"quest13" "quest14" leavePage leavePage quest13 quest14 NextPage 4questscore13 4questscore14 B"i2" B"j2" B"k2" B"l2" B"m2" B"n2" B"o2" B"p2" B"q2" B"r2" default buttonUp buttonUp default questscore14 questscore13 quest13 quest14 13. Which of the following are inducers? :: Allolactose Lactose Glucose Galactose Cyclic AMP 14. Dissociation constant of the repressor-operator complex is about : 24 of 30 "quest15" "quest16" leavePage leavePage quest15 quest16 NextPage 4questscore15 4questscore16 B"s2" B"t2" B"u2" B"v2" B"w2" B"x2" B"y2" B"z2" B"a3" B"b3" default buttonUp buttonUp default questscore16 questscore15 quest15 quest16 15. The repressor molecule is a :::::::::: Monomer Dimer Trimer Tetramer Pentamer 16. Function of b-galactosidase :: To allow entry of lactose into cell Breakdown of lactose into glucose + mannose To allow lactose to be used as a carbon source Breakdown of lactose into glucose + galactose To allow lactose to be used as an energy sourceM 25 of 30 "quest17" "quest18" leavePage leavePage quest17 quest18 NextPage 4questscore17 4questscore18 B"c3" B"d3" B"e3" B"f3" B"g3" B"h3" B"i3" B"j3" B"k3" B"l3" default buttonUp buttonUp default questscore18 questscore17 quest17 quest18 17. The Catabolite Activator Protein is a : Monomer Dimer Trimer Tetramer Pentamer 18 Maximum number of molecules of allolactose repressor can bind is : 26 of 30 "quest9" "quest10" leavePage leavePage quest9 quest10 9. The repressor :::::::::::::::7 Increases affinity of RNA polymerase for promoter Decreases affinity of RNA polymerase for promoter Blocks transcription Increases rate of transcription Binds when glucose is present as a substrate 10. The binding of the CAP-cAMP complex to the CAP site :: Decreases the probability of RNA polymerase binding to the promoter Stops the repressor from binding to the operator Decreases the rate of transcription by causing a bend in the DNA Increases the rate of transcription by interacting with RNA polymerase Occurs when the glucose level is low s are low d as substrate quest9 quest10 NextPage 4questscore9 4questscore10 B"o1" B"p1" B"q1" B"r1" B"s1" B"t1" B"u1" B"v1" B"w1" B"x1" default buttonUp buttonUp default questscore10 questscore9 22 of 30 "textgo" "text1" --Repressor already present on DNA --RNA polymerase moves "RNApol" )-1095, 510 -1080, 420 -1005, 435 -945, 435 -900, 480 -825, 510 -765, 525 -675, 630 -585, 705 -465, 780 -315, 855 -150, 1020 0, 1230 240, 1485 615, 1485 990, 1485 1485, 1485 "text2" --2 allolactose molecules (al1,al4) holes repressor )4326, 510 3906, 675 3471, 825 2886, 990 2436, 1275 )4540, 421 4030, 676 3505, 931 3250, "al4" 2796, 1485 , al1 ! hidden replaced Hrep2 --Rep2 square es bound (al5,al8) same --positions C= rep1b ( $empty) + )2265, 1095 off DNA 2340, 1050 2415, 1005 2475, 945 --Remaining 2 es (al6,al7) join )3831, -84 3801, 81 3696, 321 3576, 576 3306, 786 2991, 1056 )3366, -84 3156, 306 3006, 471 2736, 771 2646, 1281 es grouped together so can %1 unit + al6 + al7 = rep3 Group --Rep3 moved screen 2340, 1050 2415, 1005 2475, 945 2580, 885 2700, 810 2790, 750 2865, 675 2955, 585 3015, 495 3195, 405 3390, 315 "text3" "text4" --Open complex ( trans) shown, Shalf )1935, 1615 "leftrans" 240, 75.125, 100 240, 75.125, 100 "rightrans" 0, 75.3125, 0 0, 75.6875, 0 "text5" --Abortive initiation strans ungrouped s (sigma rna-s --(core enzyme). Sigma dissociates leaves. !"ab1" )1785, 2070 795, 2480 !"ab2" )1785, 2070 950, 2750 !"ab3" )1785, 2070 585, 2655 Ungroup 1275, 1305 1185, 1215 1125, 1155 1065, 1065 1005, 1035 930, 945 885, 870 840, 795 780, 705 630, 480 525, 405 330, 285 105, 165 -105, 75 -315, -15 630, 480 !"pa" "text6" --Elongation starts- mRNA strand ( pa-po) --Core nalong 1 --Each Qcolour !"pa" 2235, 1455 0, 75.3125, 0 0, 75.3125, 0 120, 75.125, 100 120, 75.125, 100 2295, 1645 2610, 1455 120, 75.125, 100 120, 75.125, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 2670, 1645 "pc" 2985, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 3060, 1645 "pd" 3345, 1455 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 3420, 1645 "pe" 3720, 1455 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 3810, 1645 "pf" 4080, 1455 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625,100 4185, 1645 "pg" 4500, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 4575, 1645 "ph" 4845, 1455 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 4965, 1645 5280, 1455 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 5325, 1645 "pj" 5610, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 5700, 1645 "pk" 6015, 1455 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 6090, 1645 "pl" 6360, 1455 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 6450, 1645 "pm" "text7" 6750, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 6840, 1645 "pn" --Last Hlinear "po" renamed loses ). This xseen on 990, 120 "text8" "text9" leaving es al5-al6. --Allolactose "al7" 3441, 591 3396, 471 3381, 351 3351, 246 3321, 126 3306, 66 3291, -9 3276, -84 "al6" 3921, 381 3921, 336 3921, 291 3951, 276 3951, 246 3966, 216 3981, 156 3981, 111 4011, 81 4011, 36 4011, -9 4011, -24 4011, -84 al5 --Rep1b Hrep al4 which form rep4 3591, 366 )3408, 321 --Rep4 where "al5" 3606, 306 3636, 231 3636, 186 3636, 111 3636, 66 3636, 36 3636, -24 3636, -69 3348, 426 3258, 516 3108, 591 3033, 636 2898, 696 2763, 771 2673, 831 2538, 921 2463, 981 2373, 1086 2313, 1146 2283, 1161 2916, 1476 3066, 1401 3186, 1296 3381, 1131 3546, 876 3636, 666 3741, 456 3831, 261 3921, 126 3951, -69 --re1b, reform )3390, 315 "al8" 3561, 426 3891, 651 --Text fields default buttonUp 7buttonUp textgo text1 RNApol RNApol text2 Group text3 text4 leftrans leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans rightrans text5 RNApol WUngroup text6 rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans text7 rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans trans rna-s Group RNApol RNApol text8 text9 WUngroup WUngroup rep1b Group WUngroup rep1b rep1b Group text1 text2 text3 text4 text5 text6 text7 text8 text9 textgo default trans rep1b Group WUngroup rep1b rep1b Group text1 text2 text3 text4 text5 text6 text7 text8 text9 textgo trans ZhorizPos "textgo" "text0.5" "rep" )4953, -429 nthe 4923, -279 4863, -69 4803, 21 4698, 141 4548, 261 4383, 351 4203, 471 4023, 576 3858, 711 3678, 831 3438, 951 3258, 1056 3003, 1131 "text1" "cap" )-585, 2715 -540, 2685 -465, 2640 -375, 2565 -255, 2505 -150, 2445 -45, 2370 90, 2265 150, 2220 225, 2160 255, 2145 "camp1" )-75, 3159 15, 3084 135, 2949 195, 2904 225, 2874 285, 2829 345, 2769 390, 2709 420, 2664 420, 2589 "camp2" )-75, 3459 -15, 3429 45, 3369 105, 3309 180, 3249 240, 3144 285, 3099 345, 3009 405, 2979 450, 2919 510, 2889 555, 2844 600, 2814 630, 2754 645, 2709 645, 2679 660, 2649 660, 2589 "cap- )249, 2157 354, 2127 519, 2112 654, 2097 789, 2067 909, 2052 999, 2037 1089, 2007 1179, 1977 1254, 1962 1344, 1947 1389, 1902 1434, 1902 1464, 1857 1509, 1797 "RNApol" )8430, 165 8295, 255 8130, 345 7890, 495 7785, 540 7665, 585 7500, 645 7380, 690 7170, 795 7005, 915 6840, 1035 6630, 1230 6510, 1320 6450, 1350 6360, 1440 6360 3735 H-375 , 1440 3735 6735 , 1440 6735, 1365 6855, 1320 7035, 1305 7095, 1245 7245, 1155 7365, 1125 7470, 1095 7545, 975 7740, 855 7845, 840 7995, 810 8055, 795 8160, 780 8370, 765 "text2" )-1095, 1410 -975, 1410 -765, 1410 -555, 1410 -375, 1410 -240, 1410 -120, 1410 -15, 1410 105, 1410 240, 1410 315, 1305 465, 1155 570, 1095 615, 1005 660, 885 885, 780 990, 720 1110, 720 1260, 765 1365, 780 1545, 870 1695, 900 1860, 975 2175, 1095 2265, 1305 2265, 1455 "text3" U .5" buttonUp buttonUp textgo text0.5 text1 camp1 camp1 camp2 camp2 camp1 camp2 cap-camp cap-camp text1.5 RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol text2 RNApol RNApol text3 cap-camp RNApol text0.5 text1 text1.5 text2 text3 textgo horizPos:by horizPos:to horizPos buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page Animate2 Animate "al6" buttonUp buttonUp Button rep1b repal #t%~)6-H/ "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" "image" Ungroup "pol" 240, 62.5625, 100 "rep" 120, 37.625, 100 240, 75.125, 100 120, 75.125, 100 240, 87.625, 100 120, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 "dna" 240, 50, 100 120, 25.125, 100 Group SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? image WUngroup Group image image backPage Transcription of Lac Operon under different physiological conditions. a) Events when lactose is absent:: NextPage ckPage Previous buttonUp buttonUp Previous A small amount of lac repressor protein is continually made by the cell. The repressor binds to the operator with a dissociation constant of 10 M, so binding is virtually irreversible. The binding of the repressor increases the affinity of the RNA polymerase for the promoter 100 fold. This occurs so that when lactose does become available the initiation of transcription is very rapid because the enzyme is already bound. The RNA polymerase cannot initiate transcription due to the presence of the repressor so none of the proteins are synthesised.. repressor protein -- Script that opens a simple dialog box "The lac repressor protein a tetramer four 38,000 dalton polypeptide chains. Each the subunits has two recognition sites - one ,operator 9other Cinducer molecule allolactose. However, only `molecules % need bind repression transcription be lifted." buttonDown buttonDown The lac repressor protein is a tetramer of four 38,000 dalton polypeptide chains. Each of the subunits has two recognition sites - one for the operator and the other for the inducer molecule allolactose. However, only two molecules of allolactose need to bind to the repressor for repression of transcription to be lifted. d < a xtPage buttonUp buttonUp 6 of 30 ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default default buttonUp buttonUp default backPage ckPage Previous buttonUp buttonUp Previous xtPage buttonUp buttonUp ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page c) Lactose present, glucose present: Lactose taken up at slow rate by small amount of permease present in the cell. Some lactose turned into allolactose. Allolactose binds to repressor which loses its affinity for the operator. Glucose high, cAMP low CAP cannot bind to CAP site RNA polymerase binds and a modest level of transcription takes place. d) Lactose present, glucose absent: Lactose taken up at slow rate by small amount of permease present in the cell. Some lactose turned into allolactose. Allolactose binds to repressor which loses its affinity for the operator. Glucose low, cAMP high CAP-cAMP complex binds to CAP site. RNA polymerase binds readily to the promoter and a high level of transcription takes place. 16 of 30 Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default NextPage default buttonUp buttonUp default ng the button below: "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? 1st Page Go onto the next page by clicking the button below: barchart Basic "textgo" "text0.5" --RNA polymerase goes moves forth Zpromoter --region reached "RNApol" )-1150, 480 ZhorizPos nthe -1080, 420 -1005, 435 -945, 435 -900, 480 -825, 510 -765, 525 -675, 630 -585, 705 -465, 780 -315, 855 -150, 1020 0, 1230 240, 1485 6615 , 1485 6615 -135 H-750 , 1485 -135 6615 , 1485 6615 -135 H-375 , 1485 240, 1485 615, 1485 990, 1485 1485, 1485 "text1" --Open complex ( trans) appears half coloured )1890, 1645 "leftrans" 240, 75.125, 100 240, 75.125, 100 "rightrans" 0, 75.3125, 0 0, 75.6875, 0 --Abortive initiation takes place, releasing strands (ab1-ab3) --Sigma unit s) dissociates )1785, 2070 795, 2480 !"ab2" )1785, 2070 1055, 2655 )1785, 2070 585, 2655 Ungroup 1275, 1305 1185, 1215 1125, 1155 1065, 1065 1005, 1035 930, 945 885, 870 840, 795 780, 705 630, 480 525, 405 330, 285 105, 165 -105, 75 -315, -15 630, 480 !"pa" "text3" --Elongation starts - mRNA (pa-po)hidden --Core enzyme ( rna-s) along DNA hanging !"pa" 2235, 1455 0, 75.3125, 0 0, 75.3125, 0 120, 75.125, 100 120, 75.125, 100 2280, 1645 !"ab1" !"ab3" 2610, 1455 120, 75.125, 100 120, 75.125, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 2655, 1645 "pc" 2985, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 3030, 1645 "pd" 3345, 1455 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 3420, 1645 "pe" 3720, 1455 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 3780, 1645 "pf" 4080, 1455 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625,100 4155, 1645 "pg" 4500, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 4560, 1645 "ph" 4845, 1455 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 4920, 1645 5280, 1455 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 5325, 1645 "pj" 5610, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 5685, 1645 "pk" 6015, 1455 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 6060, 1645 "pl" 6360, 1455 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 6420, 1645 "pm" "text4" 6750, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 6810, 1645 "pn" --Straight piece po) shown moved sigma grouped together "po" 990, 120 Group --Text fields "text5" "text2" sysLockscreen default buttonUp #buttonUp textgo text0.5 RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol text1 leftrans leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans rightrans RNApol WUngroup text3 rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans text4 rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans trans rna-s Group RNApol RNApol text5 textgo text0.5 text1 text2 text3 text4 text5 default trans horizPos:by horizPos:to horizPos sendToBack RNApol text5 textgo text0.5 text1 text2 text3 text4 text5 trans horizPos:by horizPos:to horizPos qDKnAPfD System Wingdings mes New Roman mes New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman The Lac Operon Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman Arial Times New Roman Symbol Times New Roman Times New Roman p ial Times New Roman :PRINTLAYOUT p ial Times New Roman Times New Roman mes New Roman Times New Roman Symbol Times New Roman Arial Wingdings EnterBook Reader sysRuntime c"Edit" c"Text" c"File" sysScreenLock LeaveBook EnterBook LeaveBook EnterBook sysScreenLock LeaveBook Wingdings Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman -- Puts the mode hides menus file EnterBook Reader sysRuntime c"Edit" c"Text" c"File" sysScreenLock LeaveBook EnterBook LeaveBook EnterBook sysScreenLock LeaveBook ckPage Previous buttonUp buttonUp Previous xtPage buttonUp buttonUp ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page Summary of events under different conditions 15 of 30 backPage Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default a) Lactose absent, glucose absent: Repressor binds to operator. Glucose low, cAMP high CAP-cAMP complex binds to CAP site. RNA polymerase binds readily but no transcription due to presence of repressor b) Lactose absent, glucose present: Repressor binds to operator. Glucose high, cAMP low CAP cannot bind to CAP site RNA polymerase binds but no transcription due to presence of repressor. Continued overleaf. NextPage default buttonUp buttonUp default ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page "image" enterPage enterPage image THE END ExitProgram FirstPage 1st Page 30 of 30 image "quest11" "quest12" leavePage leavePage quest11 quest12 NextPage 4questscore11 4questscore12 B"y1" B"z1" B"a2" B"b2" B"c2" B"d2" B"e2" B"f2" B"g2" B"h2" default buttonUp buttonUp default questscore12 questscore11 11. The CAP site binds ::::::::: CAP-cAMP complex Catabolite Activator Protein RNA polymerase Lactose-repressor complex Allolactose-repressor complex quest11 quest12 12. Lactose has which conformation : Gluc b(1 4) Gal Gal b(1 4) Gluc Gluc a(1 4) Gal Gal b(1 6) Gluc Gluc b(1 6) Gal 23 of 30 --removes cross the answer boxes "quest1" "quest2" leavePage leavePage quest1 quest2 quest1 2. RNA polymerase binds to :::: The operator The repressor The promoter The CAP site Allolactose quest2 NextPage --see --questscore1 question 1. It zero Fincreases decreases depending on which answer boxes are --same applies questscores 2-20 --checkboxes 6labelled a-z Fa1-z1 Fa2-z2 etc (could have been /better) --All forthcoming fquestions on layout except 4questscore2 B"a" B"b" B"c" B"d" B"e" B"f" B"g" B"h" B"i" B"j" default buttonUp buttonUp default questscore2 questscore1 1. Which genes are controlled by the Lac Operon :: b-galactosidase Lactate dehydrogenase Lactose Transacetylase Lactose Permease Lac repressor 18 of 30 J " G 27 of 30 B"NextPage" "quest19" "quest20" enterPage leavePage enterPage NextPage leavePage quest19 quest20 "textgo" leavePage leavePage textgo RNApol rna-s text0.5 "text0.5" buttonUp buttonUp text0.5 No lactose is present so the lac repressor binds to the operator...he probability that the RNA polymerase will bind to the promoter. The repressor also increases this probability.he RNA polymerase for the promoter text1 "text1" buttonUp buttonUp text1 Cyclic AMP binds to the CAP to form the CAP-cAMP complex. This then binds to the CAP siteeeeore readily. text1.5 "text1.5" buttonUp buttonUp text1.5 The RNA polymerase binds to the DNA and moves along the DNA strand until it reaches the promoter..reg## text2 "text2" buttonUp buttonUp text2 The CAP-cAMP complex interacts with the RNA polymerase increasing the probability that the RNA polymerase will bind to the promoter. The repressor also increases this probability...he RNA polymerase for the promoter text3 "text3" buttonUp buttonUp text3 The repressor stops the RNA polymerase from carrying out transcription so no mRNA is synthesised. This condition is observed until lactose is present in the cell. ell. textgo "textgo" buttonUp buttonUp textgo REPEAT OR MOVE ON TO THE NEXT PAGE ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page Press the "Animate" button c) Events when Lactose & Glucose are absentttt. concentration low Cyclic AMP RNA polymerase Repressor 13 of 30 Animation 4 Animate camp1 "camp1" buttonUp buttonUp camp1 "cap" buttonUp buttonUp camp2 buttonUp buttonUp cap-camp backPage Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default NextPage default buttonUp buttonUp default :PHYSSIZE Teaching and Learning Technology Programme produced by the The Lac Operon Dr. John M. Basford & Andrew N. MacLennan image buttonUp buttonUp Start default buttonUp buttonUp default "textgo" "text1" "RNApol" )-1095, 510 -1080, 420 -1005, 435 -945, 435 -900, 480 -825, 510 -765, 525 -675, 630 -585, 705 -465, 780 -315, 855 -150, 1020 0, 1230 240, 1485 615, 1485 990, 1485 1485, 1485 "text2" "al1" )4326, 510 3906, 675 3471, 825 2886, 990 2436, 1275 "al4" )4540, 421 4030, 676 3505, 931 3250, 2796, 1485 "rep" "rep2" )2265, 1095 2340, 1050 2415, 1005 2475, 945 "al6" )3831, -84 3801, 81 3696, 321 3576, 576 3306, 786 2991, 1056 "al7" )3366, -84 3156, 306 3006, 471 2736, 771 2646, 1281 Group "rep3" 2340, 1050 2415, 1005 2475, 945 2580, 885 2700, 810 2790, 750 2865, 675 2955, 585 3015, 495 3195, 405 3390, 315 "text3" "text4" trans )1935, 1615 "leftrans" 240, 75.125, 100 240, 75.125, 100 "rightrans" 0, 75.3125, 0 0, 75.6875, 0 "text5" !"ab1" )1785, 2070 795, 2480 !"ab2" )1785, 2070 950, 2750 !"ab3" )1785, 2070 585, 2655 Ungroup 1275, 1305 1185, 1215 1125, 1155 1065, 1065 1005, 1035 930, 945 885, 870 840, 795 780, 705 630, 480 525, 405 330, 285 105, 165 -105, 75 -315, -15 630, 480 !"pa" "text6" !"pa" "rna-s" 2235, 1455 0, 75.3125, 0 0, 75.3125, 0 120, 75.125, 100 120, 75.125, 100 2295, 1645 2610, 1455 120, 75.125, 100 120, 75.125, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 2670, 1645 "pc" 2985, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 3060, 1645 "pd" 3345, 1455 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 3420, 1645 "pe" 3720, 1455 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 3810, 1645 "pf" 4080, 1455 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625,100 4185, 1645 "pg" 4500, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 4575, 1645 "ph" 4845, 1455 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 4965, 1645 5280, 1455 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 5325, 1645 "pj" 5610, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 5700, 1645 "pk" 6015, 1455 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 6090, 1645 "pl" 6360, 1455 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 6450, 1645 "pm" "text7" 6750, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 6840, 1645 "pn" "po" 990, 120 "text8" "text9" 3441, 591 3396, 471 3381, 351 3351, 246 3321, 126 3306, 66 3291, -9 3276, -84 3921, 381 3921, 336 3921, 291 3951, 276 3951, 246 3966, 216 3981, 156 3981, 111 4011, 81 4011, 36 4011, -9 4011, -24 4011, -84 "al5" 3591, 366 "rep1b" "al8" "rep4" )3408, 321 3606, 306 3636, 231 3636, 186 3636, 111 3636, 66 3636, 36 3636, -24 3636, -69 3348, 426 3258, 516 3108, 591 3033, 636 2898, 696 2763, 771 2673, 831 2538, 921 2463, 981 2373, 1086 2313, 1146 2283, 1161 2916, 1476 3066, 1401 3186, 1296 3381, 1131 3546, 876 3636, 666 3741, 456 3831, 261 3921, 126 3951, -69 )3390, 315 3561, 426 3891, 651 default buttonUp O4buttonUp textgo text1 RNApol RNApol text2 Group text3 text4 leftrans leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans rightrans text5 RNApol WUngroup text6 rna-s leftrans leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans rightrans trans text7 rna-s leftrans leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans rightrans trans trans rna-s Group RNApol RNApol sendToBack RNApol text8 text9 WUngroup WUngroup rep1b Group WUngroup rep1b rep1b Group text1 text2 text3 text4 text5 text6 text7 text8 text9 textgo default trans rightrans rightrans trans trans rna-s Group RNApol RNApol sendToBack RNApol text8 text9 WUngroup WUngroup rep1b Group WUngroup rep1b rep1b Group text1 text1b text2 text3 text4 text5 text6 text7 text8 text9 textgo trans horizPos:by horizPos:to horizPos "quest5" "quest6" leavePage leavePage quest5 quest6 5. Allolactose binds to ::::or: Promoter Operator Repressor CAP site Lactose permease 6. The Catabolite Activator Protein binds to :: Allolactose CAP site Cyclic AMP Promoter Operator quest5 quest6 NextPage 4questscore5 4questscore6 B"u" B"v" B"w" B"x" B"y" B"z" B"a1" B"b1" B"c1" B"d1" default buttonUp buttonUp default questscore6 questscore5 20 of 30 [Allolactose] There is a small amount of permease always present in the cell membrane of the E.coli so lactose is able to enter the cell, but the rate of uptake is slow. Some of the lactose is converted to allolactose which binds to the repressor, causing the affinity of the repressor for the operator to be lost NextPage buttonUp buttonUp BIBLIOGRAPHY D. Voet & J.G Voet- BIOCHEMISTRY- published 1990 Pages 868-870 L. Styrer - BIOCHEMISTRY - 3rd Edition, published 1988, Pages 799 - 805 B. Lewin - GENES IV - published 1990, Pages 240 - 261 W.A. Rees et al. - Evidence of DNA Bending in Transcription Complexes Imaged by Scanning Force Microscopy -SCIENCE, Vol 260, 11th June 1993333333333333333 11th June 1993 29 of 30 ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page default buttonUp buttonUp default 1st Page "image" Ungroup "pol" 240, 62.5625, 100 "rep" 120, 37.625, 100 240, 75.125, 100 120, 75.125, 100 240, 87.625, 100 120, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 "dna" 240, 50, 100 120, 25.125, 100 Group buttonUp buttonUp image WUngroup Group image image "quest1" "quest2" leavePage leavePage quest1 quest2 quest1 2. RNA polymerase binds to :::: The operator The repressor The promoter The CAP site Allolactose quest2 NextPage 4questscore1 4questscore2 B"a" B"b" B"c" B"d" B"e" B"f" B"g" B"h" B"i" B"j" default buttonUp buttonUp default questscore2 questscore1 1. Which genes are controlled by the Lac Operon :: b-galactosidase Lactate dehydrogenase Lactose Transacetylase Lactose Permease Lac repressor 18 of 30 buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page text3 text0.5 text1 text2 text3 textgo backPage Previous buttonUp buttonUp Previous NextPage buttonUp buttonUp ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page c) Lactose present, glucose present: Lactose taken up at slow rate by small amount of permease present in the cell. Some lactose turned into allolactose. Allolactose binds to repressor which loses its affinity for the operator. Glucose high, cAMP low CAP cannot bind to CAP site RNA polymerase binds and a modest level of transcription takes place. d) Lactose present, glucose absent: Lactose taken up at slow rate by small amount of permease present in the cell. Some lactose turned into allolactose. Allolactose binds to repressor which loses its affinity for the operator. Glucose low, cAMP high CAP-cAMP complex binds to CAP site. RNA polymerase binds readily to the promoter and a high level of transcription takes place. 16 of 30 The lac operon has an inefficient promoter, meaning that the RNA polymerase has a low probability of binding to the promoter. This means that the normal rate of transcription of the lac operon is low. The 'Catabolite Activator Protein' (CAP), when bound to cyclic AMP, causes an increase in the rate of transcription by two possible methods: 1. CAP may induce a bend in the DNA of approximately 90 which is usually induced by the RNA polymerase. DNA bending may encourage RNA polymerase - promoter association, or produce elastic energy which may be used later on in transcription. 2. CAP may increase the rate of formation of the closed complex by directly interacting with the RNA polymerase, decreasing the probability of dissociation of the RNA polymerase from the promoter. However this seems less likely from evidence gained from the study of other operons where the promoter and CAP site are further apart. nsidered. "The CAP a dimer two 22,500 dalton polypeptide chains. 5can only bind Fsite complexed fcyclic AMP, due a change shape ;protein. Binding -cAMP [results a increased rate transcription." buttonUp buttonUp The CAP is a dimer of two 22,500 dalton polypeptide chains. The CAP can only bind to the CAP site when it is complexed with cyclic AMP, due to a change in shape of the protein. Binding of the CAP-cAMP complex to the CAP site results in a increased rate of transcription. ckPage Previous buttonUp buttonUp Previous xtPage buttonUp buttonUp R * O 12 of 30 ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page backPage Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default NextPage default buttonUp buttonUp default )b(O) You can distribute the unmodified material freely and modify it to your own requirements. However, we ask the following: 1. By all means give yourself credit for your work in your books but please leave this page unaltered in this book. 2. It is important that teaching material of this kind is disseminated as widely as possible, so please ensure that your material is also freely available. 3. Please send a copy of any modified or expanded versions of this program to Dr J.M Basford, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wales, Cardiff, CF1 1ST , Tel 44 222-874119 Fax 44 222-874116. Internet Basford @Cardiff.ac.uk buttonUp buttonUp Continue default buttonUp buttonUp default "image" Ungroup "pol" 240, 62.5625, 100 "rep" 120, 37.625, 100 240, 75.125, 100 120, 75.125, 100 240, 87.625, 100 120, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 "dna" 240, 50, 100 120, 25.125, 100 Group default buttonUp buttonUp image WUngroup Group image image default Continue barchart backPage Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default NextPage default buttonUp buttonUp default Glucose Cyclic AMP Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a secondary messenger molecule in many cells. The level of cyclic AMP is controlled by the amount of glucose present in a cell. When the glucose concentration is high, the cyclic AMP concentration is low. As the glucose concentration decreases the cyclic AMP concentration increases. Cyclic AMP is therefore known as the 'starvation signal'. % 1_ "Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) formed Hthe action adenylate cyclase. The 5' )3' hydroxy 9ribose are linked together d a ring." buttonUp buttonUp Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) is formed from AMP by the action of adenylate cyclase. The 5' phosphate group and the 3' hydroxy group of the ribose are linked together to form a ring. ckPage Previous buttonUp buttonUp Previous xtPage buttonUp buttonUp Glucose Concentration (mM)%) 4y1, y2, speed y1 > 2280 y1 < 2280 y2 < 4080 y2> 4080 buttonUp buttonUp speed "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? Increase [Glucose] 4y1, y2, speed y1 < 4080 y1 > 4080 y2 > 2280 y2 < 2280 buttonUp buttonUp speed "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? Decrease [Glucose] height Cyclic AMP Concentration (x 10 M) 11 of 30 ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page -- y1 the height bar, y2 -- speed how much 3bars increase decrease -- On entering 7are returned their positions 4y1, y2 "barchart" 2670, 3210, 3360, 4080 3735, 3210, 4425, 4080 enterPage enterPage barchart barchart speed "dna" buttonUp buttonUp image WUngroup trans Buttons Used In The Following Pagess ExitProgram backPage NextPage FirstPage 1st Page Move to the next page Return to previous page Return to the first page of Exit to Windows Animate Animate Animates the sequence of events on that page Hotwords - These are words that are scattered round the text and are shown in italic, bold, underlined type and are larger than the surrounding text. They become active when the mouse operated cursor is placed over them. Try pressing this Hotword now! ExitProgram buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? NextPage buttonUp buttonUp FirstPage buttonUp 1st Page Go on to the next page by clicking the button below: "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? -- Puts the sentence quotation marks a dialog box which can be removed Hclicking "Activating a HOTWORD will present you dthat may contain definitions, references, hints tips, prompts other forms encouragement. Press OK buttonDown buttonDown Activating a HOTWORD will present you with a dialog box that may contain definitions, references, hints and tips, prompts or other forms of encouragement. Press OK to continue default buttonUp buttonUp default Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman Basic b -Galactosidasee Lactose Lactose Glucose + Galactose TCA cycle Glycolysis Permease Glucose The situation is more complex than this because glucose is the preferred substrate of the E.coli. Therefore, if glucose is present then the bacterium will metabolise the glucose in preference to the lactose- no additional enzymes are needed. eded. etabolized.tabolized. be metabolized.metabolized.abolized.tabolized.tabolized.e metabolized. However - ckPage Previous buttonUp buttonUp Previous xtPage buttonUp buttonUp 10 of 30 ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page backPage Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default NextPage default buttonUp buttonUp default 7 of 27 Press the "Animate" button Basic "textgo" "text1" --Repressor protein ( rep) moves screen )4668, -384 4608, -324 4533, -279 4428, -189 4278, -54 4143, 96 4008, 201 3783, 351 3573, 471 3363, 606 3183, 696 3003, 816 2718, 996 2298, 1191 "text2" --RNA polymerase squashes up against repressor 3 times "RNApol" )-1095, 510 -1080, 420 -1005, 435 -945, 435 -900, 480 -825, 510 -765, 525 -675, 630 -585, 705 -465, 780 -315, 855 -150, 1020 0, 1230 240, 1485 615, 1485 1065, 1485 1125, 1470, 2298, 2185 1185, 1470, 2298, 2185 1260, 1470, 2298, 2185 1335, 1470, 2298, 2185 1395, 1470, 2298, 2185 1425, 1470, 2298, 2185 1395, 1470, 2298, 2185 1365, 1470, 2298, 2185 1305, 1470, 2298, 2185 1215, 1470, 2298, 2185 1155, 1470, 2298, 2185 1125, 1470, 2298, 2185 1185, 1470, 2298, 2185 1260, 1470, 2298, 2185 1335, 1470, 2298, 2185 1395, 1470, 2298, 2185 1425, 1470, 2298, 2185 1395, 1470, 2298, 2185 1365, 1470, 2298, 2185 1305, 1485, 2298, 2185 1215, 1500, 2298, 2185 1155, 1515, 2298, 2185 1125, 1470, 2298, 2185 1185, 1470, 2298, 2185 1260, 1470, 2298, 2185 1335, 1470, 2298, 2185 1395, 1470, 2298, 2185 1425, 1470, 2298, 2185 1395, 1470, 2298, 2185 1335, 1470, 2298, 2185 1260, 1500, 2298, 2185 1185, 1515, 2298, 2185 1125, 1515, 2298, 2185 "rep" default buttonUp buttonUp textgo text1 text2 RNApol RNApol text1 text2 RNApol textgo default 4questscore19 4questscore20 B"m3" B"n3" B"o3" B"p3" B"q3" B"r3" B"s3" B"t3" B"u3" B"v3" 4questscore18 4questscore17 4questscore16 4questscore15 4questscore14 4questscore13 4questscore12 4questscore11 4questscore10 4questscore9 4questscore8 4questscore7 4questscore6 4questscore5 4questscore4 4questscore3 --System count questscores --Obtain dialog box showing total no points "You scored" && out a possible 100" --shows nextpage B- avoids Bbeing pressed without --obtaining B"NextPage" default buttonUp buttonUp You scored points out of a possible 100 NextPage default count questscore1 questscore2 questscore3 questscore4 questscore5 questscore6 questscore7 questscore8 questscore9 questscore10 questscore11 questscore12 questscore13 questscore14 questscore15 questscore16 questscore17 questscore18 questscore20 questscore19 Press the "Anima b) Lactose present as substrate:::::: Lactose Permease Lactose [Allolactose] backPage There is a small amount of permease always present in the cell membrane of the E.coli so lactose is able to enter the cell, but the rate of uptake is slow. Some of the lactose is converted to allolactose which binds to the repressor, causing the affinity of the repressor for the operator to be lost Some of the lactose is converted to allolactose which binds to the repressor, reducing the affinity of the repressor for the operator. slow. Some of the lactose is converted to allolactose which binds to the repressor, causing the affinity of the repressor for the operator to be lost. NextPage allolactose that opens a simple dialog box "Allolactose isomer whose structure [Beta Gal (1-6) luc].It known inducer molecule because brings about the initiation transcription" buttonDown buttonDown Allolactose is an isomer of lactose whose structure is [Beta Gal (1-6) Beta Gluc].It is known as an inducer molecule because it brings about the initiation of transcription The repressor dissociates from the operator allowing transcription to proceed. The three proteins are synthesised in large quantites.The elevated permease level allows lactose to enter the cell at a much higher rate than before. e. rate than before. ckPage Previous buttonUp buttonUp Previous xtPage buttonUp buttonUp 8 of 30 ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default default buttonUp buttonUp default rna-s "textgo" "text1" "rep" )4668, -384 4608, -324 4533, -279 4428, -189 4278, -54 4143, 96 4008, 201 3783, 351 3573, 471 3363, 606 3183, 696 3003, 816 2718, 996 2298, 1191 "text2" "RNApol" )-1095, 510 -1080, 420 -1005, 435 -945, 435 -900, 480 -825, 510 -765, 525 -675, 630 -585, 705 -465, 780 -315, 855 -150, 1020 0, 1230 240, 1485 615, 1485 1065, 1485 1125, 1470, 2298, 2185 1185, 1470, 2298, 2185 1260, 1470, 2298, 2185 1335, 1470, 2298, 2185 1395, 1470, 2298, 2185 1425, 1470, 2298, 2185 1395, 1470, 2298, 2185 1365, 1470, 2298, 2185 1305, 1470, 2298, 2185 1215, 1470, 2298, 2185 1155, 1470, 2298, 2185 1125, 1470, 2298, 2185 1185, 1470, 2298, 2185 1260, 1470, 2298, 2185 1335, 1470, 2298, 2185 1395, 1470, 2298, 2185 1425, 1470, 2298, 2185 1395, 1470, 2298, 2185 1365, 1470, 2298, 2185 1305, 1485, 2298, 2185 1215, 1500, 2298, 2185 1155, 1515, 2298, 2185 1125, 1470, 2298, 2185 1185, 1470, 2298, 2185 1260, 1470, 2298, 2185 1335, 1470, 2298, 2185 1395, 1470, 2298, 2185 1425, 1470, 2298, 2185 1395, 1470, 2298, 2185 1335, 1470, 2298, 2185 1260, 1500, 2298, 2185 1185, 1515, 2298, 2185 1125, 1515, 2298, 2185 buttonUp buttonUp textgo text1 text2 RNApol RNApol text1 text2 RNApol textgo Lactose Lactose b - Galactosidase Glucose + Galactose TCA cycle Glycolysis Permease ckPage Previous buttonUp buttonUp Previous xtPage buttonUp buttonUp 2 of 30 ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page backPage Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default NextPage default buttonUp buttonUp default Structure of the Lac Operon Move the mouse into each of the coloured boxes. Dialog "Dialog" mouseEnter mouseEnter Dialog siteeeeee --Promoter-- Operator Lac Z Lac Y Lac A backPage NextPage Dialog CAP site Put "CAP site - binds Catabolite Activator Protein attached cyclic AMP, i.e. only the glucose concentration low. The qattachment enhances 7efficiency fwhich LRNA polymerase apromoter, hence urate transcription. Like operator has a two-fold axis symmetry binding CAP-cAMP complex." "Dialog" mouseEnter mouseEnter CAP site - binds Catabolite Activator Protein when attached to cyclic AMP, i.e. only when the glucose concentration is low. The CAP attachment enhances the efficiency with which the RNA polymerase binds with the promoter, and hence the rate of transcription. Like the operator it has a two-fold axis of symmetry for the binding of the CAP-cAMP complex. Dialog Promotor MouseEnter "Promoter region - site which RNA polymerase binds order initiate transcription. It occupies approximately 70 bp, starting -50 upstream finishing +20 downstream "Dialog" MouseEnter MouseEnter Promoter region - site to which RNA polymerase binds in order to initiate transcription. It occupies approximately 70 bp, starting at position -50 upstream of the transcription start site and finishing at position +20 downstream of the transcription start site. Dialog Operator "Operator repressor binding site - stopping transcription being initiated. It approximately 26 bp \, starting -5 upstream ending +21 downstream . The operator has a two-fold axis symmetry which plays a part "Dialog" mouseEnter mouseEnter Operator or repressor binding site - repressor binds to this site stopping transcription from being initiated. It is approximately 26 bp long, starting at position -5 upstream from the transcription start site and ending at position +21 downstream from transcription start site. The operator has a two-fold axis of symmetry which plays a part in the binding of the repressor. Dialog Lac Z Put "LacZ: gene that codes Beta-galactosidase - breaks the glycosidic bond lactose yield glucose galactose. a tetramer four 125,000 dalton polypeptide chains." "Dialog" mouseEnter mouseEnter LacZ: gene that codes for Beta-galactosidase - breaks the glycosidic bond in the lactose to yield glucose and galactose. Beta-galactosidase is a tetramer of four 125,000 dalton polypeptide chains. Dialog Lac Y Put "LacY: gene that codes lactose permease - a membrane bound protein 6allows the transport Athrough cell. The 8has a molecular weight 30,000 daltons." Sext "Dialog" mouseEnter mouseEnter LacY: gene that codes for lactose permease - a membrane bound protein that allows the transport of lactose through the membrane into the cell. The protein has a molecular weight of 30,000 daltons. Dialog Lac A "LacA: gene that codes lactose transacetylase - transfers -CoA .. The reason xfully understood but may give advantage bacteria are grown a medium containing analogs 7cannot metabolise, because acetylation results detoxification excretion." "Dialog" mouseEnter mouseEnter LacA: gene that codes for lactose transacetylase - transfers acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to lactose. The reason for this is not fully understood but may give an advantage when bacteria are grown in a medium containing analogs of lactose that the bacteria cannot metabolise, because acetylation results in detoxification and excretion. Dialog Overlap "There overlap between the promoter region operator. However, (RNA polymerase ;repressor can bind Qoperon \same I- they are xmutually exclusive." "Dialog" mouseEnter mouseEnter There is an overlap between the promoter region and the operator. However, the RNA polymerase and the repressor can bind to the operon at the same time - they are not mutually exclusive. Dialog ckPage Previous buttonUp buttonUp Previous xtPage buttonUp buttonUp f!>!c! 3 of 30 ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page -- Text removed cursor leaves the coloured areas "Dialog" mouseLeave mouseLeave Dialog Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default default buttonUp buttonUp default Questions ckPage Previous buttonUp buttonUp Previous xtPage buttonUp buttonUp This section contains 20 questions based on the information in the previous pages which will take about 10 minutes to complete. Once in the quiz it is only possible to go forwards - it is not possible to exit or return to previous pages.us pages GOOD LUCK! 17 of 30 ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page backPage Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default NextPage default buttonUp buttonUp default "textgo" "text1" "rep" )4668, -384 4608, -324 4533, -279 4428, -189 4278, -54 4143, 96 4008, 201 3783, 351 3573, 471 3363, 606 3183, 696 3003, 816 2718, 996 2298, 1191 "text2" "RNApol" )-1095, 510 -1080, 420 -1005, 435 -945, 435 -900, 480 -825, 510 -765, 525 -675, 630 -585, 705 -465, 780 -315, 855 -150, 1020 0, 1230 240, 1485 615, 1485 1065, 1485 1125, 1470, 2298, 2185 1185, 1470, 2298, 2185 1260, 1470, 2298, 2185 1335, 1470, 2298, 2185 1395, 1470, 2298, 2185 1425, 1470, 2298, 2185 1395, 1470, 2298, 2185 1365, 1470, 2298, 2185 1305, 1470, 2298, 2185 1215, 1470, 2298, 2185 1155, 1470, 2298, 2185 1125, 1470, 2298, 2185 1185, 1470, 2298, 2185 1260, 1470, 2298, 2185 1335, 1470, 2298, 2185 1395, 1470, 2298, 2185 1425, 1470, 2298, 2185 1395, 1470, 2298, 2185 1365, 1470, 2298, 2185 1305, 1485, 2298, 2185 1215, 1500, 2298, 2185 1155, 1515, 2298, 2185 1125, 1470, 2298, 2185 1185, 1470, 2298, 2185 1260, 1470, 2298, 2185 1335, 1470, 2298, 2185 1395, 1470, 2298, 2185 1425, 1470, 2298, 2185 1395, 1470, 2298, 2185 1335, 1470, 2298, 2185 1260, 1500, 2298, 2185 1185, 1515, 2298, 2185 1125, 1515, 2298, 2185 default buttonUp buttonUp textgo text1 text2 RNApol RNApol text1 text2 RNApol textgo default buttonUp buttonUp Start buttonUp buttonUp "textgo" leavePage leavePage textgo )<,f/ ;$?6A G|H|H RNApol rna-s textall text0.5 "text0.5" buttonUp buttonUp text0.5 RNA polymerase binds to the DNA then moves up and down the DNA strand until the promoter is reached. The interaction between the promoter and RNA polymerase is weak so the enzyme has a low probability of binding to the promoter........................................ text1 "text1" buttonUp buttonUp text1 When RNA polymerase does bind to the DNA, it melts a section into single strands to form open complex. Abortive initiation occurs until sigma unit dissociates and the core enzyme can move along the DNA. text2 "text2" buttonUp buttonUp text2 Abortive initiation occurs until sigma unit dissociates and the core enzyme can move along the DNA. text3 "text3" buttonUp buttonUp text3 Elongation e binds to DNA, melts a section into single strands to form open complex. text4 "text4" buttonUp buttonUp text4 Termination binds to DNA, melts a section into single strands to form open complex. text5 "text5" buttonUp buttonUp text5 Strand of mRNA formed !"ab3" buttonUp buttonUp !"ab2" buttonUp buttonUp !"ab1" buttonUp buttonUp Animate2 Animate ckPage Previous buttonUp buttonUp Previous xtPage buttonUp buttonUp Press the "Animate" button Repressor RNA polymerase Allolactose binding site buttonUp buttonUp trans 3 ( intrans "trans" buttonUp buttonUp trans rightrans 3 v leftrans outrans buttonUp buttonUp !"pa" buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp textgo "textgo" buttonUp buttonUp textgo pDHDmD REPEAT OR GO ON TO NEXT PAGE 5 of 30 bE:E_E Events in Transcription: ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page backPage Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default NextPage default buttonUp buttonUp default "quest3" "quest4" leavePage leavePage quest3 quest4 3. The repressor binds to:sor: Promoter Operator Lactose Allolactose CAP siteee 4. Lactose binds to ::::::::::::::::::: quest3 Repressor Operator Catabolite Activator Protein Permease B-galactosidase quest4 NextPage 4questscore3 4questscore4 B"k" B"l" B"m" B"n" B"o" B"p" B"q" B"r" B"s" B"t" default buttonUp buttonUp default questscore4 questscore3 19 of 30 "quest19" "quest20" leavePage leavePage quest19 quest20 NextPage 4questscore19 4questscore20 buttonUp buttonUp questscore20 questscore19 quest19 quest20 19. Maximum number of molecules of cyclic AMP CAP can bind is :is :: 20. Which of the following DNA sequences exhibit a two fold axis of symmetry : Promoter Operator CAP site B-galactosidase gene Permease geneeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Score Press the 'Score' button after finshing the questions to obtain your final score. J " G 27 of 30 B"NextPage" "quest19" "quest20" enterPage leavePage enterPage NextPage leavePage quest19 quest20 quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page 3~0U3 Answers to Lac Operon Questions The answers to the problems that you got wrong can be seen below. Once you have read the correct answer click the mouse in the white box to move onto the next answer. NextPage buttonUp buttonUp answer20 "answer20" buttonUp buttonUp answer20 Question 20: The DNA sequences that exhibit two-fold axes of symmetry are the operator and the CAP site. These symmetrical sites are involved in the binding of the repressor and CAP-cAMP complex to the repressor site and CAP site respectively.to the DNA. answer19 "answer19" buttonUp buttonUp answer19 Question 19: The maximum number of molecules of cyclic AMP the Catabolite Activator Protein can bind is 2 - one in each subunit of the CAP. inding of the appropriate molecule to the DNA strand. answer18 "answer18" buttonUp buttonUp answer18 Question 18: The maximum number of allolactose molecules that the repressor can bind is four. However, only two must bind before the repressor can dissociate from the operator. the DNA strand. answer17 "answer17" buttonUp buttonUp answer17 Question 17: The catabolite activator protein is a dimer consisting of two 210 residue subunits. Each subunit is able to bind one molecule of cyclic AMP.iate from the operator. the DNA strand. answer16 "answer16" buttonUp buttonUp answer16 Question 16: The function of b-galactosidase is hydrolyse the glycosidic bond of the lactose to produce glucose and galactose. Both these molecules can be used for energy and as a carbon source. answer15 "answer15" buttonUp buttonUp answer15 Question 15: The repressor molecule is a tetramer although the repressor binds to the operator using only two of the possible four binding sites.es can be used for energy and as a carbon source. answer14 "answer14" buttonUp buttonUp answer14 answer14 "answer14" "answer14a" buttonUp buttonUp answer14 answer14a Question 14: The dissociation constant of the repressor-operator complex is 10 M, meaning that the binding is practically irreversible without the inducer. for energy and as a carbon source. answer14a -13 M answer13 "answer13" buttonUp buttonUp answer13 Question 13: Allolactose is the inducer because its presence brings about the process of transcription and the production of the proteins. None of the others can directly induce transcription. answer12 "answer12" buttonUp buttonUp answer12 Question 12: Lactose has the configuration Galactose b(1 4) Glucose ut the process of transcription and the production of the proteins. None of the others can directly induce transcription. answer11 "answer11" buttonUp buttonUp answer11 Question 11: The CAP site binds only the catabolite activator protein-cyclic AMP complex. It will not bind the CAP on its own.he proteins. None of the others can directly induce transcription. answer10 "answer10" buttonUp buttonUp answer10 Question 10: Low glucose concentration results in a high level of cyclic AMP. Under these conditions the CAP-cAMP complex is formed. The binding of this complex to the CAP site increases transcription by interacting with the RNA polymerase or by forming a bend in the DNA.nteracting with the RNA polymerase or by forming a bend in the DNA.by forming a bend in the DNA. answer9 "answer9" buttonUp buttonUp answer9 Question 9: The repressor blocks transcription by stopping the RNA polymerase from moving off the promoter. The repressor also increases the affinity of RNA polymerase for the promoter by 100 fold. The result of this is that when lactose enters the cell the RNA polymerase is ready to start transcription immediately, leading to very quick production of the proteins. answer8 "answer8" buttonUp buttonUp answer8 Question 8: If the cellular glucose concentration falls the cyclic AMP concentration rises. Glucose concentration has no effect on the lactose concentration or the allolactose concentration. on or the allolactose concentration. enters the cell the RNA polymerase is ready to start transcription immediately, leading to very quick production of the proteins. answer7 "answer7" buttonUp buttonUp answer7 Question 7: A high glucose concentration leads to a low rate of transcription. In the absence of cyclic AMP the CAP cannot bind to the CAP site so the promoter remains relatively inefficient. Thus only small amounts of permease made leading to low lactose uptake into the cell. is made so only a small amount of lactose enters the cell. uction of the proteins. answer6 "answer6" buttonUp buttonUp answer6 Question 6: The catabolite activator protein can only bind to cyclic AMP. It is the complex between the two that can bind to the CAP site. ecient. It also leads to the reduced entry of lactose because only a small amount of permease is made so only a small amount of lactose enters the cell. ion immediately, leading to very quick production of the proteins. answer5 "answer5" buttonUp buttonUp answer5 Question 5: Allolactose binds to the repressor. This causes a conformational change in the repressor so that the repressor can no longer bind to the operator. ds to the reduced entry of lactose because only a small amount of permease is made so only a small amount of lactose enters the cell. ion immediately, leading to very quick production of the proteins. answer4 "answer4" buttonUp buttonUp answer4 Question 4: Lactose binds to permease and b-galactosidase. The permease transports the lactose into the cell and the b-galactosidase hydrolyses the lactose into glucose and galactose. f lactose because only a small amount of permease is made so only a small amount of lactose enters the cell. ion immediately, leading to very quick production of the proteins. answer3 "answer3" buttonUp buttonUp answer3 Question 3: The repressor binds to the operator to stop transcription. It also binds allolactose which causes a conformational change and lifts repression. . and galactose. ry of lactose because only a small amount of permease is made so only a small amount of lactose enters the cell. ion immediately, leading to very quick production of the proteins. answer2 "answer2" buttonUp buttonUp answer2 Question 2: RNA polymerase binds to the promoter in order to initiate transcription. It also binds to the CAP-cAMP complex, increasing the efficiency with which the enzyme can bind to the promoter. nly a small amount of permease is made so only a small amount of lactose enters the cell. ion immediately, leading to very quick production of the proteins. answer1 "answer1" buttonUp buttonUp answer1 Question 1: The three genes that the Lac Operon controls are b-galactosidase, lactose permease and lactose transacetylase - i.e those that control the entry and metabolism of lactose. l0D0i0 28 of 30 0tton B"NextPage" buttonUp buttonUp NextPage ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page default buttonUp buttonUp default cap-camp "cap-camp" buttonUp buttonUp cap-camp "cap" buttonUp buttonUp Transcription of the Lac Operon Process of Transcription: a) The operator is free of repressor. b) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter to form a closed complex. A short sequence of the DNA enclosed by the enzyme 'melts' into single strands to form the open complex. Transcription starts but if the sigma subunit does not then dissociate the transcription process aborts releasing a small piece of RNA. This is known as abortive initiation and is repeated until the sigma subunit dissociates. c) Elongation - RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand synthesising RNA until terminator reached. d) Termination. ckPage Previous buttonUp buttonUp Previous xtPage buttonUp buttonUp 4 of 30 ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page backPage Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default NextPage default buttonUp buttonUp default "quest7" "quest8" leavePage leavePage quest7 quest8 7. High glucose concentration leads to : Low rate of transcription High concentration of cyclic AMP Repressor dissociates from operator RNA polymerase cannot bind to promoter Reduced entry of lactose into cell 8. If cellular glucose concentration falls : Lactose concentration rises Cyclic AMP concentration falls Allolactose concentration changes Cyclic AMP concentration rises Lactose concentration falls quest7 quest8 NextPage 4questscore7 4questscore8 B"e1" B"f1" B"g1" B"h1" B"i1" B"j1" B"k1" B"l1" B"m1" B"n1" default buttonUp buttonUp default questscore8 questscore7 21 of 30 "textgo" leavePage leavePage textgo RNApol rna-s Events when lactose is absent::o Animate Animate text1 "text1" buttonUp buttonUp text1 No lactose is present so repressor binds to the operator. text2 "text2" buttonUp buttonUp text2 The repressor increases the affinity of the RNA polymerase for the promoter. The RNA polymerase binds more readily to the promoter. However, no transcription can take place as the repressor blocks the RNA polymerase. textgo "textgo" buttonUp buttonUp textgo REPEAT OR MOVE ON TO THE NEXT PAGE Repressor RNA polymerase Allolactose binding site 7 of 30 Press the "Animate" button ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page backPage Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default NextPage default buttonUp buttonUp default camp2 cap-camp INTRODUCTION The lac operon is found in the bacterium E.coli. The proteins coded for by this gene cluster are required for the uptake and utilisation of lactose. The genes are only switched on when the proteins are required, i.e. only when lactose is present. This follows the rule of survival in bacteria that proteins are made when they are needed. Lactose is a disaccharide with the structure [ b-galactose (1 4) b-glucose ]. Lactose may be utilised both as an energy source and as a carbon source. In order to be utilised it must be taken up by the cell, hydrolysed to glucose and galactose and then enter the glycolysis sequence. operon --Script that opens a simple dialog box " An operon a gene cluster where several genes are under the control a single promoter." buttonDown buttonDown An operon is a gene cluster where several genes are under the control of a single promoter. backPage Previous buttonUp buttonUp Previous NextPage buttonUp buttonUp 1 of 30 ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default default buttonUp buttonUp default "textgo" leavePage leavePage textgo "F$P( G\H*J P0SpSXU WzX^Y^ RNApol rna-s o B " !"ab3" buttonUp buttonUp !"ab2" buttonUp buttonUp !"ab1" buttonUp buttonUp Press the "Animate" button buttonUp buttonUp !"pa" buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp text1 "text1" buttonUp buttonUp text1 Cyclic AMP binds to the CAP to form the CAP-cAMP complex. This then binds to the CAP siteeeeore readily. text1a "text1a" buttonUp buttonUp text1a The RNA polymerase binds to the DNA and moves along the DNA until it reaches the promoter text1b "text1b" buttonUp buttonUp text1b When the RNA polymerase reaches the promoter the CAP-cAMP complex interacts with the RNA polymerase increasing the probability that the RNA polymerase will bind to the promoter. The repressor also increases this probability. text2 "text2" buttonUp buttonUp text2 Allolactose binds to the repressor causing a conformational change which results in the repressor leaving the operator. text3 "text3" buttonUp buttonUp text3 RNA polymerase free to carry out transcription.ormational change which results in the repressor leaving the operator. text4 "text4" buttonUp buttonUp text4 RNA polymerase binds then melts a section of DNA into single strands to form the open complex. text5 "text5" buttonUp buttonUp text5 Abortive initiation occurs until the sigma unit dissociates and the core enzyme can move along the DNA. text6 "text6" buttonUp buttonUp text6 Elongation binds to DNA, melts a section into single strands to form open complex. text7 "text7" buttonUp buttonUp text7 Termination binds to DNA, melts a section into single strands to form open complex. text8 "text8" buttonUp buttonUp text8 Strand of mRNA formed text9 "text9" buttonUp buttonUp text9 Once the lactose concentration decreases, the repressor can once more bind to the operator. The CAP-cAMP complex will remain on the CAP site until the glucose concentration increases... textgo "textgo" buttonUp buttonUp textgo REPEAT OR MOVE ON TO THE NEXT PAGEEE Allolactose Cyclic AMP ^B6B[B Allolactose binding site 14 of 30 ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page Button d) Events when Lactose present & Glucose concentration loww GXG}G & Glucose concentration low camp1 "camp1" buttonUp buttonUp camp1 "cap" buttonUp buttonUp camp2 "camp2" buttonUp buttonUp camp2 cap-camp trans 3 VR intrans "trans" buttonUp buttonUp trans 3 *R rightrans leftrans outrans Animate2 Animate rep1b "al4" buttonUp buttonUp "al1" buttonUp buttonUp backPage Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default NextPage default buttonUp buttonUp default horizPos:to horizPos stsCursor ZhorizPos "textgo" "text0.5" --Repressor protein (rep) moves )4953, -429 nthe 4923, -279 4863, -69 4803, 21 4698, 141 4548, 261 4383, 351 4203, 471 4023, 576 3858, 711 3678, 831 3438, 951 3258, 1056 3003, 1131 "text1" --CAP screen "cap" )-585, 2715 -540, 2685 -465, 2640 -375, 2565 -255, 2505 -150, 2445 -45, 2370 90, 2265 150, 2220 225, 2160 255, 2145 --2 molecules cAMP (camp1, camp2) binding sites , are hidden be replaced Ycomplex g) which )-75, 3159 15, 3084 135, 2949 195, 2904 225, 2874 285, 2829 345, 2769 390, 2709 420, 2664 420, 2589 )-75, 3459 -15, 3429 45, 3369 105, 3309 180, 3249 240, 3144 285, 3099 345, 3009 405, 2979 450, 2919 510, 2889 555, 2844 600, 2814 630, 2754 645, 2709 645, 2679 660, 2649 660, 2589 )249, 2157 354, 2127 519, 2112 654, 2097 789, 2067 909, 2052 999, 2037 1089, 2007 1179, 1977 1254, 1962 1344, 1947 1389, 1902 1434, 1902 1464, 1857 1509, 1797 --RNA polymerase forth along steps 375, keeping --verticle constant. "RNApol" )8430, 165 8295, 255 8130, 345 7890, 495 7785, 540 7665, 585 7500, 645 7380, 690 7170, 795 7005, 915 6840, 1035 6630, 1230 6510, 1320 6450, 1350 6360, 1440 6360 3735 H-375 , 1440 3735 6735 , 1440 enters DNA, jumps over CAP! suggestions problem would be appreciated) promoter 6735, 1365 6855, 1320 7035, 1305 7095, 1245 7245, 1155 7365, 1125 7470, 1095 7545, 975 7740, 855 7845, 840 7995, 810 8055, 795 8160, 780 8370, 765 "text2" )-1095, 1410 -975, 1410 -765, 1410 -555, 1410 -375, 1410 -240, 1410 -120, 1410 -15, 1410 105, 1410 240, 1410 315, 1305 465, 1155 570, 1095 615, 1005 660, 885 885, 780 990, 720 1110, 720 1260, 765 1365, 780 1545, 870 1695, 900 1860, 975 2175, 1095 2265, 1305 2265, 1455 "text3" --CAP- fields "rep" default buttonUp buttonUp textgo text0.5 text1 camp1 camp1 camp2 camp2 camp1 camp2 cap-camp cap-camp text1.5 RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol text2 RNApol RNApol text3 cap-camp RNApol text0.5 text1 text1.5 text2 text3 textgo default horizPos:by horizPos:to horizPos NextPage default buttonUp buttonUp default ds to the DNA and moves along the DNA un{Z The RNA polymerase binds to the DNA and moves along the DNA until it reaches the promoter )h-z/ B0CtC GzHHJ "textgo" leavePage leavePage textgo ?>?j? ?V@~@ E$FjJ RNApol rna-s !"ab3" buttonUp buttonUp !"ab2" buttonUp buttonUp !"ab1" buttonUp buttonUp Animate2 Animate ?>?j? ?V@~@ E$FjJ buttonUp buttonUp Previous buttonUp buttonUp Press the "Animate" button buttonUp buttonUp !"pa" buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp text1 "text1" buttonUp buttonUp text1 Repressor increases affinity of RNA polymerase for promoter so the enzyme binds to the DNA more readily. text2 "text2" buttonUp buttonUp text2 Allolactose binds to the repressor causing a conformational change which results in the repressor leaving the operator. text3 "text3" buttonUp buttonUp text3 RNA polymerase free to carry out transcription.nformational change which results in the repressor leaving the operator. text4 "text4" buttonUp buttonUp text4 RNA polymerase binds, then melts a section of DNA into single strands to form the open complex. text5 "text5" buttonUp buttonUp text5 Abortive initiation occurs until the sigma unit dissociates and the core enzyme can move along the DNA. text6 "text6" buttonUp buttonUp text6 Elongation e binds to DNA, melts a section into single strands to form open complex. text7 "text7" buttonUp buttonUp text7 Termination binds to DNA, melts a section into single strands to form open complex. text8 "text8" buttonUp buttonUp text8 Strand of mRNA formed text9 "text9" buttonUp buttonUp text9 When the lactose concentration decreases the allolactose dissociates from the repressor so the repressor can once more bind to the operator.... Allolactose Repressor RNA polymerase Allolactose binding site "al1" buttonUp buttonUp "al2" buttonUp buttonUp "al3" buttonUp buttonUp "al4" buttonUp buttonUp textgo "textgo" buttonUp buttonUp textgo REPEAT OR MOVE ON TO THE NEXT PAGE Events when lactose is present: trans intrans "trans" buttonUp buttonUp trans 3 >L 3 jL rightrans leftrans outrans 9 of 30 ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page Pimate2 .Pimate backPage NextPage ?>?j? ?V@~@ E$FjJ MFOLPLP=Q rep1b Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default default buttonUp buttonUp default barchart -- y1 the height bar (glucose), y2 cAMP) -- speed how much Gbars increase decrease -- On entering 8are returned their positions 4y1, y2 "barchart" 2670, 3210, 3360, 4080 3735, 3210, 4425, 4080 enterPage enterPage barchart barchart speed #P$4% Glucose Cyclic AMP ^ ` p Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a secondary messenger molecule in many cells. The level of cyclic AMP is controlled by the amount of glucose present in a cell. When the glucose concentration is high, the cyclic AMP concentration is low. As the glucose concentration decreases the cyclic AMP concentration increases. Cyclic AMP is therefore known as the 'starvation signal'. % 1_ "Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) formed Hthe action adenylate cyclase. The 5' )3' hydroxy 9ribose are linked together d a ring." buttonUp buttonUp Adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) is formed from AMP by the action of adenylate cyclase. The 5' phosphate group and the 3' hydroxy group of the ribose are linked together to form a ring. Glucose Concentration (mM)%) --See --y1 )their maximum height 2 = 2280 --If 2 has a value > 2280 C bar bellow Ncan be increased.) --When Bpressed ?(y2/cAMP) decreased H180 --minimum (4080) which will no further, (y1/glucose) increases reached -- remains 2280 4y1, y2, speed y1 > 2280 y1 < 2280 y2 < 4080 y2> 4080 buttonUp buttonUp speed "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? Increase [Glucose] -- See increase glucose --When Bpressed height bar (y1/ ,) decreased H180 --minimum value (4080) which will no further, [2/cAMP) increases Zmaximum reached remains --2280 4y1, y2, speed y1 < 4080 y1 > 4080 y2 > 2280 y2 < 2280 buttonUp buttonUp speed "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? Decrease [Glucose] height Cyclic AMP Concentration (x 10 M) 11 of 30 ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page backPage Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default NextPage default buttonUp buttonUp default 0 4 B"NextPage" 4questscore20 4questscore19 4questscore18 4questscore17 4questscore16 4questscore15 4questscore14 4questscore13 4questscore12 4questscore11 4questscore10 4questscore9 4questscore8 4questscore7 4questscore6 4questscore5 4questscore4 4questscore3 4count -- If the a question < 5, i.e got something wrong, -- answer that shown. "answer1" "answer2" "answer3" "answer4" "answer5" "answer6" "answer7" "answer8" "answer9" "answer10" "answer11" "answer12" "answer13" "answer14" "answer15" "answer16" "answer17" "answer18" "answer19" "answer20" "answer14a" enterPage leavePage enterPage NextPage answer1 answer1 answer2 answer2 answer3 answer3 answer4 answer4 answer5 answer5 answer6 answer6 answer7 answer7 answer8 answer8 answer9 answer9 answer10 answer10 answer11 answer11 answer12 answer12 answer13 answer13 answer14 answer14 answer15 answer15 answer16 answer16 answer17 answer17 answer18 answer18 answer19 answer19 answer20 answer20 NextPage count questscore1 questscore2 questscore3 questscore4 questscore5 questscore6 questscore7 questscore8 questscore9 questscore10 questscore11 questscore12 questscore13 questscore14 questscore15 questscore16 questscore17 questscore18 questscore19 questscore20 leavePage answer1 answer2 answer3 answer4 answer5 answer6 answer7 answer8 answer9 answer10 answer11 answer12 answer13 answer14 answer14a answer15 answer16 answer17 answer18 answer19 answer20 count questscore1 questscore2 questscore3 questscore4 questscore5 questscore6 questscore7 questscore8 questscore9 questscore10 questscore11 questscore12 questscore13 questscore14 questscore15 questscore16 questscore17 questscore18 questscore19 questscore20 "textgo" leavePage leavePage textgo "F$P( G\H*J P0SpSXU WzX^Y RNApol rna-s o B " !"ab3" buttonUp buttonUp !"ab2" buttonUp buttonUp !"ab1" buttonUp buttonUp Press the "Animate" button buttonUp buttonUp !"pa" buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp text1 "text1" buttonUp buttonUp text1 Cyclic AMP binds to the CAP to form the CAP-cAMP complex. This then binds to the CAP siteeeeore readily. text1a "text1a" buttonUp buttonUp text1a The RNA polymerase binds to the DNA and moves along the DNA until it reaches the promoter text1b "text1b" buttonUp buttonUp text1b When the RNA polymerase reaches the promoter the CAP-cAMP complex interacts with the RNA polymerase increasing the probability that the RNA polymerase will bind to the promoter. The repressor also increases this probability. text2 "text2" buttonUp buttonUp text2 Allolactose binds to the repressor causing a conformational change which results in the repressor leaving the operator. text3 "text3" buttonUp buttonUp text3 RNA polymerase free to carry out transcription.ormational change which results in the repressor leaving the operator. text4 "text4" buttonUp buttonUp text4 RNA polymerase binds then melts a section of DNA into single strands to form the open complex. text5 "text5" buttonUp buttonUp text5 Abortive initiation occurs until the sigma unit dissociates and the core enzyme can move along the DNA. text6 "text6" buttonUp buttonUp text6 Elongation binds to DNA, melts a section into single strands to form open complex. text7 "text7" buttonUp buttonUp text7 Termination binds to DNA, melts a section into single strands to form open complex. text8 "text8" buttonUp buttonUp text8 Strand of mRNA formed text9 "text9" buttonUp buttonUp text9 Once the lactose concentration decreases, the repressor can once more bind to the operator. The CAP-cAMP complex will remain on the CAP site until the glucose concentration increases... textgo "textgo" buttonUp buttonUp textgo REPEAT OR MOVE ON TO THE NEXT PAGEEE Allolactose Cyclic AMP ^B6B[B Allolactose binding site 14 of 30 ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp 1st Page Button d) Events when Lactose present & Glucose concentration loww GXG}G & Glucose concentration low camp1 "camp1" buttonUp buttonUp camp1 "cap" buttonUp buttonUp camp2 "camp2" buttonUp buttonUp camp2 cap-camp trans 3 VR intrans "trans" buttonUp buttonUp trans 3 *R rightrans leftrans outrans Animate2 Animate rep1b "al4" buttonUp buttonUp "al1" buttonUp buttonUp backPage Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default NextPage default buttonUp buttonUp default DZtton "RNApol" buttonUp buttonUp RNApol "F$P( G\H*J P0SpSXU WzX^Y GZH(J P.SnSVU UxX\Y^ "al1" buttonUp buttonUp "al4" buttonUp buttonUp backPage Previous default buttonUp buttonUp Previous default NextPage default buttonUp buttonUp default "D$N( GZH(J P.SnSVU WxX\Y^ Ztton "RNApol" buttonUp buttonUp RNApol X"k"o" "textgo" "cap-camp" "text1" --CAP moves screen --2 molecules cyclic AMP (camp1,camp2) appear binding sites 1 are hidden be replaced -cAMP complex ( ), which )-630, 2880 -495, 2790 -285, 2640 -105, 2520 90, 2370 270, 2280 405, 2190 )-90, 3525 15, 3465 120, 3360 195, 3270 255, 3150 345, 3000 405, 2895 480, 2805 570, 2625 )-75, 3390 60, 3315 180, 3210 330, 3090 465, 2955 630, 2835 765, 2760 810, 2625 "cap" )400, 2180 505, 2165 625, 2135 805, 2090 940, 2075 1075, 2045 1240, 2000 1375, 1955 1495, 1895 1525, 1805 "text1a" --RNA polymerase enters "RNApol" )8430, 165 8295, 255 8130, 345 7890, 495 7785, 540 7665, 585 7500, 645 7380, 690 7170, 795 7005, 915 6840, 1035 6630, 1230 6510, 1320 6450, 1350 6360, 1440 down Hsteps horizPos 6360 3735 H-375 ", 1440 3735 6735 L, 1440 leaves exits 6885, 1320 7095, 1200 7320, 1110 7470, 1050 7680, 945 7890, 825 8085, 720 8325, 585 "text1b" promoter )-975, 510 -855, 525 -660, 630 -450, 645 -180, 705 60, 705 345, 765 705, 810 1140, 930 1470, 1020 2220, 1455 "text2" --Allolactose repressor )4326, 510 3966, -90 3861, 60 3771, 195 3651, 315 3531, 495 3411, 705 3276, 885 3186, 1005 3156, 1275 )4941, -90 4941, -90 "al4" 4911, 45 4836, 255 4746, 435 4626, 600 4476, 780 4311, 945 4131, 1095 3936, 1275 3516, 1485 + 2 allolactose Hrep2. --Rep2 square consisting rep1b "al1" )2985, 1050 off DNA --2 remaining (al6,al7) 3045, 1050 3135, 990 3225, 960 )4611, -84 4551, 126 4431, 276 4311, 441 4086, 711 3741, 1071 )5286, -69 5031, 141 4716, 441 4371, 606 4116, 801 3396, 1296 grouped fal6 form rep3 Group --Rep3 3330, 840 3420, 780 3525, 705 3645, 615 3690, 570 3795, 465 3900, 300 3960, 240 3975, 180 "text3" "text4" --Open appears ( Hmajic) trans )2655, 1615 "leftrans" 240, 75.125, 100 240, 75.125, 100 "rightrans" 0, 75.3125, 0 0, 75.6875, 0 "text5" --Abortive initiation strands (ab1-ab3) shown )2630, 2060 2415, 2195 2220, 2330 2025, 2450 1965, 2525 !"ab2" )2630, 2060 2615, 2210 2540, 2375 2375, 2570 )2630, 2060 !"ab3" 2490, 2250 2415, 2370 ungrouped - gives sigma unit ( core enzyme rna-s) --Sigma Ungroup 2190, 1665 2190, 1530 2100, 1395 1965, 1275 1770, 1125 1590, 1005 1410, 915 1125, 780 900, 720 600, 630 360, 540 150, 465 -15, 375 -150, 285 -285, 195 630, 480 !"pa" "text6" --Elongation begins (see scripts events (a) !"pa" 2940, 1455 0, 75.3125, 0 0, 75.3125, 0 120, 75.125, 100 120, 75.125, 100 3015, 1615 !"ab1" 3330, 1455 120, 75.125, 100 120, 75.125, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 3390, 1615 "pc" 3720, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 3765, 1615 "pd" 4095, 1455 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 4140, 1615 "pe" 4455, 1455 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 4515, 1615 "pf" 4830, 1455 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625,100 4905, 1615 "pg" 5205, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 5310, 1615 "ph" 5595, 1455 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 5670, 1615 5970, 1455 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 6045, 1615 "pj" 6345, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 6435, 1615 "pk" 6735, 1455 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 6825, 1615 "pl" 7095, 1455 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 7170, 1615 "pm" "text7" 7455, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 7545, 1615 "pn" "po" --Core moved together 990, 120 "text8" "text9" , al5-al8 "al7" 4026, 516 3891, 441 3846, 336 3786, 231 3786, 111 3786, 36 3786, -54 "al6" 4596, 261 4716, 201 4776, 111 4791, 51 4791, -9 4791, -69 away Hrep (ordinary --Rep "al5" 4086, 291 "al8" "rep4" )3945, 186 where 4011, 276 3891, 216 3786, 156 3681, 96 3606, 51 3591, -54 3591, -84 3795, 231 3705, 336 3600, 456 3435, 576 3315, 666 3225, 801 3150, 936 3075, 1056 3030, 1116 3000, 1161 3681, 1395 3831, 1275 3936, 1065 3981, 885 3996, 660 3996, 420 4011, 210 4011, 75 4011, -75 --Rep1b reform )3390, 315 3561, 426 3891, 651 fields default buttonUp AbuttonUp textgo cap-camp text1 camp1 camp1 camp2 camp2 camp1 camp2 cap-camp cap-camp text1a RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol text1b RNApol RNApol text2 Group text3 text4 leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans text5 RNApol WUngroup text6 rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans text7 rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans trans rna-s Group RNApol RNApol sendToBack RNApol text8 text9 WUngroup WUngroup rep1b Group WUngroup rep1b rep1b Group text1 text1a text1b text2 text3 text4 text5 text6 text7 text8 text9 textgo default trans horizPos:by horizPos:to horizPos )-75, 3390 60, 3315 180, 3210 330, 3090 465, 2955 630, 2835 765, 2760 810, 2625 "cap" )400, 2180 505, 2165 625, 2135 805, 2090 940, 2075 1075, 2045 1240, 2000 1375, 1955 1495, 1895 1525, 1805 "text1a" --RNA polymerase enters "RNApol" )8430, 165 8295, 255 8130, 345 7890, 495 7785, 540 7665, 585 7500, 645 7380, 690 7170, 795 7005, 915 6840, 1035 6630, 1230 6510, 1320 6450, 1350 6360, 1440 down Hsteps horizPos 6360 3735 H-375 ", 1440 3735 6735 L, 1440 leaves exits 6885, 1320 7095, 1200 7320, 1110 7470, 1050 7680, 945 7890, 825 8085, 720 8325, 585 "text1b" promoter )-975, 510 -855, 525 -660, 630 -450, 645 -180, 705 60, 705 345, 765 705, 810 1140, 930 1470, 1020 2220, 1455 "text2" --Allolactose repressor )4326, 510 3966, -90 3861, 60 3771, 195 3651, 315 3531, 495 3411, 705 3276, 885 3186, 1005 3156, 1275 )4941, -90 4941, -90 "al4" 4911, 45 4836, 255 4746, 435 4626, 600 4476, 780 4311, 945 4131, 1095 3936, 1275 3516, 1485 + 2 allolactose Hrep2. --Rep2 square consisting rep1b "al1" )2985, 1050 off DNA --2 remaining (al6,al7) 3045, 1050 3135, 990 3225, 960 )4611, -84 4551, 126 4431, 276 4311, 441 4086, 711 3741, 1071 )5286, -69 5031, 141 4716, 441 4371, 606 4116, 801 3396, 1296 grouped fal6 form rep3 Group --Rep3 3330, 840 3420, 780 3525, 705 3645, 615 3690, 570 3795, 465 3900, 300 3960, 240 3975, 180 "text3" "text4" --Open appears ( Hmajic) trans )2655, 1615 "leftrans" 240, 75.125, 100 240, 75.125, 100 "rightrans" 0, 75.3125, 0 0, 75.6875, 0 "text5" --Abortive initiation strands (ab1-ab3) shown )2630, 2060 2415, 2195 2220, 2330 2025, 2450 1965, 2525 !"ab2" )2630, 2060 2615, 2210 2540, 2375 2375, 2570 )2630, 2060 !"ab3" 2490, 2250 2415, 2370 ungrouped - gives sigma unit ( core enzyme rna-s) --Sigma Ungroup 2190, 1665 2190, 1530 2100, 1395 1965, 1275 1770, 1125 1590, 1005 1410, 915 1125, 780 900, 720 600, 630 360, 540 150, 465 -15, 375 -150, 285 -285, 195 630, 480 !"pa" "text6" --Elongation begins (see scripts events (a) !"pa" 2940, 1455 0, 75.3125, 0 0, 75.3125, 0 120, 75.125, 100 120, 75.125, 100 3015, 1615 !"ab1" 3330, 1455 120, 75.125, 100 120, 75.125, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 3390, 1615 "pc" 3720, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 3765, 1615 "pd" 4095, 1455 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 4140, 1615 "pe" 4455, 1455 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 4515, 1615 "pf" 4830, 1455 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625,100 4905, 1615 "pg" 5205, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 5310, 1615 "ph" 5595, 1455 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 5670, 1615 5970, 1455 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 6045, 1615 "pj" 6345, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 6435, 1615 "pk" 6735, 1455 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 6825, 1615 "pl" 7095, 1455 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 7170, 1615 "pm" "text7" 7455, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 7545, 1615 "pn" "po" 990, 120 "text8" "text9" "al7" 4026, 516 3891, 441 3846, 336 3786, 231 3786, 111 3786, 36 3786, -54 "al6" 4596, 261 4716, 201 4776, 111 4791, 51 4791, -9 4791, -69 "al5" 4086, 291 "al8" "rep4" )3945, 186 4011, 276 3891, 216 3786, 156 3681, 96 3606, 51 3591, -54 3591, -84 3795, 231 3705, 336 3600, 456 3435, 576 3315, 666 3225, 801 3150, 936 3075, 1056 3030, 1116 3000, 1161 3681, 1395 3831, 1275 3936, 1065 3981, 885 3996, 660 3996, 420 4011, 210 4011, 75 4011, -75 )3390, 315 3561, 426 3891, 651 default buttonUp I?buttonUp textgo cap-camp text1 camp1 camp1 camp2 camp2 camp1 camp2 cap-camp cap-camp text1a RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol text1b RNApol RNApol text2 Group text3 text4 leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans text5 RNApol WUngroup text6 rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans text7 rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans trans rna-s Group RNApol RNApol sendToBack RNApol text8 text9 WUngroup WUngroup rep1b Group WUngroup rep1b rep1b Group text1 text1a text1b text2 text3 text4 text5 text6 text7 text8 text9 textgo default trans horizPos:by horizPos:to horizPos "textgo" "cap-camp" "text1" --CAP moves screen --2 molecules cyclic AMP (camp1,camp2) appear binding sites 1 are hidden be replaced -cAMP complex ( ), which )-630, 2880 -495, 2790 -285, 2640 -105, 2520 90, 2370 270, 2280 405, 2190 )-90, 3525 15, 3465 120, 3360 195, 3270 255, 3150 345, 3000 405, 2895 480, 2805 570, 2625 )-75, 3390 60, 3315 180, 3210 330, 3090 465, 2955 630, 2835 765, 2760 810, 2625 "cap" )400, 2180 505, 2165 625, 2135 805, 2090 940, 2075 1075, 2045 1240, 2000 1375, 1955 1495, 1895 1525, 1805 "text1a" --RNA polymerase enters "RNApol" )8430, 165 8295, 255 8130, 345 7890, 495 7785, 540 7665, 585 7500, 645 7380, 690 7170, 795 7005, 915 6840, 1035 6630, 1230 6510, 1320 6450, 1350 6360, 1440 down Hsteps horizPos 6360 3735 H-375 ", 1440 3735 6735 L, 1440 leaves exits 6885, 1320 7095, 1200 7320, 1110 7470, 1050 7680, 945 7890, 825 8085, 720 8325, 585 "text1b" promoter )-975, 510 -855, 525 -660, 630 -450, 645 -180, 705 60, 705 345, 765 705, 810 1140, 930 1470, 1020 2220, 1455 "text2" --Allolactose repressor )4326, 510 3966, -90 3861, 60 3771, 195 3651, 315 3531, 495 3411, 705 3276, 885 3186, 1005 3156, 1275 )4941, -90 4941, -90 "al4" 4911, 45 4836, 255 4746, 435 4626, 600 4476, 780 4311, 945 4131, 1095 3936, 1275 3516, 1485 + 2 allolactose Hrep2. --Rep2 square consisting rep1b "al1" )2985, 1050 off DNA --2 remaining (al6,al7) 3045, 1050 3135, 990 3225, 960 )4611, -84 4551, 126 4431, 276 4311, 441 4086, 711 3741, 1071 )5286, -69 5031, 141 4716, 441 4371, 606 4116, 801 3396, 1296 grouped fal6 form rep3 Group --Rep3 3330, 840 3420, 780 3525, 705 3645, 615 3690, 570 3795, 465 3900, 300 3960, 240 3975, 180 "text3" "text4" --Open appears ( Hmajic) trans )2655, 1615 "leftrans" 240, 75.125, 100 240, 75.125, 100 "rightrans" 0, 75.3125, 0 0, 75.6875, 0 "text5" --Abortive initiation strands (ab1-ab3) shown )2630, 2060 2415, 2195 2220, 2330 2025, 2450 1965, 2525 !"ab2" )2630, 2060 2615, 2210 2540, 2375 2375, 2570 )2630, 2060 !"ab3" 2490, 2250 2415, 2370 ungrouped - gives sigma unit ( core enzyme rna-s) --Sigma Ungroup 2190, 1665 2190, 1530 2100, 1395 1965, 1275 1770, 1125 1590, 1005 1410, 915 1125, 780 900, 720 600, 630 360, 540 150, 465 -15, 375 -150, 285 -285, 195 630, 480 !"pa" "text6" --Elongation begins (see scripts events (a) !"pa" 2940, 1455 0, 75.3125, 0 0, 75.3125, 0 120, 75.125, 100 120, 75.125, 100 3015, 1615 !"ab1" 3330, 1455 120, 75.125, 100 120, 75.125, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 3390, 1615 "pc" 3720, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 3765, 1615 "pd" 4095, 1455 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 4140, 1615 "pe" 4455, 1455 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 4515, 1615 "pf" 4830, 1455 0, 87.625, 100 0, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625,100 4905, 1615 "pg" 5205, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 5310, 1615 "ph" 5595, 1455 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 5670, 1615 5970, 1455 180, 87.625, 100 180, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 6045, 1615 "pj" 6345, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 6435, 1615 "pk" 6735, 1455 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 6825, 1615 "pl" 7095, 1455 0, 75.125, 100 0, 75.125, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 7170, 1615 "pm" "text7" 7455, 1455 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 60, 87.625, 100 7545, 1615 "pn" "po" --Core moved together 990, 120 "text8" "text9" , al5-al8 "al7" 4026, 516 3891, 441 3846, 336 3786, 231 3786, 111 3786, 36 3786, -54 "al6" 4596, 261 4716, 201 4776, 111 4791, 51 4791, -9 4791, -69 "al5" 4086, 291 "al8" "rep4" )3945, 186 4011, 276 3891, 216 3786, 156 3681, 96 3606, 51 3591, -54 3591, -84 3795, 231 3705, 336 3600, 456 3435, 576 3315, 666 3225, 801 3150, 936 3075, 1056 3030, 1116 3000, 1161 3681, 1395 3831, 1275 3936, 1065 3981, 885 3996, 660 3996, 420 4011, 210 4011, 75 4011, -75 )3390, 315 3561, 426 3891, 651 default buttonUp 2@buttonUp textgo cap-camp text1 camp1 camp1 camp2 camp2 camp1 camp2 cap-camp cap-camp text1a RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol RNApol text1b RNApol RNApol text2 Group text3 text4 leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans text5 RNApol WUngroup text6 rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans text7 rna-s leftrans leftrans rightrans rightrans trans trans rna-s Group RNApol RNApol sendToBack RNApol text8 text9 WUngroup WUngroup rep1b Group WUngroup rep1b rep1b Group text1 text1a text1b text2 text3 text4 text5 text6 text7 text8 text9 textgo default trans horizPos:by horizPos:to horizPos