1. Seljuk armies take over parts of Asia, Byzantine lands
  2. Eastern and Western Christian churches split
  3. Norman armies conquer England
  4. Armed pilgrims recapture the Holy Land
  5. Toltec empire continues to flourish
  6. Cities in Africa and Europe grow
  7. Commerce across the Sahara in Africa thrives
  8. Chinese culture flowers under the Song dynasty
  9. Ghana Empire in turmoil

4. Armed pilgrims recapture the Holy Land

In 1095, Christians in Western Europe organized a military expedition to recover the Holy Land from Muslim control. Christian troops defeated the Muslim Seljuks in western Anatolia. The crusading Christians recovered the holy city of Jerusalem after six weeks of fighting in 1099.

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