CPAN
Section: Perl Programmers Reference Guide (3)
Updated: perl 5.005, patch 02
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NAME
CPAN - query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites
SYNOPSIS
Interactive mode:
perl -MCPAN -e shell;
Batch mode:
use CPAN;
autobundle, clean, install, make, recompile, test
DESCRIPTION
The CPAN module is designed to automate the make and install of perl
modules and extensions. It includes some searching capabilities and
knows how to use Net::FTP or LWP (or lynx or an external ftp client)
to fetch the raw data from the net.
Modules are fetched from one or more of the mirrored CPAN
(Comprehensive Perl Archive Network) sites and unpacked in a dedicated
directory.
The CPAN module also supports the concept of named and versioned
'bundles' of modules. Bundles simplify the handling of sets of
related modules. See BUNDLES below.
The package contains a session manager and a cache manager. There is
no status retained between sessions. The session manager keeps track
of what has been fetched, built and installed in the current
session. The cache manager keeps track of the disk space occupied by
the make processes and deletes excess space according to a simple FIFO
mechanism.
All methods provided are accessible in a programmer style and in an
interactive shell style.
Interactive Mode
The interactive mode is entered by running
perl -MCPAN -e shell
which puts you into a readline interface. You will have the most fun if
you install Term::ReadKey and Term::ReadLine to enjoy both history and
command completion.
Once you are on the command line, type `h' and the rest should be
self-explanatory.
The most common uses of the interactive modes are
- Searching for authors, bundles, distribution files and modules
-
There are corresponding one-letter commands a, b, d, and m
for each of the four categories and another, i for any of the
mentioned four. Each of the four entities is implemented as a class
with slightly differing methods for displaying an object.
Arguments you pass to these commands are either strings exactly matching
the identification string of an object or regular expressions that are
then matched case-insensitively against various attributes of the
objects. The parser recognizes a regular expression only if you
enclose it between two slashes.
The principle is that the number of found objects influences how an
item is displayed. If the search finds one item, the result is displayed
as object->as_string, but if we find more than one, we display
each as object->as_glimpse. E.g.
cpan> a ANDK
Author id = ANDK
EMAIL a.koenig@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE
FULLNAME Andreas K�nig
cpan> a /andk/
Author id = ANDK
EMAIL a.koenig@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE
FULLNAME Andreas K�nig
cpan> a /and.*rt/
Author ANDYD (Andy Dougherty)
Author MERLYN (Randal L. Schwartz)
- make, test, install, clean modules or distributions
-
These commands take any number of arguments and investigate what is
necessary to perform the action. If the argument is a distribution
file name (recognized by embedded slashes), it is processed. If it is a
module, CPAN determines the distribution file in which this module is
included and processes that.
Any make or test are run unconditionally. An
install <distribution_file>
also is run unconditionally. But for
install <module>
CPAN checks if an install is actually needed for it and prints
module up to date in the case that the distribution file containing
the module doesn't need to be updated.
CPAN also keeps track of what it has done within the current session
and doesn't try to build a package a second time regardless if it
succeeded or not. The force command takes as a first argument the
method to invoke (currently: make, test, or install) and executes the
command from scratch.
Example:
cpan> install OpenGL
OpenGL is up to date.
cpan> force install OpenGL
Running make
OpenGL-0.4/
OpenGL-0.4/COPYRIGHT
[...]
A clean command results in a
make clean
being executed within the distribution file's working directory.
- readme, look module or distribution
-
These two commands take only one argument, be it a module or a
distribution file. readme unconditionally runs, displaying the
README of the associated distribution file. Look gets and
untars (if not yet done) the distribution file, changes to the
appropriate directory and opens a subshell process in that directory.
- Signals
-
CPAN.pm installs signal handlers for SIGINT and SIGTERM. While you are
in the cpan-shell it is intended that you can press ^C anytime and
return to the cpan-shell prompt. A SIGTERM will cause the cpan-shell
to clean up and leave the shell loop. You can emulate the effect of a
SIGTERM by sending two consecutive SIGINTs, which usually means by
pressing ^C twice.
CPAN.pm ignores a SIGPIPE. If the user sets inactivity_timeout, a
SIGALRM is used during the run of the perl Makefile.PL subprocess.
CPAN::Shell
The commands that are available in the shell interface are methods in
the package CPAN::Shell. If you enter the shell command, all your
input is split by the Text::ParseWords::shellwords() routine which
acts like most shells do. The first word is being interpreted as the
method to be called and the rest of the words are treated as arguments
to this method. Continuation lines are supported if a line ends with a
literal backslash.
autobundle
autobundle writes a bundle file into the
$CPAN::Config->{cpan_home}/Bundle directory. The file contains
a list of all modules that are both available from CPAN and currently
installed within @INC. The name of the bundle file is based on the
current date and a counter.
recompile
recompile() is a very special command in that it takes no argument and
runs the make/test/install cycle with brute force over all installed
dynamically loadable extensions (aka XS modules) with `force' in
effect. The primary purpose of this command is to finish a network
installation. Imagine, you have a common source tree for two different
architectures. You decide to do a completely independent fresh
installation. You start on one architecture with the help of a Bundle
file produced earlier. CPAN installs the whole Bundle for you, but
when you try to repeat the job on the second architecture, CPAN
responds with a "Foo up to date" message for all modules. So you
invoke CPAN's recompile on the second architecture and you're done.
Another popular use for recompile is to act as a rescue in case your
perl breaks binary compatibility. If one of the modules that CPAN uses
is in turn depending on binary compatibility (so you cannot run CPAN
commands), then you should try the CPAN::Nox module for recovery.
The four CPAN::* Classes: Author, Bundle, Module, Distribution
Although it may be considered internal, the class hierarchy does matter
for both users and programmer. CPAN.pm deals with above mentioned four
classes, and all those classes share a set of methods. A classical
single polymorphism is in effect. A metaclass object registers all
objects of all kinds and indexes them with a string. The strings
referencing objects have a separated namespace (well, not completely
separated):
Namespace Class
words containing a "/" (slash) Distribution
words starting with Bundle:: Bundle
everything else Module or Author
Modules know their associated Distribution objects. They always refer
to the most recent official release. Developers may mark their releases
as unstable development versions (by inserting an underbar into the
visible version number), so the really hottest and newest distribution
file is not always the default. If a module Foo circulates on CPAN in
both version 1.23 and 1.23_90, CPAN.pm offers a convenient way to
install version 1.23 by saying
install Foo
This would install the complete distribution file (say
BAR/Foo-1.23.tar.gz) with all accompanying material. But if you would
like to install version 1.23_90, you need to know where the
distribution file resides on CPAN relative to the authors/id/
directory. If the author is BAR, this might be BAR/Foo-1.23_90.tar.gz;
so you would have to say
install BAR/Foo-1.23_90.tar.gz
The first example will be driven by an object of the class
CPAN::Module, the second by an object of class CPAN::Distribution.
Programmer's interface
If you do not enter the shell, the available shell commands are both
available as methods (CPAN::Shell->install(...)) and as
functions in the calling package (install(...)).
There's currently only one class that has a stable interface -
CPAN::Shell. All commands that are available in the CPAN shell are
methods of the class CPAN::Shell. Each of the commands that produce
listings of modules (r, autobundle, u) returns a list of the
IDs of all modules within the list.
- expand($type,@things)
-
The IDs of all objects available within a program are strings that can
be expanded to the corresponding real objects with the
CPAN::Shell->expand("Module",@things) method. Expand returns a
list of CPAN::Module objects according to the @things arguments
given. In scalar context it only returns the first element of the
list.
- Programming Examples
-
This enables the programmer to do operations that combine
functionalities that are available in the shell.
# install everything that is outdated on my disk:
perl -MCPAN -e 'CPAN::Shell->install(CPAN::Shell->r)'
# install my favorite programs if necessary:
for $mod (qw(Net::FTP MD5 Data::Dumper)){
my $obj = CPAN::Shell->expand('Module',$mod);
$obj->install;
}
# list all modules on my disk that have no VERSION number
for $mod (CPAN::Shell->expand("Module","/./")){
next unless $mod->inst_file;
# MakeMaker convention for undefined $VERSION:
next unless $mod->inst_version eq "undef";
print "No VERSION in ", $mod->id, "\n";
}
Methods in the four
Cache Manager
Currently the cache manager only keeps track of the build directory
($CPAN::Config->{build_dir}). It is a simple FIFO mechanism that
deletes complete directories below build_dir as soon as the size of
all directories there gets bigger than $CPAN::Config->{build_cache}
(in MB). The contents of this cache may be used for later
re-installations that you intend to do manually, but will never be
trusted by CPAN itself. This is due to the fact that the user might
use these directories for building modules on different architectures.
There is another directory ($CPAN::Config->{keep_source_where}) where
the original distribution files are kept. This directory is not
covered by the cache manager and must be controlled by the user. If
you choose to have the same directory as build_dir and as
keep_source_where directory, then your sources will be deleted with
the same fifo mechanism.
Bundles
A bundle is just a perl module in the namespace Bundle:: that does not
define any functions or methods. It usually only contains documentation.
It starts like a perl module with a package declaration and a $VERSION
variable. After that the pod section looks like any other pod with the
only difference being that one special pod section exists starting with
(verbatim):
=head1 CONTENTS
In this pod section each line obeys the format
Module_Name [Version_String] [- optional text]
The only required part is the first field, the name of a module
(e.g. Foo::Bar, ie. not the name of the distribution file). The rest
of the line is optional. The comment part is delimited by a dash just
as in the man page header.
The distribution of a bundle should follow the same convention as
other distributions.
Bundles are treated specially in the CPAN package. If you say `install
Bundle::Tkkit' (assuming such a bundle exists), CPAN will install all
the modules in the CONTENTS section of the pod. You can install your
own Bundles locally by placing a conformant Bundle file somewhere into
your @INC path. The autobundle() command which is available in the
shell interface does that for you by including all currently installed
modules in a snapshot bundle file.
Prerequisites
If you have a local mirror of CPAN and can access all files with
``file:'' URLs, then you only need a perl better than perl5.003 to run
this module. Otherwise Net::FTP is strongly recommended. LWP may be
required for non-UNIX systems or if your nearest CPAN site is
associated with an URL that is not ftp:.
If you have neither Net::FTP nor LWP, there is a fallback mechanism
implemented for an external ftp command or for an external lynx
command.
Finding packages and VERSION
This module presumes that all packages on CPAN
- *
-
declare their $VERSION variable in an easy to parse manner. This
prerequisite can hardly be relaxed because it consumes far too much
memory to load all packages into the running program just to determine
the $VERSION variable. Currently all programs that are dealing with
version use something like this
perl -MExtUtils::MakeMaker -le \
'print MM->parse_version($ARGV[0])' filename
If you are author of a package and wonder if your $VERSION can be
parsed, please try the above method.
- *
-
come as compressed or gzipped tarfiles or as zip files and contain a
Makefile.PL (well, we try to handle a bit more, but without much
enthusiasm).
Debugging
The debugging of this module is pretty difficult, because we have
interferences of the software producing the indices on CPAN, of the
mirroring process on CPAN, of packaging, of configuration, of
synchronicity, and of bugs within CPAN.pm.
In interactive mode you can try ``o debug'' which will list options for
debugging the various parts of the package. The output may not be very
useful for you as it's just a by-product of my own testing, but if you
have an idea which part of the package may have a bug, it's sometimes
worth to give it a try and send me more specific output. You should
know that ``o debug'' has built-in completion support.
Floppy, Zip, and all that Jazz
CPAN.pm works nicely without network too. If you maintain machines
that are not networked at all, you should consider working with file:
URLs. Of course, you have to collect your modules somewhere first. So
you might use CPAN.pm to put together all you need on a networked
machine. Then copy the $CPAN::Config->{keep_source_where} (but not
$CPAN::Config->{build_dir}) directory on a floppy. This floppy is kind
of a personal CPAN. CPAN.pm on the non-networked machines works nicely
with this floppy.
CONFIGURATION
When the CPAN module is installed, a site wide configuration file is
created as CPAN/Config.pm. The default values defined there can be
overridden in another configuration file: CPAN/MyConfig.pm. You can
store this file in $HOME/.cpan/CPAN/MyConfig.pm if you want, because
$HOME/.cpan is added to the search path of the CPAN module before the
use() or require() statements.
Currently the following keys in the hash reference $CPAN::Config are
defined:
build_cache size of cache for directories to build modules
build_dir locally accessible directory to build modules
index_expire after this many days refetch index files
cpan_home local directory reserved for this package
gzip location of external program gzip
inactivity_timeout breaks interactive Makefile.PLs after this
many seconds inactivity. Set to 0 to never break.
inhibit_startup_message
if true, does not print the startup message
keep_source keep the source in a local directory?
keep_source_where directory in which to keep the source (if we do)
make location of external make program
make_arg arguments that should always be passed to 'make'
make_install_arg same as make_arg for 'make install'
makepl_arg arguments passed to 'perl Makefile.PL'
pager location of external program more (or any pager)
tar location of external program tar
unzip location of external program unzip
urllist arrayref to nearby CPAN sites (or equivalent locations)
wait_list arrayref to a wait server to try (See CPAN::WAIT)
You can set and query each of these options interactively in the cpan
shell with the command set defined within the o conf command:
- o conf <scalar option>
-
prints the current value of the scalar option
- o conf <scalar option> <value>
-
Sets the value of the scalar option to value
- o conf <list option>
-
prints the current value of the list option in MakeMaker's
neatvalue format.
- o conf <list option> [shift|pop]
-
shifts or pops the array in the list option variable
- o conf <list option> [unshift|push|splice] <list>
-
works like the corresponding perl commands.
CD-ROM support
The urllist parameter of the configuration table contains a list of
URLs that are to be used for downloading. If the list contains any
file URLs, CPAN always tries to get files from there first. This
feature is disabled for index files. So the recommendation for the
owner of a CD-ROM with CPAN contents is: include your local, possibly
outdated CD-ROM as a file URL at the end of urllist, e.g.
o conf urllist push file://localhost/CDROM/CPAN
CPAN.pm will then fetch the index files from one of the CPAN sites
that come at the beginning of urllist. It will later check for each
module if there is a local copy of the most recent version.
SECURITY
There's no strong security layer in CPAN.pm. CPAN.pm helps you to
install foreign, unmasked, unsigned code on your machine. We compare
to a checksum that comes from the net just as the distribution file
itself. If somebody has managed to tamper with the distribution file,
they may have as well tampered with the CHECKSUMS file. Future
development will go towards strong authentification.
EXPORT
Most functions in package CPAN are exported per default. The reason
for this is that the primary use is intended for the cpan shell or for
oneliners.
BUGS
We should give coverage for _all_ of the CPAN and not just the PAUSE
part, right? In this discussion CPAN and PAUSE have become equal --
but they are not. PAUSE is authors/ and modules/. CPAN is PAUSE plus
the clpa/, doc/, misc/, ports/, src/, scripts/.
Future development should be directed towards a better integration of
the other parts.
If a Makefile.PL requires special customization of libraries, prompts
the user for special input, etc. then you may find CPAN is not able to
build the distribution. In that case, you should attempt the
traditional method of building a Perl module package from a shell.
AUTHOR
Andreas K�nig <a.koenig@mind.de>
SEE ALSO
perl(1), CPAN::Nox(3)
Index
- NAME
-
- SYNOPSIS
-
- DESCRIPTION
-
- Interactive Mode
-
- CPAN::Shell
-
- autobundle
-
- recompile
-
- The four CPAN::* Classes: Author, Bundle, Module, Distribution
-
- Programmer's interface
-
- Methods in the four
-
- Cache Manager
-
- Bundles
-
- Prerequisites
-
- Finding packages and VERSION
-
- Debugging
-
- Floppy, Zip, and all that Jazz
-
- CONFIGURATION
-
- CD-ROM support
-
- SECURITY
-
- EXPORT
-
- BUGS
-
- AUTHOR
-
- SEE ALSO
-
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