polynucleotide 4PRTtries, CHK "structure" enterPage leavepage enterPage PRTtries leavepage structure A schematic diagram of a polynucleotide. Move the mouse into the structure to identify the components of the polynucleotide 18 of 21 backround "structure" mouseenter mouseenter structure B t"| sugars "Sugar" "structure" mouseenter mouseenter Sugar structure phosphates "Phosphate" "structure" mouseenter mouseenter Phosphate structure Bases "Base" "structure" mouseenter mouseenter structure Structure Deoxyribonucleic Acidid The bases belonging to different molecular chains can interact via weak bonds called hydrogen bonds. The interactions are specific between certain pairs of bases and this plays the key role in genetic replication and expression. Important polynucleotides in this context are the nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). :PHYSSIZE The double helical structure of DNA. 19 of 21 MCQbutton Accept answers buttondown buttondown buttondown buttondown buttondown buttondown buttondown buttondown buttondown buttondown buttondown buttondown buttondown buttondown buttondown buttondown buttondown buttondown Press this button to accept answers and obtain a final mark....ark............ From the following list indicate whether the element is one of the the four most abundant found in living organisms: A. Iron B. Silicon C. Oxygen D. Carbon E. Magnesium F. Phosphorus G. Nitrogen H. Calcium I. Hydrogennn "yn1" "yn2" "yn3" "yn4" "yn5" "yn6" "yn7" "yn8" "yn9" B"Exit" B"MCQbutton" "Press accept answers obtain a final mark..." "info" "Info" leavePage leavePage 0,100,0 0,100,0 0,100,0 0,100,0 0,100,0 0,100,0 0,100,0 0,100,0 0,100,0 MCQbutton Press this button to accept answers and obtain a final mark... 3 of 21 others Other Substances In addition to the organic molecules described in this tutorial it should be remembered that water forms a major constituent of the cell, both in free state in the cytoplasm and in association with other molecules as water of hydration. Minerals also play an important role in the cell, notably the cations sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg++), and the anions chloride (Cl-), sulphate (SO4--) and phosphate in its various forms (especially HPO4-- and H2PO4-). Finally some elements occur in very small quantities in the cell and yet are vital for its function, these are the trace elements which include iron, zinc, iodine and cobalt. Turn to the next page and complete the short revision execise..... 20 of 21 4AnswerList Zynscore, yngrps, answers, x, y -- Type be tested here, order -- presentation questions %follows: -- -- (a) should be "N", -- (b) -- (c) -- (d) -- (e) -- (f) -- (g) -- (h) -- (i) -- -- below (Don't forget quotes!): "NNYYNNYNY" cx <> x <> (YNgrps) "Error! Mismatch YNscore Q <> "Y") Byes "N") -- no points "Well Done! You scored a total " && &&"out "elements" "One awarded a correct deducted a wrong , no attempt scores 0. f"Try "Give Up" "yn1" "yn2" "yn3" "yn4" "yn5" "yn6" "yn7" "yn8" "yn9" "Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen Nitrogen are most abundant living systems ( 2shown ). Press OK d." -- "solution" "The snow "info" B"no" B"no" B"no" B"no" B"yes" B"no" B"no" B"no" B"no" B"no" B"no" B"MCQbutton" B"Exit" buttonUp buttonUp NNYYNNYNY YNgrps Error! Mismatch in number of answers or number of Y/N groups on this page! YNscore YNgrps YNgrps YNscore YNscore YNscore YNscore YNscore YNscore Well Done! You scored a total of out of 9 elements One point is awarded for a correct answer, one point is deducted for a wrong answer, no attempt scores 0. You scored a total of out of 9. Try again. Give Up Give up Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen are the most abundant elements in living systems (the correct answers are shown in green). Press OK to continue. The correct answers are now shown. 0,50,100 0,50,100 120,50,100 120,50,100 0,50,100 0,50,100 120,50,100 0,50,100 120,50,100 MCQbutton ynscore yngrps answers AnswerList carbon others LastPage VHS Image Page First Page duckjibe D(+) and L(-) Isomerismm The naturally occurring stereoisomer for a monosaccharide such as glucose is the Dextrorotatary or D(+) for-so called as it rotates polarised light to the right. Stereoisomers that rotate polarised light in a leftward direction are termed Laevorotatory or L(-). Monosaccharides can readily link together. When just two monomers link a Disaccharide is formed-examples include Maltose and Sucrose. When many monomers are linked a Polymer is formed examples being Starch and Cellulose. Glucose is an important metabolic fuel. Starch and glycogen are important storage molecules for glucose whilst cellulose is a structural compound and carbohydrates associated with proteins and lipids Glycoproteins and Glycolipids form important binding sites facilitating recognition between molecules. 11 of 21 lipids leavePage leavePage LipidsIm Important classes of lipids include: Triacylglycerols - formed as esters of Glycerol and Fatty Acids These act as metabolic fuels. Phospholipids - formed as esters of Glycerol and fatty acids but including a phosphate group. These are important components of biological membranes. Steroids - based on the carbon structure Steroids act as hormones and cholesterol acts as an important component of the cell membrane.....ane.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... Triacylglycerol Show triacylglycerol buttonUP buttonDown buttonUp buttonDown triacylglycerol buttonUp triacylglycerol phospholipid Show Phospholipid phospholipid buttonDown buttonUp buttonDown Phospholipid buttonUp phospholipid steroids steroids buttonDown buttonUp buttonDown steroids buttonUp steroids 12 of 21 triacylglycerol Sketch of a triacylglycerol highlighting the ester bonds. steroids Sketch of a Steroid Steroid ring structure Cholesterol phospholipid Sketch of a phospholipid. The ester bonds and charge on the molecule are highlighted in blue FlagPage revision Amino Acids "YesNo" Set enterPage leavePage enterPage YesNo leavePage YesNo Amino Acidsssssssss Proteins are polymers of amino acids. An amino acid has at least two functional groups, a carboxyl group and an amino group Apart from glycine (which has R1=H) R1 is always a carbon containing group. If R1 is not a carboxyl group will this molecule exhibit stereoisomerism? ong! - As the central carbon always has four different groups attached to it is asymmetric and the molecule will exhibit optical activity-hence stereoisomerism will occur.tereoisomerism will occur...oups attached to it is asymmetric and the molecule will exhibit optical activity-hence stereoisomerism will occur............................................................................... Go to page 18 13 of 21 YesNo B"yes" "Correct - Well done...!" Set B"Yes" buttonUp buttonUp Correct - Well done...! B"no" "Wrong" & k& "As the central carbon always has four different attached assymetric Hmolecule will exhibit optical activity-hence stereoisomerism 1occur." B"no" buttonUp buttonUp Wrong As the central carbon always has four different groups attached to it it is assymetric and the molecule will exhibit optical activity-hence stereoisomerism will occur. peptide bonds Amino Acids & Peptide Bondsss Therefore apart from glycine, amino acids exhibit stereoisomerism, the naturally occurring stereoisomer having the L(-) configuration. R1 represents a variety of different groups. In man some 20 different amino acids are encountered. With some exceptions these may be categorised under one of three headings. Class Example (R1) Name of Acid Neutral -CH3 Alanine Acid -CH2CH2COOH Glutamic acid Base -CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 Lysine Amino acids can link with each other with the elimination of a water molecule, the resultant being called a peptide bond... peptide bond peptidebond buttonDown buttonUp buttonDown peptidebond buttonUp peptidebond peptidebond The formation of a peptide bond (shown in blue). highlighteddddddddddd 14 of 21 leavePage leavePage molecular chains 4PRTtries, CHK "answerj" enterPage leavepage enterPage answerj PRTtries leavepage answerj answerj Molecular Chains Different amino acids can link using peptide bonds to form molecular chains with a wide range of different side groups. The peptide bonds have been highlighted. The molecule starts with a free amino group, the amino terminal, and ends with a free carboxyl group, the acid terminal. Linear chains of up to about 100 amino acids are often termed peptides whilst larger chains are termed proteins but there is no hard and fast distinction between the two classes of molecule. Proteins and peptides are .................... formed from amino acids 15 of 21 answerj helpme "help" buttonUp buttonUp Acceptj 4PRTtries "answerj" = "Polymers" "Correct!" g < 3 response1 "Wrong. You answered" && ". There are repeating units Monomers. "&&\ "" && k&& "That was attempt" && && " a maximum 3 allowed attempts! Press OK ! - Try re still incorrect. buttonUp buttonUp answerj answerj answerj Polymers Correct! answerj answerj Wrong. You answered . There are repeating units of Monomers. That was attempt of a maximum of 3 allowed attempts! Press OK to try again answerj answerj You are still incorrect. The answer is Polymers. answerj Polymers answerj response1 PRTtries Accept pthrptext How to type in your answer A cursor appears on the screen indicating that you must type an answer. If you make a mistake you can use the backspace key to correct your answer. When you are satisfied with your answer click on the 'Accept' button. th your answer click on the 'Accept' button. "answerj" buttonUp buttonUp answerj answerj polymers Page Design nucleotides Isomerism organic molecules polynucleotide proteins Proteins Linear chains of amino acids form the primary structure of a protein. Side groups can interact by weak chemical bonds to fold the primary structure into more complex forms - secondary and higher order structures can therefore be formed. The shape or configuration of a protein is of great importance for its biological function. Proteins perform a wide range of functions in the cell. Structural proteins are vital for the structure both of cytoplasm and membranes whilst the metabolic reactions in the cell are catalysed by proteins termed enzymes. 16 of 21 nucleotides nucleotides enterpage leavepage enterpage nucleotides leavepage Nucleotides Nucleotides are based on a repeating unit made up of three components, a pentose, a nitrogen-containing organic base and a phosphate group. Click on each group in turn to view the structures of the molecules belonging to that group. Nucleotides such as adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) play an important role in the energy metabolism of the cell. In addition to this however the nucleotides can covalently bond to form linear sequences with differing bases as side groups. nucleotides nitrogenous buttonUp buttonUp buttonDown buttonDown Nitrogenous base R V b phosphate buttonUp buttonUp Phosphate phosphate buttonDown buttonDown pentose buttonUp buttonUp pentose buttonUp buttonUp Pentose sugar Deoxyribose (in DNA) Ribose (in RNA)))))) 17 of 21 Pyrimidines Purinessssssss Nitrogenous base molecules are classified into two groups, the pyrimidines and the purines. The molecules from each group are shown below... "nucleotides" buttonUp buttonUp nucleotides Monosacharides ExitProgram "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp LastPage 4PRTtries, CHK "answerl" "answerm" "answern" "answero" "answerp" "answerq" enterPage leavepage enterPage answerl PRTtries leavepage answerl answerl answerm answerm answern answern answero answero answerp answerp answerq answerq Revision Exercise 1. A lipoprotein is formed from a protein and a .............. molecule. 2. Proteins which catalyses metabolic reactions are ................ 3. Starch is a polymer formed from .................... molecules. 4. An amino acid always carries two functional groups named ................... and ................... 5. Specific base pairs in DNA interact by means of .................... bonds. 21 of 211 EndText End of ToolBookkeeeee University of Aberdeen answerl answerq answerm answern helpme "help" buttonUp buttonUp answerp Acceptl 4PRTtries "answerl" = "Lipid" "Correct!" d < 3 "answerm" response1 "Wrong. You answered" && -- ". The compound Amine. "&&\ "" && k&& "That was attempt" && && " a maximum 3 allowed attempts! Press OK ! - Try re still incorrect. buttonUp buttonUp answerl answerl answerl Lipid Correct! answerl answerm answerl Wrong. You answered That was attempt of a maximum of 3 allowed attempts! Press OK to try again answerl answerl You are still incorrect. The answer is Lipid. answerl Lipid answerl answerm response1 PRTtries answero Acceptp 4PRTtries "answerp" = "Amino" "Carboxyl" "Correct!" y < 3 "answerq" response1 "Wrong. You answered" && -- ". The compound Amine. "&&\ "" && k&& "That was attempt" && && " a maximum 3 allowed attempts! Press OK ! - Try re still incorrect. buttonUp buttonUp answerp answerp answerp Amino answerp Carboxyl Correct! answerp answerq answerp Wrong. You answered That was attempt of a maximum of 3 allowed attempts! Press OK to try again answerp answerp You are still incorrect. The answer is Amino. answerp Amino answerp answerq response1 PRTtries Acceptn 4PRTtries "answern" = "Glucose" "Correct!" f < 3 "answero" response1 "Wrong. You answered" && -- ". The compound Amine. "&&\ "" && k&& "That was attempt" && && " a maximum 3 allowed attempts! Press OK ! - Try re still incorrect. buttonUp buttonUp answern answern answern Glucose Correct! answern answero answern Wrong. You answered That was attempt of a maximum of 3 allowed attempts! Press OK to try again answern answern You are still incorrect. The answer is Glucose. answern Glucose answern answero response1 PRTtries Acceptm (*F_1 4PRTtries "answerm" = "Enzymes" "Correct!" f < 3 "answern" response1 "Wrong. You answered" && -- ". The compound Amine. "&&\ "" && k&& "That was attempt" && && " a maximum 3 allowed attempts! Press OK ! - Try re still incorrect. buttonUp buttonUp answerm answerm answerm Enzymes Correct! answerm answern answerm Wrong. You answered That was attempt of a maximum of 3 allowed attempts! Press OK to try again answerm answerm You are still incorrect. The answer is Enzymes. answerm Enzymes answerm answern response1 PRTtries Accepto 4PRTtries "answero" = "Carboxyl" "Amino" "Correct!" y < 3 "answerp" response1 "Wrong. You answered" && -- ". The compound Amine. "&&\ "" && k&& "That was attempt" && && " a maximum 3 allowed attempts! Press OK ! - Try re still incorrect. buttonUp buttonUp answero answero answero Carboxyl answero Amino Correct! answero answerp answero Wrong. You answered That was attempt of a maximum of 3 allowed attempts! Press OK to try again answero answero You are still incorrect. The answer is Carboxyl. answero Carboxyl answero answerp response1 PRTtries Acceptq 4PRTtries "answerq" = "Hydrogen" "Correct!" g < 3 "answerp" response1 "Wrong. You answered" && ". The compound Amine. "&&\ "" && k&& "That was attempt" && && " a maximum 3 allowed attempts! Press OK ! - Try re still incorrect. buttonUp buttonUp answerq answerq answerq Hydrogen Correct! answerq answerp answerq Wrong. You answered . The compound is an Amine. That was attempt of a maximum of 3 allowed attempts! Press OK to try again answerq answerq You are still incorrect. The answer is Hydrogen. answerq Hydrogen answerq answerp response1 PRTtries pthrptext How to type in your answer A cursor appears on the screen indicating that you must type an answer. If you make a mistake you can use the backspace key to correct your answer. When you are satisfied with your answer click on the 'Accept' button. th your answer click on the 'Accept' button. "help" "answerl" "answerm" "answern" "answero" "answereo" "answerp" "answerep" "answerq" buttonUp buttonUp answerl answerm answerm answern answern answero answereo answerp answerep answerq peptide bonds elements ExitProgram "Quit BMS Toolbook ?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Quit BMS Toolbook ? backPage Previous buttonUp buttonUp Previous NextPage buttonUp buttonUp FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp elements Elemental Composition The following table lists the relative abundance of the elements in humans and a bacterium: %Dry Weight Element E.Coli. Human Oxygen (O) 20 18 Carbon (C) 50 54 Hydrogen (H) 10 8 Nitrogen (N) 10 9 Phosphorus (P) 4 3 Sulphur (S) 1 0.75 All remaining elements 5 7.25 2 of 21 Button carbon skeleton 4PRTtries, CHK "answera" "answerb" "answerc" enterPage leavepage enterPage answera PRTtries leavepage answera answera answerb answerb answerc answerc $&$&$& Carbon Skeletonsnnn The following structures illustrate some typical carbon skeletons. Identify the structure and type the name under each one. ructures and type your answer in the dialog box. 5 of 21 answera answerb answerc Acceptc 4PRTtries "answerc" = "Estradiol" "Oestradiol" "Correct!" "answerb" response1 "Wrong. You answered" && ". Its a Steroid."&&\ "" && k&& "That was attempt" && && " a maximum 3 allowed attempts! Press OK ! - Try re still incorrect. The buttonUp buttonUp answerc answerc answerc Estradiol answerc Oestradiol Correct! answerc answerb answerc Wrong. You answered . Its a Steroid. That was attempt of a maximum of 3 allowed attempts! Press OK to try again answerc answerc You are still incorrect. The answer is Oestradiol. answerc Oestradiol answerc answerb response1 PRTtries Accept ethstruc Buttonup structure" Buttonup Buttonup name this structure benzstruc Request " structure" buttonup buttonup name this structure Steroid buttonUp buttonUp helpme "help" buttonUp buttonUp Accepta 4PRTtries "answera" = "Ethane" "Correct!" e < 3 "answerb" response1 "Wrong. You answered" && ". Looks a bit like Ethanol. "&&\ "" && k&& "That was attempt" && && " a maximum 3 allowed attempts! Press OK ! - Try re still incorrect. The buttonUp buttonUp answera answera answera Ethane Correct! answera answerb answera Wrong. You answered . Looks a bit like Ethanol. That was attempt of a maximum of 3 allowed attempts! Press OK to try again answera answera You are still incorrect. The answer is Ethane. answera Ethane answera answerb response1 PRTtries Accept Acceptb 4PRTtries "answerb" = "Benzene" "Correct!" f < 3 "answerc" response1 "Wrong. You answered" && ". It a ring compound. "&&\ "" && k&& "That was attempt" && && " a maximum 3 allowed attempts! Press OK ! - Try re still incorrect. The buttonUp buttonUp answerb answerb answerb Benzene Correct! answerb answerc answerb Wrong. You answered . It is a ring compound. That was attempt of a maximum of 3 allowed attempts! Press OK to try again answerb answerb You are still incorrect. The answer is Benzene. answerb Benzene answerb answerc response1 PRTtries Accept pthrptext How to type in your answer A cursor appears on the screen indicating that you must type an answer. If you make a mistake you can use the backspace key to correct your answer. When you are satisfied with your answer click on the 'Accept' button. th your answer click on the 'Accept' button. "help" "answera" "answerb" "answerc" buttonUp buttonUp answera answerb answerb answerc 4PRTtries "answeri" = "Stereoisomerism" "Correct!" n < 3 R, You answered k& "The full , the "Bollocks" response1 "Wrong. " && ". Could molecule arrange itself different planes? "&&\ "" && k&& "That was attempt" && && " a maximum 3 allowed attempts! Press OK ! - Try re still incorrect. buttonUp buttonUp answeri answeri answeri Stereoisomerism Correct! answeri answeri Stereo Correct, You answered Stereo The full answer is Stereoisomerism. answeri Stereoisomerism answeri answeri Bollocks Correct, You answered Bollocks The full answer is Stereoisomerism. answeri Stereoisomerism answeri answeri Wrong. You answered . Could the molecule arrange itself in different planes? That was attempt of a maximum of 3 allowed attempts! Press OK to try again answeri answeri You are still incorrect. The answer is Stereoisomerism. answeri Stereoisomerism answeri response1 PRTtries Amino Acids ` ` ' organic molecules 4PRTtries, CHK "answerg" enterPage leavepage enterPage answerg PRTtries leavepage answerg answerg Organic Molecules in Biological Systemsss There are four broad categories of organic molecule found in all living cells. These are classified as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides and ...................... ............. 8 of 21 answerG helpme "help" buttonUp buttonUp AcceptG Accept pthrptext How to type in your answer A cursor appears on the screen indicating that you must type an answer. If you make a mistake you can use the backspace key to correct your answer. When you are satisfied with your answer click on the 'Accept' button. th your answer click on the 'Accept' button. 6,`_# "answerg" buttonUp buttonUp answerg answerg Protein Functional groups 4PRTtries, CHK "answerd" "answere" "answerf" enterPage leavepage enterPage answerd PRTtries leavepage answerd answerd answere answere answerf answerf Functional Groups The structures of ethane, benzene and estradiol illustrate how carbon atoms can form very different molecular skeletons. The chemical properties of these molecules are largely determined by the functional groups attached to the carbon skeleton. Identify the following functional groups: clicking the mouse on each of the groups and typing your answer in the dialog box. ) helpme "help" buttonUp buttonUp Acceptd 4PRTtries "answerd" = "Hydroxyl" "Correct!" g < 3 "answere" response1 "Wrong. You answered" && ". The cHydrogen Oxygen. "&&\ "" && k&& "That was attempt" && && " a maximum 3 allowed attempts! Press OK ! - Try re still incorrect. buttonUp buttonUp answerd answerd answerd Hydroxyl Correct! answerd answere answerd Wrong. You answered . The group contains Hydrogen and Oxygen. That was attempt of a maximum of 3 allowed attempts! Press OK to try again answerd answerd You are still incorrect. The answer is Hydroxyl. answerd Hydroxyl answerd answere response1 PRTtries Accept Acceptf 4PRTtries "answerf" = "Amino" "Correct!" d < 3 "answere" response1 "Wrong. You answered" && ". The compound Amine. "&&\ "" && k&& "That was attempt" && && " a maximum 3 allowed attempts! Press OK ! - Try re still incorrect. buttonUp buttonUp answerf answerf answerf Amino Correct! answerf answere answerf Wrong. You answered . The compound is an Amine. That was attempt of a maximum of 3 allowed attempts! Press OK to try again answerf answerf You are still incorrect. The answer is Amino. answerf Amino answerf answere response1 PRTtries Accept answerd answerf answere Accepte 4PRTtries "answere" = "Carboxyl" "Correct!" g < 3 "answerf" response1 "Wrong. You answered" && ". The consists Carbon, Oxygen Hydrogen. "&&\ "" && k&& "That was attempt" && && " a maximum 3 allowed attempts! Press OK ! - Try re still incorrect. buttonUp buttonUp answere answere answere Carboxyl Correct! answere answerf answere Wrong. You answered . The group consists of Carbon, Oxygen and Hydrogen. That was attempt of a maximum of 3 allowed attempts! Press OK to try again answere answere You are still incorrect. The answer is Carboxyl. answere Carboxyl answere answerf response1 PRTtries Accept pthrptext How to type in your answer A cursor appears on the screen indicating that you must type an answer. If you make a mistake you can use the backspace key to correct your answer. When you are satisfied with your answer click on the 'Accept' button. th your answer click on the 'Accept' button. "help" "answerd" "answere" "answerf" buttonUp buttonUp answerd answere answere answerf 6 of 21 carbohydrates 4PRTtries, CHK "answerh" enterPage leavepage enterPage answerh PRTtries leavepage answerh answerh Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are molecules based on repeating units or monomers with a general formula (CH2O)n. Carbohydrates consisting of one monomer unit are called monosaccharides. Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide and as in the general formula n=6 it is called a hexose, i.e. its formula reads C6H12O6. Other examples of monosaccharides include Ribose (a pentose as n=5) and Glyceraldehyde which is a ................ ............................. Glucose Glyceraldehydeeeeee answerh helpme "help" buttonUp buttonUp Accepth 4PRTtries "answerh" = "Triose" "Correct!" e < 3 response1 "Wrong. You answered" && ". Count 6Carbon (C) atoms. "&&\ "" && k&& "That was attempt" && && " a maximum 3 allowed attempts! Press OK ! - Try re still incorrect. The buttonUp buttonUp answerh answerh answerh Triose Correct! answerh answerh Wrong. You answered . Count the Carbon (C) atoms. That was attempt of a maximum of 3 allowed attempts! Press OK to try again answerh answerh You are still incorrect. The answer is Triose. answerh Triose answerh response1 PRTtries Accept pthrptext How to type in your answer A cursor appears on the screen indicating that you must type an answer. If you make a mistake you can use the backspace key to correct your answer. When you are satisfied with your answer click on the 'Accept' button. th your answer click on the 'Accept' button. "answerh" buttonUp buttonUp answerh answerh 9 of 21 Monosacharides 4PRTtries, CHK "answeri" enterPage leavepage enterPage answeri PRTtries leavepage answeri answeri Monosaccharides A ketone (in ketoses) or a aldehyde (in aldoses) group are important functional groups associated with monosacharides. Monosacharides contain an asymmetric carbon atom i.e. for glucose Where R1=CHO, R2=H, R3=OH and R4=C4O4H9 The isomerism exhibited by monosacharides is termed ..................................... 10 of 21 answeri helpme "help" buttonUp buttonUp Accepti Accept pthrptext How to type in your answer A cursor appears on the screen indicating that you must type an answer. If you make a mistake you can use the backspace key to correct your answer. When you are satisfied with your answer click on the 'Accept' button. th your answer click on the 'Accept' button. "answeri" buttonUp buttonUp answeri answeri molecular chains proteins System MS Sans Serif Arial se Study One rminal urier New Arial ngdings Arial Help Me Help Main Menu Help Me HelpMainMenu bringWindowToTop sysWindowHandle bringwindowtotop send SizeToPage casehelp.tbk fAppName toolbook LeaveBook sans serif sans serif Arial c"File" c"Help" Me" Main Menu" 2 Me" HelpMainMenu X"user" --bringWindowToTop a Windows function that puts the + whose passed front %other windows. toolbook MfAppName bringwindowtotop( doesn't even un-iconize SizeToPage" app isn't running, so we'll "casehelp.tbk" LeaveBook terBook HelpMainMenu EnterBook LeaveBook EnterBook sizetopage Help Me Help Main Menu Help Me HelpMainMenu bringWindowToTop sysWindowHandle bringwindowtotop send SizeToPage casehelp.tbk fAppName toolbook LeaveBook MS Sans Serif Arial olbook in Biomedical Sciences Arial Arial Times New Roman Wingdings Wingdings :PRINTLAYOUT gD|D|} s Rmn gD|D|} Arial Arial System MS Sans Serif c"Text" c"File" c"Help" Me" ! Main Menu" 3 Me" HelpMainMenu X"user" --bringWindowToTop a Windows function that puts the + whose passed front %other windows. toolbook MfAppName bringwindowtotop( doesn't even un-iconize SizeToPage" app isn't running, so we'll \work\utl\bmshelp.tbk" LeaveBook FALSE "tbkdlg.dll" "tbkwin. "kernel" terBook HelpMainMenu EnterBook LeaveBook EnterBook sizetopage &Help Me Help Main Menu Help Me HelpMainMenu bringWindowToTop sysWindowHandle bringwindowtotop send SizeToPage \toolbook\work\utl\bmshelp.tbk fAppName toolbook LeaveBook tbkdlg.dll tbkwin.dll kernel Arial Chemical Composition of the Cell LeaveBook IntroBackground FlagPage TitleText Tutorial 1 The Chemical Composition of the CellLLLLLLLLLLLL GotoPageTwo buttonUp buttonUp "Really quit?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Really quit? HelpButton X"user" --bringWindowToTop a Windows function that puts the + whose passed front %other windows. toolbook MfAppName bringwindowtotop( doesn't even un-iconize SizeToPage" app isn't running, so we'll \work\utl\bmshelp.tbk" buttonUp buttonUp bringWindowToTop sysWindowHandle bringwindowtotop send SizeToPage \toolbook\work\utl\bmshelp.tbk fAppName toolbook Start Tutorial UniofAberdeen University of Aberdeen Department of Biomedical Sciences Computer Assisted Learningg What to do Use the mouse to click on the button of your choice. Hotwords, shown in bold underline, become active when you place the mouse operated cursor over them. Try pressing this Hotword now! If you want to know more about the tutorial or if you are unsure about using the mouse or the computer then click on the grey 'Help' Button. help hotword "Activating a HOTWORD will usually present you fa dialog box that may contain definitions, references, hints tips, prompts other forms encouragement. Many options can be linked fHOTWORDS. Press OK buttonDown buttonDown Activating a HOTWORD will usually present you with a dialog box that may contain definitions, references, hints and tips, prompts or other forms of encouragement. Many other options can be linked with HOTWORDS. Press OK to continue hotword Pressing a Hotword will activate a Box IntroBackground MainBackground ExitProgram "Quit BMS Toolbook ?"\ f"Yes" SysSuspendMessages buttonUp buttonUp Quit BMS Toolbook ? backPage Previous buttonUp buttonUp Previous NextPage buttonUp buttonUp FirstPage buttonUp buttonUp First Page y&player Introduction The objective of this tutorial is to supplement the lecture material on the chemical composition of the cell together with a set of questions and answers highlighting the main points covered by the lecture. It is based on the following Chapters of "Biology" Third Ed 1993 by N. A. Campbell: 2 (Atoms Molecules and Chemical Bonds), 3 (Water and Fitness of the Environment), 4 (Carbon and Molecular Diversity) and 5 (Structure and Function of Macromolecules) Use the navigation arrows at the bottom of each page to move around the tutorial and answer the questions that occur. Follow any instructions given on the pages. 1 of 21 Next Move Use the mouse to click on the grey button to move ononnn NameOK "Arial" B"NameOK" "pin" buttonUp buttonUp Arial italic NameOK pinOK "pin" "Arial" B"pinOK" -- AnswerLogging handled LeavePage handler buttonUp buttonUp Arial italic pinOK MainBackground carbon & Author Carbon Of the four most abundant elements in living systems carbon is by far the most important. Carbon's ability to form chains of covalently bonded atoms gives it a unique ability to provide the diverse range of molecules necessary for the structure and metabolism of living systems. In understanding the behaviour of an organic molecule we must consider two important aspects, the carbon skeleton and the nature of the functional groups in the molecule.. Let us start with :he carbon skeleton:::::::::::: 4 of 21 carbon skeleton 4PRTtries "answerg" = "Protein" "Proteins" "Correct!" { < 3 "Protien" your spelling ProtEIn ProtIEn. exception the I C rule!" response1 "Wrong. You answered" && ". The missing category cmolecules that are fundamental life. "&&\ "" && k&& "That was attempt" && && " a maximum 3 allowed attempts! Press OK ! - Try re still incorrect. buttonUp buttonUp answerg answerg answerg Protein answerg Proteins Correct! answerg answerg Protien Correct, if your spelling of ProtEIn is ProtIEn. Protein is an exception to the I before E except after C rule! answerg Protein answerg answerg Wrong. You answered . The missing category contains molecules that are fundamental to all life. That was attempt of a maximum of 3 allowed attempts! Press OK to try again answerg answerg You are still incorrect. The answer is Proteins. answerg Proteins answerg response1 PRTtries Isomerism leavePage leavePage Isomerism Another important aspect of the structure of organic molecules is the ability of molecules of identical chemical formula to exist in more than one structural form. This property is called isomerism and each structural form is termed an isomer. There are three forms of isomerism, structural, geometric and optical isomerism. Please click and hold on one of the isomeric forms listed below to reveal the appropriate example. a) Structural isomers b) Geometric isomers c) Optical isomersnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnOptical isomers: variation in Stuctural isomers covalent buttonDown buttonUp buttonDown covalent buttonUp covalent geometric isomers geometric buttonDown buttonUp buttonDown geometric buttonUp geometric Optical isomers optical buttonDown buttonUp buttonDown optical buttonUp optical 7 of 21 optical Geometric Optical isomers of Alanine showing variation in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon resulting in molecules that are mirror images x 3 s covalent Structural isomers of Butane showing variation in covalent arrangement Geometric Geometric isomers of Ethanediol showing variation in arrangement around a double bond geometric EnterBook Reader c"Edit" c"Text" c"File" c"Help" Me" ! Main Menu" 3 Me" HelpMainMenu X"user" --bringWindowToTop a Windows function that puts the + whose passed front %other windows. toolbook MfAppName bringwindowtotop( doesn't even un-iconize SizeToPage" app isn't running, so we'll \work\utl\bmshelp.tbk" LeaveBook FALSE "tbkdlg.dll" "tbkwin. "kernel" --Alphabetic Input data accept buttons alphacheck "answer1" "Type your kbox. Do xuse numbers, "&&\ "hyphens tabs." ) >= 65 ) <= 90 ) >= 97 ) <= 122 --test alphabetic HelpMainMenu EnterBook LeaveBook alphacheck EnterBook sizetopage &Help Me Help Main Menu Help Me HelpMainMenu bringWindowToTop sysWindowHandle bringwindowtotop send SizeToPage \toolbook\work\utl\bmshelp.tbk fAppName toolbook LeaveBook tbkdlg.dll tbkwin.dll kernel alphacheck answer1 Type your answer in the yellow box. Do not use numbers, hyphens or tabs. answer1 Type your answer in the yellow box. Do not use numbers, hyphens or tabs. answer1 Functional groups carbohydrates lipids Arial "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial Arial Arial "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial Arial "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial Arial "Arial "System Arial "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial Arial "Arial "System Arial "Arial "System "Arial Arial "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial Arial "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial Arial "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial Arial "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial Arial ?#&SM "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial ?BTgnr Arial "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial Arial "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial Arial "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial Arial ?#V 1 ?#V 1 ?#V 1 "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial Arial ?#&>~ ?#&>~ ?#&>~ ?#&>~ "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial Arial ?#V 1 ?#V 1 ?#V 1 "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial Arial "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial Arial "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial MiMjL ppppp #@##@# # x~# NhMFM nh)hK#@ KFn#Fi KhK#hF vvwwwwwwwxwx} LFK## *iMFn oFohh Foihn vTpvNwvvwwwwvw# hioihi ihioh hLhhi hoiihhh inihF ohiFh hFhih boiohoh Fihihobo iFohh ihobh iFohh hhinihih hiobL hhohin @nhiho hiiohhio@h hihoihoihhohh hhohFi nhohh bnhhh hihih hihoioi hhiobF hhnhiioh ohioih@ Fboho ihihh hihiohih obohih hnFohjhi hbLhhoh ihnihF ohjnih iiihih @hhhnihin ioiihhn hihoFio@h hiihhhiohoob iohiohiohh @hhnihoh boiohh bhho@ hohhh ohhihohh Fhnhh hiohh @hnhhi ohioih hihohi FbhKhihh hiihioh ho@n@h hFbnh ihhiihh hho@n obhhohhohihhiobhi hihiFh hhiih @nbnFhi hhiiob nhhnhhoih hhoih iohiob h@ohohh iohiiiFh hFhhFh hinihh iFhFh ohhnb hiihi hFhnFhihnh FhihLihih obhnF ihioihih hhobo #hLF#v hhbohhio ppppMppp hFnhih hhihihih hiobohiFh h@hohhih iniin hhohiF #%#$# obnFhhii hhihihio@i hihoFhi hhnhioh iho@oh @hnhi hiihh ini#h bFhhoih hjhLboh o@hnhih oiohhi hhiohi hihhh p@hhohihih ihioh booihiioFn@ hio@i hFbnhoi hoiFh bihiho hhoFhF @hhnhiiioihoh hiioboiibo oFion hFhnihh hFhhooh hhFhii hhKhiohih hhhih hihioih hiho@ bhnbo hhoih hihoiih hioho hFFKF#FhK# @hohiobn ohhji o@ohio hhhoihnb MNpMwNvpwwvvwvvwL bnhhiih ##$F# Fhhoh hoihh h#hihih hhhiiohi ohio@ ohKhoioihh Fohoh #hiihihh hihn@ hiohh iioihoih hihoFh n@ohh iiohihinih hoihoioh hiini +hMM@ @Khiio@ bKhhih hihiohi MhNiM bKhFiF $@$@% hinhh hhio@oh hiioiih @nhhihoiohhioh hhioh ioiihoihh hhKhioiihh boiohihi Mi+ip hihoh hihhoFh @niih nihioh p@hLi hihio ##F## hFhiohh hohih bFohhi bhFnhh bohohhiohhihoihohihiFo Arial Arial acil (in R ymine tosine "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial ecular cha ins with Arial anine enine "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial Arial "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial e function al group Arial Arial ?#>>D ?#nSo ?#^^n ?#>>D ?#nSo ?#^^n "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial Arial "Arial "System "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial "Arial EnterBook Reader c"Edit" c"Text" c"File" c"Help" Me" ! Main Menu" 3 Me" HelpMainMenu X"user" --bringWindowToTop a Windows function that puts the + whose passed front %other windows. toolbook MfAppName bringwindowtotop( doesn't even un-iconize SizeToPage" app isn't running, so we'll \work\utl\bmshelp.tbk" LeaveBook FALSE "tbkdlg.dll" "tbkwin. "kernel" --Alphabetic Input data accept buttons alphacheck "answer1" "Type your kbox. Do xuse numbers, "&&\ "hyphens tabs." ) >= 65 ) <= 90 ) >= 97 ) <= 122 --test alphabetic HelpMainMenu EnterBook LeaveBook alphacheck EnterBook sizetopage &Help Me Help Main Menu Help Me HelpMainMenu bringWindowToTop sysWindowHandle bringwindowtotop send SizeToPage \toolbook\work\utl\bmshelp.tbk fAppName toolbook LeaveBook tbkdlg.dll tbkwin.dll kernel alphacheck answer1 Type your answer in the yellow box. Do not use numbers, hyphens or tabs. answer1 Type your answer in the yellow box. Do not use numbers, hyphens or tabs. answer1 EnterBook Reader c"Edit" c"Text" c"File" c"Help" Me" ! Main Menu" 3 Me" HelpMainMenu X"user" --bringWindowToTop a Windows function that puts the + whose passed front %other windows. toolbook MfAppName bringwindowtotop( doesn't even un-iconize SizeToPage" app isn't running, so we'll \work\utl\bmshelp.tbk" LeaveBook FALSE "tbkdlg.dll" "tbkwin. "kernel" --Alphabetic Input data accept buttons alphacheck "answer1" "Type your kbox. Do xuse numbers, "&&\ "hyphens tabs." ) >= 65 ) <= 90 ) >= 97 ) <= 122 --test alphabetic HelpMainMenu EnterBook LeaveBook alphacheck EnterBook sizetopage &Help Me Help Main Menu Help Me HelpMainMenu bringWindowToTop sysWindowHandle bringwindowtotop send SizeToPage \toolbook\work\utl\bmshelp.tbk fAppName toolbook LeaveBook tbkdlg.dll tbkwin.dll kernel alphacheck answer1 Type your answer in the yellow box. Do not use numbers, hyphens or tabs. answer1 Type your answer in the yellow box. Do not use numbers, hyphens or tabs. answer1