[47m                --- CIRCUIT MODEL SINGLE-BRANCH TYPES ---                          END EN E = End circuit description; non-branch, enter in place of                   ND N      type designation to signify end of circuit model.                 BAK BA B = Non-branch, enter in place of type designation to go back                          to previous branch for re-entry.                           RESist RES RE R = Single resistor.                                              CAPaci CAP CA C = Single capacitor.                                             INDuct IND IN L = Single capacitor.                                                        LQ   = Single Inductor with frequency-independent Q.                            CQ   = Single Capacitor with frequency-independent Q.                       SRL RL   = Series Resistor-Inductor.                                            SRC RC   = Series Resistor-Capacitor.                                           PRC      = Parallel Resistor-Capacitor.                                         PRL      = Parallel Resistor-Inductor.                                          IDC DC D = DC-only independent current source.                           SIGnal SIG SI S = Independent current source ("signal generator").                     GMS GM G = Transconductance-specified dependent Current source (gm).            HFS HF H = Current-Gain-specified dependent Current source (hfe).                                                                                                           [ See next screen for macromodels ]                1 of 5   
[47m                 --- CIRCUIT MACROMODEL TYPES ---                                                                                                                  QTR QT Q = Bipolar Transistor (hybrid-pi model), 3 nodes, 4 branch                            spaces.                                                           TRF TR T = Two-winding isolated transformer, selectable coupling                              coefficient, 4 nodes total, 4 branch spaces.                      OPA OP O = Operational amplifier, 1 break-point, 1 common connection;                         4 nodes, 5 branch spaces; both non-inverting and                                inverting inputs, one output.                                     ZLN ZL Z = Transmission line (unbalanced), 3 nodes, 3 branch spaces.                                                                                                     Macromodels request different value data than do single-                        branch types...enter only their type designation, nodes,                        then follow prompt requests.                                                                                                                                    Node ordering of passive single-branch types has no effect                      on polarity unless it is the dependent branch of a dependent                    current source.  Ordering IS necessary for correct polarity                     of current sources and macromodels.                                                                                                   2 of 5   
[47m                 --- CIRCUIT MODEL TYPE DESCRIPTIONS ---                                                                                                                   Each type description is parsed first for the first letter,                     then first 2 letters, finally for the first 3 letters to                        determine the branch type.  This allows reference designations                  from schematics and diagrams to be used directly.                              R      The examples to the left are all identical                           R-123      in describing a single resistor.  Case does not                   ReSiStOr      matter, upper- and lower-case are the same.  For                      RT51      purposes of identifying a particular branch, all                    R@load      8 characters are tested.                                                                                                                                              SHORTHAND ENTRIES                                                   Both Type and Nodes may be in one data word, such as:                    RES,1,2 to describe a single resistor at nodes 1 and 2.  All 3 items                   are recognized.  Nodes would be ordered as in separate                          prompts, plus-node first, minus-node second.  The prompt for                    nodes would be skipped and go direct to value entry.                                  [ more shorthand next screen ]                                                                                                   3 of 5   
[47m                --- EXTENDED SHORTHAND DESCRIPTION ---                                     All single-branch components may be described in one data word                  of up to 5 items: Type, plus-node, minus-node, first value,                     second-value (if any) at the "Branch # n:" prompt.               LQ,6,3,2.5m,125 describes an inductor-with-Q between nodes 6 and 3 having                      2.5 millihenry inductance and frequency-independent Q of 125.                   LENA recognizes all five items and, once entered, skips to the                  next branch's Type prompt (LENA automatically advances the                      branch count on NEW or ADD entries).                                                                                                                                    MACROMODEL Shorthand                                                    Macromodels only recognize Type and Nodes in shorthand form:                    Type description followed by three to four nodes.                       Q2,7,8,9 begins description of a bipolar transistor (reference Q2)                      with base at node 7, emitter at node 8, collector at node 9.                    Once everything is entered, prompts jump to the first value                     entry prompts.                                                          Caution: Use shorthand form only when familiar with the branch entry                    ordering to avoid time-consuming error corrections.                                                                                    4 of 5   
[47m                --- MACROMODEL REQUIRED VALUES ---                                              Two-Winding TRANSFORMER                                      Pri.Inductance (Hy).                                                               Turns Ratio of Primary to Secondary.                                        Coeff. Coupling, Primary to Secondary; limited 0.001 to 0.999.                                   UNBALANCED TRANSMISSION LINE                                                Zo - Characteristic impedance (Ohms).                                           VP - Velocity of propagation (always less than unity).                      Length in inches; if known in CM, divide by 2.54 for inches.               Attenuation in db per 100 feet (a common listing in catalogs).                                  BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS                                                     hfe - Common-emitter forward transfer ratio (current gain)                       Ft - Cut-off frequency (Hz) where current gain is unity (Hz).                   Ic - Collector current (A) for entered hfe.                                    hoe - Common-emitter output transconductance (mho).                                   OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS                                                     Av - Open-loop voltage gain (db)                                                Fc - Frequency (Hz) where voltage gain is 3 db below DC value.             R-input - Input resistance, each input (Ohms).                                R-output - Output resistance (Ohms).                            5 of 5   
