A a or A n. pl. a's or A's 1. The first letter of the modern English alphabet. 2. Any of the speech sounds represented by the letter a. 3. Something shaped like the letter A. 4. The first in a series. 5. The best or highest in quality or rank: grade A milk. 6. a. The sixth tone in the scale of C major or the first note in the relative minor scale. b. The key or scale in which A is the tonic. c. A written or printed note representing this tone. d. A string, key, or pipe tuned to the pitch of this tone. a a(1) indef. art. 1. Used before nouns and noun phrases that denote a single, but unspecified, person or thing: a region; a man. 2. Used before terms, such as few or many, denoting number: a hundred men; only a few of the voters. 3. The same: birds of a feather. 4. Any: not a drop to drink. 5. a. Used before a proper name to denote a type or a member of a class: the wisdom of a Socrates. b. Used before a mass noun to indicate a single type or example: a dry wine. [ME < OE an, one.] Usage: A is used before a word beginning with a consonant (a frog ) or a consonant sound (a university ); an is used before a word beginning with a vowel (an egg ) or a vowel sound (an hour ). An should not be used before words like historical and hysterical unless the h is not pronounced, a practice now uncommon in American speech. a(2) prep. In every; to each; per: once a month; one dollar a pound. [ME a, < OE an in.] a(3) v. Regional. Have: He'd a come if he could. [ME < haven, to have.] a- or an- a-(1) Without; not: amoral. [Gk.] a-(2) 1. On; in: abed. 2. In the act of: aborning. 3. In the direction of: astern. 4. In a specified state or condition: abuzz. [ME < OE < an, on.] aardvark n. A burrowing mammal, Orycteropus afer, of southern Africa, having a stocky, hairy body, large ears, a long, tubular snout, and powerful digging claws. [Obs. Afr. : aarde, earth (< Du. < M. Du. aerde) + vark, pig (< M. Du. varken).] aardwolf n. A hyenalike mammal, Proteles cristatus, of southern and eastern Africa, having gray fur with black stripes, and feeding mainly on termites and insect larvae. [Afr. : aarde, earth + wolf, wolf (< M. Du.).] Aaron n. In the Old Testament, the original high priest of the Hebrew nation, the older brother of Moses. [LLat. < Gk. Aaron < Heb. 'aharon.] Aaronic or Aaronical adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of Aaron. 2. Of or pertaining to the lower order of priests in the Mormon Church. Ab n. Variant of Av. AB n. A human blood type of the ABO group. ab- ab-(1) Away from: aboral. [Lat. < ab.] ab-(2) Used to indicate a centimeter-gram-second system electromagnetic unit: abcoulomb. [< absolute.] aba n. 1. A light fabric woven of the hair of camels or goats. 2. A loose-fitting sleeveless garment made of aba, worn by Arabs. [Ar. "aba'.] abaca n. A Philippine plant, Musa textilis, related to the banana. Its leafstalks are the source of Manila hemp. [Sp. abaca < Tagolog abaka.] aback adv. Archaic. Back; backward. taken aback. Dumbfounded; startled. [ME abak < OE on baec : on, to + baec, back.] abacterial adj. Not caused by or identified with the presence of bacteria. abacus n. pl. abacuses or abaci 1. A manual computing device consisting of a frame holding parallel rods strung with movable counters. 2. A slab on the top of the capital of a column. [Lat. < Gk. abax, counting board.] abaft adv. Nautical. Toward the stern. -prep. Toward the stern from. [ME on baft : on, at + baft, rear < OE beaeftan, behind (be, at + aeftan, behind).] abalone n. Any of the various large, edible marine gastropods of the genus Haliotis, having an ear-shaped shell with a row of holes and a colorful, pearly interior, often used for making ornaments. [Am. Sp. abulon.] abampere n. A centimeter-gram-second electromagnetic unit of current, equal to the current that produces a force of two dynes per centimeter of length on each of two infinitely long straight parallel wires one centimeter apart. It is equal to 10 amperes. abandon tr.v. -doned -doning -dons 1. To withdraw one's support or help from, esp. in spite of a duty, allegiance, or responsibility; desert: abandon a friend in trouble. 2. To give up by leaving or ceasing to operate or inhabit, esp. as a result of danger or other impending threat: abandon ship. 3. To surrender one's claim or right to; give up. 4. To desist from; cease trying to continue. 5. To yield (oneself) completely, as to emotion. -n. 1. A complete surrender of inhibitions. 2. Unbounded enthusiasm. [ME abandounen < OFr. abandoner < a bandon : a, at (< Lat. ad) + bandon, control.] abandonment n. abandoned adj. 1. Deserted or forsaken. 2. Recklessly unrestrained; shameless. abapical adj. Being opposite to or directed away from the apex. abase tr.v. abased abasing abases To lower in rank, prestige, or esteem; humiliate. [ME abassen < OFr. abaissir : Lat. ad-, to + Med. Lat. bassus, low.] abasement n. abash tr.v. abashed abashing abashes To make ashamed or uneasy; disconcert. [ME abaishen, to lose one's composure < OFr. esbahier : es- (intensive) + baer, to gape.] abashment n. abasia n. Dysfunction of muscular coordination in walking. [NLat. : a-1 + Gk. basis, step < bainein, to go.] abate v. abated abating abates -tr. 1. To reduce in amount, degree, or intensity; lessen. 2. To deduct from an amount; subtract. 3. Law. a. To put an end to. b. To make void. -intr. 1. To subside. 2. Law. To become void. [ME abaten < OFr. abattre, to beat : a-, to (< Lat. ad-) + batre, to beat < Lat. battuere.] abatement n. 1. Diminution in degree or intensity; moderation. 2. The amount abated; reduction. 3. Law. The act of abating; elimination or annulment. abattoir n. A slaughterhouse. [Fr. < abattre, to strike down < OFr. -see abate.] abaxial adj. Away from the axis. abba n. Father. Used as a title of honor in several Eastern churches. [ME < LLat. < Gk. < Aram. abba, father.] abbacy n. pl. -cies The office, term, or jurisdiction of an abbot. [ME abbatie < LLat. abbatia < abba, father. -see abba.] abbatial adj. Of or pertaining to an abbey, abbot, or abbess. [ME abbacyal < LLat. abbatialis < abbas, abbot.] abbe n. A French title originally given to the superior of an abbey, now applied to any ecclesiastical figure. [Fr. < OFr. < LLat. abbas, abbot.] abbess n. The female superior of a convent of nuns. [ME abesse < OFr. < LLat. abbatissa < abbas, abbot.] Abbevillian adj. Designating the earliest Paleolithic archaeological sites in Europe, characterized by bifacial stone hand axes. [After Abbeville, France.] abbey n. pl. -beys 1. A monastery or convent. 2. An abbey church. [ME < OFr. abaie < LLat. abbatia < abbas, abbot.] abbot n. The superior of a monastery. [ME abbod < OE < LLat. abbas < LGk. abbas < Aram. abba, father.] abbreviate tr.v. -ated -ating -ates 1. To make shorter. 2. To reduce (a word or phrase) to a shorter form intended to represent the full form. [ME abbreviaten < LLat. abbreviare : ab-, off + breviare, to shorten < brevis, short.] abbreviator n. abbreviation n. 1. The act or product of abbreviating. 2. A shortened form of a word or phrase used chiefly in writing to represent the complete form; for example, Mass. for Massachusetts. ABC n. pl. ABC's 1. ABC's The alphabet. 2. ABC's The rudiments of reading and writing. ABC art n. Minimal art. abcoulomb n. A centimeter-gram-second electromagnetic unit of charge, equal to the charge passing in one second through any cross section of a conductor carrying a steady current of one abampere. It is equal to ten coulombs. Abdias n. Obadiah. [LLat. < Gk.] abdicate v. -cated -cating -cates -tr. To relinquish (power or responsibility) formally. -intr. To relinquish formally high office or responsibility. [Lat. abdicare, to disclaim : ab-, away + dicare, to proclaim.] abdicable adj. abdication n. abdicator n. abdomen n. 1. The part of the body in mammals that lies between the thorax and the pelvis and encloses the viscera; belly. 2. In arthropods, the major posterior part of the body. [Lat., belly.] abdominal adj. abdominally adv. abdominous adj. Potbellied. abducens n. pl. abducentes An abducens nerve. [Lat. abducens, pr.part. of abducere, to take away. -see abduct.] abducens nerve n. Either of the 6th pair of cranial nerves that convey the motor impulses to the eye muscles. abduct tr.v. -ducted -ducting -ducts 1. To carry off by force; kidnap. 2. Physiology. To draw away from the median line of a bone or muscle or from an adjacent part or limb. [Lat. abducere, abduct- : ab-, away + ducere, to lead.] abduction n. abductor n. abeam adv. At right angles to the keel of a ship. abecedarian n. 1. One who teaches or studies the alphabet. 2. One who is just learning; beginner. -adj. 1. Pertaining to the alphabet. 2. Arranged alphabetically. 3. Elementary; rudimentary. [ME < Med. Lat. abecedarium, alphabet < LLat. abecedarius, alphabetical < the names of the letters A B C D.] abed adv. In bed. Abel n. In the Old Testament, the second son of Adam, slain by his elder brother, Cain. [ME < LLat. < Gk. < Heb. Hebhel.] abele n. The white poplar. [Du. abeel < OFr. abel < Med. Lat. albellus, dim. of Lat. albus, white.] Abelian group n. A commutative group. [After Niels Henrik Abel (1802-1829).] abelmosk n. A hairy plant, Hibiscus abelmoschus, of tropical Asia, having large yellow flowers and musk-scented seeds that are used in perfumery. [NLat. abelmoschus < Ar. habbalmusk, grain of musk : habb, grain + mosk, musk < Pers. mushk.] Aberdeen Angus n. Any of a breed of black, hornless beef cattle that originated in Scotland. [After Aberdeen and Angus, former counties of Scotland.] aberrant adj. 1. Deviating from the proper or expected course. 2. Deviating from what is normal; untrue to type. aberrance aberrancy n. aberration n. 1. A deviation from the proper or expected course. 2. A departure from the normal or typical. 3. A disorder or abnormal alteration in one's mental state. 4. a. A defect of focus, such as blurring in an image. b. A physical defect in an optical element, as in a lens, that causes such an imperfection. 5. Astronomy. The apparent displacement of the position of a celestial body in the direction of motion of an observer on earth, caused by the motion of the earth and the finiteness of the velocity of light. [Lat. aberratio, diversion < aberrare, to go astray : ab-, from + errare, to stray.] abet tr.v. abetted abetting abets To encourage, incite, or help, esp. in wrongdoing. [ME abetten < OFr. abeter, to entice : a, to (< Lat. ad-) + beter, to bait, of Germanic orig.] abetment n. abettor abetter n. abeyance n. 1. The condition of being temporarily set aside; suspension. 2. Law. A condition of undetermined ownership, as of an estate that has not yet been assigned. [OFr. abeance, desire < abaer, to gape at : a-, at (< Lat. ad-) + baer, to gape.] abeyant adj. abfarad n. A centimeter-gram-second electromagnetic unit of capacitance, equal to the capacitance of a capacitor having a charge of one abcoulomb and a potential difference of one abvolt. It is equal to one billion (109) farads. abhenry n. pl. -ries A centimeter-gram-second electromagnetic unit of inductance, equal to the inductance resulting from a current variation of one abampere per second that produces an induced electromotive force of one abvolt. It is equal to one billionth (10-9) henry. abhor tr.v. -horred -horring -hors 1. To regard with horror or loathing; abominate. 2. To reject vehemently; shun. [ME abhorren < Lat. abhorrere, to shrink from : ab-, from + horrere, to shudder.] abhorrence n. abhorrer n. abhorrent adj. 1. Disgusting; loathsome; repellent. 2. Feeling repugnance or loathing. 3. In opposition. abhorrently adv. Abib n. In the ancient Hebrew calendar, an earlier name for the month of Nisan. [Heb. 'abhibh, (month of) fresh barley.] abidance n. 1. An act or condition of abiding; continuance. 2. Adherence; compliance: abidance by parliamentary procedure. abide v. abode or abided or abiding or abides -tr. 1. To wait patiently for. 2. To be in store for; await. 3. To withstand; persevere under. 4. To accept the consequences of. 5. To put up with; tolerate: can't abide such incompetence. -intr. 1. To remain in one place or state. 2. To continue; endure: Who can abide in the fierceness of his anger? (Cotton Mather). 3. To dwell or sojourn. Phrasal verb. abide by. To conform to; comply with. [ME abiden < OE abidan : a- (intensive) + bidan, to remain.] abider n. abiding adj. Long-lasting; enduring. abidingly adv. Abies n. A genus of firs in the pine family, with flattened, needlelike leaves and erect cones. [NLat. < Lat., silver fir.] abietic acid n. A yellowish resinous powder, C19H29COOH, isolated from rosin and used in lacquers, varnishes, and soaps. [< Lat. abies, abiet-, silver fir.] ability n. pl. -ties 1. The quality of being able to do something; physical, mental, financial, or legal power to perform. 2. A natural or acquired skill or talent. [ME abilite < OFr. habilite < Lat. habilitas < habilis, able.] Synonyms: ability capacity faculty talent skill competence aptitude These nouns name qualities that enable a person to accomplish something. Ability is the power, mental or physical, to do something, and usually implies doing it well. Capacity refers to the condition that permits one to acquire that power. Faculty denotes an ability, inherent or acquired, in one area of achievement: a faculty for mathematics .Talent emphasizes inborn ability in a particular field, especially the arts.Skill implies recognized ability acquired or developed through experience. Competence suggests ability to do something satisfactorily but not outstandingly. Aptitude usually implies inherent capacity for, and interest in, a particular activity. -ability or -ibility Ability, inclination, or suitability for a specified action or condition: teachability. [ME -abilitie < OFr. -abilite < Lat. -abilitas.] ab initio adv. From the beginning. [Lat.] abiogenesis n. The hypothetical development of living organisms from nonliving matter. abiogenetic abiogenetical adj. abiogenist n. abiotic adj. Not biotic. abiosis n. abiotically adv. abject adj. 1. Of the most contemptible kind: abject cowardice. 2. Of the most miserable kind; wretched: abject poverty. [ME, outcast < Lat. abjectus, p.part. of abicere, to cast away : ab-, from + jacere, to throw.] abjectly adv. abjectness abjection n. abjure tr.v. -jured -juring -jures 1. To recant solemnly; repudiate: abjure one's beliefs. 2. To renounce under oath; forswear. [ME abjuren < OFr. abjurer < Lat. abjurare : ab-, away + jurare, to swear.] abjuration n. abjurer n. ablation n. 1. Surgical excision or amputation of any part of the body. 2. The totality of erosive processes by which a glacier is reduced. 3. Aerospace. The dissipation of heat generated by atmospheric friction, esp. in the atmospheric re-entry of a spacecraft or missile, by means of a melting heat shield. [LLat. ablatio < ablatus, p.part. of auferre, to carry away : ab-, away + ferre, to carry.] ablative adj. Designating a grammatical case indicating separation, direction away from, and sometimes manner or agency, found in some Indo-European languages. -n. 1. The ablative case. 2. A word in the ablative case. [ME < OFr. ablatif < Lat. ablativus < ablatus, p.part. of auferre, to carry away. -see ablation] ablative absolute n. In Latin grammar, an adverbial phrase syntactically independent from the rest of the sentence and containing two main elements both in the ablative case. ablaut n. A patterned change in root vowels of verb forms, characteristic of Indo-European languages, indicating alteration of tense, aspect, or function; for example, ring, rang, rung. [G. Ablaut : ab, off (< OHG aba) + Laut, sound < MHG lut < OHG hlut.] ablaze adj. 1. On fire. 2. Radiant with bright color. able adj. abler ablest 1. Having sufficient ability or resources. 2. Especially capable or talented. [ME < OFr. < Lat. habilis < habere, to hold.] -able or -ible 1. Susceptible, capable, or worthy of a specified action: debatable. 2. Inclined or given to a specified state or action: blamable. [ME < OFr. < Lat. -abilis.] able-bodied adj. Physically strong and healthy. able-bodied seaman n. A merchant seaman certified for all seaman's duties. able seaman n. An able-bodied seaman. abloom adj. In bloom; flowering. ablution n. 1. A washing or cleansing of the body, esp. as part of a religious rite. 2. The liquid used in an ablution. [ME ablucioun < Lat. ablutio < abluere, to wash away : ab, away + luere, to wash.] ablutionary adj. ably adv. In an able manner; capably. ABM n. Antiballistic missile. Abnaki n. pl. Abnaki or -kis 1. A tribe of North American Indians of Maine, New Brunswick, and southern Quebec. 2. A member of the Abnaki. 3. The Algonquian language of the Abnaki. abnegate tr.v. -gated -gating -gates To deny to oneself; renounce. [Lat. abnegare, abnegat-, to refuse : ab-, away + negare, to deny.] abnegation n. Self-denial. abnormal adj. Not normal; deviant. [Lat. abnormis : ab-, away from + norma, rule.] abnormally adv. abnormality n. pl. -ties 1. The condition of not being normal. 2. An abnormal phenomenon. abnormal psychology n. Psychopathology. aboard adv. On board a ship, train, airplane, or other passenger vehicle. -prep. On board of; on; in. [ME abord : a-, on + bord, ship.] abode v. Past tense and past participle of abide. -n. 1. A dwelling place or home. 2. The act of abiding; sojourn. [ME abod < abiden, to wait. -see abide.] abohm n. A centimeter-gram-second electromagnetic unit of resistance equal to one billionth (10-9) of an ohm. abolish tr.v. -ished -ishing -ishes 1. To do away with; annul. 2. To destroy completely. [ME abolisshen < OFr. abolir, aboliss- < Lat. abolere.] abolishable adj. abolisher n. abolishment n. Synonyms: abolish exterminate extinguish extirpate eradicate obliterate These verbs mean to get rid of. Abolish applies only to doing away with conditions or regulations, not material things or persons. Exterminate suggests destruction of living things by a deliberate, selective method. Extinguish , meaning to put out a flame or something likened to a flame, stresses the frailty of the object. Extirpate suggests effective destruction by getting at the roots or causes, while eradicate stresses the resistance to dislodgment posed by the object. Obliterate means to destroy so as to leave no trace, and applies principally to things. abolition n. 1. An act of abolishing or the state of being abolished. 2. The termination of slavery in the United States. [Fr. < Lat. abolitio < abolitus, p.part. of abolere, to abolish.] abolitionary adj. abolitionism n. Advocacy of the abolition of slavery in the United States. abolitionist n. abomasum n. pl. -sa The fourth division of the stomach in ruminant animals, in which true digestion takes place. abomasal adj. A-bomb n. An atomic bomb. abominable adj. 1. Unequivocally detestable; loathsome. 2. Thoroughly unpleasant or disagreeable: abominable weather. [ME abhominable < OFr. < Lat. abominabilis < abominari, to abhor. -see abominate.] abominably adv. abominable snowman n. A hirsute manlike animal reportedly inhabiting the snows of the high Himalayas. abominate tr.v. -nated -nating -nates 1. To detest thoroughly; abhor. 2. Informal. To dislike intensely. [Lat. abominari, abominat-, to deprecate as a bad omen : ab-, away + omen, omen.] abominator n. abomination n. 1. An abhorrence for someone or something; disgust. 2. Something that elicits great dislike or abhorrence. aboral adj. Opposite to or away from the mouth. aboriginal adj. 1. Existing from the beginning or being the earliest of its type in an area; indigenous. 2. Of or pertaining to aborigines. -n. An aborigine. aboriginally adv. aborigine n. 1. An autochthonous inhabitant of a region. 2. aborigines The flora and fauna native to a geographical area. [< Lat. aborigines, original inhabitants : ab-, from + origine, beginning.] aborning adv. While coming into being or getting under way: a revolution that almost died aborning. abort v. aborted aborting aborts -intr. 1. To terminate pregnancy prematurely. 2. To cease growth before full development or maturation. 3. To terminate an operation or procedure with a missile or a space vehicle before completion, esp. because of equipment failure. -tr. 1. To cause to terminate pregnancy prematurely. 2. To interfere with the development of; conclude prematurely. 3. To terminate before completion. -n. 1. The act of terminating an operation or procedure with a missile or space vehicle before completion, esp. because of equipment failure. 2. Computer Science. A procedure to terminate execution of a program when an unrecoverable error or malfunction occurs. [Lat. abortare, freq. of aboriri, to disappear, miscarry : ab-, away + oriri, to appear.] abortifacient adj. Causing abortion. -n. Anything used to induce abortion. abortion n. 1. Induced termination of pregnancy before the fetus is capable of survival as an individual. 2. A fatally premature expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the womb. 3. Cessation of normal growth, esp. of an organ, prior to full development or maturation. 4. An aborted organism. 5. Something malformed or incompletely developed. abortionist n. One who performs abortions. abortive adj. 1. Failing to accomplish an intended objective; fruitless. 2. Partially or imperfectly developed. abortively adv. abortiveness n. ABO system n. The antigenic system of human blood, which, by functioning genetically as an allelic unit, produces the four human blood groups or types, A, B, AB and O. aboulia n. Variant of abulia. abound intr.v. abounded abounding abounds 1. To be great in number or amount. 2. To be fully supplied or filled; teem. [ME abounden < OFr. abonder < Lat. abundare, to overflow : ab-, from + undare, to flow < unda, wave.] about adv. 1. Approximately; nearly: lasted about an hour. 2. Almost: just about done. 3. To a reversed position or direction. 4. In no particular direction: wandering about town. 5. All around; on every side. 6. In the area or vicinity; near. 7. In succession; one after another: Turn about is fair play. -prep. 1. On all sides of; surrounding. 2. In the vicinity of; around. 3. Almost the same as; close to; near. 4. In reference to; relating to. 5. In the possession of: had his wits about him. 6. Ready or prepared to do something: The chorus is about to sing. 7. Involved with or engaged in: went about his business. -adj. Moving here and there; astir: be up and about. [ME < OE onbutan : on, in + butan, outside.] Synonyms: about around round These terms are sometimes interchangeable, as adverbs and prepositions. However, around either specifies or suggests complete encirclement of something, whereas about and round are less exact and indicate, more or less, semiencirclement: The children gathered about (or round ) the fireplace; then they danced around the table. Usage: The construction not about to is often used to express determination: We are not about to negotiate with terrorists. A majority of the Usage Panel considers this usage acceptable in speech but not in formal writing. about-face n. 1. The act of pivoting to face in the opposite direction from the original, esp. in a military maneuver. 2. A total change of attitude or standpoint. -intr.v.-faced -facing -faces To reverse direction. above adv. 1. Overhead; on high: the clouds above. 2. In heaven; heavenward. 3. Upstairs: a table in the dining room above. 4. In or to a higher place. 5. In an earlier part of a given text: figures quoted above. 6. In or to a higher rank or position: the ranks of major and above. -prep. 1. Over or higher than: a spring above the timberline. 2. Superior to in rank, position, or number; greater than: principles above expediency. 3. Beyond the level or reach of: a shot heard above the music. 4. In preference to. 5. Too honorable to bend to: above petty intrigue. 6. More than: somewhat above normal temperature. -n. Something that is above. -adj. Appearing earlier in the same text: flaws in the above interpretation. Idiom Section: above all. First of all; most important. [ME aboven < OE abufan : a-, on + be, by + ufan, up.] Usage: The use of above as an adjective or noun in referring to a preceding text is most common in business and legal writing. In general writing its use as an adjective (the above figures ) is accepted by a majority of the Usage Panel, but its use as a noun (read the above ) is accepted by only a minority. aboveboard adv. -adj. Without deceit or trickery. aboveground adj. 1. Situated on or above the surface of the ground. 2. Operating or existing within the establishment or in accordance with conventional standards: journalistic practices unacceptable to the aboveground press. ab ovo adv. From the beginning. [Lat., from the egg.] abracadabra n. 1. A word once held to possess magical powers to ward off disease or disaster. 2. Foolish or unintelligible talk. [LLat.] abrachia n. Congenital absence of arms. [a-1 + Gk. brakhion, arm.] abradant n. An abrasive. -adj. Abrasive. abrade tr.v. abraded abrading abrades To rub off or wear away by friction; erode. [Lat. abradere, to scrape off : ab-, off + radere, to scrape.] Abraham n. In the Old Testament, the first patriarch and progenitor of the Hebrew people; father of Isaac. [ME < LLat. < LGk. < Heb. Abhraham.] abranchiate abranchial or abranchious adj. Having no gills. [Gk. a-, not + brankhia, gills.] abrasion n. 1. The process of wearing down or rubbing away by means of friction. 2. A scraped or worn area. [Med. Lat. abrasio < Lat. abradere, to scrape off. -see abrade.] abrasive adj. Causing abrasion; harsh; rough. -n. A substance that abrades. abreact tr.v. -acted -acting -acts To release (repressed emotions) by acting out, such as in words, action, or the imagination, the situation causing the conflict. [Transl. of G. abreagieren : ab-, away + reagieren, to react.] abreaction n. abreast adv. 1. Side by side. 2. Up to date with: keeping abreast of the latest developments. [ME abrest < on brest : on, by + brest, breast.] abridge tr.v. abridged abridging abridges 1. To reduce the length of (a written text); condense. 2. To curtail; cut short. [ME abregen < OFr. abregier < LLat. abbreviare, to shorten. -see abbreviate.] abridger n. abridgment or abridgement n. 1. a. The action of abridging. b. The state of being abridged. 2. Condensation of a book. abroach adj. 1. Opened or positioned so that a liquid, such as wine, can be let out. 2. Moving about; astir. [ME abroche < a, in + broche, a pointed object.] abroad adv. 1. Out of one's own country. 2. In a foreign country or countries. 3. Away from one's home. 4. In circulation; at large. 5. Covering a large area; widely. 6. Not on target; in error. [ME abrod, wide < on brod : on, at + brod, broad.] abrogate tr.v. -gated -gating -gates To abolish or annul by authority. [Lat. abrogare, abrogat- : ab-, away + rogare, to propose.] abrogation n. abrosia n. 1. Abstinence from food; fasting. 2. A wasting away. [Gk. abrosia, fasting : a-, not + brosis, eating.] abrupt adj. 1. Unexpectedly sudden. 2. Suprisingly curt; brusque. 3. Touching on one subject after another with sudden transitions: abrupt, nervous prose. 4. Steeply inclined. 5. Biology. Appearing to be cut or broken off short; truncate. [Lat. abruptus, p.part of abrumpere, to break off : ab-, off + rumpere, to break.] abruptly adv. abruptness n. abruption n. An instance of suddenly breaking away or off. abscess n. A localized collection of pus in any part of the body, formed by tissue disintegration and surrounded by an inflamed area. -intr.v.-scessed -scessing -scesses To form an abscess. [Lat. abscessus, absence < abscedere, to go away : ab-, away + cedere, to go.] abscise v. -scised -scising -scises -tr. To remove; cut off. -intr. To shed by abscission. [Lat. abscindere, absciss- : ab-, away + caedere, to cut.] abscisic acid or abscissic acid n. A common abscisin that inhibits plant growth. abscisin or abscissin n. A group of plant hormones that may promote leaf abscission while inhibiting certain other growth mechanisms. [abscis(sion) + -in.] abscissa n. pl. -scissas or -scissae The coordinate representing the distance of a point from the y -axis in a plane Cartesian coordinate system, measured along a line parallel to the x -axis. [NLat. (linea) abscissa, (line) cut off < Lat. abscissus, p.part. of abscindere, to abcise.] abscission n. 1. The act of cutting off. 2. The process by which plant parts, such as leaves, are shed. abscond intr.v. -sconded -sconding -sconds To leave quickly and secretly and hide oneself, esp. to avoid arrest or prosecution. [Lat. abscondere, to hide : ab-, away + condere, to put.] absconder n. absence n. 1. The state of being away. 2. The time during which one is away. 3. The condition of not having something needed or desirable; lack. absent adj. 1. Missing or not present. 2. Not existent; lacking. 3. Feeling or exhibiting inattentiveness. -tr.v. -sented -senting -sents To keep (oneself) away. [ME < OFr. < Lat. absens, p.part. of abesse, to be away : ab-, away + esse, to be.] absently adv. absentee n. One who is absent. -adj. 1. Of or pertaining to one that is absent. 2. Not in residence. -See Usage note at -ee1. absentee ballot n. A ballot marked and mailed in advance by a voter away from the place where he is registered. absenteeism n. Habitual failure to appear, esp. for work or other regular duty. absent-minded adj. Heedless of one's immediate surroundings or activity because of preoccupation with unrelated matters. absent-mindedly adv. absent-mindedness n. absent without leave adj. Absent from one's assigned military post or duties without official permission but without the intention to desert. absinthe or absinth n. 1. A green liqueur having a bitter licorice flavor and a high alcoholic content, prepared from wormwood and other herbs. 2. The wormwood. [Fr. < Lat. absinthium, wormwood.] absolute adj. 1. Perfect in quality or nature; complete. 2. Not mixed; pure: absolute alcohol. 3. a. Not limited by restrictions or exceptions; unconditional: absolute trust. b. Unqualified in extent or degree; total: absolute silence. 4. Not limited by constitutional provisions or other restraints. 5. Unrelated to and independent of anything else. 6. Not to be doubted or questioned; positive: absolute proof. 7. Grammar. a. Denoting a construction in a sentence that is syntactically independent of the main clause. For example, in Their ship having sailed, we went home, Their ship having sailed is an absolute phrase. b. Pertaining to a transitive verb when its object is implied but not stated. For example, inspires in We have a teacher who inspires. c. Pertaining to an adjective or pronoun that stands alone, the noun it modifies being implied but not stated. For example, Theirs and best in Theirs were the best. 8. Physics. a. Pertaining to measurements or units of measurement derived from fundamental relationships of space, mass, and time. b. Pertaining to absolute temperature. 9. Law. Complete and unconditional; final. -n. 1. Something that is absolute. 2. the Absolute Philosophy. a. Something regarded as the ultimate basis of all thought and being. b. Something regarded as independent of and unrelated to anything else. [ME absolut < Lat. absolutus, ended < absoluere, to finish : ab- from + solvere, to loose.] absoluteness n. absolute alcohol n. Ethyl alcohol containing no more than one per cent of water. absolute ceiling n. The maximum altitude above sea level at which an aircraft or missile can maintain horizontal flight under standard atmospheric conditions. absolutely adv. 1. Definitely and completely; unquestionably. 2. Grammar. In a manner that does not take an object. Usage: Absolutely is often used informally to mean "quite," as in an absolutely magnificent painting. A majority of the Usage Panel disapproves of this use in formal writing. absolute magnitude n. The intrinsic magnitude of a star computed as if viewed from a distance of 10 parsecs or 32.6 light-years. absolute music n. Instrumental music that depends solely on its rhythmic, melodic, and contrapuntal structures. absolute pitch n. 1. The precise pitch of an isolated tone, as established by its rate of vibration measured on a standard scale. 2. The ability to identify or sing any tone heard. absolute scale n. A scale of temperature with absolute zero as the minimum and scale units equal in magnitude to centigrade degrees. absolute temperature n. Temperature measured or calculated on the absolute scale. absolute value n. 1. The numerical value or magnitude of a quantity, as of a vector or of a negative integer, without regard to its sign. 2. The modulus of a complex number, equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of the real and imaginary parts of the number. absolute zero n. Physics. The temperature at which substances possess no thermal energy, equal to -273.15 deg. C or -459.67 deg. F. absolution n. Roman Catholic Chruch. The formal remission of sin imparted by a priest as part of the sacrament of penance. [ME < OFr. < Lat. absolutio, acquittal < absolvere, to absolve.] absolutism n. 1. A form of government in which all power is vested in the monarch and his advisers. 2. The political theory reflecting absolutism. 3. An absolute doctrine, principle, or opinion. absolutist n. absolutistic adj. absolve tr.v. -solved -solving -solves 1. To pronounce clear of blame or guilt. 2. To relieve of a requirement or obligation. 3. a. To grant a remission of sin to. b. To pardon or remit (a sin). [ME absolven < Lat. absolvere. -see absolute.] absolvable adj. absolver n. absorb tr.v. -sorbed -sorbing -sorbs 1. To take in through or as through pores or interstices; soak in or up. 2. To occupy the full attention, interest, or time of; engross. 3. Chemistry. Physics. To retain wholly, without reflection or transmission, that which is taken in. 4. To take in; assimilate: immigrants absorbed into the mainstream of society. 5. To receive the impact of without recoil or echo. 6. To defray (costs). 7. To take in; accommodate: couldn't absorb the additional expense. [OFr. absorber < Lat. absorbere : ab-, away + sorbere, to suck.] absorbability n. absorbable adj. absorber n. absorbingly adv. absorbed adj. 1. Engrossed. 2. Sucked up or in. 3. Assimilated. absorbedly adv. absorbedness n. absorbefacient adj. Inducing or causing absorption. -n. A medicine that induces absorption. [absorbe(nt)+ -facient.] absorbent adj. Capable of absorbing something: absorbent cotton. -n. An absorbent substance. absorbency n. absorptance n. The ratio of absorbed to incident radiation. [absorpt(ion) + -ance.] absorption n. 1. The act or process of absorbing or the condition of being absorbed. 2. A state of mental concentration. [Lat. absorptio < absorbere, to absorb. -see absorb.] absorptive adj. absorption nebula n. A nebula that absorbs all incident radiation without re-emission. absorption spectrum n. Physics. The spectrum of dark lines and bands observed when radiation traverses an absorbing medium. abstain intr.v. -stained -staining -stains To refrain from something by one's own choice. [ME absteinen, to avoid < OFr. abstenir < Lat. abstinere, to hold back : ab-, away + tenere, to hold.] abstainer n. abstemious adj. 1. Eating and drinking in moderation. 2. Restricted to bare necessities; sparing. [Lat. abstemius : ab-, away + temetum, liquor.] abstemiously adv. abstemiousness n. abstention n. The act or habit of abstaining. [LLat. abstentio < Lat. abstinere, to hold back. -see abstain.] abstinence n. 1. Denial of the appetites, esp. denial of certain foods and drinks. 2. Habitual abstention from alcoholic beverages. [ME < OFr. abstenance < Lat. abstinentia < abstinere, to hold back. -see abstain.] abstinent adj. abstinently adv. Synonyms: abstinence self-denial temperance sobriety continence These nouns express restraint of one's appetites or desires. Abstinence implies the willful avoidance of pleasures, especially of food and drink, thought to be harmful. Self-denial suggests resisting one's desires for some higher, moral goal. Temperance and sobriety both stress avoidance of alcohol, but temperance is more often associated with mere curtailment of drinking, while sobriety additionally suggests conservative action or manner. Continence specifically refers to restraint of sexual activity. abstract adj. 1. Considered apart from concrete existence: an abstract concept. 2. Not applied or practical; theoretical. 3. Not easily understood; abstruse. 4. Thought of or stated without reference to a specific instance: abstract words like "truth" and "justice." 5. Designating a genre of painting or sculpture whose intellectual and affective content depends solely on intrinsic form. -n. 1. A statement summarizing the important points of a given text. 2. The concentrated essence of a larger whole. 3. Something abstract, as a term. -tr.v. -stracted -stracting -stracts 1. To take away; remove. 2. To remove without permission; filch. 3. To consider (a quality, for example) without reference to a particular example or object. 4. To summarize. Idiom Section: in the abstract. Apart from actual substance or experience. [ME < Lat. abstractus, p.part. of abstrahere, to draw away : ab-, away + trahere, to draw.] abstracter n. abstractly adv. abstractness n. abstracted adj. 1. Removed or separated. 2. Deep in thought; preoccupied; meditative. abstractedly adv. abstractedness n. Synonyms: abstracted absorbed distraught absent-minded These adjectives apply to absence of normal awareness of one's surroundings. Abstracted implies complete and pleasureable mental involvement in the object of thought. Distraught implies mental anxiety that makes concentration extremely difficult. Absent-minded suggests the making of trivial errors because the mind is straying from the matter at hand. abstract expressionism n. A school of painting that flourished after World War II until the early 1960's, characterized by the exclusion of representational content. abstraction n. 1. The act or process of removing or separating: the abstraction of metal from ore. 2. a. The act or process of separating the inherent qualities or properties of something from the actual physical object or concept to which they belong. b. A product of this process; a general idea or word representing a physical concept. 3. Preoccupation; absent-mindedness. 4. An abstract work of art. abstractionism n. The theory and practice of abstract art. abstractionist n. abstractive adj. Of or derived by abstraction. abstract of title n. A brief history of the transfers of a piece of land, including all claims that could be made against it. abstruse adj. Difficult to understand; recondite. [Lat. abstrusus, hidden, p.part. of abstrudere, to hide : ab-, away + trudere, to push.] abstrusely adv. abstruseness n. absurd adj. 1. Ridiculously incongruous or unreasonable. 2. Of, pertaining to, or manifesting the view that there is no order or value in human life or in the universe; meaningless. 3. Of or relating to absurdism or the absurd. -n. 1. The quality or condition of existing in a meaningless and irrational universe in which an individual's life has no meaning or purpose. 2. The literary genre that deals with the theme of an absurd universe. [Fr. absurde < Lat. absurdus.] absurdity absurdness n. absurdly adv. absurd theater n. Theater of the absurd. abulia or aboulia n. Loss or impairment of the ability to decide or act independently. [NLat. < Gk. aboulia, indecision : a-, without + boule, will.] abulic adj. abundance n. 1. A great or plentiful amount. 2. Fullness to overflowing: My thoughts . . . are from the abundance of my heart (De Quincey). 3. Affluence; wealth. abundant adj. 1. In plentiful supply; ample. 2. Abounding with; rich: a region abundant in wildlife. [ME aboundant < OFr. abondant < Lat. abundans, p.part. of abundare, to overflow. -see abound.] abundantly adv. abuse tr.v. abused abusing abuses 1. a. To use wrongly or improperly; misuse. b. Obsolete. To trick or deceive. 2. To hurt or injure by maltreatment. 3. To assail with contemptuous, coarse, or insulting words; revile. -n. 1. Improper use or handling; misuse. 2. A corrupt practice or custom. 3. Physical maltreatment. 4. Insulting or coarse language. [ME abusen < OFr. abuser < abus, improper use < Lat. abusus, a using up, p.part. of abuti, to use up : ab-, away + uti, to use.] abuser n. Synonyms: abuse misuse mistreat ill-treat maltreat These verbs mean to treat a person or thing wrongfully or harmfully. Abuse applies to wrongful or unreasonable treatment by deed or word. Misuse stresses incorrect or unknowledgeable handling; it implies but does not emphasize harm. Mistreat ,Mistreat, ill-treat, and maltreat all have the sense of inflicting injury, usually physical and often with intent to do harm. Mistreat may imply only negligence or lack of knowledge on the offender's part, but more often refers to harm inflicted deliberately. Ill-treat more specifically applies to harmful treatment of persons or animals. Maltreat implies rough handling. abusive adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or characterized by abuse. 2. Wrongly or incorrectly used or treated. 3. Serving to abuse; insulting. abusively adv. abut v. abutted abutting abuts -intr. To touch at one end or side of something; lie adjacent. -tr. To border upon; be next to. [ME abutten < OFr. abouter, to border on : a-, to + bout, end.] abutter n. abutilon n. Any of various shrubs or plants of the genus Abutilon, esp. the flowering maple. [NLat. Abutilon, genus name < Ar. aubutilun.] abutment n. 1. The act or process of abutting. 2. a. Something that abuts. b. The point of contact of two abutting objects or parts. 3. a. That part of a structure that bears the weight or pressure of an arch. b. A structure that supports the end of a bridge. c. A structure that anchors the cables of a suspension bridge. abuttals pl.n. The parts of a piece of land that abut against other property; boundaries. abuzz adj. 1. Filled with a buzzing sound. 2. Filled or occupied with activity or talk. abvolt n. A centimeter-gram-second electromagnetic unit of potential difference, equal to the potential difference between two points such that one erg of work must be performed to move a one-abcoulomb charge from one of the points to the other. It is equal to one hundred-millionth (10-8) of a volt. abysm n. An abyss. [ME abime < OFr. < LLat. abyssus. -see abyss.] abysmal adj. 1. Unfathomable; extreme. 2. Of or resembling an abyss. abysmally adv. abyss n. 1. a. The primeval chaos. b. The bottomless pit; hell. 2. An unfathomable chasm; a yawning gulf. 3. An immeasurably profound depth or void: the vast abysses of space and time. [LLat. abyssus < Gk. abussos, bottomless : a-, without + bussos, bottom.] abyssal adj. 1. Abysmal. 2. Of or pertaining to the great depths of the oceans. Abyssinian cat n. A short-haired cat of a breed developed from Near Eastern stocks, having a reddish-brown coat tipped with small black markings. [After Abyssinia, former name for Ethiopia.] Ac The symbol for the element actinium. ac- Variant of ad- (sense 1). Used before c, k, and q. -ac Used to form adjectives from nouns: ammoniac. [NLat. -acus, adj. suffix < Gk. -akos.] acacia n. 1. Any of various chiefly tropical trees of the genus Acacia, having compound leaves and tight clusters of small yellow or white flowers. 2. Gum arabic. [Lat. < Gk. akakia.] academe n. 1. The scholastic world or environment. 2. A scholar, teacher, or pedant. 3. A college or university. 4. Academic life. [< Lat. Academia, the Academy.] academia n. The academic world; academe. [NLat. < Lat. Academia, the Academy.] academic adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a school. 2. Relating to studies that are liberal or classical rather than technical or vocational. 3. Pertaining or belonging to a scholarly organization. 4. Scholarly to the point of being unaware of the outside world. 5. Based on formal education. 6. Formalistic or conventional. 7. Theoretical or speculative without a practical purpose or intention. 8. Without purpose or use because of being beyond the point of implementation. -n. A student or teacher. academically adv. academic freedom n. Liberty to pursue and teach relevant knowledge and to discuss it freely without restriction from school or public officials or from other sources of influence. academician n. A member of an art, literary, or scientific academy or society. academicism or academism n. Traditional formalism, esp. when reflected in art. academy n. pl. -mies 1. A school for special instruction. 2. A secondary or college-preparatory school, esp. a private one. 3. An association of scholars. 4. Academy A specified society of scholars or artists. 5. Academy a. Platonism. b. The disciples of Plato. [Lat. Academia < Gk. Akademia, the school where Plato taught.] Acadian n. 1. One of the early French settlers of Acadia or their descendants. 2. A dialect of French spoken by the Acadians. Acadian adj. acajou n. Mahogany, esp. when used for making furniture. [Fr., cashew < Port. caju.] acantho- or acanth- Thorn: acanthoid. [< Gk. akanthos, thorn plant < akantha, thorn.] acanthocephalan or acanthocephalid n. Any of various parasitic worms of the phylum Acanthocephala, having a proboscis armed with hooked spines. [< NLat. Acanthocephala, phylum name : acantho- + Gk. kephale, head.] acanthoid adj. Resembling a thorn or spine. acanthopterygian n. A fish of the superorder Acanthopterygii, which includes fishes having spiny fins, such as bass, perch, and mackerel. [< NLat. Acanthopterygii, superorder name : acantho- + Gk. pterugion, dim. of pterus, wing < pteron, feather.] acanthopterygian adj. acanthus n. pl. -thuses or -thi 1. Any of various plants of the genus Acanthus, native to the Mediterranean region, having large, segmented, thistlelike leaves. 2. Architecture. An ornament patterned after the leaves of the acanthus, used esp. on capitals of Corinthian columns. [NLat. Acanthus, genus name < Gk. akanthos, thorn plant < akantha, thorn.] acapnia n. The absence of carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues. [NLat. < Lat. acapnos, without smoke (which contains carbon dioxide) < Gk. akapnos : a-, not + kapnos, smoke.] a cappella adv.Mus. Without instrumental accompaniment. [Ital. : a, as + capella, chapel.] acari n. Plural of acarus. acariasis n. Infestation with mites. [acar(id) + -iasis.] acarid n. An arachnid of the order Acarina, which includes the mites and ticks. [NLat. Acaridae, family name < Acarus, genus name < Gk. akari, a kind of mite.] acarid adj. acaroid resin n. A yellow or reddish gum obtained from various Australian grass trees, used in varnishes, lacquers, and the manufacture of paper. [NLat. acaroides.] acarology n. The study of mites and ticks. [acar(id) + -logy.] acarophily n. A symbiotic relationship to mites or ticks, usually in plants. [acar(id) + -phil(o)- + -y2.] acarophobia n. An abnormal fear of mites or ticks. [acar(id) + -phobia.] acarpous adj. Botany. Producing no fruit; sterile. acarus n. pl. -ri A mite, esp. one of the genus Acarus. [NLat. Acarus, genus name. -see acarid.] acatalectic adj. Designating a line of verse having the required number of syllables in the last foot. -n. An acatalectic line. [LLat. acatalecticus < Gk. akatalektikos : a-, not + katalektikos, incomplete. -see catalectic.] acaudate or acaudal adj. Having no tail. acaulescent adj. Stemless or nearly so. accede intr.v. -ceded -ceding -cedes 1. To give one's assent. 2. To arrive at or come into an office or dignity. 3. To become a party to an agreement or treaty. [ME acceden, to come near < Lat. accedere, to go near : ad-, to + cedere, to go.] accedence n. acceder n. accelerando adj. Music. Gradually accelerating or quickening in time. Used as a direction. [Ital. < Lat. accelerandum < accelerare, to hasten. -see accelerate.] accelerando adv. accelerate v. -ated -ating -ates -tr. 1. To increase the speed of. 2. To cause to occur sooner than expected. 3. To cause to develop or progress more quickly. 4. Physics. To cause a change of velocity. -intr. To move or act faster. [Lat. accelerare : ad- (intensive) + celerare, to quicken < celer, swift.] accelerative adj. acceleration n. 1. a. The act of accelerating. b. The process of being accelerated. 2. Physics. The rate of change of velocity with respect to time. acceleration of gravity n. The acceleration of freely falling bodies under the influence of terrestrial gravity, equal to 980.665 cm/sec2 or approximately 32 ft/sec2 at sea level. accelerator n. 1. One that accelerates. 2. A device, esp. the gas pedal of an automobile, for increasing the speed of a machine. 3. Chemistry. A substance that increases the speed of a chemical reaction. 4. Physics. A device, such as an electrostatic generator, cyclotron, or linear accelerator, that accelerates charged subatomic particles or nuclei to energies useful for research. accelerometer n. A device used to measure acceleration. [acceler(ation) + -meter.] accent n. 1. The relative prominence of a particular syllable of a word by greater intensity or by variation or modulation of pitch or tone. 2. Vocal prominence or emphasis given to a particular syllable, word, or phrase. 3. A characteristic pronunciation, esp.: a. One determined by the regional or social background of the speaker. b. One determined by the phonetic habits of the speaker's native language carried over to his use of another language. 4. A mark or symbol used in the printing and writing of certain languages to indicate the vocal quality to be given to a particular letter: an acute accent. 5. A mark or symbol used in printing and writing to indicate the stressed syllables of a spoken word. 6. Rhythmically significant stress in a line of verse. 7. a. Special stress given to a musical note within a phrase. b. A mark representing this stress. 8. Mathematics. a. A mark or one of several marks used as a superscript to distinguish among variables represented by the same symbol. b. A mark used as a superscript to indicate the first derivative of a variable. 9. A mark or one of several marks used as a superscript to indicate a unit, such as feet (') and inches (") in linear measurement. 10. A distinctive feature or quality. -tr.v. -cented -centing -cents 1. To stress or emphasize the pronunciation of. 2. To mark with a printed accent. 3. To call attention to; accentuate. [ME < OFr. < Lat. accentus, accentuation : ad-, to + cantus, song < canere, to sing (transl. of Gk. prosoidia, voice modulations).] accentual adj. 1. Of or pertaining to accent. 2. Designating verse rhythm based on stress accents. accentually adv. accentuate tr.v. -ated -ating -ates 1. To pronounce with a stress or accent. 2. To mark with an accent. 3. To stress or emphasize. [Med. Lat. accentuare, accentuat- < Lat. accentus, accent.] accentuation n. accept v. -cepted -cepting -cepts -tr. 1. To receive (something offered), esp. gladly. 2. To admit to a group or place. 3. a. To regard as usual, proper, or right. b. To regard as true; believe in. c. To understand as having a specific meaning. 4. To bear up under resignedly or patiently: accept one's fate. 5. a. To answer affirmatively: accept an invitation. b. To take upon oneself the duties or responsibilities of. 6. To be able to hold (something applied or inserted): This wood will not accept oil paints. 7. To receive officially: accept the committee's report. 8. To consent to pay, as by a signed agreement. -intr. To receive something, esp. willingly. [ME accepten < Lat. acceptare, freq. of accipere, to receive : ad-, to + capere, to take.] acceptable adj. 1. Worthy of being accepted. 2. Adequate enough to satisfy a need, requirement, or standard; satisfactory. 3. Designating an amount or level that can be endured or allowed. acceptability acceptableness n. acceptably adv. acceptance n. 1. The act or process of accepting. 2. The state of being accepted or acceptable. 3. Favorable reception; approval. 4. Belief in something; agreement. 5. a. A formal indication by a debtor of willingness to pay a time draft or bill of exchange. b. A written instrument so accepted. 6. Law. Compliance by one party with the terms and conditions of another's offer so that a contract becomes legally binding between them. acceptant adj. Accepting willingly. acceptation n. 1. The usual or accepted meaning, as of a word or expression. 2. Favorable reception. 3. Ready belief. accepted adj. Generally approved, believed, or recognized. acceptor or accepter n. 1. One who signs a time draft or bill of exchange. 2. Chemistry. a. The reactant in an induced reaction that has an increased rate of reaction in the presence of the inductor. b. The atom that contributes no atoms to a covalent bond. access n. 1. A means of approaching or nearing; passage. 2. The act of approaching. 3. The right to enter or make use of: has access to classified material. 4. The state or quality of being easy to approach or enter. 5. An increase of growth. 6. A sudden outburst: an access of rage. -tr.v.-cessed -cessing -cesses To gain access to: accessed the information from the computer. [ME acces, a coming to < OFr. < Lat. accessus < accedere, to arrive : ad-, to + cedere, to come.] accessary n. Variant of accessory. accessible adj. 1. Easily approached or entered. 2. Easily obtained. 3. Easy to communicate or get along with. 4. Open to: accessible to flattery. accessibility accessibleness n. accessibly adv. accession n. 1. The attainment of rank or dignity. 2. a. An increase by means of something added: an accession of property. b. An addition. 3. Law. a. The addition to or increase in value of property by means of improvements or natural growth. b. The right of a proprietor to ownership of such addition or increase. 4. Agreement or assent. 5. Access; admittance. 6. A sudden outburst. -tr.v.-sioned -sioning -sions To record as acquired. accessional adj. accessory or accessary n. pl. -ries 1. Something subordinate or supplementary; adjunct. 2. a. One who incites, aids, or abets a lawbreaker in the commission of a crime, but is not present at the time of the crime: accessory before the fact. b. One who aids a criminal after the commission of a crime, but was not present at the time of the crime: accessory after the fact. -adj. 1. Having a secondary, supplementary, or subordinate function. 2. Serving to aid or abet a lawbreaker, either before or after the commission of the crime, without being present at the time the crime was committed. [ME accessorie < Med. Lat. accessorius < accessor, helper < Lat. accessus, approach. -see access.] accessorial adj. accessorily adv. accessoriness n. accessory fruit n. A fruit, such as the pear, that contains fleshy tissue developed from floral parts as well as the ovary. accessory nerve n. Either of the 11th pair of cranial nerves of higher vertebrate species that supply motor impulses to the upper thorax and pharynx. access road n. A road that affords access to a certain area. access time n. Computer Science. The time lag between a request for information stored in a computer and its delivery. acciaccatura n. Music. A short grace note one half step below a principal note, sounded immediately before or at the same time as the principal note to add sustained dissonance. [Ital. < acciaccare, to crush.] accidence n. Grammar. The section of morphology that deals with the inflections of words. [LLat. accidentia < Lat. accidens, accident.] accident n. 1. An unexpected and undesirable event. 2. Something that occurs unexpectedly or unintentionally. 3. A circumstance or attribute that is not essential to the nature of something. 4. Fortune or chance: rich by accident of birth. 5. Geology. An irregular or unusual natural formation or occurrence. [ME < OFr. < Lat. accidens, pr.part. of accidere, to happen : ad-, to + cadere, to fall.] accidental adj. 1. Occurring unexpectedly and unintentionally; by chance. 2. Not part of the real or essential nature of a thing. 3. Music. Of or denoting a sharp, flat, or natural not indicated in the key signature. -n. 1. A factor or attribute that is not essential. 2. Music. A chromatically altered note not belonging to the key signature. accidentally adv. Synonyms: accidental fortuitous contingent incidental adventitious These adjectives are related in a general way but are not always interchangeable. Accidental primarily refers to what occurs by chance or unexpectedly; it can also mean subordinate or nonessential. Fortuitous stresses chance or accident even more strongly, and inferentially minimizes cause. Contingent , in this context, describes what is possible but uncertain because of chance or unforeseen or uncontrollable factors. Incidental refers to what is an adjunct to something else, and does not necessarily imply the operation of chance. Adventitious applies to what is not inherent in something but added extrinsically, sometimes by accident or chance. accident insurance n. Insurance against injury or death because of accident. accident-prone adj. Having or susceptible to having a greater than average number of accidents or mishaps. accipiter n. A hawk of the genus Accipiter, characterized by short wings and a long tail. [NLat. Accipiter, genus name < Lat., hawk.] accipitrine adj. acclaim v. -claimed -claiming -claims -tr. To salute or hail; applaud. -intr. To shout approval. -n. Enthusiastic applause; acclamation. [Lat. acclamare, to shout at : ad-, at + clamore, to shout.] acclaimer n. acclamation n. 1. A shout or salute of enthusiastic approval. 2. An oral vote, esp. an enthusiastic vote of approval taken without formal ballot: a motion passed by acclamation. [Lat. acclamatio < acclamare, to shout at. -see acclaim.] acclamatory adj. acclimate tr. -intr.v.-mated -mating -mates To accustom or become accustomed to a new environment or situation; adapt. [Fr. acclimater : a-, to (< Lat. ad) + climat, climate < OFr. -see climate.] acclimation n. 1. The process of acclimating or of becoming acclimated. 2. The adaptation of an organism to its natural climatic environment, as distinguished from acclimatization. acclimatization n. 1. The process of acclimatizing; acclimation. 2. The climatic adaptation of an organism, esp. a plant, that has been moved to a new environment. acclimatize tr. -intr.v.-tized -tizing -tizes To acclimate. acclimatizer n. acclivity n. pl. -ties An upward slope. [Lat. acclivitas < acclivis, uphill : ad-, to + clivus, slope.] accolade n. 1. An embrace of greeting or salutation. 2. An expression of approval; praise. 3. The ceremonial bestowal of knighthood. [Fr. < Prov. acolada < acolar, to embrace : a-, to (< Lat. ad) + col, neck < Lat. collum, neck.] accommodate v. -dated -dating -dates -tr. 1. To do a favor or service for; oblige. 2. To provide for; supply with. 3. To contain comfortably; have space for. 4. To make suitable; adjust: accommodates himself well to new surroundings. 5. To settle; reconcile. -intr. To become adjusted, as the eye to focusing on objects at a distance. [Lat. accomodare, accomodat-, to fit : ad-, to + commodus, suitable. -see commodious.] accommodative adj. accommodativeness n. accommodator n. accommodating adj. Helpful and obliging. accommodatingly adv. accommodation n. 1. The act of accommodating or state of being accommodated; adjustment. 2. Something that meets a need; convenience. 3. accommodations a. Lodgings; room and board. b. A seat, compartment, or room on a public vehicle. 4. Reconciliation or settlement of opposing views; compromise. 5. Physiology. Adaptation or adjustment in an organism, organ, or part, as in the lens of the eye to permit retinal focus of images of objects at different distances. 6. A loan or other financial favor. accommodation ladder n. A portable ladder or stairway hung from the side of a ship. accommodation paper n. A note or bill drawn, accepted, or endorsed by one or more parties to enable another party to obtain credit or raise money without consideration or collateral. accompaniment n. 1. Something that accompanies; concomitant. 2. Something added for embellishment, completeness, or symmetry; complement. 3. A vocal or instrumental part that supports a solo part. accompanist n. A performer, such as a pianist, who plays an accompaniment. accompany v. -nied -nying -nies -tr. 1. To go along with; join in company. 2. To supplement; add to. 3. To coexist or occur with. 4. To perform an accompaniment to. -intr. To play a musical accompaniment. [ME accompanien < OFr. acompagnier : a, to (< Lat. ad) + compaignon, companion. -see companion.] Synonyms: accompany conduct escort chaperon (or chaperone). These verbs are compared as they mean to be with or to go with another person or persons. Accompany suggests going with another on an equal basis. Conduct implies guidance of others. Escort stresses protective guidance. Chaperon (or chaperone ) specifies adult supervision of young persons. accomplice n. One who aids or abets a lawbreaker in a criminal act, either as a principal or an accessory. [< ME a, a + complice, companion. -see complice.] accomplish tr.v. -plished -plishing -plishes 1. To succeed in doing; bring to pass. 2. To reach the end of; complete. [ME accomplisshen < OFr. acomplir, accompliss-, to complete : a-, to (< Lat. ad) + complir, to complete < Lat. complere, to fill out. -see complete.] accomplishable adj. accomplisher n. accomplished adj. 1. Completed; finished. 2. Skilled; expert: an accomplished pianist. accomplishment n. 1. The act of accomplishing or state of being accomplished; completion. 2. Something completed successfully; achievement. 3. Social poise. accord tr.v. -corded -cording -cords 1. To cause to conform or agree; bring into harmony. 2. To grant; bestow upon: I accord you my blessing. -intr.v. To be in agreement, unity, or harmony. -n. 1. Agreement; harmony. 2. A settlement or compromise of conflicting opinions. 3. A settlement of points at issue between nations. Idiom Section: of (one's) own accord. Voluntarily. [ME accorden < OFr. acorder < Med. Lat. accordare : Lat. ad-, to + Lat. cor, heart.] accordance n. 1. Agreement; conformity: in accordance with your instructions. 2. The act of granting. accordant adj. In agreement or harmony; consonant. accordantly adv. according as conj. 1. Corresponding to the way in which; precisely as: received the raise according as he was promised. 2. Depending on whether; if: according as he accepts your suggestion. accordingly adv. 1. Correspondingly. 2. Consequently. according to prep. 1. As stated or indicated by; on the authority of: according to historians. 2. In keeping with; in agreement with: according to instructions. 3. As determined by: a list arranged according to the alphabet. accordion n. A portable musical instrument with a small keyboard and free metal reeds that sound when air is forced past them by pleated bellows operated by the player. -adj. Having folds or bends like the bellows of an accordion: accordion pleats. [G. Akkordion < Akkord, chord < Fr. accord, harmony < OFr. acorder, to accord.] accordionist n. accost tr.v. -costed -costing -costs 1. To approach and speak to first. 2. To solicit sexually. [OFr. accoster < Med. Lat. acostare, to adjoin : Lat. ad-, to + Lat. costa, side.] accouchement n. Parturition. [Fr. < accoucher, to assist in childbirth : a, to (< Lat. ad) + coucher, to put to bed < OFr., to lay down. -see couch.] account n. 1. a. A narrative or record of events. b. A written or oral explanation, as of blame or cause. 2. a. A precise list or enumeration of monetary transactions. b. A detailed list or enumeration. 3. A business relationship involving the exchange of money or credit: a charge account. 4. Worth, standing, or importance: a man of some account. 5. Profit or advantage. -tr.v.-counted -counting -counts To consider or esteem: accounted him a merciful man. Phrasal verb. account for. 1. To make or render a reckoning, as of funds received and paid out or of persons or things: survivors who have not been accounted for. 2. To be the explanation or cause of. 3. To be answerable for. 4. To kill, capture, or disable. Idiom Section: call to account. 1. To challenge or contest. 2. To hold answerable for. give a good account of (oneself). To act in a creditable manner. on account. 1. On credit. 2. In part payment of. on account of. 1. Because of. 2. Regional. Because. on no account. Under no circumstances. on (one's) own account. 1. On one's own behalf. 2. On one's own; by oneself: wants to work on his own account. take into account. To take into consideration; allow for. [ME < OFr. acont < aconter, to reckon : a-, to (< Lat. ad) + cunter, to count, ult. < Lat. computare, to sum up. -see compute.] accountable adj. 1. Answerable. 2. Capable of being explained. accountability accountableness n. accountably adv. accountant n. One who keeps, audits, and inspects the financial records of individuals or business concerns and prepares financial and tax reports. accountancy n. account executive n. An individual in an advertising firm who manages the account of one or more clients. accounting n. The bookkeeping methods involved in making a financial record of business transactions and in the preparation of statements concerning the assets, liabilities, and operating results of a business. accouter tr.v. -tered -tering -ters To outfit and equip, as for military duty. [Fr. accoutrer < OFr. acoustrer.] accouterment n. 1. The act of accoutering. 2. accouterments The equipment other than arms and dress issued to a soldier. 3. accouterments The outward forms whereby a thing may be recognized; trappings. accoutre v. Chiefly Brit.Variant of accouter. accoutrement n. Chiefly Brit.Variant of accouterment. accredit tr.v. -ited -iting -its 1. To ascribe or attribute to; credit with. 2. a. To supply with credentials or authority; authorize. b. To appoint as an ambassador to a foreign government. 3. To certify as meeting a prescribed standard. 4. To believe. 5. To enter on the credit side of an account book. [Fr. accrediter : a, to (< Lat. ad) + credit, credit < OFr. -see credit.] accreditation n. The act of accrediting or the state of being accredited, esp. the granting of approval to an institution of learning by an official review board after the school has met specific requirements. accrete v. -creted -creting -cretes -tr. To make larger or greater, as by increased growth. -intr. 1. To grow together; fuse. 2. To grow or increase gradually, as by addition. [Back-formation < accretion.] accretion n. 1. a. Growth or increase in size by gradual external addition, fusion, or inclusion. b. Something added externally to promote such growth or increase. 2. Biology. The growing together of plant or animal tissues that are normally separate. 3. Geology. Slow addition to land by deposition of water-borne sediment. 4. Law. An increase of land along the shores of a body of water, as by alluvial deposit. 5. Astronomy. An increase in the mass of a celestial object by the collection of surrounding interstellar gases and objects by gravity. [Lat. accretio < accrescere, to grow. -see accrue.] accretionary accretive adj. accretion disk n. A ring of interstellar material surrounding a celestial object with an intense gravitational field, as a black hole. accrual n. 1. The act or process of accruing; increase. 2. Something that increases or accrues. accrue intr.v. -crued -cruing -crues 1. To come to someone or something as a gain, addition, or increment. 2. To increase or accumulate, as by natural growth: accruing interest on capital. 3. Law. To become an enforceable or permanent right. [ME acreuen, ult. < Lat. accrescere, to grow : ad-, to + crescere, to arise.] accruement n. acculturate v. -ated -ating -ates -tr. To cause (a society, for example) to change by the process of acculturation. -intr. To change or be modified by acculturation. acculturation n. 1. a. The modification of the culture of a group or individual as a result of contact with a different culture. b. The modification of a primitive culture by means of such contact. 2. The process by which the culture of a particular society is instilled in a human being from infancy onward. accumbent adj. 1. Lying down; reclining. 2. Botany. Resting against another part, as a cotyledon. [Lat. accumbens, accumbent-, pr.part. of accumbere, to recline at table : ad-, near to + cumbere, to recline.] accumulate v. -lated -lating -lates -tr. To amass or gather; pile up; collect. -intr. To grow or increase; mount up. [Lat. accumulare, accumulat- : ad-, to + cumulare, to pile up < cumulus, heap.] accumulable adj. accumulation n. 1. The act of amassing or gathering, as into a heap or pile: Little things grew by continual accumulation (Samuel Johnson). 2. The process of growing into a heap or large amount. 3. A mass of something heaped up or collected: an accumulation of rubbish. 4. a. The growth of a principal sum by retention of interest or profit. b. The gradual purchase of securities in a depressed market in anticipation of rising prices. c. In reckoning the yield on a bond, the difference between its face value and its cost if the bond is purchased at a discount. accumulative adj. 1. Characterized by or showing the effects of accumulation; cumulative. 2. Having a propensity to amass; acquisitive. accumulatively adv. accumulativeness n. accumulator n. 1. One that accumulates. 2. A register or electric circuit in a calculator or computer that stores figures for computation. 3. Chiefly British. An automobile storage battery. accuracy n. The quality or state of being accurate; correctness. accurate adj. 1. In exact conformity to fact; errorless. 2. Deviating only slightly or within acceptable limits from a standard. [Lat. accuratus, done with care, p.part. of accurare, to do with care : ad-, to + curare, to care for < cura, care.] accurately adv. accurateness n. accursed or accurst adj. 1. Under a curse; doomed. 2. Abominable; hateful. [ME acursed < acursen, to put a curse on : a- (intensive) + OE cursian, to curse < curs, curse.] accursedly adv. accursedness n. accusation n. 1. An act of accusing. 2. An allegation. 3. Law. A formal charge brought before a court against a person, stating that he is guilty of some punishable offense. accusative adj. Of or pertaining to the case of a noun, pronoun, adjective, or participle that is the direct object of a verb or the object of certain prepositions. -n. The accusative case. [ME acusatif < OFr. < Lat. (casus) accusativus, (case) of accusation < accusare, to accuse.] accusatively adv. accusatorial or accusatory adj. Containing or implying accusation. accuse v. -cused -cusing -cuses -tr. 1. To charge with a shortcoming or error. 2. To bring charges against (someone) for a misdeed: two men accused of a crime. -intr. To make an accusation against someone. [ME acusen < Lat. accusare : ad-, to + causa, lawsuit] accuser n. accusingly adv. accused n. Law. The defendant or defendants in a criminal case: one of the accused. accustom tr.v. -tomed -toming -toms To familiarize, as by constant practice, use, or habit: accustomed himself to working long hours. [ME accustomen < OFr. acostumer : a, to + costume, custom. -see custom.] accustomed adj. 1. Usual, characteristic, or normal: worked with her accustomed thoroughness. 2. In the habit of: accustomed to sleeping late. AC/DC adj. Slang. Bisexual (sense 3). [From the likening of a bisexual person to an appliance that works on either alternating or direct current.] ace n. 1. a. A single pip or spot on a playing card, die, or domino. b. A playing card, die, or domino having one spot or pip. 2. In racket games: a. A serve which one's opponent fails to return. b. A point scored by serving an ace. 3. The act of hitting a golf ball in the hole with one's first shot. 4. Informal. A narrow margin. 5. A military aircraft pilot who has destroyed five or more enemy aircraft. 6. A person who is an expert in his field. -adj. Informal. Topnotch; first-rate. -tr.v.aced acing aces 1. To serve an ace against. 2. To hit an ace in golf. 3. To get the better of (someone). 4. To receive a grade of A on: she aced the exam. Idiom Section: ace in the hole. 1. A hidden advantage. 2. A hole in one in golf. within an ace of. . On the verge of; very near to. [ME as < OFr. < Lat., unit.] -acean 1. -aceous. 2. An organism belonging to a taxonomic group: cetacean. [< NLat -acea, neuter pl. of -aceus, -aceous.] acedia n. Spiritual torpor; ennui. [LLat. < Gk. akedeia, indifference : a-, without + kedos, care.] Aceldama n. A place with dreadful associations. [After Aceldama, a field bought with the money Judas received for betraying Jesus < Gk. Akeldama < Aram. haqel dema, field of blood.] acellular adj. Containing no cells. -aceous 1. a. Of or relating to: amylaceous. b. Resembling or having the nature of: amentaceous. 2. Belonging to a specified taxonomic category: orchidaceous. [NLat -aceus < Lat.] acephalous adj. 1. Headless or lacking a clearly defined head. 2. Having no leader. [Med. Lat. acephalus < Gk. akephalos : a-, without + kephale, head.] acequia n. Southwestern U.S. An irrigation canal. [Sp. < Ar. assaqiyah, irrigation ditch.] acerate or acerated adj. Biology. Pointed at one end; needle-shaped. [< Lat. acer, sharp.] acerb adj. 1. Sour or bitter in taste. 2. Sharp or bitter in temper, mood, or expression. [Lat. acerbus.] acerbate tr.v. -bated -bating -bates To vex or annoy. [Lat. acerbare, acerbat-, to make harsh < acerbus, harsh.] acerbity n. pl. -ties 1. Sourness of taste. 2. Sharpness or bitterness of temper, mood, or expression. acerose adj. Slender and sharp-pointed, as a pine needle. [NLat. acerosus < Lat. acer, sharp.] acervate adj. Growing in small heaps or compact clusters. [< Lat. acervare, acervat-, to heap up < acervus, heap.] acervately adv. acet- Variant of aceto-. acetabulum n. pl. -la 1. Anatomy. The cup-shaped cavity in the hipbone into which the head of the thighbone fits. 2. Zoology. A sucker, such as that of an octopus or cuttlefish. [Lat., vinegar cup < acetum, vinegar.] acetabular adj. acetal n. 1. A colorless, flammable, volatile liquid, CH3CH(OC2H5)2, used in cosmetics and as a solvent. 2. Any of the class of compounds formed from aldehydes combined with alcohol. [G. Azetal : acet-, aceto- + Alkohol, alcohol.] acetaldehyde n. A colorless, flammable liquid, C2H4O, used to manufacture acetic acid, perfumes, and drugs. acetamide or acetamid n. The crystalline amide of acetic acid, CH3CONH2, used as a solvent and wetting agent and in lacquers and explosives. acetaminophen n. A hydroxy derivative of acetanilide, C8H9NO2, used in chemical synthesis and, in medicine, to reduce pain and fever. [acet(o)- + amin(o)- + phen(ol).] acetanilide or acetanilid n. A white crystalline compound, C6H5NH(COCH3), used medicinally to relieve pain and reduce fever. [acet(o)- + anil(ine) + -ide.] acetate n. 1. A salt or ester of acetic acid. 2. Cellulose acetate or any of various products, esp. fibers, derived from it. acetic adj. Of, pertaining to, or containing acetic acid or vinegar. [< Lat. acetum, vinegar. -see acetum] acetic acid n. A clear, colorless organic acid, CH3COOH, with a distinctive pungent odor, used as a solvent and in the manufacture of rubber, plastics, acetate fibers, pharmaceuticals, and photographic chemicals. acetic anhydride n. An organic liquid, (CH3CO)2O, with a pungent odor, combining with water to produce acetic acid and used in the manufacture of various organic acetate derivatives. acetify tr. -intr.v.-fied -fying -fies To convert or become converted to acetic acid or vinegar. acetification n. acetifier n. aceto- or acet- 1. Acetic acid: acetify. 2. Acetyl: acetanilide. [< Lat. acetum, vinegar. -see acetum.] acetoacetic acid n. A syrupy, colorless acid, CH3COCH2COOH, excreted in the urine and found in abnormal quantities in the urine of diabetics. acetone n. A colorless, volatile, extremely flammable liquid, CH3COCH3, widely used as an organic solvent. acetonic adj. acetone body n. A ketone body. acetophenetidin n. A white powder or crystalline solid, CH3CONHC6H4OC2H5, used in medicine to reduce fever and relieve pain. [aceto- + phen(o) + et(hyl) + -id(e) + -in.] acetous adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or producing acetic acid or vinegar. 2. Having an acetic taste; sour-tasting. [ME, sour < Med. Lat. acetus < Lat. acetum, vinegar. -see acetum.] acetum n. 1. Vinegar. 2. An acetic acid solution of a drug. [Lat. acetum < acere, to be sour < acer, sharp.] acetyl n. The acetic acid radical CH3CO. acetylic adj. acetylate tr.v. -lated -lating -ates To bring an acetyl group into (an organic molecule), using a reagent such as acetic anhydride. acetylation n. acetylcholine n. A white crystalline compound, C7H17NO3, that transmits nerve impulses across intercellular gaps and forms salts used to lower blood pressure and increase peristalsis. acetylcholinesterase n. Cholinesterase. acetylene n. A colorless, highly flammable or explosive gas, C2H2, used for metal welding and cutting and as an illuminant. acetylenic adj. acetylene series n. A series of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, each containing at least one triple carbon bond, having chemical properties resembling acetylene, and having the general formula CnH2n-2 with acetylene being the simplest member. acetylsalicylic acid n. Aspirin. acey-deucy n. A variation of backgammon. [ace + deuce.] achalasia n. The inability of a ring muscle or sphincter to relax. [NLat. : a-1 + Gk. khalasis, relaxation < khalan, to loosen.] Achates n. A loyal friend. [After Achates, the faithful companion of Aeneas, in the Aeneid, an epic poem by Virgil (70-19 b.c.).] ache intr.v. ached aching aches 1. To suffer a dull, sustained pain. 2. To feel sympathy or compassion. 3. Informal. To yearn painfully. -n. 1. A dull, steady pain. 2. Informal. A longing or desire. [ME aken < OE acan.] achene n. A small, dry, thinwalled fruit, such as that of the buttercup and dandelion, that does not split open when ripe. [NLat. achenium : Gk. a-, not + Gk. khainein, to yawn.] achenial adj. Achernar n. A star in the constellation Eridanus that is one of the brightest stars in the sky and is 114 light-years from Earth. [< Ar. akhir alnahr, the end of the river.] Acheron n. Greek Mythology. 1. The river of woe over which Charon ferried the souls of the dead to Hades. 2. Hades. [Gk. Akheron.] Acheulian or Acheulean adj. Designating a stage of culture of the European Lower Paleolithic Age between the second and third interglacial periods, characterized by symmetrical stone hand axes. [Fr. acheuleen, after St. Acheul, France.] achieve v. achieved achieving achieves -tr. 1. To do or finish with success. 2. To attain or get with effort: finally achieved mastery of the piano. -intr. To accomplish something successfully. [ME acheven < OFr. achever < a chief (venir), (to come) to a head.] achievable adj. achiever n. achievement n. 1. The act of accomplishing or finishing something. 2. Something that has been accomplished successfully, esp. by means of exertion, skill, practice, or perseverance. Achilles n. Greek Mythology. The hero of Homer's Iliad, son of Peleus and Thetis. [Lat. < Gk. Akhilleus.] Achilles' heel n. A small but mortal weakness. [From Achilles' being vulnerable only in the heel.] Achilles jerk n. Reflex plantar flexian in response to a blow to the Achilles tendon. Achilles tendon n. The large tendon running from the heel bone to the calf muscle of the leg. achlamydeous adj. Botany. Having no calyx or corolla. acholia n. A decrease or absence of bile secretion in the small intestine. [NLat. : a-1 + Gk. khole, bile.] achondrite n. A stony meteorite that contains no chondrules. achondritic adj. achondroplasia n. Improper development of cartilage at the ends of the long bones, resulting in congenital dwarfism. achondroplastic adj. achromatic adj. 1. Designating color perceived to have zero saturation and therefore no hue, such as neutral grays. 2. Refracting light without spectral color separation. 3. Biology. Staining poorly with standard dyes. 4. Music. Having only the diatonic tones of the scale. [Gk. akhromatos : a-, not + khroma, color.] achromatically adv. achromatism achromaticity n. achromatic lens n. A combination of lenses to produce images free of chromatic aberrations. achromatin n. The part of a cell nucleus that is relatively uncolored by stains or dyes. [achromat(ic) + -in.] achromatinic adj. achromatize tr.v. -tized -tizing -tizes To render achromatic; rid of color. achromic adj. Having no color; colorless. [a-1 + chromo- + -ic.] achy adj. -ier -iest Experiencing aches. achiness n. acicula n. pl. -lae A needlelike bristle, spine, or crystal. [NLat. < Lat., hairpin, dim. of acus, needle.] acicular aciculate aciculated adj. acid n. 1. Chemistry. a. Any of a large class of substances the aqueous solutions of which are capable of turning litmus indicators red, of reacting with and dissolving certain metals to form salts, of reacting with bases or alkalis to form salts, or having a sour taste. b. A substance that ionizes in solution to give the positive ion of the solvent. c. A substance capable of giving up a proton. d. A molecule or ion that can combine with another by forming a covalent bond with two electrons of the other. 2. A substance having a sour taste. 3. The quality of being sarcastic, bitter, or scornful: a letter oozing with acid. 4. Slang. LSD. -adj. 1. Chemistry. a. Of or pertaining to an acid. b. Having a high concentration of acid. 2. Having a sour taste. 3. Biting; sarcastic, or scornful: an acid wit. [Lat. acidus, sour < acere, to be sour < acer, sharp.] acidly adv. acidness n. acid cell n. A parietal cell of the stomach. acidemia n. A condition in which blood pH is below normal. acid-fast adj. Not readily decolorized by acid. Used of bacteria. acid-fastness n. acidhead n. Slang. A person who uses LSD, esp. frequently. acidic adj. 1. Acid. 2. Tending to form an acid. acidify tr. -intr.v.-fied -fying -fies To make or become acid. acidifiable adj. acidification n. acidifier n. acidimeter n. A hydrometer used to determine the specific gravity of acid solutions. acidimetric adj. acidimetry n. acidity n. 1. The state, quality, or degree of being acid. 2. Hyperacidity. acidophilic or acidophilus adj. Microbiology. 1. Growing well in an acid medium. 2. Easily stained with acid dyes. acidophil acidophile n. acidophilus milk n. Milk containing bacterial cultures that thrive in dilute acid, often used in treating gastrointestinal disorders. [NLat. acidophilus, specific epithet of several species of bacteria : acid + -philus, -philous.] acidosis n. An abnormal increase in the acidity of the body's fluids, due either to acid-accumulation or bicarbonate depletion. acldotic adj. acid precipitation n. Precipitation abnormally high in sulfuric and nitric acid content that is caused by industrial pollution. acid rain n. Acid precipitation falling as rain. acid rock n. Rock music with lyrics that suggest psychedelic experiences. acid test n. A decisive or critical test of worth or quality. [From the testing of gold in nitric acid.] acidulate tr. -intr.v.-lated -lating -lates To make or become slightly acid. [acidul(ous) + -ate1.] acidulation n. acidulous adj. Sour in feeling or manner; biting; caustic. [Lat. acidulus, sourish, dim. of acidus, sour. -see acid.] aciduria n. A condition marked by excessive amounts of acid in the urine. acinar adj. Of or pertaining to an acinus. acinus n. pl. -ni 1. Botany. One of the small divisions or drupelets of an aggregate fruit such as the raspberry. 2. A grape or a bunch of grapes. 3. Anatomy. One of the small saclike dilations composing a compound gland. [Lat., berry.] acinic acinous adj. ack-ack n. Slang. 1. An antiaircraft gun. 2. Antiaircraft fire. [British telephone code for AA, abbreviation for antiaircraft.] acknowledge tr.v. -edged -edging -edges 1. a. To confess, avow, or admit the existence, reality, or truth of. b. To recognize as being valid or having force or power. 2. a. To express recognition of. b. To express thanks or gratitude for. 3. To report the receipt of. 4. Law. To accept or certify as legally binding: acknowledge a deed. [Blend of ME knowledgen, to acknowledge (< knowen, to know) and ME aknouen, to recognize < OE oncnawan, to know.] acknowledgeable adj. Synonyms: acknowledge admit own avow confess concede These verbs mean to make a disclosure, sometimes with reluctance or under pressure. To acknowledge is to accept responsibility for something one makes known or to give recognition to someone. Admit usually implies marked reluctance in acknowledging one's acts or accepting a different point of view as a result of pressure. Own stresses personal acceptance of, and responsibility for, one's deeds. Avow , a strong term, means to assert openly and boldly and implies the likelihood of opposition. Confess usually emphasizes disclosure of wrongdoing. To concede is to yield to a claim or demand, often with some reluctance. acknowledged adj. Commonly accepted or recognized. acknowledgment or acknowledgement n. 1. The act of admitting or owning to something. 2. Recognition of someone's or something's existence, validity, authority, or right. 3. An answer or response in return for something done. 4. An expression or token of appreciation or thanks. 5. A formal declaration made to authoritative witnesses to ensure legal validity. aclinic line n. The magnetic equator. acme n. The point of utmost attainment; peak. [Gk. akme.] acne n. An inflammatory disease of the oil glands, characterized by pimples esp. on the face. [Poss. < Gk. akme, point.] acned adj. acock adj. -adv. In a cocked position. acolyte n. 1. One who assists a priest in the celebration of Mass. 2. An attendant or follower. [ME acolit < OFr. < Med. Lat. acolytus < Gk. akolouthos, attendant < akolouthein, to follow.] aconite n. 1. The monkshood. 2. The dried, poisonous root of a species of monkshood, A. napellus, sometimes used in medicine to relieve pain or to reduce fever. [Fr. aconit < Lat. aconitum < Gk. akoniton.] acorn n. The fruit of the oak tree, consisting of a thick-walled nut usually set in a woody, cuplike base. [ME akorn < OE aecern.] acorn squash n. A type of squash shaped somewhat like an acorn and having a longitudinally ridged rind. acorn tube n. A small, acorn-shaped vacuum tube used in very high frequency devices. acotyledon n. A plant having no cotyledons, or seed leaves, such as a moss or fern. acotyledonous adj. acoustic or acoustical adj. 1. Of or pertaining to sound, the sense of hearing, or the science of sound. 2. Designed to carry sound or to aid in hearing. 3. a. Of, relating to, or being a musical instrument, as a guitar, that does not feature electronically modified sound. b. Being a musical performance that features acoustic instruments: opened the show with an acoustic set. -n. An acoustic musical instrument. [Gk. akoustikos, pertaining to hearing < akouein, to hear.] acoustically adv. acoustician n. A specialist in acoustics. acoustic nerve n. The eighth cranial nerve, consisting of the cochlear nerve, which conducts acoustic stimuli to the brain, and the vestibular nerve, which conducts stimuli related to bodily equilibrium to the brain. acoustics n. 1. The scientific study of sound, esp. of its generation, transmission, and reception. 2. The total effect of sound, esp. as produced in an enclosed space. acoustoelectric adj. Of or relating to electroacoustics. [acoust(ic) + electric.] acoustoelectrically adv. acoustooptics n. The science of the interaction of acoustic and optical phenomena. [acoust(ic) + optics.] acoustooptical adj. acoustooptically adv. acquaint tr.v. -quainted -quainting -quaints 1. To make familiar: acquaint yourself with the controls. 2. To inform: acquaint us with your plans. [ME aqueinten < OFr. acointier < Med. Lat. adcognitare < Lat. accognoscere, to know perfectly : ad- (intensive) + cognoscere, to know. -see cognition.] acquaintance n. 1. Knowledge or information about someone or something. 2. Knowledge of a person acquired by a relationship less intimate than friendship. 3. A person or persons whom one knows. acquaintanceship n. acquainted adj. 1. Known by or familiar with another. 2. Informed or familiar: acquainted with the facts. acquiesce intr.v. -esced -escing -esces To consent or comply passively or without protest. [Lat. acquiescere : ad-, to + quiescere, to rest < quies, rest.] Usage: When acquiesce takes a preposition, it is usually used with in (acquiesced in the ruling ) but sometimes with to (acquiesced to her parents' wishes ). Acquiesced with is obsolete. acquiescence n. 1. Passive assent or agreement without protest. 2. The state of being acquiescent. acquiescent adj. acquiescently adv. acquire tr.v. -quired -quiring -quires 1. To gain possession of. 2. To get by one's own efforts. [ME acquere < OFr. aquerre < Lat. acquirere, to add to : ad-, to + quaerere, to get.] acquirable adj. acquired antibody n. An antibody produced by an immune response as compared with one occurring in the system naturally. acquired immune deficiency syndrome n. AIDS. acquired immunity n. Immunity developed in the physiology during a lifetime. acquirement n. 1. The act of acquiring. 2. An attainment, such as a skill or social accomplishment. acquisition n. 1. The act of acquiring. 2. Something acquired, esp. an addition to an established category or group. 3. Aerospace. The process of locating a satellite, guided missile, or moving target so that its track or orbit can be determined. [ME adquisicioun, attainment < Lat. acquisitio < acquirere, to acquire : ad-, to + quaerere, to seek.] acquisitive adj. 1. Characterized by a strong desire to gain and possess. 2. Tending to acquire and retain ideas or information: an acquisitive mind. acquisitively adv. acquisitiveness n. acquit tr.v. -quitted -quitting -quits 1. To free or clear from a charge or accusation. 2. To release or discharge from a duty. 3. To repay (an obligation). 4. To conduct (oneself). [ME aquiten < OFr. aquiter.] acquitter n. acquittal n. Law. The judgment of a jury or judge that a person is not guilty of a crime as charged. acquittance n. A written release from an obligation. acrasia n. Lack of self-control. [Gk. akrasia, incontinence < akrates, powerless : a-, not + kratos, strength.] acre n. 1. A unit of area in the U.S. Customary System, used in land measurement and equal to 160 square rods, 4,840 square yards, or 43,560 square feet. 2. acres Property in the form of land; estate. 3. acres A wide expanse of land. 4. Archaic. A field or plot of land. [ME aker < OE aecer.] acreage n. Area of land in acres. acre-foot n. The volume of water, 43,560 cubic feet, that will cover an area of one acre to a depth of one foot. acre-inch n. One-twelfth of an acre-foot, equal to 3,630 cubic feet. acrid adj. 1. Harsh to the taste or smell. 2. Caustic in language or tone. [< Lat. acer, sharp.] acridity acridness n. acridly adv. acridine n. A coal tar derivative, C13H9N, that has a strongly irritating odor and is used in the manufacture of dyes and synthetics. acriflavine n. A brown or orange powder, C14H14N3Cl, derived from acridine and used as an antiseptic. [acri(dine) + flavin.] acrimonious adj. Bitter in language or tone; rancorous. acrimoniously adv. acrimoniousness n. acrimony n. Bitterness or ill-natured animosity, esp. in speech or manner. [Lat. acrimonia, sharpness < acer, sharp.] acro- or acr- 1. a. Top; summit: acropetal. b. Height: acrophobia. 2. a. Tip; beginning: acronym. b. Extremity of the body: acromegaly. [< Gk. akros, extreme.] acrobat n. One skilled in feats of agility and balance. [Fr. acrobate < Gk. akrobates < akrobatein, to walk on tiptoe : akros, high + batos, walker < bainein, to walk.] acrobatic adj. acrobatically adv. acrobatics n. 1. The actions of an acrobat. 2. The art of an acrobat. 3. A display of spectacular agility: vocal acrobatics. acrocarpous adj. Having the spore-bearing capsule at the end or top of a leafy stem or stalk, as in many mosses. [NLat. acrocarpus < Gk. akrokarpos, bearing fruit at the top : akron, top + karpos, fruit.] acrocephaly or acrocephalia n. Oxycephaly. acrocephalic adj. acrodrome or acrodromous adj. Coming to a point and having the veins terminate at the tip. Used of leaves. acrogen n. A flowerless plant, such as a fern or moss, having a stem from the tip of which all growth proceeds. acrogenic acrogenous adj. acrogenously adv. acrolein n. A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CH2CHCHO, having an acrid odor and vapors dangerous to the eyes. [acr(id) + olein.] acromegaly n. Pathological enlargement of the bones of the hands, feet, and face, resulting from chronic overactivity of the pituitary gland. [Fr. acromegalie : Gk. akron, extremity + Gk. megas, big.] acromegalic adj. n. acromelic adj. Of, relating to, or pertinent to the end of the extremities. [acro- + Gk. melos, limb.] acromion n. The outer extremity of the scapula or shoulder blade. [NLat. < Gk. akromion : akros, extreme + omion, dim. of omos, shoulder.] acronym n. A word formed from the initial letters of a name, as WAC for W omen's A rmy C orps, or by combining initial letters or parts of a series of words, as radar for ra dio d etecting a nd r anging. acronymic acronymous adj. acropetal adj. Developing upward toward the apex from the base, as do certain forms of inflorescence. acropetally adv. acrophobia n. Abnormally intense fear of being in high places. acropolis n. The fortified height or citadel of an ancient Greek city, esp. the citadel of Athens. [Gk. akropolis : akron, top + polis, city.] acrospire n. The first sprout from a germinating grain seed. [Var. of dial. akerspire < ME : acher, ear of grain (< OE aekher) + spire, shoot < OE spir.] across prep. 1. On, at, or from the other side of: across the road. 2. So as to cross; over; through: draw lines across the paper. 3. From one side of to the other: a bridge across a river. 4. Into contact with: came across her old roommate. -adv. 1. From one side to the other: The bridge swayed when he ran across. 2. On or to the opposite side: We came across by ferry. 3. Crossed; crosswise: with arms across. [ME acrois < AN an croiz : an, in + croiz, cross.] across-the-board adj. 1. Designating a racing wager whereby equal amounts are bet on the same contestant to win, place, or show. 2. Including all categories or members, esp. in an occupation or industry: an across-the-board wage increase. acrostic n. 1. A poem or series of lines in which certain letters, usually the first in each line, form a name, motto, or message when read in sequence. 2. A word square. [Fr. acrostiche < OFr. < Gk. akrostikhis : akron, end + stikhos, line.] acrostic adj. acrostically adv. acrylate resin or acrylate n. Any of a class of acrylic resins used in emulsion paints, adhesives, plastics, and textile and paper finishes. acrylic n. 1. Acrylic resin. 2. Acrylic fiber. 3. A paint containing acrylic resin. [acr(olein) + -yl + -ic.] acrylic adj. acrylic acid n. An easily polymerized, colorless, corrosive liquid, H2C:CHCOOH, used as a monomer for acrylate resins. acrylic fiber n. Any of numerous synthetic fibers polymerized from acrylonitrile. acrylic resin n. Any of numerous thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers or copolymers of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, esters of these acids, or acrylonitrile, used to produce synthetic rubbers and lightweight plastics. acrylonitrile n. A colorless, liquid organic compound, H2C:CHCN, used in the manufacture of acrylic rubber and fibers. [acryl(ic resin) + nitrile.] act n. 1. The process of doing or performing something; action: the act of thinking. 2. Something that is done or performed; deed: a charitable act. 3. An enactment, edict, or decree, as of a judicial or legislative body. 4. A formal written record of proceedings or transactions. 5. One of the major divisions or sections of a play or opera. 6. A theatrical performance that forms part of a longer presentation: a juggling act. 7. A manifestation of intentional or unintentional insincerity; pose: put on an act. -v.acted acting acts -tr. 1. To play the part of; assume the dramatic role of. 2. To perform on the stage: act a drama. 3. To behave like or pose as; impersonate: act the fool. 4. To behave as suitable for: Act your age. -intr. 1. To behave or comport oneself: She acts like a lady. 2. a. To perform in a dramatic role or roles. b. To be suitable for theatrical performance: This scene acts well. 3. To behave affectedly or unnaturally; pretend. 4. To appear or seem to be: The dog acted ferocious. 5. To carry out an action: She acted immediately. 6. To operate or function in a specific way: His mind acts quickly. 7. To serve or function as a substitute for someone or something: A coin can act as a screwdriver. Phrasal verb. act on upon. 1. To act according to: He acted on my advice. 2. To produce an effect on. act out. . 1. a. To perform in or as if in a play; dramatize: act out a story. b. To realize in action: wanted to act out his theory. 2. Psychoanalysis. To express (unconscious impulses, for example) in an overt manner without awareness or understanding. act up. . To misbehave or malfunction. [ME < OFr. acte < Lat. actus, a doing, and actum, a thing done, both < agere, to do.] actability n. actable adj. Usage: The nouns act and action are distinct in meaning. An act is the deed accomplished by means of an action ; when Brutus killed Caesar, he committed the act of murder by means of the action of stabbing. We speak of a stop-action movie camera (i.e., one that can arrest physical motion), but a criminal is caught in the act (i.e., of committing a crime). A baseball pitcher may throw with an unnatural action (i.e., a physical movement difficult for the human arm); a parent who abandons a child performs an unnatural act (the deed is contrary to nature, not the series of activities with which it is performed). Actaeon n. Greek Mythology. A young hunter who, having inadvertently observed Artemis while she was bathing, was turned by her into a stag and killed by his own dogs. [Lat. < Gk. Aktaion.] ACTH n. A pituitary hormone synthesized or extracted from mammalian pituitaries for use in stimulating secretion of cortisone and other adrenal cortex hormones. [a(dreno)c(ortico)t(ropic) h(ormone).] actin n. A muscle protein, active with myosin in muscular contraction. [Lat. actus, motion (< agere, to impel) + -in.] actin- Variant of actino-. actinal adj. Of or designating the part of a sea anemone or similar animal from which the tentacles or rays radiate. actinally adv. acting adj. 1. Temporarily assuming the duties or authority of another. 2. Containing directions for use in a dramatic performance. -n. 1. The occupation of an actor. 2. Performance as an actor. 3. Simulated behavior; pretense. actinia or actinian n. pl. -iae or -ians A sea anemone or a related animal. [NLat. Actinia, sea anemone genus < Gk. aktis, ray.] actinic adj. Of or pertaining to actinism. actinically adv. actinic ray n. Photochemically active radiation, as of the sun. actinide n. Any of a series of chemically similar, mostly synthetic, radioactive elements with atomic numbers ranging from 89 (actinium) through 103 (lawrencium). actinism n. The intrinsic property in radiation that produces photochemical activity. actinium n. Ac A radioactive element found in uranium ores, used in equilibrium with its decay products as a source of alpha rays. Its longest lived isotope is Ac 227 with a half-life of 21.7 years. Atomic number 89; melting point 1,050 deg. C; boiling point (estimated) 3,200 deg. C; specific gravity (calculated) 10.07; valence 3. actino- or actin- 1. Radial in form: actinoid. 2. Actinic radiation: actinometer. [< Gk. aktis, aktin-, ray.] actinocarpous adj. Having fruit or flowers radiating from one point. actinogen n. A radioactive element. actinoid actinoid(1) adj. Having a radial form, as a starfish. actinoid(2) n. An actinide. actinolite n. A greenish variety of amphibole. actinomere n. A segment composing part of the body of a radially symmetrical animal. actinometer n. Any of several radiometric instruments, such as a pyrheliometer, used chiefly for meteorological measurements of terrestrial and solar radiation. actinometric actinometrical adj. actinometry n. actinomorphic or actinomorphous adj. Having radial symmetry; divisible vertically through two or more planes into similar halves. actinomycete n. Any of numerous generally filamentous and often pathogenic microorganisms of the family Actinomycetaceae, resembling both bacteria and fungi. actinomycin n. Any of various often toxic antibiotic substances found in soil bacteria. [< NLat. Antinomyces, a genus of soil bacteria : actino- + Gk. mukes, fungus.] actinomycosis n. An inflammatory infection of cattle, hogs, and sometimes man, caused by microorganisms of the genus Actinomyces, and characterized by lumpy tumors of the neck, chest, and abdomen. actinomycotic adj. actinon n. A radioactive inert gaseous isotope of radon, with a half-life of 3.92 seconds. actinouranium n. The isotope of uranium with mass number 235, fissionable with slow neutrons. actinozoan n. An anthozoan. action n. 1. The state or process of acting or doing. 2. An act or deed. 3. A movement or a series of movements. 4. The manner of movement: a horse with good action. 5. Habitual or vigorous activity; energy: a man of action. 6. actions Behavior or conduct. 7. a. The operating parts of a mechanism. b. The manner in which such parts operate. 8. A change that occurs in the body or in a bodily organ as a result of its functioning. 9. A physical change, as in position, mass, or energy, that an object or system undergoes. 10. The series of events and episodes that form the plot of a story or play. 11. The appearance of animation of a figure in painting or sculpture. 12. Law. a. A judicial process; lawsuit. b. The right of an individual to exercise his privilege to legal process. 13. Armed encounter; combat. 14. The most important or exciting work or activity in a specific field or area: always heads for where the action is. -See Usage note at act. actionable adj. Giving just cause for legal action. actionably adv. action painting n. A style of abstract painting that uses techniques such as dribbling or splashing paint to achieve an effect of spontaneity. action potential n. A recorded change in electrical potential of a cell or tissue when stimulated. activate tr.v. -vated -vating -vates 1. To set in motion; make active. 2. To create or organize (a military unit, for example). 3. To purify (sewage) by aeration. 4. Chemistry. To accelerate a reaction in, as by heat. 5. Physics. To make (a substance) radioactive. activation n. activator n. activated carbon or activated charcoal n. Highly absorbent carbon obtained by heating granulated charcoal to exhaust contained gases, used in gas absorption, solvent recovery, or deodorization, and as an antidote to certain poisons. activation analysis n. A method for analyzing a material for its component chemical elements by bombarding it with nuclear particles or gamma rays and identifying the resultant radiations. active adj. 1. In action; moving. 2. Functioning or capable of functioning. 3. Causing or initiating action or change. 4. Engaged in activity; participating: an active member of a club. 5. In a state of action; not passive or quiescent: an active volcano. 6. Characterized by energetic action or activity; lively. 7. Grammar. a. Denoting a verb inflection or voice indicating that the subject of the sentence is performing or causing the action expressed by the verb. b. Expressing action rather than a state of being. Used of verbs such as run, speak, move. 8. Producing profit, interest, or dividends: active accounts. 9. On full military duty and full pay. 10. Music. Suggesting that something follows: active tones. -n. 1. Grammar. a. The active voice. b. A construction or form in the active voice. 2. A participating member of an organization. [ME actif < OFr. < Lat. activus < actus, moving, p.part. of agere, to impel.] actively adv. activeness n. Synonyms: active energetic dynamic vigorous lively These adjectives are compared as they qualify human activity. Active suggests a moving to and fro with little rest; energetic , sustained enthusiastic action with unflagging strength; and dynamic , exemplary forcefulness of activity inspiring to others. Vigorous implies manly capacity to act with healthy strength and firmness, while lively suggests brisk alertness and energy. active immunity n. A long-lasting immunity to disease due to antibody production by an organism. active transport n. The movement of a chemical substance through a gradient of concentration or electrical potential in the direction opposite to normal diffusion, requiring the expenditure of energy. activism n. A theory or practice based on militant action. activist n. activity n. pl. -ties 1. The state of being active. 2. Energetic action or movement. 3. A specified form of supervised action or field of action. 4. The intensity of a radioactive source. act of God n. Law. An unforeseeable or inevitable occurrence, such as a tornado, caused by nature and not by man. actomyosin n. A system of actin and myosin that with other substances constitutes muscle fiber and is responsible for muscular contraction and expansion. [act(in) + myosin.] actor n. 1. A male theatrical performer. 2. One who takes part; participant. [ME actour < Lat. actor, doer < agere, to do.] actress n. A female theatrical performer. Acts of the Apostles n. See table at Bible. actual adj. 1. Existing in fact or reality: questioned her actual intentions. 2. Being, existing, or acting at the present moment; current. 3. Corresponding to all human facts. 4. Based on fact: an actual account. [ME < OFr. actuel < Lat. actualis < actus, acting < agere, to do.] actually adv. actuality n. pl. -ties 1. The state or fact of being actual; reality. 2. actualities Actual conditions or facts. actualize tr.v. -ized -izing -izes 1. To realize in action. 2. To describe or portray realistically. actualization n. actuary n. pl. -ies A statistician who computes insurance risks and premiums. [Lat. actuarius, secretary of accounts < acta, records < actus, p.part. of agere, to do.] actuarial adj. actuarially adv. actuate tr.v. -ated -ating -ates 1. To put into action or motion: actuate a mechanism. 2. To move to action. [Med. Lat. actuare, actuat- < Lat. actus, act < agere, to do.] actuation n. actuator n. One that activates, esp. a device responsible for actuating a mechanical device, as one connected to a computer by a sensor link. acuate adj. Pointed at the end; sharpened. [ME acuat < Med. Lat. acuatus < Lat. acus, needle.] acuity n. Acuteness of perception; keenness. [ME acuite < OFr. < Lat. acutus, sharp. -see acute.] aculeate adj. Biology. Having a sting or prickles: aculeate insects. [Lat. aculeatus < aculeus, sting, dim. of acus, needle.] acumen n. Quickness and accuracy of judgment; keenness of insight. [Lat. acumen < acuere, to sharpen < acus, needle.] acuminate adj. Tapering to a sharp point: acuminate leaves. -tr.v. -nated -nating -nates To sharpen or taper. [Lat. acuminatus, p.part. of acuminare, to sharpen < acumen, acuteness. -see acumen.] acumination n. acupuncture n. A traditional Chinese therapeutic technique whereby the body is punctured with fine needles. [Lat. acus, needle + puncture.] acupuncturist n. acute adj. 1. Having a sharp point or tip; not blunt. 2. Keenly perceptive or discerning; shrewd. 3. Reacting readily to impressions; sensitive. 4. Of great importance or consequence; crucial. 5. Extremely severe or sharp; intense: acute pain. 6. Medicine. Reaching a crisis rapidly. Used of a disease. 7. Music. High in pitch; shrill. 8. Geometry. Designating angles less than 90 degrees. [Lat. acutus, p.part. of acuere, to sharpen < acus, needle.] acutely adv. acuteness n. acute accent n. A mark () indicating: a. A raised pitch, in certain languages such as Chinese and Ancient Greek. b. Primary stress of a spoken sound or syllable. c. Metrical stress in poetry. d. Sound quality or vowel length. acyclic adj. 1. Botany. Not having or forming whorls; not cyclic. 2. Chemistry. Having an open-chain molecular structure rather than a ring-shaped structure. acyl n. Chemistry. A radical having the general formula RCO-, derived from an organic acid. [ac(id) + -yl.] ad ad(1) n. Informal. An advertisement. ad(2) n. An advantage (sense 4). ad- 1. or ac-or af-or ag-or al- or ap-or as-or at-.Toward; to: adnoun. 2. Near; at: adrenal. 3. In: adumbrel. [Lat. < ad, to.] -ad Toward; in the direction of: cephalad. adage n. A short maxim or proverb. [Fr. < OFr. < Lat. adagium, proverb.] adagio adv. Music. Slowly. Used as a direction. -adj. Music. Slow in tempo; slower than andante. -n.pl. -agios 1. Music. A composition or movement played in an adagio tempo. 2. A section of a pas de deux in which the ballerina and her partner perform steps requiring lyricism and great skill in lifting, balancing, and turning. [Ital. : ad-, at (< Lat.) + agio, ease < OProv. aize < Lat. adjacens, convenient. -see adjacent.] Adam Adam(1) n. 1. In the Old Testament, the first man and progenitor of mankind. 2. The unregenerate side of human nature: the old Adam. [LLat. < Heb. 'adham, man < 'adhamah, earth.] Adamic adj. Adam(2) adj. Of or pertaining to the neoclassic style of furniture and architecture originated by Robert and James Adam. Adam-and-Eve n. The puttyroot. [From its human-shaped corms.] adamant n. 1. A legendary stone believed to be impenetrable. 2. An extremely hard substance. -adj. Firm in purpose or opinion; unyielding. [ME < OFr. adamaunt < Lat. adamas < Gk.] adamantine adj. 1. Made of or resembling adamant. 2. Having the hardness or luster of a diamond. 3. Unyielding or inflexible. Adam's apple n. The projection of the largest laryngeal cartilage at the front of the throat, esp. in men. [Trans. of Heb. tappuah haadam.] Adam's needle n. The Spanish bayonet (sense 2). [From the spines on its leaves.] adapt v. adapted adapting adapts -tr. To adjust to a specified use or situation. -intr. To become adapted. [Lat. adaptare : ad-, to + aptare, to fit < aptus, fitting.] adaptable adj. Capable of adapting or of being adapted. adaptability adaptableness n. adaptation n. 1. a. The state of being adapted. b. The act or process of adapting. 2. Something that is changed or changes so as to become suitable to a new or special use or situation. 3. An alteration or adjustment, often hereditary, by which a species or individual improves its condition in relationship to its environment. 4. The responsive alteration of a sense organ to repeated stimuli. 5. Change in behavior of an individual or group in adjustment to new or modified cultural surroundings. adaptational adj. adaptationally adv. adapter or adaptor n. 1. One that adapts. 2. A device used to effect operative compatibility between different parts of one or more pieces of apparatus. adaption n. Adaptation. adaptive adj. Tending toward, fit for, or having a capacity for adaptation. adaptively adv. adaptiveness n. adaptive radiation n. The evolution of a relatively unspecialized species into several related species characterized by different specializations that fit them for life in various environments. Adar n. The sixth month of the year in the Hebrew calendar. See table at calendar. [ME < Heb. Adhar < Akkadian addaru < adaru, to be dark.] Adar Sheni n. Veadar. [Heb. Adhar sheni, second Adar.] adaxial adj. Of, relating to, or being on the side toward the stem or axis. add v. added adding adds -tr. 1. To join or unite so as to increase in size, quantity, or scope. 2. To combine (a column of figures, for example) to form a sum. 3. To say or write further. -intr. 1. To create or constitute an addition: an exploit that will add to her reputation. 2. To find a sum in arithmetic. Phrasal verb. add up. Informal. To be reasonable, plausible, or consistent; make sense. add up to. Informal. To mean; indicate. [ME adden < Lat. addere : ad-, to + dare, to give.] addable addible adj. addax n. An antelope, Addax nasomaculatus, of northern Africa having long, spirally twisted horns. [Lat., of African orig.] added-value tax n. Value-added tax. addend n. Any of a set of numbers to be added. [Short for addendum.] addendum n. pl. -da Something added or to be added, esp. a supplement to a book. [Lat. < addere, to add.] adder adder(1) n. One that adds, esp. a computer device that performs arithmetic addition. adder(2) n. 1. Any of various venomous Old World snakes of the family Viperidae, esp. the common viper, Vipera berus, of Eurasia. 2. Any of several nonvenomous snakes popularly believed to be harmful. [ME < an addre, alteration of a naddre : a, a + naddre, snake < OE naedre.] adder's-mouth n. Any of various orchids of the genus Malaxis, having clusters of small, usually greenish flowers. [From the resemblance of its flowers to the open mouths of snakes.] adder's-tongue n. 1. Any of several ferns of the genus Ophioglossum, having a single sterile, leaflike frond, and a spore-bearing stalk. 2. The dogtooth violet. [From the resemblance of the spike at the base of the frond to a snake's tongue.] addict tr.v. -dicted -dicting -dicts To devote or give (oneself) habitually or compulsively: addicted to alcohol. -n. 1. One who is addicted, esp. to narcotics. 2. A devoted fan: a soap opera addict. [< Lat. addictus, bondsman, p.part of addicere, to sentence : ad-, to + dicere, to adjudge.] addiction n. addictive adj. Addison's disease n. A disease caused by failure of the adrenal cortex to function, marked by a bronzelike skin pigmentation, anemia, and prostration. [After Thomas Addison (1793-1860), its discoverer.] addition n. 1. The act or process of adding. 2. Something added, esp. a room or section added to a building. 3. The process of computing with sets of numbers so as to find their sum. Idiom Section: in addition. Also; as well as. in addition to. Over and above; besides. [ME < OFr. < Lat. additio < additus, p.part. of addere, to add.] additional adj. additionally adv. additive adj. Marked by, produced by, or involving addition. -n. A substance added in small amounts to something else to improve, strengthen, or otherwise alter it. additive identity n. An identity element that in a given mathematical system leaves unchanged any element to which it is added. additive identity element n. Zero. additive inverse n. Inverse (sense 2.b.). addle v. -dled -dling -dles -tr. To muddle; confuse: My brain is a bit addled by whiskey (O'Neill). -intr. 1. To become rotten; spoil. 2. To become confused. -adj. 1. Mixed up; confused: addle-brained. 2. Spoiled or rotten. [< ME adel, muddled < OE, filth.] address tr.v. -dressed -dressing -dresses 1. To speak to. 2. To make a formal speech to. 3. To direct (a spoken or written message) to the attention of: address a protest to the Council. 4. To mark with a destination: address a letter. 5. a. To direct (oneself) in speech to. b. To direct the efforts or attention of (oneself): address oneself to a task. 6. To dispatch or consign (a ship, for example) to an agent or factor. 7. To adjust and aim the club at (a golf ball) in preparing for a stroke. -n. 1. A formal spoken or written communication: polite forms of address. 2. A formal speech. 3. The written or printed indication on mail or other deliverable items indicating destination. 4. The location at which a particular organization or person may be found or reached. 5. addresses Courteous attentions; wooing. 6. The manner or bearing of a person, esp. in conversation. 7. Skillfulness or tact in handling a situation. 8. The act of dispatching or consigning a ship, as to an agent or factor. 9. Computer Science. A number used in information storage or retrieval that is assigned to a specific memory location. [ME adressen < OFr. adresser : a-, to (< Lat. ad-) + dresser, to arrange. -see dress.] addressable adj. Accessible through an address, as in computer memory. addressee n. One to whom something is addressed. addresser or addressor n. A person who or a machine that addresses. adduce tr.v. -duced -ducing -duces To cite as an example or means of proof in an argument; bring forward for consideration. [Lat. adducere, to bring to : ad-, to + ducere, to lead.] adduceable adducible adj. adduct tr.v. -ducted -ducting -ducts Physiology. To pull or draw toward the main axis. Used of muscles. [Back-formation from adductor.] adduction n. adductive adj. adductor n. A muscle that adducts. [NLat. < Lat. adducere, to bring to. -see adduce.] -ade A sweetened beverage of: limeade. [Fr., ult. < Lat. -ata, fem. of -atus, -ate.] Adelie penguin n. A common Antarctic penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae, of medium size, that has white underparts and a black back and head, and that lives and breeds in large exposed rookeries. [After the Adelie Coast, Antarctica.] -adelphous Having one or more groups of stamens: diadelphous. [NLat. -adelphus < Gk. adelphos, brother.] ademption n. Law. The disposal by a testator of specific property bequeathed in his will so as to invalidate the bequest. [Lat. ademptio, a taking away < adimere, to take away : ad-, to + emere, to take.] aden- Variant of adeno-. adenectomy n. Surgical excision of a gland. adenine n. A purine derivative, C5H5N5, that is a constituent of nucleic acid in organs, as the pancreas and spleen. adenitis n. Inflammation of a lymph node or gland. adeno- or aden- Gland: adenectomy. [< Gk. aden.] adenocarcinoma n. A malignant tumor originating in glandular tissue. adenocarcinomatous adj. adenohypophysis n. The anterior and intermediate glandular lobes of the pituitary gland. adenohypophyseal adenohypophysial adj. adenoid n. Lymphoid tissue growths in the nose above the throat that when swollen may obstruct nasal breathing, induce postnasal discharge, and make speech difficult. adenoidal adj. 1. Glandlike; glandular. 2. Of or pertaining to the adenoids. 3. a. Having a nasal or constricted tone: an adenoidal singer. b. Mouth-breathing or gaping. adenoma n. An epithelial tumor of glandular origin and structure that is usually benign or of low-grade malignancy. adenomatous adj. adenosine n. An organic compound, C10H13N5O4, that is a structural component of nucleic acids. [Blend of adenine and ribose.] adenosine diphosphate n. ADP. adenosine monophosphate n. 1. Cyclic AMP. 2. AMP. adenosine triphosphate n. ATP. adenovirus n. Any of various animal viruses that cause respiratory diseases, as catarrh, in humans. adenoviral adj. adenylate cyclase or adenyl cyclase n. The enzyme that catalyzes formation of cyclic AMP from ATP. [aden(ine) + -yl + -ate1 + cycl- + -ase.] adept adj. Highly skilled or proficient. -n. A highly skilled person; expert. [Lat. adeptus, p.part. of adipisci, to arrive at.] adeptly adv. adeptness n. adequate adj. 1. Able to satisfy a requirement; suitable. 2. Barely satisfactory or sufficient. [Lat. adaequatus, p.part. of adaequare, to equalize : ad-, to + aequare, to make equal < aequus, equal.] adequacy adequateness n. adequately adv. a deux adj. Of or involving two individuals, esp. when of a private or intimate nature. -adv. Privately with only two individuals involved: dining a deux. [Fr.] adhere intr.v. -hered -hering -heres 1. To stick fast or together by or as if by grasping, suction, or being glued. 2. To be devoted as a follower or supporter. 3. To follow closely; carry out without deviation: adhere to a plan. [Fr. adherer < Lat. adhaerere, to stick to : ad-, to + haerere, to stick.] adherence n. 1. The process or condition of adhering. 2. Faithful attachment; devotion. adherent adj. 1. Sticking or holding fast. 2. Botany. Growing or fused together; adnate. -n. A supporter, as of a cause or individual. adherently adv. adhesion n. 1. The act or state of adhering. 2. Attachment or devotion; loyalty. 3. Assent or agreement. 4. A condition in which bodily tissues that are normally separate are joined together. 5. The physical attraction or joining of two substances, esp. the macroscopically observable attraction of dissimilar substances. 6. A fibrous band holding together normally separate anatomical structures. 7. The pathological aggregation of dissimilar body materials to a visceral surface due to inflammation or trauma. [Fr. adhesion < Lat. adhaesio < adhaerere, to adhere.] adhesiotomy n. pl. -mies The surgical division of adhesions. adhesive adj. 1. Tending to adhere; sticky. 2. Gummed so as to adhere. -n. An adhesive substance, such as paste or cement. adhesively adv. adhesiveness n. adhesive tape n. A tape lined on one side with an adhesive. ad hoc adj. -adv. For a specific purpose, case, or situation: an ad hoc committee. [Lat., to this.] ad hominem adj. -adv. To the man; appealing to personal interests, prejudices, or emotions rather than to reason: an ad hominem argument. [Lat.] adiabatic adj. Of, pertaining to, or designating a reversible thermodynamic process executed at constant entropy; loosely, occurring without gain or loss of heat. [Gk. adiabatos, impassable : a-, not + diabatos, passable (dia, through + batos, passable < bainein, to go).] adiabatically adv. adieu interj. Good-by; farewell. -n.pl. adieus or adieux A farewell. [ME < OFr. a dieu, (I commend you) to God : a, to (< Lat. ad) + Dieu, God < Lat. deus.] ad infinitum adj. -adv. To infinity; without end; limitless. [Lat.] ad interim adj. -adv. In the meantime; meanwhile. [Lat.] adios interj. Good-by; farewell. [Sp. adios : a, to (< Lat. ad) + Dios, God < Lat. deus.] adipocere n. A brown, fatty, waxlike substance that forms on dead animal tissues in response to moisture. [adipo(se) + Lat. cera, wax.] adipose adj. Of or related to animal fat; fatty. -n. The fat found in adipose tissue. [NLat. adiposus < Lat. adeps, lard.] adiposeness adiposity n. adipose tissue n. Connective tissue in the body that contains stored cellular fat. adit n. An almost horizontal entrance to a mine. [Lat. aditus, access < adire, to approach : ad-, toward + ire, to go.] adjacency n. pl. -cies 1. The state of being adjacent; contiguity. 2. A thing that is adjacent. adjacent adj. 1. Close to; lying near. 2. Next to; adjoining. [ME < Lat. adjacens, pr.part. of adjacere, to lie near : ad-, near to + jacere, to lie.] adjacently adv. adjacent angle n. Either of two angles having a common side and a common vertex. adjectival adj. Of, pertaining to, or functioning as an adjective. adjectivally adv. adjective n. 1. Grammar. Any of a class of words used to modify a noun or other substantive by limiting, qualifying, or specifying. 2. Linguistics. Any of a form class distinguished in English morphologically by one of several suffixes, as -able, -ous, -er, and -est, or syntactically by position in a phrase or sentence, as white in a white house. 3. A dependent or subordinate. [ME < OFr. adjectif < Lat. adjectivus < adjicere, to add to : ad-, to + jacere, to throw.] adjectively adv. adjective pronoun n. Grammar. A pronoun acting as an adjective, as which in which dictionaries? or himself in He himself said so. adjoin v. -joined -joining -joins -tr. 1. To be next to; be contiguous to. 2. To attach to; unite. -intr. To be contiguous. [ME ajoinen < OFr. ajoindre < Lat. adjungere, to join to : ad-, to + jungere, to join.] adjoining adj. Neighboring; contiguous; next to. adjourn v. -journed -journing -journs -tr. To suspend until a later stated time. -intr. 1. To suspend proceedings to another time or place. 2. Informal. To move from one place to another: adjourned to the living room. [ME ajournen < OFr. ajourner : a, to (< Lat. ad) + jour, day < Lat. diurnum.] adjournment n. adjudge tr.v. -judged -judging -judges 1. To determine or decide by judicial procedure; adjudicate. 2. To order judicially; rule. 3. To award (damages, for example) by law. 4. To regard, consider, or deem. [ME ajugen < OFr. ajuger < Lat. adjudicare. -see adjudicate.] adjudicate tr.v. -cated -cating -cates To hear and settle (a case) by judicial procedure. [Lat. adjudicare, adjudicat-, to award to (judicially) : ad-, to + judicare, to judge < judex, judge.] adjudication n. adjudicative adj. adjudicator n. adjunct n. 1. Something attached to another thing but in a dependent or subordinate position. 2. A person associated with another in some duty or service in a subordinate or auxiliary capacity. 3. A word or words added in order to clarify, qualify, or modify other words. 4. Logic. A nonessential attribute of a thing. -adj. 1. Added or connected in a subordinate or auxiliary capacity: an adjunct clause. 2. Attached to a faculty or staff in a temporary or auxiliary capacity. [Lat. adjunctum < adjunctus, p.part. of adjungere, to join to. -see adjoin.] adjunction n. adjunctive adj. adjuration n. An earnest or solemn appeal. adjuratory adj. adjure tr.v. -jured -juring -jures 1. To command or enjoin solemnly, as under oath. 2. To appeal to or entreat earnestly. [ME adjuren < Lat. adjurare, to swear to : ad-, to + jurare, to swear.] adjurer adjuror n. adjust v. -justed -justing -justs -tr. 1. To change so as to match or fit; cause to correspond. 2. To bring into proper relationship. 3. To adapt or conform, as to new conditions: unable to adjust themselves to their environment. 4. To make accurate by regulation. 5. To decide how much is to be paid on (an insurance claim). 6. To correct (the range and direction of a gun) in firing. -intr. To adapt oneself; become suited or fit; conform. [Obs. Fr. adjuster < OFr. ajoster : Lat. ad, to + Lat. juxta, near.] adjustable adj. adjustably adv. adjuster adjustor n. adjustment n. 1. a. The act of making fit or conformable. b. The condition of being adjusted. 2. A means for adjusting. 3. The settlement of a debt or claim. 4. A modification or correction: an adjustment on a bill. adjutant n. 1. A staff officer who helps a commanding officer with administrative affairs. 2. An assistant. 3. The marabou. [Lat. adjutans, adjutant-, pr.part. of adjutare, freq. of adjuvare, to help : ad-, to + juvare, to help.] adjutancy n. adjutant general n. pl. adjutants general 1. An adjutant of a unit having a general staff. 2. An officer in charge of the National Guard of one of the states of the United States. 3. Adjutant General. The chief administrative officer, a major general, of the U.S. Army. adjutant stork n. The marabou. adjuvant n. 1. A pharmacological agent added to a drug to increase or aid its effect. 2. An immunological agent that increases the antigenic response. [Lat. adjuvans, adjuvant-, pr.part. of adjuvare, to help. -see aid.] Adlerian adj. Of or relating to a psychological school holding that behavior arises in subconscious efforts to compensate for inferiority or deficiency and that neurosis results from overcompensation. [After Alfred Adler (1870-1937).] ad lib adv. In an unrestrained manner; freely; spontaneously. [Short for ad libitum.] ad-lib Informal. v. -libbed -libbing -libs -tr. To improvise and deliver extemporaneously. -intr. To improvise, as a speech; extemporize. -n. Words, music, or actions ad-libbed. -adj. Spoken or performed spontaneously. ad-libber n. ad libitum adj. Music. Performed with freedom. Used as a direction. [Lat. ad, to + libitum, pleasure.] adman n. Informal. A person employed in the advertising business. admeasure tr.v. -ured -uring -ures To divide and distribute proportionally; apportion. [ME amesuren < OFr. amesurer : a, to (< Lat. ad) + mesurer, to measure.] admeasurement n. admeasurer n. Admetus n. Greek Mythology. A king of Thessaly and husband of Alcestis. [Lat. < Gk. Admetos.] administer v. -tered -tering -ters -tr. 1. To have charge of; manage. 2. a. To give or apply in a formal way: administer the last rites. b. To apply as a remedy: administer a sedative. 3. To mete out; dispense: administer justice. 4. To manage or dispose of (a trust or estate) under a will or an official appointment. 5. To impose, offer, or tender (an oath, for example). -intr. 1. To manage as an administrator. 2. To minister: administering to their every pleasure. [ME administren < OFr. administrer < Lat. administrare : ad, to + ministrare, to manage.] administrable adj. administrant adj. n. administrate tr.v. -trated -trating -trates To administer. administration n. 1. The management of affairs. 2. The activity of a sovereign state in the exercise of its powers or duties. 3. Administration The persons collectively who make up the executive branch of a government. 4. The management of an institution, public or private. 5. The term of office of an executive officer or body. 6. Law. The management and disposal of a trust or estate. 7. The dispensing, applying, or tendering of something, such as an oath, sacrament, or medicine. administrative adj. administratively adv. administrator n. 1. One who administers, esp. business or public affairs; executive. 2. A person appointed to administer an estate. admirable adj. Deserving admiration; excellent. admirableness n. admirably adv. admiral n. 1. The commander in chief of a navy or fleet. 2. An Admiral of the Fleet. 3. In the U.S. Navy, U.S. Coast Guard, and Royal Canadian Navy: a. An officer of the next-to-the-highest rank. b. A rear admiral. c. A vice admiral. 4. The ship carrying an admiral; flagship. 5. Chiefly British. The head of a fishing fleet. 6. Any of various brightly colored butterflies of the genera Limenitis and Vanessa. [ME amiral < OFr. < Ar. 'amir al-, commander of.] Admiral of the Fleet n. The highest rank in the U.S. Navy and Royal Canadian Navy, equivalent to General of the Army or field marshal. admiralty n. pl. -ties 1. a. A court exercising jurisdiction over all maritime cases. b. Maritime law. 2. Admiralty. The department of the British government (Board of Admiralty) having control over naval affairs. admiration n. 1. A feeling of pleasure, wonder, and approval. 2. An object of wonder; marvel. 3. Archaic. Wonder. admire v. -mired -miring -mires -tr. 1. To regard with pleasure, wonder, and approval. 2. To have a high opinion of; esteem or respect. 3. Archaic. To marvel or wonder at. -intr. 1. To feel or express admiration. 2. Regional. To feel pleasure; be pleased. [Fr. admirer < OFr. amirer < Lat. admirari, to wonder at : ad-, at + mirari, to wonder < mirus, wonderful.] admirer n. admiringly adv. admissible adj. 1. Capable of being accepted; allowable. 2. Worthy of admission. admissibility admissibleness n. admissibly adv. admission n. 1. a. The act of admitting or allowing to enter. b. The state of being allowed to enter. 2. The right to enter; access. 3. The price required or paid for entering; entrance fee. 4. The act or process of acceptance and entry into a position or situation; appointment. 5. A confession of crime or wrongdoing. 6. A voluntary acknowledgment that something is true. 7. A fact or statement granted or admitted; concession. [ME < Lat. admissio < admittere, to admit.] admissive adj. Usage: Admission has a more general meaning than admittance, which is used only to denote the obtaining of physical access to a place. To gain admittance to a club is to enter its facilities; to gain admission to a club is to become a member. One pays admission to a theater (i.e., the price of entering) in order to be allowed admittance (physical entry to the theater itself). admit v. -mitted -mitting -mits -tr. 1. To permit to enter. 2. To serve as a means of entrance: A ticket that admits the whole group. 3. To permit to join or exercise certain rights, functions, or privileges. 4. To have room for; accommodate. 5. To afford opportunity for; permit. 6. To acknowledge; confess: admit the truth. 7. To grant as true or valid, as for the sake of argument; concede. 8. To accept or allow as true or valid. -intr. 1. To afford possibility: a problem admitting of no solution. 2. To allow entrance; afford access: a door admitting to the hall. [ME admitten < Lat. admittere : ad, to + mittere, to send.] admittance n. 1. The act of admitting or entering. 2. Permission to enter; the power or right of entrance. 3. Electricity. The reciprocal of impedance. -See Usage note at admission admittedly adv. By general admission; confessedly. admix tr. -intr.v.-mixed -mixing -mixes To mix or blend. [Back-formation < obs. admixt, mixed into < Lat. admixtus, p.part. of admiscere, to mix into : ad, to + miscere, to mix.] admixture n. 1. a. The act of mingling or mixing. b. The state of being mingled or mixed. 2. A combination, mixture, or blend. 3. Something added in mixing. admonish tr.v. -ished -ishing -ishes 1. To reprove mildly or kindly but seriously. 2. To counsel against something; caution. 3. To point out something forgotten or disregarded, by means of a warning, reproof, or exhortation. [ME admonishen, alteration of amonesten < OFr. amonester < VLat. *admonestare, var. of Lat. admonere : ad, to + monere, to warn.] admonisher n. admonishingly adv. admonishment n. Synonyms: admonish reprove rebuke reprimand reproach These verbs refer to adverse criticism intended as a corrective. Admonish stresses the act of advising or warning so that a fault may be rectified or a danger avoided. Reprove usually implies gentle criticism and constructive intent. Rebuke refers to sharp, usually angry, criticism, as does reprimand , which often also implies an official or otherwise formal act. Reproach usually refers to sharp criticism made regretfully or unhappily out of a sense of disappointment. admonition n. 1. Mild or kind reproof. 2. Cautionary advice or warning. [ME amonicioun < OFr. amonition < Lat. admonitio < admonere, to admonish.] admonitory adj. Expressing admonition. adnate adj. Biology. Joined to or fused with another part or organ, as parts not usually united. [Lat. adnatus, var. of agnatus, connected by birth < agnasci, to be born in addition to. -see agnate.] adnation n. ad nauseam adv. To the point of nausea; to a disgusting or ridiculous degree. [Lat.] adnexa n. Accessory or subordinate anatomical parts, as ovaries and oviducts. [NLat. < Lat. adnexus, annexus, p.part. of annectere, to bind to. -see ] adnexal adj. adnoun n. Grammar. An adjective, specifically when used as a noun, as in the bold and the brave. adnominal adj. ado n. Bustle; fuss; trouble; bother. [ME < the phrase at do : at, to + do, to do.] adobe n. 1. A sun-dried, unburned brick of clay and straw. 2. Clay or soil from which adobe is made. 3. A structure built with adobe. an adobe house. [Sp. < Ar. attoba < al- toba, the brick : al, the + toba, brick.] adolescence n. 1. The period of physical and psychological development from the onset of puberty to maturity. 2. A transitional period of development between youth and maturity: the adolescence of a nation. adolescent adj. Of, pertaining to, or undergoing adolescence. -n. An adolescent boy or girl, esp. a teen-ager. [ME < OFr. < Lat. adolescens, pr.part. of adolescere, to grow up : ad, toward + alescere, to grow, inchoative of alere, to nourish.] Adonai n. Lord. Used in Judaism as a spoken substitute for the ineffable name of God. [Heb. adonai, my lord < Phoenician adon, lord.] Adonis n. 1. Greek Mythology. A youth loved by Aphrodite for his striking beauty. 2. adonis A young man of great physical beauty. [Gk. Adonis < Phoenician adon, lord.] adopt tr.v. adopted adopting adopts 1. To take into one's family through legal means and raise as one's own child. 2. To take and follow (a course of action, for example) by choice or assent: adopt a new technique. 3. To take up and make one's own, as an idea. 4. To take on or assume: adopted an air of importance. 5. To vote to accept: adopt a resolution. 6. To choose as a standard or required textbook or reference book in a course. [ME adopten < OFr. adopter < Lat. adoptare : ad, to + optare, to choose.] adoptable adj. adopter n. adoption n. Usage: One refers to an adopted child but to adoptive parents. adoptee n. One that is adopted. adoptive adj. 1. a. Tending to adopt. b. Characteristic of adoption. 2. Related or acquired by adoption. -See Usage note at adopt. adoptively adv. adorable adj. 1. Informal. Delightful; lovable; charming. 2. Archaic. Worthy of worship or adoration. adorability adorableness n. adorably adv. adoration n. 1. The act of worship. 2. Profound love or regard. adore v. adored adoring adores -tr. 1. To worship as divine. 2. To love deeply; revere. 3. Informal. To like very much. -intr. To worship. [ME adouren < OFr. adourer < Lat. adorare, to pray to : ad, to + orare, to pray.] adorer n. adoringly adv. adorn tr.v. adorned adorning adorns 1. To be a decoration to; lend beauty to. 2. To fit out or decorate with or as if with ornaments. 3. To enhance the distinction, beauty, splendor, or glory of; add luster to. [ME adournen < OFr. adourner < Lat. adornare : ad, to + ornare, to decorate.] adorner n. adornment n. 1. The act of adorning. 2. Something that adorns or beautifies; ornament. ADP n. An ester, C10H15N5O10P2, that is an adenosine derivative formed in cells and converted to ATP for the storage of energy. ad rem adj. Law. To the point; pertinent. [Lat.] ad rem adv. adrenal adj. 1. At, near, or on the kidneys. 2. Of or pertaining to the adrenal glands or their secretions. -n. An adrenal gland. adrenally adv. adrenal cortex n. The three-zoned center of the adrenal glands. adrenal gland n. Either of two small dissimilarly shaped endocrine glands, one located above each kidney, consisting of the cortex, which secretes hormones, and the medulla, which secretes epinephrine. Adrenalin A trademark for a preparation of adrenaline. adrenaline n. A secretion of the adrenal glands; epinephrine. adrenergic adj. Of, pertaining to, or having chemical activity like that of epinephrine, as certain nerve fibers. [adren(aline) + Gk. ergon, work.] adrenochrome n. A naturally occurring chemical formed during the oxidation of adrenaline. [adren(aline) + chrome.] adrenocorticotropic or adrenocorticotrophic adj. Stimulating or otherwise acting upon the cortex of the adrenal gland. [adren(al) + cortico- + -tropic.] adrenocorticotropic hormone or adrenocorticotroph or adrenocorticotrophin n. ACTH. adrift adv. -adj. 1. Drifting or floating freely; not anchored. 2. Without direction or purpose. adroit adj. 1. Dexterous; deft. 2. Skillful and adept under pressing conditions. [Fr. < a droit : a, to (< Lat. ad) + droit, right < Lat. directus. -see direct.] adroitly adv. adroitness n. adscititious adj. Not inherent or essential; derived from something outside. [< Lat. ascitus, assumed, p.part. of asciscere, to assume : ad, to + sciscere, to accept, inchoative of scire, to know.] adsorb tr.v. -sorbed -sorbing -sorbs To take up by adsorption. [ad- + Lat. sorbere, to suck.] adsorbate n. An adsorbed substance. adsorbent adj. Capable of adsorption. -n. An adsorptive material, such as activated carbon. adsorption n. The assimilation of gas, vapor, or dissolved matter by the surface of a solid or liquid. [adsorb + -tion.] adsorptive adj. adularia n. A variety of orthoclase. [Ital. < Fr. adulaire, after Adula, a group of Swiss mountains.] adulate tr.v. -lated -lating -lates To praise excessively or fawningly. [Back-formation < adulation.] adulator n. adulatory adj. adulation n. Excessive praise or flattery. [ME adulacioun < OFr. < Lat. adulatio < adulari, to flatter.] adult n. 1. One who has attained maturity or legal age. 2. A fully grown, mature organism. -adj. 1. Fully developed and mature. 2. Pertaining to, befitting, or intended for mature persons: adult education. 3. a. Restricted to adults: adult movies. b. Relating to or dealing with explicitly sexual or pornographic themes. [Lat. adultus, p.part. of adolescere, to grow up. -see adolescent.] adulthood n. adulterant n. A substance that adulterates. -adj. Adulterating. adulterate tr.v. -ated -ating -ates To make impure, spurious, or inferior by adding extraneous or improper ingredients. -adj. 1. Spurious; adulterated. 2. Adulterous. [Lat. adulterare, adulterat-, to pollute.] adulteration n. adulterator n. adulterer n. A man who commits adultery. adulteress n. A woman who commits adultery. adulterine adj. 1. Characterized by adulteration; spurious. 2. Unauthorized by law; illegal. 3. Born of adultery: adulterine offspring. [Lat. adulterinus < adulter, adulterer < adulterare, to adulterate.] adulterous adj. Relating to, inclined to, or marked by adultery. adulterously adv. adultery n. pl. -ries Voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and a partner other than the lawful spouse. [ME < OFr. avouterie < Lat. adulterium < adulter, adulterer < adulterare, to adulterate.] adumbrate tr.v. -brated -brating -brates 1. To give a sketchy outline of. 2. To prefigure indistinctly; foreshadow. 3. To disclose partially or guardedly. [Lat. adumbrare, adumbrat-, to overshadow : ad, to + umbra, shadow.] adumbration n. adumbrative adj. adumbratively adv. adust adj. 1. Burned; scorched. 2. Melancholy; gloomy. [ME < Lat. adustus, p.part. of adurere, to set fire to : ad, to + urere, to burn.] ad valorem adj. In proportion to the value: ad valorem duties on imported goods. [Lat.] advance v. -vanced -vancing -vances -tr. 1. To move or cause to move forward. 2. To put forward; propose; suggest. 3. To aid the growth or progress of; further. 4. To raise in rank; promote. 5. To cause to occur sooner; hasten. 6. To raise in amount or rate; increase. 7. To pay (money or interest) before legally due. 8. To supply or lend, esp. on credit. -intr. 1. To go or move forward or onward. 2. To make progress; improve. 3. To rise in rank, position, or value. Phrasal verb. advance on upon . To move against, as when attacking. -n. 1. The act or process of moving or going forward. 2. Improvement; progress. 3. A rise or increase of price or value. 4. advances Personal approaches made to secure acquaintance, favor, or an agreement; overtures. 5. a. The furnishing of funds or goods on credit. b. The funds or goods so furnished; loan. 6. Payment of money before legally or normally due. -adj. 1. Made or given ahead of time; prior. 2. Going before; in front; forward. Idiom Section: in advance. 1. In front. 2. Ahead of time; beforehand. [ME avauncen < OFr. avauncer < VLat. *abantiare < Lat. abante, from before : ab, from + ante, before.] advancer n. Synonyms: advance progress promote forward further These verbs all refer to movement forward or upward, literally or figuratively; they vary widely in application, however. Advance alone is both transitive and intransitive. Intransitively it applies to forward movement (literal) and to enlargement of scope or importance, rise in status, or the like (figurative). Progress , which is only intransitive, also has both these senses, and differs principally in stressing the idea of steady and orderly movement toward a goal. Transitively, advance alone applies to forward movement with reference to time (advance a deadline, advance money) and to causing to rise in value (advance prices). Advance and promote are generally interchangeable when they mean to raise a person in rank or grade. Advance ,Advance, promote, forward, and further all have the transitive sense of making something (such as a cause, a career, or a business venture) go forward, figuratively, by providing assistance. Advance and forward are nonspecific in this sense; promote and further stress active support and encouragement. Forward alone has the transitive sense of sending something onward or ahead, especially mail. Usage: Advance, as a noun, is used for forward movement (the advance of the army ) or for progress or improvement in a figurative sense. Advancement is used mainly in the figurative sense: career advancement. In the figurative sense, moreover, there is a distinction between the two terms deriving from the transitive and intransitive forms of the verb advance. The noun advancement (unlike advance ) often implies the existence of an agent or outside force. Thus, the advance of science means simply the progress of science, whereas the advancement of science implies progress resulting from the action of an agent or force: The purpose of the legislation was the advancement of science. advanced adj. 1. Highly developed or complex. 2. At a higher level than others. 3. Ahead of the times; progressive. 4. a. Far along in course: an advanced stage of illness. b. Very old: a man of advanced age. advanced degree n. A university degree higher than a bachelor's. advanced standing n. The status of a college student granted credit, usually after passing a qualifying test, for courses omitted or taken elsewhere. advance guard n. A detachment of troops sent ahead of the main force to reconnoiter and provide protection. advance man n. 1. An agent, as for a performing troupe, who makes business and publicity arrangements in advance. 2. An assistant, as to a political candidate, who makes publicity arrangements and security checks in advance. advancement n. 1. The act of advancing. 2. A forward step; improvement. 3. Development; progress: the advancement of knowledge. 4. A promotion, as in rank. -See Usage note at advance. advantage n. 1. A factor favorable or conducive to success. 2. Benefit or profit; gain. 3. A relatively favorable position; superiority of means. 4. a. The first point scored in tennis after deuce. b. The resulting score. -tr.v. -taged -taging -tages To afford profit or gain to; benefit. Idiom Section: take advantage of. 1. To put to good use; avail oneself of. 2. To profit selfishly by; exploit. to advantage. . To good effect; profitably; favorably. [ME avauntage < OFr. < avant, before < Lat. abante, from before. -see advance.] advantageous adj. Affording benefit or gain; useful. advantageously adv. advantageousness n. advect tr.v. -vected -vecting -vects 1. To convey horizontally by advection. 2. To transport (a substance) by advection. [Back-formation < advection.] advection n. A local change in a property of a system, as of atmospheric temperature, caused by motion of the fluid in a gradient of the property. [Lat. advectio, conveyance < advehere, to carry to : ad, to + vehere, to carry.] advent n. 1. The coming or arrival, esp. of something momentous: the advent of the computer. 2. Advent a. The birth or coming of Christ. b. The period including four Sundays before Christmas. [ME, the Advent season < OFr. < Lat. adventus, arrival < advenire, to come to : ad, to + venire, to come.] Adventist n. A member of any of several Christian denominations that believe Christ's second coming and the end of the world are near at hand. Adventism n. adventitia n. The outermost covering of an organ, as a blood vessel. [NLat. < Lat. adventicius, foreign. -see adventitious.] adventitious adj. 1. Acquired by accident; added by chance. 2. Biology. Appearing in an unusual place or in an irregular or sporadic manner: adventitious shoots. [Lat. adventicious, foreign < adventus, arrival. -see advent.] adventitiously adv. adventitiousness n. adventive Biology. adj. Not native to and not fully established in a new habitat or environment; locally or temporarily naturalized: an adventive weed. -n. An adventive organism. [< Lat. adventus, arrival. -see advent.] adventively adv. Advent Sunday n. The first Sunday of Advent. adventure n. 1. An undertaking or enterprise of a hazardous nature. 2. An unusual experience or course of events marked by excitement and suspense. 3. Participation in hazardous or exciting experiences. 4. A financial speculation or business venture. -v.-tured -turing -tures -tr. To venture; risk; dare. -intr. To take risks; engage in hazardous activities. [ME aventure < OFr. < Lat. adventurus, fut. part. of advenire, to arrive. -see advent.] adventuresome adj. adventurer n. 1. One who adventures. 2. A soldier of fortune. 3. A heavy speculator in business or trade. 4. One who seeks wealth and social position by unscrupulous means. adventuress n. A woman who seeks social and financial advancement by unscrupulous means. adventurous adj. 1. Inclined to undertake new and daring enterprises; bold. 2. Hazardous; risky. adventurously adv. adventurousness n. adverb n. Grammar. 1. A part of speech comprising a class of words that modify a verb, adjective, or other adverb. 2. A word belonging to this class, as rapidly in He runs rapidly. [ME adverbe < OFr. < Lat. adverbium : ad, to + verbum, word.] adverbial adj. Of, pertaining to, or used as an adverb. adverbially adv. ad verbum adv. Word for word; verbatim. [Lat.] adversary n. pl. -ies An opponent; enemy. [ME adversarie < Lat. adversarius, enemy < adversus, against. -see adverse.] adversative adj. Expressing antithesis or opposition: the adversative conjunction but. -n. An adversative word. [Lat. adversativus < adversari, to oppose < adversus, against. -see adverse.] adversatively adv. adverse adj. 1. Antagonistic in design or effect; opposed: adverse criticism. 2. Contrary to one's interests or welfare; unpropitious: adverse circumstances. 3. In an opposite or opposing direction or position. 4. Botany. Facing the axis or main stem. -See Usage note at averse. [ME < OFr. advers < Lat. adversus, p.part. of advertere, to turn toward : ad-, toward + vertere, to turn.] adversely adv. adverseness n. adversity n. pl. -ties 1. A state of hardship or affliction; misfortune. 2. A calamitous event. advert advert(1) intr.v. -verted -verting -verts To call attention; refer: advert to a problem. [ME adverten < OFr. avertir, to notice < Lat. advertere, to turn toward. -see adverse.] advert(2) n. Chiefly British. An advertisement. advertise v. -tised -tising -tises -tr. 1. To make public announcement of, esp. to proclaim the qualities or advantages of (a product or business) so as to increase sales. 2. To make known; call attention to: advertised her disappointment. 3. Archaic. To warn or notify: This event advertises me that there is such a fact as death (Thoreau). -intr. 1. To call the attention of the public to a product or business. 2. To inquire or seek in a public notice, as in a newspaper: advertise for an apartment. [ME advertisen, to notify < OFr. avertir, avertiss-, to notice. -see advert.] advertiser n. advertisement n. A notice designed to attract public attention or patronage. advertising n. 1. The action of attracting public attention to a product or business. 2. The business of preparing and distributing advertisements. 3. Printed or spoken advertisements collectively. advice n. 1. Opinion about what could or should be done about a problem; counsel. 2. advices Information or report, esp. when communicated from a distance: advices from an ambassador. [ME avis < OFr., view < Med. Lat. advisus : Lat. ad-, to + visum, something seen < videre, to see.] advisable adj. Worthy of being recommended or suggested; prudent. advisability advisableness n. advisably adv. advise v. -vised -vising -vises -tr. 1. To offer advice to; counsel. 2. To recommend; suggest. 3. To inform; notify: advise a person of a decision. -intr. 1. To consult; take counsel: advised with her associates. 2. To offer advice. [ME avisen < OFr. aviser < avis, view. -see advice.] Usage: Advise in the sense of "to inform" or "to notify" is acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel, though many members would restrict this usage to business correspondence. advised adj. 1. Considered; thought out: well-advised; ill-advised. 2. Informed: be kept advised. advisedly adv. With careful consideration; deliberately. advisee n. One that is advised. advisement n. Careful consideration. adviser or advisor n. 1. One who advises. 2. A person who offers advice, esp. in an official or professional capacity. 3. A teacher who advises students in academic and personal matters. advisory adj. 1. Empowered to advise: a student advisory committee. 2. Of, pertaining to, or containing advice: an advisory memorandum. -n.pl. -ries A report giving information and esp. a warning: a weather advisory. advocacy n. Active support, as of a cause, idea, or policy. advocate tr.v. -cated -cating -cates To speak in favor of; recommend. -n. 1. A person who argues for a cause; supporter or defender. 2. A person who pleads in another's behalf; intercessor. [< ME advocat, lawyer < OFr. avocat < Lat. advocatus, p.part. of advocare, to summon for counsel : ad-, to + vocare, to call.] advocator n. advowson n. In English ecclesiastical law, the right to present a vacant benefice. [ME avouson < OFr. avoeson < Med. Lat. advocatia < Lat. advocatio, a summoning < advocare, to summon. -see advocate.] adytum n. pl. -ta The sanctum in an ancient temple. [Lat. < Gk. aduton < adutos, not to be entered : a-, not + duein, to enter.] adz or adze n. An axlike tool with a curved blade at right angles to the handle, used for dressing wood. [ME adese < OE adesa.] adzuki bean n. A plant, Phaseolus angularis, having yellow flowers and pods bearing edible seeds, widely cultivated as a food crop in the Orient. [J. azuki, red bean.] aeciospore n. A rust spore, formed in a chainlike series in an aecium. [aeci(um) + spore.] aecium n. pl. -cia A cuplike structure in rust fungi containing chains of aeciospores. [NLat. < Gk. aikia, injury < aeikes, injurious.] aecial adj. aedes n. pl. aedes A mosquito of the genus Aedes, such as A. aegypti, that transmits yellow fever and dengue. [NLat. Aedes, genus name < Gk. aedes, unpleasant : a-, not + edos, pleasant.] aedile n. In ancient Rome, a magistrate who had charge of public works, police, and the grain supply. [Lat. aedilis < aedes, house.] Aegean adj. Of, pertaining to, or designating the prehistoric civilization that flourished in the Aegean area in the Bronze Age. Aegeus n. Greek Mythology. A king of Athens and the father of Theseus. [Lat. < Gk. Aigeus.] Aegir n. The god of the sea in Norse mythology. [ON.] aegis n. 1. Greek Mythology. The shield of Zeus, lent by him to Athena. 2. Protection. 3. Sponsorship; patronage. [Lat. < Gk. aigis.] Aegisthus n. Greek Mythology. The son of Thyestes and lover of Clytemnestra. [Lat. < Gk. Aigisthos.] -aemia Variant of -emia. Aeneas n. The Trojan hero of Virgil's Aeneid, son of Anchises and Aphrodite, who escaped the sack of Troy and wandered for seven years before settling in Italy. [Lat. < Gk. Aineias.] aeneous or aeneus adj. Having a brassy or golden-green color. [Lat. aeneus, of bronze < aes, bronze.] Aeolian adj. 1. Of or pertaining to Aeolis or its people. 2. Of or pertaining to Aeolus, god of the winds. 3. aeolian. Variant of eolian. -n. 1. A member of one of the major Greek tribes that settled in central Greece, Lesbos, and Aeolis. 2. Aeolic. Aeolian harp n. A musical instrument consisting of an open box over which are stretched strings that sound when wind passes over them. Aeolic n. A group of dialects of ancient Greek spoken by the Aeolians. aeolipile n. An ancient prototypal steam engine consisting of a spherical or cylindrical vessel fitted with circumferential exhaust jets and mounted to permit free rotation about the steam inlet axis. [< Lat. Aeoli pylae, gates of Aeolus : Aeolus, Aeolus + pylae, gates < Gk. pule, gate.] Aeolus n. Greek Mythology. 1. The god of the winds. 2. A king of Thessaly and ancestor of the Aeolians. [Lat. < Gk. Aiolos < aiolos, nimble.] aeon n. Variant of eon. aeonian adj. Variant of eonian. aepyornis n. Any of an extinct genus of large, flightless birds of Madagascar. [NLat. Aepyornis, genus name : Gk. aipys, high + Gk. ornis, bird.] aequorin n. A protein that is secreted by jellyfish and interacts with seawater to produce bioluminescent light. [NLat. Aequorea, jellyfish genus + -in.] aer- Variant of aero-. aerate tr.v. -ated -ating -ates 1. To supply or charge (liquid) with a gas, esp. to charge with carbon dioxide. 2. To expose to the circulation of air for purification. 3. To supply (blood) with oxygen. aerator n. 1. One that aerates. 2. A device for aerating liquids. aerial adj. 1. Of, in, or caused by the air. 2. Living in the air. 3. Reaching high into the air; lofty. 4. Suggestive of air, as in lightness; airy. 5. Unsubstantial; imaginary. 6. Of, for, or by aircraft. 7. Botany. Borne in the air rather than underground or under water: aerial roots. -n. An antenna. [< Lat. aerius < Gk. aerios < aer, air.] aerialist n. An acrobat who performs on a tightrope, trapeze, or similar apparatus. aerial ladder n. A ladder that can be extended to reach high places, esp. one mounted on a fire engine. aerie or aery n. pl. -ies 1. The nest of an eagle or other predatory bird built on a crag or other high place. 2. A house or stronghold built on a height. [Med. Lat. aeria < OFr. aire.] aero- or aer- 1. a. Air; atmosphere: aeroballistics. b. Gas: aerosol. 2. Aviation: aeronautics. [ME < OFr. < Lat. < Gk. < aer, air.] aeroballistics n.(usedwithasing.verb). Ballistics, esp. of missiles, in the atmosphere. aeroballistic adj. aerobatics n. The performance of stunts, such as rolls and loops, with an airplane or glider. [aero- + (acro)batics.] aerobe n. An organism, such as a bacterium, requiring molecular oxygen or air to live. [Fr. aerobie : Gk. aer, air + Gk. bios, life.] aerobic adj. 1. Living or occurring only in the presence of oxygen. 2. Of or relating to aerobics. 3. Of or relating to aerobes. aerobics n. A system of physical conditioning that involves vigorous exercise, as calisthenics, combined with dance routines. [< aerobic.] aerobiology n. The branch of biology dealing with the atmospheric dispersion of materials of biologic significance, as pollen or microorganisms. aerobiological adj. aerobiologically adv. aerobium n. An aerobe. [NLat. < aerobe.] aerodrome n. Chiefly British. Variant of airdrome. aerodynamics n. The dynamics of gases, esp. of atmospheric interactions with moving objects. aerodynamic adj. aerodyne n. A heavier-than-air aircraft deriving lift from motion. [aero- + Gk. dunamis, power < dunasthai, to be able.] aeroembolism n. 1. The presence of air bubbles in the heart or blood vessels, often resulting from a wound in one of the large veins of the neck. 2. Caisson disease. aerofoil n. Chiefly British. Variant of airfoil. aerogram or aerogramme n. An air-mail letter written on a standard lightweight form that folds into the shape of an envelope and can be sent at a low postage rate. aerolite or aerolith n. A chiefly silicious meteorite. aerolitic adj. aerology n. Total atmospheric meteorology as opposed to surface-based study. aerologic aerological adj. aerologist n. aeromagnetics n. The science of magnetic characteristics associated with atmospheric conditions. aeromagnetic adj. aeromagnetically adv. aeromechanics n. The science of the motion and equilibrium of air and other gases, comprising aerodynamics and aerostatics. aeromechanical adj. aeromechanically adv. aeromedicine n. The medical study and treatment of disturbances, disorders, and diseases resulting from or associated with atmospheric flight. aeromedical adj. aerometeorograph n. An aircraft instrument for simultaneously recording temperature, atmospheric pressure, and humidity. aerometer n. A device for determining the weight and density of air or other gas. aeronaut n. A pilot or navigator of a balloon or lighter-than-air craft. [aero- + Gk. nautes, sailor.] aeronautic or aeronautical adj. Of or pertaining to aeronautics. aeronautically adv. aeronautics n. 1. The design and construction of aircraft. 2. The theory and practice of aircraft navigation. aeroneurosis n. A nervous exhaustion from prolonged piloting of aircraft. aeronomy n. The study of the upper atmosphere, esp. of regions of ionized gas. aeropause n. The region of the atmosphere above which aircraft cannot fly. aerophagia n. The abnormal, spasmodic swallowing of air, esp. as a symptom of hysteria. aerophobia n. The abnormal fear of air, esp. drafts. aerophore n. A device to supply air to a nonbreathing infant, or to a person in an anaerobic environment, such as a closed mine or an underwater area. aerophyte n. Botany. An epiphyte. aeroplane n. Chiefly British. Variant of airplane. aeroshell n. A protective, all-covering shell for a spacecraft entering an atmosphere from space at high speeds. aerosol n. 1. A gaseous suspension of fine solid or liquid particles. 2. a. A substance, such as a detergent, insecticide, or paint, packaged under pressure with a gaseous propellant for release as an aerosol. b. An aerosol bomb. [aero- + sol(ution).] aerosol bomb n. A usually hand-held container or dispenser from which an aerosol is released. aerospace adj. 1. Of or designating the earth's atmosphere and the space beyond. 2. Of or pertaining to the science or technology of flight. aerospace n. aerosphere n. The lower portion of the atmosphere in which both unmanned and manned flight is possible. aerostat n. An aircraft, esp. a balloon or dirigible, deriving its lift from the buoyancy of surrounding air rather than from aerodynamic motion. [Fr. aerostat : Gk. aer, air + Gk. statos, standing.] aerostatic aerostatical adj. aerostatics n. The science of gases in equilibrium and of the equilibrium of balloons or aircraft under changing atmospheric flight conditions. aerothermodynamics n. The study of the thermodynamics of gases, esp. at high relative velocities. aery aery(1) adj. -ier -iest Ethereal. aery(2) n. Variant of aerie. Aesculapian adj. Of or pertaining to the healing art; medical. [After Aesculapius.] Aesculapius n. Roman Mythology. The god of medicine and healing. [Lat. < Gk. Asklepios.] Aesir pl.n. The gods of Norse mythology. [ON, pl. of ass, god.] Aesopian or Aesopic adj. 1. In the manner of Aesop's animal fables. 2. Veiled in allegorical suggestions, hints, and euphemisms so as to elude political censorship: they could express their views only in a diluted form, resorting to Aesopian hints and allusions (Isaac Deutscher). aesthesia or esthesia n. The ability to feel or perceive. [Back-formation < anesthesia.] aesthete or esthete n. 1. One who cultivates a superior appreciation of the beautiful. 2. A person whose pursuit and admiration of beauty is thought to be excessive or affected. [Back-formation < aesthetic.] aesthetic or esthetic adj. 1. Of or pertaining to the criticism of taste. 2. a. Of or pertaining to the sense of the beautiful: the aesthetic faculties. b. Artistic: an aesthetic success. 3. a. Having a love of beauty. b. Informal. In accordance with accepted notions of good taste. [G. asthetisch < NLat. aestheticus < Gk. aisthetikos, of sense perception < aistheta, perceptible things < aisthenasthai, to perceive.] aesthetically adv. aesthetician or esthetician n. A critic concerned with the theory of beauty and the fine arts. aestheticism or estheticism n. 1. The pursuit of the beautiful; the cult of beauty and good taste. 2. a. The belief that beauty is the basic principle from which all other principles are derived. b. A doctrine whereby art and artists are held to have no obligation or responsibility other than that of striving for beauty. aesthetics or esthetics n. 1. The branch of philosophy that provides a theory of the beautiful and of the fine arts. 2. The theories and descriptions of the psychological response to beauty and artistic experiences. 3. In the philosophy of Kant, the branch of metaphysics concerned with the laws of perception. aestival adj. Of, pertaining to, or appearing in summer. [ME estival < OFr. < Lat. aestivalis < aestivus < aestas, summer.] aestivate intr.v. -vated -vating -vates 1. Zoology. To pass the summer, esp. in a state of dormancy. 2. To spend the summer. [Lat. aestivare < aestivus, summery. -see aestival.] aestivation n. 1. The act of spending or passing the summer. 2. Zoology. A state of dormancy or torpor during the summer or periods of drought. 3. Botany. The arrangement of petals, sepals, and other floral organs in the unopened bud. Aether n. Gk. Myth. The poetic personification of the clear upper air breathed by the Olympians. [Lat. < Gk. aither, upper air.] aetiology n. Variant of etiology. af- Variant of ad-. Used before f. afar adv. 1. From a distance: coming from afar. 2. At or to a distance; far away: saw it afar off. [ME afer < on fer, far and of fer, from afar < OE feor, far.] afeard or afeared adj. Regional. Archaic. Afraid; frightened. [ME afered < OE afaered, p.part. of afaeran, to frighten : a- (intensive) + faeran, to frighten < faer, fear.] afebrile adj. Having no fever. affable adj. 1. Easy to speak to; amiable. 2. Mild; gentle; benign. [OFr. < Lat. affabilis < affari, to speak to : ad-, to + fari, to speak.] affability n. affably adv. affair n. 1. Something done or to be done; business. 2. affairs Transactions and other business matters: a man of affairs. 3. a. An occurrence, event, or matter. b. An object or contrivance: a first car that was a ramshackle affair. c. affairs Personal effects. 4. A private matter; personal concern. 5. A matter causing scandal and controversy: the Dreyfus affair. 6. A love affair, esp. a brief one; liaison. [ME afere < OFr. afaire < a faire, to do.] affect affect(1) tr.v. -fected -fecting -fects 1. To have an influence on; bring about a change in. 2. To touch or move the emotions of. 3. To attack or infect, as a disease. -n. 1. Psychology. a. A feeling or emotion as distinguished from cognition, thought, or action. b. A strong feeling having active consequences. 2. Obsolete. A disposition, feeling, or tendency. [Lat. afficere, affect- : ad-, to + facere, to do.] affectless adj. Synonyms: affect influence impress touch move strike These verbs can all mean to produce a mental or emotional effect. To affect is to change a person's emotions in some usually specified way. Influence implies a degree of control over the thinking and actions, as well as the emotions, of another. To impress is to produce a marked, usually favorable, effect on the mind. Touch usually means to arouse a brief sense of pathos, whereas move suggests profound emotional effect capable of inciting action. Strike implies instantaneous mental response to a stimulus such as a sight or an idea. Usage: Affect1 and effect have no senses in common. As a verb, affect1 is most commonly used in the sense of "to influence" (how smoking affects health ). Effect means "to bring about or execute": layoffs designed to effect savings. affect(2) tr.v. -fected -fecting -fects 1. To simulate or imitate in order to make some desired impression; assume; feign. 2. a. To display a preference for. b. Archaic. To fancy; love. c. To tend to by nature; tend to assume: affect crystalline form. 3. To imitate; copy: Spenser, in affecting the ancients, writ no language (Jonson). [ME affecten < Lat. affectare, to strive after, freq. of afficere, to affect, influence.] affecter n. affectation n. 1. A show, pretense, or display. 2. An artificial behavior or mannerism adopted to impress others; affectedness. [Lat. affectatio < affectare, to strive after. -see affect2.] Synonyms: affectation pose air (and airs) mannerism These nouns refer largely to personal attributes acquired as adornments to human character. An affectation is a little habit of speech or dress that the wearer has borrowed from his ideal, hoping to pass it off as genuinely his own. Pose denotes an attitude adopted with the aim of calling favorable attention to oneself. Air , meaning a distinctive but intangible quality, does not usually imply sham: air of authority; air of a professor. In the plural, however, it suggests affectation and snobbishness: put on airs. Mannerism denotes a peculiar trait or quirk that others find obtrusive and distracting. affected affected(1) adj. 1. Acted upon, influenced, or changed. 2. Emotionally stirred or moved. 3. Infected or attacked, as by disease. affected(2) adj. 1. Assumed or simulated to impress others. 2. Speaking or behaving in an artificial way to make a particular impression. 3. Disposed or inclined. affectedly adv. affectedness n. affecting affecting(1) adj. Evoking a usually strong emotional response; moving: an affecting spectacle. affectingly adv. affecting(2) adj. Obsolete. 1. Displaying love. 2. Feigning or pretending: I never heard such a drawling, affecting rogue (Shakespeare). affection n. 1. A fond or tender feeling toward another. 2. affections Feeling or emotion: an unbalanced state of affections. 3. Any pathological condition of the mind or body. 4. The act of influencing, affecting, or acting upon. 5. The state of being influenced or acted upon. 6. An attribute. 7. Mental disposition or tendency. [ME affeccioun < OFr. affection < Lat. affectio < afficere, to affect, influence.] affectional adj. affectionally adv. affectionate adj. 1. Having or showing fond feelings or affection; loving; tender. 2. Obsolete. Strongly or favorably disposed. affectionately adv. affectionateness n. affective adj. 1. Psychology. Pertaining to or resulting from emotions or feelings rather than from thought. 2. Pertaining to or arousing affection or emotion; emotional. affenpinscher n. Any of a breed of small dogs of European origin, having dark, wiry, shaggy hair and a tufted muzzle. [G. Affe, monkey + Pinscher, terrier.] afferent adj. Directed toward a central organ or section, as nerves that conduct impulses from the periphery of the body inward to the spinal cord. [Lat. afferens, afferent-, pr.part. of afferre, to bring toward : ad-, toward + ferre, to bring.] affiance tr.v. -anced -ancing -ances To bind in a pledge of marriage; betroth. [OFr. afiancer < affier, to trust to < Med. Lat. affidare : Lat. ad-, to + Lat. fidus, faithful.] affiant n. Law. One who makes an affidavit. [OFr. pr.part. of affier, to trust to. -see affiance.] affidavit n. Law. A written declaration made under oath before a notary public or other authorized officer. [Med. Lat. affidavit, he has pledged < affidare, to pledge. -see affiance.] affiliate v. -ated -ating -ates -tr. 1. To adopt or accept as a subordinate associate. 2. To associate (oneself) as a subordinate, subsidiary, or member with. 3. To admit as one's own child; adopt. 4. Law. a. To determine the paternity of (an illegitimate child). b. To refer an illegitimate child to (its father). -intr. To associate or connect oneself: a group that decided to affiliate. -n. A person or organization associated with another in subordinate relationship. [Med. Lat. affiliare, affiliat-, to adopt : ad-, to + filius, son.] affiliation n. affine adj. 1. Of or pertaining to a mathematical transformation of coordinates that is equivalent to a translation, contraction, or expansion with respect to a fixed origin and fixed coordinate system. 2. Of or pertaining to the geometry of affine transformations. [OFr. affin, closely related. -see affined.] affined adj. Archaic. 1. Joined by kinship or affinity. 2. Beholden; bound. [Fr. affine < OFr. affin, closely related < Lat. affinis, related by marriage : ad-, to + finis, boundary.] affinity n. pl. -ties 1. A natural personal attraction. 2. Relationship by marriage. 3. An inherent similarity between things. 4. A relationship or resemblance between biological species that implies a common origin. 5. A chemical attraction or force that causes the atoms of certain elements to combine with atoms of another element and remain in the combined state. [ME affinite < OFr. afinite < Lat. affinitas < affinis, related by marriage. -see affined.] Usage: Affinity may be followed by of, between, or with. Thus, affinity of persons, between two persons, or with another person. In technical writing, affinity (meaning "a chemical or physical attraction") is followed by for: a dye with an affinity for synthetic fabrics. In general usage affinity retains some sense of a mutual relationship, and therefore its use with for is less widely accepted. A majority of the Usage Panel accept this example: Even in school he showed an affinity for politics. But a large majority reject this example: Her affinity for living in California led her to reject a chance to return to New York. affirm v. -firmed -firming -firms -tr. 1. To declare positively or firmly; maintain to be true. 2. To ratify or confirm. -intr. Law. To declare solemnly and formally but not under oath. [ME affermen < OFr. afermer < Lat. affirmare : ad-, to + firmare, to strengthen < firmus, strong.] affirmable adj. affirmably adv. affirmant adj. n. affirmation n. affirmer n. affirmative adj. 1. Affirming or asserting that something is true or factual. 2. Logic. Denoting a proposition in which the predicate states something about the subject to be true, as apples have seeds. -n. 1. An affirmative word or phrase. 2. The side in a debate that upholds a proposition. affirmatively adv. Usage: The expressions in the affirmative and in the negative, as in she answered in the affirmative, are generally regarded as pompous. She answered yes would be more acceptable even at the most formal levels of style. affirmative action n. Action taken to provide equal opportunity, as in admissions or employment, for minority groups and women. affix tr.v. -fixed -fixing -fixes 1. To secure (an object) to another; attach: affix a label to a package. 2. To impute; attribute: affix blame to him. 3. To place at the end; append: affix a postscript. -n. 1. Something that is attached, joined, or added. 2. A word element, such as a prefix or suffix, that can only occur attached to a base, stem, or root. [Med. Lat. affiare, freq. of Lat. affigere : ad-, to + figere, to fasten.] affixable adj. affixer n. afflatus n. A creative impulse; inspiration. [Lat., p.part. of afflare, to breathe on : ad-, toward + flare, to blow.] afflict tr.v. -flicted -flicting -flicts To inflict physical or mental suffering upon; cause grievous distress to: The second pain which will afflict the souls of the damned in hell is the pain of conscience (Joyce). [ME afflighten < Lat. affligere, to cast down : ad-, to + fligere, to strike.] afflicter n. afflictive adj. afflictively adv. affliction n. 1. A condition of pain, suffering, or distress. 2. A cause of pain, suffering, or distress. affluence n. 1. A plentiful supply of material goods; wealth; riches. 2. A plentiful supply; abundance. 3. A flowing toward. affluency n. Affluence. affluent adj. 1. Rich; wealthy: an affluent society. 2. Copious; abundant. 3. Flowing freely. -n. A stream or river that flows into another or other body of water; tributary. [ME, abundant < OFr. < Lat. affluens, pr.part. of affluere, to abound in : ad-, to + fluere, to flow.] affluently adv. afflux n. A flowing to or toward a particular area: an afflux of blood to the head. [Lat. affluxus, p.part. of affluere, to flow to. -see affluent.] afford tr.v. -forded -fording -fords 1. To have the financial means for; be able to meet the expense of. 2. To be able to spare or give up: could afford an hour for lunch. 3. To be able to do or perform (something) without incurring harm or criticism, or with benefit to oneself: can afford to be tolerant. 4. To provide: a sport affording good exercise. [ME aforthen < OE geforoian, to carry out < foroian, to further < foro, forward.] affordable adj. afforest tr.v. -ested -esting -ests To convert (open land) into forest. [Med. Lat. afforestare : ad-, to + forestare < foresta, forest.] afforestation n. affranchise tr.v. -chised -chising -chises To free from servitude; liberate from obligation or liabilities. [ME < OFr. afranchir, afranchiss- : a-, to (< Lat. ad-) + franchir, to free < franc, free. -see frank.] affray n. A noisy quarrel or brawl. -tr.v.-frayed -fraying -frays Archaic. To frighten. [ME < OFr. esfrei < esfreer, to disturb.] affricate n. A speech sound produced when the breath stream is completely stopped and then released at articulation, the t plus sh sound in clutch or the j sound in judge. [Lat. affricare, affricat-, to rub against : ad-, to + fricare, to rub.] affricative adj. Of, pertaining to, or forming an affricate. -n. An affricate. affright Archaic. tr.v. -frighted -frighting -frights To arouse fear in; terrify. -n. 1. Terror. 2. A cause of terror. 3. The act of frightening. [ME afrighten < OE afyrhtan.] affrightment n. affront tr.v. -fronted -fronting -fronts 1. To insult intentionally, esp. openly. 2. To meet face to face defiantly; confront. -n. 1. An open or intentional offense, slight, or insult. 2. Obsolete. An encounter or meeting. [ME afrounten < OFr. afronter : Lat. ad-, to + Lat. frons, face.] affusion n. A pouring on of liquid, as in baptism. [LLat. adfusio, < affundere, to pour on : ad-, to + fundere, to pour.] Afghan n. 1. A native of Afghanistan. 2. Pashto. 3. afghan A coverlet of wool, knitted or crocheted in colorful geometric designs. 4. An Afghan hound. -adj. Of or pertaining to Afghanistan, its people, or their language. [Pashto afghani.] Afghan hound n. A large, slender dog of an ancient breed, having long, thick hair, a pointed muzzle, and drooping ears. afghani n. See table at currency. [Pashto.] aficionado n. pl. -dos An enthusiastic admirer or follower; devotee; fan. [Sp. < p.part. of aficionar, to induce a liking for < aficion, liking < Lat. affectio, affection.] afield adv. 1. Off the usual or desired track. 2. Away from one's home or usual environment. 3. To or on a field. afire adj. -adv. 1. On fire; burning. 2. Intensely interested and involved. aflame adj. -adv. 1. On fire; flaming. 2. Keenly excited and interested. afloat adj. -adv. 1. Floating. 2. On a boat or ship away from the shore; at sea. 3. In circulation; prevailing. 4. Awash; flooded. 5. Drifting about; moving without guidance. 6. Free or out of difficulty, esp. financial difficulty: couldn't keep the business afloat. aflutter adj. In a flutter; nervous and excited. afoot adj. -adv. 1. Walking; on foot. 2. In the process of being carried out; astir. afore adv.prep. -conj. Archaic. Before. [ME < OE onforan : on, at + for, fore.] aforementioned adj. Mentioned previously or before. aforesaid adj. Spoken of earlier. aforethought adj. Planned or intended beforehand; premeditated: malice aforethought. aforetime Archaic. adv. At a former or past time; previously. -adj. Earlier; former. a fortiori adv. For a stronger reason; all the more. Used of a conclusion arrived at with greater logical necessity than another. [Lat.] afoul of prep. In or into a condition of collision, entanglement, or conflict. Idiom Section: run fallafoul of.. To become entangled or in conflict with. afraid adj. 1. Filled with fear. 2. Reluctant; averse: not afraid of work. 3. Filled with regret: I'm afraid you're wrong. [ME affraied, p.part. of affraien, to frighten < OFr. esfreer, to disturb.] A-frame n. A structure, as a house, with steeply angled sides and a roof that reaches to the ground. [From its being shaped like a capital A.] afreet or afrit n. Arabic Myth. A powerful evil spirit or gigantic and monstrous demon. [Ar. 'ifrit.] afresh adv. Once more; anew; again. African adj. Of or pertaining to Africa or any of its peoples or languages. -n. 1. A person born or living in Africa. 2. A member of one of the indigenous peoples of Africa. African lily n. A plant, Agapanthus africanus, native to southern Africa, having rounded clusters of blue, violet, or white flowers. African mahogany n. 1. a. Any of several African trees of the genus Khaya, esp. K. ivorensis, having wood similar to that of true mahogany. b. The wood of this tree, used for furniture, musical instruments, and boat interiors. 2. Any of various other African woods resembling true mahogany. African marigold n. A widely cultivated plant, Tagetes erecta, native to Mexico, having finely divided foliage and showy, rounded orange or yellow flowers. African sleeping sickness n. Sleeping sickness. African violet n. Any of several plants of the genus Saintpaulia, native to tropical Africa and widely cultivated as house plants, esp. S. ionantha, having violet, white, or pink flowers. Afrikaans n. A language that developed from 17th-century Dutch and is an official language of the Republic of South Africa. [Afr. < Du. Afrikaansch, African.] Afrikaner n. An Afrikaans-speaking descendant of the Dutch settlers of South Africa. [Afr., African < Lat. Africanus.] afrit n. Variant of afreet. Afro n. pl. -ros A rounded, bushy hair style. -adj. 1. Of or for an Afro: an Afro comb. 2. Directly or indirectly African in style. [Perh. short for Afro-American.] Afro- African: Afro-Asiatic. [< Lat. Afer, an African.] Afro-American adj. Of or pertaining to American blacks of African ancestry, their history, or their culture. -n. An American black of African ancestry. Afro-Asiatic n. A family of languages of southwestern Asia and northern Africa. Afro-Asiatic adj. aft adv. -adj. Nautical. At, in, toward, or close to the stern of a vessel. [Prob. shortening of abaft.] after prep. 1. Behind in place or order. 2. In quest or pursuit of: seek after fame. 3. Concerning: asked after you. 4. Subsequent in time to; at a later time than: come after dinner. 5. Subsequent to and because of or regardless of: friends after all their differences. 6. Following continually: year after year. 7. Next to or lower than in order or importance. 8. In the style of; in imitation of: satires after Horace. 9. With the same or close to the same name as;!in honor or commemoration of: named after her mother. 10. According to the nature or desires of; in conformity to: a man after my own heart. 11. Past the hour of: five minutes after three. -adv. 1. Behind; in the rear. 2. At a later or subsequent time; afterward. -adj. 1. Subsequent in time or place; later; following: in after years. 2. Nautical. Nearer the stern of a vessel; farther aft. -conj. Following or subsequent to the time that: I saw her after I arrived. Idiom Section: after all. 1. When everything is considered. 2. Eventually; ultimately. [ME < OE aefter.] afterbirth n. The placenta and fetal membranes expelled from the uterus after childbirth. afterburner n. 1. A device for augmenting the thrust of a jet engine by burning additional fuel with the uncombined oxygen in the hot exhaust gases. 2. A device for burning or chemically altering unburned or partially burned carbon compounds in exhaust gases. aftercare n. Treatment or special care given to convalescent patients, esp. after undergoing surgery. afterclap n. An unexpected, often unpleasant sequel to a matter that had been considered closed. afterdamp n. An asphyxiating mixture of gases, primarily nitrogen and carbon dioxide, left in a mine after a fire or explosion. afterdeck n. Nautical. The part of a ship's deck past amidships toward the stern. aftereffect n. An effect following its cause after some delay, esp. a delayed or prolonged physiological or psychological response to a stimulus. afterglow n. 1. The light emitted or remaining after removal of a source of illumination, esp.: a. The atmospheric glow after sunset. b. The glow of an incandescent metal as it cools. c. Emission from a phosphor after removal of excitation. 2. The comfortable feeling following a pleasant experience. 3. A lingering impression of past brilliance. after-hours adj. 1. Occurring after closing time: after-hours drinking. 2. Open after a legal or established closing time: an after-hours club. afterimage n. A visual image that persists after a visual stimulus ceases. afterlife n. 1. A life believed to follow death. 2. The part of one's life that follows a particular event. after-market n. The demand for goods or services, such as repairs, associated with the upkeep of a previous purchase. aftermath n. 1. A consequence or result, esp. of a disaster or misfortune. 2. A period of time following a disastrous event. 3. A second crop of grass in the same season. [after + obs. math, mowing, < OE maeo.] aftermost adj. 1. Nautical. Nearest the stern; farthest aft. 2. Nearest the end or rear; hindmost; last. afternoon n. 1. The part of the day from noon until sunset. 2. The closing part. afterpains pl.n. The cramps or pains following childbirth, resulting from the contraction of the womb. afterpiece n. A short comic piece performed after a play. aftersensation n. A sensory impression, such as an afterimage or aftertaste, that persists or recurs after removal of a stimulus. after-shave n. A usually fragrant lotion for use on the face after shaving. aftertaste n. 1. A taste persisting in the mouth after the substance causing it is no longer present. 2. A feeling that remains after an event or experience. afterthought n. An idea, response, or explanation that occurs to one after an event or decision. aftertime n. The time to come; future. afterward or afterwards adv. In or at a later time; subsequently. afterword n. An epilogue (sense 2). afterworld n. A world thought to come after death. aftmost adj. Nautical. Farthest aft; aftermost. Ag The symbol for the element silver. [Lat. argentum.] ag- Variant of ad-.Used before g. aga or agha n. A high official of the Ottoman Empire. [Turk. aga.] again adv. 1. Once more; another time; anew. 2. To a previous place, position, or state: left home but went back again. 3. Furthermore; moreover. 4. On the other hand: might go and again might not. 5. In return; in response; back. Idiom Section: again and again. Repeatedly; frequently. as much again. 1. The same amount. 2. Twice as much. [ME < OE ongeagn, against.] against prep. 1. In a direction or course opposite to: row against the current. 2. So as to come into forcible contact with: waves dashing against the shore. 3. In contact with so as to rest or press on: leaned against the tree. 4. In hostile opposition or resistance to: struggle against fate. 5. Contrary to; opposed to: against my better judgment. 6. In contrast or comparison with the setting or background of: dark colors against a fair skin. 7. In preparation for; in anticipation of: food stored against winter. 8. As a defense or safeguard from: protection against the cold. 9. To the account or debt of: drew a check against her bank balance. 10. Directly opposite to; facing. [ME, alteration of againes < OE ongeagn.] agalactia n. Nonsecretion or dysfunctional secretion of milk following childbirth. [NLat. < Gk. agalaktia, lack of milk : a-, not + gala, milk.] agama n. Any of various small, long-tailed, insect-eating lizards of the family Agamidae, found in Old World tropics. [Carib.] Agamemnon n. Greek Mythology. The king of Mycenae, leader of the Greeks against Troy, husband of Clytemnestra, and father of Orestes, Electra, and Iphigenia. [Gk. Agamemnon.] agamete n. An asexual reproductive cell that progresses into an adult individual. agamic adj. Biology. Occurring or reproducing without the union of male and female cells; asexual or parthenogenetic. [< LLat. agamus, unmarried < Gk. agamos : a-, not + gamos, marriage.] agamically adv. agamogenesis n. Asexual reproduction, as by budding, cell division, or parthenogenesis. [agam(ic) + -genesis.] agamous adj. Agamic. agapanthus n. Any plant of the genus Agapanthus, which includes the African lily. [NLat. Agapanthus, genus name : Gk. agape, love + Gk. anthos, flower.] agape agape(1) adv. -adj. 1. In a state of wonder or amazement. 2. Wide open. agape(2) n. 1. Christian love. 2. Love that is spiritual, not sexual, in its nature. 3. In the early Christian Church, the love feast accompanied by Eucharistic celebration. [Gk. agape, love.] agar or agar-agar n. A gelatinous material prepared from certain marine algae and used as a base for bacterial culture media, as a laxative, and for thickening certain foods. [Short for Malay agar-agar.] agaric n. 1. Any fungus of the family Agaricacae, including the common cultivated mushroom, Agaricus campestris. 2. The dried fruiting body of the fungus Fomes laricis, formerly used in medicine. [Lat. agaricum, a kind of fungus < Gk. agarikon.] agate n. 1. A fine-grained, fibrous variety of chalcedony with color banding or irregular clouding. 2. A child's marble made of agate or a glass imitation of it. 3. A tool with agate parts, as a burnisher tipped with agate. 4. A printer's type size, approximately 51/2 points. [ME achate < OFr. acate < Lat. achates < Gk. akhates.] agate line n. A measure of space used in estimating printed advertising, usually one column wide and 1/14 of an inch deep. agave n. Any of numerous fleshy-leaved tropical American plants of the genus Agave, which includes the century plant. Some species yield valuable fibers. [NLat. Agave, genus name < Gk. agaue, fem. of agauos, noble.] age n. 1. The period of time during which someone or something exists. 2. A lifetime. 3. The time in life when a person becomes qualified to assume certain civil and personal rights and responsibilities, usually at eighteen or twenty-one years; legal age: under age. 4. A period of life denoted as differing from other periods; stage: the age of adolescence. 5. The latter portion of life; the state of being old. 6. Any period in history or geology designated by distinctive characteristics: the age of enlightenment. 7. Informal. An extended period of time: left ages ago. 8. Psychology. Mental age. -v.aged aging ages -tr. To cause to grow older or more mature. -intr. 1. To become old. 2. To manifest traits associated with old age. 3. To develop a certain quality of ripeness; become mature: cheese aging at room temperature. [ME < OFr. aage < Lat. aetas, age.] ager n. -age 1. Collection; mass: sewerage. 2. Relationship; connection: parentage. 3. Condition; state: vagabondage. 4. a. An action: blockage. b. Result of an action: breakage. 5. Residence or place of: vicarage. 6. Charge or fee: cartage. [ME < OFr. < Lat. -aticum, n. and adj. suffix.] aged adj. 1. Old; on in years. 2. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of old age. 3. Of the age of: aged three. 4. Geology. Near the base level of erosion. agedly adv. agedness n. ageing n. British. Variant of aging. ageism n. Discrimination based on age, esp. discrimination against middle-aged and elderly people. ageist n. ageless adj. 1. Never seeming to grow old. 2. Existing forever; eternal. agelessly adv. agelessness n. agency n. pl. -cies 1. Action; operation. 2. A mode of action; means. 3. A business or service authorized to act for others: an employment agency. 4. A governmental department of administration or regulations. [Med. Lat. agentia < agens, effective. -see agent.] agenda n. 1. A list of things to be done, esp. the program for a meeting. 2. Plural of agendum. [Lat. pl. of agendum, agendum.] Usage: Agenda, meaning "list" or "program," is well established as a collective noun with singular verb; a great majority of the Usage Panel accepts such a combination. agendum n. pl. -da or -das Something to be done, esp. an item on an agenda. [Lat., neuter gerund. of agere, to do.] agenesis n. Failure of an organism, organ, or part to develop. agent n. 1. One that acts or has the power or authority to act. 2. One that acts for or as the representative of another: an insurance agent. 3. A means or mode by which something is done or caused; instrument. 4. A force or substance that causes some change: a chemical agent. 5. A representative of a government or administrative department of a government: an FBI agent. 6. A spy. [ME < Lat. agens, effective, pr.part. of agere, to do.] agential adj. Of, pertaining to, or acting as an agent or agency. agent provocateur n. pl. agents provocateurs A secret agent who infiltrates an organization in order to incite trouble designed to make its members commit acts that will incur punishment. [Fr.] age of consent n. Law. The age at which a female may legally choose to have sexual intercourse. ageratum n. 1. Any of various plants of the genus Ageratum, esp. A. houstonianum, a commonly cultivated species having clusters of usually violet-blue flowers. 2. Any of several other plants having flower clusters similar to the ageratum. [NLat. Ageratum, genus name < Gk. ageratos, ageless : a-, not + geras, old age.] aggie aggie(1) n. A playing marble. [ag(ate) + -ie.] aggie(2) n. 1. An agricultural college. 2. A student enrolled at an agricultural college or in an agricultural program within a university. [ag(ricultural) + -ie.] aggiornamento n. pl. -tos The process of bringing up to date an institution or organization. [Ital. < aggiornare, to update : a-, to (< Lat. ad.) + giorno, day < Lat. diurnus, daily < dies, day.] agglomerate tr. -intr.v.-ated -ating -ates To make or form into a rounded mass. -adj. Gathered into a rounded mass. -n. 1. A confused or jumbled mass of things clustered together; heap. 2. A volcanic rock consisting of rounded and angular fragments fused together. [Lat. agglomerare, agglomerat-, to annex : ad-, to + glomerare, to form into a ball < glomus, ball.] agglomerative adj. agglomerator n. agglomeration n. 1. The act or process of agglomerating. 2. The state of being agglomerated. 3. A confused or jumbled mass; agglomerate. agglutinate v. -nated -nating -nates -tr. 1. To join together by causing adhesion, as with glue. 2. Linguistics. To form (words) by combining words or words and word elements. 3. Physiology. To cause (red blood cells or microorganisms) to clump together. -intr. 1. To join together into a group or mass. 2. Linguistics. To form words by agglutination. 3. To undergo agglutination. [Lat. agglutinare, agglutinat : ad-, to + glutinare, to glue < gluten, glue.] agglutinant adj. n. agglutination n. 1. The process of agglutinating; adhesion of distinct parts. 2. A mass formed by agglutinating. 3. Linguistics. The formation of words from morphemes that retain their original forms and meanings with little change during the combination process. agglutinative adj. 1. Tending toward, concerning, or characteristic of agglutination. 2. Linguistics. Designating a language in which words are formed primarily by means of agglutination. agglutinin n. A substance that induces agglutination. [agglutin(ation) + -in.] agglutinogen n. An antigen that stimulates the production of an agglutinin. [agglutin(in) + -gen.] agglutinogenic adj. aggrade tr.v. -graded -grading -grades To fill and raise the level of (the bed of a stream) by deposition of sediment. aggradation n. aggradational adj. aggrandize tr.v. -dized -dizing -dizes 1. To increase the scope of; enlarge; extend. 2. To make greater in power, influence, stature, or reputation. 3. To make seem greater; exaggerate. [Fr. aggrandir, aggrandiss- : a-, to (< Lat. ad-) + grandir, to grow larger < Lat. grandire < grandis, large.] aggrandizement n. aggrandizer n. aggravate tr.v. -vated -vating -vates 1. To make worse or more troublesome; make more of a burden. 2. Informal. To annoy or exasperate; provoke; irritate; vex. [Lat. aggravare, aggravat- : ad, to + gravare, to burden < gravis, heavy.] aggravatingly adv. aggravative adj. aggravator n. Usage: The word aggravate is widely used to mean "to irritate," as in The mechanic's surliness aggravated me no end. But many still insist that the word should be used only to mean "to make worse," in referring to a situation or condition, as in: The plight of the small farmer has been aggravated by the drought. Kim's bad back was aggravated by his refusal to get sufficient rest. aggravated assault n. Law. Any of various assaults that are more serious than a common assault, esp. one performed with an intent to commit a crime. aggravation n. 1. The act of aggravating. 2. The state of being aggravated. 3. A thing that irritates or makes worse, more troublesome, or more irritated. 4. Informal. Exasperation; bothersomeness. aggregate adj. 1. Gathered together into a mass or sum so as to constitute a whole; total. 2. Botany. Crowded or massed into a dense cluster. 3. Composed of a mixture of minerals separable by mechanical means. -n. 1. Any total or whole considered with reference to its constituent parts; an assemblage or group of distinct particulars massed together; gross amount: An empire is the aggregate of many states under one common head (Burke). 2. The mineral materials, such as sand or stone, used in making concrete. -tr.v. -gated -gating -gates 1. To gather into a mass, sum, or whole. 2. To total up to; amount to. [ME aggregat < Lat. aggregare, to add to : ad-, to + gregare, to collect < grex, flock.] aggregately adv. aggregation n. aggregative adj. aggregator n. aggregate fruit n. A fruit, such as the raspberry, developed from the pistils of a single flower and consisting of a coherent mass of drupelets. aggress intr.v. -gressed -gressing -gresses To start an attack or a quarrel. [Fr. aggresser < Lat. aggredi : ad-, toward + gradi, to go.] Usage: Though the verb aggress has a long and honorable history, it has lately come to be associated primarily with the jargon of psychology and is often objected to. aggression n. 1. The act of commencing hostilities or invasion; assault. 2. The habit or practice of launching attacks. 3. Psychoanalysis. Hostile action or behavior. aggressive adj. 1. Inclined to move or act in a hostile fashion. 2. Assertive; bold; enterprising. aggressively adv. aggressiveness n. aggressor n. One that engages in aggression. aggrieve tr.v. -grieved -grieving -grieves 1. To distress or afflict. 2. To injure unjustly; give reason for just complaint. [ME agreven < OFr. agrever < Lat. aggravare, to make worse. -see aggravate.] aggrieved adj. 1. Feeling distress or affliction. 2. Treated wrongly; offended. 3. Law. Treated unjustly by a decision of the court or other legal authority. aggrievedly adv. aggrievedness n. agha n. Variant of aga. aghast adj. Shocked, as by something horrible; terrified. [ME agast, p.part. of agasten, to frighten : a- (intensive) + gasten, to frighten < OE gaestan < gast, ghost.] agile adj. 1. Able to move in a quick and easy fashion; active. 2. Mentally alert. [OFr. < Lat. agilis < agere, to impel.] agilely adv. agileness n. agility n. The state or quality of being agile; nimbleness; briskness. agin prep. Regional. Against. aging n. 1. The process of becoming old or mature. 2. An artificial process for imparting the characteristics and properties of age. agio n. pl. -os 1. A premium paid for changing one kind of money to another. 2. An allowance or premium for the difference in value between two currencies being exchanged. [Ital. < Med. Gk. allagion, exchange < allage, change < allos, other.] agitate v. -tated -tating -tates -tr. 1. To move with violence or sudden forcefulness; excite physically: a storm agitating the ocean. 2. To upset; disturb: agitated by grief. 3. To arouse interest in (a cause, for example) by the written or spoken word; discuss; debate. 4. Archaic. To ponder over; plan. -intr. To stir up public interest in a cause. [Lat. agitare, agitat-, freq. of agere, to impel.] agitatedly adv. agitative adj. agitation n. 1. The act of agitating. 2. The state of being agitated; disturbance; commotion. 3. Extreme emotional disturbance; perturbation. 4. The stirring up of public interest in a matter of controversy, such as a political or social issue. agitational adj. agitato adj. Music. Agitated; fast and stirring. Used as a direction. [Ital. < Lat. agitare, to agitate.] agitato adv. agitator n. 1. A person who agitates, esp. one who engages in political agitation. 2. A machine mechanism that stirs or shakes, as in a washing. agitprop n. Communist-oriented political propaganda disseminated esp. through literature, drama, art, or music. [R., office of agitation and propaganda : agitatsiya, agitation + propaganda, propaganda.] Aglaia n. Greek Mythology. One of the three Graces. [Gk. < aglaia, splendor < aglaos, bright.] agleam adj. -adv. Brightly shining. aglet n. 1. A tag or metal sheath on the end of a lace, cord, or ribbon to facilitate its passing through eyelet holes. 2. A device similar to the aglet used for an ornament. [ME < OFr. aguillette, dim. of aguille, needle < LLat. acicula, dim. of Lat. acus, needle.] agley adv. Scots. Off to one side; awry. [Scottish : a-, on + gley, to squint < ME glien.] aglimmer adj. -adv. Lighting up faintly; glimmering. aglitter adj. Glittering; sparkling. aglitter adv. aglow adj. -adv. In a glow; glowing. aglycon or aglycone n. A nonsugar component of a glycoside that is resolvable through hydrolysis. agminate or agminated adj. Gathered in clusters. [< Lat. agmen, agmin-, multitude.] agnail n. 1. A hangnail. 2. A painful sore or swelling around a fingernail or toenail. [ME angnail, corn < OE angnaegl, a sore under the nail : ang-, tight + naegel, nail.] agnate adj. 1. Related on or descended from the father's or male side. 2. From a common source; akin. -n. A relative on the father's or male side only. [Lat. agnatus, a relation on the father's side < the p.part. of agnasci, to be born in addition to : ad-, to + nasci, to be born.] agnatic adj. agnatically adv. agnation n. Agni n. Hinduism. The Vedic god of fire and guardian of man. [Skt. agnih, fire.] agnomen n. pl. -nomina 1. An additional cognomen given to a Roman citizen, often in honor of military victories. 2. A nickname. [Lat. : ad-, to + nomen, name.] agnosia n. Pathologic loss of auditory, sensory, or visual comprehension. [NLat. < Gk. agnosia, ignorance : a-, not + gnosis, knowledge < gignoskein, to know.] agnostic n. Someone who believes that there can be no proof of the existence of God but does not deny the possibility that God exists. -adj. Pertaining to agnostics or their doctrines. [< Gk. agnostos, unknown : a-, not + gnostos, known < gignoskein, to know.] agnostically adv. agnosticism n. 1. Philosophy. The doctrines of the agnostics, holding that certainty, first or absolute truths, are unattainable and that only perceptual phenomena are objects of exact knowledge. 2. Theology. A theory that does not deny God but denies the possibility of knowing Him. Agnus Dei n. 1. The Lamb of God, an emblem of Christ. 2. An iconographic representation of the Agnus Dei. 3. A liturgical prayer to Christ. [Lat.] ago adj. Gone by; past: two years ago. -adv. In the past: happened long ago. [ME, p.part. of agon, to go away < OE agan : a- (intensive) + gan, to go.] Usage: Ago may be followed by that or when: It was a week ago that (or when ) I saw him. It may not be followed by since: It was a week ago since I saw him. Since is properly used without ago, as in It has been a week since I saw him. agog adv. -adj. In a state of keen anticipation; highly excited; astir. [ME agogge < OFr. en gogue, in merriment.] -agog Variant of -agogue. a gogo or ago-go adv. In a fast and lively manner; freely: dancing a gogo. [Fr., galore. ] -agogue or -agog A substance that stimulates the flow of: hemagogue. [LLat. -agogus < Gk. -agogos < agein, to lead.] agone adj. -adv. Archaic. Gone; gone by; past. [ME agon, p.part. of agon, to go away. -see ago.] agonic adj. Having no angle. [< Gk. agonos : a-, not + gonia, angle.] agonic line n. An imaginary line on the earth's surface connecting points where the magnetic declination is zero. agonist n. 1. Physiology. A muscle that contracts and is opposed by contraction in another muscle, the antagonist. 2. One involved in a struggle or competition. [Back-formation < antagonist.] agonistic or agonistical adj. 1. Striving to overcome in argument; competitive; combative. 2. Straining to achieve effect. 3. Of or pertaining to contests, originally those of the ancient Greeks. [Gk. agonistikos < agonistes, combatant < agon, contest.] agonistically adv. agonize v. -nized -nizing -nizes -intr. 1. To be in extreme pain or suffer great anguish. 2. To make a great effort; struggle. -tr. To cause great pain or anguish to. [OFr. agoniser < Med. Lat. agonizare < Gk. agonizesthai, to struggle < agon, contest.] agonizingly adv. agony n. pl. -nies 1. The suffering of intense physical or mental pain. 2. The struggle that precedes death. 3. A sudden or intense emotion of a particular sort: an agony of doubt. 4. A violent or intense struggle. [ME agonie < OFr. < Med. Lat. agonia < Gk. agonia < agon, struggle.] agony column n. A newspaper column containing advertisements chiefly about missing relatives or friends. agora agora(1) n. pl. -rae or -ras A marketplace in ancient Greece, customarily used as a place of popular assembly. [Gk.] agora(2) n. pl. -rot or -roth See table at currency. [Heb. 'agorah < agor, to collect.] agoraphobia n. Abnormal fear of open spaces. [Gk. agora, open space + -phobia.] agoraphobiac n. agoraphobic adj. agouti n. pl. -tis or -ties Any of several burrowing rodents of the genus Dasyprocta, of tropical America, having grizzled brownish or dark-gray fur. [Fr. < Sp. (South America) aguti < Guarani acuti.] agr- Variant of agro-. agraffe or agrafe n. 1. A hook-and-loop arrangement used for a clasp on armor and clothing. 2. A cramp iron for holding stones together in building. [Fr. agrafe < OFr. agrafer, to hook onto : a-, to (< Lat. ad) + grafer, to hook < grafe, hook, of Germanic orig.] agranulocytosis n. A drug-induced disease marked by high fever, lesions of the mucous membranes, and a decrease in granular white blood corpuscles. agrapha or Agrapha pl.n. The sayings of Jesus not in the Bible. [Gk. < agraphos, unwritten : a- not + graphein, to write.] agraphia n. A disorder marked by the inability to write. [a-1 + Gk. graphein, to write.] agraphic adj. agrarian adj. 1. Relating to or concerning the land and its ownership, cultivation, and tenure. 2. Pertaining to agricultural or rural matters. -n. A person who favors equitable distribution of land. [< Lat. agrarius < ager, land.] agrarianly adv. agrarianism n. A movement for equitable distribution of land and for agrarian reform. agravic adj. Of or relating to a condition of no gravitation. [a-1 + grav(ity) + -ic.] agree v. agreed agreeing agrees -intr. 1. To grant consent; accede: agreed to accompany us. 2. To come into or be in accord; match: a copy that agrees with the original. 3. To be of one opinion: didn't agree with me. 4. To come to an understanding or to terms: finally agreed on the solution. 5. To be suitable or appropriate: Spicy food does not agree with him. 6. Grammar. To correspond in gender, number, case, or person. -tr. To grant or concede: agreed that we should go. [ME agreen < OFr. agreer < VLat. *aggratare : Lat. ad-, to + Lat. gratus, pleasing.] Synonyms: agree conform harmonize accord correspond coincide These verbs all indicate compatible relationship between people or things. Agree may indicate mere lack of incongruity or discord, but often it suggests acceptance of ideas or actions and thus accommodation. Conform stresses close resemblance in form, thought, or basic characteristics, sometimes the result of accommodation to established standards. Harmonize implies a relationship of unlike things combined or arranged to make a pleasing whole. Accord implies close similarity between things or harmonious relationship or both. Correspond refers either to actual similarity in form or nature or to similarity in function of unlike things. Coincide stresses exact agreement in space, time, or thought. agreeable adj. 1. To one's liking; pleasing; pleasant. 2. In accordance; suitable; conformable. 3. Ready to consent or submit. agreeability agreeableness n. agreeably adv. agreed adj. 1. Determined by common consent: the agreed meeting place. 2. Of one opinion: Both parties were agreed. 3. Allowed; granted: Want to leave? Agreed. agreement n. 1. The act of agreeing. 2. Harmony of opinion; accord. 3. An arrangement between parties regarding a method of action; covenant. 4. Law. a. A properly executed and legally binding compact. b. The writing or document embodying this. 5. Grammar. Correspondence in gender, number, case, or person between words. agrestal or agrestial adj. Growing wild, esp. in cultivated areas, as weeds do. [Lat. agrestis < ager, land.] agrestic or agrestical adj. 1. Rural; rustic. 2. Unpolished; crude. agria n. Intense or extensive pustular eruption. [< Gk. agria, wild < agros, field.] agribusiness n. Farming engaged in as big business, embracing the production, processing, and distribution of farm products and the manufacture of farm machinery, equipment, and supplies. [agri(culture) + business.] agriculture n. The science, art, and business of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock; farming. [Lat. agricultura : ager, land + cultura, cultivation.] agricultural adj. agriculturally adv. agriculturist agriculturalist n. agrimony n. pl. -nies 1. Any of various plants of the genus Agrimonia, having compound leaves, long clusters of small yellow flowers, and bristly fruits. 2. Any of several plants similar or related to the agrimony, such as the hemp agrimony. [ME agrimonie < OFr. aigremoine < Lat. agrimonia, alteration of argemonia < Gk. argemone, poppy.] agrioecology n. The ecology of domestic or cultivated plants. [Gk. agrios, wild (< agros, field) + ecology.] agriology n. The study of peoples whose cultures are at an early stage of development. [Gk. agrios, wild (< agros, field) + -logy.] agriological adj. agro- or agr- Field; soil: agrology. [< Gk. agros, field.] agrobiology n. The science of plant and animal growth and nutrition as related to soil variation and crop yield. agrobiologic agrobiological adj. agrobiologically adv. agrobiologist n. agrology n. The applied science of soils in relation to crops. agrologic agrological adj. agrologically adv. agrologist n. agronomy or agronomics n. The application of the various soil and plant sciences to soil management and the raising of crops; scientific agriculture. agronomic agronomical adj. agronomist n. agrostology n. The botanical study of grasses. [Gk. agrostis, a kind of wild grass (< agros, field) + -logy.] aground adv. -adj. Stranded in shallow water or on a reef or shoal: a ship that ran aground. agrypnia n. Insomnia. [Gk. < agrupnos, wakeful.] ague n. 1. A fever, like that of malaria, in which there are periods of chill, fever, and sweating. 2. A chill or fit of shivering. [ME < OFr., short for fievre ague, sharp fever < Med. Lat. febris acuta : febris, fever + acutus, sharp.] aguish adj. aguishly adv. aguishness n. agueweed n. 1. A plant, Gentiana quinquefolia, of eastern North America, having clusters of pale blue-violet or white flowers. 2. Boneset. ah interj. Used to express various emotions, such as surprise, delight, pain, satisfaction, or dislike. aha interj. Used to express surprise, triumph, or pleasure. ahead adv. 1. At or to the front or head. 2. In advance; before. 3. Onward; forward. Idiom Section: ahead of. . In front of. be ahead. Informal. To be gaining or winning. get ahead. To attain success. ahem interj. Used to attract attention or to express doubt or warning. ahimsa n. A Buddhist and Hindu doctrine of nonviolence expressing belief in the sacredness of all living creatures. [Skt. ahimsa : a-, not + himsa, injury < himsati, he injures.] ahoy interj. Nautical. Used to hail a ship or person or to attract attention. Ahriman n. The spirit of evil in Zoroastrianism, understood by some as the arch rival of Ormazd. [Pers. Ahriman, prob. < Avestan anra mainyu : anra, evil + mainyu, spirit.] Ahura Mazda n. Ormazd. [Avestan, wise god.] ai n. A three-toed sloth of the genus Bradypus. [Port. < Tupi.] aid v. aided aiding aids -intr. To help; assist. -tr. To give help or assistance to. -n. 1. The act or result of helping; assistance. 2. One that helps; an assistant or helper. 3. An aide-de-camp or aide. 4. In medieval England, a money payment to a feudal lord by a vassal. [ME aiden < OFr. aider < Lat. adjutare, freq. of adjuvare, to help : ad- (intensive) + juvare, to help.] aider n. aide n. 1. An aide-de-camp. 2. An assistant; helper: a nurse's aide. [Fr. < aider, to aid.] aide-de-camp n. pl. aides-de-camp A naval or military officer acting as secretary and confidential assistant to a superior officer of general or flag rank. [Fr.] aide-memoire n. 1. Something that serves as an aid to memory, as a mnemonic device. 2. An outline or memorandum setting forth the major points of a proposed agreement or discussion, used esp. in diplomatic communications. [Fr.] AIDS n. A disease of no known etiology in which the body's immunological system is destroyed. [An acronym for acquired immune deficiency syndrome.] aigrette or aigret n. 1. An ornamental tuft of upright plumes, esp. the tail feathers of an egret. 2. An ornament, such as a spray of gems, resembling an aigrette. [Fr., egret < OFr. -see egret.] aiguille n. 1. A sharp, pointed mountain peak. 2. A needle-shaped drill for boring holes in rock or masonry. [Fr., needle. -see aglet.] aiguillette n. An ornamental cord or braid worn on the shoulder of a military uniform. [Fr. -see aglet.] aikido n. A Japanese method of self-defense in which one's opponent's strength and weight are used against him. [J. aikido : ai, mutual + ki, spirit + do, art.] ail v. ailed ailing ails -intr. To feel ill or have pain; be unwell. -tr. To cause pain; make ill or uneasy; trouble. [ME eilen < OE eglian < egle, troublesome.] ailanthus n. A deciduous tree, Ailanthus altissima, native to China but naturalized in North America esp. in urban areas that has compound leaves and clusters of greenish flowers with an unpleasant odor. [NLat. Ailanthus, genus name < Amboinese ai lanto, tree of heaven.] aileron n. Either of two movable flaps on the wings of an airplane that can be used to control the plane's rolling and banking movements. [Fr., dim. of aile, wing < OFr. < Lat. ala.] ailment n. A physical or mental disorder, esp. a mild illness. ailurophile n. One who loves cats. [Gk. ailuros, cat + -phile.] ailurophobe n. One who hates or fears cats. [Gk. ailuros, cat + -phobe.] aim v. aimed aiming aims -tr. To direct (a weapon, remark, or blow, for example) at someone or something. -intr. 1. To direct a weapon: a gunner aiming carefully. 2. To determine a course: aim at better education. 3. To propose; intend: aim to solve the problem. -n. 1. The act of aiming or pointing. 2. The sighting or line of fire of something aimed. 3. Obsolete. An object or point aimed at; target; mark. 4. Purpose; intention; plan. 5. Obsolete. A conjecture; guess. [ME amen < OFr. aesmer, to guess at : a-, at (< Lat. ad) + esmer, to guess < Lat. aestimare, to estimate.] aimless adj. Without direction or purpose. aimlessly adv. aimlessness n. ain adj. Scots. Own. ain't Nonstandard. 1. Am not. 2. Used also as a contraction for are not, is not, has not, and have not. Usage: Ain't has acquired such a stigma over the years that it is beyond rehabilitation, even though it would serve a useful function as a contraction for am not and even though its use as an alternate form for isn't, hasn't, aren't, and haven't has a good historical justification. In questions, the variant aren't I is acceptable in speech to a majority of the Usage Panel, but in writing there is no generally acceptable substitute for the stilted am I not. Ainu n. pl. Ainu or -nus 1. A member of an aboriginal Caucasian people inhabiting the northernmost islands of Japan. 2. The language of the Ainus. aioli n. A rich garlic-flavored mayonnaise, used esp. on fish and vegetables. [Prov. : ai, garlic (< Lat. allium) + oli, oil (< Lat. oleum).] air n. 1. a. A colorless, odorless, tasteless gaseous mixture, mainly nitrogen (approximately 78 per cent) and oxygen (approximately 21 per cent) with lesser amounts of argon, carbon dioxide, neon, helium, and other gases. b. This mixture with varying amounts of moisture, low-altitude pollutants, and particulate matter, enveloping the earth; the atmosphere. c. The air or atmosphere in an enclosure. 2. The sky; firmament. 3. An atmospheric movement; breeze; wind. 4. Archaic. Breath. 5. Public utterance; circulation: give air to one's grievances. 6. A peculiar or characteristic impression; aura: a room with an air of loneliness. 7. Personal bearing, appearance, or manner; mien: has an air of gentility. 8. airs Affected manners; haughty pose: gives herself aristocratic airs. 9. Music. A melody or tune, esp.: a. The soprano or treble part in a harmonized composition. b. A solo with or without accompaniment. 10. Air conditioning. -tr.v.aired airing airs 1. To expose so that air can dry, cool, or freshen; ventilate. 2. To give public utterance to; circulate. Idiom Section: in the air. 1. Abroad; prevalent. 2. Uncertain; not settled; being thought out or formulated. on offthe air.. Being (or not being) broadcast on radio or television. take the air. To go outdoors for fresh air; take a short walk or ride. up in the air. 1. Not decided; uncertain; in suspense. 2. Agitated or excited; upset; angry. walk on air. To feel elated or extremely happy. [ME < OFr. < Lat. aer < Gk. aer.] air bag n. An automotive safety device consisting of a bag designed to inflate upon collision and prevent passengers from pitching forward. air base n. A base for military aircraft. air battery n. A rechargeable battery in which current is generated as a result of oxidation of metal. air bladder n. Biology. 1. An air-filled structure near the spinal column in many fishes that functions to maintain buoyancy or in some species as an aid in respiration or hearing. 2. Any air-filled saclike structure, such as one of the dilated parts of the thallus in certain seaweeds. airboat n. A swamp boat. airborne adj. 1. Carried by or through the air: airborne pollen. 2. Transported in aircraft: airborne troops. 3. In flight; flying. airbrush or air brush n. An atomizer using compressed air to spray paint or other liquids on a surface -tr.v.-brushed -brushing -brushes To spray with an airbrush. airburst n. An explosion of a bomb or shell in the atmosphere. Airbus A trademark for a subsonic jet passenger airplane. air chamber n. 1. Any enclosure filled with air for a special purpose. 2. An air chamber, esp. in a hydraulic system, in which air elastically compresses and expands to regulate the flow of a fluid. air command n. A unit of the U.S. Air Force that is larger than an air force. air-condition tr.v. -tioned -tioning -tions To provide with or ventilate by air conditioning. air conditioner n. Any apparatus for controlling, esp. lowering, the temperature and humidity of an enclosure. air conditioning n. 1. The state or condition produced by an air conditioner. 2. A system of air conditioners. air-cool tr.v. -cooled -cooling -cools 1. To cool (an engine, for example) by a flow of air. 2. To air-condition. air corridor n. An air route established by international agreement. air cover n. 1. Protective use of military aircraft during ground operations. 2. The aircraft used for air cover. aircraft n. pl. aircraft A machine or device, including airplanes, helicopters, gliders, and dirigibles, capable of atmospheric flight. aircraft carrier n. A large naval ship designed as a mobile air base at sea, having a long flat deck on which aircraft can take off and land. aircraftsman or aircraftman n. A noncommissioned member of the British Royal Air Force or the Royal Canadian Air Force. air-cushion or air-cushioned adj. Of or relating to a vehicle that is supported a short distance above the surface of land or water by a cushion of forced air. air division n. A unit of the U.S. Air Force larger than a wing and smaller than an air force. air door n. A temperature-controlled, strong current of air, usually directed upward, that is used instead of a door. airdrome n. 1. An airport. 2. A landing field. 3. An airplane hangar. airdrop n. A delivery, as of supplies or troops, by parachute from aircraft in flight. -tr. -intr.v.-dropped -dropping -drops To drop from an aircraft. air-dry tr.v. -dried -drying -dries To dry by exposure to the air. -adj. Sufficiently dry so that further exposure to air will not evaporate moisture. Airedale n. A large terrier of a breed having rather long legs and a wiry tan coat marked with black. [After Airedale, a valley in Yorkshire, England.] air embolism n. An aeroembolism. air express n. A system of transportation of packages by air. airfare n. Fare for travel by airplane. airfield n. 1. An airport having hard-surfaced runways where aircraft can take off and land. 2. A landing strip. airflow n. 1. A flow of air. 2. The air currents caused by the motion of an object such as an airplane or automobile. airfoil n. An aircraft part or surface, such as a wing, propeller blade, or rudder, the shape and orientation of which control stability, direction, lift, thrust, or propulsion. air force n. 1. The aviation branch of a country's armed forces, as the United States Air Force. 2. A unit of the U.S. Air Force larger than an air division and smaller than an air command. airframe n. An aircraft lacking only its power plant. air freight n. 1. A system of transporting freight by air. 2. The amount charged for air freight. air gas n. Producer gas. airglow n. A low- or middle-latitude, more or less steady, faint photochemical luminescence in the upper atmosphere. air gun n. A gun discharged by compressed air. airhead n. An area of hostile or enemy-controlled territory secured by paratroops. air hole n. 1. A hole or opening through which gas or air may pass. 2. An opening in the frozen surface of a body of water. 3. An air pocket. air hunger n. The gasping, deep respiration symptomatic of coma and diabetic acidosis. airing n. 1. Exposure to air for freshening or drying. 2. Exposure to open air for exercise or health-promoting activity. 3. Exposure to public notice or attention. 4. A radio or television broadcast. air lane n. A regular route of travel for aircraft; airway. air layering n. A method of plant propagation in which a twig or shoot attached to the parent plant is wrapped in moist sphagnum moss or polyethylene plastic so that it will form roots and can later be removed and replanted. airless adj. 1. Without air. 2. Lacking fresh air; stuffy. 3. Without a breeze or wind; still. airlessness n. air letter n. 1. An airmail letter. 2. A sheet of airmail paper that can be folded as an envelope with a message inside. airlift n. A system of transporting troops or supplies by air when surface routes are blocked. -v.-lifted -lifting -lifts -tr. To transport by air, as when ground routes are blocked. -intr. To transport supplies or troops by air. airline n. 1. a. A system for scheduled transport of passengers and freight by air. b. A business organization providing such a system of air transport. 2. An air route. 3. The shortest distance between two geographical points; a direct line; beeline. airliner n. An airplane adapted for carrying passengers and operated by an airline. air lock n. 1. An airtight chamber, usually located between two regions of unequal pressure, in which air pressure can be regulated. 2. A bubble or pocket of air or vapor, as in a pipe, that stops the normal flow of fluid through the conducting part. airmail tr.v. -mailed -mailing -mails To send (a letter, for example) by air mail. -adj. Of, relating to, or for use with air mail: an airmail stamp. air mail or airmail n. 1. The system of conveying mail by aircraft. 2. Mail conveyed or to be conveyed by aircraft. airman n. 1. An enlisted man or woman in the U.S. Air Force. 2. An enlisted man in the U.S. Navy working with aircraft. 3. An aviator. airman basic n. An enlisted man of the lowest rank in the U.S. Air Force. airman first class n. An enlisted man in the U.S. Air Force ranking above an airman and below a sergeant. air mass n. A large body of air with only small horizontal variations of temperature, pressure, and moisture. air mattress n. An inflatable airtight sack used as a mattress. Air Medal n. A decoration awarded by the U.S. Army, Air Force, or Navy for meritorious airborne conduct. air mile n. A unit of distance in air navigation. air piracy n. The hijacking of an airplane in flight; skyjacking. air pirate n. airplane n. Any of various winged vehicles capable of flight, generally heavier than air and propelled by jet engines or propellers. [Alteration of aeroplane, prob. < Fr. aeroplane : aero-, aero- + planer, to glide < plan, level < Lat. planus, flat.] air plant n. An epiphyte. airplay n. The broadcasting of a record on the air by a radio station. air pocket n. A downward air current that causes an aircraft to lose altitude abruptly. air police n. Military police of an air force. airport n. 1. A tract of leveled land where aircraft can take off and land, usually equipped with hard-surfaced landing strips, a control tower, hangars, and accommodations for passengers and cargo. 2. An installation similar to an airport in which the landing area is on water. airproof adj. Impermeable to air. -tr.v.-proofed -proofing -proofs To make impermeable to air. air pump n. Equipment for compressing, removing, or forcing a flow of air. air raid n. An attack by hostile military aircraft, esp. when armed with bombs. air rifle n. A low-powered rifle, such as a BB gun, that uses manually compressed air to fire small pellets. air sac n. An air-filled space, as one of the spaces in a bird's body that forms a connection between the lungs and the bone cavities. airscrew n. Chiefly British. The propeller of an airplane. air-shed n. 1. The air supply of a given region. 2. The geographic area covered by an air supply. [air + (water)shed.] airship n. A self-propelled lighter-than-air craft with directional control surfaces; dirigible. airsick adj. Suffering from airsickness. airsickness n. Nausea and discomfort resulting from nervous tension or changes in pressure or motion in an aircraft. air sock n. A windsock. airspace n. 1. The portion of the atmosphere above a particular land area, esp. a nation or other political subdivision. 2. The space occupied by an aircraft formation or used in a maneuver. air speed n. The speed, esp. of an aircraft, relative to the air. air splint n. An inflatable cylinder used to immobilize fractures and sprains of extremities. air spray n. 1. A device for spraying liquids that uses compressed air. 2. The liquid sprayed by an air spray. air spring n. An enclosed volume of air that by its resilience acts as a spring or shock absorber. airstrip n. A cleared area serving as an airfield, esp. in an emergency. airt n. Scots. One of the cardinal points on the compass; a direction. [ME art < Sc. Gael. aird.] air taxi n. A small aircraft that makes short local flights to areas not serviced by regular airlines. airtight adj. 1. Impermeable by air or gas. 2. Having no weak points; sound: an airtight excuse. airtime n. The time that a radio or television station is broadcasting. air-to-air missile n. A missile, usually guided, designed to be fired from aircraft at aircraft. air-to-surface missile n. A missile, usually guided, designed to be fired from aircraft at targets on the ground. air vesicle n. 1. A terminal air sac in the lung, where gas exchange takes place in respiration. 2. An air-filled space that aids in flotation of many water plants. airwaves pl.n. The medium used for the transmission of radio and television signals. airway n. 1. A passageway or shaft in which air circulates, as in ventilating a mine. 2. A designated route of passage for an aircraft; air lane. airworthy adj. -thier -thiest In fit condition to fly: an airworthy aircraft. airworthiness n. airy adj. -ier -iest 1. Having the constitution or nature of air. 2. High in the air; lofty. 3. Open to the air; breezy: airy chambers. 4. Performed in the air; aerial. 5. Resembling air; immaterial: an airy apparition. 6. Impractical; insubstantial; unreal. 7. Speculative; imaginative; visionary. 8. Light as air; delicate: an airy veil. 9. Displaying lofty nonchalance: dismissing him in an airy manner. 10. Light-hearted; gay: an airy mood. airily adv. airiness n. aisle n. 1. A part of a church divided laterally from the nave by a row of pillars or columns. 2. A passageway between rows of seats, as in an auditorium. 3. A passageway, as between counters in a department store. [ME ele < OFr., wing of a building < Lat. ala.] aitch n. The letter h. [Fr. hache.] aitchbone n. 1. The rump bone in cattle. 2. The cut of meat containing the aitchbone. [ME hach-boon < the phrase an hach-boon, an aitchbone, alteration of a nachebon : nache, buttock (< OFr. < Lat. natis) + bon, bone < OE ban.] ajar ajar(1) adv. -adj. Partially opened: left the door ajar. [ME on char : on, in + char, turn < OE cierr.] ajar(2) adv. -adj. Not harmonious; jarring: ajar with the times. Ajax n. Greek Mythology. 1. A warrior of great stature and prowess who fought against Troy; son of Telamon of Salamis. 2. A warrior of small stature and arrogant character who fought against Troy; son of Ileus of Locris. [Lat. < Gk. Aias.] akaryocyte n. A cell that has no nucleus. akee n. 1. A tropical tree, Blighia sapida, native to Africa, having fragrant flowers and capsules containing black seeds. 2. The edible aril surrounding the seeds of the akee. [Native word in Liberia.] akene n. Variant of achene. akimbo adj. -adv. With the hands on the hips and the elbows bowed outward. [ME in kenebowe.] akin adj. 1. Of the same kin; related by blood. 2. Having a similar quality or character; analogous. 3. Linguistics. Cognate. Akkadian n. 1. A native or inhabitant of ancient Akkad. 2. The Semitic language of the Akkadians. Akkadian adj. Al The symbol for the element aluminum. al- Variant of ad-. Used before 1. -al -al(1) Of, relating to, or characterized by: parental. [ME < OFr. < Lat. -alis.] -al(2) Action; process: retrieval. [ME -aille < OFr. < Lat. -alia, neuter pl. of -alis, adj. suffix.] -al(3) Aldehyde: citronellal. [< aldehyde.] ala n. pl. alae A winglike structure or part, such as an ear lobe, the membranous border of some seeds, or one of the side petals of certain flowers, such as the sweet pea. [Lat., wing.] a la or a la prep. In the style or manner of: a poem a la Ogden Nash. [Fr., short for a la mode de, in the manner of.] alabaster n. 1. A dense translucent, white or tinted fine-grained gypsum. 2. A variety of hard calcite, translucent and sometimes banded. 3. A pale yellowish pink to yellowish gray. [ME alabastre < OFr. < Lat. alabaster < Gk. alabastros, poss. of Egypt. orig.] a la carte adv. -adj. With a separate price for each item on the menu. [Fr., by the menu.] alack or alackaday interj. Archaic. Used to express sorrow, regret, or alarm. alacrity n. 1. Cheerful willingness; eagerness. 2. Speed or quickness; celerity. [Lat. alacritas < alacer, lively.] alacritous adj. Aladdin n. In the Arabian Nights, a boy who acquires a magic lamp and a magic ring with which he can summon two jinn to fulfill any desire. alae n. Plural of ala. a la king adj. Cooked in a cream sauce with green pepper or pimiento and mushrooms. alameda n. Southwestern U.S. A promenade or shaded walk, esp. one lined with poplars or other shade trees. [Sp. < alamo, poplar, alamo.] alamo n. pl. -mos Southwestern U.S. A poplar tree, esp. a cottonwood. [Sp. alamo < Lat. alnus, alder and ulmus, elm.] alamode n. A lustrous plain-weave silk fabric for head coverings and scarfs. [< a la mode.] a la mode adj. 1. According to or in style or fashion. 2. a. Served with ice cream, as certain desserts. b. Braised with vegetables and served in a rich, brown sauce, as meats. [Fr., in the fashion.] alanine n. An amino acid, C3H7NO2, that is a constituent of most proteins. [G. Alanin, ult. < Aldehyd, aldehyde.] alar adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or having wings or alae. 2. Shaped like or resembling a wing. 3. Anatomy. Pertaining to the armpit; axillary. [Lat. alaris < ala, wing.] alarm n. 1. A sudden fear caused by an apprehension or realization of danger; fright. 2. A warning of approaching or existing danger. 3. An electrical or mechanical device that serves to warn of danger by means of a sound or signal. 4. The sounding mechanism of an alarm clock. 5. A call to arms. -tr.v.alarmed alarming alarms 1. To frighten by a sudden revelation of danger. 2. To warn of or indicate approaching or existing danger. [ME < OFr. alarme < OItal. allarme < all' arme, to arms : alla, to (< Lat. ad illam, to that) + arme, arms < Lat. arma.] alarmable adj. alarmingly adv. alarm clock n. A clock that can be set to sound a bell or buzzer at any desired hour. alarmist n. A person who needlessly alarms or attempts to alarm others, as by inventing or spreading false or exaggerated rumors of impending danger or catastrophe. alarmism n. alarm reaction n. An innate mechanism in animals and man providing a response to novel or threatening circumstances. alarum n. Archaic. An alarm, esp. a call to arms. [ME alarom, var. of alarm, alarm.] alary adj. 1. Of or pertaining to wings. 2. Resembling a wing; wing-shaped. [Lat. alarius < ala, wing.] alas interj. Used to express sorrow, regret, grief, compassion, or apprehension of danger or evil. alaska n. 1. A kind of heavy-duty rubberized overshoe. 2. a. A heavy dress and coat fabric of cotton and wool. b. A yarn made of cotton and wool. [After Alaska.] Alaska cedar n. The Nootka cypress. Alaskan malamute n. The malamute. alastor or Alastor n. An avenging deity or spirit, the masculine personification of Nemesis, frequently evoked in Greek tragedy. [Gk. alastor < alastos, unforgettable : a-, not + lathein, to forget.] alate or alated adj. Biology. Having thin, winglike extensions or parts; winged. [Lat. alatus < ala, wing.] alb n. A long white linen robe with tapered sleeves worn by a priest at Mass. [ME albe < OE < Med. Lat. alba < Lat. albus, white.] albacore n. pl. albacore or -cores A large marine fish, Thunnus alalunga, of warm seas, having edible flesh that is a major source of canned tuna. [Port. albacor < Ar. al-bakrah : al, the + bakr, young camel.] Albanian adj. Of or pertaining to the People's Republic of Albania, its inhabitants, or their language. -n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Albania. 2. The Indo-European language of the Albanians. albatross n. pl. albatross or -trosses 1. Any of various large, web-footed birds of the family Diomedeidae, chiefly of the oceans of the Southern Hemisphere, having a hooked beak and long, narrow wings. 2. An obvious handicap or constant burden. [Prob. alteration of alcatras, pelican < Port. or Sp. alcatraz, of Ar. orig. (Sense 2 after the albatross in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by S. T. Coleridge, 1772-1834, which the mariner killed and had to wear around his neck as a penance).] albedo n. pl. -dos The fraction of incident electromagnetic radiation reflected by a surface. [LLat., whiteness < Lat. albus, white.] albeit conj. Although; even though; notwithstanding. [ME, although it be.] albescent adj. Becoming white or moderately white; whitish. [Lat. albescens, albescent-, pr.part. of albescere, to become white < albus, white.] Albigenses pl.n. The members of a Catharist religious sect of southern France in the 12th and 13th centuries, exterminated for heresy by the Inquisition. [Med. Lat., pl. of Albigensis, inhabitant of Albiga, a town in southern France where the sect was dominant.] Albigensian adj. Albigensianism n. albinism n. 1. The congenital absence of normal pigmentation in a person, animal, or plant. 2. The condition of being an albino. [Fr. albinisme < G. Albinismus < Albino, albino.] albino n. pl. -nos An organism lacking normal pigmentation, as a person having abnormally pale skin, very light hair, and lacking normal eye coloring, or an animal having white hair or fur and red eyes. [Port. < albo, white < Lat. albus.] Albion n. A literary name for Britain. [Lat.] albite n. A widely distributed white feldspar, NaAlSi3O8, that is one of the common rock-forming plagioclase group. [Swed. albit < Lat. albus, white.] albitic albitical adj. album n. 1. A book or binder with blank pages for the insertion and preservation of collections, as of stamps, photographs, or autographs. 2. a. A set of phonograph records stored together in jackets under one binding. b. The holder for such records. c. One or more 12-inch long-playing records in a slipcase. d. A phonograph record. e. A recording of different musical pieces. 3. A printed collection of musical compositions, pictures, or literary selections. 4. A tall, handsomely printed book, esp. popular in the 19th century, often having a profusion of illustrations and short, sentimental texts. [Lat., blank tablet < albus, white.] albumen n. 1. A nutritive substance surrounding a developing embryo, such as the white of an egg or the material stored in a plant seed. 2. Albumin. [Lat. < albus, white.] albumin n. Any of several simple, water-soluble proteins that are coagulated by heat and are found in egg white, blood serum, milk, various animal tissues, and many plant juices and tissues. [album(en) + -in.] albuminoid or albuminoidal adj. Resembling albumin. -n. Biochemistry. Protein. albuminous adj. Of, like, or pertaining to albumin or albumen. albuminuria n. The presence of albumin in the urine, sometimes indicative of kidney disease. albuminuric adj. albumose n. Any of a class of albuminous substances formed by enzymatic action on proteins during digestion. [Fr. : albumine, albumin + -ose, -ose.] alburnum n. Sapwood. [Lat. < albus, white.] Alcaic adj. Of or designating a verse form used in Greek and Latin poetry, consisting of strophes having four tetrametric lines. -n. Verse composed in Alcaic strophes. [LLat. Alcaicus, of Alcaeus < Gk. Alkaikos < Alkaios, a Greek lyric poet of the 7th cent. b.c.] alcaide or alcayde n. The commander or governor of a fortress in Spain or Portugal. [Sp. < Ar. al-qa'id, the commander < qad, to command.] alcalde n. The mayor or chief judicial official of a Spanish or Spanish-American town. [Sp. < Ar. al-qadi : al, the + qada, to judge.] alcayde n. Variant of alcaide. alcazar n. A Spanish palace or fortress, originally one built by the Moors. [Sp. alcazar < Ar. alqasr : al, the + qas, camp.] Alcestis n. Greek Mythology. The wife of King Admetus of Thessaly, who agreed to die in place of her husband and was later rescued from Hades by Hercules. [Lat. < Gk. Alkestis.] alchemist n. A practitioner of alchemy. alchemistic alchemistical adj. alchemize tr.v. -mized -mizing -mizes To transform by or as if by alchemy. alchemy n. 1. A medieval chemical philosophy having as its asserted aims the transmutation of base metals into gold, the discovery of the panacea, and the preparation of the elixir of longevity. 2. A seemingly magical power or process of transmuting: that alchemy . . . by which women can concoct a subtle poison from ordinary trifles (Hawthorne). [ME alkamie < OFr. alquemie < Med. Lat. alchymia < Ar. al-kimiya : al, the + kimiya, alchemy < LGk. khemeia, perh. < Gk. Khemia, Egypt, of Egypt. orig.] alchemical alchemic adj. alchemically adv. Alcinous n. Greek Mythology. A king of Phaeacia, father of Nausicaa, who entertained Odysseus. [Lat. < Gk. Alkinoos.] Alcmene n. Greek Mythology. Amphitryon's wife, who gave birth to Hercules after being seduced by Zeus. [Lat. < Gk. Alkmene.] alcohol n. 1. A colorless volatile flammable liquid, C2H5OH, synthesized or obtained by fermentation of sugars and starches and widely used, either pure or denatured, as a solvent, in drugs, cleaning solutions, explosives, and intoxicating beverages. 2. Intoxicating liquor containing alcohol. 3. Any of a series of hydroxyl compounds, the simplest of which are derived from saturated hydrocarbons, have the general formula CnH2n+1OH, and include ethanol and methanol. [Med. Lat., antimony < Ar. al-kohl : al, the + kohl, antimony.] alcoholic adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or resulting from alcohol. 2. Containing or preserved in alcohol. 3. Suffering from alcoholism. -n. A person who drinks alcoholic liquors habitually and to excess or who suffers from alcoholism. alcoholicity n. Alcoholic content. alcoholism n. 1. The compulsive consumption of and psycho-physiological dependence on alcoholic beverages. 2. A chronic pathological condition, chiefly of the nervous and gastroenteric systems, caused by habitual excessive alcoholic consumption. 3. Temporary mental disturbance, muscular incoordination, and paresis caused by excessive alcoholic consumption. alcoholize tr.v. -ized -izing -izes To saturate, mix, or treat with alcohol. alcoholization n. alcoholometer n. A hydrometer for determining the percentage of alcohol in liquids. Alcoran n. The Koran. alcove n. 1. A recess or partly enclosed extension connected to or forming part of a room. 2. A secluded bower or similar enclosed structure in a garden. [Fr. alcove < Sp. alcoba < Ar. al-qubbah : al, the + qubbah, vault.] Alcyone n. 1. Greek Mythology. The daughter of Aeolus who, in grief over the death of her husband Ceyx, threw herself into the sea and was changed into a kingfisher. 2. Greek Mythology. A nymph, one of the Pleiades. 3. Astronomy. The brightest star in the Pleiades, in the constellation Taurus. [Lat. < Gk. Alkuone.] Aldebaran n. A double star in the constellation Taurus, one of the brightest stars in the sky, 68 light-years from Earth. [Med. Lat. < Ar. al-dabaran : al, the + dabaran, following < dabar, to follow.] aldehyde n. 1. Any of a class of highly reactive organic chemical compounds obtained by oxidation of primary alcohols, characterized by the common group CHO, and used in the manufacture of resins, dyes, and organic acids. 2. Acetaldehyde. [G. Aldehyd < NLat., short for alcohol dehydrogenatum, dehydrogenized alcohol.] al dente adj. -adv. Cooked enough to be firm but not soft: pasta al dente. [Ital.] alder n. Any of various deciduous shrubs or trees of the genus Alnus, growing in cool, moist places, and having reddish wood used in cabinet work. [ME < OE alor.] alderman n. 1. In many town and city governments, a member of the municipal legislative body. 2. In England and Ireland, a member of the higher branch of the municipal or borough council. 3. In Anglo-Saxon England: a. A lord or prince. b. The chief officer of a shire. [ME, a person of high rank < OE ealdorman : ealdor, chief (< eald, old) + man, man.] aldermancy n. aldermanic adj. Alderney n. pl. -neys One of a breed of small dairy cattle originally raised in the Channel Islands. [After Alderney, one of the Channel Islands.] aldol n. A thick colorless to pale-yellow liquid, C4H8O2, obtained from acetaldehyde and used to make perfumes and in ore flotation. [ald(ehyde) + -ol1.] aldolase n. An enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of a fructose ester into triose sugars. aldose n. Chemistry. Any of a class of monosaccharide sugars containing an aldehyde group. [ald(ehyde) + -ose1.] aldosterone n. A steroid hormone that is secreted by the adrenal cortex and serves as a regulator of the salt and water balance in the body. [ald(ehyde) + ster(ol) + -one.] aldrin n. An insecticide containing a naphthalene-derived compound, C12H8CI6. [After Kurt Alder (1902-1958).] ale n. A fermented alcoholic beverage containing malt and hops, similar to but heavier than beer. [ME < OE ealu.] aleatory adj. 1. Dependent upon chance, luck, or an uncertain outcome. 2. Of or pertaining to gambling. 3. aleatoric Music. Using or consisting of sound sequences played at random or arrived at by chance, as by throwing dice. [Lat. aleatorius < aleator, gambler < alea, dice.] Alecto n. Greek Mythology. One of the Furies. [Lat. < Gk. Alekto.] alee adv. Nautical. At, on, or to the leeward side. alef n. Variant of aleph. alegar n. Vinegar produced by the fermentation of ale. [ME : ale, ale + egre, sharp < OFr. < Lat. acer.] alehouse n. A place where ale is sold and served. Alemanni pl.n. A group of Germanic tribes that settled in Alsace and nearby areas during the fourth century A.D. and were defeated by the Franks in 496. [Lat., of Germanic orig.] Alemannic n. A group of High German dialects spoken in Alsace, Switzerland, and parts of southern Germany. -adj. Of or pertaining to the Alemanni or their language. alembic n. 1. An apparatus formerly used for distilling. 2. Something that purifies, alters, or transforms by a process comparable to distillation. [ME alambic < OFr. < Med. Lat. alembicus < Ar. al-anbiq : al, the + anbiq, still < Gk. ambix, cup.] aleph or alef n. The 1st letter of the Hebrew alphabet. See table at alphabet. [Heb. aleph < eleph, ox.] aleph-null n. The first transfinite number. alert adj. 1. Vigilantly attentive; watchful: alert to danger. 2. Mentally responsive and perceptive; quick. 3. Brisk or lively in action. -n. 1. A warning signal of attack or danger, esp. a siren warning of an air raid. 2. The period of time during which an alert is in effect. -tr.v.alerted alerting alerts To notify of approaching danger or action; warn. Idiom Section: on the alert. . Watchful and prepared for danger or emergency. [Fr. alerte < Ital. all'erta, on the watch : alla, to (< Lat. ad illam, to that) + erta, watch, p.part. of ergere, to raise < Lat. erigere.] aleurone or aleuron n. Protein consisting of minute granules, forming the outermost layer of the endosperm in cereal grains. [G. Aleuron < Gk. aleuron, meal.] aleuronic adj. Aleut n. pl. Aleut or Aleuts 1. An Eskimo native of the Aleutian Islands. 2. The language of the Aleuts. [R.] Aleutian adj. Of or pertaining to the Aleuts, their language, or their culture. alewife alewife(1) n. A fish, Alosa pseudoharengus, closely related to the herrings, of North American Atlantic waters and some inland lakes. [Perh. < alewife2.] alewife(2) n. A woman who keeps an alehouse. alexander or Alexander n. A cocktail made with creme de cacao, sweet cream, and brandy or gin. [From the name Alexander.] Alexandrian adj. 1. Of or pertaining to Alexander the Great. 2. Of or pertaining to Alexandria, Egypt. 3. Of, characteristic of, or designating a learned school of Hellenistic literature, science, and philosophy located at Alexandria in the last three centuries B.C. alexandrine or Alexandrine n. A line of English verse composed in iambic hexameter, usually with a caesura after the third foot, such as Pope's example: That like a wounded snake drags its slow length along. -adj. Of, pertaining to, or composed in alexandrines. [Fr. alexandrin < OFr. < Alexandre, title of a romance about Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.) that was written in this meter.] alexandrite n. A greenish chrysoberyl that appears red in artificial light, used as a gemstone. [G. Alexandrit, after Alexander I (1777-1825), Czar of Russia.] alexia n. A disorder in which cerebral lesions cause loss of the ability to read. [NLat. : a-1 + Gk. lexis, speech < legein, to speak.] alexipharmic adj. Preventing or resisting effects of poison or infection; antidotal; prophylactic. -n. An antidote. [< Gk. alexipharmakos : alexein, to ward off + pharmakon, poison.] alfalfa n. A plant, Medicago sativa, native to Eurasia, having compound leaves with three leaflets and clusters of small purple flowers, widely cultivated for forage and used as a commercial source of chlorophyll. [Sp. < Ar. al-fasfasah.] alfilaria or alfileria n. A plant, Erodium cicutarium, native to Europe but widely naturalized in North America, having finely divided leaves and small pink or purplish flowers. [Mex. Sp. alfilerillo < Sp., dim. of alfiler, pin < Ar. al-khilal, the spine.] alforja n. Western U.S. A canvas or leather saddlebag. [Sp. < Ar. al-khorj, the supply.] alfresco adv. In the fresh air; outdoors. -adj. Taking place outdoors; outdoor. [Ital. al fresco, in the fresh (air) : a il, in the + fresco, fresh.] alga n. pl. -gae Any of various primitive, chiefly aquatic, one-celled or multicellular plants that lack true stems, roots, and leaves but usually contain chlorophyll. Included among the algae are kelps and other seaweeds, and the diatoms. [Lat., seaweed.] algal adj. algarroba or algaroba n. 1. The mesquite. 2. The carob. 3. The edible pod of either the mesquite or carob tree. [Sp. < Ar. al-kharrubah.] algebra n. 1. A generalization of arithmetic in which symbols, usually letters of the alphabet, represent numbers or members of a specified set of numbers and are related by operations that hold for all numbers in the set. 2. A set together with operations defined in the set that obey specified laws. [ME < Med. Lat. < Ar. al-jebr, the (science of) reuniting : al, the + jabr, reunification.] algebraist n. algebraic adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or designating algebra. 2. Designating an expression, equation, or function in which only numbers, letters, and arithmetic operations are contained or used. 3. Indicating or restricted to a finite number of algebraic operations. algebraically adv. algebraic language n. A computer language whose statements are designed to resemble algebraic expressions. algebraic logic n. The sequence of operations wherein a problem is entered into a calculator or computer in the order in which it would be written by hand. algebraic number n. A number that is a root of a polynomial equation with rational coefficients. -algia Pain: neuralgia. [Gk. < algos, pain.] algicide n. A chemical agent added to water to destroy algae. [alg(a) + -cide.] algid adj. Cold; chilly. [Fr. algide < Lat. algidus < algere, to be cold.] algidity n. algin n. A gelatinous substance obtained from certain algae, esp. the giant kelp, and used as a thickener and emulsifier. [alg(a) + -in.] algo- Pain: algometer. [Gk. < algos, pain.] algoid adj. Of or resembling algae. Algol n. A double, eclipsing variable star in the constellation Perseus, almost as bright as Polaris. [Ar. al-ghul, the ghoul. -see ghoul.] ALGOL n. An arithmetic language by which numerical procedures may be precisely presented to a computer in a standard form. [alg(orithmic) o(riented) l(anguage).] algolagnia n. Sexual gratification derived from inflicting or experiencing pain. [NLat. : algo- + Gk. lagneia, lust.] algolagnic adj. algolagnist n. algology n. The study of algae. [alg(a) + -logy.] algological adj. algologically adv. algologist n. algometer n. An apparatus for determining sensitivity to pain caused by pressure. algometric algometrical adj. algometry n. Algonkian n. pl. Algonkian or -ans 1. Geology. Formerly, late Proterozoic. 2. Variant of Algonquian. [After the Algonkin (Algonquin) Indians.] Algonkin n. pl. Algonkin or -kins Variant of Algonquin. Algonquian or Algonkian n. pl. Algonquian or -ans Algonkian or -ans 1. A family of North American Indian languages spoken in an area from Labrador to the Carolinas between the Atlantic coast and the Rocky Mountains. 2. A member of a tribe using an Algonquian language. [< Algonquin.] Algonquian adj. Algonquin or Algonkin n. pl. Algonquin or -quins Algonkin or -kins 1. Any of several North American Indian tribes formerly inhabiting the region along the Ottawa River and near the northern tributaries of the St. Lawrence River. 2. The Algonquian language of the Algonquins. 3. An Indian of the Algonquin tribes. [Canadian Fr.] algophobia n. Abnormal fear of pain. algorism n. The Arabic system of numeration; the decimal system. [ME algorisme < OFr. < Med. Lat. algorismus, after Muhammad ibn-Musa Al-Kharzimi (780-850?).] algoristic adj. Yielding an exact answer, as a computational system guaranteeing accurate solution. [< algorism.] algorithm n. Mathematics. A mechanical or recursive computational procedure. [Var. of algorism.] algorithmic adj. algorithmic language n. An arithmetic language presenting numerical procedures to a computer in standard form. alias n. 1. An assumed name. 2. Electronics. A false signal in telecommunication links from beats between signal frequency and sampling frequency. -adv. Otherwise named: Johnson, alias Rogers. [Lat., otherwise < alius, other.] Ali Baba n. In the Arabian Nights, a poor woodcutter who gains entrance to the treasure cave of the forty thieves by saying the magic words "Open, Sesame!" alibi n. pl. -bis 1. Law. A form of defense whereby a defendant attempts to prove that he was elsewhere when the crime in question was committed. 2. Informal. An excuse. -intr.v.-bied -biing -bis Informal. To make an excuse for oneself. [Lat., elsewhere : alius, other +ubi, where.] Usage: Alibi (noun) in its nonlegal sense of "an excuse" is acceptable in written usage to almost half of the Usage Panel. As an intransitive verb (they never alibi ), it is unacceptable in written usage to a large majority of the Panel. alible adj. Having nutrients; nourishing. [Lat. alibilis < alere, to nourish.] alicyclic adj. Chemistry. Of, pertaining to, or designating chemical compounds having both aliphatic and cyclic characteristics or structures. [ali(phatic) + cyclic.] alidade or alidad n. 1. An indicator or sighting apparatus on a plane table, used in angular measurement. 2. A topographic surveying and mapping instrument with a telescope and graduated vertical circle. [Fr. < Med. Lat. allidada < al-'idada, revolving radius of a circle < 'adud, upper arm.] alien adj. 1. Owing political allegiance to another country or government; foreign. 2. Belonging to, characteristic of, or derived from another country, place, society, or person; strange. 3. Being inconsistent or opposed; repugnant: Lying is alien to his nature. -n. 1. An unnaturalized foreign resident of a country. 2. A member of another family, people, region, or country. 3. An outsider. 4. Slang. A creature from outer space. 5. Ecology. A plant native to one region but naturalized in another. -tr.v.-ened -ening -ens To transfer (property) to another. [ME < OFr. < Lat. alienus < alius, other.] alienable adj. Law. Capable of being transferred to the ownership of another. alienability n. alienage n. The status of being an alien. alienate tr.v. -ated -ating -ates 1. To cause to become unfriendly or indifferent; estrange: alienate a friend. 2. To remove or dissociate (oneself, for example): man cannot alienate himself from his own consciousness (Wylie Sypher). 3. To cause to be transferred; turn away: he succeeded . . . in alienating the affections of my only ward (Oscar Wilde). 4. Law. To transfer (property) to the ownership of another. [Lat. alienare, alienat < alienus, alien.] alienator n. alienation n. 1. The condition of being alienated; isolation. 2. Psychology. A state of estrangement between the self and the objective world, or between different parts of the personality. 3. Law. The act of transferring property or title to it to another. alienee n. Law. A person to whom ownership of property is transferred. alienism n. Alienage. alienist n. Law. A physician who has been accepted by a court as an expert on the mental competence of principals or witnesses appearing before it. [Fr. alieniste < aliene, insane < Lat. alienatus, p.part. of alienare, to deprive of reason. -see alienate.] alienor n. Law. A person who transfers ownership of property to another. aliesterase n. An esterase contributing to ester-link hydrolysis, particularly in aliphatic esters. [ali(phatic) + esterase.] aliform adj. Shaped like a wing; alar. [Lat. ala, wing + -form.] alight alight(1) intr.v. alighted or alit or alighting or alights 1. To come down and settle, as after flight. 2. To dismount. 3. Archaic. To come upon by chance. [ME alighten < OE alihtan : a- (intensive) + lihtan, to relieve of a burden < liht, light.] alight(2) adj. 1. Burning; lighted. 2. Illuminated; lit up. [ME, p.part. of alighten, to set on fire < OE alihtan : a- (intensive) + lihtan, to shine < leoht, a light.] alight adv. align or aline v. aligned aligning aligns or alined or alining or alines -tr. 1. To arrange in a line. 2. To adjust (parts of a mechanism, for example) to produce a proper relationship or condition. 3. To ally (oneself, for example) with one side of an argument or cause. -intr. To fall into line. [Fr. aligner < OFr. : a-, to (< Lat. ad-) + ligne, line < Lat. linea.] aligner n. alignment or alinement n. 1. Arrangement or position in a straight line. 2. The process of aligning a device or mechanism or the condition of a device or mechanism being aligned. 3. A ground plan. 4. The act of aligning or the condition of being aligned. alike adj. Having close resemblance; similar: All good books are alike (Hemingway). -adv. In the same manner or to the same degree: They dress and walk alike. [ME ilike < OE gelic.] alikeness n. aliment n. 1. Food or nourishment. 2. Something that supports or sustains. -tr.v. -mented -menting -ments To supply with food or other sustenance. [ME < Lat. alimentum < alere, to nourish.] alimental adj. alimentally adv. alimentary adj. 1. Of or pertaining to food or nutrition. 2. Providing nourishment. alimentary canal n. The mucous membrane-lined tube of the digestive system, extending from the mouth to the anus and including the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. alimentation n. 1. The act or process of giving or receiving nourishment. 2. Support; sustenance. alimentative adj. alimony n. pl. -nies 1. Law. An allowance for support made under court order and usually given by a man to his former wife after a divorce or legal separation. 2. A means of livelihood maintenance. [Lat. alimonia, sustenance < alere, to nourish.] aline v. Variant of align. A-line adj. Having a fitted top and a flared bottom: an A-line dress. [From garments being shaped like a capital A.] alinement n. Variant of alignment. aliphatic adj. Of, pertaining to, or designating organic chemical compounds in which the carbon atoms are linked in open chains rather than rings. [< Gk. aleiphar, aleiphat-, oil.] aliquot adj. 1. Mathematics. Of, pertaining to, or designating an exact divisor or factor of a quantity, esp. of an integer. 2. Contained exactly or an exact number of times. [Fr. aliquote < Lat. aliquot, some number : alius, some + quot, how many.] alit v. A past tense and past participle of alight1. alive adj. 1. Having life; living. 2. In existence or operation; active: keep your hopes alive. 3. Full of life; lively. 4. Now living. Used as an intensive: the strongest man alive. Idiom Section: alive to. Aware of; sensitive to: alive to the moods of others. alive with. Swarming with: a country alive with opportunity. [ME < on live : on, in (< OE) + live, life < OE lif.] aliveness n. aliyah n. Immigration of Jewish people into Israel. [Heb. "aliyah, ascent.] alizarin or alizarine n. An orange-red compound, C14H8O4, used in dyes. [Fr. alizarine < alizari, madder root < Sp., prob. < Ar. al-'asarah, the juice pressed out.] alkahest n. The hypothetical universal solvent once sought by alchemists. [Med. Lat. alchahest.] alkalescent adj. Becoming alkaline; slightly alkaline. [alkal(i) + -escent.] alkalescence alkalescency n. alkali n. pl. -lis or -lies 1. Chemistry. A carbonate or hydroxide of an alkali metal, the aqueous solution of which is bitter, slippery, caustic, and characteristically basic in reactions. 2. Any of various soluble mineral salts found in natural water and arid soils. 3. An alkali metal. [ME < Med. Lat. < Ar. al-qualiy, the ashes < qalay, to fry.] alkalify tr. -intr.v.-fied -fying -fies To make or become alkaline. alkali metal n. Any of a group of soft, white, low-density, low-melting, highly reactive metallic elements, including lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. alkalimeter n. An apparatus for measuring alkalinity. alkalimetry n. alkaline adj. 1. Of, relating to, or containing an alkali. 2. Having a pH greater than 7. alkaline earth n. 1. An oxide of an alkaline-earth metal. 2. An alkaline-earth metal. alkaline-earth metal n. Any of a group of metallic elements, esp. calcium, strontium, and barium, but generally including beryllium, magnesium, and radium. alkalinity n. The alkali concentration or alkaline quality of an alkali-containing substance. alkalize or alkalinize v. -lized -lizing -lizes or -ized or -izing or -izes -tr. To make alkaline. -intr. To become an alkali. alkalization n. alkaloid n. Any of various physiologically active, nitrogen-containing organic bases derived from plants, including nicotine, quinine, cocaine, atropine, and morphine. [alkal(i) + -oid.] alkaloidal adj. alkalosis n. Pathologically high alkali content in the blood and tissues. [alkal(i) + -osis.] alkane n. A paraffin. [alk(yl) + -ane.] alkanet n. 1. a. A European plant, Alkanna tinctoria, the roots of which yield a red dye. b. The root of this plant or a dye prepared from it. 2. Any of several hairy plants of the genus Anchusa, native to the Old World, having clusters of blue flowers. 3. The puccoon. [ME < Sp. alcaneta, dim. of alcana, henna < Med. Lat. alchanna < Ar. al-hinna', the henna.] alkene n. An olefin. [alk(yl) + -ene.] alkine n. Variant of alkyne. alkyd or alkyd resin n. A widely used durable synthetic resin derived from glycerol and phthalic anhydride. [alky(l) + (aci)d.] alkyl n. Chemistry. A monovalent radical, such as ethyl or propyl, having the general formula CnH2n + 1. [G. Alkohol, alcohol + -yl.] alkylation n. Chemistry. A process in which an alkyl group is added to or substituted in a compound, as in the reaction of olefins with paraffin hydrocarbons to make high-octane fuels. alkyne or alkine n. Any of a group of open-chain hydrocarbons with a triple bond and the general formula CnH2n-2. [alky(l) + -(i)ne2.] all adj. 1. The total entity or extent of: all Christendom. 2. The entire or total number, amount, or quantity of: all the saints. 3. The utmost possible of: in all truth. 4. Every: all manner; all kinds. 5. Any whatsoever: beyond all doubt. 6. Nothing but; only: He was all skin and bones. -pron. 1. Each and every one: All were drowned. 2. Each and every thing: Ten ships sailed and all returned. -n. 1. Everything one has: He gave his all. 2. The whole number; totality. -adv. 1. Wholly; entirely; completely: She is all wrong. 2. Each; apiece: a score of five all. 3. Exclusively: The cake is all for him. Idiom Section: all but. Nearly; almost. all in. Informal. Tired; exhausted. all in all. Everything being taken into account. at all. 1. In any and every way. 2. To any extent; whatever. for all. In spite of; despite. [ME al < OE all.] Usage: Constructions like all us students are somewhat more informal than the corresponding all of us students. The construction all that is used informally in questions and negative sentences to mean "to the degree expected," as in The film was not all that exciting. A majority of the Usage Panel finds examples like these to be unacceptable in formal writing. all- Variant of allo-. alla breve adv. -adj. Music. In duple or quadruple meter with the half note being the unit of time. [Ital., according to the breve.] Allah n. The supreme being in the Moslem religion. [Ar. Allah : al, the + Ilah, god.] allamanda or allamande n. Any of several woody vines of the genus Allamanda, native to tropical America, having showy, funnel-shaped yellow flowers. [NLat. Allamanda, genus name, after Jean N. S. Allamand (1713-1787).] all-American adj. 1. a. Representative of the best of its kind in the United States. b. Sports. Chosen as the best amateur in the United States at a particular position or event. 2. Composed of Americans or American materials exclusively. 3. Entirely within the territorial limits of the United States. 4. Of all the Americas. -n. All-American An all-American athlete. allantoid or allantoidal adj. 1. Of or having an allantois. 2. Shaped like a sausage. -n. The allantois. allantois n. pl. allantoides A membranous sac that develops from the hindgut in the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles. In mammals it takes part in the formation of the umbilical cord and the placenta. [NLat. < Gk. allantoeides, sausage-shaped : allas, sausage + eidos, shape.] allantoic adj. all-around or all-round adj. 1. Comprehensive in extent or depth: all-around vocational training. 2. Able to do many or all things well; versatile: an all-around student. allay tr.v. -layed -laying -lays 1. To lessen or relieve (pain or grief, for example); reduce the intensity of. 2. To calm or pacify; set to rest. [ME aleien < OE alecgan : a- (intensive) + lecgan, to lay.] allayer n. all clear n. 1. A signal, usually by siren, that an air raid is over. 2. An expression that signifies absence of immediate obstacles or impending danger. allegation n. 1. Something alleged. 2. The act of alleging. 3. A statement offered without proof, such as an excuse or plea. 4. Law. An assertion made by a party that must be proved or supported with evidence. [Fr. allegation < Lat. allegatio < allegare, to adduce : ad-, to + legare, to depute.] allege tr.v. -leged -leging -leges 1. To assert to be true; affirm; declare. 2. To assert without proof. 3. To state (a plea or excuse, for example) in support or denial of a claim or accusation. 4. Archaic. To cite or quote, as in confirmation. [ME alleggen < OFr. alegier < esligier, to disengage < LLat. *exlitigare : Lat. ex-, out + Lat. litigare, to sue.] allegeable adj. alleger n. alleged adj. Represented as existing or as being as described but not so proved; supposed: an alleged infringement of regulations. allegedly adv. Usage: An alleged burglar is someone who is said to be a burglar but against whom no charges have yet been proved. An alleged incident is an event that is said to have taken place but which has not yet been verified. In their zeal to protect the rights of the accused, newspapers and law-enforcement officials sometimes misuse alleged. A man arrested for murder may be only an alleged murderer, for example, but he is a real, not an alleged, suspect in that his status as a suspect is not in doubt. Similarly, if a murder is known to have taken place, there is nothing alleged about the crime. Allegheny spurge n. A low-growing, shrubby plant, Pachysandra procumbens, of the southeastern United States, having evergreen leaves and spikes of white or purplish flowers. [After the Allegheny Mountains.] Allegheny vine n. The climbing fumitory. allegiance n. 1. Loyalty or the obligation of loyalty, as to a nation, sovereign, or cause. 2. The obligations of a vassal to his overlord. [ME alligeaunce < OFr. ligeance < lige, liege. -see liege.] allegiant adj. allegoric or allegorical adj. Pertaining to, characteristic of, or containing allegory. allegorically adv. allegorize v. -rized -rizing -rizes -tr. 1. To express as or in the form of an allegory. 2. To interpret allegorically. -intr. To use or make allegory. allegorization n. allegorizer n. allegory n. pl. -ries 1. a. A literary, dramatic, or pictorial device in which each literal character, object, and event represents a symbol illustrating an idea or moral or religious principle. b. An instance of such representation. 2. A symbolic representation. [ME allegorie < Lat. allegoria < Gk. < allegorein, to interpret allegorically : allos, other + agoreuein, to speak.] allegorist n. allegretto Music. adv. In quick tempo; slower than allegro but faster than andante. Used as a direction. -n.pl. -tos An allegro movement or passage. [Ital., dim. of allegro, allegro.] allegretto adj. allegro Music. adv. In rapid tempo; faster than allegretto but slower than presto. Used as a direction. -n.pl. -gros An allegretto movement or passage. [Ital., lively < Lat. alacer.] allegro adj. allele n. Any of a group of possible mutational forms of a gene. [G. Allel, short for Allelomorph, allelomorph.] allelic adj. allelism n. allelomorph n. An allele. [Gk. allelon, mutually (< allos, other) + -morph.] allelomorphic adj. allelomorphism n. alleluia interj. Hallelujah. [ME < Med. Lat. alleluja < LGk. allelouia < Heb. halleluyah.] allemande n. 1. a. A stately 16th-century dance in 2/2 time. b. A musical composition written to or as if to accompany this dance, often used as the first movement of a suite. 2. A lively, late 18th-century dance in 3/4 time. [Fr., fem. of allemand, German < Lat. Alemanni, an ancient Germanic tribe.] Allentiac n. pl. Allentiac or -acs 1. A tribe of South American Indians inhabiting west-central Argentina. 2. A member of the Allentiac. 3. The language of the Allentiac. [Sp.] Allentiac adj. allergen n. A substance that causes an allergy. [G. Allergen : Allergie, allergy + -gen, -gen.] allergenic adj. allergic adj. 1. Characteristic of or concerning allergy. 2. Having an allergy. 3. Informal. Having a dislike; averse: allergic to work. allergist n. A physician specializing in allergies. allergy n. pl. -gies 1. Hypersensitive or pathological reaction to environmental factors or substances, such as pollens, foods, dust, or microorganisms, in amounts that do not affect most people. 2. Anaphylaxis. 3. Informal. An adverse sentiment; antipathy. [G. Allergie : Gk. allos, other + Gk. ergon, effect.] allethrin n. A synthetic insecticide, C19H26O3, similar to pyrethrin. [all(yl) + (pyr)ethrin.] alleviate tr.v. -ated -ating -ates To make more bearable; reduce: taking drugs to alleviate the pain. [LLat. alleviare, alleviat-, to lighten : Lat. ad-, to + levis, light.] alleviation n. alleviator n. alleviative or alleviatory adj. Promoting alleviation. alley alley(1) n. pl. -leys 1. A narrow street or passageway between or behind city buildings. 2. A path between flowerbeds or trees in a garden or park. 3. A bowling alley. 4. The parallel lanes on either side of a tennis court reserved for use in doubles matches. Idiom Section: up one's alley. Slang. Compatible with one's interests or qualifications. [ME alei < OFr. alee < aller, to walk < Lat. ambulare.] alley(2) n. pl. -leys A large playing marble, often used as the shooter. [Short for alabaster.] alley cat n. 1. A homeless cat; stray. 2. A domestic cat with no known ancestry. alleyway n. A narrow passage between buildings. all-fired adj. Slang. Extreme; excessive. -adv. Slang. Extremely; excessively. [Alteration of hell-fired.] All Fools' Day n. April Fools' Day. all fours n. 1. All four limbs of an animal or person: A baby crawls on all fours. 2. Seven-up. all hail interj. Archaic. All health. Allhallowmas or Allhallows n. All Saints' Day. all-heal n. Any of several plants reputed to have healing powers, as the self-heal. alliaceous adj. Characteristic of onions or garlic, esp. in odor or taste. [Lat. allium, garlic + -aceous.] alliance n. 1. a. A formal pact of union or confederation between nations in a common cause. b. The nations so conjoined. 2. A union, relationship, or connection by kinship, marriage, or common interest. 3. A union or congruence of quality or type; affinity. 4. The act of becoming or the state of being allied. [ME < OFr. aliance < alier, to ally.] allied adj. 1. Joined or united in a close relationship. 2. Of a similar nature; related: allied studies. 3. Allied. Of or pertaining to the Allies. Allies pl.n. 1. In World War I, the nations allied against the Central Powers of Europe. They were Russia, France, Great Britain, and later many others, including the United States. 2. In World War II, the nations, primarily Great Britain, Russia, and the United States, allied against the Axis. alligator n. 1. Either of two large, amphibious reptiles, Alligator mississipiensis, of the southeastern United States, or A. sinensis, of China, having sharp teeth and powerful jaws, and differing from crocodiles in having a broader, shorter snout. 2. Leather made from the hide of an alligator. 3. A tool or fastener having strong, adjustable jaws often toothed. [< Sp. el lagarto, the lizard : el, the (< Lat. ille, that) + lagarto, lizard < Lat. lacertus.] alligatoring n. The formation of cracks on the surface of paint layers. [From the resemblance of the cracks to the pattern of an alligator's scales.] alligator pear n. The avocado. alligator snapping turtle or alligator snapper n. A large freshwater turtle, Macroclemys temmincki, of the south-central United States, having a rough carapace and a hooked beak. all-important adj. Very important; crucial. all-inclusive adj. Including everything; comprehensive. alliterate v. -ated -ating -ates -intr. 1. To use alliteration in speech or writing. 2. To have or contain alliteration. -tr. To form or arrange with alliteration. [Back-formation < alliteration.] alliteration n. The occurrence in a phrase or line of speech or writing of two or more words having the same initial sound, for example, wailing in the winter wind. [ad- + Lat. littera, letter.] alliterative adj. Of, manifesting, or characterized by alliteration. alliteratively adv. alliterativeness n. allium n. Any of various plants of the genus Allium, characterized by their pungent odor, and including the onion, leek, chive, garlic, and shallot. [NLat. Allium, genus name < Lat. allium, garlic.] all-night adj. 1. Continuing all night: an all-night party. 2. Open all night: an all-night diner. allnighter n. Slang. The act or an instance of staying up all night to complete a project. allo- or all- 1. Other; different: allopatric. 2. Isomeric: allocholesterol. [Gk. < allos, other.] allocate tr.v. -cated -cating -cates 1. To designate for a special purpose; set apart. 2. To distribute according to plan; allot. 3. To determine the location of; locate. [Med. Lat. allocare, allocat- : Lat. ad-, to + Lat. locare, to place < locus, place.] allocable adj. allocation n. allocution n. A formal and authoritative speech or address, esp. one that advises or informs. [Lat. allocutio < alloqui, to speak to : ad-, to + loqui, to speak.] allogamy n. Cross-fertilization. allogamous adj. allograft n. A homograft. allograph n. 1. The form or shape of a letter of an alphabet or of any unit in a system of writing. 2. A letter or combination of letters that can represent one phoneme. 3. Writing, esp. a signature, made by one person for another. allomerism n. Consistency in crystalline form with variation in chemical composition. allomerous adj. allometry n. Biology. The study of the change in proportion of various parts of an organism as a consequence of growth. allometric adj. allomorph allomorph(1) n. A paramorph. allomorphic adj. allomorphism n. allomorph(2) n. Any of the variant forms of a morpheme. For example, the phonetic s of cats, z of dogs, and iz of horses are allomorphs of the English morpheme s. [allo- + morph(eme).] allomorphic adj. allomorphism n. allonym n. The name of a person, usually a historical person, assumed by a writer. [Fr. allonyme : Gk. allos, other + onoma, name.] allonymous adj. allonymously adv. allopath or allopathist n. A person who practices or advocates allopathy. allopathy n. Therapy with remedies that produce effects differing from those of the disease treated. [G. Allopathie : Gk. allos, other + -pathie, -pathy.] allopathic adj. allopathically adv. allopatric adj. Ecology. Occurring in separate, widely differing geographic areas. [allo- + Gk. patra, fatherland (< pater, father) + -ic.] allopatrically adv. allophane n. An amorphous, translucent, variously colored mineral, essentially hydrous aluminum silicate. [Gk. allophanes, appearing otherwise : allos, other + phainein, to appear.] allophone n. Any of the variant forms of a phoneme. For example, the aspirated p of pit and the unaspirated p of spit are allophones of the English phoneme p. allophonic adj. allopurinol n. A drug, C5H4N4O3 used to treat gout by promoting uric acid excretion. [allo- + purin(e) + -ol2.] all-or-none adj. Characterized by either complete response or total lack of response or effect, as in neurological action above a threshold. allosteric adj. Of or relating to molecular binding to an enzyme at a site other than the enzymatically active one. allot tr.v. -lotted -lotting -lots 1. To distribute by lot; apportion. 2. To give or assign as one's portion; allocate: allot three weeks to a project. [ME alotten < OFr. aloter : a-, to (< Lat. ad-) + lot, portion, of Germanic orig.] allotter n. allotment n. 1. The act of allotting. 2. Something that is allotted. 3. A portion of a serviceman's pay set aside for a member of his family or for insurance. allotrope n. A structurally differentiated form of an allotropic element. [Back-formation < allotropy.] allotropy n. The existence, esp. in the solid state, of two or more crystalline or molecular structural forms of an element. allotropic allotropical adj. allotropically adv. all' ottava adv. Music. At an octave higher or lower than written. Used as a direction. [Ital., at the octave.] allottee n. One to whom something is allotted. all out adv. With every possible effort. all-out adj. Using all one's resources: an all-out effort. all over adv. 1. Over the whole area or extent: embroidered all over with roses. 2. Everywhere: searched all over for the money. 3. In all respects: She's her grandmother all over. all-over adj. Covering an entire surface. allow tr.v. -lowed -lowing -lows 1. To let do or happen; permit. 2. To acknowledge or admit; concede: allow the legality of a claim. 3. To permit to have: allow oneself five dollars a day. 4. To make provision for: allow time for a coffee break. 5. To permit the presence of: No pets allowed. 6. To provide (the needed amount): allow funds in case of emergency. 7. To admit; grant: I allow that to be true. 8. To allow as a discount or in exchange: allowed me twenty dollars on my old typewriter. Phrasal verb. allow of. To permit: a treatise allowing of several interpretations. [ME allouen, to approve, permit < OFr. alouer < both Lat. allaudare, to praise, and Med. Lat. allocare, to allocate.] allowable adj. allowably adv. allowance n. 1. The act of allowing. 2. Something that is allowed. 3. Something given, as money, at regular intervals or for a specific purpose: a travel allowance. 4. A price reduction granted in exchange for used merchandise; discount. 5. A consideration for possibilities or modifying circumstances: an allowance for breakage. 6. An allowed difference in dimension of closely mating machine parts. -tr.v.-anced -ancing -ances 1. To restrict to an allowance. 2. To put on an allowance. allowedly adv. By general admission; admittedly. alloy n. 1. A homogeneous mixture or solid solution, usually of two or more metals, the atoms of one replacing or occupying interstitial positions between the atoms of the other. 2. The relative degree of mixture with a base metal; fineness. 3. Something added that lowers value or purity. -tr.v. -loyed -loying -loys 1. To combine (metals) to form an alloy. 2. To lower purity or value of (a metal) by mixing with a cheaper metal. 3. To debase by the addition of an inferior element. [OFr. aloi < aloier, to alloy < Lat. alligare, to bind to : ad-, to + ligare, to bind.] all-purpose adj. Useful in many ways. all right adv. 1. Satisfactory; average. 2. Correct: These figures are perfectly all right. 3. Uninjured. 4. Very well; yes. 5. Without a doubt: He's a fool, all right. Usage: It is still not acceptable to write all right as a single word, alright, despite the parallel to words like already and altogether and despite the fact that in casual speech the expression is often pronounced as if it were one word. all-right adj. Slang. 1. Dependable; honorable: an all-right fellow. 2. Good; excellent: an all-right movie. all-round adj. Variant of all-around. All Saints' Day n. November 1, a church festival in honor of all saints. allseed n. Any of several plants having many seeds, such as knotgrass. All Souls' Day n. November 2, observed by the Roman Catholic Church as a day of prayer for souls in purgatory. allspice n. 1. A tropical American tree, Pimenta officinalis, having small white flowers and aromatic berries. 2. The dried berries of the allspice, used whole or ground as a spice. all-star adj. Made up wholly of star performers: an all-star cast. -n.Sports. A player chosen for an all-star team. all-time adj. Informal. Of all time: an all-time attendance record. all told adv. With everything considered; in all. allude intr.v. -luded -luding -ludes To make an indirect reference to. [Lat. alludere, to play with : ad-, to + ludere, to play < ludus, game.] Usage: Allude and allusion are often used where the more general terms refer and reference would be preferable. Allude and allusion apply to indirect reference that does not identify specifically. Refer and reference, unless qualified, usually imply direct, specific mention. allure v. -lured -luring -lures -tr. To entice with something desirable; tempt. -intr. To tempt or fascinate. -n. The power to entice or tempt; fascination. [ME aluren < OFr. alurer : a-, to (< Lat. ad-) + loirre, bait, of Germanic orig.] allurement n. allurer n. alluringly adv. allusion n. 1. The act of alluding; indirect mention. 2. An indirect, but pointed or meaningful reference. -See Usage note at allude. [LLat. allusio, a playing with < Lat. alludere, to play with. -see allude.] allusive adj. Containing or making allusions; suggestive. allusively adv. allusiveness n. alluvia n. A plural of alluvium. alluvial adj. Of, pertaining to, or composed of alluvium. alluvial fan n. A fan-shaped accumulation of alluvium deposited at the mouth of a ravine. alluvion n. 1. Alluvium. 2. The flow of water against a shore or bank. 3. Inundation by water; flood. 4. Law. The increasing of land, esp. along a river bed, by deposited alluvium. [Lat. alluvio < alluere, to wash against : ad-, to + luere, to wash.] alluvium n. pl. -viums or -via Sediment deposited by flowing water, as in a river bed, flood plain, or delta. [Lat. < alluvius, alluvial < alluere, to wash against. -see alluvion.] ally v. -lied -lying -lies -tr. 1. To unite or connect in a formal relationship or bond, such as by treaty. 2. To unite or connect in a personal relationship, such as friendship or marriage. -intr. To enter into an alliance. -n. pl. -lies 1. One that is united with another in some formal or personal relationship. 2. A friend or close associate. [ME allien < OFr. alier < Lat. alligare, to bind to. -see alloy.] allyl n. The univalent organic radical CH2:CHCH2. [Lat. allium, garlic + -yl (so called because it was first obtained from garlic).] allylic adj. Almagest n. 1. An exhaustive chronicle on astronomy and geography compiled by Ptolemy about A.D. 150. 2. almagest Any of several medieval treatises concerned with astronomy or alchemy. [ME almageste < OFr. < Ar. al-majisti : al, the + Gk. megiste (suntaxis), greatest (composition), fem. of megistos, greatest, superl. of megas, great.] alma mater or Alma Mater n. 1. The school, college, or university that one has attended. 2. The anthem or school song of an institution of higher learning. [Lat., nourishing mother.] almanac n. 1. An annual publication including calendars with weather forecasts, astronomical information, tide tables, and other related tabular information. 2. An annual publication composed of various lists, charts, and tables of useful information in many unrelated fields. [ME almenak < Med. Lat. almanach, perh. < Gk. almenikhiaka, calendars.] almandine or almandite n. A deep violet-red garnet, essentially FeAl2Si3O12, found in metamorphic rocks and used as a gemstone. [ME alabandine < Lat. alabandinus < Alabanda, a town in ancient Asia Minor famous for its jewelry.] almighty adj. 1. Having absolute power; all-powerful. 2. Informal. Great or extreme: an almighty din. -adv. Slang. Extremely: almighty scared. -n. the Almighty God. [ME almighti < OE ealmihtig : eall, all + mihtig, mighty < miht, might.] almightily adv. almond n. 1. A small tree, Prunus amygdalus, native to the Mediterranean region, having pink flowers and fruit containing an edible nut. 2. The nut of the almond tree, ellipsoid in shape, and having a soft, yellowish-tan shell. 3. Something having the oval, pointed form of an almond. 4. A pale tan. [ME almande < OFr. < LLat. amandula, alteration of Lat. amygdala < Gk. amugdale.] almoner n. 1. One who distributes alms. 2. Chiefly British. A social worker in a hospital. [ME aumener < OFr. aumonier, ult. < Lat. eleemosyna, alms.] almost adv. Slightly short of; very nearly. [ME < OE ealmaest : eall, all + maest, most.] alms pl.n. Money or goods given to the poor in charity. [ME almes < OE aelmesse < LLat. eleemosyna < Gk. eleemosune < eleemon, pitiful < eleos, pity.] almshouse n. A poorhouse. almsman n. One dependent on alms for his support. alnico n. Any of several hard, strong alloys of aluminum, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, and sometimes niobium or tantalum, used to make strong permanent magnets. [al(uminum) + ni(ckel) + co(balt).] aloe n. 1. Any of various plants of the genus Aloe, mostly native to southern Africa, having fleshy, spiny-toothed leaves and red or yellow flowers. 2. aloes (used with a sing. verb). A cathartic drug derived from Aloe barbadensis. 3. aloes (used with a sing. verb). The fragrant wood of a tree, Aquilaria agallocha, of tropical Asia. [ME < OE aluwe < Lat. aloe < Gk. aloe.] aloetic adj. aloft adv. 1. In or into a high place; high or higher up. 2. Nautical. At or toward the upper rigging. -prep. On top of: birds perching aloft telephone wires. [ME < ON a lopt : a, in + lopt, air.] alogical adj. Beyond or not falling within the bounds of logic. alogically adv. alogicalness n. aloha n. Love. Used as an interjection to express greeting or farewell. [Hawaiian.] aloin n. A bitter crystalline compound obtained from the aloe and used as a laxative. [alo(e) + -in.] alone adj. 1. Apart from anything or anyone else. 2. Excluding anyone else; sole; only. 3. With nothing further added: The drive alone takes four days. 4. Without equal; unique: alone in his ability to unite all factions of the party. Idiom Section: leave alone. To refrain from interrupting or interfering with (someone). let alone. Not to speak of or think of: I haven't a minute to spare, let alone an hour. let well enough alone. To be satisfied with things as they are. stand alone. To be without equal. [ME < al one, all one.] alone adv. aloneness n. Synonyms: alone lonely lonesome solitary These adjectives are compar as they describe lack of companionship. Alone emphasizes isolation from others and does not imply unhappiness. Lonely adds to isolation the painful consciousness of it. In lonesome , the desire for companionship is more plaintive, but less profound: lonely for a lover; lonesome for a friend. Solitary stresses physical isolation, sometimes self-imposed. along adv. 1. In a line with; following the length or path of: trees growing along by the river. 2. With a progressive onward motion; forward. 3. In association; together: one thing along with another. 4. As company; as a companion: Bring your son along. 5. Informal. Advanced to some degree: The evening was well along. 6. Informal. Approaching something, such as a time or an age: along about midnight. -prep. 1. Over, through, or by the length of. 2. In accordance with. Idiom Section: all along. From the very beginning; throughout. be along. Informal. To come to; arrive at a place: They will be along soon. get along. 1. To go onward. 2. To manage successfully; survive. 3. To be compatible; agree. 4. Slang. To go away; get out. [ME < OE andlang : and, against + lang, long.] alongshore adv. Along, near, or by the shore. alongside adv. Along, near, at, or to the side of anything. -prep. By the side of; side by side with. aloof adj. Distant, esp. in one's relations with other people; indifferent. -adv. At a distance, but within view; apart. [Obs. aloof, toward the wind : a-2 + obs. loof, luff.] aloofly adv. aloofness n. alopecia n. Loss of hair; baldness. [Lat. alopecia, fox-mange < Gk. alopekia < alopex, fox.] alopecic adj. aloud adv. 1. In a loud tone. 2. With the voice; orally: Read this passage aloud. alp n. A high mountain. [Back-formation < the Alps, a group of mountains in Europe.] alpaca n. pl. alpaca or -as 1. A domesticated South American mammal, Lama pacos, related to the llama, and having fine, long wool. 2. a. The silky wool of the alpaca. b. Cloth made from alpaca. 3. A glossy cotton or rayon and wool fabric, usually black. [Sp. < Aymara allpaca.] alpenglow n. A rosy glow with which snow-covered mountain peaks are suffused at sunrise or dusk on a clear day. [Partial transl. of G. Alpengluhen : Alpen, Alps + gluhen, to glow.] alpenhorn n. A curved wooden horn, sometimes as long as 20 feet, used by herdsmen in the Alps to call cows to pasture. [G. Alpenhorn : Alpen, Alps + Horn, horn.] alpenstock n. A long staff with an iron point, used by mountain climbers. [G. Alpenstock : Alpen, Alps + Stock, staff.] alpestrine adj. Growing at high altitudes; alpine or subalpine. [< Med. Lat. alpestris < Alpes, the Alps.] alpha n. 1. The 1st letter in the Greek alphabet. See table at alphabet. 2. The first of anything; beginning. 3. Astronomy. The brightest or main star in a constellation. -adj. 1. First in order of importance. 2. Chemistry. Closest to the functional group of atoms in a molecule. 3. Alphabetical. [Gk., of Phoenician orig.; akin to Heb. aleph, aleph.] alpha and omega n. 1. The first and the last: I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord (Revelation 1:8). 2. The most important part of something. alphabet n. 1. The letters of a given language, arranged in the order fixed by custom. 2. Any system of characters or symbols representing sounds or things. 3. The basic or elementary principles of anything; rudiments. [Lat. alphabetum < Gk. alphabetos : alpha, alpha + beta, beta, the first two letters of the Greek alphabet.] alphabetical or alphabetic adj. 1. Arranged in the customary order of the letters of a language. 2. Of, pertaining to, or expressed by an alphabet. alphabetically adv. alphabetize tr.v. -ized -izing -izes 1. To arrange in alphabetical order. 2. To supply with an alphabet. alphabetization n. alphabetizer n. Alpha Centauri n. A double star in Centaurus, the brightest in the constellation, 4.4 light-years from Earth. Alpha Crucis n. A double star in the constellation Crux, approximately 230 light-years from Earth. alpha decay n. The radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus by emission of an alpha particle. alpha helix n. A common structure of proteins, characterized by a single chain of amino acids stabilized by hydrogen bonds. alpha-helical adj. alphanumeric or alphameric adj. 1. Consisting of alphabetic and numerical symbols. 2. Consisting of alphabetic and numerical symbols and of punctuation marks, mathematical symbols, and other conventional symbols used in computer work. [alpha(betic) + numeric(al).] alpha particle n. A positively charged composite particle, indistinguishable from a helium atom nucleus and consisting of two protons and two neutrons. alpha privative n. The Greek negative prefix a- (an- before vowels). alpha ray n. A stream of alpha particles. alpha rhythm or alpha wave n. The most common electroencephalographic waveform found in recordings of the electrical activity of the adult cerebral cortex, characteristically 8 to 12 smooth, regular oscillations per second in subjects at rest. alphosis n. Lack of skin pigment, as in albinism. [Gk. alphos, leprosy + -osis.] alpine adj. 1. Alpine Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of the Alps or their inhabitants. 2. Of or pertaining to high mountains. 3. Biology. Living or growing on mountains above the timberline. 4. Intended for or concerned with mountaineering. 5. Alpine Of or pertaining to competitive downhill racing and slalom skiing events. 6. Alpine Of or pertaining to a subdivision of the Caucasian race predominant around the Alps. [Lat. Alpinus < Alpes, the Alps.] alpinist or Alpinist n. A mountain climber. alpinism n. already adv. By this or a specified time; before; previously. [ME alredi : al, all + redi, ready.] alright adv. Nonstandard. All right. Alsatian adj. Of or pertaining to Alsace, its inhabitants, or their culture. -n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Alsace. 2. Chiefly British. The German shepherd. alsike clover n. A plant, Trifolium hybridum, native to Eurasia and widely cultivated for forage, having compound leaves and pink or whitish flowers. [After Alsike, Sweden.] also adv. Besides; in addition; likewise; too. -conj. And in addition. [ME < OE ealswa : eall, all + swa, so.] Synonyms: also too likewise besides moreover furthermore These adverbs indicate the presence of, or introduce, something additional. The first three generally imply that the additional element or consideration is equal in weight to what precedes it. Also is more formal in sound than too is very formal in tone, and may imply similarity between elements as well as equality. Besides often introduces an additional element that reinforces what has gone before. Moreover and furthermore frequently stress the importance of the additional element. also-ran n. Informal. One that is defeated in a race, election, or other competition; loser. alt adj. Music. Pitched in the first octave above the treble staff; high. -n. 1. The first octave above the treble staff. 2. A note or tone in the alt octave. [Lat. altus, high.] Altaic n. A language family of Europe and Asia that includes the Turkic, Tungusic, and Mongolic subfamilies. -adj. 1. Of or pertaining to the Altai Mountains. 2. Of or pertaining to Altaic. [After the Altai Mountains.] Altair n. A very bright, double, variable star in the constellation Aquila, approximately 15.7 light-years from Earth. [Ar. al-tair < al-nasr al-tair, the flying eagle.] altar n. 1. Any elevated place or structure upon which sacrifices may be offered or before which religious ceremonies may be enacted. 2. In Christian churches, a table or similar structure before which the divine offices are recited and upon which the Eucharist is celebrated. [ME auter < OE altar < Lat. altare.] altar boy n. An attendant to an officiating clergyman in the performance of a liturgical service; acolyte. altarpiece n. A painting, carving, or other artwork placed above and behind an altar. altar rail n. A railing in front of the altar that separates the chancel from the rest of the church. altazimuth n. A mounting for astronomical telescopes that permits both horizontal and vertical rotation. [alt(itude) + azimuth.] alter v. -tered -tering -ters -tr. 1. To change or make different; modify. 2. To adjust (a garment) for a better fit. 3. Informal. To castrate or spay. -intr. To change or become different. [ME alteren < Med. Lat. alterare < Lat. alter, other.] alterable adj. Capable of being altered. alterability alterableness n. alterably adv. alteration n. 1. The act or procedure of altering. 2. The condition resulting from altering; modification; change. alterative adj. 1. Tending to alter or produce alteration. 2. Medicine. Tending to restore normal health. -n. Medicine. An alterative treatment or medication. altercate intr.v. -cated -cating -cates To argue or dispute vehemently. [Lat. altercari, altercat-, to quarrel < alter, other.] altercation n. A heated and noisy quarrel. alter ego n. 1. Another side of oneself; second self. 2. An intimate friend or constant companion. [Lat., other I.] alternate v. -nated -nating -nates -intr. 1. To occur in successive turns: The rainy season alternates with the dry season. 2. To pass from one state, action, or place to a second, back to the first, and so on indefinitely: alternate between optimism and pessimism. -tr. 1. To do or execute by turns. 2. To cause to follow in turns; interchange regularly. -adj. 1. Happening or following in turns; succeeding each other continuously. 2. Designating or pertaining to every other one of a series: alternate lines. 3. In place of another; substitute: an alternate plan. 4. Botany. a. Growing at alternating intervals on either side of a stem: alternate leaves. b. Arranged alternately between other parts, as stamens between petals. -n. A person acting in the place of another; substitute. [Lat. alternare, alternat- < alternus, by turns < alter, other.] alternateness n. alternately adv. alternate angle n. An angle on one side of a transversal that cuts two lines, having one of the intersected lines as a side. alternating current n. An electric current that reverses direction in a circuit at regular intervals. alternation n. Successive change from one thing to another and back again. alternation of generations n. Metagenesis. alternative n. 1. a. The choice between two mutually exclusive possibilities. b. Either of these possibilities. 2. One of a number of things from which one must be chosen: a third alternative. -adj. 1. Allowing or necessitating a choice between two or more than two things. 2. Existing outside traditional or conventional institutions or systems: an alternative newspaper. alternatively adv. Usage: Alternative is widely used to denote simply "one of a set of possible courses of action," but many traditionalists continue to insist that its use be restricted to situations in which only two possible choices present themselves. In this stricter sense, alternative is incompatible with all numerals (there are three alternatives ), and the use of two, in particular, is held to be redundant (the two alternatives are life and death would be unacceptable to traditionalists). Similarly, traditionalists reject as unacceptable sentences like there is no other alternative on the grounds that it is equivalent to the simpler there is no alternative. alternative box n. An element in a flow chart that signifies a decision to be made. alternative school n. A school that is nontraditional, esp. in educational ideals or methods of teaching. alternator n. An electric generator that produces alternating current. althea or althaea n. 1. The rose of Sharon. 2. Any plant of the genus Althaea, which includes the hollyhock. [Lat., mallows < Gk. althaia < althein, to heal.] althorn n. A brass wind instrument that sometimes replaces the French horn. [G. : alt, alto + Horn, horn.] although or altho conj. Regardless of the fact that; even though. [ME : al, all + though, though.] Usage: As conjunctions, although and though are generally interchangeable: Although (or though ) she smiled, she was angry. Although is usually placed at the beginning of its clause (as in the preceding example), whereas though may occur placed elsewhere and is the more common term when used to link words or phrases: wiser though poorer. altimeter n. An instrument for determining elevation, esp. an aneroid barometer used in aircraft that senses pressure changes that accompany changes in altitude. [Lat. altus, high + -meter.] altimetry n. altiplano n. A high plateau, as in the Andean regions of Bolivia, Peru, and Argentina. [Am. Sp. : Lat. altus, high + Lat. planum, plain.] altitude n. 1. The height of a thing above a reference level, esp. above sea level or above the earth's surface. 2. A high location or area. 3. Astronomy. The angular distance of a celestial object above the horizon. 4. The perpendicular distance from the base of a geometric figure to the opposite vertex, parallel side, or parallel surface. 5. A high position or rank. [ME < Lat. altitudo < altus, high.] altitudinal adj. altitude sickness n. Illness with symptoms such as nausea, breathlessness, and nosebleed, caused by an oxygen deficiency, such as that encountered at high altitudes. alto n. pl. -tos Music. 1. A low, female singing voice; contralto. 2. A countertenor. 3. The range between soprano and tenor. 4. A singer whose voice lies within the alto range. 5. An instrument that sounds within the alto range. 6. A vocal or instrumental part written for an alto voice or instrument. an alto flute. [Ital., high < Lat. altus.] altocumulus n. A cloud formation of rounded, fleecy, white or gray masses. [Lat. altus, high + cumulus.] altogether adv. 1. Entirely; completely; utterly: lost the TV picture altogether. 2. With all included or counted; in all; all told: Altogether 100 people were there. 3. On the whole; with everything considered: Altogether, I'm sorry it happened. -n. A whole. Idiom Section: in the altogether. Informal. In the nude. [ME al togeder : al, all + togeder, together.] Usage: Altogether should be distinguished from all together. All together is used of a group to indicate that its members performed or underwent an action collectively: The nations stood all together. The prisoners were herded all together. All together can be used only if it is possible to rephrase the sentence so that all and together may be separated by other words: The books lay all together in a heap. All the books lay together in a heap. alto-rilievo or alto-relievo n. pl. alto-relievos or alto-rilievi High relief. [Ital. alto rilievo.] altostratus n. An extended cloud formation of bluish or gray sheets or layers. [Lat. altus, high + stratus.] altricial adj. Helpless and naked when hatched, as young pigeons. [< Lat. altrix, altric-, fem. of altor, nourisher < alere, to nourish.] altruism n. Concern for the welfare of others, as opposed to egoism; selflessness. [Fr. altruisme, prob. < Ital. altrui, someone else < Lat. alter, other.] altruist n. altruistic adj. altruistically adv. alula n. pl. -lae The feathers attached to the part of a bird's wing corresponding to the thumb. [NLat., dim. of Lat. ala, wing.] alular adj. alum n. Any of various double sulfates of a trivalent metal such as aluminum, chromium, or iron and a univalent metal such as potassium or sodium, esp. aluminum potassium sulfate, AlK(SO4)212H2O, widely used in industry as clarifiers, hardeners, and purifiers, and medicinally as topical astringents and styptics. [ME < OFr. < Lat. alumen.] alumina n. Any of several forms of aluminum oxide, Al2O3, occurring naturally as corundum, in a hydrated form in bauxite, and with various impurities as ruby, sapphire, and emery, used in aluminum production and in abrasives, refractories, ceramics, and electrical insulation. [NLat. < Lat. alumen, alum.] aluminate n. A chemical compound containing aluminum as part of a negative ion. aluminiferous adj. Containing or yielding aluminum, alumina, or alum. [Lat. alumen, alumin- + -ferous.] aluminium n. Chiefly British. Variant of aluminum. [NLat. < alumina, alumina.] aluminize tr.v. -nized -nizing -nizes To coat or cover with aluminum or aluminum paint. aluminous adj. Of, pertaining to, or containing aluminum or alum. aluminum n. Symbol Al A silvery-white, ductile metallic element, the most abundant in the earth's crust, but found only in combination, chiefly in bauxite. It is used to form many hard, light, corrosion-resistant alloys. Atomic number 13; atomic weight 26.98; melting point 660.2 deg. C; boiling point 2,467 deg. C; specific gravity 2.69; valence 3. [alumin(a) + -ium.] aluminum oxide n. Alumina. aluminum paste n. Aluminum powder ground in oil, used for aluminum paints. aluminum sulfate n. A white crystalline compound, Al2(SO4)3, used chiefly in papermaking, water purification, sanitation, and tanning. alumna n. pl. -nae A female graduate or former student of a school, college, or university. -See Usage note at alumnus. [Lat., fem. of alumnus.] alumnus n. pl. -ni A male graduate or former student of a school, college, or university. [Lat., pupil < alere, to nourish.] Usage: Alumni is generally used to refer to both the alumni and alumnae of a coeducational institution. alumroot n. 1. Any of various North American plants of the genus Heuchera, having clusters of small white, reddish, or green flowers and astringent roots. 2. The wild geranium. Alundum A trademark for a hard, artificial abrasive of fused alumina, used in making oilstones and grinding wheels. alunite n. A gray mineral, chiefly K2Al3(OH)6(SO4)3, used in making alum and fertilizer. [Fr. < alun, alum < Lat. alumen.] alveolar adj. 1. Of or pertaining to an alveolus. 2. Anatomy. a. Pertaining to the jaw section containing the tooth sockets. b. Pertaining to the alveoli of the lungs. 3. Phonet. Formed with the tip of the tongue touching or near the upper alveoli, as the English t, d, and s. -n. Phonet. A sound produced alveolarly. [Fr. alveolaire < alveole, alveolus < Lat. alveolus.] alveolarly adv. alveolate adj. Having alveoli; deeply pitted; honeycombed. alveolation n. alveolus n. pl. -li 1. A small cavity or pit, such as a honeycomb cell. 2. A tooth socket in the jawbone. 3. An air sac of the lungs at the termination of a bronchiole. [Lat., small hollow, dim. of alveus, a hollow < alvus, belly.] always adv. 1. At every time; invariably. 2. For all time; continuously; forever: They will be friends always. 3. At any time; in any event: You can always quit if you're unhappy. [ME alwei < OE ealne weg, all the way : ealne, accusative of eall, all + weg, way.] alyssum n. 1. Any of various plants of the genus Alyssum, having dense clusters of yellow or white flowers. 2. Sweet alyssum. [NLat. Alyssum, genus name < Gk. alusson, a plant believed to cure rabies : a-, not + lussa, rabies.] Alzheimer's disease n. A severe neurological disorder marked by progressive dementia and cerebral cortical atrophy. [After Alois Alz heimer (1864-1915).] am v. The first person singular, present indicative of be. [ME < OE eom.] Am The symbol for the element americium. amah or ama n. In the Orient, a maidservant, esp. a wet nurse. [Port. ama, nurse < Med. Lat. amma, mother.] Amalekite n. In the Old Testament, a member of an ancient nomadic tribe reputedly descended from Esau's grandson Amalek. [Heb. Amaleqi, after Amaleq, Amalek.] amalgam n. 1. Any of various alloys of mercury with other metals, as with tin or silver. 2. A combination of diverse elements. [ME < OFr. amalgame < Med. Lat. amalgama, prob. ult. < Gk. malagma, soft mass.] amalgamate v. -mated -mating -mates -tr. 1. To mix so as to make a unified whole; blend. 2. To mix or alloy (a metal) with mercury. -intr. 1. To combine, unite, or consolidate. 2. To unite or blend with another metal. amalgamative adj. amalgamator n. amalgamation n. 1. The act of or condition resulting from amalgamating. 2. A consolidation, as of several corporations. 3. The dissolving of a metal in mercury to form an alloy. amandine adj. Prepared or garnished with almonds: swordfish amandine. [Fr. < amande, almond < OFr. almande. -see almond.] amanita n. Any of various mushrooms of the genus Amanita, most of which are extremely poisonous. [NLat. Amanita, genus name < Gk. amanitai, a fungus.] amantadine n. An antiviral drug, C10H17N.HCl, also used to treat Parkinson's disease. [Alteration of E. Adamantane, a hydrocarbon + -ine2.] amanuensis n. pl. -ses One employed to take dictation or to copy manuscript. [Lat. amanuensis < the phrase (servus) a manu, (slave) at handwriting.] amaranth n. 1. Any of various, often weedy, plants of the genus Amaranthus, having clusters of small greenish or purplish flowers. 2. An imaginary flower that never fades. 3. A deep reddish purple to dark or grayish, purplish red. 4. A dark red to purple azo dye. [NLat. amaranthus, genus name, alteration of Lat. amarantus < Gk. amarantos, unfading : a-, not + marainein, to wither.] amaranthine adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or resembling the amaranth. 2. Eternally beautiful; unfading; everlasting. 3. Deep purple in color. amarelle n. A variety of sour cherry having pale-red fruit. [G. < Med. Lat. amarellum < Lat. amarus, bitter.] amaretto n. A liqueur flavored with almond. [Ital., dim. of amaro, bitter < Lat. amarus.] amaryllis n. 1. A bulbous plant, Amaryllis belladonna, native to southern Africa, having large, lilylike reddish or white flowers. 2. Any of several plants related or similar to the amaryllis. 3. Amaryllis. In classical pastoral poetry, a conventional name for a shepherdess. [NLat. Amaryllis, genus name < Lat., name of a shepherdess < Gk. Amarullis.] amass tr.v. amassed amassing amasses 1. To pile or gather up; collect. 2. To accumulate, esp. for one's own pleasure or profit. [OFr. amasser : a-, to (< Lat. ad-) + masse, mass.] amassable adj. amasser n. amassment n. amateur n. 1. A person who engages in an art, science, study, or athletic activity as a pastime rather than as a profession. 2. An athlete who has never participated in competition for money or a livelihood. 3. One lacking professional skill or ease in a certain area, as in art. -adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or performed by an amateur. 2. Made up of amateurs. 3. Not professional; unskillful. [Fr. < Lat. amator, lover < amare, to love.] amateurism n. amateurish adj. Characteristic of an amateur; not professional; unskillful. amateurishly adv. amateurishness n. Amati n. A violin made by Nicolo Amati or the members of his family. amative adj. Amorous. [Lat. amare, amat-, to love + -ive.] amatively adv. amativeness n. amatol n. A highly explosive mixture of ammonium nitrate and trinitrotoluene. [< am(monium) + (trinitro)tol(uene).] amatory adj. Of, pertaining to, or expressive of love, esp. sexual love. [Lat. amatorius < amator, lover < amare, to love.] amaurosis n. Total loss of vision; blindness. [Gk. amaurosis < amauros, dark.] amaurotic adj. amaze tr.v. amazed amazing amazes 1. To affect with surprise or great wonder; astonish. 2. Obsolete. To bewilder. -n. Archaic. Amazement; wonder. [ME *amasen < OE amasian, to confound.] amazedly adv. amazedness n. amazement n. 1. A state of extreme surprise or wonder; astonishment. 2. Obsolete. Bewilderment; perplexity. Amazon n. 1. Greek Mythology. A member of a nation of female warriors reputed to have lived in Scythia, near the Black Sea. 2. amazon A tall, vigorous, strong-willed woman. [ME < Lat. Amazon < Gk Amazon.] Amazonian adj. 1. Characteristic of or resembling an Amazon. 2. amazonian Vigorous and strong-willed. Used of women. amazonite n. A green variety of microcline, often used as a semiprecious stone. [After the Amazon River.] amazon stone n. Amazonite. ambage n. Archaic. 1. A winding or indirect pathway. 2. ambages Roundabout ways. [Back-formation < ME ambages, equivocation < Lat. ambages : ambi-, around + agere, to drive.] ambagious adj. ambassador n. 1. A diplomatic official of the highest rank appointed and accredited as representative in residence by one government to another. 2. Any of various diplomatic officials of the highest rank: a. ambassador-at-large An ambassador not assigned to a particular country. b. ambassador extraordinary An ambassador assigned to a specific mission. c. ambassador plenipotentiary An ambassador empowered to negotiate treaties. 3. A diplomatic official heading his country's permanent mission to certain international organizations, such as the United Nations. 4. Any authorized messenger or representative. [ME ambassadour < OFr. ambassadeur < Med. Lat. ambactia, mission, of Germanic orig.] ambassadorial adj. ambassadorship n. amber n. 1. A hard, translucent, yellow, orange, or brownish-yellow fossil resin, used for making jewelry and other ornamental objects. 2. A brownish yellow. an amber necklace. -adj. Brownish yellow. [ME ambre < OFr. < Med. Lat. ambra < Ar. ambar, ambergris.] ambergris n. A waxy, grayish substance formed in the intestines of sperm whales and found floating at sea or washed ashore, used as a fixative in perfumes. [ME < OFr. ambre gris : ambre, amber + gris, gray.] amberjack n. pl. amberjack or -jacks Any of several food and game fishes of the genus Seriola, of temperate and tropical marine waters. ambi- Both: ambiversion. [Lat., around.] ambiance or ambience n. The special or distinctive atmosphere surrounding a person, place, or thing. [Fr. < ambiant, surrounding < Lat. ambiens. -see ambient.] ambidexterity n. 1. The state or quality of being ambidextrous. 2. Deceit or hypocrisy. ambidextrous adj. 1. Able to use both hands with equal facility. 2. Unusually dexterous; adroit. 3. Deceptive or hypocritical. [ME ambidexter, double dealing < Med. Lat. : Lat. ambi-, on both sides + Lat. dexter, right-handed.] ambidextrously adv. ambience n. Variant of ambiance. ambient adj. Surrounding; encircling. [Lat. ambiens, ambient-, pr.part. of ambire, to surround : ambi-, around + ire, to go.] ambiguity n. pl. -ties 1. The state of being ambiguous. 2. Something ambiguous. ambiguity error n. A gross error, usually transient, in the readout of an electronic device that is caused by imprecise synchronism, as in analog-to-digital conversion. ambiguous adj. 1. Susceptible of multiple interpretation. 2. Doubtful or uncertain. [Lat. ambiguus, uncertain < ambigere, to go about : ambi-, around + agere, to drive.] Synonyms: ambiguous equivocal obscure recondite abstruse vague cryptic enigmatic These adjectives mean lacking clarity of meaning. Ambiguous indicates the presence of two or more possible meanings, usually because of faulty expression. An equivocal statement is deliberately unclear or misleading, suggesting a hedging to avoid exposure of one's position. Obscure suggests meaning hidden in difficult form, sometimes not worth digging out. Recondite and abstruse , less pejorative, connote the erudite obscurity of the scholar: a recondite allusion missed by most readers; abstruse works of philosophy. Vague primarily indicates a lack of definite form. Cryptic suggests a puzzling terseness intended to discourage understanding, and enigmatic , great significance hidden in mysterious and challenging form. ambipolar adj. Applying equally to both positive ions and electrons in a plasma. ambit n. 1. The external boundary of something; circuit. 2. The sphere or scope of something. [Lat. ambitus, a going around < ambire, to go around. -see ambient.] ambition n. 1. a. An eager or strong desire to achieve something. b. The object or goal desired. 2. A desire for exertion or activity. [ME ambicioun < OFr. ambition < Lat. ambitio < ambire, to go around (for votes). -see ambient.] ambitious adj. 1. Full of, characterized by, or motivated by ambition. 2. Greatly desirous; eager: I am not ambitious of ridicule (Burke). 3. Showing or requiring much effort; challenging: an ambitious plan. ambitiously adv. ambitiousness n. ambivalence n. 1. The existence of mutually conflicting feelings or thoughts, such as love and hate, about some person, object, or idea. 2. Uncertainty or indecisiveness as to what course to follow. [G. Ambivalenz : Lat. ambi-, on both sides + Lat. valens, being strong < valere, to be strong.] ambivalent adj. Exhibiting ambivalence. ambiversion n. A personality trait showing both introversion and extroversion. [ambi- + (intro)version or (extro)version.] ambivert n. amble intr.v. -bled -bling -bles 1. To walk slowly or leisurely. 2. To move along smoothly by lifting first both legs on one side and then both on the other, as do horses and other animals. -n. 1. An ambling gait, esp. that of a horse. 2. An unhurried or easy walk. [ME amblen < AN aumbler < Lat. ambulare, to walk.] ambler n. amblygonite n. A white or greenish mineral, (Li,Na)Al(PO4)(F,OH), that is an important source of lithium. [G. Amblygonit < Gk. amblugonios, obtuse-angled : amblus, blunt + gonia, angle.] amblyopia n. Dimness of vision without apparent physical defect or disease of the eye. [Gk. ambluopia < ambluopos, dim-sighted : amblus, dim. + ops, eye.] amblyopic adj. ambo n. pl. ambos or ambones One of the two pulpits or raised stands in early Christian churches from which parts of the service were chanted or read. [Med. Lat. < Gk. ambon, raised edge.] Amboinese n. The language of Amboina. amboyna or amboina n. The reddish-brown, curly-grained wood of a tree, Pterocarpus indicus, of southeastern Asia, used for decorative cabinetwork. [After Amboina, an island in the Moluccas, Indonesia.] ambrosia n. 1. Greek and Roman Mythology. The food of the gods, thought to impart immortality. 2. Something with an esp. delicious flavor or fragrance. [Lat. < Gk. < ambrotos, immortal, immortalizing : a-, not + brotos, mortal.] ambrosial or ambrosian adj. 1. Suggestive of ambrosia; fragrant or delicious. 2. Of or worthy of the gods; divine. ambrosially adv. ambrotype n. An early type of photograph made by imaging a negative on glass backed by a dark surface. [Gk. ambrotos, immortal + type.] ambry n. pl. -bries 1. A storeroom or cupboard; pantry. 2. In churches, a niche near the altar for keeping sacred vessels and vestments. [ME aumeneri, place where alms are distributed < OFr. aumonerie < Lat. armarium, closet < arma, tools.] ambsace n. 1. Double aces, the lowest throw at dice. 2. Misfortune; bad luck. 3. The smallest amount or most worthless thing possible. [ME ambes as < OFr. < Lat. ambas as, : ambo, both + as, unit.] ambulacrum n. pl. -cra One of the five radial areas on the undersurface of the starfish and similar echinoderms, on which the tube feet are borne. [Lat., walk planted with trees < ambulare, to walk.] ambulance n. A vehicle specially equipped to transport the sick or wounded. [Fr. < (hopital) ambulant, mobile (hospital) < Lat. ambulans, ambulant.] ambulance chaser n. Slang. 1. A lawyer or a lawyer's agent who obtains clients by persuading victims of accidents to sue for damages. 2. A lawyer avid for clients. ambulant adj. Moving or walking about; shifting from place to place. [Fr. < Lat. ambulans, pr.part. of ambulare, to walk.] ambulate intr.v. -lated -lating -lates To walk from place to place; move about. [Lat. ambulare, ambulat-, to walk.] ambulatory adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or for walking. 2. Capable of walking; not bedridden. 3. Moving about; not stationary. 4. Law. Capable of being changed or revoked, as a will during the life of the testator. -n.pl. -ries A covered place for walking, as in a cloister. ambuscade n. An ambush. -tr.v.-caded -cading -cades To ambush. [OFr. embuscade < Ital. imboscata < imboscare, to ambush < Med. Lat. *imbuscare : Lat. in-, in + buscus, forest, of Germanic orig.] ambuscader n. ambush n. 1. The act of lying in wait to attack by surprise. 2. A surprise attack made from a concealed position. 3. a. Those in hiding to make an ambush. b. Their hiding place. 4. A hidden peril or trap. -tr.v.-bushed -bushing -bushes 1. To hide and wait in ambush. 2. To attack from ambush. [ME embushen, to ambush < OFr. embuschier < Med. Lat. *imbuscare. -see ambuscade.] ambusher n. ameba n. Variant of amoeba. amebean adj. Variant of amoebaean. amebiasis n. An infection caused by amoebas, esp. Entamoeba histolytica. [ameb(a) + -iasis.] amebic dysentery n. An acute, inflammatory amebiasis of the colon that is caused by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica and results in severe pain and diarrhea. amebocyte n. Variant of amoebocyte. ameer n. Variant of emir. ameliorate tr. -intr.v.-rated -rating -rates To make or become better; improve. [Alteration of meliorate.] amelioration n. 1. The act of ameliorating. 2. The state of being ameliorated; improvement. amen interj. Used at the end of a prayer or a statement to express approval. -adv. Verily; truly. -n. 1. An utterance of the interjection amen. 2. An expression of conviction or assent. [ME < OE < LLat. amen < Gk. amen < Heb. amen, certainly < aman, to strengthen.] Amen or Amon n. The god of life and reproduction in Egyptian mythology, represented as a man with a ram's head. amenable adj. 1. Willing to follow advice or suggestion. 2. Responsible to authority; accountable. 3. Open or liable to testing, criticism, or judgment. [Alteration of ME menable < OFr. < mener, to lead < Lat. minare, to drive < minari, to threaten < minae, threats.] amen corner n. A church seat reserved for persons leading responsive amens. amend v. amended amending amends -tr. 1. To improve; better. 2. To remove the faults or errors of; rectify. 3. To alter (a legislative measure, for example) formally by adding, deleting, or rephrasing. -intr. To better one's conduct; reform. [ME amenden < OFr. < Lat. emendare, to correct : ex-, out of + menda, fault.] amendatory adj. Serving or tending to amend; corrective. amendment n. 1. A change for the better; improvement. 2. A correction. 3. a. A revision or change. b. A formal statement of such a change. amends pl.n. Reparation or payment made as satisfaction for insult or injury. Idiom Section: make amends. . To make up (to someone) for insult or injury. [ME amendes < OFr., pl. of amende, reparation < amender, to amend.] amenity n. pl. -ties 1. The quality of being pleasant or attractive; agreeableness. 2. a. A feature that increases attractiveness or value, esp. of a piece of real estate or a geographical location. b. Something that increases physical or material comfort. 3. amenities Social courtesies; pleasantries; civilities. [ME amenite < OFr. < Lat. amoenitas < amoenus, pleasant.] amenorrhea or amenorrhoea n. Abnormal suppression or absence of menstruation. [a-1 + Gk. men, month + -rrhea.] amenorrheic adj. ament ament(1) n. A catkin. [Lat. amentum, strap.] ament(2) n. A mentally deficient or feeble-minded person. [< Lat. amens, ament-, insane : a-, out of + mens, mind.] amentaceous adj. 1. Resembling or characteristic of an ament; catkinlike. 2. Having aments or catkins. amentia n. Subnormal mental development; feeble-mindedness. [Lat. amentia < amens, insane. -see ament2.] amentiferous adj. Botany. Bearing aments or catkins. Amerasian n. An individual of mixed American and Asian descent. [Amer(ican) + Asian.] Amerasian adj. amerce tr.v. amerced amercing amerces 1. To punish by a fine imposed arbitrarily at the discretion of the court. 2. To punish by imposing an arbitrary penalty. [ME amercen < AN amercier < a merci, at the mercy of : a, to (< Lat. ad) + merci, mercy < Lat. merces, wages.] American adj. 1. Of, relating to, or characteristic of the United States of America, its people, culture, government, or history. 2. Of, in, or pertaining to North or South America or the Western Hemisphere. 3. Of or pertaining to the Indians inhabiting America. 4. Indigenous to North or South America: American elm; American elk. -n. 1. A native or inhabitant of America. 2. A citizen of the United States. Americanness n. Americana pl.n. A collection of things relating to American history, folklore, or geography. American Beauty n. A type of rose bearing large, long-stemmed purplish-red flowers. American cheese n. A smooth, mild cheddar cheese, white to yellow in color. American dream n. An American ideal of social equality and esp. material success. American eagle n. The bald eagle, esp. as it appears on the Great Seal of the United States. American elk n. The wapiti. American English n. The English language as used in the United States. American Indian n. A member of any of the aboriginal peoples of North America (except the Eskimos), South America, and the West Indies, considered to belong to the Mongoloid ethnic division of the human species. Americanism n. 1. A custom, trait, or tradition originating in the United States. 2. A usage of language characteristic of American English. 3. Allegiance to the United States and its customs and institutions. Americanist n. 1. One who studies a facet of America, such as its history or geology. 2. An anthropologist specializing in the study of American aboriginal culture. 3. A person, other than a U.S. citizen, who is sympathetic to the United States and its policies. American ivy n. The Virginia creeper. Americanize v. -ized -izing -izes -tr. To assimilate into American culture. -intr. To become American in spirit or methods. Americanization n. American plan n. A system of hotel management in which a guest pays a fixed daily rate for room, meals, and service. American saddle horse n. A three-gaited or five-gaited high-stepping saddle horse of a breed originating in Kentucky. American sign language n. An American system of communication for the deaf that employs manual signs. American Spanish n. The Spanish language as used in the Western Hemisphere. American Standard Version n. A revised version of the King James Bible published in the United States in 1901. americium n. A white metallic transuranic element of the actinide series, having isotopes with mass numbers from 237 to 246 and half-lives from 25 minutes to 7,950 years. Its longest-lived isotopes, Am 241 and Am 243, are alpha-ray emitters used as radiation sources in research. Atomic number 95; specific gravity 11.7; valences 3, 4, 5, 6. [After America.] Amerind or Amerindian n. An American Indian or an Eskimo. [Amer(ican) + Ind(ian).] Amerindian adj. Amerindic adj. Ameslan n. American sign language. amethopterin n. Methotrexate. [A(mino)- + meth- + pter(oyl), a chemical radical + -in.] amethyst n. 1. A purple or violet form of transparent quartz used as a gemstone. 2. A purple variety of corundum, used as a gemstone. 3. A moderate purple to graying reddish purple. [ME amatiste < OFr. < Lat. amethystus < Gk. amethustos : a-, not + methuein, to be drunk (from the belief that it was a remedy for drunkenness).] amethystine adj. ametropia n. An eye abnormality, such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism, resulting from faulty refraction. [Gk. ametros, without measure (a-, without + metron, measure) + -opia.] Amharic n. A Semitic language that is the official language in Ethiopia. -adj. Of or concerning Amhara. [After Amhara, a former province of Ethiopia.] amiable adj. 1. Having a pleasant disposition; good-natured. 2. Cordial; sociable; congenial: an amiable gathering. [ME < OFr. < LLat. amicabilis, amicable.] amiability amiableness n. amiably adv. Synonyms: amiable affable good-natured obliging agreeable pleasant These adjectives all refer to a tendency to please in social relations. Amiable implies friendliness and sweetness of disposition. Affable especially fits a person who is easy to approach and difficult to anger. Good-natured suggests a tolerant, easygoing disposition; sometimes it also implies a docile nature. Obliging specifies disposition to comply with the will of others; agreeable adds to this a sense of eagerness to please. Pleasant applies broadly to favorable manner or appearance. amianthus or amiantus n. An asbestos with fine, silky fibers. [Lat. amiantus < Gk. amiantos, undefiled : a-, not + mianein, to defile.] amicable adj. Characterized by or showing friendliness; friendly. [ME < LLat. amicabilis < Lat amicus, friend.] amicability amicableness n. amicably adv. amice n. A liturgical vestment consisting of an oblong piece of white linen worn around the neck and shoulders and partly under the alb. [ME, alteration of amit < OFr. < Lat. amictus, mantle < amicio, to wrap around : ambi-, around + jacere, to throw.] amicus curiae n. pl. amici curiae Law. A person invited to advise a court on a matter of law in a case to which he is not a party. [Lat., friend of the court.] amid or amidst prep. Surrounded by; in the middle of. [ME < OE onmiddan : on, in + midde, middle.] amide n. 1. An organic compound, such as acetamide, containing the CONH2 group. 2. A compound with a metal replacing hydrogen in ammonia, such as sodium amide, NaNH2. [am(monia) + -ide.] amidic adj. amidol n. A colorless crystalline compound (NH2)2C6H3OH2HCl, used as a photographic developer. [G. Amidol, a trademark.] amidships or amidship adv. Nautical. Midway between the bow and the stern. amidst prep. Variant of amid. amigo n. pl. -gos A friend. [Sp. < Lat. amicus, friend.] amine n. Any of a group of organic compounds of nitrogen, such as ethylamine, C2H5NH2, that may be considered ammonia derivatives in which one or more hydrogen atoms has been replaced by a hydrocarbon radical. [am(monium) + -ine2.] -amine Amine: diamine. [< amine.] amino adj. Pertaining to an amine or other chemical compound containing NH2 combined with a nonacid organic radical. [< amino-.] amino- Containing NH2 combined with a nonacid organic radical: aminopyrine. [< amine.] amino acid n. 1. An organic compound containing both an amino group (NH2) and a carboxylic acid group (COOH). 2. A compound of the form NH2CHRCOOH, found as essential components of the protein molecule. aminoacidemia n. A condition marked by excess amino acids in the blood. aminoaciduria n. A condition marked by excess amino acids in the urine. aminobenzoic acid n. Any of three benzoic acid derivatives, C7H7NO2, esp. the yellowish para form, which is part of the vitamin B complex. aminophenol n. One of three organic compounds with composition C6H4NH2OH, used as photographic developers and dye intermediates. aminopyrine n. A colorless crystalline compound, C13H17N3O, used to reduce fever and relieve pain. [amino- + (anti)pyrine.] amir n. Variant of emir. Amish pl.n. An orthodox Anabaptist sect that separated from the Mennonites in the late 17th century and exists today primarily in southeastern Pennsylvania. -adj. Of or pertaining to this sect or its members. [G. amisch, after Jacob Amman, 17th-cent. Swiss Mennonite bishop.] amiss adj. Out of proper order: What is amiss? -adv. In an improper or defective way. Idiom Section: take amiss. To misunderstand; feel offended by. [ME amis < ON a mis.] amitosis n. Cell division characterized by simple nuclear cleavage without the formation of chromosomes. amitotic adj. amitotically adv. amitriptyline n. An antidepressant drug, C20H23N. [ami(no)- + tript- (alteration and shortening of tryptophan) + -yl + -ine2.] amity n. pl. -ties Peaceful relations, as between nations; friendship. [ME amite < OFr. < Med. Lat. *amicitas < Lat. amicus, friend.] ammeter n. An instrument that measures electric current. [am(pere) + -meter.] ammine n. Any of a class of chemical compounds, such as aniline, derived from replacement of hydrogen atoms in ammonia by univalent hydrocarbon radicals. [amm(onia) + -ine2.] ammino adj. ammo n. Ammunition. ammonia n. 1. A colorless, pungent gas, NH3, extensively used to manufacture fertilizers and a wide variety of nitrogen-containing organic and inorganic chemicals. 2. Ammonium hydroxide. [NLat. < Lat. (sal) ammoniacus, (salt) of Amen < Gk. Ammoniakos < Ammon, Amen (from its having been obtained from a region near the temple of Amen, in Libya).] ammoniac or ammoniacal ammoniac(1) adj. Of, containing, or similar to ammonia. ammoniac(2) n. A strong-smelling gum resin from the stems of a plant, Dorema ammoniacum, of northern Asia, formerly used in medicine as an expectorant and stimulant. [ME ammoniak < Ammoniacum < Gk. ammoniakon, of Amen. -see ammonia.] ammoniate tr.v. -ated -ating -ates To treat or combine with ammonia. -n. A compound that contains ammonia. ammoniation n. ammonia water n. Ammonium hydroxide. ammonification n. 1. Impregnation with ammonia or an ammonium compound. 2. The generation of ammonia or ammonium compounds by the action of bacteria on nitrogenous organic matter in soil. ammonify tr. -intr.v.-fied -fying -fies To subject or be subjected to ammonification. ammonifier n. ammonite or ammonoid n. The coiled, flat, chambered shell of any of various extinct mollusks of the class Cephalopoda, found as fossils in Mesozoic formations. [NLat. Ammonites < Lat. (cornu) Ammonis, (horn) of Amen.] Ammonite n. A member of a Semitic people living east of the Jordan River, mentioned frequently in the Old Testament. [LLat. Ammonites, the Ammonites < Heb. "Ammon, city or people of Amman.] ammonium n. The chemical ion NH4+. [ammon(ia) + -ium.] ammonium carbonate n. A white powder with composition (NH4)HCO3(NH4)CO2NH2, used in baking powders, smelling salts, and fire-extinguishing compounds. ammonium chloride n. A slightly hygroscopic white crystalline compound, NH4Cl, used in dry cells, as a soldering flux, as an expectorant, and in various industrial applications. ammonium hydroxide n. A colorless basic aqueous solution of ammonia, NH4OH, used as a household cleanser and to manufacture a wide variety of products including textiles, rayon, rubber, fertilizer, and plastic. ammonium nitrate n. A colorless crystalline salt, NH4NO3, used in fertilizers, explosives, and solid rocket propellants. ammonium sulfate n. A brownish-gray to white crystalline salt, (NH4)2SO4, used in fertilizers and water purification. ammunition n. 1. a. The projectiles, along with their fuses and primers, that can be fired from guns or otherwise propelled. b. A nuclear, biological, chemical, or explosive material used as a weapon. 2. A means of offense or defense. [OFr. amunition, from the phrase la munition, the provisioning < Lat. munitio, fortification. -see munition.] amnesia n. Partial or total loss of memory, esp. through shock, psychological disturbance, brain injury, or illness. [NLat. < Gk. amnesia, forgetfulness.] amnesiac amnesic n. & adj. amnestic adj. amnesty n. pl. -ties A general pardon for offenders by a government, esp. for political offenses. -tr.v.-tied -tying -ties To grant amnesty to. [Lat. amnestia < Gk. amnestos, not remembered.] amniocentesis n. pl. -ses The surgical withdrawal of a sample of amniotic fluid from a pregnant female, esp. for use in the determination of sex or genetic disorder in the fetus. [NLat. : amnion + Gk. kentesis, act of pricking < kentein, to prick.] amniography n. pl. -phies Radiography of the uterine cavity following injection of a radiopaque substance. [amnio(n) + -graphy.] amnion n. pl. -nions or -nia A thin, tough, membranous sac that contains a watery fluid in which the embryo of a mammal, bird, or reptile is suspended. [NLat. < Gk. amnion, plate to hold a sacrificial victim's blood.] amniotic amnionic adj. amnioscopy n. pl. -pies Endoscopic examination of the amniotic cavity. [amnio(n) + -scopy.] amnioscope n. amoeba n. pl. -bas or -bae Any of various protozoans of the genus Amoeba and related genera, occurring in water, soil, and as internal animal parasites, characteristically having an indefinite, changeable form and moving by means of pseudopodia. [NLat. < Gk. amoibe, change < ameibein, to change.] amoebic adj. amoebaean or amoebean adj. Alternately answering, as dialogue. [LLat. amoebaeus < Gk. amoibaios < amoibe, change. -see amoeba.] amoebiasis n. Variant of amebiasis. amoebic dysentery n. Variant of amebic dysentery. amoebocyte n. A cell, such as a leucocyte, having amoebic form. [amoeb(a) + -cyte.] amoeboid adj. Of or resembling an amoeba, esp. in changeability of form and means of locomotion. amok adv. -adj. Variant of amuck. amole n. 1. Any of several plants, chiefly of southwestern North America, having roots, bulbs, or other parts used as soap. 2. The parts of the amole used as soap. [Mex. Sp. < Nahuatl amolli.] among or amongst prep. 1. In the midst of; surrounded by. 2. In the group, number, or class of: He is among the wealthy. 3. In the company of; in association with: traveling among a group of tourists. 4. With many; by many or the entire number of: a custom popular among the Greeks. 5. By the joint action of: Among us, we will get the job done. 6. With portions to each of: Distribute this among you. 7. Each with the other; between one another: Don't fight among yourselves. [ME < OE on gemang : on, in + gemang, throng.] Synonyms: among amid between These prepositions are compared as they pertain to positions in space or to their figurative equivalents. Among refers to being surrounded, or approximately so, by objects that are individual and separable: living among the Indians. Amid stresses being surrounded but not necessarily by separable things: a house amid the trees; remain cool amid confusion. Between refers to a location in space that separates two objects: standing between two skyscrapers; caught between opposing viewpoints. amontillado n. pl. -dos A pale dry sherry. [Sp. : a-, to (< Lat. ad-) + Montilla, a town in Spain.] amoral adj. 1. Not admitting of moral distinctions or judgments; neither moral nor immoral. 2. Lacking moral sensibility; not caring about right and wrong. amorality amoralism n. amorally adv. amoretto n. pl. -ti or -tos A cupid. [Ital., dim. of Amore, Cupid < Lat. Amor < amor, love < amare, to love.] amorist n. One dedicated to love. [Lat. amor, love + -ist.] Amorite n. A member of a people inhabiting Canaan before the Israelites, mentioned frequently in the Old Testament. [< Heb. Emori.] amorous adj. 1. Strongly attracted to love, esp. sexual love. 2. Indicative of love or sexual desire: an amorous glance. 3. Of or associated with love: an amorous poem. 4. In love; enamored: amorous of her since the day they met. [ME < OFr. amoureus < Med. Lat. amorosus < Lat. amor, love < amare, to love.] amorously adv. amorousness n. amorphism n. The state or quality of being amorphous. amorphous adj. 1. Without definite form; shapeless. 2. Of no particular type; anomalous. 3. Lacking organization; formless. 4. Lacking distinct crystalline structure. [Gk. amorphos : a-, without + morphe, shape.] amorphously adv. amorphousness n. amortization n. 1. The act or process of amortizing. 2. The money set aside for the purpose of amortization. 3. In reckoning the yield of a bond bought at a premium, the periodic subtraction from its current yield of a proportionate share of the premium between the purchase date and the maturity date. amortize tr.v. -tized -tizing -tizes 1. To liquidate (a debt) by installment payments or payment into a sinking fund. 2. To write off (expenditures) by prorating over a certain period. 3. Law. To sell or transfer (property) in mortmain. [ME amortisen < OFr. amortir, amortiss- < VLat. *admortire : Lat. ad-, to + Lat. mors, death.] amortizable adj. amortizement n. Amortization. Amos n. 1. A Hebrew prophet of the eighth century B.C. 2. See table at Bible. [Heb. "Amos.] amount n. 1. The total of two or more quantities; aggregate. 2. A number; sum. 3. A principal plus its interest, as in a loan. 4. The aggregate effect or meaning; import. 5. Quantity: a great amount of intelligence. -intr.v.amounted amounting amounts 1. To add up in number or quantity. 2. To be equivalent or tantamount: accusations amounting to an indictment. [< ME amounten, to ascend < OFr. amonter < amont, upward < Lat. ad montem, to the hill < mons, hill.] amour n. A love affair, esp. an illicit one. [ME < OFr. < Lat. amor, love < amare, to love.] amour-propre n. Self-respect. [Fr.] Amoy n. The dialect of Chinese spoken in and around the city of Xiamen in Fujian Province in southeastern China. [After Amoy, former name for Xiamen.] amp n. An ampere. AMP n. A mononucleotide, C10H14N5O7P, found in animal cells, that is reversibly convertible to ADP and ATP. [A(denosine) m(ono)p(hosphate).] ampelopsis n. Any of several woody vines of the genus Ampelopsis, having small greenish or yellowish flowers. [NLat. Ampelopsis, genus name : Gk. ampelos, grapevine + Gk. opsis, appearance.] amperage n. The strength of an electric current expressed in amperes. ampere n. 1. A unit of electric current in the meter-kilogram-second system. It is the steady current that when flowing in straight parallel wires of infinite length and negligible cross section, separated by a distance of one meter in free space, produces a force between the wires of 2 * 10-7 newtons per meter of length. 2. A unit in the International System specified as one International coulomb per second and equal to 0.999835 ampere. [After Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836).] ampere-hour n. The electric charge transferred past a specified circuit point by a current of one ampere in one hour. ampere-turn n. A unit of magnetomotive force in the meter-kilogram-second system equal to the magnetomotive force around a path linking one turn of a conducting loop carrying a current of one ampere. ampersand n. The character or sign (&) representing and. [Alteration of and per se and, "& (the sign) by itself (is the word) and."] amphetamine n. 1. A colorless volatile liquid, C9H13N, used primarily as a central nervous system stimulant. 2. A phosphate or sulfate of amphetamine, used as a central nervous system stimulant. [a(lpha) +m(ethyl) + ph(enyl) + et(hyl) + amine.] amphi- 1. a. Both: amphibiotic. b. On both sides: amphistylar. 2. Around: amphithecium. [Lat. < Gk. < amphi, on both sides.] amphiarthrosis n. pl. -ses A relatively immobile joint between bony surfaces connected by ligaments or elastic cartilage. [amphi- + arthrosis.] amphibian n. 1. Any of various cold-blooded, smooth-skinned vertebrate organisms of the class Amphibia, such as a frog, that characteristically hatch as aquatic larvae that breathe by means of gills and that metamorphose to an adult form with air-breathing lungs. 2. An amphibious organism. 3. An aircraft that can take off and land either on land or on water. 4. A vehicle that can move over land and on water. [< NLat. Amphibia, class name < Gk. amphibion < amphibios, amphibious.] amphibiotic adj. Living in water during an early stage of development and on land during the adult stage. amphibious adj. 1. Living or able to live both on land and in water. 2. Able to operate on both land and water: amphibious military vehicles. 3. Of a mixed or twofold nature. [Gk. amphibios : amphi-, on both sides + bios, life.] amphibiously adv. amphibiousness n. amphibole n. Any of a large group of structurally similar hydrated double silicate minerals, such as hornblende, containing various combinations of sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and aluminum. [Fr. < LLat. amphibolus, ambiguous < Gk. amphibolos, doubtful < amphiballein, to throw on either side : amphi-, on both sides + ballein, to throw.] amphibolic adj. amphibolite n. A chiefly amphibole rock with minor plagioclase and little quartz. amphibolous adj. Having two meanings; ambiguous; equivocal. [Gk. amphibolos. -see amphibole.] amphibrach n. A trisyllabic metrical foot having one accented or long syllable between two unaccented or short syllables, as in the word remember. [Lat. amphibrachys < Gk. amphibrakhus : amphi-, on both sides + brakhus, short.] amphictyony n. pl. -nies In ancient Greece, a group of states sharing a common religious center or shrine, such as the one at Delphi. [Gk. Amphiktonia < amphiktuones, neighbors : amphi-, on the periphery + ktizein, to settle.] amphictyonic adj. amphimacer n. A trisyllabic foot having an unaccented or short syllable between two accented or long syllables, as in pro domo. [Lat. amphimacrus < Gk. amphimakros : amphi-, on both sides + makros, long.] amphimixis n. pl. -mixes True sexual reproduction, with fusion of sperm and egg nuclei. [NLat. : amphi- + Gk. mixis, a mingling < mignunai, to mingle.] amphimictic adj. Amphion n. Greek Mythology. The son of Zeus and the twin brother of Zethus, with whom he conquered and fortified Thebes, building a wall around the city by charming the stones into place with the music of his magic lyre. [Gk. Amphion.] amphioxus n. The lancelet. [NLat. : amphi- + Gk. oxus, sharp.] amphipod n. Any of numerous small crustaceans of the order Amphipoda, which includes the beach fleas. [< NLat. Amphipoda, order name : amphi- + Gk. pous, foot.] amphiprostyle adj. Architecture. Having a prostyle or set of columns at each end, but none along the sides. [Lat. amphiprostylos < Gk. amphiprostulos : amphi-, on both sides + prostulos, with pillars in front. -see prostyle.] amphiprostyle n. amphisbaena n. A mythological serpent having a head at each end of its body. [Lat. < Gk. amphisbaina : amphis, both ways (< amphi-, on both sides) + bainein, to go.] amphisbaenic adj. amphistylar adj. Architecture. Having columns at both front and back or on each side. [amphi- + Gk. stulos, pillar.] amphitheater n. 1. An oval or round structure having tiers of seats rising gradually outward from an open space or arena at the center. 2. An arena where contests are held. 3. A level area surrounded by upward sloping ground. 4. An upper, sloping gallery in a theater. [Lat. amphitheatrum < Gk. amphitheatron : amphi-, around + theatron, theater. -see theater.] amphitheatric amphitheatrical adj. amphitheatrically adv. amphitheatre n. Chiefly British. Amphitheater. amphithecium n. pl. -cia The outer layer of cells of the spore-containing capsule of a moss. [NLat. : amphi- + Gk. thekion, dim. of theke, case.] Amphitrite n. Greek Mythology. The wife of Poseidon, goddess of the sea, and one of the Nereids. [Gk. Amphitrite.] amphitropous adj. Botany. Partly inverted so that the point of attachment is near the middle. Used of an ovule or seed. Amphitryon n. Greek Mythology. A king of Thebes and the husband of Alcmene. [Gk. Amphitruon.] amphora n. pl. -phorae or -phoras A two-handled jar with a narrow neck, used by the ancient Greeks and Romans to carry wine or oil. [Lat. < Gk. amphoreus, short for amphiphoreus : amphi-, on both sides + phoreus, bearer < pherein, to bear.] amphoral adj. amphoteric adj. Capable of reacting either as an acid or a base. [< Gk. amphoterus, either of two < ampho, both.] ampicillin n. An antibiotic related to penicillin that is effective against gram-negative bacteria, used primarily to treat urinary, intestinal, and respiratory tract infections. [Blend of amino- and penicillin.] ample adj. -pler -plest 1. Of large or great size, amount, extent, or capacity: an ample living room. 2. a. Large in degree or kind; in abundant measure: an ample reward. b. More than enough: ample evidence. 3. Sufficient for a particular need: ample provisions for a week. [ME < OFr. < Lat. amplus.] ampleness n. amply adv. amplexicaul adj. Having a base that clasps or encircles the stem, as some leaves do. [NLat. amplexicaulis, embracing stem : Lat. amplexus, an embracing < amplector, to embrace (ambi-, around + plectere, to twine) + Lat. caulis, stem.] amplification n. 1. The act or result of amplifying. 2. a. An addition to or expansion of a statement or idea. b. A statement with such an addition. 3. Physics. a. The process of increasing the magnitude of a variable quantity, esp. the magnitude of a voltage or current, without altering any other quality. b. The result of such a process. 4. Electronics. Gain (sense 3). amplifier n. 1. One that amplifies, enlarges, or extends. 2. Electronics. A device to produce amplification, esp. one using transistors or electron tubes of an electrical signal. amplify v. -fied -fying -fies -tr. 1. To make larger or more powerful; increase. 2. To add to, as by illustrations; make complete. 3. To exaggerate. 4. Electronics. To produce amplification of. -intr.v. To write or discourse at length; expatiate. [ME amplifien < OFr. amplifier < Lat. amplificare : amplus, large + facere, to make.] amplitude n. 1. Greatness of size; magnitude. 2. Fullness; copiousness. 3. Breadth or range, as of intelligence. 4. Astronomy. The angular distance along the horizon from true east or west to the intersection of the vertical circle of a celestial body with the horizon. 5. Physics. The maximum value of a periodically varying quantity. 6. Mathematics. a. The maximum ordinate value of a periodic curve. b. The angle made with the positive horizontal axis by the vector representation of a complex number. 7. Electronics. The magnitude of a voltage or current waveform. [Lat. amplitudo < amplus, large.] amplitude modulation n. Electronics. 1. The encoding of a carrier wave by variation of its amplitude in accordance with an input signal. 2. A broadcast system that uses amplitude modulation. ampoule ampule or ampul n. A small glass vial, sealed after filling and used chiefly as a container for a hypodermic injection solution. [Fr. < OFr. < Lat. ampulla.] ampulla n. pl. -pullae 1. A nearly round bottle with two handles used by the ancient Romans for wine, oil, or perfume. 2. Ecclesiastical. A vessel for consecrated wine or holy oil. 3. Anatomy. A small dilation in a canal or duct, esp. one in the semicircular canal of the ear. [Lat.] ampullar adj. amputate tr.v. -tated -tating -tates To cut off (a part of the body), esp. by surgery. [Lat. amputare, amputat-, to cut around : ambi-, around + putare, to cut.] amputation n. amputator n. amputee n. A person who has had one or more limbs removed by amputation. -See Usage note at -ee1. amrita n. Hindu Myth.. 1. The ambrosia, prepared by the gods, that bestows immortality. 2. The immortality achieved by drinking amrita. [Skt. am[z.angstund;]rtam : a-, without + m[z.angstund;]rtam, death.] amtrac or amtrack n. A small, armed, amphibious vehicle first used in World War II to carry troops from ship to shore. [am(phibious) + trac(tor).] amuck or amok adv. 1. In a frenzy to do violence or kill: rioters running amuck in the sreets. 2. In a jumbled or faulty manner. -adj. Crazed with murderous frenzy. [Malay amok.] amulet n. An object worn, esp. around the neck, as a charm against evil or injury. [Lat. amuletum.] amuse tr.v. amused amusing amuses 1. To occupy in an agreeable, pleasing, or entertaining fashion. 2. To cause to laugh or smile by giving pleasure. 3. Archaic. To delude or deceive; bemuse. [OFr. amuser, to stupefy : a, to (< Lat. ad )+ muser, to stare stupidly.] amusable adj. amuser n. Synonyms: amuse entertain divert regale These verbs refer to actions that provide pleasure, especially as a means of passing time. Amuse is the least specific. Entertain suggests more formal, deliberate acts of bringing about pleasure. Divert implies distraction from worrisome thought or care. Regale means to entertain lavishly. amusement n. 1. The state of being amused, entertained, or pleased. 2. Something that amuses. amusement park n. A commercially operated enterprise that offers rides, games, and other forms of entertainment. amusing adj. 1. Entertaining or pleasing. 2. Arousing laughter. amusingly adv. amusive adj. Providing amusement. amygdala n. pl. -lae Anatomy. An almond-shaped mass of gray matter in the anterior portion of the temporal lobe. [NLat. < Lat., almond < Gk. amugdale.] amygdale n. An amygdule. [Gk. amygdale, almond.] amygdalin n. A glycoside derived from the volatile essential oils of bitter almonds, peaches, and apricots, used to derive Laetrile. [Lat. amygdala, almond (< Gk. amugdale) + -in.] amygdaline adj. Of, pertaining to, or resembling an almond. [Lat. amygdalinus < Gk. amugdalinos < amugdale, almond.] amygdaloid n. A volcanic rock containing many amygdules. -adj.amygdaloidal 1. Almond-shaped. 2. Of or relating to the amygdala. 3. Geology. Resembling amygdaloid. [Lat. amygdala, almond (< Gk. amugdale) + -oid.] amygdule n. A small gas bubble in lava or other igneous rock filled with secondary minerals such as zeolite, calcite, or quartz. [Lat. amygdala, almond (from its shape) + nod)ule.] amyl n. 1. The univalent organic radical C5H11, occurring in several isomeric forms in many organic compounds. 2. Slang. Amyl nitrite. [Lat. amylum, starch. -see amylum.] amyl- Variant of amylo-. amylaceous adj. Of, pertaining to, or resembling starch; starchy. amyl acetate n. An organic compound, CH3COOC5H11, used commercially in isomeric mixtures as a flavoring agent, as a paint and lacquer solvent, and in the preparation of penicillin. amyl alcohol n. Any of eight isomers of the composition C5H11OH, one of which is the principal constituent of fusel oil. amylase n. Any of various enzymes that convert starch to sugar. amyl nitrite n. The nitrous acid ester of isoamyl alcohol, used in medicine as a vasodilator. amylo- or amyl- Starch: amylose. [< Lat. amylum, starch.] amyloid n. 1. A starchlike substance. 2. Pathology. A hard protein deposit resulting from degeneration of tissue. -adj. Starchlike. amylolysis n. The enzymatic conversion of starch to sugars. amylolytic adj. amylopsin n. The starch-digesting amylase produced by the pancreas. [amylo- + (try)psin.] amylose n. The relatively soluble portion of starch. amylum n. Starch. [Lat. < Gk. amulon, starch < amulos, not ground at a mill : a-, not +mule, mill.] amyotonia n. Lack of muscle tone. an an(1) A. Used before words beginning with a vowel or with an unpronounced h: an elephant; an hour. -See Usage note at a. [ME < OE an, one.] an(2) conj. Archaic. And if; if: An I may hide my face, let me play Thisby too (Shakespeare). [ME, short for and, and < OE.] an- Variant of a-1.Used before vowels and frequently before h. -an -an(1) 1. Of, relating to, or resembling: brachyuran. 2. One relating to, belonging to, or resembling: librarian. [ME < OFr. < Lat. -anus, adj. and n. suffix.] -an(2) 3. a. Unsaturated hydrocarbon: urethan. b. Heterocyclic compound: furan. 4. Anhydride of a carbohydrate: dextran. [Alteration of -ane.] ana ana(1) n. pl. ana or -as 1. A collection of various materials that reflect the character of a person or place. 2. An item in such a collection. [< -ana.] ana(2) adv. Both in the same quantity; of each. Used to refer to ingredients in prescriptions. [ME < Med. Lat. < Gk., at the rate of.] ana- 1. Upward; up: anabolism. 2. Backward; back: anaplasia. 3. Again; anew: anaphylaxis. [Gk. < ana, up.] -ana or -iana A collection of items relating to a specified person or place: Americana. [NLat. < Lat. -ana, neuter pl. of -anus, -an.] anabaena n. Any of various freshwater algae of the genus Anabaena, sometimes occurring in drinking water and causing a bad taste and odor. [NLat. Anabaena, genus name < Gk. anabainein, to go up : ana-, up + bainein, to go.] Anabaptist n. A member of one of the radical movements of the Reformation of the 16th century that insisted that only adult baptism was valid and held that true Christians should not bear arms, use force, or hold government office. [NLat. anabaptista : Gk. ana-, again + baptizein, to baptize < baptein, to dip.] Anabaptism n. Anabaptist adj. anabas n. A member of the genus Anabas, which includes freshwater fishes of Africa and Asia. [NLat. Anabas, genus name < Gk. anabas, climbing, pr.part. of anabainein, to go up. -see anabatic.] anabasis n. pl. -ses A large-scale military advance, specifically, the Greek expedition across Asia Minor (401 B.C. ) led by Cyrus the Younger of Persia, as described by Xenophon. [Gk. < anabainein, to go up. -see anabatic.] anabatic adj. Of or pertaining to rising wind currents. [Gk. anabatikos < anabainein, to rise: ana, up + bainein, to go.] anabiosis n. A restoring to life from a deathlike condition; resuscitation. [NLat. < Gk. anabiosis < anabioun, to return to life : ana-, back + bioun, to live < bios, life.] anabiotic adj. anabolic steroid n. Any of several synthetic hormones often used to increase muscle size and strength. anabolism n. The metabolic process by which simple substances are synthesized into the complex materials of living tissue. [ana- + meta)bolism.] anabolic adj. anachronism n. 1. The representation of something as existing or happening at other than its proper or historical time. 2. Something out of its proper time. [Fr. anachronisme < Gk. anakhronismos < anakronizein, to be an anachronism : ana-, backward + khronizein, to belong in time < khronos, time.] anachronistic anachronous adj. anachronistically anachronously adv. anaclisis n. Psychological dependence on others. [Gk. anaklisis, a leaning back < anaklinein, to lean on : ana-, on + klinein, to lean.] anaclitic adj. anacoluthon n. pl. -thons or -tha An abrupt change within a sentence to a second grammatical construction inconsistent with the first, sometimes used for rhetorical effect, for example: I warned him that if he continues to drink, what will become of him? [LLat. < Gk. anakolouthos, inconsistent : an-, not + akolouthos, following.] anacoluthic adj. anaconda n. 1. A large, nonvenomous, arboreal snake, Eunectes murinus, of tropical South America, that constricts its prey in its coils. 2. Any of several snakes similar or related to the anaconda. [Perh. alteration of Singhalese henakandaya, whip snake.] Anacreontic adj. In the manner of the poems of Anacreon, esp. in being convivial or amatory. -n. An Anacreontic poem. anacrusis n. 1. One or more unstressed syllables at the beginning of a line of verse, before the reckoning of the normal meter begins. 2. Music. An upbeat. [NLat. < Gk. anakrousis, beginning of a tune < anakrouein, to begin : ana-, back + krouein, to push.] anadem n. Archaic. A wreath or garland for the head. [Lat. anadema < Gk. anadema < anadein, to bind up : ana-, up + dein, to bind.] anadiplosis n. Rhetorical repetition of the word or phrase that ends one phrase at the beginning of the next phrase. [Lat. anadiplosis, < Gk. anadiplosis < anadiploun, to redouble: ana-, again + diploun, to double < diplous, double.] anadromous adj. Migrating up rivers from the sea to breed in fresh water. [Gk. anadromos, a running up : ana-, up + dromos, race.] anaemia n. Variant of anemia. anaemic adj. Variant of anemic. anaerobe n. A microorganism, as a bacterium, able to live in the absence of free oxygen. anaerobic adj. anaerobically adv. anaesthesia n. Variant of anesthesia. anaesthesiology n. Variant of anesthesiology. anaesthetic adj. -n. Variant of anesthetic. anaesthetist n. Variant of anesthetist. anaesthetize v. Variant of anesthetize. anaglyph n. 1. An ornament carved in low relief. 2. A moving or still picture consisting of two slightly different perspectives of the same subject in contrasting colors that are superimposed on each other, and that produces a three-dimensional effect when viewed through two correspondingly colored filters. [Gk. anagluphos, carved in low relief : ana-, up + gluphein, to carve.] anaglyphic anaglyptic adj. anagoge or anagogy n. A mystical interpretation of a word, passage, or text, esp. scriptural exegesis that detects allusions to heaven or the afterlife. [LLat. < LGk. anagoge : ana, up + agein, to lead.] anagogic anagogical adj. anagogically adv. anagram n. 1. A word or phrase formed by reordering the letters of another word or phrase. 2. anagrams (used with a sing. verb). A game whose object is to form words from a group of randomly picked letters. [Fr. anagramme : Gk. ana-, from bottom to top + Gk. gramma, letter < graphein, to write.] anagrammatic adj. anagrammatically adv. anagrammatize tr.v. -tized -tizing -tizes To make an anagram of. anal adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or near the anus. 2. Psychoanalysis. a. Of, pertaining to, or denoting the stage of psychosexual development of the infant in which gratification is derived from sensations associated with the anus. b. Of, pertaining to, or denoting personality traits originating during toilet training and distinguished as anal-expulsive or anal-retentive. [NLat. analis < Lat. anus, anus.] analcime or analcite n. A white or light-colored zeolite, found in diabase and certain basalts. [Fr. < Gk. analkimos, weak (from its weak electric power) : an-, not + alkimos, brave < alke, strength.] analects or analecta pl.n. Selections or parts of a literary work or group of works. [Lat. analecta < Gk. analekta < analegein, to gather : ana-, up + legein, to gather.] analectic adj. analemma n. A graduated scale, in the shape of a figure eight, indicating the sun's declination and the equation of time for every day of the year, usually found on sundials and globes. [Lat., sundial < Gk. analemma, support < analambanein, to take up. -see analeptic.] analeptic adj. Restorative or stimulating. -n. An analeptic medication. [Gk. analeptikos < analombanein, to take up : ana-, up + lambanein, to take.] anal-expulsive adj. Psychoanalysis. Designating personality traits such as conceit, suspicion, ambition, and generosity, originating in habits, attitudes, or values associated with infantile pleasure in the expulsion of feces. analgesia n. Pathology. Inability to feel pain while conscious. [NLat. < Gk. analgesia : an-, without + algos, pain.] analgetic adj. analgesic n. A medication that reduces or eliminates pain. -adj. Of or causing analgesia. analog n. Variant of analogue. analog computer or analogue computer n. A computer in which numerical data are represented by analogous physical magnitudes or electrical signals. analog data pl.n. (used with a sing. or pl. verb).Data presented or collected in continuous form, as temperature variation or voltage measurement. analogical adj. Of, pertaining to, composed of, or based upon an analogy. analogically adv. analogist n. One who looks for or reasons from analogies. analogize v. -gized -gizing -gizes -tr. To make an analogy to. -intr. To think or reason by analogy. analogous adj. 1. Similar or alike in a way that permits the drawing of an analogy. 2. Biology. Similar in function but not in evolutionary origin. [Lat. analogus < Gk. analogos, proportionate : ana-, according to + logos, proportion < legein, to speak.] analogously adv. analogousness n. analogue or analog n. 1. Something that bears an analogy to something else. 2. Biology. An organ or structure that is similar in function to one in another kind of organism, but is of dissimilar evolutionary origin. 3. Chemistry. A structural derivative of a parent compound. [Fr. < Gk. analogus, proportionate -see analogous.] analogy n. pl. -gies 1. Correspondence in some respects between things otherwise dissimilar. 2. Biology. Correspondence in function or position between organs of dissimilar evolutionary origin or structure. 3. A form of logical inference, or an instance of it, based on the assumption that if two things are known to be alike in some respects, then they must be alike in other respects. 4. Linguistics. The creation of forms on the basis of a proportion a : b = c : x. [Lat. analogia < Gk. < analogos, proportionate. -see analogous.] analphabetic adj. 1. Not alphabetical. 2. Unable to read; illiterate. -n. An illiterate. anal-retentive adj. Psychoanalysis. Designating personality traits such as meticulousness, avarice, and obstinacy, originating in habits, attitudes, or values associated with infantile pleasure in retention of feces. analysand n. A person who is being psychoanalyzed. [< analyze, by analogy with multiplicand.] analyse v. Chiefly British. Variant of analyze. analysis n. pl. -ses 1. The separation of an intellectual or substantial whole into its constituent parts for individual study. 2. Chemistry. a. Separation of a substance into its constituent elements to determine either their nature (qualitative analysis) or their proportions (quantitative analysis). b. The stated findings of such separation or determination. 3. Mathematics. a. Methodology principally involving algebra and calculus as opposed to synthetic geometry, group theory, and number theory. b. The method of proof in which a known truth is sought as a consequence of reasoning from the thing to be proved. 4. Linguistics. The use of two or more words instead of an inflected form to express a grammatical category. 5. Psychoanalysis. 6. Systems analysis. [NLat. < Gk. analusis, a dissolving < analuein, to undo : ana, throughout + luein, to loosen.] analyst n. 1. One who analyzes. 2. A licensed practitioner of psychoanalysis. 3. A systems analyst. analytic or analytical adj. 1. Of or pertaining to analysis or analytics. 2. Dividing into elemental parts or basic principles. 3. Reasoning from a perception of the parts and interrelations of a subject. 4. Expert in or using analysis, esp. in thinking: an analytic mind; an analytic approach. 5. Logic. Following necessarily; tautologous: an analytic truth. 6. Mathematics. a. Using, subjected to, or capable of being subjected to a methodology involving algebra and calculus. b. Proving a known truth by reasoning from the thing to be proved. 7. Linguistics. Expressing a grammatical category by using two or more words instead of an inflected form. 8. Psychoanalytic. [LLat. analyticus < Gk. analutikos < analuein, to resolve. -see analysis.] analytically adv. analytical balance n. A balance for chemical analysis. analytic geometry n. The analysis of geometric structures and properties principally by algebraic operations on variables defined in terms of position coordinates. analytics n. The branch of logic dealing with analysis. analyze tr.v. -lyzed -lyzing -lyzes 1. To separate into parts or basic principles so as to determine the nature of the whole; examine methodically. 2. To make a chemical analysis of. 3. To make a mathematical analysis of. 4. To psychoanalyze. [Prob. < Fr. analyser < analyse, analysis < Gk. analusis. -see analysis.] analyzable adj. analyzation n. analyzer n. anamnesis n. pl. -ses 1. Psychology. A recalling to memory; recollection. 2. Medicine. The complete case history of a patient. [NLat. < Gk. anamnesis < anamimneskein, to remind : ana-, again, mimneskein, to recall.] anamnestic adj. anamnestically adv. anamorphic adj. Having, producing, or designating different optical magnification along mutually perpendicular radii: an anamorphic lens. anamorphosis n. pl. -ses An image distorted so that it can be viewed without distortion only from a special angle or with a special instrument. [Gk. anamorphosis, re-formation : ana-, again + morphe, shape.] anandrous adj. Botany. Having no stamens. Ananias n. In the New Testament, a liar who dropped dead when Peter rebuked him. ananthous adj. Botany. Lacking flowers. anapest or anapaest n. 1. A metrical foot composed of two short syllables followed by one long one. 2. A line of verse in anapest. [Lat. anapestus < Gk. anapaistos : ana-, back + paiein, to strike (so called because an anapest is a reversed dactyl).] anapestic adj. anaphase n. The stage of mitosis in which the daughter chromosomes move toward the poles of the nuclear spindle. anaphora n. The deliberate repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of several successive verses, clauses, or paragraphs. [LLat. < Gk. < anapherein, to repeat : ana-, again + pherein, to carry.] anaphrodisia n. Absence or decline of sexual desire. [Gk. : an, without + aphrodisia, sexual desire. -see aphrodisiac.] anaphrodisiac adj. n. anaphylactoid adj. Pathology. 1. Of or pertaining to an anaphylactic reaction that occurs without causing antibodies. 2. Of or pertaining to a toxic reaction caused in an unsensitized person by an excessive dose of a substance that causes anaphylaxis in a sensitized person. anaphylaxis n. Hypersensitivity to a foreign substance, esp. in animals, induced by a small preliminary or sensitizing injection of the substance. [ana- + (pro)phylaxis.] anaphylactic adj. anaphylactically adv. anaplasia n. Reversion of cells to a more primitive or less differentiated form. anaplastic adj. 1. Medicine. Pertaining to the surgical restoration of a lost or absent part. 2. Of or pertaining to anaplasia of cells. anarch n. A leader or adherent of anarchy. [Back-formation < anarchy.] anarchic or anarchical adj. 1. Of, like, or promoting anarchy. 2. Lacking order or control; lawless. anarchically adv. anarchism n. 1. The theory that all forms of government are oppressive and undesirable and should be abolished. 2. Active resistance and terrorism against the state, as used by some anarchists. 3. Rejection of all forms of coercive control and authority. anarchistic adj. anarchist n. A person who advocates or engages in anarchism. anarcho-syndicalism n. Syndicalism. [anarch(y) + syndicalism.] anarchy n. pl. -chies 1. Absence of any form of political authority. 2. Political disorder and confusion. 3. Absence of any cohering principle, as a common standard or purpose. [Gk. anarkhia < anarkhos, without a ruler : an-, without + arkhos, ruler. -see -arch.] anarthria n. Loss of the ability to speak. [NLat. < Gk. anarthros, not articulated. -see anarthrous.] anarthric adj. anarthrous adj. 1. Grammar. Used without an article. 2. Zoology. Lacking joints; unjointed. [Gk. anarthros, not articulated : an-, without + arthron, joint.] anasarca n. A general accumulation of serum in various tissues and body cavities. [NLat. : Gk. ana, throughout + sarx, flesh.] anasarcous adj. anastigmat n. An anastigmatic lens. anastigmatic adj. Not astigmatic. Used of a compound lens in which the separate components compensate for the astigmatism of each. anastomose v. -mosed -mosing -moses -tr. To join by anastomosis. -intr. To connect by anastomosis, as blood vessels. [Back-formation < anastomosis.] anastomosis n. pl. -ses 1. The union or connection of branches, as of rivers, veins of leaves, or blood vessels. 2. A surgical connection of separate or severed hollow organs to form a continuous channel. [NLat. < Gk. anastomosis, outlet < anastomoun, to furnish with a mouth : ana-, up + stoma, mouth.] anastomotic adj. anastrophe n. Inversion of the normal syntactic order of words, for example: To market went she. [Gk. anastrophe < anastrephein, to turn upside down : ana-, back + strephein, to turn.] anatase n. A rare blue or light-yellow to brown mineral of titanium dioxide. [Fr. < Gk. anatasis, extension (from its long crystals) < anateinein, to extend : ana-, up + teinein, to stretch.] anathema n. pl. -mas 1. A formal ecclesiastical ban, curse, or excommunication. 2. A vehement denunciation; curse. 3. One that is cursed or damned. 4. One that is greatly reviled or loathed. [LLat., a person cursed < Gk. anathema, an accursed thing < anatithenai, to dedicate : ana-, up + tithenai, to put.] anathematize tr.v. -tized -tizing -tizes To proclaim an anathema on; curse. [Lat. anathematizare < Gk. anathematizein < anathema, anathema.] Anatolian adj. 1. Of or pertaining to Anatolia or its inhabitants. 2. Of or pertaining to a branch of the Indo-European language family that includes Hittite and other extinct languages of ancient Anatolia. -n. The Anatolian languages. anatomical or anatomic adj. 1. Of or pertaining to anatomy. 2. Of or pertaining to dissection. 3. Structural as opposed to functional. anatomically adv. anatomist n. An expert in or student of anatomy. anatomize tr.v. -mized -mizing -mizes 1. To dissect. 2. To analyze in minute detail. anatomization n. anatomy n. pl. -mies 1. The structure of a plant or animal, or of any of its parts. 2. The science of the shape and structure of organisms and their parts. 3. A treatise on anatomic science. 4. The dissection of a plant or animal to disclose the various parts, their positions, structure, and interrelation. 5. A skeleton. 6. A detailed examination or analysis. 7. The human body. [ME anatomie < OFr. < LLat. anatomia < Gk. anatome, dissection : ana-, up + tome, a cutting < temnein, to cut.] anatropous adj. Inverted, so that the micropyle is next to the hilum, and the embryonic root is at the other end. Used of an ovule. anatto n. Variant of annatto. -ance 1. State or condition: absorptance. 2. Action: continuance. [ME < OFr. < Lat. -antia, n. suffix < -ans, -ant.] ancestor n. 1. A person from whom one is descended, esp. if more remote than a grandparent; forefather. 2. A forerunner or predecessor. 3. Law. The person from whom an estate has been inherited. 4. Biology. The actual or hypothetical organism or stock from which later kinds have evolved. [ME auncestre < OFr. < Lat. antecessor < antecedere, to precede : ante-, before + cedere, to go.] ancestral adj. Of, pertaining to, or evolved from an ancestor or ancestors. ancestrally adv. ancestry n. pl. -tries 1. Ancestral descent or lineage. 2. Ancestors collectively. [ME auncestrie < OFr. ancesserie < ancessour, ancestor < Lat. antecessor. -see ancestor.] Anchises n. Greek and Roman Mythology. The father of Aeneas, rescued by his son from fallen Troy. [Lat. < Gk. Ankhises.] anchor n. 1. A heavy object attached to a vessel by a cable and cast overboard to keep the vessel in place either by its weight or by its flukes gripping the bottom. 2. Something used to provide a rigid point of support, as for securing a rope. 3. Something that provides security or stability. 4. An anchorman or anchorwoman. -v.-chored -choring -chors -tr. 1. To hold fast by or as if by an anchor. 2. To narrate or coordinate (a newscast in which several correspondents give reports). -intr. To drop anchor; lie at anchor, as a ship. Idiom Section: at anchor. . Anchored. [ME anker < OE ancor < Lat. ancora < Gk. ankura.] anchorage n. 1. A place for anchoring. 2. A fee charged for the privilege of anchoring. 3. A means of securing or stabilizing: Wall Street is the anchorage of the financial community. 4. a. The act of anchoring. b. The condition of being at anchor. anchoress n. A woman who has retired into seclusion for religious reasons. anchorite or anchoret n. A person who has retired into seclusion for religious reasons. [ME < Med. Lat. anchorita < LLat. anachoreta < Gk. anakhoretes < anakorein, to retire : ana-, back + khorein, to withdraw.] anchoritic adj. anchorman n. 1. One heavily depended upon. 2. Sports. The runner, usually the strongest on a team, who performs the last stage of a relay race. 3. The narrator or coordinator of a newscast in which several correspondents give reports. anchorwoman n. A woman who narrates or coordinates a newscast in which several correspondents give reports. anchovy n. pl. anchovy or -vies Any of various small, herringlike marine fishes of the family Engraulidae. Several species are widely used as food fish. [Sp. anchova.] anchylose v. Variant of ankylose. anchylosis n. Variant of ankylosis. ancien regime n. 1. The political and social system existing in France before the Revolution of 1789. 2. Any former socio-political system. [Fr., old regime.] ancient ancient(1) adj. 1. Very old; aged. 2. Of, existing, or occurring in times long past, esp. belonging to the historical period prior to the fall of the Western Roman Empire ( A.D. 476). 3. Old-fashioned or antiquated. 4. Having the qualities associated with age, wisdom, or long use; venerable. -n. 1. A very old person. 2. A person who lived in ancient times. 3. ancients The peoples of the classical nations of antiquity. 4. ancients The ancient Greek and Roman authors. [ME auncien < OFr. < VLat. *anteanus < Lat. ante, before.] anciently adv. ancientness n. ancient(2) n. Obsolete. 1. An ensign; flag. 2. A flag-bearer or lieutenant. [Var. of ensign.] Ancient Chinese n. The Chinese language as used until about the 13th century A.D. ancient history n. 1. The history of ancient times. 2. Informal. Common knowledge, esp. of a recent event that has lost its original impact or importance. ancillary adj. 1. Subordinate: For Degas, sculpture was never more than ancillary to his painting (Herbert Read). 2. Helping; auxiliary. -n.pl. -ies A servant. [Lat. ancillaris, pertaining to a maidservant < ancilla, maidservant, dim. of ancula, fem. of anculus, servant.] ancipital adj. Flattened and two-edged, as are certain plant stems. [< Lat. anceps, ancipit-, two-headed : ambi-, two + caput, head.] ancon n. pl. -cones A projecting bracket used in classical architecture to carry the upper elements of a cornice; console. [Lat. ancon < Gk. ankon, elbow.] -ancy -ance. [Lat. -antia. -see -ance.] ancylostomiasis n. A disease caused by hookworm infestation and marked by progressive anemia. [NLat. Ancylostoma, hookworm genus (Gk. ankulos, curved + Gk. stoma, mouth) + -iasis.] and conj. 1. Together with or along with; also; in addition; as well as. Used to connect words, phrases, or clauses that have the same grammatical function in a construction. 2. Added to; plus: Two and two makes four. 3. As a result; in consequence: Seek, and ye shall find. 4. Informal. To. Used between finite verbs, such as go, come, try, write, or see: try and find it; come and see. 5. Archaic. Then. Used to begin a sentence: And he said unto her . . . 6. Archaic. If: and it pleases you. [ME < OE.] Usage: Although frowned upon by some, the use of and to begin a sentence has a long and respectable history: "And it came to pass in those days" (Luke 2:1). AND n. Computer Science. A logic operator equivalent to the sentential connective "and." [< and.] andalusite n. A mineral aluminum silicate, Al2SiO5, usually found in prisms of various colors. [Fr. andalousite, after Andalusia, where it was discovered.] Andamanese n. pl. Andamanese 1. Andaman A member of a Negrito people native to the Andaman Islands. 2. The language of the Andamanese, of no known linguistic affiliation. Andamanese adj. andante Music. adv. Moderate in tempo; faster than adagio, but slower than allegretto. Used as a direction. -adj. Moderately slow. -n. An andante movement or passage. [Ital., pr.part. of andare, to walk, ult. < Lat. ambulare.] andantino Music. adv. Slightly faster than andante in tempo. Used as a direction. -adj. Slightly faster than andante. -n.pl. -nos An andantino movement or passage. [Ital. dim. of andante, andante.] andesite n. A gray, fine-grained volcanic rock, chiefly plagioclase and feldspar. [G. Andesit : Andes, Andes (where it was found) + -it, -ite.] AND gate n. Computer Science. A signal circuit with two or more input wires that emits a signal only if all input wires receive coincident signals. andiron n. One of a pair of metal supports for holding up logs in a fireplace. [ME aundiren, alteration of OFr. andier.] and/or conj. Used to indicate that either and or or may be used to connect words, phrases, or clauses depending upon what meaning is intended. Usage: And/or is widely used in legal and business writing. Its use in general writing to mean "one or the other or both" is acceptable but can appear stilted. andr- Variant of andro-. andradite n. A green to brown or black calcium-iron garnet, Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3. [After Jose B. de Andrada e Silva (d. 1838).] Andrew n. In the New Testament, one of the Apostles, the brother of Simon called Peter. andro- or andr- 1. Male; masculine: androgen. 2. Stamen or anther: androecium. [Gk. < aner, andr-, man.] Androcles n. A legendary Roman slave held to have been spared in the arena by a lion that remembered him as the man who had once removed a thorn from its paw. [Lat. < Gk. Androkles.] androecium n. pl. -cia The stamens of a flower considered collectively. [NLat. : andr(o)- + Gk. oikos, house.] androecial adj. androgen n. Any of the steroid hormones that develop and maintain masculine characteristics. androgenic adj. androgenize tr.v. -nized -nizing -nizes To treat with usually large doses of male hormones. androgenization n. androgenous adj. Of or pertaining to production of male offspring. androgynous adj. 1. Having female and male characteristics in one; hermaphroditic. 2. Botany. Composed of staminate and pistillate flowers. Used of the flower spikes of certain sedges. 3. Being neither distinguishably masculine nor feminine, as in dress, appearance, or behavior; unisex. [Lat. androgynus, hermophrodite < Gk. androgunos : aner, man+ gune, woman.] androgyny n. android adj. Possessing human features. -n. A synthetic person created from biological materials. Andromache n. Greek Mythology. The faithful wife of Hector, captured by the Greeks at the fall of Troy. [Lat. < Gk. Andromakhe.] Andromeda n. 1. Greek Mythology. The daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia and wife of Perseus, who had rescued her from a sea monster. 2. A constellation in the Northern Hemisphere near Lacerta and Perseus. 3. andromeda Any of several shrubs of the genus Andromeda or of closely related genera. [Lat. < Gk. Andromede.] androsterone n. A male sex hormone, excreted in urine and synthetically produced from cholesterol. [andro- + ster(ol) + -one.] -androus Having a specified number or kind of stamens: monandrous. [NLat. -andrus < Gk. -andros, having men < aner, andr-, man.] -andry 1. The condition of having a specified kind or number of husbands: monandry. 2. The condition of having a specified kind or number of stamens: polyandry. [< Gk. aner, andr-, man.] -ane A saturated hydrocarbon: hexane. [Alteration of -ene.] anecdotage n. Anecdotes collectively. anecdotal adj. Pertaining to, characterized by, or full of anecdotes. anecdote n. 1. A short account of some interesting or humorous incident. 2. pl. -dotes or -dota Secret or hitherto undivulged particulars of history or biography. [Fr. < Gk. anekdotos, unpublished : an-, not + ekdotos, published < ekdidonai, to publish (ek-, out + didonai, to give).] anecdotic or anecdotical adj. 1. Anecdotal. 2. Full of or given to telling anecdotes. anecdotist n. A person who tells, collects, or publishes anecdotes. anechoic adj. Neither having nor producing echoes: an anechoic chamber. anele tr.v. aneled aneling aneles Archaic. To anoint, esp. in administering extreme unction. [ME anelen : an, on (< OE) + elen, to anoint < ele, oil < OE < Lat. oleum. -see oil.] anemia or anaemia n. A pathological deficiency in the oxygen-carrying material of the blood, measured in unit volume concentrations of hemoglobin, red blood cell volume, and red blood cell number. [NLat. < Gk. anaimia : an-, without + haima, blood.] anemic or anaemic adj. 1. Of, relating to, or suffering from anemia. 2. Listless and weak; pallid. anemically adv. anemo- Wind: anemometer. [< Gk. anemos, wind.] anemograph n. A recording anemometer. anemography n. The science of recording anemometrical measurements. anemometer n. An instrument for indicating and measuring wind force and speed. anemometry n. The determination of wind force and velocity. anemone n. 1. Any of various plants of the genus Anemone, of the North Temperate Zone, having white, purple, or red cup-shaped flowers. 2. The sea anemone. [Lat. < Gk. anemone.] anemone fish n. Any of various small, brightly colored marine fishes of the genus Amphiprion, that are found near sea anemones. anemophilous adj. Pollinated by wind-dispersed pollen. anencephaly n. pl. -lies Congenital absence of the brain and spinal cord. anencephalic adj. anent prep. 1. Regarding; concerning. 2. Regional. Opposite; close to. 3. Obsolete. Chiefly British. Regional. On a level with; in a line with. [ME < OE onefn, near : on, on + efn, even.] aneroid adj. Not using fluid. [Fr. aneroide : Gk. a-, not + Gk. neron, water.] aneroid barometer n. A barometer in which variations of atmospheric pressure are indicated by the relative bulges of a thin elastic metal disk covering a partially evacuated chamber. anesthesia or anaesthesia n. 1. Total or partial loss of sensation, esp. tactile sensibility, induced by disease or an anesthetic. 2. Artificially induced unconsciousness or local or general insensibility to pain. [NLat. < Gk. anaisthesia, insensibilty : an, without + aisthesis, feeling