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STRTOUL(3)                              BSD Library Functions Manual                              STRTOUL(3)

NAME
     strtoul, strtoull, strtoumax, strtouq -- convert a string to an unsigned long, unsigned long long,
     uintmax_t, or u_quad_t integer

LIBRARY
     Standard C Library (libc, -lc)

SYNOPSIS
     #include <stdlib.h>

     unsigned long
     strtoul(const char *restrict str, char **restrict endptr, int base);

     unsigned long long
     strtoull(const char *restrict str, char **restrict endptr, int base);

     #include <inttypes.h>

     uintmax_t
     strtoumax(const char *restrict str, char **restrict endptr, int base);

     #include <sys/types.h>
     #include <stdlib.h>
     #include <limits.h>

     u_quad_t
     strtouq(const char *str, char **endptr, int base);

DESCRIPTION
     The strtoul() function converts the string in str to an unsigned long value.  The strtoull() function
     converts the string in str to an unsigned long long value.  The strtoumax() function converts the
     string in str to an uintmax_t value.  The strtouq() function converts the string in str to a u_quad_t
     value.  The conversion is done according to the given base, which must be between 2 and 36 inclusive,
     or be the special value 0.

     The string may begin with an arbitrary amount of white space (as determined by isspace(3)) followed by
     a single optional `+' or `-' sign.  If base is zero or 16, the string may then include a ``0x'' prefix,
     and the number will be read in base 16; otherwise, a zero base is taken as 10 (decimal) unless the next
     character is `0', in which case it is taken as 8 (octal).

     The remainder of the string is converted to an unsigned long value in the obvious manner, stopping at
     the end of the string or at the first character that does not produce a valid digit in the given base.
     (In bases above 10, the letter `A' in either upper or lower case represents 10, `B' represents 11, and
     so forth, with `Z' representing 35.)

     If endptr is not NULL, strtoul() stores the address of the first invalid character in *endptr.  If
     there were no digits at all, however, strtoul() stores the original value of str in *endptr.  (Thus, if
     *str is not `\0' but **endptr is `\0' on return, the entire string was valid.)

RETURN VALUES
     The strtoul(), strtoull(), strtoumax() and strtouq() functions return either the result of the conver-sion conversion
     sion or, if there was a leading minus sign, the negation of the result of the conversion, unless the
     original (non-negated) value would overflow; in the latter case, strtoul() returns ULONG_MAX,
     strtoull() returns ULLONG_MAX, strtoumax() returns UINTMAX_MAX, and strtouq() returns ULLONG_MAX.  In
     all cases, errno is set to ERANGE.  If no conversion could be performed, 0 is returned and the global
     variable errno is set to EINVAL.

ERRORS
     [EINVAL]           The value of base is not supported or no conversion could be performed.

     [ERANGE]           The given string was out of range; the value converted has been clamped.

LEGACY SYNOPSIS
     #include <stdlib.h>
     #include <limits.h>

     <limits.h> is necessary for the strtoul() and strtoull() functions.

SEE ALSO
     strtol(3), strtol_l(3), wcstoul(3), compat(5)

STANDARDS
     The strtoul() function conforms to ISO/IEC 9899:1990 (``ISO C90'').  The strtoull() and strtoumax()
     functions conform to ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (``ISO C99'').  The BSD strtouq() function is deprecated.

BSD                                           November 28, 2001                                          BSD