick Groat Pittsburgh .325 1961 Roberto Clemente Pittsburgh .351 1962 Tommy Davis Los Angeles .346 1963 Tommy Davis Los Angeles .326 1964 Roberto Clemente Pittsburgh .339 1965 Roberto Clemente Pittsburgh .329 1966 Matty Alou Pittsburgh .342 1967 Roberto Clemente Pittsburgh .357 1968 Pete Rose Cincinnati .335 Year Player Club Pct. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1968 Pete Rose Cincinnati .335 1969 Pete Rose Cincinnati .348 1970 Rico Carty Atlanta .366 1971 Joe Torre St. Louis .363 1972 Billy Williams Chicago .333 1973 Pete Rose Cincinnati .338 1974 Ralph Garr Atlanta .353 1975 Bill Madlock Chicago .354 1976 Bill Madlock Chicago .339 1977 Dave Parker Pittsburgh .338 1978 Dave Parker Pittsburgh .334 1979 Keith Hernandez St. Louis .344 1980 Bill Buckner Chicago .324 1981 Bill Madlock Pittsburgh .341 1982 Al Oliver Montreal .331 1983 Bill Madlock Pittsburgh .323 1984 Tony Gwynn San Diego .351 1985 Willie McGee St. Louis .353 1986 Tim Raines Montreal .334 Year Player Club Pct. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1986 Tim Raines Montreal .334 1987 Tony Gwynn San Diego .369 1988 Tony Gwynn San Diego .313 1989 Tony Gwynn San Diego .336 1990 Willie McGee St. Louis .335 American League 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player Club Pct. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1901 Napoleon Lajoie Philadelphia .422 Year Player Club Pct. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1901 Napoleon Lajoie Philadelphia .422 1902 Ed Delahanty Washington .376 1902 Napoleon Lajoie Cleveland .355 1904 Napoleon Lajoie Cleveland .381 1905 Elmer Flick Cleveland .308 1906 George Stone St. Louis .358 1907 Ty Cobb Detroit .350 1908 Ty Cobb Detroit .324 1909 Ty Cobb Detroit .377 1910 Ty Cobb Detroit .385 1911 Ty Cobb Detroit .420 1912 Ty Cobb Detroit .410 1913 Ty Cobb Detroit .390 1914 Ty Cobb Detroit .368 1915 Ty Cobb Detroit .369 1916 Tris Speaker Cleveland .386 1917 Ty Cobb Detroit .383 1918 Ty Cobb Detroit .382 1919 Ty Cobb Detroit .384 Year Player Club Pct. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1919 Ty Cobb Detroit .384 1920 George Sisler St. Louis .407 1921 Harry Heilmann Detroit .394 1922 George Sisler St. Louis .420 1923 Harry Heilmann Detroit .403 1924 Babe Ruth New York .378 1925 Harry Heilmann Detroit .393 1926 Henry Manush Detroit .378 1927 Harry Heilmann Detroit .398 1928 Goose Goslin Washington .379 1929 Lew Fonseca Cleveland .369 1930 Al Simmons Philadelphia .381 1931 Al Simmons Philadelphia .390 1932 Dale Alexander Detroit-Boston .367 1933 Jimmie Foxx Philadelphia .356 1934 Lou Gehrig New York .363 1935 Buddy Myer Washington .349 1936 Luke Appling Chicago .388 1937 Charlie Gehringer Detroit .371 Year Player Club Pct. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1937 Charlie Gehringer Detroit .371 1938 Jimmie Foxx Boston .349 1939 Joe DiMaggio New York .381 1940 Joe DiMaggio New York .352 1941 Ted Williams Boston .406 1942 Ted Williams Boston .356 1943 Luke Appling Chicago .328 1944 Lou Boudreau Cleveland .327 1945 George Stirnweiss New York .309 1946 Mickey Vernon Washington .353 1947 Ted Williams Boston .343 1948 Ted Williams Boston .369 1949 George Kell Detroit .343 1950 Billy Goodman Boston .354 1951 Ferris Fain Philadelphia .344 1952 Ferris Fain Philadelphia .327 1953 Mickey Vernon Washington .337 1954 Roberto Avila Cleveland .341 1955 Al Kaline Detroit .340 Year Player Club Pct. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1955 Al Kaline Detroit .340 1956 Mickey Mantle New York .353 1957 Ted Williams Boston .388 1958 Ted Williams Boston .328 1959 Harvey Kuenn Detroit .353 1960 Pete Runnels Boston .320 1961 Norm Cash Detroit .361 1962 Pete Runnels Boston .326 1963 Carl Yastrzemski Boston .321 1964 Tony Oliva Minnesota .323 1965 Tony Oliva Minnesota .321 1966 Frank Robinson Baltimore .316 1967 Carl Yastrzemski Boston .326 1968 Carl Yastrzemski Boston .301 1969 Rod Carew Minnesota .332 1970 Alex Johnson California .328 1971 Tony Oliva Minnesota .337 1972 Rod Carew Minnesota .318 1973 Rod Carew Minnesota .350 Year Player Club Pct. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 1973 Rod Carew Minnesota .350 1974 Rod Carew Minnesota .364 1975 Rod Carew Minnesota .359 1976 George Brett Kansas City .333 1977 Rod Carew Minnesota .388 1978 Rod Carew Minnesota .333 1979 Fred Lynn Boston .333 1980 George Brett Kansas City .390 1981 Carney Lansford Boston .336 1982 Willie Wilson Kansas City .332 1983 Wade Boggs Boston .361 1984 Don Mattingly New York .343 1985 Wade Boggs Boston .368 1986 Wade Boggs Boston .357 1987 Wade Boggs Boston .363 1988 Wade Boggs Boston .366 1989 Kirby Puckett Minnesota .339 1990 George Brett Kansas City .329 Earned-Run Average Leaders National League 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player, club G IP ERA 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1972 Steve Carlton, Philadelphia 41 346 1.98 1973 Tom Seaver, New York 36 290 2.07 1974 Buzz Capra, Atlanta 39 217 2.28 1975 Randy Jones, San Diego 37 285 2.24 1976 John Denny, St. Louis 30 207 2.52 1977 John Candelaria, Pittsburgh 33 231 2.34 1978 Craig Swan, New York 29 207 2.43 Year Player, club G IP ERA 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1978 Craig Swan, New York 29 207 2.43 1979 J.R. Richard, Houston 38 292 2.71 1980 Don Sutton, Los Angeles 32 212 2.21 1981 Nolan Ryan, Houston 21 149 1.69 1982 Steve Rogers, Montreal 35 277 2.40 1983 Atlee Hammaker, San Fran. 23 172 2.25 1984 Alejandro Pena, Los Angeles 28 199 2.48 1985 Dwight Gooden, New York 35 276 1.53 1986 Mike Scott, Houston 37 275 2.22 1987 Nolan Ryan, Houston 34 211 2.76 1988 Joe Magrane, St. Louis 24 165 2.18 1989 Scott Garrelts, San Francisco 30 193 2.28 1990 Danny Darwin, Houston 48 162 2.21 American League 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player, club G IP ERA 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1972 Luis Tiant, Boston 43 179 1.91 1973 Jim Palmer, Baltimore 38 296 2.40 1974 Catfish Hunter, Oakland 41 318 2.49 1975 Jim Palmer, Baltimore 39 323 2.09 1976 Mark Fidrych, Detroit 31 250 2.34 1977 Frank Tanana, California 31 241 2.54 1978 Ron Guidry, New York 35 274 1.74 1979 Ron Guidry, New York 33 236 2.78 1980 Rudy May, New York 41 175 2.47 1981 Steve McCatty, Oakland 22 186 2.32 1982 Rick Sutcliffe, Cleveland 34 216 2.96 1983 Rick Honeycutt, Texas 25 174 2.42 1984 Mike Boddicker, Baltimore 34 261 2.79 1986 Dave Stieb, Toronto 36 265 2.48 Year Player, club G IP ERA 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1986 Dave Stieb, Toronto 36 265 2.48 1986 Roger Clemens, Boston 33 254 2.48 1987 Jimmy Key, Toronto 36 261 2.76 1988 Allan Anderson, Minnesota 30 202 2.45 1989 Bret Saberhagen, Kansas City 36 262 2.16 1990 Roger Clemens, Boston 31 228 1.93 Major League Leaders in 1990 National League Batting McGee, St. Louis, .335; Murray, Los Angeles, .330; Magadan, New York, .328; Dykstra, Philadelphia, .325; Dawson, Chicago, .310. Home Runs Sandberg, Chicago, 40; Strawberry, New York, 37; Mitchell, San Francisco, 35; Bonds, Pittsburgh, 33; Williams, San Francisco, 33. Runs Batted In Williams, San Francisco, 122; Bonilla, Pittsburgh, 120; Carter, San Diego, 115; Bonds, Pittsburgh, 114; Strawberry, New York, 108. Hits Butler, San Francisco, 192; Dykstra, Philadelphia, 192; Sandberg, Chicago, 188; Larkin, Cincinnati, 185; Wallach, Montreal, 185. Stolen Bases Coleman, St. Louis, 77; Yelding, Houston, 64; Bonds, Pittsburgh, 52; Butler, San Francisco, 51; Nixon, Montreal, 50. On-Base Pct. Dykstra, Philadelphia, .418; Magadan, New York, .417; Murray, Los Angeles, .414; Bonds, Pittsburgh, .406; Butler, San Francisco, .397. Doubles Jefferies, New York, 40; Bonilla, Pittsburgh, 39; Sabo, Cincinnati, 38; Johnson, New York, 37; Wallach, Montreal, 37. Triples Duncan, Cincinnati, 11; Gwynn, San Diego, 10; Butler, San Francisco, 9; Coleman, St. Louis, 9; L. Smith, Atlanta, 9. Earned-Run Average Darwin, Houston, 2.21; Smith, Pittsburgh, 2.55; Whitson, San Diego, 2.60; Viola, New York, 2.63; Rijo, Cincinnati, 2.70. Saves Franco, New York, 33; Myers, Cincinnati, 31; L. Smith, St. Louis, 27; Lefferts, San Diego, 23; Smith, Houston, 23. Strikeouts Cone, New York, 233; Gooden, New York, 223; Martinez, Los Angeles, 223; Viola, New York, 182; Fernandez, New York, 181. American League Batting Brett, Kansas City, .329; R. Henderson, Oakland, .325; Palmeiro, Texas, .319; Trammell, Detroit, .304; Boggs, Boston, .302; E. Martinez, Seattle, .302. Home Runs Fielder, Detroit, 51; McGwire, Oakland, 39; Canseco, Oakland, 37; McGriff, Toronto, 35; Gruber, Toronto, 31. Runs Batted In Fielder, Detroit, 132; Gruber, Toronto, 118; McGwire, Oakland, 108; Canseco, Oakland, 101; Sierra, Texas, 96. Hits Palmeiro, Texas, 191; Boggs, Boston, 187; Kelly, New York, 183; Greenwell, Boston, 181; Brett, Kansas City, 179. Stolen Bases R. Henderson, Oakland, 65; Sax, New York, 43; Kelly, New York, 42; Cole, Cleveland, 40; Pettis, Texas, 38. On-Base Pct. R. Henderson, Oakland, .439; McGriff, Toronto, .400; E. Martinez, Seattle, .397; Brett, Kansas City, .387; Davis, Seattle, .387. Doubles Brett, Kansas City, 45; J. Reed, Boston, 45; Boggs, Boston, 44; Calderon, Chicago, 44; Harper, Minnesota, 42. Triples Fernandez, Toronto, 17; Sosa, Chicago, 10; Johnson, Chicago, 9; Liriano, Tor., Minn., 9; Polonia, N.Y., Cal., 9. Earned-Run Average Clemens, Boston, 1.93; Finley, California, 2.40; Stewart, Oakland, 2.56; Appier, Kansas City, 2.76; Stieb, Toronto, 2.95. Saves Thigpen, Chicago, 57; Eckersley, Oakland, 48; Jones, Cleveland, 43; Olson, Baltimore, 37; Righetti, New York, 36. Strikeouts Ryan, Texas, 232; Witt, Texas, 221; Hanson, Seattle, 211; Clemens, Boston, 209; Langston, California, 195. National League Records in 1990 Final standings Eastern Division 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴컴코컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼� After 7 Afte W L Pct GB Home Away vs West One-Run Lead Trai 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Pittsburgh 95 67 .586 -- 49-32 46-35 45-26 28-20 75-4 6-56 New York 91 71 .562 4 52-29 39-42 40-32 24-28 74-4 9-57 Montreal 85 77 .525 10 47-34 38-43 36-36 29-30 67-7 9-57 Philadelphia 77 85 .475 18 41-40 36-45 39-33 27-26 57-5 10-6 Chicago 77 85 .475 18 39-42 38-43 34-40 25-29 57-10 6-68 St. Louis 70 92 .432 25 34-47 36-45 31-41 21-25 61-9 4-71 Western Division 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코� After 7 Aft W L Pct GB Home Away vs West One-Run Lead Tra 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cincinnati 91 71 .562 - 46-35 45-36 45-27 20-18 75-5 4-5 Los Angeles 86 76 .531 5 47-34 39-42 39-32 26-16 69-5 10- San Francisco 85 77 .525 6 49-32 36-45 34-40 24-22 67-9 7-5 Houston 75 87 .463 16 49-32 26-55 32-40 24-23 50-8 7-6 San Diego 75 87 .463 16 37-44 38-43 26-46 19-26 57-8 6-6 Atlanta 65 97 .401 26 37-44 28-53 33-38 19-20 52-10 7-7 National League Championship Series Pittsburgh 4, Cincinnati 3 Cincinnati 6, Pittsburgh 3 Pittsburgh 3, Cincinnati 2 Cincinnati 2, Pittsburgh 1 Cincinnati 5, Pittsburgh 2 Cincinnati 2, Pittsburgh 1 Team Batting 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Avg. AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cincinnati .265 5525 693 1466 125 644 Chicago .263 5600 690 1474 136 649 San Francisco .262 5573 719 1459 152 681 Los Angeles .262 5491 728 1436 129 669 Pittsburgh .259 5388 733 1395 138 693 San Diego .257 5554 673 1429 123 628 New York .256 5504 775 1410 172 734 St. Louis .256 5462 599 1398 73 554 Philadelphia .255 5535 646 1410 103 619 Atlanta .250 5504 682 1376 162 636 Avg. AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Atlanta .250 5504 682 1376 162 636 Montreal .250 5453 662 1363 114 607 Houston .242 5379 573 1301 94 536 Team Pitching 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ERA IP H BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Montreal 3.37 1473 1349 510 991 50 Cincinnati 3.39 1456 1338 543 1029 50 Pittsburgh 3.40 1447 1367 413 848 43 ERA IP H BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Pittsburgh 3.40 1447 1367 413 848 43 New York 3.43 1440 1339 444 1217 41 Houston 3.61 1450 1396 496 854 37 San Diego 3.68 1461 1437 507 928 35 Los Angeles 3.72 1442 1364 478 1021 29 St. Louis 3.87 1443 1432 475 833 39 Philadelphia 4.07 1449 1381 651 840 35 San Francisco 4.08 1446 1477 553 788 45 Chicago 4.34 1442 1510 572 877 42 Atlanta 4.58 1429 1527 579 938 30 Individual Batting (at least 135 at-bats); Individual Pitching (at least 50 innings) *Left-handed batter, pitcher; **Switch hitter Atlanta Braves 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� L. Smith .305 466 72 142 9 42 Gant .303 575 107 174 32 84 Treadway* .283 474 56 134 11 59 Justice* .282 439 76 124 28 78 Cabrera .277 137 14 38 7 25 Blauser .269 386 46 104 8 39 Gregg* .264 239 18 63 5 32 Olson .262 298 36 78 7 36 McDowell* .243 305 47 74 7 25 Presley .242 541 59 131 19 72 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Presley .242 541 59 131 19 72 Lemke** .226 239 22 54 0 21 Thomas .219 278 26 61 5 30 Whitt* .172 180 14 31 2 10 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Leibrandt* 9 11 3.16 162.1 35 76 0 Smoltz 14 11 3.85 231.1 90 170 0 Castillo* 5 1 4.23 76.2 20 64 1 Glavine* 10 12 4.28 214.1 78 129 0 Parrett 5 10 4.64 108.2 55 86 2 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Parrett 5 10 4.64 108.2 55 86 2 Grant 2 3 4.73 91.1 37 69 3 P. Smith 5 6 4.79 77.0 24 56 0 Avery* 3 11 5.64 99.0 45 75 0 Clary 1 10 5.67 101.2 39 44 0 Luecken 1 4 5.77 53.0 30 35 1 Chicago Cubs 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Dawson .310 529 72 164 27 100 Grace* .309 589 72 182 9 82 Sandberg .306 615 116 188 40 100 Clark* .275 171 22 47 5 20 Girardi .270 419 36 113 1 38 Ramos .265 226 22 60 2 17 Walton .263 392 63 103 2 21 Dunston .262 545 73 143 17 66 D. Smith* .262 290 34 76 6 27 Salazar .254 410 44 104 12 47 Dascenzo** .253 241 27 61 1 26 Wilkerson** .220 186 21 41 0 16 Wynne* .204 186 21 38 4 19 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Assenmacher* 7 2 2.80 103.0 36 95 10 Harkey 12 6 3.26 173.2 59 94 0 Maddux 15 15 3.46 237.0 71 144 0 Williams* 1 8 3.93 66.1 50 55 16 Long 6 1 4.37 55.2 21 32 5 Lancaster 9 5 4.62 109.0 40 65 6 Wilson* 4 9 4.79 139.0 43 95 1 Pico 4 4 4.79 92.0 37 37 2 Bielecki 8 11 4.93 168.0 70 103 1 Nunez 4 7 6.53 60.2 34 40 0 Cincinnati Reds 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Morris* .340 309 50 105 7 36 Duncan .306 435 67 133 10 55 Larkin .301 614 85 185 7 67 Doran** .300 403 59 121 7 37 Oester** .299 154 10 46 0 13 Braggs .299 201 22 60 6 28 Hatcher .276 504 68 139 5 25 O'Neill* .270 503 59 136 16 78 Sabo .270 567 95 153 25 71 Davis .260 453 84 118 24 86 Winningham* .256 160 20 41 3 17 Benzinger** .253 376 35 95 5 46 Reed* .251 175 12 44 3 16 Quinones** .241 145 10 35 2 17 Oliver .231 364 34 84 8 52 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Oliver .231 364 34 84 8 52 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dibble 8 3 1.74 98.0 34 136 11 Myers* 4 6 2.08 86.2 38 98 31 Rijo 14 8 2.70 197.0 78 152 0 Charlton* 12 9 2.74 154.1 70 117 2 Armstrong 12 9 3.42 166.0 59 110 0 Layana 5 3 3.49 80.0 44 53 2 Jackson* 6 6 3.61 117.1 40 76 0 Browning* 15 9 3.80 227.2 52 99 0 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Browning* 15 9 3.80 227.2 52 99 0 Birtsas* 1 3 3.86 51.1 24 41 0 Mahler 7 6 4.28 134.2 39 68 4 Scudder 5 5 4.90 71.2 30 42 0 Houston Astros 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Candaele** .286 262 30 75 3 22 Biggio .276 555 53 153 4 42 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Biggio .276 555 53 153 4 42 Stubbs* .261 448 59 117 23 71 Ramirez .261 445 44 116 2 37 Yelding .254 511 69 130 1 28 Davis .251 327 44 82 22 64 Wilson .245 368 42 90 10 55 Caminiti** .242 541 52 131 4 51 Oberkfell* .207 150 10 31 1 12 Anthony* .192 239 26 46 10 29 Young** .175 154 15 27 1 4 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Andersen 5 2 1.95 73.2 24 68 6 Darwin 11 4 2.21 162.2 31 109 2 Smith 6 6 2.39 60.1 20 50 23 Portugal 11 10 3.62 196.2 67 136 0 Deshaies* 7 12 3.78 209.1 84 119 0 Scott 9 13 3.81 205.2 66 121 0 Gullickson 10 14 3.82 193.1 61 73 0 Agosto* 9 8 4.29 92.1 39 50 4 Hernandez 2 1 4.62 62.1 24 24 0 Clancy 2 8 6.51 76.0 33 44 1 Los Angeles Dodgers 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Murray** .330 558 96 184 26 95 Javier** .304 276 56 84 3 24 Harris* .304 431 61 131 2 29 Sharperson .297 357 42 106 3 36 Daniels* .296 450 81 133 27 94 Gwynn* .284 141 19 40 5 22 Brooks .266 568 74 151 20 91 Scioscia* .264 435 46 115 12 66 Gibson* .260 315 59 82 8 38 Samuel .242 492 62 119 13 52 Griffin** .210 461 38 97 1 35 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴코컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Howell 5 5 2.18 66.0 20 59 16 Crews 4 5 2.77 107.1 24 76 5 Gott 3 5 2.90 62.0 34 44 3 Martinez 20 6 2.92 234.1 67 223 0 Hartley 6 3 2.95 79.1 30 76 1 Neidlinger 5 3 3.28 74.0 15 46 0 Morgan 11 15 3.75 211.0 60 106 0 Cook* 9 4 3.92 156.0 56 64 1 Belcher 9 9 4.00 153.0 48 102 0 Valenzuela* 13 13 4.59 204.0 77 115 0 Montreal Expos 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Wallach .296 626 69 185 21 98 DeShields* .289 499 69 144 4 45 Raines** .287 457 65 131 9 62 Da. Martinez* .279 391 60 109 11 39 Noboa .266 158 15 42 0 14 Grissom .257 288 42 74 3 29 Galarraga .256 579 65 148 20 87 Nixon** .251 231 46 58 1 20 Fitzgerald .243 313 36 76 9 41 Aldrete* .242 161 22 39 1 18 Walker* .241 419 59 101 19 51 Owen** .234 453 55 106 5 35 Foley* .213 164 11 35 0 12 Santovenia .190 163 13 31 6 28 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Frey* 8 2 2.10 55.2 29 29 9 Burke 3 3 2.52 75.0 21 47 20 Ruskin* 3 2 2.75 75.1 38 57 2 Nabholz* 6 2 2.83 70.0 32 53 0 Boyd 10 6 2.93 190.2 52 113 0 De. Martinez 10 11 2.95 226.0 49 156 0 Sampen 12 7 2.99 90.1 33 69 2 Mohorcic 1 2 3.23 53.0 18 29 2 Gardner 7 9 3.42 152.2 61 135 0 Gross 9 12 4.57 163.1 65 111 0 Hall* 4 7 5.09 58.1 29 40 3 New York Mets 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Magadan* .328 451 74 148 6 72 Sasser* .307 270 31 83 6 41 Jefferies** .283 604 96 171 15 68 Strawberry* .277 542 92 150 37 108 Boston* .273 366 65 100 12 45 McReynolds .269 521 75 140 24 82 Herr** .261 547 48 143 5 60 Miller .258 233 42 60 1 12 Carreon .250 188 30 47 10 26 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Carreon .250 188 30 47 10 26 Teufel .246 175 28 43 10 24 Johnson** .244 590 89 144 23 90 Marshall .239 163 24 39 6 27 Elster .207 314 36 65 9 45 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴코컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Schatzeder* 1 3 2.20 69.2 23 39 0 Franco* 5 3 2.53 67.2 21 56 33 Viola* 20 12 2.67 249.2 60 182 0 Pena 3 3 3.20 76.0 22 76 5 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Pena 3 3 3.20 76.0 22 76 5 Cone 14 10 3.23 211.2 65 233 0 Whitehurst 1 0 3.29 65.2 9 46 2 Fernandez* 9 14 3.46 179.1 67 181 0 Ojeda* 7 6 3.66 118.0 40 62 0 Gooden 19 7 3.83 232.2 70 223 0 Darling 7 9 4.50 126.0 44 99 0 Philadelphia Phillies 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Dykstra* .325 590 106 192 9 60 Kruk* .291 443 52 129 7 67 Daulton* .268 459 62 123 12 57 V. Hayes* .261 467 70 122 17 73 C. Hayes .258 561 56 145 10 57 Thon .255 552 54 141 8 48 Murphy .245 563 60 138 24 83 Ready .244 217 26 53 1 26 Jordan .241 324 32 78 5 44 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴코컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Grimsley 3 2 3.30 57.1 43 41 0 Mulholland* 9 10 3.34 180.2 42 75 0 Boever 3 6 3.36 88.1 51 75 14 DeJesus 7 8 3.74 130.0 73 87 0 Akerfelds 5 2 3.77 93.0 54 42 3 McDowell 6 8 3.86 86.1 35 39 22 Combs* 10 10 4.07 183.1 86 108 0 Carman* 6 2 4.15 86.2 38 58 1 Howell 8 7 4.64 106.2 49 70 0 Greene 3 3 5.08 51.1 26 21 0 Ruffin* 6 13 5.38 3.0 62 79 0 Pittsburgh Pirates 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Bonds* .301 519 104 156 33 114 Slaught .300 230 27 69 4 29 Backman** .292 315 62 92 2 28 Reynolds** .288 215 25 62 0 19 Van Slyke* .284 493 67 140 17 77 Bonilla** .280 625 112 175 32 120 Bream* .270 389 39 105 15 67 Lind .261 514 46 134 1 48 LaVilliere* .258 279 27 72 3 31 Bell .254 583 93 148 7 52 Redus .247 227 32 56 6 23 King .245 371 46 91 14 53 Martinez .240 217 26 52 10 35 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Landrum 7 3 2.13 71.2 21 39 13 Tomlin* 4 4 2.55 77.2 12 42 0 Smith* 12 9 2.55 215.1 50 130 0 Drabek 22 6 2.76 231.1 56 131 0 Patterson* 8 5 2.95 94.2 21 70 5 Kipper* 5 2 3.02 62.2 26 35 3 Heaton* 12 9 3.45 146.0 38 68 0 Belinda 3 4 3.55 58.1 29 55 8 Power 1 3 3.66 51.2 17 42 7 Walk 7 5 3.75 129.2 36 73 1 Reed 2 3 4.36 53.2 12 27 1 Smiley* 9 10 4.64 149.1 36 86 0 Terrell 2 7 5.88 82.2 33 34 0 St. Louis Cardinals 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴코컴컴코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 McGee** .335 501 76 168 3 62 Coleman** .292 497 73 145 6 39 Hudler .282 220 31 62 7 22 Guerrero .281 498 42 140 13 80 Pagnozzi .277 220 20 61 2 23 O. Smith** .254 512 61 130 1 50 Oquendo** .252 469 38 .118 1 37 Zeile .244 495 62 121 15 57 Pendleton** .230 447 46 103 6 58 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Pendleton** .230 447 46 103 6 58 Thompson* .218 418 42 91 6 30 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� L. Smith 3 4 2.10 68.2 20 70 27 Tudor* 12 4 2.40 146.1 30 63 0 Niedenfuer 0 6 3.46 65.0 25 32 2 Tewksbury 10 9 3.47 145.1 15 50 1 Dayley* 4 4 3.56 73.1 30 51 2 Magrane* 10 17 3.59 203.1 59 100 0 B. Smith 9 8 4.27 141.1 30 78 0 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� B. Smith 9 8 4.27 141.1 30 78 0 DeLeon 7 19 4.43 182.2 86 164 0 DiPino* 5 2 4.56 81.0 31 49 3 Terry 2 6 4.75 72.0 27 35 2 Matthews 0 5 5.33 50.2 30 18 0 Hill 5 6 5.49 78.2 33 58 0 San Diego Padres 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Roberts** .309 556 104 172 9 44 Gwynn* .309 573 79 177 4 72 Alomar** .287 586 80 168 6 60 Santiago .270 344 42 93 11 53 Ja. Clark .266 334 59 89 25 62 Pagliarulo* .254 398 29 101 7 38 Templeton** .248 505 45 125 9 59 Abner .245 184 17 45 1 15 Lynn* .240 196 18 47 6 23 Carter .232 634 79 147 24 115 Parent .222 189 13 42 3 16 Stephenson* .209 182 26 38 4 19 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴코컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Harris 8 8 2.30 117.1 49 97 9 Lefferts* 7 5 2.52 78.2 22 60 23 Whitson 14 9 2.60 228.2 47 127 0 Hurst* 11 9 3.14 223.2 63 162 0 Benes 10 11 3.60 192.1 69 140 0 Hammaker* 4 9 4.36 86.2 27 44 0 Schiraldi 3 8 4.41 104.0 60 74 1 Rasmussen* 11 15 4.51 187.2 62 86 0 Lilliquist* 5 11 5.31 122.0 42 63 0 Show* 6 8 5.76 106.1 41 55 1 San Francisco Giants 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Butler* .309 622 108 192 3 44 Clark* .295 600 91 177 19 95 Kingery* .295 207 24 61 0 24 Leach .293 174 24 51 2 16 Mitchell .290 524 90 152 35 93 Kennedy* .277 303 25 84 2 26 Williams .277 617 87 171 33 122 Carter .254 244 24 62 9 27 Bass** .252 214 25 54 7 32 Uribe** .248 415 35 103 1 24 Litton .245 204 17 50 1 24 Thompson .245 498 67 122 15 56 Riles* .200 155 22 31 8 21 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴코컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Brantley 5 3 1.56 86.2 33 61 19 Oliveras 2 2 2.77 55.1 21 41 2 Thurmond* 2 3 3.34 56.2 18 24 4 Downs 3 2 3.43 63.0 20 31 0 Burkett 14 7 3.79 204.0 61 118 1 Reuschel 3 6 3.93 87.0 31 49 1 LaCoss 6 4 3.94 77.2 39 39 0 Wilson* 8 7 4.00 110.1 49 66 0 Garrelts 12 11 4.15 182.0 70 80 0 Bedrosian 9 9 4.20 79.1 44 43 17 Robinson 10 7 4.57 157.2 41 78 0 Cy Young Award Winners 露컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player, club 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1956 Don Newcombe, Dodgers 1957 Warren Spahn, Braves 1958 Bob Turley, Yankees 1959 Early Wynn, White Sox 1960 Vernon Law, Pirates 1961 Whitey Ford, Yankees 1962 Don Drysdale, Dodgers 1963 Sandy Koufax, Dodgers 1964 Dean Chance, Angels 1965 Sandy Koufax, Dodgers 1966 Sandy Koufax, Dodgers 1967 (NL) Mike McCormick, Giants (AL) Jim Lonborg, Red Sox Year Player, club 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  (AL) Jim Lonborg, Red Sox 1968 (NL) Bob Gibson, Cardinals (AL) Dennis McLain, Tigers 1969 (NL) Tom Seaver, Mets (AL) (tie) Dennis McLain, Tigers; Mike Cuellar, Orioles 1970 (NL) Bob Gibson, Cardinals (AL) Jim Perry, Twins 1971 (NL) Ferguson Jenkins, Cubs (AL) Vida Blue, A's 1972 (NL) Steve Carlton, Phillies (AL) Gaylord Perry, Indians 1973 (NL) Tom Seaver, Mets (AL) Jim Palmer, Orioles 1974 (NL) Mike Marshall, Dodgers (AL) Jim (Catfish) Hunter, A's 1975 (NL) Tom Seaver, Mets (AL) Jim Palmer Orioles 1976 (NL) Randy Jones, Padres (AL) Jim Palmer, Orioles Year Player, club 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  (AL) Jim Palmer, Orioles 1977 (NL) Steve Carlton, Phillies (AL) Sparky Lyle, Yankees 1978 (NL) Gaylord Perry, Padres (AL) Ron Guidry, Yankees 1979 (NL) Bruce Sutter, Cubs (AL) Mike Flanagan, Orioles 1980 (NL) Steve Carlton, Phillies (AL) Steve Stone, Orioles 1981 (NL) Fernando Valenzuela, Dodgers (AL) Rollie Fingers, Brewers 1982 (NL) Steve Carlton, Phillies (AL) Pete Vuckovich, Brewers 1983 (NL) John Denny, Phillies (AL) LaMarr Hoyt, White Sox 1984 (NL) Rick Sutcliffe, Cubs (AL) Willie Hernandez, Tigers 1985 (NL) Dwight Gooden, Mets (AL) Bret Saberhagen, Royals Year Player, club 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  (AL) Bret Saberhagen, Royals 1986 (NL) Mike Scott, Astros (AL) Roger Clemens, Red Sox 1987 (NL) Steve Bedrosian, Phillies (AL) Roger Clemens, Red Sox 1988 (NL) Orel Hershiser, Dodgers (AL) Frank Viola, Twins 1989 (NL) Mark Davis, Padres (AL) Bret Saberhagan, Royals National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Cooperstown, N.Y. Aaron, Hank Alexander, Grover Cleveland Alston, Walt Anson, Cap Aparicio, Luis Appling, Luke Averill, Earl Baker, Home Run Bancroft, Dave Banks, Ernie Barlick, Al Barrow, Edward G. Beckley, Jake Bell, Cool Papa Bench, Johnny Bender, Chief Berra, Yogi Bottomley, Jim Boudreau, Lou Bresnahan, Roger Brock, Lou Brouthers, Dan Brown (Three Finger), Mordecai Bulkeley, Morgan C. Burkett, Jesse C. Campanella, Roy Carey, Max Cartwright, Alexander Chadwick, Henry Chance, Frank Chandler, Happy Charleston, Oscar Chesbro, John Clarke, Fred Clarkson, John Clemente, Roberto Cobb, Ty Cochrane, Mickey Collins, Eddie Collins, James Combs, Earle Comiskey, Charles A. Conlan, Jocko Connolly, Thomas H. Connor, Roger Coveleski, Stan Crawford, Sam Cronin, Joe Cummings, Candy Cuyler, Kiki Dandridge, Ray Dean, Dizzy Delahanty, Ed Dickey, Bill DiHigo, Martin DiMaggio, Joe Doerr, Bobby Drysdale, Don Duffy, Hugh Evans, Billy Evers, John Ewing, Buck Faber, Urban Feller, Bob Ferrell, Rick Flick, Elmer H. Ford, Whitey Foster, Andrew Foxx, Jimmie Frick, Ford Frisch, Frank Galvin, Pud Gehrig, Lou Gehringer, Charles Gibson, Bob Gibson, Josh Giles, Warren Gomez, Lefty Goslin, Goose Greenberg, Hank Griffith, Clark Grimes, Burleigh Grove, Lefty Hafey, Chick Haines, Jesee Hamilton, Bill Harridge, Will Harris, Bucky Hartnett, Gabby Heilmann, Harry Herman, Billy Hooper, Harry Hornsby, Rogers Hoyt, Waite Hubbard, Cal Hubbell, Carl Huggins, Miller Hunter, Catfish Irvin, Monte Jackson, Travis Jennings, Hugh Johnson, Byron Johnson, William (Judy) Johnson, Walter Joss, Addie Kaline, Al Keefe, Timothy Keeler, William Kell, George Kelley, Joe Kelly, George Kelly, King Killebrew, Harmon Kiner, Ralph Klein, Chuck Klem, Bill Koufax, Sandy Lajoie, Napoleon Landis, Kenesaw M.Lemon, Bob Leonard, Buck Lindstrom, Fred Lloyd, Pop Lombardi, Ernie Lopez, Al Lyons, Ted Mack, Connie MacPhail, Larry Mantle, Mickey Manush, Henry Maranville, Rabbit Marichal, Juan Marquard, Rube Mathews, Eddie Mathewson, Christy Mays, Willie McCarthy, Joe McCarthy, Thomas McCovey, Willie McGinnity, Joe McGraw, John McKechnie, Bill Medwick, Joe Mize, Johnny Morgan, Joe Musial, Stan Nichols, Kid O'Rourke, James Ott, Mel Paige, Satchel Palmer, Jim Pennock, Herb Plank, Ed Radbourn, Charlie Reese, Pee Wee Rice, Sam Rickey, Branch Rixey, Eppa Roberts, Robin Robinson, Brooks Robinson, Frank Robinson, Jackie Robinson, Wilbert Roush, Edd Ruffing, Red Rusie, Amos Ruth, Babe Schalk, Ray Schoendienst, Red Sewell, Joe Simmons, Al Sisler, George Slaughter, Enos Snider, Duke Spahn, Warren Spalding, Albert Speaker, Tris Stargell, Willie Stengel, Casey Terry, Bill Thompson, Sam Tinker, Joe Traynor, Pie Vance, Dazzy Vaughan, Arky Waddell, Rube Wagner, Honus Wallace, Roderick Walsh, Ed. Waner, Lloyd Waner, Paul Ward, John Weiss, George Welch, Mickey Wheat, Zach Wilhelm, Hoyt Williams, Billy Williams, Ted Wilson, Hack Wright, George Wright, Harry Wynn, Early Yastrzemski, Carl Yawkey, Tom Young, Cy Youngs, Ross All-Star Baseball Games, 1933-1990 露컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Winner Score Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1933 American 4-2 Chicago 1934 American 9-7 New York 1935 American 4-1 Cleveland 1936 National 4-3 Boston 1937 American 8-3 Washington 1938 National 4-1 Cincinnati 1939 American 3-1 New York 1940 National 4-0 St. Louis 1941 American 7-5 Detroit 1942 American 3-1 New York 1943* American 5-3 Philadelphia 1944* National 7-1 Pittsburgh 1945 (Not played) 1946 American 12-0 Boston 1947 American 2-1 Chicago 1948 American 5-2 St. Louis 1949 American 11-7 New York 1950 National1 4-3 Chicago 1951 National 8-3 Detroit Year Winner Score Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1951 National 8-3 Detroit 1952 National 3-2 Philadelphia 1953 National 5-1 Cincinnati 1954 American 11-9 Cleveland 1955 National2 6-5 Milwaukee 1956 National 7-3 Washington 1957 American 6-5 St. Louis 1958 American 4-3 Baltimore 1959 National 5-4 Pittsburgh 1959 American 5-3 Los Angeles 1960 National 5-3 Kansas City 1960 National 6-0 New York 1961 National3 5-4 San Francisco 1961 Called-rain 1-1 Boston 1962 National3 3-1 Washington 1962 American 9-4 Chicago 1963 National 5-3 Cleveland 1964 National 7-4 New York 1965 National 6-5 Minnesota Year Winner Score Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1965 National 6-5 Minnesota 1966 National3 2-1 St. Louis 1967 National4 2-1 Anaheim 1968* National 1-0 Houston 1969 National 9-3 Washington 1970* National2 5-4 Cincinnati 1971* American 6-4 Detroit 1972* National 4-3 Atlanta 1973* National 7-1 Kansas City 1974* National 7-2 Pittsburgh 1975* National 6-3 Milwaukee 1976* National 7-1 Philadelphia 1977* National 7-5 New York 1978* National 7-3 San Diego 1979* National 7-6 Seattle 1980* National 4-2 Los Angeles 1981* National 5-4 Cleveland 1982* National 4-1 Montreal 1983* American 13-3 Chicago Year Winner Score Location 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1983* American 13-3 Chicago 1984* National 3-1 San Francisco 1985* National 6-1 Minneapolis 1986* American 3-2 Houston 1987* National5 2-0 Oakland 1988* American 2-1 Cincinnati 1989* American 5-3 Anaheim 1990* American 2-0 Chicago 1 14 innings, 2 12 innings, 3 10 innings, 4 15 innings 5 13 innings.*Night game. American League Records in 1990 Final standings Eastern Division 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼� After 7 Afte W L Pct GB Home Away vs West One Run Lead Trai 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Boston 88 74 .543 -- 51-30 37-44 37-47 31-22 65-7 7-55 Toronto 86 76 .531 2 44-37 42-39 42-41 23-27 75-1 5-63 Detroit 79 83 .488 9 39-42 40-41 43-40 22-22 69-6 3-69 Cleveland 77 85 .475 11 41-40 36-45 43-41 16-24 63-3 6-75 Baltimore 76 85 .472 111/2 40-40 36-45 42-41 22-26 55-8 7-68 Milwaukee 74 88 .457 14 39-42 35-46 31-52 17-23 63-8 5-71 New York 67 95 .414 21 37-44 30-51 30-54 23-29 52-6 5-80 Western Division 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴코컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴� After 7 A W L Pct GB Home Away vs West One Run Lead T 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Oakland 103 59 .636 - 51-30 52-29 56-27 24-17 84-2 7 Chicago 94 68 .580 9 49-31 45-37 46-37 30-22 80-7 5 Texas 83 79 .512 20 47-35 36-44 45-38 37-21 65-5 7 California 80 82 .494 23 42-39 38-43 42-42 23-21 62-3 5 Seattle 77 85 .475 26 38-43 39-42 40-44 20-27 63-6 6 Kansas City 75 86 .466 271/2 45-36 30-50 41-40 20-26 66-8 3 Minnesota 74 88 .457 29 41-40 33-48 42-41 21-20 62-4 2 American League Championship Series Oakland 9, Boston 1 Oakland 4, Boston 1 Oakland 3, Boston 1 Oakland 4, Boston 1 Team Batting 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Avg. AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Boston .272 5516 699 1502 106 660 Cleveland .267 5485 732 1465 110 675 Kansas City .267 5488 707 1465 100 660 Minnesota .265 5499 666 1458 100 625 Avg. AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Minnesota .265 5499 666 1458 100 625 Toronto .265 5589 767 1479 167 729 California .260 5570 690 1448 147 646 Seattle .259 5474 640 1419 107 610 Texas .259 5469 676 1416 110 641 Detroit .259 5479 750 1418 172 714 Chicago .258 5402 682 1393 106 637 Milwaukee .256 5503 732 1408 128 680 Oakland .254 5433 733 1379 164 693 Baltimore .245 5410 669 1328 132 623 New York .241 5483 603 1322 147 561 Team Pitching 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ERA IP H BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Oakland 3.18 1456 1287 494 831 64 Chicago 3.61 1449 1313 548 914 68 Seattle 3.69 1443 1319 606 1064 41 Boston 3.72 1442 1439 519 997 44 California 3.79 1454 1482 544 944 42 Texas 3.83 1444 1343 623 997 36 Toronto 3.84 1454 1434 445 892 48 Kansas City 3.93 1420 1449 560 1006 33 Baltimore 4.04 1435 1445 537 776 43 Milwaukee 4.08 1445 1558 469 771 42 Minnesota 4.12 1435 1509 489 872 43 New York 4.21 1444 1430 618 909 41 Cleveland 4.26 1427 1491 518 860 47 Detroit 4.39 1430 1401 661 856 44 Individual Batting (at least 1115 at-bats); Individual Pitching (at least 50 innings) *Left-handed batter, pitcher; **Switch hitter Baltimore Orioles 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 B. Ripken .291 406 48 118 3 38 Orsulak* .269 413 49 111 11 57 Milligan .265 362 64 96 20 60 Finley* .256 464 46 119 3 37 Hulett .255 153 16 39 3 16 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hulett .255 153 16 39 3 16 C. Ripken .250 600 78 150 21 84 Horn* .248 246 30 61 14 45 Melvin .243 301 30 73 5 37 Devereaux .240 367 48 88 12 49 Anderson* .231 234 24 54 3 24 Kittle .231 338 33 78 18 46 Worthington .226 425 46 96 8 44 Tettleton** .223 444 68 99 15 51 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Williamson 8 2 2.21 85.1 28 60 1 Olson 6 5 2.42 74.1 31 74 37 McDonald 8 5 2.43 118.2 35 65 0 Price* 3 4 3.58 65.1 24 54 0 Johnson 13 9 4.10 180.0 43 68 0 Harnisch 11 11 4.34 188.2 86 122 0 Milacki 5 8 4.46 135.1 61 60 0 Holton 2 3 4.50 58.0 21 27 0 Mitchell 6 6 4.64 114.1 48 43 0 Ballard* 2 11 4.93 133.1 42 50 0 Boston Red Sox 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Boggs* .302 619 89 187 6 63 Greenwell* .297 610 71 181 14 73 Burks .296 588 89 174 21 89 Jo. Reed .289 598 70 173 5 51 Quintana .287 512 56 147 7 67 Romine .272 136 21 37 2 14 Brunansky .267 461 61 123 15 71 Pena .263 491 62 129 7 56 Evans .249 445 66 111 13 63 Barrett .226 159 15 36 0 13 Rivera .225 346 38 78 7 45 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Clemens 21 6 1.93 228.1 54 209 0 Reardon 5 3 3.16 51.1 19 33 21 Boddicker 17 8 3.36 228.0 69 143 0 Bolton 10 5 3.38 119.2 47 65 0 Kiecker 8 9 3.97 152.0 54 93 0 Harris 13 9 4.00 184.1 77 117 0 Gray 2 4 4.44 50.2 15 50 9 Lamp 3 5 4.68 105.2 30 49 0 Je. Reed 2 2 4.82 52.1 19 19 2 Gardner 3 7 4.89 77.1 35 58 0 Murphy* 0 6 6.32 57.0 32 54 7 California Angels 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Polonia* .335 403 52 135 2 35 Anderson .308 143 16 44 1 5 Ray** .277 404 47 112 5 43 Downing .273 330 47 90 14 51 Parrish .268 470 54 126 24 70 Joyner* .268 310 35 83 8 41 Schu .268 157 19 42 6 14 Winfield .267 475 70 127 21 78 Davis** .265 412 58 109 12 58 Hill** .264 352 36 93 3 32 Venable* .259 189 26 49 4 21 Bichette .255 349 40 89 15 53 Schofield .255 310 41 79 1 18 Howell* .228 316 35 72 8 33 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Howell* .228 316 35 72 8 33 White** .217 443 57 96 11 44 Stevens* .214 248 228 53 7 32 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Finley* 18 9 2.40 236.0 81 177 0 Fraser 5 4 3.08 76.0 24 32 2 Eichhorn 2 5 3.08 84.2 23 69 13 Harvey 4 4 3.22 64.1 35 82 25 McCaskill 12 11 3.25 174.1 72 78 0 Fetters 1 1 4.12 67.2 20 35 1 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Fetters 1 1 4.12 67.2 20 35 1 Langston* 10 17 4.40 223.0 104 195 0 Abbott* 10 14 4.51 211.2 72 105 0 Blyleven 8 7 5.24 134.0 25 69 0 Chicago White Sox 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Thomas .330 191 39 63 7 31 Fisk .285 452 65 129 18 65 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Fisk .285 452 65 129 18 65 Johnson* .285 541 76 154 1 51 Guillen* .279 516 61 144 1 58 Pasqua* .274 325 43 89 13 58 Calderon .273 607 85 166 14 74 Bradley .256 422 59 108 4 31 Ventura* .249 493 48 123 5 54 Karkovice .246 183 30 45 6 20 Fletcher .242 509 54 123 4 56 Sosa .233 532 72 124 15 70 Martinez .224 272 18 61 4 24 Lyons* .192 146 22 28 1 11 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Thigpen 4 6 1.83 88.2 32 70 57 Jones 11 4 2.31 74.0 33 45 1 Hibbard* 14 9 3.16 211.0 55 92 0 Edwards* 5 3 3.22 95.0 41 63 2 King 12 4 3.28 151.0 40 70 0 Pall 3 5 3.32 76.0 24 39 2 Patterson* 2 1 3.39 66.1 34 40 2 Fernandez 5 5 3.80 87.2 34 61 0 McDowell 14 9 3.82 205.0 77 165 0 Peterson 2 5 4.55 85.0 26 29 0 Perez 13 14 4.61 197.0 86 161 0 Radinsky* 6 1 4.82 52.1 36 46 4 Cleveland Indians 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cole* .300 227 43 68 0 13 C. James .299 528 62 158 12 70 Jacoby .293 553 77 162 14 75 Alomar .290 445 60 129 9 66 D. James* .274 248 28 68 1 22 Maldonado .273 590 76 161 22 95 Browne** .267 513 92 137 6 50 Brookens .266 154 18 41 1 20 Baerga** .260 312 46 81 7 47 Fermin .256 414 47 106 1 40 Skinner .252 139 16 35 2 16 Webster** .252 437 58 110 12 55 Snyder .233 438 46 102 14 55 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴코컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Jones 5 5 2.56 84.1 22 55 43 Olin 4 4 3.41 92.1 26 64 1 Candiotti 15 11 3.65 202.0 55 128 0 Orosco* 5 4 3.90 64.2 38 55 2 Farrell 4 5 4.28 96.2 33 44 0 Swindell* 12 9 4.40 214.2 47 135 0 S. Valdez 6 6 4.75 102.1 35 63 0 Walker 2 6 4.88 75.2 42 34 0 Detroit Tigers 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Trammell .304 559 71 170 14 89 Fryman .297 232 32 69 9 27 Bergman* .278 205 21 57 2 26 Fielder .277 573 104 159 51 132 Heath .270 370 46 100 7 38 Sheets* .261 360 40 94 10 52 Lemon .258 322 39 83 5 32 Ward .256 309 32 79 9 46 Phillips** .251 573 97 144 8 55 Moseby* .248 431 64 107 14 51 Shelby** .248 222 22 55 4 20 Whitaker* .237 472 75 112 18 60 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Whitaker* .237 472 75 112 18 60 Salas* .232 164 18 38 9 24 Coles .209 215 22 45 3 20 露컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Nunez 3 1 2.24 80.1 37 66 6 Gleaton* 1 3 2.94 82.2 25 56 13 Gibson* 5 4 3.05 97.1 44 56 3 Henneman 8 6 3.05 94.1 33 50 22 Parker 3 3 3.58 73.0 32 40 0 Petry 10 9 4.45 149.2 77 73 0 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Petry 10 9 4.45 149.2 77 73 0 Morris 15 18 4.51 249.2 97 162 0 Terrell 6 4 4.54 75.1 24 30 0 Searcy* 2 7 4.66 75.1 51 66 0 DuBois* 3 5 5.09 58.1 22 34 0 Tanana* 9 8 5.31 176.1 66 114 1 Robinson 10 9 5.96 145.0 88 76 0 Kansas City Royals 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Brett* .329 544 82 179 14 87 Wilson** .290 307 49 89 2 42 McRae** .286 168 21 48 2 23 Eisenreich* .280 496 61 139 5 51 Seitzer .275 622 91 171 6 38 Tabler .272 195 12 53 1 19 Jackson .272 405 74 110 28 78 Tartabull .268 313 41 84 15 60 MacFarlane .255 400 37 102 6 58 Perry* .254 465 57 118 8 57 Stillwell** .249 506 60 126 3 51 Pecota .242 240 43 58 5 20 White .216 241 20 52 2 21 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Farr 13 7 1.98 127.0 48 94 1 Montgomery 6 5 2.39 94.1 34 94 24 Appier 12 8 2.76 185.2 54 127 0 McGaffigan 4 3 3.09 78.2 28 49 1 Aquino 4 1 3.16 68.1 27 28 0 Saberhagen 5 9 3.27 135.0 28 87 0 Gordon 12 11 3.73 195.1 99 175 0 Crawford 5 4 4.16 80.0 23 54 1 Gubicza 4 7 4.50 94.0 38 71 0 S. Davis 7 10 4.74 112.0 35 62 0 M. Davis* 2 7 5.11 68.2 52 73 6 Milwaukee Brewers 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hamilton* .295 156 27 46 1 18 Sheffield .294 487 67 143 10 67 Parker* .289 610 71 176 21 92 Molitor .285 418 64 119 12 45 Surhoff* .276 474 55 131 6 59 Felder** .274 237 38 65 3 27 Diaz .271 218 27 59 0 14 Gantner* .263 323 36 85 0 25 Brock* .248 367 42 91 7 50 Yount .247 587 98 145 17 77 Spiers* .242 363 44 88 2 36 Vaughn .220 382 51 84 17 61 Deer .209 440 57 92 27 69 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴코컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Robinson 12 5 2.91 148.1 37 57 0 Crim 3 5 3.47 85.2 23 39 11 Higuera* 11 10 3.76 170.0 50 129 0 Mirabella 4 2 3.97 59.0 27 28 0 Krueger* 6 8 3.98 129.0 54 64 0 Bosio 4 9 4.00 132.2 38 76 0 Knudson 10 9 4.12 168.1 40 56 0 Plesac* 3 7 4.43 69.0 31 65 24 Edens 4 5 4.45 89.0 33 40 2 Navarro 8 7 4.46 149.1 41 75 1 Minnesota Twins 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ortiz .335 170 18 57 0 18 Mack .326 313 50 102 8 44 Puckett .298 551 82 164 12 80 Harper .294 479 61 141 6 54 Hrbek* .287 492 61 141 22 79 Gladden .275 534 64 147 5 40 Larkin** .269 401 46 108 5 42 Bush* .243 181 17 44 6 18 Newman** .242 388 43 94 0 30 Manrique .237 228 22 54 5 29 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Manrique .237 228 22 54 5 29 Gagne .235 388 38 91 7 38 Liriano** .234 355 46 83 1 28 Gaetti .229 577 61 132 16 85 Moses** .221 172 26 38 1 14 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴코컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Aguilera 5 3 2.76 65.1 19 61 32 Erickson 8 4 2.87 113.0 51 53 0 Leach 2 5 3.20 81.2 21 46 2 Berenguer 8 5 3.41 100.1 58 77 0 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Berenguer 8 5 3.41 100.1 58 77 0 Guthrie* 7 9 3.79 144.2 39 101 0 Tapani 12 8 4.07 159.1 29 101 0 Drummond 3 5 4.35 91.0 36 49 1 Anderson* 7 18 4.53 188.2 39 82 0 Smith 5 10 4.81 153.1 47 87 0 West* 7 9 5.10 146.1 78 92 0 New York Yankees 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cerone .302 139 12 42 2 11 Kelly .285 641 85 183 15 61 Sax .260 615 70 160 4 42 Hall* .258 360 41 93 12 46 Leyritz .257 303 28 78 5 25 Mattingly* .256 394 40 101 5 42 Maas* .252 254 42 64 21 41 Nokes* .248 351 33 87 11 40 Azocar* .248 214 18 53 5 19 Barfield .246 476 69 117 25 78 Espinoza .224 438 31 98 2 20 Geren .213 277 21 59 8 31 Valarde .210 229 21 48 5 19 Balboni .192 266 24 51 17 34 Blowers .188 144 16 27 5 21 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴코컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Plunk 6 3 2.72 72.2 43 67 0 Guetterman* 11 7 3.39 93.0 26 48 2 Robinson 3 6 3.45 88.2 34 43 0 Righetti* 1 1 3.57 53.0 26 43 36 Witt 5 9 4.00 117.0 47 74 1 LaPoint* 7 10 4.11 157.2 57 67 0 Leary 9 19 4.11 208.0 78 138 0 Cadaret* 5 4 4.15 121.1 64 80 3 Cary* 6 12 4.19 156.2 55 134 0 Hawkins 5 12 5.37 157.2 82 74 0 Jones 1 2 6.30 50.0 23 25 0 Oakland A's 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� R. Henderson .325 489 119 159 28 61 Baines* .284 415 52 118 16 65 J. Canseco .274 481 83 132 37 101 D. Henderson .271 450 65 122 20 63 Lansford .268 507 58 136 3 50 Weiss** .265 445 50 118 2 35 Jose** .264 341 42 90 8 39 Randolph .257 292 37 75 1 21 Steinbach .251 379 32 95 9 57 McGwire .235 523 87 123 39 108 Hassey* .213 254 18 54 5 22 Gallego .206 389 36 80 3 34 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Gallego .206 389 36 80 3 34 Jennings* .192 156 19 30 2 14 Blankenship .191 136 18 26 0 10 露컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴코컴컴코컴컴컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Eckersley 4 2 0.61 73.1 4 73 48 Nelson 3 3 1.57 74.2 17 38 5 Stewart 22 11 2.56 267.0 83 166 0 Honeycutt* 2 2 2.70 63.1 22 38 7 Welch 27 6 2.95 238.0 77 127 0 Burns 3 3 2.97 78.2 32 43 3 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Burns 3 3 2.97 78.2 32 43 3 Sanderson 17 11 3.88 206.1 66 128 0 Moore 13 15 4.65 199.1 84 73 0 Young* 9 6 4.85 124.1 53 56 0 Seattle Mariners 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 E. Martinez .302 487 71 147 11 49 Griffey Jr.* .300 597 91 179 22 80 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Griffey Jr.* .300 597 91 179 22 80 Davis* .283 494 63 140 17 68 Buhner .276 163 16 45 7 33 Jones .260 204 23 53 6 24 Cotto .259 355 40 92 4 33 Reynolds** .252 642 100 162 5 55 Leonard .251 478 39 120 10 75 Vizquel** .247 255 19 63 2 18 Briley* .246 337 40 83 5 29 Brumley** .224 147 19 33 0 7 O'Brien* .224 366 32 82 5 27 Bradley* .223 233 11 52 1 28 Valle .214 308 37 66 7 33 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Schooler 1 4 2.25 56.0 16 45 30 Swift 6 4 2.39 128.0 21 42 6 Comstock* 7 4 2.89 56.0 26 50 2 Hanson 18 9 3.24 236.0 68 211 0 Young* 8 18 3.51 225.1 107 176 0 Johnson* 14 11 3.65 219.2 120 194 0 Holman 11 11 4.03 189.2 66 121 0 Jackson 5 7 4.54 77.1 44 69 3 Texas Rangers 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Palmeiro* .319 598 72 191 14 89 Daugherty** .300 310 36 93 6 47 Franco .296 582 96 172 11 69 Sierra** .280 608 70 170 16 96 Petralli* .255 325 28 83 0 21 Stanley .249 189 21 47 2 19 Huson* .240 396 57 95 0 28 Pettis** .239 423 66 101 3 31 Incaviglia .233 529 59 123 24 85 Buechele .215 251 30 54 7 30 Coolbaugh .200 180 21 36 2 13 Kunkel .170 200 17 34 3 17 露컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Arnsberg 6 1 2.15 62.2 33 44 5 Rogers* 10 6 3.13 97.2 42 74 15 Witt 17 10 3.36 222.0 110 221 0 Ryan 13 9 3.44 204.0 74 232 0 Brown 12 10 3.60 180.0 60 88 0 Hough 12 12 4.07 218.2 119 114 0 Jeffcoat* 5 6 4.47 110.2 28 58 5 Moyer* 2 6 4.66 102.1 39 58 0 Toronto Blue Jays 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting Avg AB R H HR RBI 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� McGriff* .300 557 91 167 35 88 Borders .286 346 36 99 15 49 Fernandez** .276 635 84 175 4 66 Gruber .274 592 92 162 31 118 Olerud* .265 358 43 95 14 48 Wilson** .265 588 81 156 3 51 Bell .265 562 67 149 21 86 Felix** .263 463 73 122 15 65 Lee** .243 391 45 95 6 41 Myers* .236 250 33 59 5 22 Hill .231 260 47 60 12 32 Williams .161 155 23 25 0 13 露컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴旼컴컴코컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W L ERA IP BB SO Sv 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Henke 2 4 2.17 74.2 19 75 32 Stieb 18 6 2.93 208.2 64 125 0 Wells* 11 6 3.14 189.0 45 115 3 Ward 2 8 3.45 127.2 42 112 11 Black* 13 11 3.57 206.2 61 106 0 Acker 4 4 3.83 91.2 30 54 1 Candelaria* 7 6 3.95 79.2 20 63 5 Blair 3 5 4.06 68.2 28 43 0 Key* 13 7 4.25 154.2 22 88 0 Stottlemyre 13 17 4.34 203.0 69 115 0 Wills 6 4 4.73 99.0 38 72 0 Cerutti* 9 9 4.76 140.0 49 49 0 Most Valuable Player Baseball Writers' Association National League 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1931 Frank Frisch, St. Louis 1932 Charles Klein, Philadelpha 1933 Carl Hubbell, New York 1934 Dizzy Dean, St. Louis 1935 Gabby Hartnett, Chicago Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1935 Gabby Hartnett, Chicago 1936 Carl Hubbell, New York 1937 Joe Medwick, St. Louis 1938 Ernie Lombardi, Cincinnati 1939 Bucky Walters, Cincinnati 1940 Frank McCormick, Cincinnati 1941 Dolph Camilli, Brooklyn 1942 Mort Cooper, St. Louis 1943 Stan Musial, St. Louis 1944 Martin Marion, St. Louis Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1944 Martin Marion, St. Louis 1945 Phil Cavarretta, Chicago 1946 Stan Musial, St. Louis 1947 Bob Elliott, Boston 1948 Stan Musial, St. Louis 1949 Jackie Robinson, Brooklyn 1950 Jim Konstanty, Philadelphia 1951 Roy Campanella, Brooklyn 1952 Hank Sauer, Chicago 1953 Roy Campanella, Brooklyn Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1953 Roy Campanella, Brooklyn 1954 Willie Mays, New York 1955 Roy Campanella, Brooklyn 1956 Don Newcombe, Brooklyn 1957 Henry Aaron, Milwaukee 1958 Ernie Banks, Chicago 1959 Ernie Banks, Chicago 1960 Dick Groat, Pittsburgh 1961 Frank Robinson, Cincinnati 1962 Maury Wills, Los Angeles Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1962 Maury Wills, Los Angeles 1963 Sandy Koufax, Los Angeles 1964 Ken Boyer, St. Louis 1965 Willie Mays, San Francisco 1966 Roberto Clemente, Pittsburgh 1967 Orlando Cepeda, St. Louis 1968 Bob Gibson, St. Louis 1969 Willie McCovey, San Francisco 1970 Johnny Bench, Cincinnati 1971 Joe Torre, St. Louis Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1971 Joe Torre, St. Louis 1972 Johnny Bench, Cincinnati 1973 Pete Rose, Cincinnati 1974 Steve Garvey, Los Angeles 1975 Joe Morgan, Cincinnati 1976 Joe Morgan, Cincinnati 1977 George Foster, Cincinnati 1978 Dave Parker, Pittsburgh 1979 (tie) Willie Stargell, Pittsburgh; Keith Hernandez, St. Louis Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1980 Mike Schmidt, Philadelphia 1981 Mike Schmidt, Philadelphia 1982 Dale Murphy, Atlanta 1983 Dale Murphy, Atlanta 1984 Ryne Sandberg, Chicago 1985 Willie McGee, St. Louis 1986 Mike Schmidt, Philadelphia 1987 Andre Dawson, Chicago 1988 Kirk Gibson, Los Angeles Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  1989 Kevin Mitchell, San Francisco American League 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1931 Lefty Grove, Philadelphia 1932 Jimmy Foxx, Philadelphia 1933 Jimmy Foxx, Philadelphia 1934 Mickey Cochrane, Detroit 1935 Henry Greenberg, Detroit Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1935 Henry Greenberg, Detroit 1936 Lou Gehrig, New York 1937 Charley Gehringer, Detroit 1938 Jimmy Foxx, Boston 1939 Joe DiMaggio, New York 1940 Hank Greenberg, Detroit 1941 Joe DiMaggio, New York 1942 Joe Gordon, New York 1943 Spurgeon Chandler, New York 1944 Hal Newhouser, Detroit 1945 Hal Newhouser, Detroit 1946 Ted Williams, Boston 1947 Joe DiMaggio, New York 1948 Lou Boudreau, Cleveland 1949 Ted Williams, Boston 1950 Phil Rizzuto, New York 1951 Yogi Berra, New York 1952 Bobby Shantz, Philadelphia 1953 Al Rosen, Cleveland Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1953 Al Rosen, Cleveland 1954 Yogi Berra, New York 1955 Yogi Berra, New York 1956 Mickey Mantle, New York 1957 Mickey Mantle, New York 1958 Jackie Jensen, Boston 1959 Nellie Fox, Chicago 1960 Roger Maris, New York 1961 Roger Maris, New York 1962 Mickey Mantle, New York 1963 Elston Howard, New York 1964 Brooks Robinson, Baltimore 1965 Zoilo Versalles, Minnesota 1966 Frank Robinson, Baltimore 1967 Carl Yastrzemski, Boston 1968 Denny McLain, Detroit 1969 Harmon Killebrew, Minnesota 1970 John (Boog) Powell, Baltimore 1971 Vida Blue, Oakland Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1971 Vida Blue, Oakland 1972 Dick Allen, Chicago 1973 Reggie Jackson, Oakland 1974 Jeff Burroughs, Texas 1975 Fred Lynn, Boston 1976 Thurman Munson, New York 1977 Rod Carew, Minnesota 1978 Jim Rice, Boston 1979 Don Baylor, California 1980 George Brett, Kansas City 1981 Rollie Fingers, Milwaukee 1982 Robin Yount, Milwaukee 1983 Cal Ripken Jr., Baltimore 1984 Willie Hernandez, Detroit 1985 Don Mattingly, New York 1986 Roger Clemens, Boston 1987 George Bell, Toronto 1988 Jose Canseco, Oakland 1989 Robin Yount, Milwaukee Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1989 Robin Yount, Milwaukee Rookie of the Year Baseball Writers' Association 1947--Combined selection--Jackie Robinson, Brooklyn, 1b 1948--Combined selection--Alvin Dark, Boston, N.L. ss National League 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1949 Don Newcombe, Brooklyn, p 1950 Sam Jethroe, Boston, of 1951 Willie Mays, New York, of 1952 Joe Black, Brooklyn, p 1953 Jim Gilliam, Brooklyn, 2b 1954 Wally Moon, St. Louis, of 1955 Bill Virdon, St. Louis, of 1956 Frank Robinson, Cincinnati, of 1957 Jack Sanford, Philadelphia, p 1958 Orlando Cepeda, S.F., 1b 1959 Willie McCovey, S.F., 1b 1960 Frank Howard, Los Angeles, of 1961 Billy Williams, Chicago, of 1962 Ken Hubbs, Chicago, 2b 1963 Pete Rose, Cincinnati, 2b 1964 Richie Allen, Philadelphia, 3b 1965 Jim Lefebvre, Los Angeles, 2b 1966 Tommy Helms, Cincinnati, 2b 1967 Tom Seaver, New York, p Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1967 Tom Seaver, New York, p 1968 Johnny Bench, Cincinnati c 1969 Ted Sizemore, Los Angeles, 2b 1970 Carl Morton, Montreal, p 1971 Earl Williams, Atlanta, c 1972 Jon Matlack, New York, p 1973 Gary Matthews, S.F., of 1974 Bake McBride, St. Louis, of 1975 John Montefusco, S.F., p 1976 (tie) Butch Metzger, San Diego, p Pat Zachry, Cincinnati, p 1977 Andre Dawson, Montreal, of 1978 Bob Horner, Atlanta, 3b 1979 Rick Sutcliffe, Los Angeles, p 1980 Steve Howe, Los Angeles, p 1981 Fernando Valenzuela, Los Angeles, p 1982 Steve Sax, Los Angeles, 2b 1983 Darryl Strawberry, New York, of 1984 Dwight Gooden, New York, p Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1984 Dwight Gooden, New York, p 1985 Vince Coleman, St. Louis, of 1986 Todd Worrell, St. Louis, p 1987 Benito Santiago, San Diego, c 1988 Chris Sabo, Cincinnati, 3b 1989 Jerome Walton, Chicago, of American League 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1949 Roy Sievers, St. Louis, of 1950 Walt Dropo, Boston, 1b Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1950 Walt Dropo, Boston, 1b 1951 Gil McDougald, New York, 3b 1952 Harry Byrd, Philadelphia, p 1953 Harvey Kuenn, Detroit, ss 1954 Bob Grim, New York, p 1955 Herb Score, Cleveland, p 1956 Luis Aparicio, Chicago, ss 1957 Tony Kubek, New York, if-of 1958 Albie Pearson, Washington, of 1959 Bob Allison, Washington, of 1960 Ron Hansen, Baltimore, ss 1961 Don Schwall, Boston, p 1962 Tom Tresh, New York, if-of 1963 Gary Peters, Chicago, p 1964 Tony Oliva, Minnesota, of 1965 Curt Blefary, Baltimore, of 1966 Tommie Agee, Chicago, of 1967 Rod Carew, Minnesota, 2b 1968 Stan Bahnsen, New York, p Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1968 Stan Bahnsen, New York, p 1969 Lou Piniella, Kansas City, of 1970 Thurman Munson, New York, c 1971 Chris Chambliss, Cleveland, 1b 1972 Carlton Fisk, Boston, c 1973 Al Bumbry, Baltimore, of 1974 Mike Hargrove, Texas, 1b 1975 Fred Lynn, Boston, of 1976 Mark Fidrych, Detroit, p 1977 Eddie Murray, Baltimore, dh 1978 Lou Whitaker, Detroit, 2b 1979 (tie) John Castino, Minnesota, 3b Alfredo Griffin, Toronto, ss 1980 Joe Charboneau, Cleveland, of 1981 Dave Righetti, New York, p 1982 Cal Ripken Jr., Baltimore, ss, 3b 1983 Ron Kittle, Chicago, of 1984 Alvin Davis, Seattle, 1B 1985 Ozzie Guillen, Chicago, ss Year Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1985 Ozzie Guillen, Chicago, ss 1986 Jose Canseco, Oakland, of 1987 Mark McGwire, Oakland, 1b 1988 Walt Weiss, Oakland, ss 1989 Gregg Olson, Baltimore, p 1990 World Series Composite Box Score Oakland Athletics 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴旼컴코컴旼컴旼컴旼컴旼컴旼컴코컴코컴코컴컴컴旼컴코� g ab r h 2b 3b hr rbi so bb avg po a 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� g ab r h 2b 3b hr rbi so bb avg po a 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Doug Jennings ph 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 0 0 Rickey Henderson lf 4 15 2 5 2 0 1 1 4 3 .333 12 1 Ron Hassey c 3 6 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 .333 2 0 Carney Lansford 3b 4 15 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 1 .267 1 14 Willie Randolph 2b 4 15 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 .267 14 12 Dave Henderson cf 4 13 2 3 1 0 0 0 3 1 .231 7 0 Mark McGwire 1b 4 14 1 3 0 0 0 0 4 2 .214 42 1 Willie McGee cf 4 10 1 2 1 0 0 0 2 0 .200 5 0 Harold Baines dh 3 7 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 1 .143 0 0 Terry Steinbach c 3 8 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 .125 8 1 Mike Gallego ss 4 11 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 1 .091 7 10 Jose Canseco rf 4 12 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 2 .083 4 0 Jamie Quirk c 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 .000 2 2 Bob Welch p 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 .000 0 2 Dave Stewart p 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .000 2 1 Lance Blankenship ph 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .000 0 0 Mike Bordick ss 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 2 Todd Burns p 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 Dennis Eckersley p 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 g ab r h 2b 3b hr rbi so bb avg po a 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Dennis Eckersley p 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 Gene Nelson p 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 Scott Sanderson p 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 Rick Honeycutt p 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 Joe Klink p 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 Mike Moore p 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 Curt Young p 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 Totals 4 135 8 28 4 0 3 8 28 12 .207 106 46 Cincinnati Reds 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴旼컴코컴코컴코컴코컴코컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴코컴컴旼� g ab r h 2b 3b hr rbi so bb avg po a 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� g ab r h 2b 3b hr rbi so bb avg po a 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Billy Bates ph 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.000 0 0 Ron Oester ph 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1.000 0 0 Billy Hatcher cf 4 12 6 9 4 1 0 2 0 2 .750 11 0 Chris Sabo 3b 4 16 2 9 1 0 2 5 2 2 .563 3 14 Herm Winningham cf 2 4 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 .500 3 0 Barry Larkin ss 4 17 3 6 1 1 0 1 0 2 .353 1 14 Joe Oliver c 4 18 2 6 3 0 0 2 1 0 .333 28 0 Jose Rijo p 2 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 .333 0 2 Eric Davis lf 4 14 3 4 0 0 1 5 0 0 .286 4 0 Todd Benzinger 1b 4 11 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 .182 23 0 Mariano Duncan 2b 4 14 1 2 0 0 0 1 2 2 .143 9 9 Paul O'Neill rf 4 12 2 1 0 0 0 1 2 5 .083 11 0 Hal Morris 1b 4 14 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 1 .071 18 1 Glenn Braggs lf 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 .000 0 0 Danny Jackson p 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 .000 0 1 Rob Dibble p 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 Randy Myers p 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 1 3 Jack Armstrong p 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 Tom Browning p 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 g ab r h 2b 3b hr rbi so bb avg po a 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Tom Browning p 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 Norm Charlton p 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 Scott Scudder p 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 Totals 4 142 22 45 9 2 3 22 9 15 .317 111 41 Pitching Summary Oakland Athletics 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴旼컴旼컴컴코컴코컴코컴코컴코컴코컴코컴旼코컴코컴컴코컴� g cg lp h r bb so hb wp w l sv pct er e 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Gene Nelson 2 0 5 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 g cg lp h r bb so hb wp w l sv pct er e 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Gene Nelson 2 0 5 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 Rick Honeycutt 1 0 12/3 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 Curt Young 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 Joe Klink 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 0 Dave Stewart 2 1 13 10 6 6 5 1 0 0 2 0 .000 5 3 Bob Welch 1 0 71/3 9 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 .000 4 4 Mike Moore 1 0 22/3 8 6 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 .000 2 6 Dennis Eckersley 2 0 11/3 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 .000 1 6 Scott Sanderson 2 0 12/3 4 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 .000 2 1 Todd Burns 2 0 12/3 5 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 .000 3 1 Totals 4 1 351/3 45 22 15 9 1 2 0 4 0 .000 17 4 Cincinnati Reds 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴旼컴旼컴컴코컴코컴코컴코컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴코컴코컴컴컴� g ab r h 2b 3b hr rbi so bb avg po a e 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Rob Dibble 3 0 42/3 3 0 1 4 0 1 1 0 0 1.000 0 Randy Myers 3 0 3 2 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 .000 0 Jack Armstrong 1 0 3 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 Scott Scudder 1 0 11/3 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 Norm Charlton 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 0 Jose Rijo 2 0 151/3 9 1 5 14 0 0 2 0 0 1.000 1 Tom Browning 1 0 6 6 3 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 1.000 3 Danny Jackson 1 0 22/3 6 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 .000 3 Totals 4 0 37 28 8 12 28 0 1 4 0 0 1.000 7 Composite Score By Innings @% 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Oakland 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 8 Cincinnati 4 1 9 1 3 0 0 3 0 1 - 22 @% 1990 World Series First Game 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴旼코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Oakland ab r h bi Cincinnati ab r h bi 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� R. Henderson, lf 5 0 3 0 Larkin, ss 4 1 0 0 McGee, cf 5 0 1 0 Hatcher, cf 3 3 3 1 Oakland ab r h bi Cincinnati ab r h bi 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� McGee, cf 5 0 1 0 Hatcher, cf 3 3 3 1 Canseco, rf 2 0 0 0 O'Neill, rf 2 1 0 1 McGwire, 1b 3 0 0 0 Davis, lf 4 2 2 3 Lansford, 3b 4 0 2 0 Morris, 1b 4 0 1 0 Steinbach, c 4 0 1 0 Sabo, 3b 3 0 1 2 Randolph, 2b 4 0 1 0 Oliver, c 4 0 1 0 Gallego, ss 4 0 0 0 Duncan, 2b 3 0 1 0 Stewart, p 1 0 0 0 Rijo, p 3 0 1 0 Jennings, ph 1 0 1 0 Dibble, p 0 0 0 0 Burns, p 0 0 0 0 Benzinger, ph 1 0 0 0 Nelson, p 0 0 0 0 Myers, p 0 0 0 0 Hassey, ph 1 0 0 0 Sanderson, p 0 0 0 0 Eckersley, p 0 0 0 0 D. Henderson, ph 1 0 0 0 Totals 35 0 9 0 Totals 31 7 10 7 Oakland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0--0 Cincinnati 2 0 2 0 3 0 0 0 x--7 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴旼코컴코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ip h r er bb so 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Oakland Stewart L, 0-1 4 3 4 4 4 3 Burns 2/3 4 3 3 1 0 Nelson 11/3 2 0 0 1 0 Sanderson 1 1 0 0 0 0 Eckersley 1 0 0 0 0 1 Cincinnati Rijo W, 1-0 7 7 0 0 2 5 Dibble 1 1 0 0 1 0 Myers 1 1 0 0 0 2 E - Gallego. DP - Oakland 2, Cincinnati 1. LOB - Oakland 11, Cincinnati 6. 2B - R. Henderson 2, Hatcher 2. HR - Davis (1). SB - McGee (1), Lansford (1). How runs were scored--Two in Reds first: Hatcher walked. Davis hit a home run. Two in Reds third: Larkin walked. Hatcher doubled scoring Larkin. O'Neill grounded out scoring Hatcher. Three in Reds fifth: Hatcher doubled. O'Neill walked. Davis singled scoring Hatcher. Morris grounded out advancing the runners. Sabo singled scoring O'Neill and Davis. Second Game 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼코컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴캠 Oakland ab r h bi Cincinnati ab r h bi 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 R. Henderson, lf 4 1 1 0 Larkin, ss 5 1 3 0 Lansford, 3b 4 0 1 0 Hatcher, cf 4 2 4 1 Canseco, rf 5 1 1 2 O'Neill, rf 4 0 0 0 McGwire, 1b 4 1 2 0 Davis, lf 5 0 0 1 D.Henderson, cf 4 1 2 0 Morris, 1b 3 0 0 0 Steinbach, c 0 0 0 0 Braggs, ph 1 0 0 1 Randolph, 2b 4 0 0 0 Dibble, p 0 0 0 0 Hassey, c 4 0 2 1 Bates, ph 1 1 1 0 Bordick, pr-ss 0 0 0 0 Sabo, 3b 5 0 3 0 Gallego, ss 4 0 1 1 Oliver, c 5 1 2 1 Baines, ph 1 0 0 0 Duncan, 2b 3 0 0 0 Eckersley, p 0 0 0 0 Jackson, p 1 0 0 0 Welch, p 3 0 0 0 Scudder, p 0 0 0 0 Honeycutt, p 0 0 0 0 Oester, ph 1 0 1 1 McGee, cf 0 0 0 0 Armstrong, p 0 0 0 0 Winningham, ph 1 0 0 0 Charlton, p 0 0 0 0 Benzinger, 1b 1 0 0 0 Totals 37 4 10 4 Totals 40 5 14 5 Oakland ab r h bi Cincinnati ab r h bi 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Totals 37 4 10 4 Totals 40 5 14 5 Oakland 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0--4 Cincinnati 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1--5 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴코컴旼코컴코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ip h r er bb so 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Oakland Welch 71/3 9 4 4 2 2 Honeycutt 12/3 2 0 0 1 0 Eckersley L, 0-1 1/3 3 1 1 0 0 Cincinnati Jackson 22/3 6 4 3 2 0 ip h r er bb so 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Jackson 22/3 6 4 3 2 0 Scudder 11/3 0 0 0 2 2 Armstrong 3 1 0 0 0 3 Charlton 1 1 0 0 0 0 Dibble W, 1-0 2 2 0 0 0 2 E - Jackson, Oliver, Hassey, McGwire. DP - Cincinnati 1. LOB - Oakland 10, Cincinnati 10. 2B - Larkin, Hatcher 2, Oliver. 3B - Hatcher. HR - Canseco (1). SB - R. Henderson (1). S - Lansford, Welch. SF - Hassey. How runs were scored--One in Athletics first: R. Henderson singled, stole second, and went to third on a ground out. Canseco grounded out scoring R. Henderson. Two in Reds first: Larkin doubled. Hatcher doubled scoring Larkin. Davis grounded out scoring Hatcher. Three in Athletics third: Canseco hit a home run. McGwire singled. D. Henderson and Randolph walked. Hassey hit a sacrifice fly scoring McGwire. Gallego singled scoring D. Henderson. One in Reds fourth: Oliver doubled. Oester singled scoring Oliver. One in Reds eighth: Hatcher tripled. Braggs grounded out scoring Hatcher. One in Reds tenth: Bates and Sabo singled. Oliver singled scoring Bates. Third Game 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴旼코컴코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴旼코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Cincinnati ab r h bi Oakland ab r h bi 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Larkin, ss 5 0 2 1 R. Henderson, lf 3 1 1 1 Hatcher, cf 5 1 2 0 Lansford, 3b 3 0 0 0 O'Neill, rf 3 1 1 0 Canseco, rf 4 0 0 0 Davis, lf 5 1 2 1 D.Henderson, cf 4 1 1 0 Morris, dh 4 0 0 1 Baines, dh 4 1 1 2 Sabo, 3b 4 2 2 3 McGwire, 1b 4 0 1 0 Cincinnati ab r h bi Oakland ab r h bi 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Sabo, 3b 4 2 2 3 McGwire, 1b 4 0 1 0 Benzinger, 1b 5 1 2 0 Steinbach, c 4 0 0 0 Oliver, c 5 1 2 1 Randolph, 2b 4 0 3 0 Duncan, 2b 4 1 1 1 Gallego, ss 2 0 0 0 McGee, ph 1 0 0 0 Bordick, ss 0 0 0 0 Blankenship, ph 1 0 0 0 Totals 40 8 14 8 Totals 34 3 7 3 Cincinnati 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0--8 Oakland 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0--3 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼코컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ip h r er bb so ip h r er bb so 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cincinnati Browning W,1-0 6 6 3 3 2 2 Dibble 12/3 0 0 0 0 2 Myers 11/3 1 0 0 0 1 Oakland Moore L, 0-1 22/3 8 6 2 0 1 Sanderson 2/3 3 2 2 1 0 Klink 0 0 0 0 1 0 Nelson 32/3 1 0 0 1 0 Burns 1 1 0 0 1 0 Young 1 1 0 0 0 0 E - McGwire, Oliver. DP - Oakland 2. LOB - Cincinnati 9, Oakland 6. 2B - D. Henderson, Oliver. 3B - Larkin. HR - Sabo 2 (2), Baines (1), R. Henderson (1). SB - Duncan (1), O'Neill (1), R. Henderson (2), Randolph (1). How runs were scored--One in Reds second: Sabo hit a home run. Two in Athletics second: D. Henderson doubled. Baines hit a home run scoring D. Henderson. Seven in Reds third: Hatcher singled. O'Neill was safe on an error. Davis singled scoring Hatcher. Morris grounded out scoring O'Neill. Sabo hit a home run scoring Davis. Benzinger singled. Oliver doubled scoring Benzinger. Duncan singled scoring Oliver. Larkin tripled scoring Duncan. One in Athletics third: R. Henderson hit a home run. Fourth Game 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴旼코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴코컴旼코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Cincinnati ab r h bi Oakland ab r h bi 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Larkin, ss 3 1 1 0 R. Henderson, lf 3 0 0 0 Hatcher, cf 0 0 0 0 McGee, rf 4 1 1 0 Winningham, cf 3 1 2 0 D.Henderson, cf 4 0 0 0 Cincinnati ab r h bi Oakland ab r h bi 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Winningham, cf 3 1 2 0 D.Henderson, cf 4 0 0 0 O'Neill, rf 3 0 0 0 Baines, dh 2 0 0 0 Davis, lf 0 0 0 0 J. Canseco, ph 1 0 0 0 Braggs, ph-lf 3 0 0 1 Lansford, 3b 4 0 1 1 Morris, dh 3 0 0 1 Quirk, c 3 0 0 0 Sabo, 3b 4 0 3 0 McGwire, 1b 3 0 0 0 Benzinger, 1b 4 0 0 0 Randolph, 2b 3 0 0 0 Oliver, c 4 0 1 0 Gallego, ss 1 0 0 0 Duncan, 2b 4 0 0 0 Hassey, ph 1 0 0 0 Bordick, ss 0 0 0 0 Totals 31 2 7 2 Totals 29 1 2 1 Cincinnati 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0--2 Oakland 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0--1 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼코컴旼컴旼컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 ip h r er bb so 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Cincinnati Rijo W,2-0 81/3 2 1 1 3 9 Myers S,1 2/3 0 0 0 0 0 Oakland Stewart L,0-2 9 7 2 1 2 2 E - Oliver, Stewart. DP - Oakland 1. LOB - Cincinnati 7, Oakland 4. 2B - McGee, Oliver, Sabo. SB - Gallego (1), R. Henderson (3). S - O'Neill. SF - Morris. How runs were scored--One in Athletics first: McGee doubled. Lansford singled scoring McGee. Two in Reds eighth: Larkin and Winningham singled. O'Neill was safe on an error. Braggs grounded out scoring Larkin. Morris hit a sacrifice fly scoring Winningham. World Series Results, 1903-1990 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1903 Boston AL 5, Pittsburgh NL 3 1904 No series 1905 New York NL 4, Philadelphia AL 1 1906 Chicago AL 4, Chicago NL 2 1907 Chicago NL 4; Detroit AL 0, 1 tie 1908 Chicago NL 4, Detroit AL 1 1909 Pittsburgh NL 4, Detroit AL 3 1910 Philadelphia AL 4, Chicago NL 1 1911 Philadelphia AL 4, New York NL 2 1912 Boston AL 4; New York NL 3, 1 tie 1913 Philadelphia AL 4, New York NL 1 1914 Boston NL 4, Philadelphia AL 0 1915 Boston AL 4, Philadelphia NL 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1915 Boston AL 4, Philadelphia NL 1 1916 Boston AL 4, Brooklyn NL 1 1917 Chicago AL 4, New York NL 2 1918 Boston AL 4, Chicago NL 2 1919 Cincinnati NL 5, Chicago AL 3 1920 Cleveland AL 5, Brooklyn NL 2 1921 New York NL 5, New York AL 3 1922 New York NL 4, New York AL 0, 1 tie 1923 New York AL 4, New York NL 2 1924 Washington AL 4, New York NL 3 1925 Pittsburgh NL 4, Washington AL 3 1926 St. Louis NL 4, New York AL 3 1927 New York AL 4, Pittsburgh NL 0 1928 New York AL 4, St. Louis NL 0 1929 Philadelphia AL 4, Chicago NL 1 1930 Philadelphia AL 4, St. Louis NL 2 1931 St. Louis NL 4, Philadelphia AL 3 1932 New York AL 4, Chicago NL 0 1933 New York NL 4, Washington AL 1 1934 St. Louis NL 4, Detroit AL 3 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1934 St. Louis NL 4, Detroit AL 3 1935 Detroit AL 4, Chicago NL 2 1936 New York AL 4, New York NL 2 1937 New York AL 4, New York NL 1 1938 New York AL 4, Chicago NL 0 1939 New York AL 4, Cincinnati NL 0 1940 Cincinnati NL 4, Detroit AL 3 1941 New York AL 4, Brooklyn NL 1 1942 St. Louis NL 4, New York AL 1 1943 New York AL 4, St. Louis NL 1 1944 St. Louis NL 4, St. Louis AL 2 1945 Detroit AL 4, Chicago NL 3 1946 St. Louis NL 4, Boston AL 3 1947 New York AL 4, Brooklyn NL 3 1948 Cleveland AL 4, Boston NL 2 1949 New York AL 4, Brooklyn NL 1 1950 New York AL 4, Philadelphia NL 0 1951 New York AL 4, New York NL 2 1952 New York AL 4, Brooklyn NL 3 1953 New York AL 4, Brooklyn NL 2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1953 New York AL 4, Brooklyn NL 2 1954 New York NL 4, Cleveland AL 0 1955 Brooklyn NL 4, New York AL 3 1956 New York AL 4, Brooklyn NL 3 1957 Milwaukee NL 4, New York AL 3 1958 New York AL 4, Milwaukee NL 3 1959 Los Angeles NL 4, Chicago AL 2 1960 Pittsburgh NL 4, New York AL 3 1961 New York AL 4, Cincinnati NL 1 1962 New York AL 4, San Francisco NL 3 1963 Los Angeles NL 4, New York AL 0 1964 St. Louis NL 4, New York AL 3 1965 Los Angeles NL 4, Minnesota AL 3 1966 Baltimore AL 4, Los Angeles NL 0 1967 St. Louis NL 4, Boston AL 3 1968 Detroit AL 4, St. Louis NL 3 1969 New York NL 4, Baltimore AL 1 1970 Baltimore AL 4, Cincinnati NL 1 1971 Pittsburgh NL 4, Baltimore AL 3 1972 Oakland AL 4, Cincinnati NL 3 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1972 Oakland AL 4, Cincinnati NL 3 1973 Oakland AL 4, New York NL 3 1974 Oakland AL 4, Los Angeles NL 1 1975 Cincinnati NL 4, Boston AL 3 1976 Cincinnati NL 4, New York AL 0 1977 New York AL 4, Los Angeles NL 2 1978 New York AL 4, Los Angeles NL 2 1979 Pittsburgh NL 4, Baltimore AL 3 1980 Philadelphia NL 4, Kansas City AL 2 1981 Los Angeles NL 4, New York AL 2 1982 St. Louis NL 4, Milwaukee AL 3 1983 Baltimore AL 4, Philadelphia NL 1 1984 Detroit AL 4, San Diego NL 1 1985 Kansas City AL 4, St. Louis NL 3 1986 New York NL 4, Boston AL 3 1987 Minnesota AL 4, St. Louis NL 3 1988 Los Angeles NL 4, Oakland AL 1 1989 Oakland AL 4, San Francisco NL 0 1990 Cincinnati NL 4, Oakland AL 0 World Series MVPs 露컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1955 Johnny Podres, Brooklyn (NL) 1956 Don Larsen, New York (AL) 1957 Lew Burdette, Milwaukee (NL) 1958 Bob Turley, New York (AL) 1959 Larry Sherry, Los Angeles (NL) 1960 Bobby Richardson, New York (AL) 1961 Whitey Ford, New York (AL) 1962 Ralph Terry, New York (AL) 1963 Sandy Koufax, Los Angeles (NL) 1964 Bob Gibson, St. Louis (NL) 1965 Sandy Koufax, Los Angeles (NL) 1966 Frank Robinson, Baltimore (AL) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1966 Frank Robinson, Baltimore (AL) 1967 Bob Gibson, St. Louis (NL) 1968 Mickey Lolich, Detroit (AL) 1969 Donn Clendenon, New York (NL) 1970 Brooks Robinson, Baltimore (AL) 1971 Roberto Clemente, Pittsburgh (NL) 1972 Gene Tenace, Oakland (AL) 1973 Reggie Jackson, Oakland (AL) 1974 Rollie Fingers, Oakland (AL) 1975 Pete Rose, Cincinnati (NL) 1976 Johnny Bench, Cincinnati (NL) 1977 Reggie Jackson, New York (AL) 1978 Bucky Dent, New York (AL) 1979 Wike Schmidt, Philadelphia (NL) 1981 Ron Cey, Pedro Guerrero, Steve Yeager, Los Angeles (NL) 1982 Darrell Porter, St. Louis (NL) 1983 Rick Dempsey, Baltimore (AL) 1984 Alan Trammell, Detroit (AL) 1985 Bret Saberhagen, Kansas City (AL) 1986 Ray Knight, New York (NL) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1986 Ray Knight, New York (NL) 1987 Frank Viola, Minnesota (AL) 1988 Orel Hershiser, Los Angeles (NL) 1989 Dave Stewart, Oakland (AL) 1990 Jose Rijo, Cincinnati (NL) All-Time Major League Leaders (Includes 1990 season) Games 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Pete Rose 3562 Carl Yastrzemski 3308 Hank Aaron 3298 Ty Cobb 3033 Stan Musial 3026 Willie Mays 2992 Rusty Staub 2951 Brooks Robinson 2896 Al Kaline 2834 Eddie Collins 2826 At Bats 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Pete Rose 14,043 Hank Aaron 12,364 Carl Yastrzemski 11,988 Ty Cobb 11,429 Stan Musial 10,972 Willie Mays 10,881 Brooks Robinson 10,654 Honus Wagner 10,427 Lou Brock 10,332 Luis Aparicio 10,230 Runs 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Ty Cobb 2245 Hank Aaron 2174 Babe Ruth 2174 Pete Rose 2165 Willie Mays 2062 Stan Musial 1949 Lou Gehrig 1888 Tris Speaker 1881 Mel Ott 1859 Frank Robinson 1829 Hits 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Pete Rose 4256 Ty Cobb 4191 Hank Aaron 3771 Stan Musial 3630 Tris Speaker 3515 Honus Wagner 3430 Carl Yastrzemski 3419 Eddie Collins 3309 Willie Mays 3283 Nap Lajoie 3252 Runs Batted In 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hank Aaron 2297 Babe Ruth 2204 Lou Gehrig 1990 Ty Cobb 1961 Stan Musial 1951 Jimmie Foxx 1922 Willie Mays 1903 Mel Ott 1860 Carl Yastrzemski 1844 Ted Williams 1839 Stolen Bases Since 1898 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Lou Brock 938 Rickey Henderson 936 Ty Cobb 892 Eddie Collins 742 Max Carey 738 Honus Wagner 703 Joe Morgan 689 Bert Campaneris 649 Tim Raines 634 Maury Wills 586 Strikeouts 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Nolan Ryan 5258 Steve Carlton 4136 Tom Seaver 3640 Bert Blyleven 3631 Don Sutton 3574 Gaylord Perry 3534 Walter Johnson 3508 Phil Niekro 3340 Ferguson Jenkins 3192 Bob Gibson 3117 Shutouts 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Walter Johnson 110 Grover C. Alexander 90 Christy Mathewson 83 Cy Young 77 Eddie Plank 69 Warren Spahn 63 Mordecai Brown 63 Tom Seaver 61 Bert Blyleven 60 Nolan Ryan 59 Fielder Hits 51 Home Runs 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Roger Maris, 1961 61 Babe Ruth, 1927 60 Babe Ruth, 1921 59 Jimmie Foxx, 1932 58 Hank Greenberg, 1938 58 Hack Wilson, 1930 56 Babe Ruth, 1920 54 Babe Ruth, 1928 54 Ralph Kiner, 1949 54 Mickey Mantle, 1961 54 Mickey Mantle, 1956 52 Willie Mays, 1965 52 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Willie Mays, 1965 52 George Foster, 1977 52 Ralph Kiner, 1947 51 Johnny Mize, 1947 51 Willie Mays, 1955 51 Cecil Fielder, 1990 51 Jimmie Foxx, 1938 50 Cecil Fielder of the Detroit Tigers became the 11th major league player to hit 50-or-more home runs in a season. The Sporting News Gold Glove Awards in 1989 National League Andres Galarraga, Montreal, first base. Ryne Sandberg, Chicago, second base. Terry Pendleton, St. Louis, third base. Ozzie Smith, St. Louis, shortstop. Tony Gwynn, San Diego, outfield. Andy Van Slyke, Pittsburgh, outfield. Eric Davis, Cincinnati, outfield. Benito Santaigo, San Diego, catcher. Ron Darling, N.Y. Mets, pitcher. American League Don Mattingly, New York, first base. Harold Reynolds, Seattle, second base. Gary Gaetti, Minnesota, third base. Tony Fernandez, Toronto, shortstop. Gary Pettis, Detroit, outfield. Kirby Puckett, Minnesota, outfield. Devon White, California, outfield. Bob Boone, California, catcher. Bret Saberhagen, Kansas City, pitcher. The following are the players at each position who have won the most Gold Gloves since the award was instituted in 1957. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 First base: Keith Hernandez 11 George Scott 8 Second base: Bill Mazeroski 8 Frank White 8 Third base: Brooks Robinson 16 Mike Schmidt 10 Shortstop: Ozzie Smith 10 Luis Aparicio 9 Outfield: Roberto Clemente 12 Willie Mays 12 Al Kaline 10 Paul Blair 8 Dwight Evans 8 Garry Maddox 8 Catcher: Johnny Bench 10 Bob Boone 7 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴  Bob Boone 7 Pitcher: Jim Kaat 16 Bob Gibson 9 All-Time Home Run Leaders 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Player HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Hank Aaron 755 Babe Ruth 714 Willie Mays 660 Frank Robinson 586 Harmon Killebrew 573 Player HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Harmon Killebrew 573 Reggie Jackson 563 Mike Schmidt 548 Mickey Mantle 536 Jimmy Foxx 534 Ted Williams 521 Willie McCovey 521 Ed Mathews 512 Ernie Banks 512 Mel Ott 511 Lou Gehrig 493 Stan Musial 475 Willie Stargell 475 Carl Yastrzemski 452 Dave Kingman 442 Billy Williams 426 Darrell Evans 414 Duke Snider 407 Al Kaline 399 Player HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Al Kaline 399 Graig Nettles 390 Johnny Bench 389 Frank Howard 382 Jim Rice 382 Orlando Cepeda 379 Tony Perez 379 Eddie Murray 379 Dwight Evans 379 Dave Winfield 378 Dale Murphy 378 Norm Cash 377 Rocky Colavito 374 Gil Hodges 370 Ralph Kiner 369 Joe DiMaggio 361 John Mize 359 Yogi Berra 358 Lee May 354 Player HR 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Lee May 354 Carlton Fisk 354 Dick Allen 351 George Foster 348 Andre Dawson 346 Ron Santo 342 John (Boog) Powell 339 Don Baylor 338 Joe Adcock 336 Bobby Bonds 332 Hank Greenberg 331 Dave Parker 328 Willie Horton 325 Robin Yount 325 Pitchers with 300 Major League Wins 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Cy Young 511 Walter Johnson 416 Christy Mathewson 373 Grover Alexander 373 Warren Spahn 363 Pud Galvin 361 Kid Nichols 360 Tim Keefe 344 Steve Carlton 329 Eddie Plank 327 John Clarkson 326 Don Sutton 324 Phil Niekro 318 Gaylord Perry 314 Tom Seaver 311 Mickey Welch 311 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Mickey Welch 311 Old Hoss Radbourn 308 Nolan Ryan 302 Lefty Grove 300 Early Wynn 300 World Almanac All-Major League Baseball Team in 1990 The team was chosen by a panel of sports experts on behalf of the World Almanac. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Position Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 First base Cecil Fielder, Detroit Tigers Second base Ryne Sandberg, Chicago Cubs Position Player, team 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Second base Ryne Sandberg, Chicago Cubs Third base Kelly Gruber, Toronto Blue Jays Shortstop Barry Larkin, Cincinnati Reds Outfield Barry Bonds, Pittsburgh Pirates Outfield Rickey Henderson, Oakland A's Outfield Darryl Strawberry, N.Y. Mets Catcher Tony Pena, Boston Red Sox Right-hand pitcher Bob Welch, Oakland A's Left-hand pitcher Chuck Finley, California Angels Relief pitcher Bobby Thigpen, Chicago White Sox Rookie of the Year Dave Justice, Atlanta Braves Player of the Year Rickey Henderson, Oakland A's Manager of the Year Jeff Torborg, Chicago White Sox NCAA Baseball Champions 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1947 California 1948 USC 1949 Texas 1950 Texas 1951 Oklahoma 1952 Holy Cross 1953 Michigan 1954 Missouri 1955 Wake Forest 1956 Minnesota 1957 California 1958 USC 1959 Oklahoma St. 1960 Minnesota 1961 USC 1962 Michigan 1963 USC 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1963 USC 1964 Minnesota 1965 Arizona St. 1966 Ohio St. 1967 Arizona St. 1968 USC 1969 Arizona St. 1970 USC 1971 USC 1972 USC 1973 USC 1974 USC 1975 Texas 1976 Arizona 1977 Arizona St. 1978 USC 1979 Cal. St.-Fullerton 1980 Arizona 1981 Arizona St. 1982 Miami, Fla. 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1982 Miami, Fla. 1983 Texas 1984 Cal. St.-Fullerton 1985 Miami, Fla. 1986 Arizona 1987 Stanford 1988 Stanford 1989 Wichita St. 1990 Georgia Little League World Series in 1990 The team from Taiwan won the 1990 Little League World Series by defeating the team from Shippensburg, Pa. 9-0 at Williamsport, Pa. It was the 14th Little League World Series title in 17 appearances for the Taiwan team. 1989 World Series Composite Box Score Because of the major earthquake which struck the San Francisco Bay area just minutes before the start of the 3rd game of the 1989 World Series on Oct. 17, and the resulting delay, The World Almanac, 1990 was unable to include coverage of the conclusion of the series. The following is the composite box score and summary of each game. Oakland Athletics 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴코컴코컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting* Avg AB R H HR RBI SB 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Lance Blankenship .500 2 1 1 0 0 0 Rickey Henderson .474 19 4 9 1 3 3 Carney Lansford .438 16 5 7 1 4 0 Batting* Avg AB R H HR RBI SB 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Carney Lansford .438 16 5 7 1 4 0 Jose Canseco .357 14 5 5 1 3 1 Mike Moore .333 3 1 1 0 2 0 Dave Henderson .308 13 6 4 2 4 0 Mark McGwire .294 17 0 5 0 1 0 Terry Steinbach .250 16 3 4 1 7 0 Tony Phillips .235 17 2 4 1 3 0 Dave Parker .222 9 2 2 1 2 0 Walt Weiss .133 15 3 2 1 1 0 Dave Stewart .000 3 0 0 0 0 0 Mike Gallego .000 1 0 0 0 0 0 Ken Phelps .000 1 0 0 0 0 0 Totals .301 146 32 44 9 30 4 *At least one official at bat. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴코컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴코컴코컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W-L ERA IP H BB SO 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Dennis Eckersley 0-0 0.00 1.2 0 0 0 Todd Burns 0-0 0.00 1.2 1 1 0 Dave Stewart 2-0 1.69 16.0 10 2 14 Mike Moore 2-0 2.08 13.0 9 3 10 Rick Honeycutt 0-0 6.75 2.2 4 0 2 Gene Nelson 0-0 54.00 1.0 4 2 1 Totals 4-0 3.50 36.0 28 8 27 San Francisco Giants 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴코컴컴旼컴旼컴旼컴旼컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Batting* Avg AB R H HR RBI SB 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Kirt Manwaring 1.000 1 1 1 0 0 0 Greg Litton .500 6 1 3 1 3 0 Bill Bathe .500 2 1 1 1 3 0 Ken Oberkfell .333 6 1 2 0 0 0 Kevin Mitchell .294 17 2 5 1 2 0 Brett Butler .286 14 1 4 0 1 2 Will Clark .250 16 2 4 0 0 0 Donell Nixon .200 5 1 1 0 0 0 Jose Uribe .200 5 1 1 0 0 0 Terry Kennedy .167 12 1 2 0 2 0 Matt Williams .125 16 1 2 1 1 0 Robby Thompson .091 11 0 1 0 2 0 Candy Maldonado .091 11 1 1 0 0 0 Scott Garrelts .000 1 0 0 0 0 0 Mike LaCoss .000 1 0 0 0 0 0 Pat Sheridan .000 2 0 0 0 0 0 Batting* Avg AB R H HR RBI SB 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Pat Sheridan .000 2 0 0 0 0 0 Ernest Riles .000 8 0 0 0 0 0 Totals .209 134 14 28 4 14 2 *At least one official at bat. 露컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴코컴컴컴旼컴컴旼컴코컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Pitching W-L ERA IP H BB SO 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Steve Bedrosian 0-0 0.00 2.2 0 2 2 Craig Lefferts 0-0 3.38 2.2 2 2 1 Jeff Brantley 0-0 4.15 4.1 5 3 1 Mike LaCoss 0-0 6.23 3.1 4 3 2 Pitching W-L ERA IP H BB SO 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Mike LaCoss 0-0 6.23 3.1 4 3 2 Kelly Downs 0-0 7.71 4.2 3 2 4 Scott Garrelts 0-2 9.82 7.1 13 1 8 Rick Reuschel 0-1 11.25 4.0 5 4 2 Atlee Hammaker 0-0 15.43 2.1 8 0 2 Don Robinson 0-1 21.60 1.2 4 1 0 Totals 0-4 8.21 34.0 44 18 22 Game 1 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 San Francisco 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0--0 5 1 Oakland 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 x--5 11 1 Win -- Stewart; Loss -- Garrelts, HR: Parker (1), Weiss (1). RBI: R. Henderson, Parker, Phillips, Weiss. Game 2 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� San Francisco 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0--1 4 0 Oakland 1 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 x--5 7 0 Win -- Moore, Loss -- Reuschel, HR: Steinbach (1), RBI: Thompson, Steinbach 3, Lansford, Parker. SB: Butler 2, R. Henderson. Game 3 (Delayed 10 days following earthquake.) 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Oakland 2 0 0 2 4 1 0 4 0--13 14 0 San Francisco 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 4--7 10 3 Win -- Stewart, Loss -- Garrelts, HR: D. Henderson 2 (2), Phillips (1), Canseco (1), Lansford (1), Williams (1), Bathe (1). RBI: D. Henderson 4 Steinbach, Phillips, Bathe 3, Kennedy 2, Litton, Williams. SB: R. Henderson 2 (3). Game 4 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 Oakland 1 3 0 0 3 1 0 1 0--9 12 0 San Francisco 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 0 0--6 9 0 Win -- Moore, Loss -- Robinson, Save -- Eckersley, HR: R. Henderson (1), Mitchell (1), Litton (1). RBI: Steinbach 3, R. Henderson 2, Moore 2, Lansford, Phillips, Mitchell 2, Litton 2, Butler, Thompson. SB: Canseco (1). Major League Perfect Games Since 1900 露컴컴코컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴캠 Year Player Clubs Score 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴 1904 Cy Young Boston vs. Phil. (AL) 3-0 1908 Addie Joss Cleveland vs. Chicago (AL) 1-0 1917 Ernie Shorea Boston vs. Wash. (AL) 4-0 1922 Charles Robertson Chicago vs. Detroit (AL) 2-0 1956 Don Larsenb N.Y. Yankees vs. Brooklyn 2-0 1959 Harvey Haddixc Pitts. vs. Milwaukee (NL) 0-1 1964 Jim Bunning Phil. vs. N.Y. Mets (NL) 6-0 1965 Sandy Koufax Los Angeles vs. Chic. (NL) 1-0 1968 Jim Hunter Oakland vs. Minn. (AL) 4-0 1981 Len Barker Cleveland vs. Toronto (AL) 3-0 1984 Mike Witt California vs. Texas (AL) 1-0 1988 Tom Browning Cincinnati vs. L.A. (NL) 1-0 a Babe Ruth, the starting pitcher, was ejected from the game after walking the first batter. Shore replaced him and the base-runner was out stealing. Shore retired the next 26 batters. b World Series. c Pitched 12 perfect innings, lost in 13th on an error, sacrifice bunt, walk, and double. Ten Most Dramatic Sports Events, Nov. 1989--Oct. 1990 Selected by The World Almanac Sports Staff In one of the biggest upsets in boxing history, James (Buster) Douglas knocked out Mike Tyson in the 10th round in Tokyo to win the world heavyweight championship. The Cincinnati Reds shocked the baseball world by defeating the defending champion Oakland Athletics in 4 straight games. West Germany scored a 1-0 victory over Argentina to win the World Cup soccer competition. The game was watched by a worldwide TV audience estimated at one billion viewers. Nolan Ryan of the Texas Rangers won his 300th major league game. The 43-year-old righthander became the 20th pitcher to record 300 victories. Pete Sampras became the youngest man to win the U.S. Open singles championship. The 19 year old defeated Andre Agassi in the finals. The Miami Hurricanes beat Alabama in the Sugar Bowl 33-25 to clinch the national championship, as top-ranked Colorado lost to Notre Dame in the Orange Bowl. Arie Luyendyk of the Netherlands, who had not won an Indy car race in 75 tries, won the Indianapolis 500 with a record 185.984 mph. UNLV defeated Duke 103-73 to win the NCAA basketball championship. It was the first national championship for the Runnin' Rebels whose margin of victory was the largest in the history of the championship game. Cecil Fielder became the 11th major league player to hit 50 home runs in a season. He was the first since George Foster accomplished the feat in 1977. Nick Faldo of England won a sudden-death playoff against Ray Floyd to win the Masters golf championship for the 2nd consecutive year. Faldo became only the second golfer to win consecutive Masters. Deaths, Oct. 20, 1989--Oct. 31, 1990 A Abernathy, Rev. Ralph David, 64; civil rights leader who was closely associated with Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.; Atlanta, Apr. 17. Ailey, Alvin, 58; choreographer, dancer, and director who played a major role in establishing black modern dance; New York, Dec. 1. B Bailey, Pearl, 72; singer and entertainer for some 6 decades; Philadelphia, Aug. 17. Ballard, Harold, 86; owner of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the NHL; Toronto, Apr. 11. Bari, Lynn, 75; actress who appeared in some 50 films in the 1930s and 1940s; Goleta, Cal., Nov. 20. Baum, Kurt, 81; tenor who starred at the Metropolitan Opera in the 1940s and 1950s; New York, Dec. 27. Bavier, Frances, 86; actress best known as Aunt Bee on TVs "The Andy Griffith Show;" Siler City, N.C., Dec. 6. Beck, C.C., 79; comic book artist who created the "Captain Marvel" character in 1940; Gainesville, Fla., Nov. 22. Beckett, Samuel, 83; Irish writer who was a major figure in 20th century drama and fiction; won 1969 Nobel Prize in Literature; Paris, Dec. 22. Bernstein, Leonard, 72; a leading orchestral conductor of the 20th century; composer of musicals, "West Side Story"; New York, Oct. 14. Bettelheim, Bruno, 86; psychoanalyst who pioneered in treating childhood mental disturbances; Silver Springs, Md., Mar. 13. Blaize, Herbert, 71; prime minister of Grenada since 1983; Grenada, Dec. 19. Blakey, Art, 71; jazz drummer and band leader; New York, Oct. 16. Boggs, Phil, 40; diver who won the 1976 Olympic gold medal in springboard diving; Miami, July 4. Bridges, Harry, 88; labor leader who organized the West Coast longshoremen's union in the 1930s; San Francisco, Mar. 30. Broyard, Anatole, 70; book critic and editor for the N.Y. Times, 1971-89; Boston, Oct. 11. Bunshaft, Gordon, 81; architect famed for modernist skyscrapers, museums, and libraries; New York, Aug. 6. Burrud, Bill, 65; producer and narrator of TV nature shows and travelogues; Sunset Beach, Cal., July 12. C Capucine, 57; French-born actress who was popular in films in the 1960s; Lausanne, Switzerland, Mar. 17. Carvel, Tom, 84; founder of and spokesman for the soft ice cream chain; Pine Plains, N.Y., Oct. 21. Casiraghi, Stefano, 30; husband of Princess Caroline of Monaco; off St-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, France, Oct. 3. Ceausescu, Nicolae, 71; absolute ruler of Romania for 24 years; Bucharest, Dec. 25. Childs, Marquis W., 87; journalist, columnist, and author who won the Pulitzer Prize for commentary in 1970; San Francisco, June 30. Christy, June, 64; jazz singer popular in the 1940s and 1950s; Los Angeles, June 21. Clifton, Nat "Sweetwater," 65; basketball star for the Harlem Globetrotters and, in the 1950s, the N.Y. Knicks; Chicago, Aug. 31. Conigliaro, Tony, 45; major league outfielder mostly with the Red Sox; Boston, Feb. 24. Cugat, Xavier, 90; bandleader who introduced many Latin American Rhythms in the U.S.; popularized the rumba; Barcelona, Spain, Oct. 27. Cullen, Bill, 70; host and panelist on numerous TV game shows for over 30 years; Los Angeles, July 7. D Davies, Bobby, 70; basketball hall of fame player and coach; Hilton Head, S.C., Apr. 22. Davis Jr., Sammy, 64; singer, dancer, and actor who was a leading entertainer for almost 6 decades; Los Angeles, May 16. Davis, Walter, 57; jazz pianist; New York, June 2. Davis, Victor, 25; Canadian swimmer who won a 1984 Olympic gold medal in the 200-meter breaststroke; nr. Montreal, Nov. 13. Davison, Wild Bill, 83; jazz cornetist; Santa Barbara, Cal., Nov. 14. Day, Clarence "Hap", 88; hockey coach who led the Toronto Maple Leafs to 5 Stanley Cup championships; St. Thomas, Ontario, Feb. 17. Dexter, John, 64; British theater and opera director; London, Mar. 23. Doe, Samuel K., 38; president of Liberia; Liberia, Sept. 10. Donatelli, Augie, 76; major league baseball umpire for 24 years; St. Petersburg, Fla., May 24. Duarte, Jose Napoleon, 64; former president of El Salvador; San Salvador, Feb. 23. Duff, Howard, 76; character actor in radio, TV, and films for some 40 years; Santa Barbara, Cal., July 9. Dunne, Irene, 91; actress and singer who starred in films in the 1930s and 1940s; Los Angeles, Sept. 4. E Edwards, Douglas, 73; broadcast journalist for 56 years; first TV anchorman; Sarasota, Fla., Oct. 13. Enriquez, Rene, 58; actor best known for his role in the "Hill Street Blues" TV series; Tarzana, Cal., Mar. 23. Evans, Ronald, E., 56; astronaut who piloted the Apollo 17 mission in 1972; Scottsdale, Ariz., Apr. 7. F Fain, Sammy, 87; songwriter who wrote numerous popular songs; won 2 Oscars; Los Angeles, Dec. 6. Farrell, Charles, 88; actor who starred in silent films and early TV, "My Little Margie"; Palm Springs, Cal., May 6. Fogerty, Tom, 48; rhythm guitarist and co-founder of Creedence Clearwater Revival band; Scotsdale, Ariz., Sept. 6 Forbes, Malcolm, 70; publisher of Forbes magazine; Far Hills, N.J., Feb. 24. Franchi, Sergio, 57; tenor who was popular in recordings and nightclubs; Stonington, Conn., May 1. G Garbo, Greta, 84; Swedish-born actress who was a leading film star of the 1930s; New York, Apr. 15. Gardner, Ava, 67; actress who was a Hollywood leading lady in the 1940s and 1950s; London, Jan. 25. Gathers, Hank, 23; basketball All-America at Loyola-Marymount; Los Angeles, Mar. 4. Gilford, Jack, 81; actor and comedian who appeared in films, TV, and the theater; New York, June 4. Goddard, Paulette, 84; actress who starred in numerous 1930s and 1940s films; Ronco, Switzerland, Apr. 23. Goldberg, Arthur, 81; former associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court; later U.S. rep. to the UN; Washington, D.C., Jan. 19. Goldfarb, David, 71; Soviet-Jewish geneticist who won 7-year battle to emigrate in 1986; Washington, D.C., Feb. 24. Gordon, Dexter, 67; jazz tenor saxophonist who starred in the 1986 film "Round Midnight"; Philadelphia, Apr. 25 Goulding, Ray, 68; satirist who was part of the Bob and Ray comedy team since the 1950s; Manhasset, N.Y., Mar. 24. Graziano, Rocky, 71; middleweight boxing champion in the 1940s; New York, May 22. H Hale Jr., Alan, 71; actor best known as the Skipper on TVs "Gilligan's Island"; Los Angeles, Jan. 2. Halston, 57; designer who personified U.S. fashion in the 1970s; San Francisco, Mar. 26. Hamer, Rusty, 42; former child actor who appeared in the "Make Room for Daddy" TV series, 1953-64; De Ridder, La., Jan. 18. Harmon, Tom, 70; football broadcaster and star at the Univ. of Michigan; won 1940 Heisman Trophy; Los Angeles, Mar. 15. Harrison, Rex, 82; British stage and film actor best known for his portrayal of Prof. Henry Higgins in "My Fair Lady"; New York, June 1. Harvey, Doug, 65; NHL defenseman who won the Norris Trophy 7 times; Montreal, Dec. 26. Haynsworth Jr., Clement, 77; federal judge whose 1969 nomination to the Supreme Court was rejected by the U.S. Senate; Greenville, S.C., Nov. 22. Henson, Jim, 53; puppeteer who created the Muppets; New York, May 16. Horowitz, Vladimir, 85; pianist who was a classical music virtuoso for some 60 years; New York, Nov. 5. I Ibarruri, Dolores, "La Pasionaria", 93; legendary orator of the Spanish Civil War; Madrid, Nov. 12. Ireland, Jill, 54; British-born actress who chronicled her long battle against cancer; Malibu, Cal., May 18. J Jackson, Larry, 59; pitcher who won 194 major league games; Boise, Ida., Aug. 28. K Keller, Charlie, 73; outfielder for the N.Y. Yankees in the 1940s; Frederick, Md., May 23. Kennedy, Arthur, 75; actor who starred in the theater and some 70 films; Branford, Conn., Jan. 5. Klein, Gene, 69; former owner of the San Diego Chargers and thoroughbred race horses; La Jolla, Cal., Mar. 12. Kreisky, Bruno, 79; chancellor of Austria, 1970-83; Vienna, July 29. L Lanson, Snooky, 76; singer on the TV show, "Your Hit Parade", 1950-57; Nashville, July 2. Lasky, Victor, 72; columnist and author famed for outspoken anti-communist views; Washington, D.C., Feb. 22. Lausche, Frank, 94; Ohio political leader who served as governor for 5 terms and U.S. senator for 2 terms; Cleveland, Apr. 21. Lavagetto, Cookie, 77; major league baseball player, manager, and coach; Orinda, Cal., Aug. 10. Le Duc Tho, 79; Vietnamese diplomat who shared 1973 Nobel Peace Prize; Hanoi, Oct. 13. LeMay, Gen. Curtis, 83; former Air Force chief of staff who was a leading advocate of strategic air power; March AFB, Cal., Oct. 1. M Mangano, Silvana, 59; Italian film actress, Bitter Rice; Madrid, Dec. 16. Martin, Billy, 61; baseball player and manager (5 times with N.Y. Yankees); nr. Binghamton, N.Y., Dec. 25. Matsunaga, Spark M., 73; U.S. senator from Hawaii since 1977; Toronto, Apr. 15. McCrea, Joel, 84; actor who starred in some 80 films, mostly westerns; Woodland Hills, Cal., Oct. 20. Menninger, Karl, 96; one of the foremost practitioners and advocates of psychiatry in the U.S.; Topeka, Kan., July 18. Merrill, Gary, 74; actor who appeared in some 40 films; Falmouth, Me., Mar. 5. Moravia, Alberto, 82; Italian novelist; Rome, Sept. 26. Morial, Ernest, 60; mayor of New Orleans, 1978-86; New Orleans, Dec. 24. Moses, Wally, 80; baseball player and coach who had 2,138 major league hits; Vidalia, Ga., Oct. 10. Mumford, Lewis, 94; social critic, philosopher, and city planner; Amenia, N.Y., Jan. 26. Mydland, Brent, 37; keyboardist for the Grateful Dead rock band since 1979; Lafayette, Cal., July 26. N Nagurski, Bronko, 81; star running back and tackle for the Chicago Bears in the 1920s and 1930s; International Falls, Minn., Jan. 7. Noyce, Robert N., 62; an inventor of the microchip, which revolutionized the electronics industry; Austin, Tex., June 3. O O'Brien, Lawrence, 73; Democratic Party strategist who was closely associated with JFK; National Basketball Assn. commissioner 1975-1984; New York, Sept. 28. P Paley, William S., 89; broadcasting pioneer who built the CBS communications empire; New York, Oct. 26. Pan, Hermes, 79; choreographer who, with Fred Astaire, created classic dances for films; Beverly Hills, Cal., Sept. 19. Payne, John, 77; actor who was a leading man in 1940s and 1950s films; Malibu, Cal., Dec. 6. Percy, Walker, 74; novelist who won the 1961 National Book Award for The Moviegoer; Covington, La., May 10 Peter, Laurence J., 70; author whose The Peter Principle satirized the business world; Palos Verdes Estates, Cal., Jan. 12. Powell, Michael, 84; British film director, The Red Shoes; Gloucestershire, England, Feb. 19. Q Quayle, Anthony, 76; British actor and director; London, Oct. 20. R Rappaport, David, 38; English-born character actor who appeared often on TV; Los Angeles, May 2. Ray, Johnnie, 63; singer who was popular in the 1950s, "Cry"; Los Angeles, Feb. 24. Reischauer, Edwin, 79; diplomat and scholar who specialized in East Asian affairs; La Jolla, Cal., Sept. 1. Rhodes, Erik, 84; actor best remembered for playing continental gigolos in Astaire-Rogers musicals of the 1930s; Oklahoma City, Feb. 17. Robbie, Joe, 73; owner of the NFL Miami Dolphins; Miami, Jan. 7. Roosevelt, Elliott, 80; son of FDR; mystery writer; Scottsdale, Ariz., Oct. 27. Rose, David, 80; Hollywood film and TV composer who won 5 Grammy awards and 4 Emmy awards; Burbank, Cal., Aug. 23. S St. Jacques, Raymond, 60; actor who appeared in numerous TV dramas and films; Los Angeles, Aug. 27. Sakharov, Andrei, 68; Soviet physicist who won the 1975 Nobel Peace Prize; symbol of Soviet dissidence; Moscow, Dec. 14. Salmi, Albert, 62; actor appeared in films, TV, and the theater; Spokane, Wash., found Apr. 23. Shannon, Del, 50; singer and songwriter who was popular in the 1960s, "Runaway"; Santa Clara, Cal., Feb. 9. Skinner, B.F., 86; psychologist who championed behaviorism; Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 18. Smith, Stephen, 62; political strategist and brother-in-law of the Kennedys; New York, Aug. 19. Smith, William French, 73; U.S. Attorney General, 1981-85; Los Angeles, Oct. 29. Snyder, Mitch, 46; advocate for the homeless; Washington, D.C., found July 5. Spewack, Bella, 91; co-author, with husband, Samuel, of several wacky Broadway comedies in the 1930s; New York, Apr. 27. Stanwyck, Barbara, 82; actress who was a major film star of the 1930s and 1940s; starred on TV in the 1960s, in "The Big Valley"; Santa Monica, Cal., Jan. 20. Steber, Eleanor, 76; soprano who starred at the Metropolitan Opera in the 1940s and 1950s; Langhorne, Pa., Oct. 3. Stoneham, Horace, 86; owner of the New York-San Francisco Giants baseball team, 1936-76; Scottsdale, Ariz., Jan. 7. T Tayback, Vic, 60; actor best known as Mel on the "Alice" TV series; Glendale, Cal., May 25. Taylor, A.J.P., 84; British historian; London, Sept. 7. Terry-Thomas, 78; British comedian and actor; Surrey, England, Jan. 8. Tibbs, Casey, 60; rodeo rider who won 9 world championships; Romona, Cal., Jan. 28. V Van Cleef, Lee, 64; actor who played a villain in numerous "spaghetti westerns"; Oxnard, Cal., Dec. 16. Van Heusen, Jimmy, 77; songwriter who was one of Hollywood's most successful composers in the 1940s and 1950s; Rancho Mirage, Cal., Feb. 7. Vaughan, Sarah, 66; leading jazz singer for nearly 50 years; Hidden Hills, Cal., Apr. 3. Vaughan, Stevie Ray, 35; blues guitarist; East Troy, Wis., Aug. 27. W Wallace, Irving, 74; writer who was one of the most widely-read authors of the 20th century; Los Angeles, June 29. Wang, Au, 70; inventor and founder of computer company; Boston, Mar. 24. White, Patrick, 78; Australian novelist who won the 1973 Nobel Prize in Literature; nr. Sydney, Sept. 30. White, Ryan, 18; AIDS victim who led fight for greater understanding and compassion for those with the disease; Indianapolis, Apr. 8. Off-Beat News Stories of 1990 And leave the driving to us -- When Charles Boyer, the driver of a Greyhound bus, heard a passenger shout that there was a bomb in the bathroom, he slammed on the brakes and waved down a state trooper. The police closed Interstate 95's southbound lanes for about 2 hours, stalling traffic for 15 miles. After questioning passengers, the police began to suspect that a mistake had been made. The mistake turned out to involve a homeless man who was trying to avoid the $8 price of a ticket from Philadelphia to Baltimore by hiding in the bathroom. The passenger who spotted him had called to the driver, "There's a bum in the bathroom." How Sweet It Is -- Half a million gallons of ooze ran through the streets of Loveland, Colo. for over half a mile, forcing the closing of a kindergarten and blocking access to several businesses. Officials took precautions against what they thought was a potentially dangerous chemical before the spill was identified as molasses. The molasses, used as an animal-feed supplement to barley or other grains had been stored in a 3-story tank which had ruptured. Even before the molasses spill, the town was nicknamed Sweetheart City, and postmarked special Valentine's Day greetings on thousands of envelopes each year. Horseplay -- Jockey Sylvester Carmouche was banned from racing in Louisiana for 10 years after a state racing commission found him guilty of cheating, by hiding in the fog, to win a race at Delta Downs in Lafayette. Carmouche was accused of hiding in a dense fog aboard 23-1 long shot Landing Officer. When the field came back around the turn in the mile race, he joined the other horses and won the race by 24 lengths. Track veterinarian James Broussard testified that after the race the horse wasn't breathing heavily and the the horse's leg wrappings were clean. "In my opinion, Landing Officer did not appear to have participated in a mile race," he said. Mr. Ed (gar Hoover) -- An FBI undercover horse had more success: he won at least one race and placed in about half of his outings. The FBI bought the horse for use in an investigation of race-fixing at Finger Lakes Race Track in New York. The horse did not uncover any wrongdoing, but he did earn about $1,000 a month in purse money, enough to offset the cost of upkeep. The animal, whose name was kept secret to protect the identities of those involved in the scheme, later was sold to a private owner and continued racing. A spokesman said, "We wish him well. He served as a real good representative of the bureau." Who's on first -- Steve Lyons of the Chicago White Sox was safe on a close play at first base in a game against the Detroit Tigers. While an argument ensued, Lyons calmly pulled his pants down to his knees and began dusting the dirt from his legs, which were clad only in shorts and an athletic supporter. When the crowd of 15,000 roared, Lyons quickly pulled up his pants and tried to regain his composure, "I just forgot where I was," he said. Take me out to the crowd -- In Toronto, Blue Jays fans were treated to a rare sight at a baseball park when they saw a naked man and a towel-clad woman in an intimate interlude at the Sky-Dome Hotel. The lights were off in the $800-a-day room overlooking the diamond, but the ballpark lights revealed more than the Blue Jays-Seattle Mariners game. Blue Jays president Paul Beeston said, "I never suspected in my wildest dreams that someone would be doing it right in front of the window." Losing streak -- In Zimbabwe, 4 soccer players were banned for life after they urinated on the field as part of a witchcraft rite that they had hoped would change their losing ways. Soccer official Nelson Chirwa said, "I would like to advise all football teams that next time they should go to a better witch doctor rather than indulge in such disgusting acts." Cover-up -- Playboy Enterprises, whose stock certificates have been graced with the nude image of the February 1971 Playmate since the company went public in 1971, announced that it would replace the nude model with a clothed one. The company pointed out that it had 14,000 single-share stockholders, many of whom had bought the one share just to get the racy certificate. Since it was costing the company $100,000 annually to service the accounts of those shareholders, Playboy hoped to reduce that expense by issuing a certificate less likely to encourage novelty purchases. Bus(ted) -- The police arrested Darius McCollum for stealing a New York City bus and taking it for a joy ride. McCollum then confessed to taking 13 of the 22 buses that had been stolen from the New York City Transit Authority in the previous 12 months. Police described McCollum, who was wearing a bus driver's uniform when he was seized driving the stolen bus, as a "bus buff" familiar with bus jargon and operations. The officers said that he had apparently stolen the buses "for the fun of it and usually parked them near depots, so they could be recovered." Do as I say, not as I do -- Although the Sierra Club has been promoting recycling, officials said they didn't use recycled paper in their lushly illustrated nature calendars because photographs don't reproduce well on it. Two Denver-area club managers called that stance hypocritical and stopped selling the annual fund-raising calendars. One official warned that a "real revolt" was possible among members statewide. Cardboard cops -- A food store chain in Dallas, Tex. installed three 6-foot-tall cardboard-cutouts of police officers as psychological deterents to shoplifting. In London, where this idea originated, police reported a decline in thefts after stores were equipped with cardboard bobbies. A police spokesman said that the photos "Make it appear that wherever you move, they are looking at you." Commemorative Commission day -- Momentum has been building in Congress to turn over the job of selecting commemorative days, weeks, months, etc. to a commemorative commission. An astonishing 38 percent of all laws passed last year celebrated a day, week, month, or decade, adding up to about 250 commemorative bills each session. Americans celebrated National Prune Day, Tap Dance Day, Dairy Goat Awareness Week, and National Family Bread Baking Month. Bo knows quick exits -- Bo Kidd, a forward for the John Marshall High School basketball team, picked up 10 fouls in a day while playing in varsity and junior varsity games. Kidd fouled out in just one quarter in the JV game and had 5 fouls in 2 quarters of the varsity game. Asked about his quick exits, Kidd said, "I have a short temper and get mad easily." Get along, little doggie -- The Ten Ring Gun Club of Nucla, Colo. organized a prairie dog shooting contest to thin out the prairie dog herd. They also hoped that the contest would serve as a tourist attraction and invited hunting enthusiasts and visitors to the depressed town for the event, where they estimated about 500 prairie dogs would perish. When animal rights advocates learned about the contest they enlisted Governor Roy Romer to oppose the event. The governor called the hunt a cruel spectacle and not a proper method of exterminating rodents. The gun club held an open meeting to decide the fate of the contest, and only 3 of 318 people voted against the plan. The area was so desperate for jobs that they previously had tried unsuccessfully to lure a low-level radioactive waste dump to the area. One resident said, "Nucla needs something to bring it back to life. I don't care if it's a prairie dog shoot or a yuppie shoot." Lawn and order -- Dr. Brian McCandless kept the 3 acres of lawn around his 19th-century home trim by employing a flock of sheep. "They're quieter than lawn mowers and more pastoral, picturesque," he claimed. But his Cohoes, N.Y. neighbors said that the sheep had no place in an urban setting. "They are disgusting," one neighbor complained, "and when it's hot, the odor is unbelievable." The sheep also meandered off Dr. McCandless's property. Mayor Robert Signoracci reported, "I've had about 50 calls about sheep running and doing their thing on people's lawns." As a result, the city's animal-control ordinance was rewritten to fine homeowners whose barnyard animals ran loose. The hole story -- Manholes disappeared from the streets of Sacramento, Cal. The Public works department announced a contest to find a gender-neutral name for the places in the street where workers go to make underground repairs. Some suggestions included "sewer viewer," "peopleholes," "peepholes," "sewer hole," and "utility access hole." It was finally decided that "maintenance hole" would do. It was also noted that with the new name, officials would not have to change the "MH" abbreviation already in use on city utility maps.